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Description about eBook : In this method, our generation of excellent artists has ended. One teacher has spent his dream life in austerity, which is ayurveda. It is the mine of such hidden jazli run that has been hidden from the ages. The whole world will be overwhelmed by its splendor on the day it will be exposed to the world. Its use will maximize welfare of human society. Because, in this therapeutics, there is a single sentence written in front of the broader perspective……………. | Low | [
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Potter, Massie helping improve Cardinals' pass protection Rookie tackle Nate Potter has been one of the big reasons that the Arizona Cardinals have improved their pass protection over the last month. (Photo: Adam Green/Arizona Sports) Over the last three weeks, ten NFL teams have allowed more quarterback sacks than the Arizona Cardinals. Let that sink in. The San Diego Chargers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Dallas Cowboys, Green Bay Packers, Baltimore Ravens, Chicago Bears, Detroit Lions, New York Jets, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans have all allowed more quarterback sacks than the Cardinals' seven in that time span. Considering that the Cardinals allowed opponents to perform 29 sack dances in a four-week span, there's significant process being made. What's been different? First, rookie Nate Potter was inserted at left tackle, and has been a major improvement over journeyman D'Anthony Batiste, who started the first nine games of the season. Potter will make his fourth straight start against the Seattle Seahawks at Century Link Field Sunday. "For a rookie player, he's done a nice job. He's gotten better and better," Cardinals head coach Ken Whisenhunt said. "This will be a real test, in that noise, and they've got really good rushers in (Chris) Clemons and (Bruce Irvin) and they do a number of different things to take advantage of that, so this will be a real test for him." According to ProFootballFocus.com, Potter is coming off his best performance of the season in last Sunday's loss to the New York Jets. The former Boise State All-American allowed just one quarterback hit against the Jets. Potter got his feet wet in Week 9 when he replaced Batiste in the middle of the Cardinals loss to the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field, and has built on that strong first showing. "To go in against Clay Matthews in the first game he had to play, which is a similar-type situation, from there, he's gotten better and better," said his head coach. "I think that he's still a rookie and this will be a new situation for him, but he's going to be a good football player." Whisenhunt is also pleased with how Potter has played in other areas. "He's actually done a good job with the run blocking," he said. "I think what you see from him is that he understands the game and his technique is good. He may not have the bulk or the strength yet to move it like you think he will be able to one day. "He's conscious of trying to work his feet and work his hands and you see him come off the ball -- he does a lot of things very athletically, which for a guy his size, when his strength catches up to it, you like that combination." Potter hasn't been the only rookie tackle to show major improvement in the last few weeks. Right tackle Bobby Massie, after giving up 13 sacks in a six-game span, has shored up the right side. Massie hasn't given up a sack since a Week 8 loss to San Francisco on Monday Night Football. | Mid | [
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Young Vols wide receivers learning KNOXVILLE (UT) - Injuries are a part of football, and no young team understands that more than Tennessee. After the initial shock, the Vols have adjusted and will play their first full game without standout wide receiver Justin Hunter when they run out of the `T' on Saturday. "In life - when someone gets hurt - you have to move on," wide receivers coach Charlie Baggett said. "It is what it is. I think the team knows that Justin was a big part of what we do and who we are and someone has to step up and take the challenge. We will just have to see who will." Hunter - who underwent successful surgery Wednesday on the torn ACL in his left knee - had the advantage of playing in spots and learning behind veteran receivers as a freshman in 2010. The process worked wonders for him, catching 17 passes for 314 yards and two touchdowns in three games. Sophomore Matt Milton and freshmen DeAnthony Arnett and Vincent Dallas won't have the same advantages Hunter did a year ago and will have to mature quicker. But in the long run, that route could be beneficial. "They are the ones that have to go - they are all we have," Baggett said. "It is a little bit more work for them. These guys have shown maturity and I think over time they will get even more mature. I am excited about what they can do. "I told them in meetings (Wednesday) morning that one of the things I woke up to was thinking about the game and how I am excited to see how well they play. It will be interesting and fun for me to stand on the sidelines and see young guys perform." One that has shown potential in performing is Arnett, who hauled in a team-high eight receptions with extended playing time against the Gators while displaying the ability to stretch the field. "We saw some things in high school and we saw some things during early fall camp that lead us to believe he can do a lot more things," Baggett said. "You can't give it to him all at one time, you have to spread it out, and that is what we will do. That is the exciting part, to see what these guys can do because we don't really know." SECONDARY IN TRANSITIONHeading into Saturday's game with Buffalo, one unit that will have a new starter for the Vols is the secondary. With so many new faces, defensive backs coach Terry Joseph has been monitoring the progress of many new players which has led to a change in the line-up. Sophomore Izauea Lanier has made major strides in a short time on campus, so much so that he will draw his first start at cornerback on Saturday. "He's gotten a lot better mentally," Joseph said. "Obviously, his skill set is what you like at corner because he has size and speed. As time has run (by), he has gotten better with the playbook. You can see that in his play. Now, I think he's just reacting more than thinking. I thought he was thinking a lot in training camp. That was a product of him not playing for about a year-and-a half." Lanier is part of group of newcomers that are producing, which gives Joseph several options in the secondary. That group also includes freshmen Justin Coleman and Brian Randolph, along with JUCO transfer Byron Moore. "I think the big thing for all of those guys, the high school and JUCO guys is the speed of the game," Joseph said. "They have played three games and now they understand that practice is one thing, we can preach it and we can say, `You can't do it.' Now they understand the consequences of when it happens in a game and the skill level of the guys they are going against every down. That's big, they have all gotten snaps and now we will see where we are at after three games." With Lanier's move to start, Coleman has been taken out of the starting line-up. But the rookie is still a key component for the Vols DBs. He didn't start against Florida, as senior Art Evans was given the nod. "Justin is very much still in the mix," said Joseph. "The decision to not play (start) him against Florida was just a decision to calm him down a little bit. I though that he was a little shook and his confidence was a little shaken. I didn't want to put him out there in The Swamp. I want him to continue to develop. As a coaching staff, we feel good about him. I think he's responded well. He's learned. The tough thing for him is that, because of our situation, he had to have on the job training and probably cornerback is not a job you want to do that with. I'm excited about Justin, just as I was leaving training camp." HIESTAND TALKS MACTennessee offensive line coach Harry Hiestand only spent one season coaching in the Mid-American Conference with Toledo in 1988, but it certainly left him with a strong impression of what the schools in that league are all about. "Tremendously tough kids, that's the thing I remember," Hiestand said. "Everywhere I remember playing, the kids on our team were tough and it seemed like every team we played in that league had hard-nosed kids that loved football, played with a passion and played with a lot of toughness and effort, week-in and week-out." With MAC-opponent Buffalo making the trip to Rocky Top this Saturday, Hiestand knows that the Bulls will be looking to make a statement against on the road against an SEC team and are definitely not a squad to be taken lightly. "It was an interesting league because a lot of the guys felt a little bit shorted," Hiestand said. "They didn't an opportunity from some of the `bigger programs,' particularly the Big 10 up in that area, so they were hungry and wanted to prove a point that they belong. They pop up right and left (in the NFL). There is no question." QUOTABLEWide receivers coach Charlie Baggett(On moving on from losing Hunter)"It took me a while. Justin is one of favorites and it's unfortunate that it happened but we have to move on. He will be back and he will come back strong. It didn't take me too long, you have to come to grips with it. I have been around long enough to know that when something happens with sports you have to go to the next guy and have some one step up." (On what the young receivers bring)"I think that we have so many different types. Justin is unique and he does so many things so well and he is fast and big. He can catch real well and he is acrobatic. Each one of these guys does something different -that is the part that I am talking about. I want to see how they do. Coach Chaney and I have been trying to figure out here in practice about what strengths they have, what to do, what plays to run with each guy. Where you can put them in a position and where they will have success instead of asking them to do something right away that they can't do. I think that is part of coaching. I am excited about that." Harry Hiestand(On the offensive line's focus this week)"Improvement, improvement, improvement. You always have to focus on your opponent, but number one is improvement. We have to take care of the things that each individual has to take care of to improve. There is a lot of room for improvement and the guys had a good week focusing on the things that each of them needs to do and then try to do it collectively." (On limiting breakdown in communication)"Focus, practice, doing it over and over. It is reacting and understanding the concepts. Talking to one another. Every time somebody new comes in, they have to be up to speed with what everyone else is doing." (On the causes for breakdown in communication)"It's a combination of things. Sometimes it is a lack of focus. Sometimes it is not being confident in what you are doing. Then some things happen at the last second, but that is part of playing that spot. You have to be able to react and recover fast." (On James Stone)"He obviously struggled (at Florida). Any time any of us don't do something good, if we have pride we will come back and fight, work and try to do it better. No matter what our profession is, no matter who we are, if you have pride in what you do you will fight back and that is what James has done." Defensive backs coach Terry Joseph(On Byron Moore)"He's moving around better. I don't know if he's more comfortable or he has a better understanding of what's going on and what's expected now. He's covering better, he's in position more and he's finishing plays. I'm excited to see him get out there on Saturday and hopefully he can help us." (On the nickel package)"When we play nickel, Prentiss (Waggner) will go down and play the nickel spot. But in a base (defense), Prentiss will start at free safety. Brian Randolph can play nickel and Randolph can play bandit, so he can spell (Brent) Brewer too. It just gives us a little more flexibility back there." (On Brian Randolph)"Brian Randolph is a good football player. We are just trying to be careful to not overload him with too much stuff right now. He knows the nickel, safety and piece-by-piece he's getting better and better with the base package. The thing he really brings to you is that he is a sure tackler. That's the exciting thing about him. Hopefully as the season goes on, he gets more and more comfortable and we can throw more and more at him." (On Buffalo's Passing Game)"They throw a lot of screens. They want to run a bubble screen and and out screens, which we obviously haven't defended real well early in the season. That's going to be something we really have to take care of. (They have) a lot of three-step quick passing game. A lot of quick outs and Terrell Jackson is a good player, so they want to get him on the backside and run a lot of go-routes with him. We should see a lot of slants, so hopefully we can get our hands on a lot of guys and hopefully we can get some takeaways. That's an area we really need to improve on." SEC TOGETHER WE CAN FOOD DRIVEThis is the final weekend for the annual SEC Together We CAN Food Drive! Every fall, the 12 SEC schools and the surrounding communities collect canned food to help fight hunger. Saturday, Oct. 1, from 9 a.m.-Noon, there will be collection bins at three or four locations throughout the Vol Village where UT fans can make donations. UT student-athletes will be collecting and happy to sign autographs and take pictures. All of the food donated goes to the Second Harvest Food Bank here in Knoxville. The first 500 donors will receive a coupon for a free appetizer with the purchase of any entrée at the Texas Roadhouse during Vol Calls with Dooley on Wednesday nights from 7-9 p.m. Online Public Information File Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or [email protected]. | Mid | [
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An A B C of glaucoma: apoptosis, blood flow and confocal imaging. A clear understanding and definition of the glaucomas continues to elude the clinician. Broadening awareness of the many risk factors in glaucoma, the wide variety of presentations of the disease and greater understanding of the pattern of progression will help to improve treatment protocols. In the meantime, the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease remains a huge clinical and financial burden. Modern imaging techniques permit quantitative stereometric assessment of the optic nerve head and nerve fibre layer, affording morphologic evaluation to complement clinical psychophysical investigation. | High | [
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Q: Drawing a grid on each image inside the array of images Please see what I have written,when I need individual grid on each of picture inside my figure-array. In contrast to previews question Drawing a grid on array of images. Question now is why I can't use \subfloat before \includegraphics in this case? I want to since I need caption below each image. Also I guess it should be some solution to optimize this code, like to define new command and not write grid code on each element of array, since I have more arrays in original document. \documentclass{article} \usepackage{subfig} \usepackage[demo]{graphicx} \usepackage{tikz} \begin{document} \begin{figure} \centering \begin{tikzpicture} \node[anchor=south west,inner sep=0] (image) at (0,0){\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image1}}; \begin{scope}[x={(image.south east)},y={(image.north west)}] \draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture} \node[anchor=south west,inner sep=0] (image) at (0,0){\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image2}}; \begin{scope}[x={(image.south east)},y={(image.north west)}] \draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture}\\ \begin{tikzpicture} \node[anchor=south west,inner sep=0] (image) at (0,0){\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image3}}; \begin{scope}[x={(image.south east)},y={(image.north west)}] \draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture} \node[anchor=south west,inner sep=0] (image) at (0,0){\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image4}}; \begin{scope}[x={(image.south east)},y={(image.north west)}] \draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \caption{Time evolution} \end{figure} \end{document} A: A variation of the code used in the answer to the other question; the argument for \mygrid is the object that will receive the grid (in this case, the standard \includegraphics command for inclusion of the image): \documentclass{article} \usepackage{subfig} \usepackage[demo]{graphicx} \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{arrows,positioning} \newcommand\mygrid[1]{% \begin{tikzpicture} \node[anchor=south west,inner sep=0] (A) {#1}; \begin{scope}[x={(A.south east)},y={(A.north west)}] \draw[help lines,xstep=.1,ystep=.1] (0,0) grid (1,1); \foreach \x in {0,1,...,10} { \node [anchor=north,font=\tiny,inner sep=0pt] at (\x/10,0) {\x}; } \foreach \y in {0,1,...,10} { \node [anchor=east,font=\tiny,inner sep=0pt] at (0,\y/10) {\y}; } \end{scope}% \end{tikzpicture}% } \begin{document} \begin{figure} \centering \subfloat[A]{% \mygrid{\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image1}}% }\quad \subfloat[A]{\mygrid{\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image1}}% }\\ \subfloat[A]{\mygrid{\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image1}}% }\quad \subfloat[A]{\mygrid{\includegraphics[trim = 10mm 10mm 70mm 20mm,clip,scale=0.15]{image1}}% } \caption{Time Evolution} \end{figure} \end{document} | Mid | [
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Monday, May 31, 2010 I put my carry-on in the luggage compartment and sat down in my assigned seat. It was going to be a long flight. 'I'm glad I have a good book to read. Perhaps I will get a short nap,' I thought. Just before take-off, a line of soldiers came down the aisle and filled all the vacant seats, totally surrounding me. I decided to start a conversation. 'Where are you headed?' I asked the soldier seated nearest to me. 'Petawawa. We'll be there for two weeks for special training, and then we're being deployed to Afghanistan. After flying for about an hour, an announcement was made that sack lunches were available for five dollars. It would be several hours before we reached the east, and I quickly decided a lunch would help pass the time... As I reached for my wallet, I overheard a soldier ask his buddy if he planned to buy lunch. 'No, that seems like a lot of money for just a sack lunch. Probably wouldn't be worth five bucks. I'll wait till we get to base.' His friend agreed. I looked around at the other soldiers. None were buying lunch. I walked to the back of the plane and handed the flight attendant a fifty dollar bill. 'Take a lunch to all those soldiers.' She grabbed my arms and squeezed tightly. Her eyes wet with tears, she thanked me. 'My son was a soldier in Iraq ; it's almost like you are doing it for him.' Picking up ten sacks, she headed up the aisle to where the soldiers were seated. She stopped at my seat and asked, 'Which do you like best - beef or chicken?' 'Chicken,' I replied, wondering why she asked. She turned and went to the front of plane, returning a minute later with a dinner plate from first class. 'This is your thanks..' After we finished eating, I went again to the back of the plane, heading for the rest room. A man stopped me. 'I saw what you did. I want to be part of it. Here, take this.' He handed me twenty-five dollars. Soon after I returned to my seat, I saw the Flight Captain coming down the aisle, looking at the aisle numbers as he walked, I hoped he was not looking for me, but noticed he was looking at the numbers only on my side of the plane. When he got to my row he stopped, smiled, held out his hand and said, 'I want to shake your hand.' Quickly unfastening my seatbelt I stood and took the Captain's hand. With a booming voice he said, 'I was a soldier and I was a military pilot. Once, someone bought me a lunch. It was an act of kindness I never forgot.' I was embarrassed when applause was heard from all of the passengers. Later I walked to the front of the plane so I could stretch my legs. A man who was seated about six rows in front of me reached out his hand, wanting to shake mine. He left another twenty-five dollars in my palm. When we landed I gathered my belongings and started to deplane. Waiting just inside the airplane door was a man who stopped me, put something in my shirt pocket, turned, and walked away without saying a word. Another twenty-five dollars! Upon entering the terminal, I saw the soldiers gathering for their trip to the base. I walked over to them and handed them seventy-five dollars. 'It will take you some time to reach the base.. It will be about time for a sandwich. God Bless You.' Ten young men left that flight feeling the love and respect of their fellow travelers. As I walked briskly to my car, I whispered a prayer for their safe return. These soldiers were giving their all for our country. I could only give them a couple of meals. It seemed so little... A US military veteran is someone who, at one point in his or her life, wrote a blank check made payable to 'The United States of America' for an amount of 'up to and including my life.' That is Honor, and there are way too many people in this country who no longer understand it. Prayer Request: When you receive this, please stop for a moment and say a prayer for our troops around the world. 'Lord, hold our troops in your loving hands. Protect them as they protect us. Bless them and their families for the selfless acts they perform for us in our time of need. Amen.' May God give you the strength and courage to pass this along to everyone on your e-mail buddy list.... Of all the gifts you could give a Marine, Soldier, Sailor, Airman, & others deployed in harm's way, prayer is the very best one. Sunday, May 30, 2010 Your style advice and service has improved my self image and I am so deeply grateful for that. I do not have a perfect shape but now I know I DO deserve to feel wonderful just the way I am. Learning this was a huge “aha” moment for me. I loved your tip about the Nars makeup awhile back. Wearing a lighter color made me look years younger and when I cut my hair shorter... well, everyone could not believe how nice I looked and it was all thanks to you! Now that it is getting hot and humid in the south, could you pass along a couple of tips about wearing makeup in the summer? Again, I owe you a great deal for offering this weekly style help and at such an affordable price! Fondly, Elizabeth Dear Elizabeth, Thank you for sharing your style success with me. It is so true; a couple of appearance changes for the best can make a huge impact on how you feel about yourself! It amazes me every time, and it is why I love doing what I do! First, realize heat and humidity make wearing makeup a challenge so you have to “lighten” up and not wear as much. Here are seven ways to “lighten” up your makeup in the summer so you won’t have a complete makeup meltdown: 1. Make time for primer. You won't regret the few seconds it will take to smooth on a primer, which goes on after moisturizer but before face makeup. It can help hold makeup in place on a hot humid day (that is if you plan to wear a foundation that day). Primer really do ROCK!!! 2. Lighten your makeup just like you do with your clothes; wear less when it's hot. First step: switch from thick foundation to tinted moisturizer or use a light face powder in areas where needed (like around the nose and "T" zone). 3. Consider a bronzer. A bit of color makes every face look more alive in the summer months. Apply bronzer ONLY to where the sun naturally hits you: forehead, cheekbones, chin, and nose. (Covering every nook and cranny is what gives you that fake, baked look.) Powder bronzers are the easiest to apply—and remember less is more when it comes to bronzer application. 4. Try wearing one lively color. Vivid colors can brighten your face and bring a youthful glow to your skin. Try either a bright lip color or eye color (only one area at one time) to brighten up your look since you aren’t wearing as much makeup. 5. Lose thick lipsticks. Heavy lip colors are too much once the weather gets hot. Go for tinted lip balms and get a pretty touch of color instead! 6. Stay-proof your eye makeup. Use a cream shadow with a powder over the top. This will help keep eye makeup in place during hot weather. Try it, it really works! 7. Go sheer. Rich, deep colors have their place, but they can look heavy in summer. To lighten up, switch to sheer versions of your go-to lip and eye hues. Here is a link to the Nars makeup I previously suggested (called Orgasm...yes, that is really the name!) It comes in a lipstick, gloss and blush: Nars Makeup Do you have “LBD”? Is it contagious? Should you take something for it? Nah, it’s not a bad thing, or a disease…actually it is a good thing that MissusSmartyPants wants you to catch! “LBD” is fashion lingo for the timeless classic…a “Little Black Dress”. Any modern day woman who finds she’s always short on time and cash for clothes-- will find she needs a “Little Black Dress”. It can be an essential part of her wardrobe that comes to the fashion rescue in a pinch! It’s a “wild card” that can be played again and again when you find yourself saying, “I have nothing to wear!” The popularity of the “Little Black Dress” was credited to the fashion icon, Coco Chanel back in 1926. That year she created a new “flapper” dress that debuted in Vogue Magazine. Back then, her design was considered flashy and shocking because it was a short dress out of a slinky black jersey fabric. A jersey knit was considered underwear fabric and the color black was reserved for funerals and nuns! Thank goodness times have changed! The instant slimming qualities of the “LBD” alone are enough to make women want an "LBD" in their wardrobes. Black is a wardrobe color many women rely on, and the “LBD” can make you feel sexy like Audrey Hepburn in “A Breakfast at Tiffany’s”. What woman doesn’t want to feel desirable and like a goddess? With its classic styling, you can never be under-stated or over-dressed. The LBD can rescue you when you find that your “fashionista ways” have taken a back seat to everyday havoc of kids, schedules and a busy life…not to worry! When you pull out this perennial favorite, your style is saved once again! Think of your black dress as a blank canvas, and you are the artist. With the selection of colors in your accessories you can create your own loo.! This is very very important! Accessorize with colors…have fun here! You can almost never go wrong! Here’s are ways you can change the look of your “Little Black Dress” for various occasions. Wear it to the office with a cardigan or blazer over the top, add some pearls and classic pumps and you have a conservative, polished look. Then, as quick as you can snap your fingers… you can change the look for an after work cocktail party. Simply change into some strappy heels, lose the cardigan, add dramatic earrings and pull your hair up. Your look has completely changed with the same dress! You will look amazing and no one will ever know it was the same dress! Do you have a "LBD" (perhaps another color---but a solid color basic dress) in your wardrobe that you can go to in a fashion pinch? Tell me about your "go-to" basic dress and how you make the same dress super-casual to dressy for various occasions.... Friday, May 14, 2010 I've given capris more fashion chances than they deserve. It's like a footstool that you keep stubbing your toe on and you never move it. When do you finally DO something about it? So I'm moving capris (the footstool) out of my closet once and for all! Why are they so bad? Well, after telling women to wear them carefully...I've had enough of this hard to wear proportion in my own closet. SO OUT THEY GO! Last week on my radio show a young woman asked if she can wear capris. The caller was 5'4" and an average hourglass shape. Instead of explaining how they can be hard to wear because they hit mid-calf and make it harder to balance your shape...I told this woman to go to the mall and sit. Watch women walk by in capris. Do ANY of these "capri wearing" women look good? Really...does anyone look good in them??? Capris have a way of sabotaging our wardrobes. They make it hard for you to look great. The proportion hits usually mid-calf which is bad if you are bottom heavy, have thick legs, are short, have a long torso....isn't this enough? Did I leave anyone out? How about the fact that they make your legs looks shorter, heavier--even if you are on the slender side? I understand the "comfort" factor of capris. They cover a multitude of sins. Spider veins, white legs, cellulite and anything else we don't like about our lower extremities. They are cooler than long pants and cover more than the average short. However....THEY DON'T LOOK GOOD! Why not wear a short or skirt? Capris have become such a "go to" summer staple that we forgot they are OTHER choices we could wear in the summer. Capris are in every store, every price point because they sell! But why not wear an attractive short? Or a pretty floral skirt? A short around the knee is much more attractive because it gives you more leg length! I'm sure you can handle showing 6" more of your skin! You'll look so much better for it. I'm kicking my capris to the curb this season. (Actually I'm shortening most of them to shorts or purging them from my closet). How about you? Are you with me? Are you ready to give up on capris? | Mid | [
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Q: OMNET++ how to access function or variables in another class I have modified inet NodeStatus.cc with a customized function that return the variable value as follows: int NodeStatus::getValueA() { return ValueA; } Then, I created another simple module called simpleNodeB.cc and I wanted to retrieve ValueA from NodeStatus.cc. I tried the following code in simpleNodeB.cc but didn't work: if(getParentModule()->getSubModule(NodeStatus).getValueA()==test1) bubble("Value is the same"); The error message I got -> error: expected expected primary-expression before ')' token. I'm not sure if I used the correct way to call getValueA() function. Please enlighten me. thanks a lot. A: There are many errors in your code. The method getSubmodule requires a name of module, not a name of class. Look at your NED file and check the actual name of this module. getSubmodule returns a pointer to the cModule object. It has to be manually cast into another class. Assuming that an NodeStatus module in your NED is named fooStatus the correct code should look like: cModule *mod = getParentModule()->getSubmodule("fooStatus"); NodeStatus *status = check_and_cast<NodeStatus*>(mod); if(status->getValueA() == test1) bubble("Value is the same"); Reference: OMNeT++ Manual. | Mid | [
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Coulter Dismisses Chris Christie at CPAC 16 Mar 2013 Conservative author and columnist Ann Coulter, a long and loyal supporter of New Jersey Republican Governor Chris Christie, told attendees at the Conservative Political Action Conference on Saturday that he was “off her list.” “Did you see his convention speech?” she asked the crowd. “It was really bad. And I must say, though I loved Chris Christie, I’m now a single issue voter against amnesty, so Christie is off my list.” She noted, however, that Senator Ted Cruz (R – TX) “is still on (her) list.” Coulter has hopes for Senator Marco Rubio (R – FL) but wondered, “Why on earth is Marco Rubio and these endless Republicans supporting [amnesty]?” Governor Christie was not invited to the annual conference this year. The decision raised questions among conservatives again if Christie’s actions during the Romney-Ryan campaign, particularly towards the end damaged his credibility with the GOP’s conservative base. “This year, for better or for worse, we felt like he didn’t deserve to be on the all-star selection, and for decisions that he made,” CPAC Chairman Al Cardenas told reporters. “And so hopefully next year he’s back on the right track and being a conservative.” Cardenas noted that Christie “is popular figure, but everyone needs to live by the parameters of the movement.” Coulter said that she does not know who she is focused in on for 2016 but she described what kind of candidate should not be running. She previously supported former Republican Delaware Governor Pete du Pont, conservative political commentator Pat Buchanan, business mogul Steve Forbes, and former Congressman Duncan Hunter (R – CA). Coulter admitted she made mistakes with some of her past choices. “No, you can’t run a congressman. I have learned that. You cannot run a governor from a state that’s only as big as a congressional district. That’s the equivalent of running of congressman. We can’t run businessmen, pundits,” she said, adding, “People who have not run and won elections in at least a mid-size state. We’re looking at governors and senators. Once you throw in the governors and senators, let’s see how they debate, let’s see their positions then.” Coulter was particularly critical of conservatives who put themselves before the movement. She pointed to the Senate races lost by Republicans in 2012. Coulter pointed to former Congressman Todd Akin’s unwillingness to drop out of the Senate race in Missouri and those who supported his decision. “Passion is great but in politics, scoring is all that counts,” she said. | Mid | [
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Team Katniss Fashion As my closest friends (and my students) know, I’m a major Hunger Games geek. I’ve been counting down the days until the premiere of the upcoming movie inspired by Suzanne Collins’ novel. (Only 17 more days to go!) I’m a writer and nerd so, of course, I had to read all the books in The Hunger Games trilogy before the movie. If you haven’t, I encourage you to do the same. Yes, it’s Young Adult literature, but it’s very well-written with a compelling plot and complex characters. And even if you’re a blogger, journalist, or essayist, I truly believe that reading non-fiction can help your craft as the art of storytelling is so essential to all forms of writing. I’m also a girl with a passion for fashion so, yes, I’ve been wondering, “What will I wear when I go see the movie.” And here’s my answer: The feminist in me could not resist. You see, The Hunger Games has a Twilight-esque love triangle and just as Twi-hards sport Team Edward and Team Jacob gear, there are plenty of t-shirts out there boasting Team Peeta or Team Gale. But Katniss is the hero of this story so let’s celebrate her instead. Girl power! But, just for fun, here are some other examples of Hunger Games-inspired fashion, all from Etsy.com in honor of National Crafts Month. | Mid | [
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Pages Dec 28, 2016 Polygamous sect member takes plea deal in food stamp fraud case Nigel DuaraLos Angeles TimesDecember 28, 2016 The brother of polygamist leader Warren Jeffs has avoided incarceration by pleading guilty in a multimillion-dollar food stamp fraud case. Had he pleaded not guilty, he could have faced 20 years in prison if convicted. Seth Steed Jeffs, 43, signed his name to a federal plea deal on Wednesday morning. Before his arrest in February, Jeffs was at the center of an alleged plot to collect government Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) dollars from sect members and redistribute them to sect leadership. Seth Jeffs was arrested along with 10 other members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the polygamist sect that the FBI believes is still run by Warren Jeffs from his prison cell in Texas. Seth Jeffs' deal Wednesday spares him prison time or a fine, and the government dropped conspiracy and money laundering charges. Jay Winward, Seth Jeffs' attorney, told KSTU-TV in Salt Lake City that the charges were unnecessary. "This is an investigation that's gone on for five years. I'm not certain in any other circumstance with any other people, the U.S. government wouldn't simply ask them to stop what they were doing rather than indicting them," he told the TV station. U.S. prosecutors said they're satisfied with the six months that Jeffs has served in jail since he was arrested in February following a multiyear federal investigation. Seth and Warren's brother Lyle Jeffs was also named in the food stamp fraud indictment, but slipped off his ankle monitor after his arrest and fled. He remains unaccounted for, and the FBI in Salt Lake City has offered $50,000 for information leading to his capture. Colorado City, Ariz., and Hildale, Utah, form the FLDS community of Short Creek. The FLDS church is not affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the formal name of the Mormon Church, which banned polygamy in 1890 – though plural marriages remained a custom through the 1930s, when Mormons began to excommunicate those who took multiple wives. Prosecutors have alleged in court filings that Seth Jeffs operates the group's South Dakota holdings. Prosecutors allege that church leadership ordered FLDS followers to make purchases with their food stamp cards, then turn over the goods to the church. In another segment of the alleged scheme, food stamps were cashed at FLDS-owned businesses, but no goods changed hands and the money was handed over to church-owned companies or used to pay for capital expenses, such as vehicles. | Mid | [
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Yesterday evening in London (and at 4pm Eastern time), I was delighted to be interviewed by Kristine Frazao, via Skype, for the news on RT (Russia Today) from Washington D.C., and specifically for an eight-minute feature entitled, “In Limbo at Gitmo,” which is available below. (Click to enlarge the photo on the left, showing me addressing campaigners for the closure of Guantánamo outside the Supreme Court, on the 10th anniversary of the opening of the prison, on January 11 this year, and see here for a video of my talk). As I was able to explain, this led to the release of a few dozen prisoners between December 2008 and July 2010, after their habeas corpus petitions were granted by District Court judges in Washington D.C., who correctly perceived that the government’s evidence was, in many cases, risibly weak, consisting of dubious intelligence reports and the testimony of other prisoners — either in Guantánamo or in secret CIA torture prisons — whose statements were fundamentally unreliable, and whose unreliability had, in many case, been noted by US officials, even though that was ignored by prosecutors in the Justice Department and by advisors in the Pentagon. However, since summer 2010, right-wing judges in the D.C. Circuit Court have been rewriting the rules governing the habeas petitions, gutting habeas corpus of all meaning for the Guantánamo prisoners, so that none of the prisoners have had their habeas petitions granted in the last two years. The Supreme Court had the opportunity to redress this shameful distortion of its 2008 ruling in Boumediene v. Bush, and their failure, as I also explained to Kristine, means that the Guantánamo prisoners have now been abandoned by every branch of the US government, as President Obama has backed away from his promise to close the prison, and has shown a persistent lack of political courage on issues relating to Guantánamo, and lawmakers in Congress have also indulged in disgraceful fearmongering, passing legislation that, like the D.C. Circuit’s decisions, is also designed to prevent any prisoners from being released. On the fourth anniversary of Boumediene v. Bush, this is a truly depressing state of affairs, and one made all the more depressing because of the general indifference of the US media and the American people, and I hope my contribution, and RT’s interest in the story, will help people to understand how depressing it is that the men in Guantánamo have been so shamefully failed by all three branches of the US government. Thanks, Ralph, Bill and Toia. It was a good interview I thought, and I was also pleased to have been asked about the Supreme Court’s disgraceful decision – today – not to revive habeas corpus for the Guantanamo prisoners by throwing out rulings by the outrageous right-wing judges of the D.C. Circuit Court, who have gutted the Supreme Court’s ruling of all meaning over the last two years. Thanks, Toia and Joyce – and everyone who has liked and shared this. We have reached the lowest point on Guantanamo, that’s for sure, and the fact that this has happened three and half years into Obama’s Presidency is shameful. Hopefully we can use the disgraceful combination of factors – the failures of the administration, Congress and the courts to do what is right and what is necessary – to revive the campaign to close Guantanamo. the problem is the average person sees these folks as not human. We must make them real. Humanize them. Our country is so racist. I believe racism is necessary for us to wage these wars and falsely imprison innocents. Yes, humanizing the prisoners is what I’m constantly trying to do, Joyce. I think we’re getting there slowly. Please do encourage anyone who might be interested in knowing more to join the “Close Guantanamo” campaign: http://www.closeguantanamo.org/Join-Us We constantly need to show the administration officials, lawmakers and judges that we care about their disgraceful abdication of responsibility, Paula, and petitions are undoubtedly a part of this. But we also need more media awareness, and more people generally talking about the injustice of Guantanamo with their friends and family to raise awareness that the prison must be closed. Yes, this is truly the lowest point thus far. The liberals who back Obama no matter what are complicit now in this. ScotusBlog made it clear that it was quite likely that Elena Kagan was involved in this decision not to hear these cases. … and Democracy Now! today, Jeff. I’ll be posting that tomorrow. The only conceivable way that this can be turned to the advantage of those with the good sense to realize that the pressure to close Guantanamo must be maintained is that it’s now easier than ever to explain how shamefully the remaining prisoners – and especially the 87 cleared for release – have been abandoned by all three branches of the government. Now I need to step up my analysis of why the government’s supposed evidence is so untrustworthy … Leave a Reply Investigative journalist, author, campaigner, commentator and public speaker. Recognized as an authority on Guantánamo and the “war on terror.” Co-founder, Close Guantánamo, co-director, We Stand With Shaker. Also, singer and songwriter (The Four Fathers) and photographer. Email Andy Worthington | Mid | [
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New Delhi/Islamabad, Dec 14 (IANS) Tension escalated in Pakistan Sunday after reports that Indian fighter jets had violated its airspace, an allegation that India swiftly denied. Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari has now termed it a “technical incursion” and said the media “overhyped” it.Media reports were rife in Pakistan early Sunday saying that Indian fighter jets had violated its airspace late Saturday night and early Sunday in Lahore and Pakistan-administered Kashmir sectors, and an emergency was declared at the Pakistan Air Force airbases at Shorkot and Sargodha. However, in New Delhi, Indian Air Force (IAF) spokesperson Wing Commander Mahesh Upasini told IANS: “There has been no violation of Pakistani airspace by Indian fighter planes. The reports are untrue.” “There is a misinformation campaign going on to digress attention from what happened on 26/11,” he said referring to the terror attacks in Mumbai. A senior IAF official of the Western Air Command, denying the Pakistani allegation, added that they had received no complaints from Pakistan on the matter so far. Geo TV quoted a Pakistan Air Force (PAF) spokesman as saying that the Indian aircraft had intruded up to four km inside Pakistan territory. However, the official said that it could be due to a “technical gaffe”. PAF sources said that two Indian fighter jets had intruded into Pakistan territory, but the Pakistani airforce had chased back the Indians. PAF said it was always ready for the defence of the country. Zardari, during a press conference with British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, said that the reported violation was due to “technical incursions, which happen when planes are flying very high and close to the border”. “My information, which is the correct information, is that it was a technical incursion, which happens when planes are flying at 50,000 feet, when they turn, a slight incursion could take place,” he said adding talks were on between the two sides on the matter. Earlier, Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani was quoted by GEO television as saying, “India violated Pakistani air space and our air force is on high alert to defend any violations.” Pakistan’s Information Minister Sherry Rehman said in Islamabad that Indian air force planes “inadvertently” violated its airspace Saturday. “We have confirmed it. We contacted the Indian air force and they said the violation was inadvertent. We don’t want to escalate the situation,” Rehman maintained, while talking to media persons. Pakistan Air Force spokesman Air Commodore Humayun Viqar said in a statement: “Indian aircraft entered into Pakistan’s airspace at two different sectors and were swiftly responded by the efficient Pakistan air defence system, forcing them to return to their own territory.” He, however, said this could have been a “technical mistake”, adding the Pakistan Air Force was ready to defend its space. Relations between Pakistan and India have been under strain in the wake of the Mumbai terror attacks that killed more than 170 people late last month. India has said elements in Pakistan were behind the attacks. Leader of Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PML-N) Nawaz Sharif has strongly condemned the reported violation of Pakistan air spaces by Indian jets, and said “”the entire nation is united for the defence of the country”. Pakistan television reported that Indian jets flew over Pakistani-administered Kashmir and the eastern city of Lahore, both places where the terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) is active. India blames the LeT for the Mumbai attacks. Pakistan has arrested key leaders of the Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a front organisation for the LeT, and shut down its offices after the UN listed it as a terror outfit. But India has said Islamabad must do more. India and Pakistan have fought three wars since independence. New Delhi this week ruled out military action against its neighbour. A report in The News daily of Pakistan said that the Pakistani army has confirmed an unusual movement of medium and heavy military artillery vehicles from the cantonment area of Lahore to north of Punjab Saturday, but the military spokesman said it was only for winter exercises. The heavy movement of military vehicles caused a scare among the people amid the current tensions between India and Pakistan. When contacted, Director-General Inter Services Public Relations Major-General Athar Abbas stated that the unusual military movement was due to routine winter military exercises. | Low | [
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Wow. Whoa. Did you see this? Listen, right now, everyone is talking about countries. European countries. All people want to talk about is these countries that are in all these different places. Have you seen this thing? They did this thing, it's ridiculous, it's called Euro 2016. It starts today over in... you're not gonna believe this. Over in France. In France! They don't know, these people, they don't have a clue. You wanna know the truth? The truth is that nobody does countries better than me. I'm an expert on countries, you can ask anyone. I make tremendous deals with countries every day, which is why nobody is going to do Euro 2016 better than I will. We have been losing at Euro 2016 for too long. They are killing us. But I beat Europe all the time; I know how to beat them. I am a winner who wins at things and together we are going to do Euro 2016 and we're going to win Euro 2016 like you wouldn't believe. GROUP A: Doesn't help us beat ISIS France is hosting the opening game at 3:00pm ET today against Romania on ESPN2. Albania is playing Switzerland tomorrow at 9:00am ET on ESPN. But how does any of this help us beat ISIS? You talk about France, you hear people saying all kinds of things about Romania. There really is -- I know you've seen this -- there has really been so, so much talking about France and also sometimes about Romania. I'm telling you that it's all nonsense because people talk about Paul Pogba being such a great number eight. It's nonsense-- who wants to be number eight? We need to be number ONE, but they're killing us. Costel Pantilimon, he thinks we can't see through his lies. He's a liar, this guy. He's only about lies and losing, but I'm about winning. Costel Pantilimon thinks he can secure the goal. We have no goal security anymore, which is why we have to build a wall. This Costel Patilimon thing isn't working and the Romanians are laughing at us and we're losing to ISIS. GROUP B: Full of losers and weak on Syria On Saturday morning at noon ET, Wales plays Slovakia on ESPN. England vs. Russia is happening at 3:00pm ET on ESPN. I have to tell you, it's like we never even fought a war. Slovakia and Wales. Can you believe that? It's true. Group B is about losing at things, at all these different things, they're losing. The media, I think, isn't doing its job when they talk about Wales and Slovakia. They don't tell the truth, that these people are bringing drugs and they're bringing crime and they're bringing Martin Skrtel. They're not sending good people to Euro 2016. They're very low-energy people, and also Marek Hamšík took a pass at my wife at the MET Gala and I challenged him to arm-wrestling and I beat him at arm-wrestling. But really, I have only good things to say about Adam Nemec. I must say about Russia, however, I must say that Putin is a man that I respect. He just made a decree and now I'm Artem Dzyuba's godfather. I think Putin has it right on a lot of these things with Euro 2016. He's a winner like me. You can be, too. Just follow me and shut up and just follow along. And then we'll go and do Syria and Putin will be there and we'll do Syria so much that you won't even believe it. GROUP C: A failure unless Putin intervenes We've got Poland vs. Northern Ireland on Sunday at noon ET on ESPN. Germany plays Ukraine on Sunday at 3:00pm ET on ESPN. We have to do something about this Ukraine thing and everything that's happening there at different times, and we have to do it right now. Putin, he's a smart guy and a strong guy out there, Putin is doing Ukraine better than anyone I've seen. Euro 2016 will never be great again if Putin can't do Ukraine like he wants to do Ukraine, and also we have to do Ukraine. Andriy Yarmolenko was supposed to be a paid ambassador for Trump Steaks in Eastern Europe, but then he tweeted about how eating one was like slowly punching your intestines in the face. He's a nasty guy, a very slimy guy. I want to say about Poland, though-- they have this guy, Lewandowski. I am an expert on Lewandowski and I am a big personal fan of Lewandowski. My campaign manager is tremendous, his name is Corey Lewandowski. He knows how to win and we're winning with him in all the polls. Poland, I think, is going to win this whole thing if they get by Russia. Nobody understands Lewandowski more than I do, so I think he'll do really excellent kicking for them. GROUP D: Davor Šuker passed out on my yacht once Turkey vs. Croatia at 9:00am ET Sunday on ESPN. Spain vs. Czech Republic at 9:00 ET Monday on ESPN. I have tremendous relations with Spain. They have the King, Juan Carlos, he's a good guy, because whenever he goes to a place, he does it legally. He's a very legal kind of guy and person. I'm investing in Croatia. They're beautiful people over there in Croatia, and I know they do all the soccer and the kicking and everything like that, they do it very well. I loved Davor Šuker. I love him! We took my yacht down to Belize in 1999, Davor came with us. We brought all the girls from the Jay-Z music video with the pimping and the butts. Gorgeous ladies, I'm telling you, you wouldn't believe it, they were so beautiful with the butts and all the things that they have. Davor Šuker shotgunned two pitchers of Mai Tais and passed out, boom, right there on the deck. I'll never forget his heart and commitment, so it's got to be Croatia. It's going to be Croatia. GROUP E: Belgium didn't invent french fries-- they took them from you The Republic of Ireland faces Sweden at noon ET on Monday on ESPN, followed by Belgium vs. Italy at 3:00pm ET on ESPN. You have all these republics, they all come up to my office and they ask, "can we have your support?" "What do we do?" "How do we do it?" I love the republics. I'm meeting with three of them next week. Ireland is a tremendous republic and Shane Long lived in my pool house for the first half of 2002 and I taught him hurling. Not a lot of people know that. I heard someone tell me the other day that Belgium is coming to do Euro 2016 really well, amazingly well. They want to talk about Hazard, they want to talk about Origi. But Belgium is laughing at us. They're laughing! I think they've been very dishonest. They're revising history and saying that the Belgians invented french fries. That's ridiculous-- they took french fries from us. We have to take them back, and I am going to win back all of these different french fries on behalf of the people. We're gonna have the chipotle mayo and we're doing the madras curry ketchup as well, and we're going to dip the french fries in all of these things, and we are going to make the Belgians pay for it. GROUP F: A temporary ban on the Icelandic Austria plays Hungary at noon ET on Tuesday on ESPN. Portugal vs. Iceland kicks off at 3:00pm ET later that day on ESPN. You've got Portugal here, and you've got Iceland. I mean, come on. The Euro currency is very weak, and they're taking all the jobs. Euro 2016 used to have more jobs, but now you have the EU doing all of these things, and Portugal and Iceland want all the jobs now. It's a bad, bad deal. We need to prevent these people from entering Euro 2016 until we figure this out. We need a nation that's going to take the Euro 2016 brand and make it great again-- right now, it's not great again. I think, really, Austria is going to make Euro 2016 great again and take it back from China, from Mexico, from Japan, from all of these places. I am excited about Christian Fuchs, who is a winner. He's the captain for them, and he lives in New York City. We need a wealthy guy from New York City if we want to help the common people get back to work, and also have jobs. Just shut up and trust me and trust Christian Fuchs and we will go and do Euro 2016. * * * EDITOR'S NOTE: This is a work of satire. The opinions expressed in this column are probably not the actual views of the author, as far as we know. | Low | [
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Research have shown that those who spend big amounts of cash on a divorce anticipating that they are going to find yourself the victors in the long run are literally the ones who lose probably the most. Their use has develop into popular all over Kerala. and depart the child with us?' I used to be clearly very shocked by this. and 28 et seq. Linda Nielsen, a professor of academic and adolescent psychology at Wake Forest University, drilled into the research to check these concepts. If there may after divorce reconciling an appearance however no defence, the applicant can apply to the courtroom by the use of motion for judgment in default of defence. With each your After divorce reconciling and mom, I think you're being perfectly affordable and non-hormonal that duval county clerk of court divorce is all just gotten to be too much. A dissolution decree allows both events to a civil partnership to marry. Collectors are those you owe cash to. | Low | [
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881 P.2d 482 (1994) Richard RENDON, Petitioner and Cross-Appellee, v. UNITED AIRLINES, Respondent and Cross-Appellant, and The Industrial Claim Appeals Office of the State of Colorado, Respondent. Nos. 93CA1861, 93CA1864. Colorado Court of Appeals, Div. I. August 25, 1994. *483 Brauer, Buescher, Valentine, Goldhammer & Kelman, P.C., Joseph M. Goldhammer, Ellen M. Kelman, Denver, for petitioner and cross-appellee. Clifton, Hook & Bovarnick, P.C., Clyde E. Hook, Frank M. Cavanaugh, Denver, for respondent and cross-appellant. Gale A. Norton, Atty. Gen., Stephen K. ErkenBrack, Chief Deputy Atty. Gen., Timothy M. Tymkovich, Sol. Gen., James C. Klein, Asst. Atty. Gen., Denver, for respondent. Opinion by Judge METZGER. In these consolidated cases, Richard Rendon, claimant, and United Airlines, the self-insured employer, seek review and/or certiorari from an order of the Industrial Claim Appeals Panel that awarded claimant temporary total disability benefits for two mental stress claims. We grant certiorari on certain of the issues raised by employer, and affirm in part, set aside in part, and remand with directions. The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) found that the first injury (W.C. Nos. 3-969-472 and 3-969-757) consisted of harassment that occurred in 1988 and 1989 when claimant's homosexuality was referred to in derogatory terms or in an offensive manner in the presence of other co-workers and culminated in two assaults of claimant in the employee's parking lot. As a result of these incidents, claimant was treated for post-traumatic stress disorder and was unable to work from February 1 through March 22, 1989. The second injury (W.C. No. 4-119-228) began in October 1991, when claimant overheard a derogatory reference to homosexuals by a co-worker and reported it to his supervisor. After being reprimanded, the co-worker filed a "sexual harassment complaint" against the claimant, which was later found to have been filed out of revenge. Because claimant was required to be represented during the internal disciplinary proceedings by one of the individuals who had previously assaulted him, the ALJ found that the employer did not act in good faith in refusing to continue the hearing until another union steward could represent claimant. The ALJ further found that both the claimant and the co-worker were given a "stern warning" and advised to "stay away from each other." Therefore, the ALJ concluded that these actions by the employer validated the co-worker's prejudice against claimant and could not be considered to have been taken in good faith. Thus, the ALJ found that claimant suffered a compensable stress reaction that caused him to be off work from November 5, 1991, through March 23, 1992. Claimant missed no time from work between March 1989, and November 1991. Therefore, the ALJ concluded that the 1989 injury was governed by the pre-1991 law and that the 1991 injury was governed by the law applicable to injuries occurring on or after July 1, 1991. On review, the Panel affirmed the ALJ's award of temporary disability for both injuries, and both parties sought review and/or certiorari of the Panel's order. I. The claimant's petition to review was dismissed by the Panel as not timely filed because the certificate of mailing did not indicate that the petition to review had been mailed to the ALJ. Claimant contends that the Panel's determination is not supported by applicable law and that it elevates form over substance. He argues that the cover letter which was attached to his petition and which forwarded the petition to the ALJ was signed *484 by the secretary whose obligation it would have been to sign the certificate of mailing. Therefore, he contends, the cover letter serves the identical function as a certificate of mailing. Thus, claimant maintains that his petition was timely filed on the date of mailing. We agree. Section 8-43-301(2), C.R.S. (1993 Cum.Supp.) provides for the filing of a petition for review from an order of the director or an ALJ to the Panel and states in relevant part: Such petition shall be filed within twenty days from the date of the certificate of mailing of the order, and, unless so filed, such order shall be final. The petition to review may be filed by mail, and shall be deemed filed upon the date of mailing, as determined by the certificate of mailing, provided the certificate of mailing indicates that the petition to review was mailed to the appropriate administrative law judge or to the director, if appropriate. (emphasis added) The emphasized portion of § 8-43-301(2) was added in April 1992. See Colo.Sess.Laws 1992, ch. 226 at 1803. Nevertheless, because this constitutes a procedural change, it applies to both of claimant's injuries. See Kinninger v. Industrial Claim Appeals Office, 759 P.2d 766 (Colo.App.1988). Here, the claimant's petition to review was not received until March 10, two days beyond the statutory deadline. However, the petition to review was accompanied by a cover letter showing that it had been mailed to the ALJ within 20 days of the ALJ's order. Although use of a certificate of mailing is the better practice, under the circumstances here, we can see no meaningful distinction between the purpose or content of the cover letter and the certificate of mailing. Both were designed to ensure that the accompanying materials were directed to the proper recipient in a timely fashion. Accordingly, we conclude that the claimant substantially complied with the requirements of § 8-43-301(2) and the Panel erred in determining that claimant's petition to review was untimely filed. See Hawkins v. State Compensation Insurance Authority, 790 P.2d 893 (Colo.App.1990). However, because the Panel dismissed claimant's petition to review, it did not address the issues he raised. Therefore, the Panel's order is not final as to those issues, and we remand this matter to the Panel for determination of the issues raised by claimant. II. In its combined petition for review and petition for certiorari, employer first contends that the Panel erred in determining that claimant's mental and emotional stress claims were inherently connected to, and arose out of, his employment. A. As a preliminary matter, since this argument relates both to the 1988-89 injury and the 1991 injury, we conclude that review is governed, in part, by the former appeal procedures, and, in part, by the procedure for certiorari applicable to injuries occurring on or after July 1, 1991. See Colo.Sess.Laws 1991, ch. 219, § 8-43-301(10) and § 8-43-301(11) at 1322, 1342 (Senate Bill 218). To the extent the certiorari procedure applies, we conclude that the issue concerns a matter of substance that has not been previously addressed and have therefore granted certiorari. C.A.R. 46(a)(6). B. Employer argues that claimant's injuries were the result of actions that were inherently private in origin because the feelings, animosities, and biases of both claimant and his co-worker were "imported" into the work environment. We are not persuaded. An assault is compensable if it grew out of an argument over the performance of work, possession of work tools or equipment, delivery of a paycheck, quitting or being terminated, or mediating between co-employees. However, injuries have an inherent connection with the employment and are compensable even if the subject of the dispute is unrelated to the work and if the *485 work merely brought the employees together and created the relations and conditions resulting in the dispute. In re Question Submitted by U.S. Court of Appeals, 759 P.2d 17 (Colo.1988) (fn. 8). In such circumstances, the cause of the event is the friction and strain created by the work environment that places claimant in a position to receive the impact of his co-worker's personality and increases the likelihood of assault. It is because of the employment, and only because of the employment, that the claimant is subjected to his tormentor as an established fixture of the employment environment. 1 A. Larson, Workmen's Compensation Law § 11.16(a) at 3-261, 3-264 (1993). Furthermore, it is solely the obligations of the employment that compel the association of the employees, which would otherwise not come about, and it is this enforced and uneasy association that leads to the explosive finale. 1 A. Larson, supra § 11.22 at 3-296. "Like the stray bullet, the topic of dispute may arrive from outside the boundaries of the employment without affecting the result." 1 A. Larson, supra, § 11.16(a) at 3-266. In addition, the fact that a claimant or a fellow employee may overreact to an adverse condition of employment or that the overreaction may stem from some unusual quality of either employee's personality does not alter the fact that the subject of that reaction had an inherent connection with employment. See Triad Painting Co. v. Blair, 812 P.2d 638 (Colo.1991). Accordingly, we conclude that the mere fact that claimant and his co-workers may have developed their own beliefs and biases concerning homosexuality outside the boundaries of work does not transform their quarrels, which resulted from the forced proximity of the work environment, into quarrels that were imported solely from their private and personal lives. Here, the ALJ found that claimant and the co-workers who were involved in the assaults or incidents underlying the stress claims had no contact outside of work. Indeed, employer concedes that the claimant's employment brought him in close proximity to his assailants. Thus, employer's reliance on Velasquez v. Industrial Commission, 41 Colo.App. 201, 581 P.2d 748 (1978) is misplaced. There, compensation was denied based upon the fact that the assault was imported from the private lives of an employee and his spouse, and the shooting could have happened at any other time or place, wherever and whenever the employee happened to find the co-employees. III. The ALJ also concluded that the employer did not act in good faith when it conducted the 1991 disciplinary hearing regarding the co-worker's charge that claimant had "sexually harassed" him. Accordingly, the ALJ determined that this second injury was a compensable mental impairment claim under § 8-41-301(2)(a), C.R.S. (1993 Cum.Supp.), and the Panel affirmed. A. Employer first contends that the Panel erred in determining that it did not act in "good faith" as that term is used in § 8-41-301(2)(a). Because a remand is necessary, we need not address this contention. The pertinent provision was amended for injuries occurring on or after July 1, 1991, and now provides in relevant part that: A mental impairment claim shall not be considered to arise out of and in the course of employment if it results from a disciplinary action, work evaluation, job transfer, lay-off, demotion, promotion, termination, retirement, or similar action taken in good faith by the employer. (emphasis added) Section 8-41-301(2)(a), C.R.S. (1993 Cum. Supp.). This issue concerns the second injury which occurred in October and November 1991. However, claimant argued in his petition for review, which was dismissed by the Panel, that: (1) he suffered from a single occupational disease which was incurred prior to the 1991 amendments to the Workers' Compensation Act, and (2) even if the 1991 amendments apply to the second claim, that claim is not one for "mental impairment." *486 Thus, the Panel's resolution of claimant's issues may render § 8-41-301(2)(a) inapplicable. B. Employer also asserts that the Panel erred in determining that the 12-week limitation of § 8-41-301(2)(b), C.R.S. (1993 Cum. Supp.) applies only to medical impairment benefits awarded for permanent disability and does not apply to temporary disability benefits. We disagree. In City of Thornton v. Replogle, 873 P.2d 30 (Colo.App.1993), this court approved of the Panel's interpretation of § 8-41-301(2)(b). Accordingly, we agree with the Panel's determination that claimant's temporary disability benefits were not limited to 12 weeks. IV. Employer also contends that the ALJ made certain evidentiary errors. However, we agree with the Panel's resolution of these issues and therefore affirm and adopt the Panel's order concerning them. The Panel's order is affirmed in part, set aside in part, and the cause is remanded to the Panel for further proceedings consistent with the views expressed in this opinion. RULAND and ROY, JJ., concur. | Low | [
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Q: Ambari on Docker Cloudera repo file needs user and password now I had an script that automatically would create an Ambari cluster using docker. In the file: https://github.com/ortizfabio/caochong/blob/master/from-ambari/Dockerfile There is a line to download Ambari. This used to work until Cloudera took over. I am trying to change the command that download Ambari from: RUN wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ambari.repo http://public-repo-1.hortonworks.com/ambari/centos6/2.x/updates/2.6.0.0/ambari.repo to: RUN wget --http-user=email_logon --http-password=my_password -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ambari.repo https://archive.cloudera.com/p/ambari/centos7/2.x/updates/2.7.5.0/ambari.repo However I get error: Connecting to archive.cloudera.com (archive.cloudera.com)|151.101.208.167|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 401 Authentication required Authentication selected: Basic realm=Secured Connecting to archive.cloudera.com (archive.cloudera.com)|151.101.208.167|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 403 Authentication failed 2020-05-29 00:35:40 ERROR 403: Authentication failed. A: @Fabio Your options are: Contact Cloudera, become a customer, and get an Enterprise License with user and password authorized to access their paywalled versions Use the last free version 2.7.4 Build From Source If you are looking to use HDP, I suggest #2 as the easiest option: wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ambari.repo http://public-repo-1.hortonworks.com/ambari/centos7/2.x/updates/2.7.4.0/ambari.repo If you truly want 2.7.5 you can build from source yourself, or I have created some RPMS you can use without HDP: wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/mosga.repo https://makeopensourcegreatagain.com/rpms/mosga.repo yum install ambari-server ambari-agent -y ambari-server setup -s I am currently still working on the next part where my RPMS will install DDP (Demo Data Platform) with common HDP Components and some other Third Party Components we use here at DFHz. | Mid | [
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Scientists home in on reasons behind cancer drug trial disappointment Scientists have discovered a ‘hidden’ mechanism which could explain why some cancer therapies which aim to starve the tumour of its blood supply are failing cancer trials. Numerous angiopoietin-blocking therapies are currently in clinical trials for ovarian cancer and other cancers. But despite promising earlier results, some of these therapies are not improving patient survival as much as was expected.* Many current angiopoietin-blocking therapies work by inhibiting a specific cell pathway which promotes blood vessel growth. The pathway involves angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 proteins and also another protein, called Tie-2. However this latest research, supported by Worldwide Cancer Research and published in Nature Communications last week**, suggests the existence of an alternative angiopoietin-mediated mechanism which ‘bypasses’ Tie-2. Lead researcher, Dr Pipsa Saharinen, at the University of Helsinki*** said: “What we have found in our studies on cells and in mice, is another angiopoietin-2 cell pathway which could promote blood vessel growth. This pathway is not necessarily targeted by current angiopoietin-blocking therapies, and this could help explain why some of the trials have not produced as much benefit as we might have hoped.” “We still need to confirm what we’re seeing in normal cells is happening in tumors as well” says Dr Saharinen. “And we have to figure out what actually happens inside the body. Then we can work out for sure how blocking this new angiopoietin‑2 pathway affects tumour blood vessels. Ultimately, I think these results could help explain some of the confusing trial results we’ve seen.” Dr Helen Rippon, Head of Research at Worldwide Cancer Research said: “Around 19 women in the UK are diagnosed with ovarian cancer every day, and better treatments are desperately needed. There is still a lot of work to do to, but this finding could ultimately help us develop more effective anticancer treatments which work by blocking a tumour’s blood supply.” | High | [
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In general, many different fields of application arise for smart cards (integrated circuit cards), for example in the field of personal identification (identity cards, access cards, authorization cards), in the field of data encryption (code cards), for personal use (bank smart cards, payment cards) and in similar fields. Aspects during smart card production, in addition to costs, can also include durability, protection against counterfeiting, protection against manipulation, and the functionality sought. | High | [
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--- abstract: 'The recent nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation reduces in the Newtonian regime to a nonlocal and nonlinear modification of Poisson’s equation of Newtonian gravity. The nonlocally modified Poisson equation implies that nonlocality can simulate dark matter. Observational data regarding dark matter provide limited information about the functional form of the reciprocal kernel, from which the original nonlocal kernel of the theory must be determined. We study this inverse problem of nonlocal gravity in the linear domain, where the applicability of the Fourier transform method is critically examined and the conditions for the existence of the nonlocal kernel are discussed. This approach is illustrated via simple explicit examples for which the kernels are numerically evaluated. We then turn to a general discussion of the modified Poisson equation and present a formal solution of this equation via a successive approximation scheme. The treatment is specialized to the gravitational potential of a point mass, where in the linear regime we recover the Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity.' author: - 'C. Chicone' - 'B. Mashhoon' title: 'Nonlocal Gravity: Modified Poisson’s Equation' --- Introduction ============ Newton’s inverse-square force law for the universal attraction of gravity successfully explained Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and other solar-system observations. However, with the advent of Lorentz invariance, Einstein’s general theory of relativity integrated Newtonian gravitation into a consistent relativistic framework that naturally explained the excess perihelion precession of Mercury and has thus far successfully withstood various observational challenges. On the other hand, on galactic scales, the existence of dark matter has been assumed for decades in order to resolve observational problems, such as the “flat" rotation curves of spiral galaxies. As the nature of dark matter is still unknown, we take the view that what appears as dark matter may very well be a novel aspect of the gravitational interaction. Starting from first principles, a nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has been developed in recent papers [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM], where it is demonstrated that nonlocal gravity can naturally simulate dark matter. However, the main motivation for the development of a nonlocal theory of gravitation came from the principle of equivalence, once the general outline of *nonlocal special relativity* had become clear [@BM2]. In nonlocal special relativity, nonlocality is induced by the *acceleration* of observers in Minkowski spacetime. Inertia and gravitation are intimately linked in accordance with the principle of equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses. Hence, gravity is expected to be nonlocal as well. That nonlocality can simulate dark matter emerged later in the course of studying the physical implications of nonlocal general relativity [@nonlocal; @NonLocal]. In this theory of nonlocal gravity, gravitation is described by a local field that satisfies nonlocal integro-differential equations. Thus gravity is in this sense fundamentally nonlocal and its nonlocality is introduced through a “constitutive" kernel. *This nonlocal kernel is a basic ingredient of the gravitational interaction that must ultimately be determined from observation.* A *direct* nonlocal generalization of the standard form of Einstein’s general relativity would encounter severe difficulties [@Bahram:2007]; however, it turns out that one can also arrive at general relativity via a special case of the translational gauge theory of gravity, namely, the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity. It can be shown that this theory is amenable to generalization through the introduction of a constitutive kernel. In fact, the simplest case of a *scalar* constitutive kernel has been employed in [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM] to develop a consistent nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation. In this approach to nonlocal gravity, nonlocality survives even in the Newtonian regime and appears to provide a natural explanation for “dark matter" [@SR; @C; @S; @B; @G]; that is, nonlocal gravity simulates dark matter. Indeed, the nonlocal theory naturally contains the Tohline-Kuhn phenomenological extension of Newtonian gravity to the galactic realm [@Tohline; @Kuhn; @Jacob1988]. Poisson’s equation of Newtonian gravity, $$\label{1} \nabla^2\Phi_{N}(t,\mathbf{x})=4\pi G \rho(t,\mathbf{x})$$ is modified in the nonlocal theory to read [@BCHM; @BM] $$\label{2} \nabla^2\Phi(\mathbf{x})+\sum_i\int\frac{\partial \Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})}{\partial x^i}\frac{\partial\Phi (\mathbf{y})}{\partial y^i}d^3y=4\pi G\rho(\mathbf{x})\,.$$ Here $\Phi_{N}$ is the Newtonian gravitational potential and any possible temporal dependence of the gravitational potential $\Phi$ and matter density $\rho$ has been suppressed in Eq. for the sake of simplicity. Moreover, the nonlocal kernel $\Bbbk$ is a smooth function of $\mathbf{u}$ and $v$, so that $\Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}) = K(\mathbf{u},v)$, where $$\label{3} \mathbf{u} := \mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}, \quad v := \frac{|\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})|}{|\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} \Phi(\mathbf{x})|}.$$ Thus $v$ is the source of nonlinearity in Eq. . This nonlocal and nonlinear modification of Poisson’s equation is invariant under a constant change of the potential, namely, $\Phi \mapsto \Phi + C$, where $C$ is a constant. In addition, Eq. satisfies a scaling law; that is, if the matter density is scaled by a *constant* scale factor $s$, $\rho \mapsto s\rho$, then the potential is scaled by the same constant factor, $\Phi \mapsto s \Phi$. The functional form of the nonlocal kernel is unknown. Let us tentatively assume that it does have a *dominant* linear component $k(\mathbf{u})$ for some gravitational systems; that is, $$\label{3a} \Bbbk = k(\mathbf{u})+\kappa(\mathbf{u}, v)\,,$$ where $\kappa(\mathbf{u}, v)$ is a relatively small nonlinear perturbation. The physical justification for this supposition is that the implications of the *linear* form of Eq. , for the corresponding linear gravitational potential $\Phi_{\ell}$, compare favorably with the physics of the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM]. In the linear approximation, the scalar constitutive kernel $\Bbbk$ is only a function of $\mathbf{u}$ and we expect intuitively that even nonlocal gravity would weaken with increasing distance, so that $\Bbbk$ should go to zero as $u:=|\mathbf{u}| \to \infty$. Let us therefore start with Eq. and consider, for simplicity, a linear kernel of the form $\Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}) := k(\mathbf{u})$, so that $\partial \Bbbk / \partial x^i = - \partial \Bbbk / \partial y^i$ in this case. Furthermore, let us assume that as $y:=|\mathbf{y}| \to \infty$, $|\Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_{\ell}(\mathbf{y})|$ falls off to zero faster than $1/y^2$; then, using integration by parts and Gauss’s theorem, Eq. can be written in this case as $$\label{2a} \nabla^2\Phi_{\ell}(\mathbf{x})+ \int k(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) \nabla^2\Phi_{\ell}(\mathbf{y})d^3y = 4\pi G\rho(\mathbf{x})\,.$$ We assume that this Fredholm integral equation of the second kind has a unique solution [@T], which can be expressed by means of the reciprocal convolution kernel $q(\mathbf{u})$ as $$\label{2b} \nabla^2\Phi_{\ell}(\mathbf{x}) = 4\pi G\rho(\mathbf{x})+ 4\pi G \int q(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) \rho(\mathbf{y})d^3y\,.$$ The conditions for the validity of this assumption will be examined in the following section. On the other hand, it is an immediate consequence of Eq. that nonlocal gravity acts like dark matter; that is, the gravitational potential in the linear regime is due to the presence of matter of density $\rho$ as well as “dark matter" of density $\rho_D$ given by $$\label{2c} \rho_D(\mathbf{x}) = \int q(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) \rho(\mathbf{y})d^3y\,.$$ Thus the Laplacian of the gravitational potential is given by $4\pi G(\rho+\rho_D)$, where, in the linear approximation, $\rho_D$ is the convolution of $\rho$ and the reciprocal kernel $q$. In particular, for a point mass $M$, $\rho(\mathbf{y})=M\delta(\mathbf{y})$, we have $\rho_D=Mq$. A similar, but more intricate, result holds when nonlinearity is taken into consideration; that is, nonlocality still simulates dark matter, but the connection between $\rho_D$ and $\rho$ goes beyond Eq. . This assertion is based on the assumption that the nonlocal kernel is of the form of Eq. ; then, Eq. takes a similar form as Eq. , but with an extra source term ${\cal S}(\mathbf{x})$ due to nonlinearity. That is, $$\label{2ca} \nabla^2\Phi(\mathbf{x})+ \int k(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) \nabla^2\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y = 4\pi G[\rho(\mathbf{x})+ {\cal S}(\mathbf{x})]\,.$$ Here ${\cal S}(\mathbf{x})$ can be expressed as the divergence of a vector field, namely, $$\label{2cb} {\cal S}=-\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol {\nu}, \quad \boldsymbol {\nu}(\mathbf{x})= \frac{1}{4\pi G}\int \kappa(\mathbf{u}, v)\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y\,.$$ Assuming as before that Eq. has a unique solution via the reciprocal convolution kernel $q(\mathbf{u})$, we find $$\label{2cc} \nabla^2\Phi(\mathbf{x}) = 4\pi G\{\rho(\mathbf{x})+ {\cal S}(\mathbf{x}) + \int q(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) [\rho(\mathbf{y}) + {\cal S}(\mathbf{y})]d^3y\}\,.$$ It follows that the density of “dark matter" does have contributions from the nonlinear part of the nonlocal kernel. Neglecting nonlinearities, we note that the *linear* relationship between $\Phi_{\ell}$ and $\rho$ implies that one can write $$\label{2d} \Phi_{\ell}(\mathbf{x}) = \int {\cal G}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) \rho(\mathbf{y})d^3y\,.$$ Here the Green function ${\cal G}(\mathbf{u})$ is a solution of $$\label{2e} \nabla^2{\cal G}(\mathbf{u}) = 4\pi G [\delta(\mathbf{u})+q(\mathbf{u})]\,.$$ If $\rho(\mathbf{x})=M\delta(\mathbf{x})$ for a point mass $M$ in Eq. , we have $\Phi_{\ell}=M{\cal G}$, which means that once the nonlocal gravitational potential is known for a *point mass*, one can determine the potential for any mass distribution via linearity as expressed by Eq. . Assuming that $q(\mathbf{u})$ can be determined from observational data, the inverse problem must be solved to find the linear kernel $k(\mathbf{u})$ from $q(\mathbf{u})$. In this paper, we study this inverse problem in connection with the rotation curves of spiral galaxies; furthermore, we provide a general discussion of the solutions of Eq. and investigate some of their physical implications. Consider the motion of stars within the disk of a spiral galaxy in accordance with the Kepler-Newton-Einstein tradition. For revolution on a circle of radius $r:=|\mathbf{x}|$ about the central spherical bulge, the speed of rotation $V$ of a star is given by $V^2=G{\cal M}/r$, where ${\cal M}$ is the mass of the bulge, which we take to be the effective mass of the galaxy. Observational data indicate that $V^2$ is nearly constant; therefore, keeping the standard theory forces us to assume that mass ${\cal M}$ has a dark component that increases linearly with $r$. Assuming spherical symmetry for the distribution of this dark matter, we find that $$\label{2f} \rho_D(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{V_0^2}{4\pi G} \frac{1}{r^2}\,,$$ where $V_0$ is the constant asymptotic velocity of stars in the disk of the spiral galaxy. If dark matter does not exist, but what appears to be dark matter is in fact a manifestation of the nonlocal character of the gravitational interaction, then Eq. together with Eq. implies that $q(\mathbf{u})=u^{-2}/(4\pi \lambda)$ for $\rho(\mathbf{x})=M\delta(\mathbf{x})$. Here $M$ is the mass of the point source that represents the spiral galaxy and $\lambda=GM/V_0^2$ is a constant length. With this explicit form for the reciprocal kernel $q$, Eq. becomes identical to an equation that was first introduced by Kuhn in the phenomenological Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity as an alternative to dark matter. Let us digress here and briefly mention some relevant aspects of the *linear* phenomenology associated with the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies. To avoid the necessity of introducing dark matter into astrophysics, Tohline [@Tohline] suggested in 1983 that the Newtonian gravitational potential of a point mass $M$ (representing, in effect, the mass contained in the nuclear bulge of a spiral galaxy) could instead be modified by a logarithmic term of the form $$\label{2g} \Phi_{\ell}(r)=-\frac{GM}{r} +\frac{GM}{\lambda}\ln\left(\frac{r}{\lambda}\right) \,.$$ Here $GM/ \lambda=V_0^2$, where $V_0$ is the approximately constant rotation velocity of stars in the disk of a spiral galaxy of mass $M$. Thus the constant length $\lambda$ is of the order of 1kpc; henceforth, we will assume for the sake of definiteness that $\lambda \approx$ 10 kpc. It follows that in this modified gravity model $M\propto V_0^2$, which disagrees with the empirical Tully-Fisher law [@TullyFisher]. The Tully-Fisher relation involves a correlation between the infrared luminosity of a spiral galaxy and the corresponding asymptotic rotation speed $V_0$. This relation, in combination with other observational data regarding mass-to-light ratio for spiral galaxies, roughly favors $M\propto V_0^4$, instead of $M\propto V_0^2$ that follows from Tohline’s proposal. On the physical side, however, it should be clear that the Tully-Fisher empirical relation is based on the electromagnetic radiation emitted by galactic matter and thus contains much more physics than just the law of gravity for a point mass [@Kuhn; @Ton]. Tohline’s suggestion was taken up and generalized several years later by Kuhn and his collaborators—see [@Kuhn] and an illuminating review of the Tohline-Kuhn work in [@Jacob1988]. Indeed, in Kuhn’s linear phenomenological scheme of modified gravity [@Jacob1988], a nonlocal term is introduced into Poisson’s equation, namely, $$\label{2h} \nabla^2\Phi_{\ell}=~4 \pi G \Big [\rho+ \frac{1}{4\pi\lambda} \int \frac{\rho(\mathbf{y})}{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|^2}d^3y\Big] \,,$$ such that for a point source, $\rho(\mathbf{x})=M\delta(\mathbf{x})$, Eq. is a solution of Eq. . It follows immediately from a comparison of Eq. with Eq. that $$\label{2i} q(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|)=\frac{1}{4\pi\lambda} \frac{1}{|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|^2}\,.$$ Therefore, to make contact with observational data regarding the rotation curves of spiral galaxies, we suppose, as in previous work [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM], that the reciprocal kernel $q$ in Eq. is approximately given by the Kuhn kernel in Eq. from the bulge out to the edge of spiral galaxies. A remark is in order here regarding the nature of $\lambda$. While for a *point* mass, $\lambda$ in Eq. is a universal constant, the situation may be different for the *interior* potential of a bounded distribution of matter. Consider, for instance, the Newtonian gravitational acceleration for a uniform spherical distribution of density $\rho_0$ and radius $R$. The exterior acceleration has the universal form $d\Phi_{N}/dr = GM/r^2$ for $r>R$, where $M = (4\pi\rho_{0}/3)R^3$; as expected, this is identical to the acceleration for a point source of fixed mass $M$. For $0\le r\le R$, the interior Newtonian gravitational acceleration at a fixed radius $r$ is given by $d\Phi_{N}/dr = (GM/R^3)r$, which decreases with increasing $R$ when $M$ and $r$ are held fixed. Extrapolating from this natural consequence of Newtonian gravity to the nonlocal domain, one might expect that in the interior of spiral galaxies, for instance, $\lambda$ in Eq. might depend on the size of the system. Indeed, in Kuhn’s work, $\lambda$, with a magnitude of more or less around 10 kpc in Eq. , is taken to be larger for larger systems [@Kuhn; @Jacob1988]. Rotation curves of spiral galaxies can thus provide some information regarding the nature of the reciprocal kernel $q(\mathbf{u})$ in the linear case, where Eq. can be directly compared with the Tohline-Kuhn scheme. However, to determine the corresponding nonlocal kernel $k(\mathbf{u})$, we need to know the functional form of $q(\mathbf{u})$ over all space. The simplest possibility would be to assume that $q(u)=u^{-2}/(4\pi \lambda)$ holds over all space; however, the corresponding $k(u)$ does *not* exist—see [@NonLocal], especially Appendix E, for a detailed discussion of this point. We therefore take up the crucial question of the existence of the linear kernel $k(u)$ for spiral galaxies in sections II and III. The general *nonlinear* inverse problem of nonlocal gravity is beyond the scope of this paper; therefore, we concentrate in sections II and III on the linear problem of finding $k(u)$ from certain very simple extensions of $q(u)$ beyond $q(u)\propto u^{-2}$ that is implied (in the galactic disk) by the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies. We then turn to the other main goal of this paper, which is to tackle the general *nonlinear* form of Eq. . Unfortunately, the general form of the nonlocal kernel is unknown at present. Nevertheless, a formal treatment of Eq. is developed in Sec. IV without recourse to Eq. or any specific assumption about the nature of the nonlocal kernel. As an application of this new approach, we consider the gravitational potential of a *point mass* in Sec. V. Physically, we regard the point mass as an idealization for a spherical distribution of matter; in practice, it will stand, for instance, for the mass of a spiral galaxy, most of which is usually concentrated in a central spherical bulge—see, in this connection, section IV of [@BCHM]. The *linear* regime, where the kernel is independent of $v$, will be investigated in the first subsection of Sec. V; in fact, we illustrate the effectiveness of our procedure by demonstrating how previous results can be recovered in the new setting. Specifically, we show that the Tohline-Kuhn scheme can be recovered in this case from the general treatment of Sec. IV. Finally, Sec. VI contains a discussion of our results. Inverse Problems in Linear Nonlocal Gravity =========================================== The nonlocal theory of gravitation under consideration in this paper is based on the existence of a suitable “constitutive" kernel $\Bbbk$. For the gravitational potential of spiral galaxies, we assume at the outset that $\Bbbk$ contains a dominant linear part $k(u)$ and a nonlinear part that we can ignore in the context of the present discussion. The reciprocal of $k(u)$ for a spiral galaxy is expected to be of the form of the Kuhn kernel in order that the nonlocal theory could simulate dark matter and be therefore consistent with observational data. It turns out that with the simple form of $q$ given in Eq. , the corresponding reciprocal kernel does *not* exist. That is, if we naturally extend the simple Kuhn kernel to the whole space beyond a galaxy, then there is an infinite amount of simulated dark matter and we have a $q(u)\propto u^{-2}$ for which there is no finite $k(u)$. However, the nonlocal theory is based on the existence of a finite smooth nonlocal kernel. This important problem is taken up in this section. To determine $k(u)$ from its reciprocal, it is necessary to extend the functional form of kernel so that it becomes smoothly applicable over all space and falls off rapidly to zero at infinity. Let $q(u)$ be this extended reciprocal kernel. We must ensure that its reciprocal $k(u)$, the constitutive kernel of nonlocal gravity in the linear regime, indeed exists and properly falls off to zero as $u\to \infty$. To this end, we show in this section that it is sufficient to require that $q(u)$ and $k(u)$ be smooth absolutely integrable as well as square integrable functions over all space, so that their Fourier integral transforms exist as well. In the *linear* Newtonian regime of nonlocal gravity, the nonlocally modified Poisson equation is a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, cf. Eq. , $$\label{30} g(\mathbf{x})+ \int k(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) g(\mathbf{y})d^3y = f(\mathbf{x})\ ,$$ which we assume has a unique solution that is expressible by means of the reciprocal kernel $q$ as $$\label{31} f(\mathbf{x})+ \int q(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) f(\mathbf{y})d^3y = g(\mathbf{x})\ .$$ The inverse problem, however, involves finding $k(\mathbf{u})$ once $q(\mathbf{u})$ is known; that is, we wish to obtain Eq. starting from Eq. . Let us note that our methods can be used in either direction due to the obvious symmetry of Eqs. and . It is useful to express Eq. in operator form as $(I+{\cal K})g=f$, where $I$ is the identity operator and $\cal K$ is the convolution operator ${\cal K}g=k\star g $. Formally, we expect the solution of this equation is $(I+{\cal Q})f=g$, where ${\cal Q}f=q\star f $. Moreover, $f=(I+{\cal K})g= (I+{\cal Q})^{-1}g$ would be equivalent to Eq. . From a comparison of Eq. with Eq. , we see that the quantities of interest are $f=4\pi G \rho$ and $g= \nabla^2\Phi_{\ell}$. Here, the function $\rho$ models the density of matter in space and $\Phi_{\ell}$ is the linear gravitational potential. Both of these functions can be considered to be *smooth* in the continuum limit for matter distributions under consideration throughout this work. Liouville-Neumann Method ------------------------ It is *formally* possible to obtain Eq. from Eq. , or the other way around, by the application of the Liouville-Neumann method of successive substitutions [@T]. That is, we start with Eq. and write it in the form $$\label{D1} f(\mathbf{x}) = g(\mathbf{x})- \int q(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) f(\mathbf{y})d^3y\ .$$ Then, we replace $f(\mathbf{y})$ in the integrand by its value given by Eq. . Iterating this process eventually results in an infinite series—namely, the Neumann series—that may or may not converge. A uniformly convergent Neumann series leads to a unique solution of the Fredholm integral equation . Moreover, one can determine $k$ in terms of $q$. The procedure for calculating kernel $k$ of Eq. in terms of the iterated $q$ kernels has been discussed, for instance, in [@BCHM]; however, a sign error there in the formula for iterated kernels must be corrected: An overall minus sign is missing on the right-hand side of Eq. (3) of [@BCHM]. The spherical symmetry of $q$, in the cases under consideration in this section, implies that all iterated kernels are functions of $u$. Thus let $q_n(u)$, $n=1,2,...$, be the relevant iterated kernels such that $q_1=q$ and $$\label{D2} q_{n+1}(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|) = - \int q(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{z}|) q_n(|\mathbf{z}-\mathbf{y}|)d^3z\ .$$ It follows that in this case the nonlocal kernel is $$\label{D3} k(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|) = -\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} q_n(|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|)\ .$$ In trying to determine $k$ from $q$, one can therefore start from the study of the Neumann series. Using the approach developed in [@T], and working in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions, it can be shown by means of the Schwarz inequality that the Neumann series converges and the nonlocal kernel exists for $\lVert q \rVert <1$; moreover, the solution of the Fredholm integral equation by means of the Neumann series is *unique*. However, the norms of the convolution operators of interest in our work are not square integrable, since $$\label{32} \lVert q \rVert^2= \int q^{2}(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}) d^3x d^3y = \int d^3x \int q^2(\mathbf{u})d^3u=\infty \,,$$ so that the standard Hilbert space theory developed in [@T] is not applicable here. That is, the $L^2$ norm of $q$ could be finite, but the norm of the corresponding convolution operator in $L^2$ is infinite. On the other hand, let us suppose that the space of functions of interest is a Banach space ${\cal B}$ and that ${\cal Q}$ is a bounded linear operator on ${\cal B}$, ${\cal Q}: {\cal B} \to {\cal B}$, with $\lVert {\cal Q} \rVert<1$; then, one can show that $(I+{\cal Q})$ has an inverse given by $\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-{\cal Q})^n$, where the series converges uniformly in the set of all bounded linear operators on ${\cal B}$. In this formula, $(-{\cal Q})^n$ in the series corresponds to the iterated kernel $q_n$, $n=1,2,3,...,$ in the Neumann series and the convergence of the series is equivalent to the existence of kernel $k$. It seems that the sufficient condition $\lVert {\cal Q} \rVert<1$ for the convergence of the Neumann series cannot be satisfied for any physically reasonable extension of the Kuhn kernel ; that is, our various attempts in this direction have been unsuccessful. In short, the Neumann series diverges; therefore, we resort to the Fourier transform method in this work. We caution that our mathematical approach may not be unique, as the theory may work in other function spaces that we have not considered here. The general mathematical problem is, of course, beyond the scope of this paper. Fourier Transform Method ------------------------ Following well-known mathematics (see, for example, ), precise conditions can be determined for our convolution operators to be invertible. The basic idea is to use the Fourier transform $\mathcal{F}$ defined for $L^1$ functions (that is, functions which are absolutely integrable over all of space) by $$\label{33} \mathcal{F}[f](\boldsymbol{\xi}) =\hat{f} (\boldsymbol{\xi}) = \int f(\mathbf{x}) e^{-i \boldsymbol{\xi} \cdot \mathbf{x}}~ d^3x\,$$ to prove a basic lemma: *If $q$ is in $L^1$, then its Fourier transform $\hat q$ is continuous and the convolution operator ${\cal Q}$ given by ${\cal Q}f=q \star f$ is a bounded operator on $L^2$ whose spectrum is the closure of the range of the $\hat q$.* The proof outlined here uses standard results of $L^2$ theory. By an elementary argument, the Fourier transform of an arbitrary $L^1$ function is continuous. A deeper result (Plancherel’s theorem) states that the Fourier transform can be extended to a bounded invertible operator on $L^2$ that preserves the $L^2$ norm; in other words, the extended Fourier transformation is an isometric isomorphism of the Hilbert space $L^2$. This extended operator (also denoted by $ \mathcal{F}$ and simply called the Fourier tranform) maps convolutions to products: ${\cal F}[f\star g]={\cal F}[f] {\cal F}[g]$. Let $\hat{\mathcal{Q}}$ be the (multiplication) operator defined on $L^2$ by $\hat{\mathcal{Q}} f=\hat{q} f$, where $\hat q$ is the Fourier transform of the kernel of $\cal Q$. If follows from the definitions and the action of the Fourier transform on convolutions that $\mathcal{Q}= {\cal F}^{-1} \hat{ \mathcal{Q}} {\cal F}$; therefore, the spectra of the operators $\mathcal{Q}$ and $\hat{\mathcal{Q}}$ coincide. The spectrum of the multiplication operator $\hat{ \mathcal{Q}}$ (with its continuous multiplier $\hat q$) on $L^2$ is the closure of the range of $\hat{q}$, as required. A corollary of the lemma is the result that we require to analyze our integral equations: *If the number $-1$ is not in the closure of the range of $\hat q$, then $I+\mathcal{Q}$ is invertible.* To see how these ideas can be used to obtain Eq. more explicitly, we consider integral equation in the form $f+q\star f=g$ and apply the Fourier transform—under the assumption that $f$ and $g$ are in $L^2$ and $q$ is in $L^1$—to obtain the equivalent equation $$\label{34} (1+\hat{q})\hat{f} = \hat{g}\,.$$ If $1+\hat{q}\ne 0$, then $$\label{35} \hat{f}=\frac{1}{1+\hat{q}} \hat {g}= (1+\frac{-\hat{q}}{1+\hat{q}}) \hat {g}= \hat {g}+\tilde{ k} \hat {g}\,,$$ where $$\label{35.1} \tilde k:=\frac{-\hat{q}}{1+\hat{q}}\,.$$ Applying the inverse Fourier transform, it follows that $$\label{36} f= g+ {\cal F}^{-1}[\tilde k \hat g]\,.$$ *If there is an $L^1$ function $k$ such that ${\cal F}[k]=\tilde k$, then* $$\label{38} f=g+k\star g$$ *and $I+\mathcal{K}$, where $\mathcal{K} g=k\star g$, is the inverse of $I+\mathcal{Q}$.* These results are illustrated in detail in the next section via specific examples. In these applications, we will employ a useful lemma regarding the Fourier sine transform. Consider the integral $$\label{40} J(\xi)= \int_0^{\infty} h(x, \xi)\sin(\xi x)dx\,.$$ *For each $\xi \in (0, \infty)$, let $h(x,\xi)$ be a smooth positive integrable function that monotonically decreases over the interval of integration; then, $J(\xi)>0$.* To prove this assertion for each $\xi >0$, we divide the integration interval in Eq. into segments $(2\pi \xi^{-1}n, 2\pi \xi^{-1}n +2\pi \xi^{-1})$ for $n = 0, 1, 2, ...$. In each such segment, the corresponding sine function, $\sin(\xi x)$, goes through a complete cycle and is positive in the first half and negative in the second half. On the other hand, the monotonically decreasing function $h(x, \xi)>0$ is consistently larger in the first half of the cycle than in the second half; therefore, the result of the integration over each full cycle is positive and consequently $J(\xi)>0$. For $\xi \to 0$, $\sin (\xi x) \to 0$ and hence $J(0)=0$, while for $\xi \to \infty$, the integration segments shrink to zero and $J$ tends to $0$ in the limit as $\xi \to \infty$, if the corresponding limit of $h(x, \xi)$ is finite everywhere over the integration domain. This latter conclusion is, of course, a variation on the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma. Existence of the Linear Kernel: Examples ======================================== We wish to determine $k(u)$ from a knowledge of $q(u)$. Let us note that if $q(\mathbf{u})$ is only a function of the radial coordinate $u$, Eq. reduces to $$\label{B2} \hat{q}(\xi)=\frac{4\pi}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}rq(r)\sin(\xi r)dr\,,$$ where $\xi:0\to \infty$ is the magnitude of $\boldsymbol{\xi}$. That is, in Eq. , we introduce spherical polar coordinates $(r, \theta, \phi)$ and imagine that the coordinate system is so oriented that $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ points along the polar axis; then, the angular integrations can be simply carried out using the fact that $$\label{B3} \int_0^{\pi}e^{-i \xi r \cos \theta}\sin \theta d\theta=2 \frac{\sin(\xi r)}{\xi r}\,.$$ In general, the Fourier transform $\hat{q}(\boldsymbol{\xi})$ of a square-integrable function $q(\mathbf{u})$ is square integrable. In case $1+\hat{q}\ne 0$ and $\hat{k}(\boldsymbol{\xi})$ is an $L^2$ function, the Fourier transform method of the previous section becomes applicable here. Thus a suitable nonlocal kernel $k(\mathbf{x})$ exists in this case and is given by $$\label{B4} k(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^3} \int \hat{k} (\boldsymbol{\xi}) e^{i \boldsymbol{\xi} \cdot \mathbf{x}}~ d^3\boldsymbol{\xi}\,, \quad \hat{k} (\boldsymbol{\xi})=-\frac{\hat{q} (\boldsymbol{\xi})}{1+\hat{q} (\boldsymbol{\xi})}\,.$$ For the explicit radial examples under consideration, Eq. takes the form $$\label{B5} k(r)=-\frac{1}{2\pi^2 r}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{\xi\hat{q}(\xi)}{1+\hat{q}(\xi)}\sin(\xi r)d\xi\,.$$ An Example ---------- To extend Kuhn’s kernel, Eq. , smoothly over all space, one may consider, for instance, $$\label{BB1} q(u)=\frac{1}{4\pi \lambda}\frac{d}{du}\Big[-\frac{F(u)}{a+u}\Big]\,.$$ Here $a$ is a constant length scale characteristic of the radius of nuclei of spiral galaxies, while $F(u)$ is a smooth function that is nearly unity over much of the interval $(0, A)$, but then rapidly drops off to zero as $u\to \infty$. The constant $A$ represents another length scale characteristic of the radius of galactic disks. Thus $a\ll \lambda < A$ under physically reasonable conditions, and for $a\ll u < A$, one can show that Eq. essentially coincides with Kuhn’s kernel. To recover the flat rotation curves of spiral galaxies, Eq. should agree with Kuhn’s kernel from the bulge, which is, say, at a distance of about $\lambda \approx 10$ kpc from the galactic center, out to the edge of the galaxy, which is, say, at a distance of about $3\lambda$. The function $F(u)$ can be chosen so as to render $1+\hat{q} > 0$; to illustrate this point, we choose $$\label{BB2} F(u)= e^{-u/A}\,.$$ Let us now consider the application of Eqs. and to the particular case of Eqs. – . Regarding the parameters that appear in these equations, it is sufficient to suppose at the outset only that $\lambda>0$, $a>0$ and $A>0$ are length scales of interest; moreover, we introduce, for the sake of simplicity, $$\label{B6} \alpha :=\frac{1}{A}\,.$$ We note that $q(u)$ is smooth and positive everywhere and rapidly decreases to zero at infinity; indeed, $q(u)$ is integrable as well as square integrable. It is preferable to work with dimensionless quantities; thus, we let all lengths—such as $r$, $u$, $\lambda$, $a$ and $A$—be expressed in units of $\lambda$. Then, $\lambda^3q$, $\lambda \xi$, $\lambda \alpha$ and $\hat{q}$ are dimensionless. Similarly, $\lambda^3k$ and $\hat{k}$ are dimensionless. Henceforth, we deal with these dimensionless quantities; in effect, this means that $\lambda=1$ in the following formulas. *It is possible to show that in this case for any $\xi \ge 0$, $\hat{q}(\xi)> -a$.* Substituting Eqs. and in Eq. and integrating by parts, we find $$\label{B7} \hat{q}(\xi)=\frac{1}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{e^{-\alpha r}}{a+r}~\frac{d}{dr}[r\sin(\xi r)]~dr\,.$$ Next, differentiating $r\sin(\xi r)$ and noting that $$\label{B8} \sin(\xi r) + \xi r \cos(\xi r)=[\sin(\xi r)-a \xi \cos(\xi r)]+(a+r)\xi \cos(\xi r)\,,$$ Eq. can be written as $$\label{B9} \hat{q}(\xi)= {\cal I} + \int_0^{\infty}e^{-\alpha r}\cos(\xi r)dr\,,$$ where $$\label{B10} \int_0^{\infty}e^{-\alpha r}\cos(\xi r)dr =\frac{\alpha}{\alpha^2 + \xi^2}\,,$$ according to formulas 3.893 on page 477 of Ref. [@G+R], and $$\label{B11} {\cal I}=\frac{1}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{e^{-\alpha r}}{a+r}~[\sin(\xi r)-a \xi \cos(\xi r)]~dr\,.$$ Let us now introduce an angle $\gamma$ connected with $a\xi$ such that $$\label{B12} a\xi :=\tan \gamma\,,$$ and note that as $\xi: 0\to\infty$, we have $\gamma: 0\to \pi/2$ and $\gamma/\xi: a\to 0$. It is useful to introduce a new variable $X$ in Eq. , $r=X+\gamma/\xi$, since $$\label{B13} \sin(\xi r)-a \xi \cos(\xi r)=\frac{1}{\cos \gamma}\sin(\xi r - \gamma)\,.$$ Then, Eq. can be written as $$\label{B14} {\cal I}=\frac{e^{-\alpha \gamma/\xi}}{\xi \cos \gamma}\int_{-\gamma/\xi}^{\infty}~\frac{e^{-\alpha X}}{a+\frac{\gamma}{\xi}+X}~\sin(\xi X)~dX\,.$$ In this expression, the integration from $X=-\gamma/\xi$ to $\infty$ can be expressed as a sum of two terms, one from $0$ to $\infty$ and the other from $X=-\gamma/\xi$ to $0$. That is, ${\cal I}={\cal P}+{\cal N}$, where $$\label{B15} {\cal P}=\frac{e^{-\alpha \gamma/\xi}}{\xi \cos \gamma}\int_0^{\infty}~\frac{e^{-\alpha X}}{a+\frac{\gamma}{\xi}+X}~\sin(\xi X)~dX$$ is positive by the argument presented at the end of Sec. II, since $\exp(-\alpha X)/(X+a+\gamma/\xi)$ is a smooth positive integrable function that monotonically decreases for $X: 0\to \infty$, and $$\label{B16} {\cal N}=\frac{e^{-\alpha \gamma/\xi}}{\xi \cos \gamma}\int_{-\gamma/\xi}^0~\frac{e^{-\alpha X}}{a+\frac{\gamma}{\xi}+X}~\sin(\xi X)~dX\,,$$ which is negative. This latter point can be made explicit by introducing a new variable $\xi X = - Y$ into Eq. ; then, we have $$\label{B17} -\xi \cos \gamma ~ {\cal N}(\xi)=\int_0^{\gamma}~\frac{e^{-\frac{\alpha}{\xi}(\gamma-Y)}}{(\gamma-Y)+a\xi}~\sin Y~dY\,.$$ The right-hand side of this equation involves an integrand that increases monotonically from $0$ to $\sin \gamma/(a\xi)$ as $Y: 0\to \gamma$. Thus the right-hand side of Eq. is less than $\gamma \sin \gamma/(a\xi)$; consequently, ${\cal N}(\xi)> -\gamma / \xi$ by Eq. . As $0\le \gamma / \xi \le a$, we conclude that ${\cal N}(\xi)> -a$. Collecting our results, we therefore have that $\hat{q}> - a$ and $$\label{B18} 1+\hat{q}(\xi) > 1-a\,.$$ *Hence the Fourier transform method of the previous section is applicable to Eq. if $a<1$. It then follows from Eq. that $|\hat{k}|<|\hat{q}|/(1-a)$, so that $\hat{k}(\xi)$ is in $L^2$ as well, and we can find the nonlocal kernel $k$ from Eq. .* In connection with the rotation curves of spiral galaxies, it is useful to consider the amount of sham dark matter that is associated with such a model. An estimate of the net amount of simulated dark matter $M_D$ can be obtained from the integration of Eq. over all space, where we set $\rho(\mathbf{y})=M\delta(\mathbf{y})$ for the sake of simplicity. Thus $$\label{B19} \frac{M_D}{M} \approx 4\pi \int_0^\infty r^2q(r)dr\,.$$ For the example under consideration, we find from Eqs. , and via integration by parts that $$\label{B20} \frac{M_D}{M} \approx \frac{2}{\alpha} \int_0^\infty\frac{\zeta e^{-\zeta}}{a\alpha + \zeta}d\zeta\,,$$ where the definite integral can be expressed in terms of the exponential integral function as $1+a\alpha \exp(a\alpha) {\rm Ei} (- a\alpha)$—see, for instance, page 311 of Ref. [@G+R]. Thus nonlocality in this case simulates, in effect, a net amount of dark matter that is nearly $2/\alpha$ times the actual mass $M$ of the galaxy, since the integral term on the right-hand side of Eq. is nearly unity for physically reasonable values of the parameters, namely, $0<a\alpha \ll 1$. Indeed, for $0<x\ll 1$, ${\rm Ei}(-x)\approx {\cal C} + \ln x$, where ${\cal C}=0.577...$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant—see page 927 of Ref. [@G+R]. Further considerations involving kernels $q$ and $k$ are relegated to Appendix A. Choosing dimensionless parameters $\alpha= 0.1$ and $a= 0.001$ in this example, the corresponding numerical results for $\hat{q}$ and $k$ are presented in Figures 1 and 2. A Second Example ---------------- The purpose of this subsection is to discuss a second example of a nonlocal kernel. We start with the reciprocal kernel $$\label{C1} q(u)=\frac{1}{4\pi \lambda}~ \frac{1+\alpha(a+u)}{u(a+u)}~e^{-\alpha u}\,.$$ Here $\alpha :=1/A$, as before. This reciprocal kernel has a *central cusp* and behaves as $1/u$ for $u\ll a$, which is reminiscent of the density of dark matter in certain dark matter models—see, for instance, Ref. [@S]. Moreover, for $a \ll u<A$, $q$ behaves like the Kuhn kernel, while for $u\gg A$, it falls off exponentially to zero. Kernel is a smooth positive integrable function that is in $L^2$. Using dimensionless quantities, Eq. takes the form $$\label{C2} \hat{q}(\xi)=\frac{1}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}(\alpha + \frac{1}{a+r})e^{-\alpha r}\sin(\xi r)dr\,.$$ From formulas 3.893 on page 477 of Ref. [@G+R], we find $$\label{C3} \hat{q}(\xi)=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha^2 + \xi^2} + \frac{1}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{e^{-\alpha r}}{a+r}\sin(\xi r)dr\,.$$ Here we can directly use the lemma given at the end of Sec. II, since $\exp(-\alpha r)/(a+r)$ is a smooth positive integrable function that decreases monotonically for $r: 0 \to \infty$, to conclude that for $0\le \xi <\infty$, $\hat{q}(\xi)> 0$, while $\hat{q}(\xi)\to 0$ as $\xi \to \infty$ by the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma. It follows that $|\hat{k}(\xi)| \le |\hat{q}(\xi)|$, so that $\hat{k}$ is in $L^2$ as well and the nonlocal kernel $k$ can be determined via Eq. . \[Fig:1\]  \[Fig:2\]  \[Fig:3\]  \[Fig:4\]  In this case, the analog of Eq. is given by $$\label{C4} \frac{M_D}{M} \approx \frac{2}{\alpha} + a e^{a\alpha} {\rm Ei}(-a\alpha)\,,$$ which is, for $0<a\alpha \ll 1$, nearly the same as in Eq. . For this second example, the numerical results involving $\hat{q}$ and $k$ for $\alpha= 0.1$ and $a= 0.001$ are presented in Figures 3 and 4. Appendix A contains further useful mathematical results relevant to the examples described in this section and the corresponding numerical work presented in the figures. The nonlocal “constitutive” kernel $k(u)$ turns out to be negative for models of spiral galaxies under consideration in this work. Moreover, as Figures 2 and 4 indicate, nonlocality in this case involves sampling sufficiently close spatial regions. Indeed, around any point $\mathbf{x}$, the influence of the field amplitude at point $\mathbf{y}$ may be significant only when $u=|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|$ is smaller than around $2.5\lambda$, or about 25 kpc. *In fact, as expected, at any given field point, the nonlocal influence of the field amplitude at a nearby point decreases with increasing distance extremely fast.* Nonlocal and Nonlinear Poisson’s Equation ========================================= The purpose of this section is to present the main outlines of a formal approach to the modified Poisson equation with a general nonlinear kernel. That is, we do *not* assume here that the nonlocal kernel consists of a dominant linear part together with a small nonlinear perturbation. The right-hand side of Eq. can be replaced by the Laplacian of the Newtonian potential via Eq. . Furthermore, it is straightforward to see that the nonlocal contribution to Eq. can be written as the divergence of a vector field. It follows from these remarks that modified Poisson’s equation can thus be written as $\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\Psi}=0$, where $$\label{4} \boldsymbol{\Psi} = \nabla \Phi + \int \Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y - \nabla \Phi_{N}\,.$$ For a bounded matter distribution, we can write the solution of Eq. as $$\label{4a} \Phi_{N}(\mathbf{x}) = -G \int \frac{\rho(\mathbf{y})}{|\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{y}|}d^3y,$$ so that, as is customary, the Newtonian gravitational potential is assumed to be zero at infinity [@Kellogg]. We are interested in the solution of the nonlinear integral equation $$\label{5} \nabla \Phi + \int \Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y = \nabla \Phi_{N} + \boldsymbol{\Psi}\,.$$ The divergence-free vector field $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ must be such that Eq. is integrable. Indeed, the integrability condition for Eq. is that $$\label{6} \int \nabla_{\mathbf{x}} \Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}) \times \nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y = \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\Psi}\,.$$ In effect, the modified Poisson equation has thus been once integrated and reduced to Eqs. and , which are, however, still unwieldy. Let $\mathbf{U}$ represent the left-hand side of Eq. ; then, one can express Eq. as $\nabla \times \boldsymbol{\Psi}=\mathbf{U}$, where $\mathbf{U}$ is divergence-free. The divergence of $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ vanishes and its curl is $\mathbf{U}$; therefore, the curl of $-\mathbf{U}$ is the Laplacian of $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$, $$\label{7} \nabla^2\boldsymbol{\Psi}=-\nabla \times \mathbf{U}\,.$$ If $\mathbf{U}(\mathbf{x})$ is bounded for small $r=|\mathbf{x}|$, falls off to zero faster than $1/r$ for large $r$ and $\boldsymbol{\Psi} \to 0$ as $r \to \infty$, then $$\label{8} \boldsymbol{\Psi}(\mathbf{x})=\frac{1}{4\pi} \nabla \times \int \frac{\mathbf{U}(\mathbf{y})} {|\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{y}|}d^3y\,, \quad \mathbf{U}(\mathbf{x})=\nabla \times \int \Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})d^3y\,.$$ In this way, one can determine $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ from the integrability condition, namely, Eq. , and substitute it back into Eq. . Formal Solution via Successive Approximations --------------------------------------------- The solution of the integral equation for the gravitational potential $\Phi$ is expected to consist of the Newtonian gravitational potential $\Phi_N$ together with nonlocal corrections as in a Neumann series; therefore, it is natural to devise a formal solution of Eq. using the method of successive approximations [@T]. In view of the divergence of the Neumann series in connection with the considerations of the first part of this paper, we must assume here that the gravitational system under consideration in this subsection cannot be approximated by a point mass. Let $\Phi_0, \Phi_1, ..., \Phi_n, ...$ be a series of approximations to the gravitational potential such that $\Phi_0:=\Phi_N$ and $\Phi_n$ approaches $\Phi$ in the limit as $n \to \infty$. Moreover, for $n>0$, we define $\Phi_n$ to be such that $$\label{9} \nabla \Phi_1 = \nabla \Phi_N + \boldsymbol{\Psi}_0 - \int K(\mathbf{u}, v_0)\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_0(\mathbf{y})d^3y,$$ ............................ $$\label{10} \nabla \Phi_n = \nabla \Phi_N + \boldsymbol{\Psi}_{n-1} - \int K(\mathbf{u}, v_{n-1})\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_{n-1}(\mathbf{y})d^3y,$$ $$\label{11} \nabla \Phi_{n+1} = \nabla \Phi_N + \boldsymbol{\Psi}_n - \int K(\mathbf{u}, v_n)\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_n(\mathbf{y})d^3y,$$ and so on. Let us recall here that $\Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})=K(\mathbf{u},v)$ and we have extended the definition of $v$ in Eq. such that $v_n=|\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_n(\mathbf{y})| / |\nabla_{\mathbf{x}} \Phi_n(\mathbf{x})|$. Moreover, $\boldsymbol{\Psi}_0, \boldsymbol{\Psi}_1, ..., \boldsymbol{\Psi}_n, ...$ are such that the integrability condition is satisfied at each step of the approximation process, namely, $$\label{12} \nabla \times \boldsymbol{\Psi}_n=\int \nabla_{\mathbf{x}} K(\mathbf{u},v_n) \times \nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi_n(\mathbf{y})d^3y$$ for $n=0,1,2,...$. Here $\boldsymbol{\Psi}_n$, for instance, can be expressed in terms of $\Phi_n$ using the method described in Eqs. and ; then, the result may be employed in the expression for $\nabla \Phi_{n+1}$ in Eq. of the successive approximation scheme. As $n \to \infty$, we expect that $\Phi_n$ approaches $\Phi$ and $\boldsymbol{\Psi}_n$ approaches $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$, so that the limiting form of Eq. coincides with Eq. . The *convergence* of this successive approximation process depends of course upon the nature of the kernel and its treatment is beyond the scope of this work, as the general form of kernel $K(\mathbf{u},v)$ is unknown at present. The general solution of Eq. presented in this section can be used, in principle, to restrict the form of kernel $K(\mathbf{u},v)$ on the basis of observational data. Nonlocal gravity simulates dark matter [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM]; therefore, it may be possible to determine the general *nonlinear* kernel $K$ from the comparison of our general solution of Eq. with astrophysical data regarding dark matter. However, the treatment of this general inverse problem of nonlocal gravity is a task for the future. Gravitational Potential of a Point Mass ======================================= As a simple application of the formal procedure developed in the previous section, we will consider here the gravitational potential due to a point mass $M$ at the origin of spatial coordinates, so that $\rho(\mathbf{x})=M\delta(\mathbf{x})$. The corresponding Newtonian potential is $\Phi_N=-GM/r$ and we expect that $\Phi$ is also just a function of $r$ as a consequence of the spherical symmetry of the point source. Similarly, it is natural to assume that the kernel’s dependence on $\mathbf{u}$ is only through its magnitude $u$ due to the isotropy of the source. A detailed investigation reveals that $\boldsymbol{\Psi}=0$ in this case; we outline below the main steps in this analysis. In computing the integral term in Eq. , we introduce the spherical polar coordinate system $(y, \vartheta, \varphi)$ in which the polar axis is taken to be along the $\mathbf{x}$ direction. The kernel in Eq. is then just a function of $r$, $y$ and $\cos\vartheta$; moreover, $\nabla_{\mathbf{y}}\Phi(\mathbf{y})$ equals $d\Phi(y)/dy$ times the unit vector in the $y$ direction. The azimuthal components of this unit vector vanish upon integration over all angles and only its polar component remains. Therefore, $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ is purely radial in this case, namely, $$\label{13} \boldsymbol{\Psi} = \chi(r) \mathbf{x}\,,$$ which satisfies the integrability condition given in Eq. , since in this case the curl of $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ identically vanishes. Here $\chi(r)$ can be determined from the requirement that $\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\Psi}=0$. It then follows that $\chi=m/r^3$, where $m$ is an integration constant. Thus $\boldsymbol{\Psi}=m\mathbf{x}/r^3$; that is, the right-hand side of Eq. is radial in direction and is given by $(GM+m)\mathbf{x}/r^3$. The resulting $\boldsymbol{\Psi}$ in effect indicates the presence of an extra delta-function source at the origin of spatial coordinates. We therefore set $m$, which is effectively a new mass parameter, equal to zero, as it simply renormalizes the mass of the source. Thus $\boldsymbol{\Psi}=0$ and Eq. reduces in this case to $$\label{14a} \frac{d\Phi}{dr} + 2 \pi \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty}K(u, v) \frac{d\Phi(y)}{dy}y^2dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta = \frac{GM}{r^2},$$ where $u$ and $v$ are given by $$\label{14b} u = \sqrt{r^2+y^2-2ry\cos \vartheta} \,, \quad v = |\frac{d\Phi(y)}{dy}/\frac{d\Phi(r)}{dr}|\,.$$ The extra factor of $\cos \vartheta$ in Eq. is due to the fact that in Eq. the component of $\mathbf{y}/y$ along the polar axis is $\cos \vartheta$. Linear Kernel ------------- Let us assume, for the sake of simplicity, that $\Bbbk(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})=k(u)$, so that in this subsection we are only concerned with a nonlocally modified Poisson’s equation that is *linear* with a kernel that depends only on $u$ as a result of the spherical symmetry of the point source. Then, Eq. for the *linear* gravitational potential $\Phi_{\ell}$ reduces to $$\label{14} \frac{d\Phi_{\ell}}{dr} + 2 \pi \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty}k(\sqrt{r^2+y^2-2ry\cos \vartheta} \,)\frac{d\Phi_{\ell}(y)}{dy}y^2dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta = \frac{GM}{r^2}\,,$$ which means that a linear integral operator with kernel $k$ acting on $d\Phi_{\ell}/dr$ results in $GM/r^2$. We note in passing that the successive approximation method of the previous section leads in this case to the standard Liouville-Neumann solution of Eq. via iterated kernels of the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind [@T]; however, as discussed Sec. II, the Neumann series diverges in this case and the corresponding solution does not exist under physically reasonable conditions. Therefore, we adopt the Fourier transform method and let $q(u)$ be the kernel that is reciprocal to $k(u)$; then, $d\Phi_{\ell}/dr$ is given by the linear integral operator, with $k$ replaced by $q$, acting on $GM/r^2$. That is, $$\label{15} \frac{d\Phi_{\ell}}{dr} = \frac{GM}{r^2} + 2 \pi GM \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty}q(\sqrt{r^2+y^2-2ry\cos \vartheta} \,)dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta \,.$$ Substituting the Kuhn kernel for $q$ in Eq. and performing the $y$-integration in the resulting integral first, we find that for $\vartheta \in (0, \pi]$, $$\label{19} \int_0^{\infty}\frac{dy}{(y-r\cos \vartheta)^2+r^2\sin^2 \vartheta}=\frac{\pi - \vartheta}{r \sin \vartheta}\,.$$ The $\vartheta$-integration is then straightforward and the end result is $$\label{20} \frac{d\Phi_{\ell}}{dr}=\frac{GM}{r^2} + \frac{GM}{\lambda} \frac{1}{r}\,,$$ in agreement with the radial derivative of Eq. . In this way, starting from our general solution of the modified Poisson equation, we again recover the Tohline-Kuhn scheme of modified gravity. Nonlinear Kernel ---------------- To gain some insight into the role of nonlinearity in Eq. , let us suppose that nonlinearity constitutes a very small perturbation on a background linear kernel. In fact, we set $K(u,v) = k(u) + \epsilon P(u, v_{\ell})$, where $\epsilon$, $0<\epsilon \ll 1$, is a sufficiently small parameter and $v_{\ell}$ is obtained from $v$ in Eq. by replacing $\Phi$ with $\Phi_{\ell}$. We thus expand $\Phi$ to first order in $\epsilon$ and thereby develop a simple linear perturbation theory for Eq. such that $$\label{21} \Phi =\,\Phi_{\ell} + \epsilon \Phi_{n\ell}\,.$$ Here $\Phi_{\ell}(r)$ is given in general by Eq. and $\Phi_{n\ell}$ is the perturbation potential due to nonlinearity. Moreover, Eq. implies that $$\label{22} \frac{d\Phi_{n\ell}}{dr} + 2 \pi \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty}k(\sqrt{r^2+y^2-2ry\cos \vartheta} \,)\frac{d\Phi_{n\ell}(y)}{dy}y^2dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta = N(r)\,,$$ where $N(r)$ is due to the nonlinear part of the kernel and is given by $$\label{23} N(r)=- 2 \pi \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty} P(u, v_{\ell})\frac{d\Phi_{\ell}(y)}{dy}y^2dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta \,.$$ As in the previous subsection, Eq. can be solved by means of kernel $q(u)$ that is reciprocal to $k(u)$ and we find $$\label{24} \frac{d\Phi_{n\ell}}{dr} = N(r) + 2 \pi \int_0^{\pi} \int_0^{\infty}q(\sqrt{r^2+y^2-2ry\cos \vartheta} \,)N(y)y^2 dy \cos \vartheta \sin \vartheta d\vartheta \,.$$ A consequence of this result should be noted here: Inspection of Eqs. , and reveals that $\Phi_{n\ell}(r)$ is simply proportional to the gravitational constant $G$. This feature is an example of the general scaling property of Eq. , which implies that any solution $\Phi$ of Eq. must be proportional to $G$. It is therefore possible to see that our nonlocal as well as nonlinear modification of Newtonian gravity cannot behave as in the Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) approach to the breakdown of Newtonian gravity [@M; @SM; @Ibata]. From the scaling property of our modified Poisson’s equation, we expect that the gravitational potential $\Phi$ is in general proportional to the gravitational constant $G$, since the source term in Eq. is proportional to $G$. Therefore, the nonlocal theory, as a consequence of its particular *nonlinear* form in the Newtonian domain, does *not* contain a MOND regime, where the gravitational potential would then be proportional to $G^{1/2}$. Discussion ========== In recent papers [@nonlocal; @NonLocal; @BCHM; @BM], nonlocality has been introduced into classical gravitation theory via a scalar kernel $k$. However, observational data can provide information about its reciprocal kernel $q$. This is similar to the situation in general relativity, where gravitation is identified with spacetime curvature, but observations generally do not directly measure the curvature of spacetime, except possibly in relativistic gravity gradiometry. We make a beginning in this paper in the treatment of the inverse problem of nonlocal gravity. The scalar nonlocal kernel $k$ must be determined from observational data that involve the reciprocal kernel $q$. Our preliminary study involves the Newtonian regime, where the nonlocally modified Poisson’s equation is investigated in its linearized convolution form. We present a detailed mathematical analysis of the resulting Fredholm integral equation using the Fourier transform method and prove the existence of the nonlocal convolution kernel $k(\mathbf{u})$ when its reciprocal $q(\mathbf{u})$ satisfies certain physically reasonable conditions. Simple explicit examples are worked out in connection with the linear gravitational potential of spiral galaxies. To extend our treatment beyond the Newtonian domain, it would be necessary to consider relativistic generalizations of the Kuhn kernel along the lines indicated in Sec. III of Ref. [@BCHM]. Next, we present a general treatment of the nonlocal and *nonlinear* modification of Poisson’s equation that represents nonlocal gravity in the Newtonian regime. The method of successive approximations is then employed to provide a formal solution. The utility of this general approach is illustrated for the determination of the gravitational potential of a point mass when nonlinearities are assumed to be relatively small. In this case, we recover anew the Tohline-Kuhn phenomenological modified gravity approach to the dark matter problem in astrophysics [@Tohline; @Kuhn; @Jacob1988]. To place our work in the proper context, we note that nonlocal special relativity (developed since 1993, cf. [@BM2]) and the principle of equivalence imply the necessity of a nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation. Here nonlocality is encoded in a nonlocal “constitutive" kernel $k$ that must be determined from observation. In working out the physical consequences of nonlocal gravity, it was soon discovered [@nonlocal; @NonLocal] that it reproduces the 1980s Tohline-Kuhn phenomenological approach to dark matter as modified gravity [@Tohline; @Kuhn]. This connection is the most fundamental contact of the new theory with observation and indicates to us that we are on the right physical track. To verify this, we must compute the nonlocal kernel $k$ from the rotation curves of spiral galaxies and show that it has the proper physical properties expected of such a kernel. Our present paper accomplishes this task. That is, we extend the Kuhn kernel $q$ analytically to all space and then use the result to solve the inverse problem of finding kernel $k$ by means of Fourier integral transforms. The resulting $k$ has indeed just the expected properties and puts the nonlocal theory of gravity on a more solid observational foundation. B.M. is grateful to F.W. Hehl and J.R. Kuhn for valuable comments and helpful correspondence. Radial Convolution Kernels {#app} ========================== The purpose of this appendix is to present some useful relations between the radial convolution kernels that we employ in Sec. III. We use dimensionless quantities throughout. A radial convolution kernel $q(u)$ can be expressed in terms of its Fourier transform $\hat{q}(\xi)$ as $$\label{A1} q(u)=\frac{1}{2\pi^2 u}\int_0^{\infty}\xi \hat{q}(\xi)\sin(\xi u)d\xi\,.$$ Eqs. and form a pair of Fourier sine transforms such that $$\label{A2} q(0)=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^{\infty}\xi^2 \hat{q}(\xi)d\xi\,,$$ $$\label{A3} \hat{q}(0)=4\pi \int_0^{\infty}r^2 q(r)dr\,.$$ It is interesting to note that Eqs. and imply that $$\label{A4} k(0)=-\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{\xi^2 \hat{q}(\xi)}{1+\hat{q}(\xi)}d\xi\,,$$ $$\label{A5} k(0)+q(0)=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^{\infty}\frac{\xi^2 \hat{q}^2(\xi)}{1+\hat{q}(\xi)}d\xi\,.$$ It is clear from a comparison of Eqs. and that $\hat{q}(0)\approx M_D/M$. Therefore, we can conclude from the discussion in Sec. III that $\hat{q}(0)\approx 2/\alpha$ in Figures 1 and 3, in agreement with our numerical results. For the two particular examples considered in Sec. III, $q(0)=(1+a\alpha)/(4\pi a^2)$ for the first example given by Eqs. and , and $q(0)=\infty$ for the second example that has a central cusp and is given by Eq. . Let us note that in either case $\hat{q}(\xi)$ is square integrable over the whole $\boldsymbol{\xi}$ space, so that $\xi^2\hat{q}^2(\xi)$ is integrable over the radial coordinate $\xi: 0\to \infty$; therefore, the right-hand side of Eq. is finite. It then follows from Eq. that $k(0)$ is finite in the first example due to the finiteness of $q(0)$, while in the second example, $q(0)=\infty$ and hence $-k(0)=\infty$, in agreement with the numerical results of Figures 2 and 4. Finally, let $q'(u)$ and $q''(u)$ represent respectively the reciprocal kernels given in Sec. III in the first and second examples; then, $$\label{A6} q''(u)-q'(u)=\frac{a}{4\pi} \frac{1+\alpha(a+u)}{u(a+u)^2} e^{-\alpha u}\,.$$ Moreover, we find from Eqs. and that $$\label{A7} \hat{q}''(\xi)-\hat{q}'(\xi)=\frac{a}{\xi}\int_0^{\infty}\Big[\frac{1}{(a+r)^2}+\frac{\alpha}{a+r}\Big]e^{-\alpha r}\sin(\xi r)~dr\,.$$ It then follows from the lemma given at the end of Sec. II that the right-hand side of Eq. is positive. Thus for any $\xi \ge 0$, $\hat{q}''(\xi) > \hat{q}'(\xi)$; moreover, as $\xi \to \infty$, $\hat{q}''(\xi)-\hat{q}'(\xi)\to 0$, in accordance with the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma. [99]{} F. W. Hehl and B. Mashhoon, Phys. Lett. B [ **673**]{}, 279 (2009); arXiv: 0812.1059 \[gr-qc\]. F. W. Hehl and B. Mashhoon, Phys. Rev. D [ **79**]{}, 064028 (2009); arXiv: 0902.0560 \[gr-qc\]. H.-J. Blome, C. Chicone, F. W. Hehl and B. Mashhoon, Phys. Rev. D [ **81**]{}, 065020 (2010); arXiv: 1002.1425 \[gr-qc\]. B. Mashhoon, arXiv: 1101.3752 \[gr-qc\]. B. Mashhoon, Ann. Phys. 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0.650485436893203,
25.125,
13.5
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Mr. Eugene B. Granof, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, of the bar of the Supreme Court of New York, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, with whom Messrs. Arnold Ordman, General Counsel, Dominick L. Manoli, Associate General Counsel, Marcel Mallet-Prevost, Asst. General Counsel, and Elliott Moore, Attorney, National Labor Relations Board, were on the brief, for petitioner in No. 20,185 and respondent in Nos. 20,137 and 20,301. Mr. James L. Stokes, Grand Rapids, Mich., of the bar of the Supreme Court of Michigan, pro hac vice, by special leave of court, with whom Mr. Stephen C. Bransdorfer, Grand Rapids, Mich., was on the brief, for petitioner in No. 20,301, respondent in No. 20,185 and intervenor in No. 20,137. These consolidated cases relate to an order of the National Labor Relations Board issued on April 22, 1964, against Preston Products Company. The Board found that the company had violated Sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 151 et seq. (1964), and ordered it to cease and desist from infringing upon the rights guaranteed to its employees by Section 7 of the Act and to bargain with the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, as the exclusive bargaining representative of the company's employees. The union's request that the Board grant appropriate relief to compensate the workers for the period during which the company had wrongfully refused to bargain was denied. Nos. 20,137 and 20,301 are petitions by the union and the company respectively to review the Board's order, and No. 20,185 is the Board's petition to enforce that order. 2 * Preston Products Company, located in Grand Rapids, Michigan, is owned and managed by the Preston Brothers, Anthony and Albert. In early March 1964 the union began organizational activities at the request of several employees at the plant. On March 18, the Preston brothers, who had been told that 'there was a union movement on,' convened meetings of the workers during paid overtime. They invited complaints from the employees, asking 'just who it was that wanted the union in there' and 'just what was it that * * * a union could do' that could not be done directly by the employees. The Prestons stated that the union had caused various companies to go out of business or move their plants, that the employees would not get anything more than they had now and might in fact lose such currently enjoyed benefits as bonuses, parties and turkeys, and finally that the brothers might simply 'get disgusted' and then they 'didn't know just what would happen.' 3 Despite these meetings, by March 20 the union had accumulated valid authorization cards from 78 of the 144 employees in the appropriate bargaining unit. The union then requested the Preston brothers to bargain. This request was at first ignored and later denied. Neither would the Prestons agree to submit the cards to a neutral third party for verification. Subsequently, the union filed a petition with the Board, requesting that it be certified as the bargining representative. At a formal Board hearing on April 7, the company and the union agreed on an appropriate bargaining unit, but since the company stated that it 'needed as much time as possible for the campaign,' the Board denied the union's request for an immediate election and scheduled the election for May 11, 1964. 4 Prior to the election, the company conferred various benefits upon the employees. In response to the complaints solicited from the employees at the March 18 meetings, the company reduced by 50 per cent the cost of work gloves which it sold to the employees in the racking department, increased the equipment in the lunch room and ladies room, changed the method of deducting the employees' share of a hospital insurance plan, and promoted one employee who had inquired about advancement. In addition, from March 18 to May 11, 184 separate pay increases were given, so that all employees received at least one pay increase and many received two within a period of less than two months. Moreover, the annual spring party was held two days before the election and at the party each employee was given a gold or silver watch (depending upon the length of service) and Anthony Preston announced (1) the adoption of an improved hospital insurance plan wholly paid for by the company; and (2) the fact that envelopes containing a slip upon which was written the amount of each person's bonus would be distributed the following Monday (election day). 5 At the same time the company was bestowing benefits, it was also bestowing advice. Circulars were delivered with the pay checks and additional ones were mailed to each employee's home. These circulars contained reminders of the possibility of the Prestons' becoming disgusted and of their putting all existing benefits up for negotiation and starting the bargaining from scratch; they also stated that 'if you feel conditions are bad now, they may be worse later.' Each circular ended with the warning: 'Don't cut your own throat next Monday, Vote No.' 6 The union ultimately received only 45 of the 135 votes cast. Thereafter, it filed with the Board objections to the election and unfair labor practice charges against the company which were later incorporated into the Regional Director's complaint. The Board then scheduled a consolidated hearing before a Trial Examiner. Prior to the hearing, a group of employees formed a committee to keep the union out of the plant and were referred by the company's attorney to Edmund Wolven, a local attorney to represent them. There is no evidence in the record as to the source of Wolven's attorney's fees. Wolven met with various employees, first at an employee's home and subsequently in the plant. The latter conferences were held during working hours and with the permission of the company's personnel manager and president. Wolven interrogated the employees as to their union support and requested that they complete questionnaires which he had prepared with respect to their signing of the union authorization cards. 7 At the hearing before the Trial Examiner, Wolven sought to intervene on behalf of the employees who were his clients, but the Trial Examiner limited Wolven's intervention to those employees who had signed the authorization cards and only as to issues raised by their specific cards. Subsequently, it was agreed that the company attorney would call those employees whom Wolven had interviewed but could not now represent. The company's attorney then interviewed these prospective witnesses, again at the plant and with the permission of the management. At no time did either Wolven or the company's attorney advise those employees with whom they spoke that the employees did not have to answer their questions and that there would not be any retaliation if they chose not to cooperate. 8 The Trial Examiner concluded from all of the evidence in the record that the company had violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by threatening employees with loss of employment and other economic retaliations, by promising and granting employees benefits in order to discourage their interest in the union, by furnishing aid and assistance to a group of antiunion employees, and by coercively interrogating employees about their union affiliation. The Trial Examiner also concluded that the company had violated Section 8(a)(5) and (1) of the Act by refusing to recognize and bargain with the union and by making unilateral changes in wages and working conditions. He recommended that the company be ordered to cease and desist from its unfair labor practices and, affirmatively, to bargain with the union upon request. The Board adopted the findings of the Trial Examiner and entered the recommended orders. II 9 These cases do not present any unique questions of law, but rather concern the reasonableness of the Board's findings and the appropriateness of its orders. Section 10(f) of the National Labor Relations Act provides that 'the findings of the Board with respect to questions of fact if supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole shall * * * be conclusive.' Since the Board is 'one of those agencies presumably equipped or informed by experience to deal with a specialized field of knowledge, whose findings within that field carry the authority of an expertness which courts do not possess * * *,' this court may not 'displace the Board's choice between two fairly conflicting views, even though (it) would justifiably have made a different choice had the matter been before it de novo.' Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S. 474, 488, 71 S.Ct. 456, 465, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951). The Supreme Court has stated the general proposition that 'the judicial function is exhausted when there is found to be a rational basis for the conclusions approved by the administrative body.' Mississippi Valley Barge Line Co. v. United States, 292 U.S. 282, 286-287, 54 S.Ct. 692, 694, 78 L.Ed. 1260 (1934). And this court has noted the applicability of this principle to cases arising from orders issued by the National Labor Relations Board. International Woodworkers of America v. N.L.R.B., 105 U.S.App.D.C. 37, 39, 263 F.2d 483, 485 (1959). The responsibility for determining the existence of substantial evidence in the record to support the findings and orders of the Board thus rests with the Court of Appeals, but the findings of the Board and the Trial Examiner, especially when, as in the instant case, they concur, are not lightly to be disregarded. Edward Fields, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., 2 Cir., 325 F.2d 754, 759 (1963). Adhering, as we must, to these standards, we turn now to an examination of the principal issues raised in these cases. III 10 The Board found that the ocmpany violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act by threats and promises of benefits to its employees. An employer is not precluded by the Act from stating his own views as to whether or not his employees should join a union; indeed, Section 8(c) of the Act specifically provides that 'the expressing of any views, argument, or opinion * * * shall not constitute or be evidence of an unfair labor practice * * *.' However, Section 8(c) also includes the qualification that 'such expression contains no threat of reprisal or force or promise of benefit.' Thus 'employers still may not, under the guise of merely exercising their right of free speech, pursue a course of conduct designed to restrain and coerce their employees in the exercise of rights guaranteed them by the Act.' N.L.R.B. v. Gate City Cotton Mills, 5 Cir., 167 F.2d 647, 649 (1948). An employer's prediction of disastrous economic events may constitute an illegal threat if he has it in his power to make the prediction come true. International Union of Elec., Radio, etc. v. N.L.R.B., 110 U.S.App.D.C. 91, 97, 289 F.2d 757, 763 (1960). In this case, the plain meaning of the words used by the Preston brothers in their speeches to the assembled employees and in the circulars distributed to each of them, particularly in conjunction with their bluntly expressed hostility to the union, was that if the employees exercised their right to self-organization, the company could and would retaliate by eliminating bonuses, picnics and other existing benefits, imposing 'dictatorial working conditions,' or closing the plant. Such statements are well beyond the proper expression of views permitted under Section 8(c) and constitute sufficient evidence of a Section 8(a)(1) violation. 11 As to the promise and granting of benefits to employees, the law is well settled that, while a representation election is pending, the conferral of employee benfits for the purpose of inducing employees to vote against a union is unlawful. N.L.R.B. v. Exchange Parts Co., 375 U.S. 405, 409-410, 84 S.Ct. 457, 11 L.Ed.2d 435 (1964); Joy Silk Mills v. N.L.R.B., 87 U.S.App.D.C. 360, 367, 185 F.2d 732, 739 (1950), cert. denied, 341 U.S. 914, 71 S.Ct. 734, 95 L.Ed. 1350 (1951). In the instant case, the evidence is unrefuted that 184 separate pay increases were given during a period of less than two months, that improvements in working conditions were effected, that an improved hospital insurance plan was adopted immediately before the election despite the fact that the company had refused to consider such a plan proffered by its insurance agent as late as February 1964, and that a gala party with presents and bonuses for all was held for the employees only two days before the election. Indeed, the company does not seriously contest these findings. Rather, it attempts to minimize their significance by elaborately describing the company as a 'closely knit' organization where employer and employees are and have been 'intimate' and 'long-time neighborhood friends or school chums.' However, resolving conflicting interpretations of particular facts is not within the province of this court, for the inferences to be drawn from the evidence are matters for the Trial Examiner and the Board. N.L.R.B. v. Walton Mfg. Co., 369 U.S. 404, 408, 82 S.Ct. 853, 7 L.Ed.2d 829 (1962); Joy Silk Mills v. N.L.R.B., supra, 87 U.S.App.D.C. at 369, 185 F.2d at 741. We are satisfied that there is sufficient evidence in the record considered as a whole to support the Board's findings that the flow of these new benefits prior to the election was primarily for the purpose of inducing the employees to vote against the union and was therefore unlawful. Accordingly, a remedial order is appropriate. Cf. United Steelworkers of America v. N.L.R.B., 128 U.S.App.D.C. 219, 386 F.2d 981, 983 (1967). IV 12 The Board also found that the company had violated Section 8(a)(5) and (1) by refusing to recognize and bargain with the union when the union held valid authorization cards from over 50 per cent of the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit. The company correctly points to recent decisions by this court wherein we have held that the finding of a violation of an employer's statutory duty to bargain entails two prerequisite findings: first, that a majority of the employees freely and fairly reflected an intention to designate the union as their bargaining agent; and second, that the employer did not entertain a good faith doubt as to the authenticity of the cards. Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America v. N.L.R.B. (Sagamore Shirt), 124 U.S.App.D.C. 365, 373, 365 F.2d 898, 906 (1966). 13 The thrust of the company's attack is directed at the first point. It concedes that the cards are clear and unambiguous on their face and with this concession we are in complete agreement. The company argues, however, that 14 of the 78 cards should be discounted since the employees were misled by statements from union solicitors into thinking that signing a card meant only that they were voting for an NLRB election. Moreover, counsel for the company argues that even if the employees thought that a purpose of the cards (as contrasted with the only purpose) was for an NLRB election, this is a sufficient basis for discounting those cards. For this latter assertion, counsel relies very heavily on the recent Second Circuit opinion by Judge Friendly in N.L.R.B. v. S. E. Nichols Co., 380 F.2d 438 (1967), wherein the court discounted three cards after its examination of the evidence convinced it that the employees had been misled although the union solicitor had not stated that the only purpose of the cards was to obtain an election. 14 This court has consistently upheld the rule, announced by the Board in N.L.R.B. v. Cumberland Shoe Corp., 144 N.L.R.B. 1268 (1963), enforced, 6 Cir., 351 F.2d 917 (1965), that where the cards are unambiguous on their face, unless employees were told that an election was the only purpose of the cards, the employees would be held to the terms of the cards which they had signed. Sagamore Shirt, supra, 124 U.S.AppD.C. at 373-374, 365 F.2d at 906-907; Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America v. N.L.R.B. (Hamburg Shirt), 125 U.S.App.D.C. 275, 280, 371 F.2d 740, 745 (1966). Once again, we approve the Board's use of that rule. It is entirely possible, of course, that in a particular case the credited evidence as to the circumstances under which the cards were signed would reveal such gross misstatement as to the union's intention with respect to an election,1 or as to matters unrelated to an election, that the Cumberland rule would not be applied by the Board. Nor would we require its application, for given such gross misrepresentation the employee's signature on the card could not be construed as a fair and free designation of the union as his bargaining agent. Thus Cumberland does not articulate an absolute rule, but rather a useful and well founded rule of thumb. 15 Moreover, we think the Board was justified here in relying upon that rule in accepting the employees' signatures on the unambiguous cards despite the incondlusive testimony of a few as to the events surrounding the union's solicitation of the cards. Neither the Trial Examiner nor the Board found any credited evidence of gross misrepresentation, nor does the record reveal such evidence to us. Rather, we have here the classic case of employees testifying under the eye of the company officials about events which occurred almost a year before and prior to the activities which were subsequently found to constitute unfair labor practices. It is certainly conceivable that those same threats and benefits which shook an employee's original support for the union also altered that employee's memory as to events which occurred before the presentation of such threats and benefits.2 By the time of the hearing the employees may well have changed their minds with respect to union affiliation, but the crucial question in a refusal to bargain case is whether the union had the support of a majority of the employees in an appropriate bargaining unit at the time the request to bargain was made, and not whether that support remains intact some ten months later. The Trial Examiner and the Board answered that question and there is sufficient evidence in the record to support their findings. 16 This last reference to the function of the Trial Examiner and the Board is closely related to yet an additional reason for supporting the Board's Cumberland rule. The Nichols rule would require us to examine all relevant testimony in detail, to adjudge the credibility of each witness, and to weigh the evidence. Yet, as noted above, the Board is 'one of those agencies presumably equipped or informed by experience to deal with a specialized field of knowledge,' Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., supra, 340 U.S. at 488, 71 S.Ct. at 465, and it would be difficult to imagine a topic more clearly within this specialized field than the evaluation of the significance of the circumstances under which authorization cards are solicited. Accordingly, we affirm the Board's finding that the union did represent a majority of the employees at the time when it requested the Preston brothers to bargain. 17 This leaves only the question of whether the Preston brothers entertained a good faith doubt as to the authenticity of the authorization cards when the union tendered its request to bargain. The record is quite clear the answer is no: the Prestons refused to submit the cards to a neutral third party for verification; Anthony Preston testified that at that time he did not even think about whether the union had a majority or not; the Prestons requested the Board to deny the union's request for an immediate election since they 'needed as much time as possible for the campaign'; and, finally, the Prestons committed unfair labor practices frior to the election in an attempt to dissipate the union's majority. 18 The Board, having found that the union had a valid majority, that the Prestons did not have a good faith doubt in refusing to bargain with the union, and that the Prestons committed unfair labor practices to erode the union's majority, was justified in finding a violation of Section 8(a)(5), setting aside the election because of employer misconduct, and issuing an order which included a provision requiring the company to bargain with the union. Franks Bros. Co v. N.L.R.B., 321 U.S. 702, 704, 64 S.Ct. 817, 88 L.Ed. 1020 (1944); Joy Silk Mills v. N.L.R.B., supra, 87 U.S.App.D.C. at 372, 185 F.2d at 744. V 19 The Board also found that several activities of the company subsequent to the election also violated Section 8(a)(1), specifically, the providing of assistance to an anti-union group of employees and the coercive interrogation of employees through its attorney. The company does not contest the Trial Examiner's finding that the company directed the anti-union employees committee to a local attorney to represent them;3 authorized the use by the committee of its premises, facilities and personnel; and permitted workers to be interviewed during paid working time. These findings are supported by sufficient evidence in the record and are clearly a proper basis for the Board's conclusion that the company aided and encouraged employees who were seeking to repudiate the union in violation of Section 8(a)(1). See N.L.R.B. v. Scherer & Sons, Inc., 5 Cir.,370 F.2d 12, 13 (1966), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 836, 88 S.Ct. 46, 19 L.Ed.2d 97 (1967); edward Fields, Inc. v. N.L.R.B., supra, 325 F.2d at 759-760; N.L.R.B. v. Elias Brothers Big Boy, Inc., 6 Cir., 325 F.2d 360, 363 (1963). 20 The company contends that the interrogation of employees by its attorney did not violate Section 8(a)(1) because such interrogations 'were absolutely essential to the preparation of Employer's case.' This court has noted that, because of the conflicting interests involved, a delicate balance must be achieved between the employer's need to prepare adequately for pending unfair labor practice cases and the inherently coercive nature (in violation of an employee's Section 7 rights) of employer interrogation of employees during a labor dispute. Joy Silk Mills v. N.L.R.B., supra, 87 U.S.App.D.C. at 371-372, 185 F.2d at 743-744. In an attempt to strike such a balance, the Board has 'established specific safeguards designed to minimize the coercive impact of such employer interrogation. Thus, the employer must communicate to the employee the purpose of the questioning, assure him that no reprisal will take place, and obtain his participation on a voluntary basis; the questioning must occur in a context free from employer hostility to union organization and must not be itself coercive in nature * * *.' Johnnie's Poultry Co., 146 N.L.R.B. 770, 775 (1964). Cf. International Union of Operating Eng., Local 49 v. N.L.R.B., 122 U.S.App.D.C. 314, 316-318, 353 F.2d 852, 854-856 (1966). 21 There is sufficient evidence in the record to support the finding of the Trial Examiner and the Board that in this case some of these safeguards were conspicuously absent: the interrogation occurred in the plant's conference room; only a most general explanation was given of why the information requested was being sought; and the attorney did not specifically state that the employees could choose not to cooperate and in the event they so chose no reprisals would be taken. The company argues that such safeguards were not necessary here where the employees had already spoken with the attorney representing their fellow employees. This argument does not, however, meet the objection to such interrogations, for when an employee is told that his testimony would be helpful to both the employer and the anti-union employees committee, he might reasonably suspect that any indication that he signed the card because of a desire for union representation would result in retaliations from either or both the company and his anti-union fellow workers. Accordingly, we affirm the Board's finding that the company violated Section 8(a)(1) by coercively interrogation employees with respect to union activities. VI 22 Counsel for the company alleges that it was precluded from giving an orderly, effective presentation of its case by three rulings made by the Trial Examiner at the unfair labor practice hearing. We find this allegation to be without merit. The specific rulings in question are: (1) limiting Wolven's intervention to only those employees who had signed authorization cards and only as to issues raised by those specific cards; (2) requiring every employees to state the name of the union solicitor who had solicited his card before permitting him to testify with reference to the comments made by that solicitor; and (3) declining to rule immediately on the General Counsel's motion to strike the testimony of each witness whose pre-hearing statement had not been produced by the company. 23 The first claim is easily disposed of since Section 10(b) specifically provides, inter alia, that intervention is a matter of discretion for the Trial Examiner or the Board, and we find no abuse. See also Semi-Steel Casting Co. v. N.L.R.B., 8 Cir., 160 F.2d 388, 393, cert. denied, 332 U.S. 758, 68 S.Ct. 57, 92 L.Ed. 344 (1947). The second and third claims also relate to the exercise of Board discretion and again we find no abuse. Moreover, no prejudice is shown, since eventually all of the employees whose testimony was desired by the company were able to identify the persons who had solicited their cards and the Trial Examiner ultimately denied the General Counsel's motion to strike. VII 24 We come lastly to the principal issue raised in the union's petition to review the Board's order. The union asserts that, although the Board sustained its charges as to the company's violation of Sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5), it summarily dismissed the union's request for compensatory relief for the employees for the period during which the company wrongfully refused to bargain. The union argues that it is incumbent upon the Board to elaborate the grounds for a grant or denial of discretionary relief, Phelps Dodge Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 313 U.S. 177, 61 S.Ct. 845, 85 L.Ed. 1271 (1941), and that therefore a remand is required as a matter of law. We find it unnecessary to reach this issue, since subsequent to its rejection of the union's request the Board reconsidered the question of the appropriateness of compensatory relief and has itself petitioned this court to remand that part of the April 22 order which pertains to compensatory relief. It is the intention of the Board to evaluate this suggested relief in the light of variant fact patterns, of which this case is only one, and in that way contribute to the orderly devlopment of the law. 25 Accordingly, the Board's petition for enforcement of its order is granted, except for that portion which dismisses the union's request for compensatory relief, and the company's petition for review is denied. 26 So ordered. 27 Senior Circuit Judge WILBUR K. MILLER dissents and calls attention to the case of NLRB v. Swan Super Cleaners, Inc., 384 F.2d 609, decided by the Sixth Circuit October 25, 1967, No. 16952. In that case the court discussed its ruling in NLRB v. Cumberland Shoe Corp., 351 F.2d 917 (6th Cir. 1965), and concluded, in a factual situation much like that involved here, that authorization cards obtained by misrepresentation as to their purpose must be invalidated, even though the unambiguous language of the cards amounts to a choice of the union as bargaining representative. In both Nichols, supra, and N.L.R.B. v. Swan Super Cleaners, Inc., 6 Cir., 384 F.2d 609, No. 16,952 (1967), the unions did not petition the Board for an election, but rather sought to have the Board issue an order to bargain solely on the basis of the authorization cards, supported indirectly by the companies' subsequent unfair labor practices. In the instant case, however, the union requested the Board to hold an election and therefore union statements that one of the purposes of the cards was for an election were accurate representations of the union's intentions Indeed, 10 of the 13 employees relied upon by the company had received not one but two pay increases during the 'campaign' period. Surely the Board might well conclude that in the real would employer blandishments and coercion amounting to unfair labor practices during an election campaign can result in tailored testimony | Mid | [
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XHUIA-FM XHUIA-FM is a radio station in Mexico City. Owned by the Universidad Iberoamericana through licensee Radio Ibero, A.C., XHUIA-FM broadcasts on 90.9 MHz and carries a mixed college radio format under the name "Ibero 90.9". XHUIA-FM broadcasts in HD and carries two subchannels, known as Ibero 90.9.1 and Ibero 90.9.2. History In 1991, the university began to seek a permit for a radio station primarily used for teaching purposes. At that time, the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation assigned a provisional permit for XHUIB-FM, broadcasting with 20 watts. The station grew in the 1990s; it received a power hike 100 watts ERP by 1994 and broadcasting 40 hours a week, while in July 1996, the current XHUIA-FM callsign was adopted. The station was primarily programmed by students at the university; the programs and format were free-flowing. On September 25, 2001, the SCT authorized a power increase to 3 kW. The university also formalized the station's management (under a civil association) and programming, which led to the station's relaunch as Radio Ibero on March 7, 2003. In December 2018, the IFT approved an increase to 10 kW for the station, expanding service particularly in areas to the north and east of Mexico City. References External links Official site of XHUIA-FM 90.9 MHz, Ibero 90.9 Radio Category:Radio stations in Mexico City Category:University radio stations in Mexico Category:Universidad Iberoamericana | High | [
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Tinnitus: Why Won't My Ears Stop Ringing?04:25 For a long time, doctors thought tinnitus was a problem in the ears. They now think it's more of a problem in the brain. (iStockphoto.com) Ringing in the ears, or tinnitus, can be so annoying that a person with it can't sleep, think or work. It's a common problem for veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. But tinnitus can also start for no apparent reason. That's what happened to Mark Church. He went to the dentist for a routine visit 11 years ago, and soon after had an annoying buzzing sound in his ears. The doctor said he had tinnitus. An artist's illustration of tinnitus. (Courtesy of George Michelsen Foy ) " 'Is there a pill or something you can give me?' " Church asked. "He said, 'No, you don't do anything for it. And I go, 'Well, when is it going to stop?' He says, 'It's not going to stop.' " About 50 million Americans have tinnitus, but Church is among the 2 million with severe symptoms. "I was having panic attacks," says Church, now 50. "I couldn't sleep at night. I lost my appetite. I was losing weight." The sound was so disruptive that Church had to take a leave of absence from the software company he owns in St. Louis, Mo. "I just could not sit through business meetings," he says. "I couldn't carry out my responsibilities. I couldn't think clearly." A Problem In The Brain? For a long time, doctors thought tinnitus was a problem in the ears. But they now think it's more of a problem in the brain. In the past 10 years, brain imaging has given clues that the tinnitus "sounds" may be caused by a brain that is not connecting its various sections clearly. Jay Piccirillo, a professor of otolaryngology at Washington University in St. Louis, is trying to reset those brain connections by holding an electromagnet to people's heads. "We think that perhaps that electrical stimulation just clears away that pathological, or that faulty, connection," Piccirillo says, "with the hope that the reconnections are more normal and more healthy." Mark Church decided to try transcranial magnetic stimulation as part of a clinical trial run by Piccirillo. The two-week trial of daily transcranial magnetic treatments found no improvement in participants, and Church dropped out of a second, four-week trial because he thought it was making his tinnitus worse. Piccirillo is analyzing the results of that second trial to see if any patients benefited. He's also conducting a study of military members deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, doing MRI scans of their brains before and after deployment. The Defense Department is giving a big boost to tinnitus research. That's because 20 to 40 percent of soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan have tinnitus due to hearing loss caused by exposure to loud noise from gunfire, aircraft or explosions. It is now the most common service-related disability, with 744,000 vets receiving compensation for tinnitus, according to the American Tinnitus Association, an advocacy group. The fact that so many veterans have tinnitus after being exposed to loud noises has made it clear that even if tinnitus isn't generated in the ears, hearing loss is often involved. So some scientists are trying to retrain the brain to quit paying attention. A Pacemaker For The Ears Michael Kilgard, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas in Dallas, is experimenting with vagus nerve stimulation, a therapy used to treat epilepsy and severe depression. A pacemaker-like device is used to send tiny jolts of electricity to the brain via the vagus nerve in the chest. Kilgard says that instead of having too many neurons listening to one tone — the tinnitus frequency — the treatment redistributes the resources evenly. "But trials with humans are just starting, so relief will be years away, if it works at all," he says. The Web is awash with untested tinnitus "cures," many of them expensive. Church found his own cheap, simple workaround, suggested by his wife: radio static. One evening when he was tormented by tinnitus, she gave him an inexpensive personal radio and told him to put on the headphones. "So I put it on, and I turned it on, and I put it between stations — immediate relief. Oh, my God, this is amazing. I went from being a basket case to being able to function for the rest of the evening within minutes." Now, Church says, he's able to largely ignore the tinnitus at work, and turns to the radio static for relief in the evening. It's a lot like living next to an airport. "When you first move in, you hear the planes go over every day. But after you live there for a while, you figure that noise is not important to me. 'Cause the planes are going to continue to come, they're not going to crash into my house. It just happens to be where I live. So before you know it, you don't hear the planes anymore." | Mid | [
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993 F.2d 1557 301 U.S.App.D.C. 253, 143 P.U.R.4th 110,Util. L. Rep. P 13,941 ALABAMA POWER COMPANY; Georgia Power Company; Gulf PowerCompany; Mississippi Power Company; SavannahElectric and Power Company; SouthernCompany Services, Inc., Petitioners,v.FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,Alabama Public Service Commission; City of Tallahassee,Florida; Oglethorpe Power Corporation, Intervenors.ALABAMA POWER COMPANY; Georgia Power Company; Gulf PowerCompany; Mississippi Power Company; SavannahElectric and Power Company; SouthernCompany Services, Inc., Petitioners,v.FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,Alabama Public Service Commission; Cajun Electric PowerCooperative, Inc., Intervenors. Nos. 91-1595, 91-1654. United States Court of Appeals,District of Columbia Circuit. Argued April 12, 1993.Decided May 28, 1993.Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En BancDenied Sept. 21, 1993. [301 U.S.App.D.C. 254] Petition for Review of an Order of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Rodney O. Mundy, with whom Dan H. McCrary, Mark A. Crosswhite, Birmingham, AL Robert H. Forry, Atlanta, GA, Leamon R. Holliday, III, Savannah, GA, G. Edison Holland, Jr., Pensacola, FL, and Ben H. Stone, Gulfport, MS, were on the joint brief, for petitioners in Nos. 91-1595 and 91-1654. Samuel Soopper, Atty., with whom William S. Scherman, Gen. Counsel, Jerome M. Feit, Sol., and Joseph S. Davies, Deputy Sol., F.E.R.C., Washington, DC, were on the brief, for respondent. 1 John N. Estes, III, Washington, DC, entered an appearance for intervenor Oglethorpe Power Corp. 2 P. Michael Cole, Athens, AL, entered an appearance for intervenor Alabama Public Service Com'n. 3 Gary D. Bachman, Washington, DC, entered an appearance for intervenor City of Tallahassee, FL. 4 James D. Pembroke, Washington, DC, entered an appearance for intervenor Cajun Elec. Power Co-op., Inc. 5 Before WALD, BUCKLEY and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges. 6 Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge WALD. WALD, Circuit Judge: 7 The first issue in this appeal is whether the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC" or "Commission") may require different operating companies commonly owned by a holding company to charge a single system transmission rate on off-system sales of electricity transmitted throughout the lines of the various operating companies. The Southern Company ("Southern") owns petitioners Alabama Power Company, Georgia Power Company, Gulf Power Company, [301 U.S.App.D.C. 255] Mississippi Power Company, and Savannah Electric and Power Company (the "operating companies" or "Southern Companies"), as well as petitioner Southern Company Services, Inc. ("SCSI"), a subsidiary service arm of Southern. The petitioners entered into a pair of contracts which obligated the Southern system to provide power, but charged cumulative rates for all individual operating companies whose lines were involved in the transmission. Based upon substantial evidence in the record, the Commission reasonably concluded that where an off-system sale binds an entire system of commonly owned operating companies, a single system transmission rate reflecting an average system-wide transmission cost is just and reasonable. 8 The second issue raised by the petitioners is whether the Commission was authorized to order an investigation under § 206 of the Federal Power Act ("FPA" or "Act") of all the petitioners' contracts employing formula rates with a return on common equity component of 13.75% or higher. Petitioners argue that the § 206 investigation violated a prior Commission-approved settlement which purportedly limited the right of Commission staff to request any inquiry into Southern's rate filings to specified time periods, so long as they complied with an agreed-upon formula. On appeal, FERC argues first that the investigation order is not appealable because hearings on the lawfulness of the rate of return are still ongoing, and second that even if petitioners' challenge is properly before this court, the prior settlement review procedures are inapplicable to Commission-initiated § 206 investigations. We conclude that the Commission's investigation order was a final, appealable agency action because, if the petitioners are correct, the order violated a valuable contractual right, negotiated between petitioners and the Commission to be free from formula rate investigations except at specified intervals. However, we do not read the settlement review procedures as circumscribing the Commission's authority to initiate a § 206 investigation. Accordingly, we deny the petition for review in both respects. I. BACKGROUND 9 On December 7, 1990, the five Southern operating companies and SCSI filed with FERC, pursuant to § 205 of the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 824d, a unit power sales agreement with the City of Tallahassee, Florida. According to the filing, the "sales under the ... agreement will be made out of Units 2, 3 and 4 of the Miller Plant (owned by Alabama Power) and out of Unit 3 of the Scherer Plant (jointly owned by Georgia Power and Gulf Power)." The accord specifically provided that the formula rates would include a transmission component reflecting the cumulative costs of delivering the energy through the internal transmission systems of the designated operating companies. Thus, for energy from the Miller Plant in Alabama, which would travel through the systems of both the Alabama Power Company and the Georgia Power Company, Tallahassee would be charged a cumulative transmission rate equal to the sum of individual transmission costs of the two power companies. For power generated at the Scherer Plant in Georgia, which would involve the use of only Georgia Power Company's transmission system, a transmission rate reflecting that single company's costs would be charged. The agreement also provided, however, that the energy supplied Tallahassee could if necessary come from the plants of any of the five operating companies. As explained in the filing, the Tallahassee agreement 10 provides for the sale of: (i) "supplemental energy" when the [Miller and Scherer] units are derated or unavailable for service; (ii) "alternate energy" when the units are available for service but are not committed to operation because of economic priorities; and (iii) "replacement energy" at incremental cost when such energy is available on the electric systems of Southern Companies. 11 The formula rates also included a 13.75% return on common equity for petitioners. 12 On May 2, 1991, the Commission rejected the transmission rate methodology in the Tallahassee agreement for failing to meet the "just and reasonable" criterion set out in § 205 of the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 824d(a), and directed the petitioners to file instead a single system transmission rate reflecting the average transmission costs of the entire [301 U.S.App.D.C. 256] Southern system. Southern Company Services, Inc., 55 F.E.R.C. p 61,173 (1991). The Commission reasoned that because the petitioners had contracted with Tallahassee as a single, consolidated and jointly-owned system, the transmission rate should be based upon system-wide costs. Additionally, the Commission initiated on its own an investigation under § 206 of the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 824e, of all petitioners' contracts containing formula rates with a return on common equity of 13.75% or higher, including the formula rate in the Tallahassee agreement. Id. Petitioners' request for rehearing was denied. Southern Company Services, Inc., 57 F.E.R.C. p 61,093 (1991). 13 On August 5, 1991, the petitioners filed with the Commission an interchange contract with Cajun Electric Power Cooperative, Inc. ("Cajun") which involved similar cumulative transmission charges based upon the amount of power flowing over each of the operating companies' internal transmission systems. The formula rates in the Cajun agreement contained a return on common equity of 14%. On October 4, 1991, the Cajun transmission rate methodology was rejected by FERC and the petitioners were directed to file a single system transmission rate. Southern Company Services, Inc., 57 F.E.R.C. p 61,035 (1991). The proposed 14% return on common equity was included in the § 206 investigation of the Tallahassee formula rate. The Commission predictably denied rehearing. Southern Company Services, Inc., 57 F.E.R.C. p 61,284 (1991). 14 An administrative law judge ("ALJ") subsequently conducted a hearing on the 13.75% (and higher) formula rates in petitioners' contracts, and concluded that the rates should not be modified. Southern Company Services, Inc., 60 F.E.R.C. p 63,013 (1992). An appeal from that decision is currently pending before the Commission. II. ANALYSIS 15 A. Single System Transmission Rate Requirement 16 The Commission "must be free, within the limitations imposed by pertinent constitutional and statutory commands, to devise methods of regulation capable of equitably reconciling diverse and conflicting interests." Permian Basin Area Rate Cases, 390 U.S. 747, 767, 88 S.Ct. 1344, 1360, 20 L.Ed.2d 312 (1968). So long as its decision is reached by reasoned decisionmaking and supported by substantial evidence, we are obliged to defer to its technical ratemaking expertise. See Norwood v. FERC, 962 F.2d 20, 22 (D.C.Cir.1992); Union Electric Co. v. FERC, 890 F.2d 1193, 1199 (D.C.Cir.1989); Pub. Serv. Comm'n v. FERC, 813 F.2d 448, 451 (D.C.Cir.1987). We also defer to FERC interpretations of settlement agreements that are supported factually and legally. See Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp. v. FERC, 922 F.2d 865, 869 (D.C.Cir.1991); Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. FERC, 881 F.2d 1101, 1118 (D.C.Cir.1989); Duke Power Co. v. FERC, 864 F.2d 823, 826 (D.C.Cir.1989); Vermont Dep't of Pub. Serv. v. FERC, 817 F.2d 127, 134-35 (D.C.Cir.1987). Our deference on settlements stems from recognition of the explicit statutory delegation of authority over ratemaking to FERC, which includes situations in which ratemaking will depend on the agency's contract interpretation. See Tarpon Transmission Co. v. FERC, 860 F.2d 439, 441-42 (D.C.Cir.1988). The Commission's expertise is reflected in all aspects of ratemaking, adversarial or interpretive. In this case, the Commission concluded that the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements called for the entire Southern system, as opposed to one or more of its individual operating companies, to provide the contracted for energy. Based upon that determination, the Commission reasoned that charging a transmission rate reflecting the average cost system-wide, would be more just and reasonable than permitting a cumulative rate based upon the transmission costs of each of the operating companies who would nominally supply energy to either Tallahassee or Cajun under the contracts.1 The Commission's resolution is worthy of our deference because it is the product of reasoned decisionmaking and substantial evidence. 17 [301 U.S.App.D.C. 257] 1. The Tallahassee and Cajun Agreements 18 At the outset we note that the operating companies comprising Southern are organized, both physically and as a matter of corporate ownership, into a single, consolidated system. Southern is a registered holding company under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 ("PUHCA"), 15 U.S.C. § 79 et seq., and, within the meaning of that statute, constitutes an "integrated public-utility system" which denotes a regional, physically interconnected system of generating plants, transmission lines and distributing facilities, whose utility assets are physically interconnected and capable of operation as a single interconnected and coordinated system, 15 U.S.C. § 79b(a)(29). See Petitioners' Reply Brief at 2. In the Cajun filing itself, petitioners specified that the "respective generating and transmission systems of Southern Companies are interconnected with each other, and constitute an integrated system operating in parts of the States of Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Mississippi." Similarly, the Commission observed that the individual companies comprising Southern operate in a coordinated manner through joint planning and a physically contiguous system. 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,335-36 & n. 14. This cohesive organization of the Southern system carries the Commission some distance, but not the whole way, toward its conclusion that a single system transmission rate is obligatory in this case. For instance, no one disputes that an individual operating company, owned by a holding company, is entitled to charge its own native load customers a rate based solely upon its own transmission costs. Presumably, such an operating company could also apply an individualized transmission rate for an off-system sales contract, so long as the transaction involved only that company, and no other member of the integrated system. That caveat, however, does not apply to the case before us. The Commission on sufficient evidence here has concluded that both the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements essentially obligate the entire system to provide energy, as opposed to any single (or two) individual operating companies. 19 Turning first to the Tallahassee agreement, all five Southern Companies and SCSI are signatories. This fact is neither irrelevant nor inadvertent; although plants owned by Alabama Power and Georgia Power are expressly designated to provide energy to Tallahassee, numerous provisions throughout the contract make unmistakably clear that all six petitioners bound themselves as an entire consolidated system to meet Tallahassee's needs. Section 2.3 of the pact provides that "[i]t is recognized by the parties ... that the actual units from which sales will be made ... may vary." This variance can occur in three ways. First, whenever the designated Alabama Power and Georgia Power plants are unable to supply the required amount, sections 3.8.1 to 3.8.3 commit Southern Companies to "use their best efforts ... to make available supplemental energy from other coal-fired or comparably-priced generating resources available to Southern Companies," and if that proves impossible, "to make energy available from higher-priced generating resources of Southern Companies." Second, section 3.9 requires that the operating companies ready replacement energy "from the lowest energy cost generating resources that can be made available." Third, and we think most critically from the seller's point of view, section 3.7 provides the Southern Companies with the "sole option" of providing alternate energy "from other resources owned or operated by Southern Companies" even when the designated Alabama Power and Georgia Power plants are available. Petitioners admit this powerful option may be exercised whenever "economic priorities" make it attractive to do so. Finally, the contract emphasizes that supplemental, replacement and alternate energy "will be supplied from the [301 U.S.App.D.C. 258] units ... on the systems of Southern Companies." Based on the foregoing contract provisions, the Commission determined that the Southern Companies "have in this instance integrated their resources to provide service to Tallahassee." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,336. 20 The operating companies, on the other hand, characterize these provisions as merely "ancillary features" of a core agreement of the individual companies to transmit discrete amounts of energy over their lines. We do not agree. The terms of a power sales agreement which identify the sources of that power have to be fundamental. The alternate energy provision, permitting use of the full circle of Southern company plants, provides petitioners the flexibility to satisfy their contractual obligation in the most efficient way possible. For Tallahassee, the supplemental and replacement energy clauses guarantee that the city will have access to the energy from five power companies rather than two. Indeed, one of the principal reasons identified by the parties for entering into this particular compact was to provide "necessary transmission services and supplemental energy when any designated unit of the Miller Plant or Scherer Plant is unavailable or derated." The petitioners admit that "Tallahassee did not want to purchase exclusively out of a single unit or even a single plant due to concerns as to the reliability of its power supply should there be an outage at that unit." Petitioners' Brief at 29. In sum, it seems quite plain to us that the Commission captured the essence of the contract in its finding that "by its express terms, [the agreement] is not with just Georgia Power and Alabama Power but with SCSI and the five affiliated operating companies of the Southern Companies system." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,336 n. 17.2 21 The Cajun agreement makes the point even more neatly. Not only are all five operating companies and SCSI again parties to the contract, but the arrangement explicitly governs "electric services to be supplied by Cajun to Southern Companies and by Southern Companies to Cajun." Every contract obligation and responsibility is expressly made between the entire Southern system and Cajun. For instance, section 5.3 provides that "Cajun and Southern Companies will protect, operate and maintain their respective systems so as to avoid or minimize the likelihood of disturbances which might cause impairment of, or jeopardy to service in, the other's system." Section 5.8 states that "[s]ince the systems of Cajun and Southern Companies are directly interconnected with other electric systems, it is recognized that the physical and electrical characteristics of the facilities involved may result in flows of power from Cajun to Southern Companies, or vice versa, through other electric systems." Finally, the parties agree to reserve for each other "short term power," defined as "surplus capacity and energy existing from time to time on the system of one party, not needed at that time on its system to meet its system load requirements and other power sale commitments." In sum, nowhere in the agreement is there the remotest indication that any of the several operating companies has the sole responsibility of providing service. Under such circumstances, we have no difficulty in finding that the Commission reasonably concluded that "sales to Cajun under the Interchange Contract are sales by the Southern Companies system rather than sales by the individual operating companies." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,124. 2. Transmission Rates 22 Under the Tallahassee agreement, the petitioners proposed to charge Tallahassee a cumulative transmission rate based on the costs of dispatching the energy from Alabama Power and Georgia Power to Tallahassee. The Commission explained, "the transmission component applicable to the Miller [301 U.S.App.D.C. 259] units consists of cumulative charges reflecting the sum of the rates for two of the operating companies (Georgia Power and Alabama Power)." 55 F.E.R.C. at 61,555. The Commission demurred, reasoning that petitioners should be required to file a single transmission charge reflecting the costs of the consolidated Southern system. The Commission observed that petitioners had in the past filed formula rates incorporating a single system transmission rate methodology that if applied here would result in transmission charges approximately one-half of what Southern was charging to Tallahassee. Id.; 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,334 n. 5. Similarly, the Commission explained that under the Cajun agreement, 23 the charge for short-term power ... includes a form of cumulative transmission pricing rather than the type of transmission pricing based on system-wide costs that is contained in most of the existing Southern Companies formula rates. In this case, the rate for short-term power develops a transmission charge for each affiliated operating company and assesses cumulative charges to the extent that more than one operating company is deemed to participate in the transaction. 24 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,124. Accordingly, FERC directed petitioners to file revised transmission rates based on system-wide costs. 25 Petitioners complain that the only "just and reasonable" transmission rate must be based upon the cumulative transmission costs of each individual operating company. For example, they argue that the Alabama Power Company and Georgia Power Company can recover their transmission costs under the Tallahassee agreement only by charging the fully allocated cost of delivering energy through each company's individual transmission system. However, because the agreement places obligations on all five operating companies, a transmission rate based upon the costs of just two of the companies cannot be said to be statutorily mandated under the "just and reasonable" formula. That is, the cumulative transmission rate sought by petitioners cannot be justified on a strict cost-basis: Tallahassee would be required to pay the individual transmission costs of the Alabama Power Company and the Georgia Power Company even if the energy came from the plants of other Southern Companies. See Ohio Edison Co., 23 F.E.R.C. p 61,344 at 61,749 (1983) (Commission's "obligation under Sections 205 and 206 ... [is] to ensure that [rates] are just and reasonable, which, in general, means that they be cost-based"); see also Alabama Electric Coop., Inc. v. FERC, 684 F.2d 20, 27 (D.C.Cir.1982). We cannot very well fault the Commission's determination that where a contract requires a single, consolidated system of jointly-owned operating companies to provide energy, a cumulative transmission rate based upon the costs of individual operating companies from which the energy is expected to flow, usually but not always, is not just or reasonable within the meaning of the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 824d(a).3 26 On balance, we find the Commission reasonably concluded that a single system transmission rate is just and reasonable on this record. Petitioners contended at oral argument that the single system rate will necessarily result in subsidization for the off-system customers, Tallahassee and Cajun, by the native load customers. For example, the [301 U.S.App.D.C. 260] Alabama Public Service Commission ("APSC") traditionally determines the Alabama Power Company's retail rates on the assumption that certain costs will be defrayed by off-system sales, and so if the Alabama Power Company cannot recover its full standard costs from off-system customers because of the single system transmission rate, the APSC will be forced to raise retail rates which will thereby subsidize the Tallahassee sale. On that score, the revised system-wide transmission rates mandated by the Commission have not yet been filed, so that we cannot ascertain at this point whether Tallahassee will receive a "free ride" at the expense of Alabama customers. At this point, the claims of subsidization are nothing more than speculation; the petitioners have offered no evidence that, once a single system transmission rate is set, the APSC will indeed be forced to modify upward retail rates for native load customers. Without some such tangible evidence, the Commission need not assume that a single system transmission rate methodology will result in unjust or unreasonable rates for native customers. Moreover, the premises under which the Alabama native load rates are set, while alluded to in the Commission's decision, were not addressed in petitioners' briefs or appendix and only emerged on appeal as the result of persistent questioning from this court at oral argument; it is consequently difficult for an appellate tribunal to adequately evaluate arguments so inadequately developed. See NLRB v. Valley Bakery, Inc., 986 F.2d 339, 343 n. 4 (9th Cir.1993); Ryan v. Royal Ins. Co., 916 F.2d 731, 734 (1st Cir.1990). However, even if we considered the issue to be properly raised here, we know of no doctrine that requires the Commission, in determining a just and reasonable rate for an off-system sale, to give dispositive weight to the fact that a state commission has assumed, for purposes of establishing native load rates, that the off-system rate would be higher. In other contexts, the Commission has not done so, and we see no reason why it should in this case. Cf. Nantahala Power & Light Co. v. Thornburg, 476 U.S. 953, 106 S.Ct. 2349, 90 L.Ed.2d 943 (1986). 3. Precedent 27 Petitioners next assert that the Commission's ordering of a system-wide rate is inconsistent with judicial and agency precedent. Petitioners point to Fort Pierce Utilities Authority v. FERC, 730 F.2d 778 (D.C.Cir.1984), in which we rejected the argument of four municipal customers that their two utility sellers should be required to charge a single joint transmission rate for energy conveyed over the networks of both companies, rather than cumulative individual transmission rates. We found it critical whether the two separately-owned companies had "so fully integrated their transmission systems that they in fact function as a single unified network," id. at 781, and concluded that "the evidence was sufficient to support [FERC's] premise that the two transmission networks are not functionally merged," id. at 784. Noting the absence of any evidence in the instant case to "demonstrate that transfers of power between [the two sellers] take place on any other basis than as discrete arms-length transactions between distinct business entities," id. at 785, we found it unnecessary 28 to determine whether there will ever be circumstances under which two utilities have gone beyond extensive cooperation and have so completely integrated the operation of their transmission systems that any transmission by either utility makes use of the combined network. In that case, a transaction crossing corporate boundaries, like the transmission of water across a single reservoir, would be functionally identical to a transaction within corporate boundaries. Such unusual circumstances would present a stronger case that individual rates permitted overrecovery of costs and that joint rates were therefore required. 29 Id. at 785. 30 We think our reasoning in Fort Pierce supports the Commission's position in this case. FERC is correct in observing that Fort Pierce "involved two independent, unaffiliated utilities while this case involves the affiliated utilities of a single integrated public utility system." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,340. Further, substantial evidence supports the Commission's [301 U.S.App.D.C. 261] view that in the case of the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements, unlike in Fort Pierce, the Southern Companies are "functionally merged" for purposes of fulfilling their obligations under the unit power sales and interchange contracts. As a result, the Commission reasonably concluded that permitting the Southern Companies to charge cumulative individual rates would be artificial and that a single system rate is therefore required. 31 Second, the petitioners contend that the Commission's order deviates from established FERC precedent. They cite Texas Utilities Electric Co., 49 F.E.R.C. p 61,230 (1989), rehearing denied, 50 F.E.R.C. p 61,369 (1990), in which the Commission interpreted a settlement agreement not to require a seller to bill the holding company rather than its affiliated operating companies for transmission costs. The Commission here pointed out that in Texas Utilities, the Commission found the agreement provided for sales to the affiliates as separate companies, whereas the present case involves sales by the consolidated Southern system as a whole. We agree that is a crucial distinction. Petitioners also identified several previous orders in which the Commission approved the use of cumulative transmission rates. In response, the Commission explained that "the overall charges ... were reasonable when compared to charges developed using a single system transmission rate methodology," and therefore no modification of the rates was necessary. 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,338. By contrast, the Commission found that in this case revision of the transmission rates was required because "the overall charges here were not shown to be reasonable and instead may be unjust and unreasonable." Id.4 4. Evidentiary Hearing 32 Finally, the petitioners argue that even if the single system rate is theoretically applicable to contracts made by subsidiaries of a holding company that obligate the entire system, the Commission erred in not holding an evidentiary hearing before deciding that a system-wide rate was appropriate in this particular case. "Without evidence of an abuse of discretion, we defer to an agency's determination that a controversy raises" no disputed issues. Vermont Dep't of Pub. Serv., 817 F.2d at 140. And "even where there are such disputed issues, FERC need not conduct ... a hearing if they may be adequately resolved on the written record." Moreau v. FERC, 982 F.2d 556, 568 (D.C.Cir.1993). We do not find persuasive the two reasons cited as to why the Commission abused its discretion in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing. 33 First, petitioners contend that they presented evidence from the negotiations of the Tallahassee agreement demonstrating that the Commission had wrongly concluded that the operating companies had negotiated with Tallahassee as an integrated whole. However, where the meaning of the agreement is clear on its face, as it is here, see pp. 1561-63 supra, an evidentiary hearing into extrinsic evidence of the parties' intent during negotiations is unnecessary. See Ohio Power Co. v. FERC, 744 F.2d 162, 169-70 (D.C.Cir.1984); Papago Tribal Utility Authority v. FERC, 723 F.2d 950, 955 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1241, 104 S.Ct. 3511, 82 L.Ed.2d 820 (1984). Second, the petitioners assert that while the Commission correctly found the Southern system to be integrated under the PUHCA, it improperly assumed that the system was "typical" of consolidated systems in that it "operate[s] jointly for the benefit of the affiliated utility system as a whole," 55 F.E.R.C. at 61,556. According to petitioners, the "uncontroverted evidence" shows that the Southern Companies "plan and build their transmission systems to serve their respective territorial load requirements." Petitioners' Brief at 24. Even if true, the Commission tellingly responds that [301 U.S.App.D.C. 262] the manner in which the system was planned or built does not detract from the fact that the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements at issue rely on the resources of the entire Southern system for compliance. The Commission properly resolved petitioners' concerns on the written record and acted within its discretion in refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing. B. Investigation of Formula Rates 34 In addition to mandating a single-system transmission rate for the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements, the Commission also set for public hearing petitioners' proposed formula rates under those agreements. 55 F.E.R.C. at 61,557; 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,125. The Commission determined that the 13.75% and 14% rates of return on common equity in the formula rates of the Tallahassee and Cajun agreements, respectively, "may be unjust, unreasonable, unduly discriminatory or preferential, or otherwise unlawful." 55 F.E.R.C. at 61,557; see 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,125. Over 20 agreements previously filed by petitioners with similar rates of return, see 55 F.E.R.C. at 61,559 App. A, might also be excessive. Pursuant to § 206 of the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 824e, the Commission thus ordered an investigation of all Southern system rate schedules containing a return on equity of 13.75% or above. 35 The operating companies and SCSI contested the Commission's authority to order such an investigation. They argued that settlement review procedures approved by the Commission in a 1981 letter order, subsequently made applicable to all of petitioners' formula rate contracts, see Petitioners' Brief at 43-44, prohibited such an inquiry. Specifically, they alleged that these review procedures confined FERC investigation of the return on equity component of formula rates to every third year beginning in 1984; that is, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1993 and so on. Thus, the Commission's 1991 order directing inquiry into the formula rates was barred. The Commission, however, rejected this interpretation of the 1981 settlement review procedures, positing that they do not "circumscribe the ability of the Commission itself to initiate such an investigation under section 206 of the FPA." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,343. The ALJ, at the § 206 hearing on the formula rates, concluded, however, that the agency had failed to carry its burden of proof that the rates of 13.75% or above were excessive. 60 F.E.R.C. at 65,149, appeal pending. 36 Petitioners urge us to terminate the formula rate proceedings as violative of the 1981 settlement review procedures approved by FERC. The Commission first responds that we have no jurisdiction because the agency has yet to render a final appealable order. Alternatively, the Commission stands by its interpretation of the settlement review procedures as inapplicable to investigations initiated by the Commission under § 206. We conclude that petitioners' complaint is reviewable, but that the settlement plainly applies only to proceedings under § 205, and not to the Commission-initiated § 206 investigation ordered here. 1. Finality 37 Under the FPA, 16 U.S.C. § 825l (b), "an agency order is final for purposes of appellate review when it 'imposes an obligation, denies a right, or fixes some legal relationship as a consummation of the administrative process.' " Papago Tribal Utility Authority v. FERC, 628 F.2d 235, 239 (D.C.Cir.) (quoting Cities Serv. Gas Co. v. FPC, 255 F.2d 860, 863 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 837, 79 S.Ct. 61, 3 L.Ed.2d 73 (1958)), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1061, 101 S.Ct. 784, 66 L.Ed.2d 604 (1980). FERC argues that commencement of the § 206 investigation represents merely the nonreviewable initiation of an administrative proceeding and that any injury to petitioners resulting from the investigation is speculative at this point. It points to decisions holding that orders initiating administrative proceedings under the FPA are nonfinal, nonreviewable decisions. See FPC v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 304 U.S. 375, 383-85, 58 S.Ct. 963, 966-67, 82 L.Ed. 1408 (1938) (order designating hearing nonreviewable); Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. FPC, 538 F.2d 966, 970 (2d Cir.1976) (order denying motion to dismiss investigation into utility's alleged anticompetitive practices nonreviewable); Mississippi Power & Light Co. v. FPC, 131 F.2d 148, 149[301 U.S.App.D.C. 263] (5th Cir.1942); see also FTC v. Standard Oil Co., 449 U.S. 232, 243, 245, 101 S.Ct. 488, 495, 496, 66 L.Ed.2d 416 (1980) ("SOCAL ") (issuance of an administrative complaint nonfinal; review must await any cease and desist order that might ensue). 38 These decisions are, however, off-point. In none was the agency's initiation of administrative proceedings purportedly prohibited by express contractual agreement between the agency and the party against whom the proceedings were brought. More relevant, in light of petitioners' assertion that the Commission's investigation runs directly afoul of a bargain that the parties struck in the 1981 settlement agreement, is the line of precedent establishing that appellate courts may review FERC orders accepting rate schedule filings over so-called Sierra-Mobile objections that the revised rates violate existing settlements. See ASARCO, Inc. v. FERC, 777 F.2d 764, 771-72 (D.C.Cir.1985); Mississippi Valley Gas Co. v. FERC, 659 F.2d 488, 498-99 (5th Cir.1981); Papago, 628 F.2d at 244-45. As we explained in Papago, nonreviewability of the Commission's decision to accept a Sierra-Mobile contested rate denies the purchaser the "contractual right to purchase electric power at the agreed-upon rate during the administrative process.... [which] cannot be restored upon review of a final order," and "is effectively a final disposition of the purchaser's contractual claim of right, for the Sierra- Mobile question will not ordinarily be at issue again in the later ... hearing." 628 F.2d at 245. On that analysis, and because "the Commission has no discretion to accept a ... rate filing that contravenes a private contract," we have concluded that FERC's acceptance of rates that allegedly contravene existing contracts is a final, reviewable action. Id. 39 The present case falls within that doctrine. Petitioners contend that FERC's initiation of an inquiry into the formula rates denied petitioners the contractual right to be free, for intervals of three years at a time, from investigation, its attendant costs, and the specter of potentially massive refund obligations. This deprivation cannot be cured by a subsequent Commission decision that petitioners' formula rates are not excessive: the contractual right to be unfettered by investigation must remain inviolate. Moreover, the Commission has never suggested that it might reconsider its interpretation of the settlement review procedures as not barring a § 206 investigation on any appeal of the ALJ's decision, which concerns only the issue of whether Southern's formula rates were in fact excessive. See Mississippi Valley Gas Co., 659 F.2d at 498. Given that petitioners' complaint raises purely legal questions of contract interpretation, we tread only lightly on FERC territory by reviewing the investigation order at this juncture. See id. In sum, petitioners' allegation that a FERC order has infringed upon a valuable, bargained-for right to be uninhibited by the threat of agency investigation for certain periods of time is reviewable prior to final resolution of the investigation itself.5 2. Settlement Review Procedures 40 On the merits, however, we find that the triennially-based settlement review procedures do not apply to this investigation at all. Under the 1981 settlement agreement, Southern agreed with other interested parties and the Commission to engage in a filing procedure for future formula rate adjustments that would bypass the normal review procedures authorized by § 205 of the FPA. More precisely, the 1981 accord included a formula which would automatically adjust the rates each year under designated schedules "to reflect changes in cost." Pursuant to the agreement, the "application of such formulary rates will not require a § 205 filing," because, as the Commission has elsewhere explained: "When the Commission accepts a formula rate as a filed rate, it grants waiver of the filing and notice requirements of section 205 of the Federal Power Act.... [301 U.S.App.D.C. 264] [The utility's] rates, then, can change repeatedly, without notice to the Commission, provided those changes are consistent with the formula." San Diego Gas & Electric Co. v. Alamito Co., 46 F.E.R.C. p 61,363 at 62,129-30 (1989) (emphasis in original). 41 To ensure consistency with the formula, petitioners agreed to file with the Commission informational schedules detailing the annual cost projections. Each year, the Commission was entitled to institute a § 205 hearing "for the sole purpose of reviewing ... the reasonableness of the projections of cost and other information forming an input component of the formulary rate." The formula itself, however, could only be reviewed once every three years under § 205: 42 If the staff of the Commission should determine that a hearing is needed to investigate such formulary rates or any component thereof, such a hearing may be requested by an appropriate filing with the Commission during the time period November 1, 1983 to January 1, 1984. SCSI and the Operating Companies agree that such a hearing can be instituted by the Commission for the purpose of reviewing, pursuant to § 205 of the Federal Power Act, the justness and reasonableness of the formulary capacity rates.... In the event the staff of the Commission requests such a hearing, the Commission may issue an order establishing procedures for such a hearing under § 205 of the Federal Power Act on or before February 1, 1984.... If the staff of the Commission does not request a hearing on the justness and reasonableness of the formulary rates during the period November 1, 1983 through January 1, 1984, or, despite such request, the Commission does not order such a hearing by February 1, 1984, the formulary rates ... will operate in accordance with their terms for the calendar years 1984, 1985 and 1986. The staff of the Commission shall have the power to request a similar investigation for the year 1987; a similar investigation for the year 1990; and at equal intervals thereafter.... 43 The language of the settlement agreement thus makes plain that petitioners were bargaining with the Commission only with regard to the rate adjustment procedures of § 205. Pursuant to that section, a utility must file any proposed rate adjustment with the Commission, after which the Commission may, "either upon complaint or upon its own initiative without complaint ..., if it so orders, ... enter upon a hearing concerning the lawfulness of such rate." 16 U.S.C. §§ 824d(d), 824d(e). In essence, the Commission agreed with petitioners to accept the formula rate and waive the § 205 filing requirement, as well as the investigation and hearings that such filings might engender, but in return required annual informational filings and an opportunity, once every three years, to review the formula itself in a § 205 hearing. 44 The FERC staff's comments, made contemporaneously with the 1981 settlement pact, verify this view. As the staff explained: 45 The formulary rates involved in this filing for service ... contain an automatic adjustment clause which would raise or lower rates automatically. If the Commission approved this formula rate filing, each increase (or decrease) thereafter would not be subject to a Section 205 filing where the Commission's suspension and refund discretion could be exercised. The formula would be the rate per se and could only be changed during its term by a Section 206 investigation where no refunds are allowed and the burden of proof is on the complaining party and Staff. 46 The proposed Settlement remedies this situation by providing for full review of the formula at the end of each three-year interval of its operation, and in addition, a more limited review on an annual basis of each year's rate increase dictated by operation of the formula. 47 (Emphasis in original). Approval of the settlement was urged by the staff because 48 it provides acceptance of a formula rate for a three-year interval under which the filing company will not be required to make a full ... filing each time the charge is increased as would normally be required. The components of the formula are accepted without change for at least three years. This allows some relief from regulatory overburden in the Company's view. However, [301 U.S.App.D.C. 265] the formula can be reviewed at the end of the first three-year interval and changed if it is not working properly with the burden still being on the Company in any investigation made pursuant to Section 205 of the Federal Power Act. 49 In other words, by agreeing to the 1981 settlement review procedures, the petitioners attained approval of their proposed formula rate, while the Commission reserved the option to conduct full-scale § 205 hearings every three years. The Cajun and Tallahassee agreements confirm this understanding. Thus, the Cajun filing states that the agreement includes 50 formula rates that will allow periodic revision of the charges ... each calendar year. The annual revision will simply involve an updating of the cost components of the formula rates and calculation of the charges.... It is contemplated that this periodic calculation of the charges ... under these formula rates will not be changes in rates that would require a filing and suspension under Section 205 of the Federal Power Act. 51 The Tallahassee filing is similarly worded. Neither makes reference to § 206. 52 The investigation order challenged in this case, however, was not issued pursuant to § 205, but to § 206, which provides that "[w]henever the Commission, after a hearing had upon its own motion or upon complaint, shall find that any rate ... is unjust, unreasonable, unduly discriminatory or preferential, the Commission shall determine the just and reasonable rate." 16 U.S.C. § 824e(a). The 1981 settlement agreement nowhere mentions § 206, and therefore does not purport to constrict the Commission's power under that section. Indeed, the FERC staff's comments explain that, in the absence of the provision for § 205 hearings every three years, the "formula would be the rate per se and could only be changed during its term by a Section 206 investigation." The ALJ, in the hearing on the reasonableness of the rates of return, observed similarly that the "three-year reopener provision essentially addresses the ability of Commission Staff to request a § 205 proceeding every three years. This provision contains no explicit reference to a § 206 proceeding, whether initiated by a party, by Commission Staff, or by the Commission." 60 F.E.R.C. at 65,148. We conclude as well that the settlement review procedures did not prohibit the Commission from initiating a § 206 investigation. 53 In its decision denying rehearing in this case, the Commission stated that "[w]hile the settlements may grant staff the right to request an investigation every three years, they do not by their terms restrict the Commission's authority to institute an investigation pursuant to section 206 of the Federal Power Act (FPA), whenever the Commission finds it appropriate to do so. That is, staff and the Commission are not the same...." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,342 (footnote omitted). Later, the Commission concluded that "[t]he settlement thus by its express terms limits the ability of '[t]he staff of the Commission' to request an investigation; it does not, however, circumscribe the ability of the Commission itself to initiate such an investigation under section 206 of the FPA." Id. at 61,343. 54 Two bases are identified in the Commission's order refusing to rescind the investigation: (1) the settlement review procedures do not apply to § 206; and (2) those procedures do not prohibit the Commission itself, as opposed to the Commission staff, from initiating an investigation.6 We do not address the second ground because the first is patently supportive of the Commission's order in this case.7 The language of the 1981 settlement [301 U.S.App.D.C. 266] agreement easily coincides with the Commission's position that the agreement does not apply to § 206 investigations. Cf. Duke Power Co., 864 F.2d at 827 ("[T]o the extent that we are to accord deference to the Commission's greater expertise in this technical area, the Commission's interpretation [of the agreement] confirms our view....") (citation omitted).8 55 Petitioners give two reasons why this reading of the settlement review procedures is implausible. First, they argue that the agreement's restriction of "investigation[s]" to every third year must implicitly refer to § 206 investigations because "the only 'investigation' commenced by the Staff or the Commission would necessarily be under Section 206; it is the utility that makes filings under Section 205 to change its existing rate schedules." Petitioners' Reply Brief at 19 (emphasis in original). But, in fact, § 205 states that "[w]henever any ... new schedule is filed the Commission shall have authority, either upon complaint or upon its own initiative without complaint ... to enter upon a hearing concerning the lawfulness of such rate." 16 U.S.C. § 824d(e). Thus, under the settlement agreement, the Commission could clearly, at three year intervals, initiate an investigation pursuant to § 205 into the lawfulness of the formula rates. We therefore reject the argument that the settlement agreement, which refers only to § 205 investigations, implicitly applies to § 206 investigations as well. 56 Second, petitioners asserted at oral argument that to bargain for relief from § 205 investigations but not § 206 investigations would have been counter-productive since it provides no assurance of relief inside the three year intervals. However, reflection suggests reasons why the settlement agreement, even though it provides relief solely from certain § 205 proceedings, might well have been considered worthwhile.9 To begin with, as discussed above, had petitioners not agreed to § 205 investigations of the formula every three years, the Commission might not [301 U.S.App.D.C. 267] have approved their proposed formula rates at all. Next, important differences exist between § 205 investigations and § 206 investigations. While the proponent of a rate change under § 206, here FERC, has the burden of proving that the existing rate is unlawful, see Seminole Electric Cooperative, Inc., 32 F.E.R.C. p 63,087 at 65,334 (1985); see also Sea Robin Pipeline Co. v. FERC, 795 F.2d 182, 187 (D.C.Cir.1986), the party filing a rate adjustment with the Commission under § 205 bears the burden of proving the adjustment is lawful, see 16 U.S.C. § 824d(e); Winnfield v. FERC, 744 F.2d 871, 877 (D.C.Cir.1984). In addition, at the time the settlement agreement was entered into, the Commission's remedial authority under the two sections was quite different. As explained by FERC in 1987: 57 Generally speaking, section 205 covers rate filings by jurisdictional public utilities, invokes just and reasonable standards for filed rates, and confers on the Commission the authority to suspend and investigate rate filings and to order refunds. Section 206 empowers the Commission, on its own motion or upon complaint, to investigate rates and to determine the lawfulness of such rates. There are no provisions for the suspension of rates or for refunds, and any changes in the rates will be prospective only. 58 Orange and Rockland Utilities, Inc., 40 F.E.R.C. p 63,053 (1987); see also Girard v. FERC, 790 F.2d 919, 920 (D.C.Cir.1986).10 Therefore, by contracting in 1981 to limit the Commission to one § 205 hearing on the formula every three years, the petitioners could significantly reduce the possibility of Commission-ordered suspensions and refunds. The petitioners would still be susceptible to a § 206 investigation, but in that eventuality would not bear the burden of proof and would risk only prospective rate changes.11 III. CONCLUSION 59 To recap, we believe the Commission reasonably found, based upon substantial evidence in the record, that an off-system sales contract bound an entire system of commonly owned operating companies, and therefore that a cumulative transmission rate based upon the costs of the individual operating companies was not just and reasonable. In its place a revised rate should be filed reflecting a single system transmission rate methodology. We also find that a FERC order that purportedly violates a valuable contractual right to be free from Commission investigations is a final, appealable agency action. However, we agree with the Commission that the settlement review procedures previously agreed to by petitioners and the Commission do not prohibit the Commission from initiating its own § 206 investigation into the Southern system's rates of return. The petition for review is therefore 60 Denied. 1 It may be useful to explain in hypothetical arithmetic terms, how use of the two different transmission rate methodologies produces different results under the Tallahassee agreement. Using a cumulative transmission rate, the "fully allocated" cost equals the percentage of Alabama Power's transmissions represented by the Tallahassee transaction (10%) times the utility's total transmission costs ($500) plus the percentage of Georgia Power's transmissions represented by the Tallahassee agreement (5%) times that utility's total transmission costs ($1000). The result under this hypothetical would be a charge of $100 [ (.10 X $500) + (.05 X $1000) ]. Under a single system transmission rate, the cost would equal the percentage of the entire Southern system's transmissions represented by the Tallahassee agreement (1%) multiplied by the system's total transmission costs ($5000) for a total of $50 2 The Commission explained that simply because the proposed agreement identified Miller Unit Nos. 2, 3, and 4 and Scherer Unit No. 3 does not mean that even if these units are running the electricity provided to Tallahassee will actually come from these units, or that it will flow over the identified interconnections. The nature of electricity is such that what Tallahassee ultimately receives may well come from some other plant and may well flow over some different transmission path. 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,336-37 n. 18 3 The Commission correctly observes that the Southern system is "integrated" within the meaning of the PUHCA, 15 U.S.C. § 79b(a)(29), in view of the interconnections between, and coordination among, the various operating companies. See, e.g., New Orleans v. SEC, 969 F.2d 1163, 1165 (D.C.Cir.1992); Wisconsin's Environmental Decade, Inc. v. SEC, 882 F.2d 523, 527 (D.C.Cir.1989). On that basis, the Commission argues that its order is supported by a long-standing FERC policy of "rolling in" the cost of transmission facilities in an integrated utility system, such that all customers share the costs of all facilities regardless of the particular facility that serves them. See Holyoke Gas & Electric Dept. v. FERC, 954 F.2d 740, 741 (D.C.Cir.1992); Central Maine Power Company, 54 F.E.R.C. p 61,206 at 61,613 (1991). However, the cases it cites use the term "integrated" to describe the transmission facilities of a single company. As one decision explains, a company's " '[l]ower voltage transmission facilities are "integrated," ... when, in addition to being connected with higher voltage facilities, the lower voltage facilities are themselves interconnected and designed to operate in parallel.' " Sierra Pacific Power Co. v. FERC, 793 F.2d 1086, 1088 (9th Cir.1986) (quoting Intervenor's Brief at 10). Thus, the Commission's argument on this narrow point does not carry the day 4 As for the other orders cited by petitioners, the Commission correctly explained that the mere acceptance of agreements for filing does "not constitute a substantive determination that the rate methodology employed is just and reasonable." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,338; see 18 C.F.R. § 35.4 (1991); Southern Company Services, Inc., 46 F.E.R.C. p 61,203 at 61,644 (1989); Wisconsin Power & Light Co., 31 F.E.R.C. p 61,043 at 61,075 (1985). Even if the Commission could be "estopped" by its previous orders approving cumulative transmission rates, the same could be said of the petitioners who, according to the Commission, in the past regularly filed agreements incorporating single system transmission rates. 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,334 n. 4 5 In a different context, the Supreme Court has explained that " '[m]ere litigation expense, even substantial and unrecoupable cost, does not constitute irreparable injury.' " SOCAL, 449 U.S. at 244, 101 S.Ct. at 495 (quoting Renegotiation Bd. v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., 415 U.S. 1, 24, 94 S.Ct. 1028, 1040, 39 L.Ed.2d 123 (1974)). We must question, however, whether the Court would reach the same conclusion if the litigation expense were incurred as a direct result of an agency's violation of an express contractual provision 6 The Commission, on appeal, continues to argue both views, explaining that its "interpretation is fully supported by the language of the settlement, which does not even mention Section 206. Rather, the settlement only sets out the rights and responsibilities of the parties--including Commission staff--with respect to [petitioners'] Section 205 rate filings." FERC Brief at 35 7 However, it is clear that the Commission-staff distinction was recognized by the parties to the 1981 agreement. There are no less than five references in the relevant paragraph of the settlement agreement to the "staff of the Commission" making a request for an investigation, but not once does the agreement suggest that the Commission is precluded from acting in the absence of such a request. As the Commission reasoned, "the settlement draws an express distinction between the staff of the Commission and the Commission itself--indicating that even Southern Companies recognized that the two were not and are not the same." 57 F.E.R.C. at 61,343 (footnote omitted); see also Public Utilities Comm'n v. FERC, 817 F.2d 858, 862 (D.C.Cir.1987) (Commission and staff are not the same). Thus, it seems plain that, even if § 206 investigations were covered under the settlement agreement, the Commission could initiate such an investigation on its own motion. Petitioners counter, however, that they have evidence the Commission received advice from staff. Petitioners' Brief at 47. But as the Commission pointed out at oral argument, the Commission has both a "trial" staff, which acts as a participant in hearings before the Commission, and an "advisory" staff which assists in the drafting of opinions and orders. See also Appalachian Power Co., 59 F.E.R.C. p 61,313 at 62,157 (1992); GARY J. EDLES & JEROME NELSON, FEDERAL REGULATORY PROCESS 705 (2d ed. 1989). The trial staff is precluded by regulation from communicating ex parte with the Commission. 18 C.F.R. § 385.2202. Though we do not resolve the issue, we note that the settlement review procedures may plausibly be read to prohibit the trial staff, as a participant in the proceedings, from filing a formal request for investigation, but not to inhibit the Commission from relying upon its personal advisors in reaching its own decisions. It would certainly be odd to say that the settlement agreement recognizes the possibility of a Commission-initiated investigation, but requires that the individual commissioners themselves act without the benefit of any administrative support 8 The deference traditionally afforded FERC interpretations of settlement agreements, see Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., 922 F.2d at 869; Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co., 881 F.2d at 1118, may be inappropriate in this case because the Commission has interpreted a contract provision which purportedly relinquishes some of the agency's statutory authority. That is, there is a recognized risk in such situations that the Commission will adopt a self-serving construction to preserve or even maximize its own power. See, e.g., National Fuel Gas Supply Corp. v. FERC, 811 F.2d 1563, 1571 (D.C.Cir.) (recognizing that "if the agency itself were an interested party to the agreement, deference might lead a court to endorse self-serving views that an agency might offer in a post hoc reinterpretation of its contract"), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 869, 108 S.Ct. 200, 98 L.Ed.2d 151 (1987). Because we find on our own that the 1981 settlement agreement is inapplicable to § 206 orders, there is no need to definitively determine the proper standard of review for a settlement between the Commission and a regulated subject that implicates the statutory authority of the Commission (or its staff). Cf. Cajun Electric Power Coop., Inc. v. FERC, 924 F.2d 1132, 1136 (D.C.Cir.1991) 9 We note that the Commission has approved, in another case, settlement review procedures which restrict § 205 hearings but leave open the possibility of § 206 investigations, suggesting that such arrangements are not illogical. See Arkansas Power & Light Co., 24 F.E.R.C. p 63,057 (1983), aff'd by 25 F.E.R.C. p 61,070 (1983) 10 In 1988, Congress amended § 206 to provide that "[a]t the conclusion of any proceeding under this section, the Commission may order the public utility to make refunds of any amounts paid, for the period subsequent to the refund effective date [set by the Commission] ... in excess of those which would have been paid under the just and reasonable rate ... which the Commission orders to be thereafter observed and in force." 16 U.S.C. § 824e(b), as amended by Pub.L. No. 100-473, 102 Stat. 2299 (1988); see also Anaheim v. FERC, 941 F.2d 1234, 1238 (D.C.Cir.1991); East Tennessee Natural Gas Co. v. FERC, 863 F.2d 932, 945 n. 21 (1988) 11 Petitioners argued to the ALJ, at the hearing on the lawfulness of the formula rates, that implicit in the settlement agreement was a requirement that any investigation initiated outside of the designated three year interval result in modification of the rates only if "necessary in the public interest," rather than the usual, and lower, "just and reasonable" standard. The ALJ agreed, concluding that although the Commission could launch a § 206 investigation under the agreement, the intent of the parties was "to restrict a Commission initiated § 206 investigation to the public interest." 60 F.E.R.C. at 65,148. We offer no views on this decision, which is pending on appeal before the Commission, but mention it only to suggest that if the ALJ is correct about the parties' intent, then the petitioners enjoy yet another important benefit from bargaining over a safe haven from full § 205 proceedings, even though they did not totally eliminate the possibility of § 206 investigations | Mid | [
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Proclamation No. 216 declaring martial law in Mindanao has recently been circulated in the web and looking at its WHEREAS clauses which serves as justification for the martial law declaration, it appears that such declaration is fatally defective for the following reasons : 1) the Maute stand-off in Marawi City is characterized as a rebellion when apparently it is terrorism The 3rd and 4th Whereas clause describes the Maute Group as a “terrorist” group and as such the crimes to which they should be charged with is terrorism, which is actually penalized by Republic Act 9372, but the Constitution is explicit in allowing the invocation of the President’s martial law powers only in cases of lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. The wisecracks may point to terrorism as lawless violence, but given that there is a law defining terrorism, terrorism cannot now be easily equated with lawless violence easily, this will most likely not withstand legal scrutiny. If we go by the cases cited by the great Revised Penal Code commentator Luis B. Reyes (18th edition, 2012), he described the nature of the crime of rebellion as a crime of the masses, of a multitude and a vast movement of men and a complex net of intrigues and plots. A handful of Maute group warriors spread widely over certain portions of Marawi City and those doing the acts described in the 5th whereas clause is clearly not such multitude and vast group of men. 2) the declaration referred to other reasons under the previous Proclamation of national emergency from the Davao City bombing in Feb 2016 which are not completely spelled out in this martial law Proclamation. The 4th whereas clause reads : “part of the reasons for the issuance of Proclamation No. 55” means there are another set of reasons that are not spelled out in this Proclamation, what are they? Are they the acts enumerated in the 5th whereas clause? If we look for the connective word between the 4th and 5th whereas clause, it is the reference to the Maute group as the “same” Maute terrorist group and if we take on the implications of this reference, meaning the first effort under the first Proclamation actually failed since here is the same group again, doing the same thing that they are doing, but this time the Government response is different. Sen. Saguisag appears to be right in saying over ANC cable news channel that this martial law declaration is an admission of failure on the part of the government in stopping the Maute group the first time. The other reasons, including reasons for the failure of the original Proclamation, should have been clearly spelled out here now, justifying the martial law declaration. WHY THIS MATTERS : Any citizen who may wish to question the sufficiency of the factual basis for the declaration of martial law will only have to look at the four corners of the Proclamation and point these out to the Supreme Court so that this Proclamation may be knocked down legally for lack of sufficient factual basis. Just to be sure, however, let’s watch out for the President’s report to Congress as he may put forward other information, including perhaps classified intelligence information there justifying the martial law declaration before or within 48 hours from the issuance of the Proclamation and if we look at the date when he issued the Proclamation, straight from Russia, on 23 May 2017, his 48 hours should be up within today. | Mid | [
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Fox News personalities think Facebook's decision to provide users with options other than "male" or "female" for their gender is just hilarious. The social networking site has added over 50 new options for users' gender. That drew a whole bunch of mockery from "Fox and Friends" on Friday morning. After reporting the story, host Elisabeth Hasselbeck threw to the network's Clayton Morris, who she called "the male." "No, I changed mine to intersex," Morris joked in response. Tucker Carlson told "Fox and Friends" viewers that one of the new options was "intersex, whatever that is." Fox News radio host Todd Starnes also sounded off on the changes in a Facebook post, writing, "What if you identify as a pine cone or a chicken or a weed whacker?" | Low | [
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Windschuttle flips again Henry Farrell pointed me to this Financial Times report of an interview (over lunch) with Keith Windschuttle, which begins with Windschuttle saying he regrets his involvement in the dispute over Australia’s Aboriginal history, seeing as a distraction from his ambition to write a polemical defence of Western civilisation, aimed at the US market, and make heaps of money in the process. â€?If you have a reasonably big hit in America you’re talking about hundreds of thousands of dollars,â€? he says. “That’s my aim – to have a couple of big sellers and have a leisurely life.â€? It is unclear how much of this is intended as tongue-in-cheek affectation, but it’s certainly consistent with notable elements of Windschuttle’s past career, which has been marked by repeated political and methodological somersaults. Although a lot of attention has been focused on Windschuttle’s political jump from Marxist left to Christian right, I’ve always been more interested in his shift in methodological stance. Having made his name as a defender of objective truth against politicised history in both left-wing and right-wing varieties, Windschuttle has become a practitioner of an extreme form of politicised history, and now looks ready to abandon any remaining links to the world of fact. Windschuttle first became prominent with his book Unemployment, published in the 1970s, which was mainly a critique of the way unemployed people and the unemployment issue were presented in the media. He did similar work on the media during the 1980s. The underlying methodological viewpoint was straightforward enough: here is the objective reality and here is the way the media distorts it. With this background, his 1994 book The Killing of History seemed naturally to fit into the genre of left-wing critiques of postmodernism epitomised by the Sokal hoax. Although Windschuttle went over the top at the end (attacking Popper of all people for being insufficiently attached to objective reality) and gave some indications of his shift to the right, the book as a whole did not seem to represent a big break with his past views. Notably, Windschuttle praised Henry Reynolds for sticking to factual account of conflicts between Aborigines and European settlers in Australia, and avoiding any flirtation with notions of socially constructed reality and so forth. Whatever its original intent, The Killing of History was taken up enthusiastically by some US rightwingers, notably those associated with the New Criterion, and Windschuttle responded in kind, espousing overtly rightist positions for the first time. From the viewpoint of Windschuttle’s new admirers, however, objective reality is fine when it can be used a handy stick with which to beat left-wing postmodernists, but it takes second place to the rhetorical needs of the contemporary political struggle. As has become increasingly apparent under the Bush Administration, ‘facts’ are not of any significance in themselves, but only as they suit or fail to suit the interests of the Republican party at any given point. This approach is exemplified by Windschuttle’s writing on Australian history, most notably The Fabrication of Aboriginal History. Windschuttle’s approach, familiar from the right-wing blogosphere is that of a counsel for the defence of the European occupiers of Australia against any and all accusations of killing the Aboriginal inhabitants. All the usual mechanisms are deployed. Trivial errors on the part of opponents are blown up into causes celebre, witnesses of killings and massacres are slandered, and the victims are blamed for their own misfortune. Despite its obvious biases though, Fabrication does not overtly depart from the idea of fact-based history. Windschuttle merely selects the facts that suit his case, ignores or seeks to discredit those that do not, and accuses his opponents of bias while denying his own. In the end, though, even such limited obeisances to objectivity are inconsistent with the kind of mass-market success Windschuttle is seeking. The kind of large-scale claims about the moral and ethical perfection of European Christian civilisation that Windschuttle’s target market wants to read cannot be supported by primary research or footnote-checking, any more than the politically-driven denunciations of ‘dead white males’ that Windschuttle criticised in The Killing of History. Polemics of this kind rely on a sympathetic audience, willing to suspend disbelief as they are presented with claims that contradict well-established historical facts. The basic problem for supporters of the polar positions in this debate is the obvious fact that, like all other civilisations, the European Christian civilisation is responsible for both great achievements and great crimes. It is possible to disagree about the relative balance of the two. But an approach like Windschuttle’s, in which the crimes are absolutely denied is no more credible than the kind of revisionist history in which all the achievements of European civilisation are alleged to have been stolen from Arabs and Africans. By the time he writes and publishes his book, the Bush administration will be no longer. The next administration might be the Hilary Clinton administration, or the Guliani administration, or the Frist administration, but whatever it is, the zeitgeist is likely to be different, with facts no longer an optional extra. If the fallout from Katrina is enduring, the zeitgeist is likely to be very different. And even if it isn’t, it’s a bit of a conceit of Windschuttle to think some blow in from Australia is going to beat all the hucksters on the pseudo-academic religious right who are peddling the same stuff. As Glenn says, it is a crowded field. Thank God Windshuttle finally nailed his colours to the mast! Although if he is looking for a sympathitic audience ready to suspend disbelief then I would suggest he may be shopping in the right market. Anyway one would assume one has a leisurely life if one is leisurley with ones research. BTW – Dave Ricardo makes an excellent point – if the mood after Katrina is enduring then a different tenor may prevail (although Windshuttle may pick up that odd hundred-grand regardless). I might have to reassess the price odds! The next administration might be the Hilary Clinton administration, or the Guliani administration, or the Frist administration, but whatever it is, the zeitgeist is likely to be different, with facts no longer an optional extra. This sounds naive. Administrations come and go, but there’s always an official narrative that nothing to do with facts. It may not be as insultingly absurd as it is now, but that’s even worse. I hope Mr Ricardo is right, but it depends on the nature of the shock. A book about the glories of unfettered capitalism in 1929 would have rotted in the warehouses; a sympathetic account in English of fascism carried a dotted line to an English prison shortly thereafter. Am I right in saying the right wing triumphalist view first made a lot of money for its writer with Francis Fukuyama’s ‘The End of History’ in 1992? The Great Crash rotting in the warehouse? Please tell me you are referring to another literay masterpeice! If their is any economist more informative to the layperson (other than PrQ),then please substitute Galbraith’s name here! What “flip”? JQ, are you sure you aren’t on the Writers’ Committee of the Soviet Union? It is clear that what Windschuttle is regretting isn’t his stance, but the fact that he walked into a minefield unwittingly. He is not adopting a different view, i.e. flipping, he is regretting the amount of flak he copped and making it clear that with hindsight he wouldn’t have started that particular hare. None of this tells you whether he is right or wrong, whether he thinks or thought that he was right or wrong, or whether others have in fact triumphed over him or (if they have) whether it was through the force of reason or mere superior claque. It is clear that whatever happened we have at least as much heat and smoke as light, and that the whole story casts no credit on anyone involved – for or against Windschuttle. It is clear that whatever happened we have at least as much heat and smoke as light, and that the whole story casts no credit on anyone involved – for or against Windschuttle. Nonsense. Apart from springing some bung footnotes, as far as I have been able to tell, the Windschuttle interpretation of history was stillborn on the overhated pages of Quadrant and the Murdoch press. Still, it’s an ill wind, and James Boyce’s demolition of The Fabrication stands as one one the most accomplished essays in Australian historiography in recent times. “Windschuttle’s approach, familiar from the right-wing blogosphere is that of a counsel for the defence of the European occupiers of Australia against any and all accusations of killing the Aboriginal inhabitants.” – is overstating it. Windschuttle accepts that many Aboriginals were killed in Tasmania and lists the relevant incidents at the back of his book. He says he will include any further instances where he believes the evidence is sufficient to establish the case. The odd thing about Fabrication is that it just won’t go away, despite its critics wishing that it would. I’m more sympathetic than most here to Windschuttle, and I can see his problem. He’s set this hare running that he’s going have to keep chasing for years, even though, by the sounds of it, he’s largely lost interest, having made his point already. He’s right in the sense that, post-September 11th, there are much bigger fish for conservatives to fry, and he wants to fry some. He wants to be part of a great defence of western culture, its aspirations and outcomes, against Islamist jihadism, and he’s held back by the need to keep extending, defending and re-defending his parochial heresies. Victim of his own success, I guess. Be interesting to watch his onward trajectory. – assuming he can escape the black armband that now seems to tether him by the ankle. The basic problem for supporters of the polar positions in this debate is the obvious fact that, like all other civilisations, the European Christian civilisation is responsible for both great achievements and great crimes. It is possible to disagree about the relative balance of the two. Occidental civilization – Christian values piggybacking on Caucasian bodies as they conquered the world – has its share of crimes for which it ought to be accountable. But the modern trend to black armbanding the Christian Church and European Empires is silly. Bringing univeral religion and rational commerce to the non-European world mostly did them a favour. It strains credibility to treat European civilization as morally equivalent to all others, with no obvious net advantages. One may as well say that scientists have made mistakes so one cannot make an overall judgement on the superiority of science as a means of systematic inquiry. The fact is that the West has been the best and brightest civilization on this planet. It is embarassing to have to point this out since bragging is uncouth, but it is nevertheless so. Charles Murray, of disreputable AEI notoriety, has certainly beaten Windschuttle to the punch in the civilizational summation stakes. Murray’s methodology is fanaticly objectivist and factual, but his conclusions are still somewhat triumphalist – at least as far as the positive achievements of the West are concerned. Steve Sailer summarises the scoreboard: Dead white European males dominate his inventories, despite Murray reserving eight of his 21 categories (including Arabic literature, Indian philosophy, and Chinese visual art) for non-Western arts. Murray, who was a Peace Corp volunteer in Thailand and has half-Asian children, began this project wanting to devote even more attention to Asian accomplishments but found he couldn’t justify his predisposition. In the sciences, 97 percent of the significant figures and events turned out to be Western. Is this merely Eurocentric bias? Of the 36 science reference books he drew upon, 28 were published after 1980, by which time historians were desperately searching for non-Westerners to praise. Only in this decade has the most advanced non-Western country, Japan, begun to win science Nobels regularly. I must say that I found Murray’s results hard to square with Chinese priority, if not preeminence, in so many technological innovatons. But then they had no Tessler or Edison. And Murray, contra Windschuttle, is scathing in both theory and practive about the deformations of post-modernist intellectual impostors. Murray spends more than half of the book justifying his epistemology. But that he must do this is a sign of our times, when reflexive relativism exerts such a hold on so many and qualifies as responsible scholarship. PS On the subject of Grumpy Old ex-Left wingers, like Windschuttle, I think the solution to this puzzle is fairly clear: as the Young Lefties aged their effortless ability to pick up nubile girls started to wane and they started to move into a higher tax bracket. So they became Old Righties: conservative in culture and regressive in economics. The triumphalism of western civilisation is clearly more about timing rather than any inherent superiority. Go back 500 years and the same type of people would be making the same arguments, except that they would be Chinese. A further 500 years and it would be proponents of Islamic culture. And so on and so on. Each one of them would be able to plausibly make the claim that they were superior to any civilisation before it. But it that by itself is not a very strong argument supporting their inherent superiority as 1) It could equally be made by each of the leading civilisations that have existed before it. 2) Each new civilisation builds on the acheivments of predecessor civilisations. It is simply impossible that Western Christian civilisation would be in the dominant position it has today without the benefits it gained from other advanced civilisations that preceded it. If western civilisation had dominated most, or even a very large part of human history there would be a case to be made. But it seems pretty foolish to be making arguments about the superiority of Christian Civilisation when it seems likely that the dominination of Western Christianity will be over within 150 years and the most advanced cultures on the planet are likely to be Asian or Indian, assuming globalisation has not rendered such groupings meaningless. The fact is that the West has been the best and brightest civilization on this planet. It is embarassing to have to point this out since bragging is uncouth, but it is nevertheless so Even accepting that point (though still working it out provides valuable perspective) you have to ask how the likely audience for Windschuttle’s proposed book would process the information – it would be further confirmation of worldview that is very uncouth in its bragging, that refuses all other perspectives and embarks on deeply flawed ideas like the Project for a New American Century. And lets not kid ourselves, they’re not talking about ‘western ideas’ as superior, they’re talking about a specific strand of the culture wars that they seem to be dominating in, at least in the US popular media. “On the subject of Grumpy Old ex-Left wingers, like Windschuttle, I think the solution to this puzzle is fairly clear: as the Young Lefties aged their effortless ability to pick up nubile girls started to wane and they started to move into a higher tax bracket. So they became Old Righties: conservative in culture and regressive in economics.” Hooray – at last Jack Strocchi says something I can agree with! I said something similar a couple of weeks back, but don’t let me claim credit for Jack’s epiphany. Meanwhile, I can’t agree with Dave Ricardo that the near certainty of change in the staffing of the palace on Pennsylvania Avenue will do much to limit the sales of Windshuttle’s mooted triumphalist tome. The US bourgeoisie has a limitless appetite for praise, no matter how mawkish and divorced from reality. The generation currently in the ascendency was weaned on a diet of Walt Disney cinematic hagiographies of genocidal imperialists like Davy Crockett and Buffalo Bill. They’ll lap it up. Maybe the royalty cheques will be fat enough to make our hero attractive to the nubile set again. There’s no justice in history, even the made-to-order variety. The errors that Windschuttle exposes are not “trivial”, nor are they simply drawing attention to a “few bung footnotes”. His historical method is quite straightforward, at least in a Thuycididean sense, namely what can we say about the past from the objective evidence that we have available? This approach has little support on the Left, of course. For the Left, history is, as Bolingbroke defined it, “politics looking backwards”. For example, the idea that the settlement of Australia by the British was an essentially benign and progressive mission, a sort of Anglo-Saxon Aenid, where even the worst of that society could build a fine civilisation from not very much at all, needs to be overturned. After all, how can a revolution be made when the people are so pleased with themselves? Dark deeds must be uncovered, foul murders exposed, thefts, deceptions and genocide. The pioneers must be discredited, their true natures revealed. Only by destroying the smug complacency of the established history can the shining path to a better future be found. So the Left produces history that is more suited to its purposes. The trouble is that the sources and voices that they need to fashion the alternative story are not there. So they make them up, they surmise, they interpret. This is story telling, it is not history Windschuttle blows the whistle on all this. He exposes the falsehoods, the “fabrications” that history as agitprop produces. His targets flail about, but they can’t lay a glove on him. One of the great benefits of being an ex-lefty is that, as it was said of Doug (or was it Dinsdale?) Pirahna, “you know all the tricks”. to take up your Monty Python metaphor, the problem is that Windschuttle, like Dinsdale, has been nailing historians’ heads to the floor, and also like Dinsdale, has been caught on film, so to speak, doing it. In the big picture, I’m on the Almighty’s side. Yet I concede that Windschuttle has had a transient populist polemical appeal. Yet the cold truth is that he has scored a zero in turning scholarship, bar turning more attention to footnotes. Whatever anyone says, I think Windschuttle deserves some praise for his proof-reading. I’ve read Fabrication. I thought it was a provocative book that made many very good and telling points, but itelf exhibited some methodological and evidentiary flaws that raised doubts about the nature of the whole of Windschuttle’s enterprise – as a contribution to ‘objective’ history. As an addition to rhetoric, it succeeded beyond all expectations. For all that it was a brave and salutary effort, and a work, I think, of great courage. . What we need now is another scholar to produce a truly objective history of Aboriginal Tasmania. If KW has done no more than prompt such an endeavour, we will still be in his debt. Agree with J F Beck. KW was completely unfazed by Boyce and the others who contributed to Whitewash. His riposte in Quadrant was entitled ‘Whitewash confirms fabrication of Aboriginal history’. That’s how put-down he felt about it. Much of Boyce’s essay is fair criticisim – not in itself refutation, but reasonable rebuttal – but he spoils it with emotive references to ‘our beautiful van Diemonian earth’. Smacks of desperation. There’s a valid and viable refutation of Windschuttle still out there in the ether somewhere but no-one has written it yet. With respect Rob, Boyce has cleared the field, whatever Quadrant imagines. Still, beyond the irresonsible and reprehensible populism against vulnerable folks, I agree that intellectual challenges in general are good things. No perfect history will ever be written. Accepting this is a condition of the maturity-leave-pass to enter the discipline in the first place. Yet only an idiot would discount the want of trying for its inherent fallibility. Pretty much in agreement, Chris. We will just have to see how it shakes out. Reynolds was caught out in a particularly egregious error – misquoting Governor Arthur to the point of reversing what he actually said . Ryan was found to have used false footnotes. Her defences so far have been pretty poor. They are going to have to live with that. None of this actually makes Windschuttle’s overall thesis correct, but it has pretty seriously de-fanged his opponents. The next generation’s history of Aboriginal Tasmania will be a very interesting one, and Windschuttle will have enriched it, for his contribution, good or ill, cannot be ignored. Quite an achievement for an ‘amateur’. One of the passages of Fabrication that lives with me is the statement, by Tasmania’s Solicitor-General, in the course of a public debate about ‘extirpation’, that certain atrocities against the blacks had been such as to merit death (by those who perpetrated them) ten times over. There’s a whole package of stuff to be unscrambled right there. I wish Windschuttle had pursued these quotes further. No doubt future historians will do so. As regards Reynolds, the fact that a close and hostile examination of his work has managed to turn up one erroneous quote suggests to me that the whole is very accurate. Ryan certainly seems to have been sloppy, but she is a relatively minor figure – the general view of what happened in Tasmania does not depend on her relatively recent work. By the standards he applies to Reynolds, Windschuttle’s own work has been discredited many times over. Keith has his work cut out for him. Hagiohistory is a crowded field over there, what with your Hansons and Lewises and Huntingtons. Condell is hard to please. It is a travesty to belittle as “hagohistory” the monumental works of scholarship these writers have put out. The only problem with these scholars is their occasional tendency to move of the academic reservation and into the booby-trapped world of op-ed writing, usually in a right-wing direction. Hanson has written a superb book on the rise of Hellenic civilization, but has obviously succumbed to war fever when he writes on military matters but. Likewise Lewis is the go-to scholar on the rise of Arabic civilization, but should have kept his mouth shut on foreign policy. Huntington is one of America’s most respected scholars, on both the development of American civilizaton and its propensity to Clash with others. He has managed to not put a foot wrong on matters of public policy, largely because he has kept his mouth shut. They all compare favourably to other writers who have had a go at this growing field of Big Picture history, eg Schama, Ferguson, Diamond, This makes me supect that Glen Condell’s problem with these writers is ideological, rather than intellectual. Which means he is guilty of the sin he accuses them of. What is the nature of this Western Civilisation that needs assistance from the wackos of the wing nut Right to defend itself against the wackos of the religious islamic Right? Windshuttle is simply making the point that a person has to make a living somehow, and at the moment, the best way to make a good living, is to ensure that your writings support, endorse and defend the current social, political and economic status quo. The powerful reward their friends and punish their enemies. Why should New Ltd pay some scribbler who attempts to throw some doubt on the idea that the world view espused by News represents the apotheosis of Western civilisation? The think tanks with money and influence are those that people with lots of money like to fund. It’s not so hard to work out. What is so funny, is the fact that so many misunderstand the nature of much of what passes for the so called ‘culture wars’, and miss completely the basic fact that what we have are a series of well funded claques, paid for and supported by the powerful, to do the work that the real elites simply have no time for. Heck, it’s a living. Elizabeth Says: September 14th, 2005 at 6:01 pm Has anyone actually read The Fabrication of ABoriginal History? Just trying to do a straw poll. Yes or No. (I bought a remaindered copy, but still to read it) It seems that since Liz’s post, the great majority of posters haven’t read the book – would that be true? If so, what is indeed the fuss. Those who believe that Windschuttle merely picks over footnotes to achieve a “transient populist appealâ€?, that has been “discredited many times overâ€?, have clearly not read his book. But if “the almightyâ€? can’t see further than their prejudice, His or Her omniscience isn’t what it used to be. The first volume of “The Fabrication of Aboriginal History” is on its third printing. It obliterated the Tasmanian genocide thesis so thoroughly that black-armband historians are falling all over each other to protest that they never did hold to that orthodoxy. Or they are equivocating between “genocide”, “cultural genocideâ€?, “genocidal momentsâ€? etc. They have failed to challenge Windschuttle’s death toll statistics – unless you call promises of data that is never delivered, ad hominem and misrepresentation a challenge. They have retreated so far that they are now saying that all the debate is about is whether the true death toll can “be precisely knownâ€?! Windschuttle’s book bulges with FACTS that demonstrate how the Tasmanian black-armband history was fabricated (the erroneous footnotes mentioned above are only a tiny tip of the iceberg). So far no one has presented here any FACTS that Windschuttle evaded or got wrong! Even witch trials require evidence. So I appeal to those who recognize the mark of the devil; please re-read whichever get-Windschuttle hatchet job(s) convinced you, and bring to this debate any FACTS you can find against Windschuttle. Facts about the historical record rather than about how many academics call Windschuttle names. Hundreds of them have been chasing the prize for the anti-Windschuttle potion for years now – what have they come up with? John Q, Windschuttle’s critics have done him over to their own complete satisfaction, largely on the basis of his perceived political agenda, but the arguments in Whitewash are really pretty thin. Reynolds wastes most of his essay on ad hominen attacks and only towards the end of it gets round to questioning KW’s actual historical methodology. By then the reader is tired of the abuse anyway. John D, my major reservation about KW is his treatment of George Augustus Robertson. who is presented as a witness of truth when it suits KW’s argument, but as the opposite when it does not. A historian that uses the key witness in that way has to explain the reasons very carefully, and I don’t think KW does. Maybe Keith is right in treating him that way, but it fails to convince. My feeling after having read Fabrication was one of wanting to find and read his account myself and make up my own mind. I’d regard that as a serious flaw in any historical work and I think it is such in KW’s case. I’ve not read your own book yet but I enjoyed your essays in Quadrant. So I appeal to those who recognize the mark of the devil; please re-read whichever get-Windschuttle hatchet job(s) convinced you, and bring to this debate any FACTS you can find against Windschuttle. Facts about the historical record rather than about how many academics call Windschuttle names. Hundreds of them have been chasing the prize for the anti-Windschuttle potion for years now – what have they come up with? Perhaps you could briefly demonstrate how you rebut Mark Finnane rebuttal of Windschuttle? Interested observers can find an early version of Finnane’s rebuttal here with a more detailed version available in Whitewash. Also do you agree with this statement by Windschuttle: Despite its infamous reputation, Van Diemen’s Land was host to nothing that resembled genocide, or any intention to exterminate the Aborigines. In the entire period from 1803 when the colonists first arrived, to 1834 when all but one family of Aborigines had been removed to Flinders Island, the British were responsible for killing only 118 of the original inhabitants. In all of Europe’s colonial encounters with the new worlds of the Americas and the Pacific, the colony of Van Diemen’s Land was probably the site where the least indigenous blood of all was deliberately shed. That last quoted paragraph is probably accurate but misleading in a number of respects. These are: it’s not the absolute numbers but the proportion of the population that counts; it’s not the direct destruction but the indirect effects that count, the analogues of habitat destruction and so on; and, the statistics are necessarily only estimates, and subject to whatever bias the interpreter may have. That said, Windschuttle is clearly aiming at bringing out the facts of the situation and minimising observer bias, not only of the lefty black armband sort but from any variety of intellectual honesty, and his information does support his conclusion. Don’t forget that most of these biases are self adjusting, when used as here for comparison with comparable scenarios in other times and places. So this summary does accurately support the limited inference draws here. As Homer Simpson once said dismissively, “Facts! You can prove anything with facts!”. I’d disagree that Windschuttle is “clearly aiming at bringing out the facts of the situation and minimizing observer bias” – he might claim this rhetorically, but in practice he has clearly done everything to reduce the reported Aboriginal deaths. For example, it takes a very big leap of faith to assume that every Aboriginal death has been reported accurately in the historical literature. So statements such as “the British were responsible for killing only 118 of the original inhabitants” are far from being facts. The comparison issue is also interesting. If we took Windschuttle’s methodology and applied it to any other historical conflict we would have to radically reduce the deaths. For example, how many Cambodian’s were executed under Pol Pot, or Maoris killed in the various New Zealand wars? If we only accepted death’s for which there are eye witnesses who left records, we would get a considerably lower count than the numbers quoted in the history books. So far from the biases being self-adjusting, we are getting the exact opposite. My feeling after having read …. was one of wanting to find and read his account myself and make up my own mind. I’d regard that as a serious flaw in any historical work … Funnily, he says, hopping over to the other side of the argument, I’d regard that as good result if I was the author. A book that stimulates further inquiry, and especially a book that tempts readers back to the original sources, can’t be all bad, even if it is this otherwise regrettable tome. In such cases, to adapt an Ashes saying, history is the winner. While the other “Whitewash” contributors declare Windschuttle’s tally of 118 (now 121) Tasmanian Aborigines killed by whites to be too extraordinarily low to be believable, Mark Finnane declares it to be so extraordinarily high that it makes the Tasmanian colonists the bloodiest of four continents for four centuries. Worse, for instance, than the Spanish conquistadors who killed 40,000 Aztecs in the last days of the siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Finnane’s trick is to assume that the only meaningful death toll figure is the per-head-per-annum statistic. So the killing of one Tasmanian Aborigine becomes as bloody a deed as the killing of ten, twenty, fifty whites; because the white population was ten, twenty or fifty times the size of the Aboriginal population. So statistics that show that an Aborigine was nearly twice as likely to kill a colonist than be killed by one, portrays him as the victim of a one sided slaughter. If you accept this methodology, you have to accept that the killing of one Tasmanian Aborigine was not only as atrocious as the killing 10 whites, but was as atrocious as the killing of 100 mainland Aborigines – or, that the killing of one New Zealander is as heinous as killing five Australians, which is as horendous a massacre as killing 50 Indians. This, along with Finanne’s disgusting misrepresentations, demonstrates only one thing: if you’re a highly ranked academic, anything goes, as long as it “discreditsâ€? the right foe. Rob raises a valid point when he says that Windschuttle believes some of George Augustus Robinson’s reports and disbelieves others. So do the orthodox historians – there is really no alternative. Robinson is the most prolific and sympathetic recorder of the Aboriginal side of the colonisation of Tasmania, so to ignore his reports would be to deny the best witness for their side of the story. On the other hand, so many of his reports have been proved false, that historians have to judge the credibility of each report by cross checking it. Windschuttle always gives his reasons for believing a report or not. Ken Miles Says: September 15th, 2005 at 4:11 pm “The comparison issue is also interesting. If we took Windschuttle’s methodology and applied it to any other historical conflict we would have to radically reduce the deaths. For example, how many Cambodian’s were executed under Pol Pot, or Maoris killed in the various New Zealand wars? ” Well, take Katrina for example. The media was running red hot that the total deaths could reach 10,000. The last reporrt I read tallied the number to 261. Paranoid conspiracy theories is a hallmark of the lunar right. What’s more interesting is how they continue to thrive, despite the right commanding virtually every important political office and media outlet in the country. cs, if I felt on reading an account based on the most important primary source that I needed to read that source for myself, I would say that thhe account I’d just read had failed in some regard. It’s not quite the same as one’s curioisity being stimulated to further enquiry – rather that one feels unconvinced and feeling in need of verification. I take John D.’s point, however. It’s insane this fixation by Windschuttle on precisely documented numbers. He seeks to tidy up the agony and the murder into precisely known quantities that can be safely audited and tucked away in the mental drawer. The plea by someone up above that we not be ideological about this subject is equally insane. As though a final factual solution can be arrived at from which point we will no longer have anything to learn. My ideology is primary in my thinking on subjects such a these. Ends do not justify means. Murder and invasion are not exculpated by later technological and economic success. It’s irrelevant which way the arrow points on the road of human civilsation. Wrongs remain wrong, and must be atoned for. For the sake of all. The demands of human psychology are vainly scorned when we refuse to make a sober accounting of our origins. Eventually the price must be paid. It’s our choice – when. But the bill must be paid with interest the longer we procrastinate, grizzle and deny. It is a give-away of our social immaturity that we still won’t face up to the past. We lag way behind other recent colonizing civilisations such as NZ and Canada. What the bejeesus are we afraid of. Nobody’s going to take away our toys when we finally come clean and put the mess behind us. Although Windschuttle adheres to an extreme form of positivism most of the time, he can mix it with postmodernism when it suits his book. Take his claim that the Tasmanians had no concept of land ownership and therefore could not be fighting to defend their land. The first part is typical Windschuttle (he could not find evidence of a word for ‘land’ and therefore assumed one must not exist). The second part is an extreme version of socially constructed reality. Professor Quiggin refers, in his original post, to: “Windschuttle’s political jump from Marxist left to Christian right“. Not sure quite what Prof Q is driving at here. If he means that Keith Windschuttle is himself a Christian rightist, then I beg to differ. In an E-mail last February – addressing, inter alia, this very issue – KW told me (I don’t think I’m breaching any confidences by reporting this message on a public forum: if I am, I apologise to all concerned) that he himself practised no religion of any sort.“I’m not a Christian [he wrote], though would regard myself a Christian fellow traveler (this is a term borrowed from Gough Whitlam).” what he really meant was ‘they have no Western concept of land ownership’ or ‘they haven’t even made it as far as contracts yet’. There’s a prejudice built into such an unqualified statement; Ross Cameron sans bombast, Crichton Browne sans deliberate offense. The notion that communities might share ‘ownership’ of traditional lands doesn’t seem to cut ice or mustard with Windschuttle. They had no piece of paper certifying ownership, or any evidence acceptable to our man, so they couldn’t have been defending their land? Dear me. The fact that they didn’t have a Western concept of evidence has cruelled them for the Windschuttles of the world. Speaking of Western concepts of evidence, I wonder if the fact that the US military ‘doesn’t do body counts’ bothers him at all. Quite apart from the fact that many of those killed were blown into pieces too small to be adduced as evidence of anything. Precious little evidence for future Windschuttles. Which of course will suit them down to the ground. History is supposedly written by the winners. Mr W, like your Davis Hansons, fancies himself among that group and even dreams of conquering Rome (with his next tome)and settling down among the Romans as an esteemed warrior from the provinces. For one, I’m going to go out on a limb here, and suggest that Mark Finnane has never said anything which can be accurately phrased as: Mark Finnane declares it to be so extraordinarily high that it makes the Tasmanian colonists the bloodiest of four continents for four centuries. Worse, for instance, than the Spanish conquistadors who killed 40,000 Aztecs in the last days of the siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521. At least, his article in Whitewash suggests the exact opposite. Given that you haven’t supplied a source for your paraphrase, I’d humbly suggest that you’ve significantly misrepresented argument. Finnane has tried to refute the notion that early Tasmanian history wasn’t particularly violent. He hasn’t (at least as far as I’m aware) tried to show that Tasmania was “the bloodiest of four continents for four centuries” – in fact, has anybody suggested this? By using Windschuttle’s population and death statistics, it is quite easy to show that from the Aboriginal point of view Tasmania was a violent place (and the levels of violence skyrocket if one uses Willis’ death rates). Violence between Aborigines and settlers lead to death rates similar to Australian death rates in World War I (given that Finnane compares Tasmanian death rates to WWI, this directly contradicts your claim about Finnane suggesting that it was the bloodiest conflict in four centuries – have you read Whitewash?). Also you’re trying to attribute a moral argument to Finnane which he doesn’t make. Nothing he has written in Whitewash suggests that he considers that an Aboriginal life is worth more or less than a European life. Rather he is trying to judge the level of violence in various societies by looking at the available statistics. The corresponding violence levels are far more consistent with the mainstream historical view, rather than Windschuttles. RJS, I think Windschuttle is a political Christian: that is, he sees Christianity as a source of the superiority of the West, but does not actually accept the supernatural part of Christian belief. This is very common on the intellectual right, particularly in the US FACTS are the facts totally absent from diatribes such as Glenn Condell’s. If Condell bothered to read Windschuttle’s book he would discover that it didn’t expect Aborigines to have land ownership contracts, or even the notion of individual ownership of land, it discussed ownership, be it private or “communalâ€?. Other colonised cultures, such as the Maori, had a concept of ownership; the Tasmanian’s didn’t. So of course it was the Western concept that was considered, that’s the point, there was no such Tasmanian concept to consider, at least not as far as land was concerned. And if Condell bothered to read Windschuttle’s book he would discover that it doesn’t demand forensic proof, but “evidence of some kindâ€? of killings. As Robert implies, the alternative methodology is “arbitrary, random, ‘politically chosen’ numbers.â€? Ken Miles says I misrepresented Mark Finnane. I retract any implication that Finnane said that the British in Tasmania were worse than the Spanish at Tenochtitlan or the bloodiest colonists of four centuries, and apologize. To my knowledge Finanne has made no such comparisons. They were badly formulated illustrations of mine. Finnane does compare the Tasmanian colonization to “places like New England, north-western Canada, Brazil, south-western Africa and elsewhere from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuryâ€?, and if you go by his methodology you can make Tasmania worse than almost anywhere. By relying entirely on the per-capita-per-annum statistic, Finnane can conclude that the Tasmanian Aborigines were: “disproportionately affected by the violence of the early colonial years, and to an extraordinary degreeâ€?. His graph in Whitewash titled: “Estimated violent death rates in Tasmania, 1824-1831 based on Windschuttle data 2002â€? depicts soaring death rates for Aborigines, nearly twenty times as high as the white death rates – for years when more whites were being killed than Aborigines. Doesn’t this imply that the violence was much worse for the Aborigines than for the whites? And if the violence was much worse for the Aborigines than for the whites while nearly twice as many whites were being killed than Aborigines, doesn’t that imply a white life, according to Finnane’s calculations, is worth less than an Aboriginal life? The per capita death rate has regularly been used (often by writers on Windschuttle’s side of debates over colonialism) to make the point that the death rate in apparently low-intensity warfare between hunter-gatherer tribes exceeds that in European wars like WWI. It’s not surprising that the same point would be made in the present context. There’s some discussion here To answer Elizabeth’s question, I have not read Fabrication. I have, however, read several pieces by Windshuttle summarising his position, as well has heard him speak in debates. Based on this I am in no position to judge whether Windshuttle is more or less correct than Reynolds in the total estimates of Tasmanian Aboriginal deaths. It is however clear that Windshuttle is coming from a deeply biased ideological perspective, as he accuses his opponents of being (which is not to say that they are not similarly guilty). The evidence can be seen from one example where there were disputed reports of the number of Aborigines killed in an incident. Windshuttle chooses to accept the lower figure. His critics choose the higher figure on the basis that the witness reporting it is more credible. Windshuttle then states that the lower figure is correct, and that anyone arguing for a higher figure (or even splitting the difference) is clearly ideological and black armband. The position is simply unsustainable. If Windshuttle was saying “the number of deaths may be as low as 118” he might have a case. But to state that “the British were responsible for killing only 118 of the original inhabitants” when he knows that there is evidence the total is higher proves he is simply on an ideological charge. Of course, even if one accepts the higher figure in this case, the total is still much closer to Windshuttle’s figures than Reynolds, but the point that he resoultely refuses to accept extra deaths *as even possible* when a credible eyewitness reports them shows he will go to any lengths to minimse the toll. And Elizabeth – hopefully the death toll from Katrina will be well short of 10,000, but anyone who thinks the final toll is going to be 261 is in fantasy land. A number of people have referred to Windschuttle’s Tasmanian death toll. Web objects that it is an attempt to tuck it away. The reason the death toll had to be tabulated was to bring some reality to the debate. Prior to Windschuttle’s work orthodox historians regularly threw around impressions and “general estimatesâ€? supported by nothing but a few anecdotes, true or fabricated. Consequently the worldwide wisdom that genocide was committed in Tasmania became entrenched. Windschuttle puts his evidence up for all to see, scrutinize and criticize – for the most part his opponents don’t. Ken Miles asks whether I agree with Windschuttle’s statement regarding a death toll of 118. I do if it is taken as shorthand for his full statement that it represents: “an attempt to record every killing of an Aborigine between 1803 and 1834 for which there is a plausible record of some kind.â€? That statement was followed by a request that readers send him records he may have missed. The first printing of “Fabrication” recorded 118, the second 120, and on Windschuttle’s website Table Ten now records 121. The last addition was a killing recorded by John Wedge that was discovered by James Boyce. As best as I can discover, it represents the one and only genuine record of the one and only killing of the one and only Aborigine that the hundreds of Windschuttle denouncers, with all their tax paid incomes have come up with to date to demonstrate the alleged “hole of such magnitudeâ€? in Windschuttle’s thesis. Stephen wonders who is more right Windschuttle or Reynolds and believes he caught Windschuttle out in a biased interpretation (more info please). The point is Stephan can scrutinize Windschuttle’s death toll data; it’s all laid down for all to see. Reynolds holds most of his cards up so only he can scrutinize them. In “Whitewashâ€? Reynolds claims knowledge of: “literally dozens, if not hundreds, of references to the murderous attacks by the ‘borderers’ as they were called.â€? He has been claiming such knowledge since 1981, when his “voluminous, various and uncontrovertibleâ€? evidence of “a great loss of lifeâ€? spawned his figure of 20,000 Aborigines killed throughout Australia. After Windschuttle exposed that figure to be a guess, Reynolds claimed once again, in 2000, that he had: “collected hundreds of references to frontier violence. So abundant was the material and so convincing that I eventually stopped noting new references. I could have written a large and detailed book on frontier violence with copious documentation but it would have been a repetitive and ultimately depressing exerciseâ€?. Repetitive or not, why not prove his case once and for all and win a major victory of the history wars? He wouldn’t even have to fund this project himself like Windschuttle did; no doubt he could pick up an ARC grant and get a University press to publish his large book. Five years and a couple of books later, and Reynolds is still invoking all this unrevealed evidence that “many scholarsâ€? back with “detailed, meticulousâ€? evidence. So where is it all? Wouldn’t “Whitewashâ€? be an ideal place to reveal at least some of it? What better way to put Windschuttle in his place? Reynolds couldn’t reveal his evidence there, he explains, because: “space forbids any more than a brief reference to the extensive literature.â€? So he presents two quotes, neither of which contains evidence of any specific killings. If any think I’m misrepresenting Reynolds, I can’t really blame them – but they can read it on page 129 of “Whitewashâ€?. Reynolds’ modus operandi is to invoke his “mountain of researchâ€? and endorse himself as the repository of knowledge gleaned from “official documents,…letters …newspaper articlesâ€? etcetera, and commend his interpretation of it. We are to take his word for it, for how could we expect a national treasure to undertake the depressing task of tabulating all that evidence so we can scrutinize it? Well our taxes paid for much of his career and pivotal decisions were influenced by Reynolds’ interpretation of his “copious documentationâ€?. I for one taxpayer want to see it. It is time he put up or… ‘Other colonised cultures, such as the Maori, had a concept of ownership; the Tasmanian’s didn’t.’ Ergo, the land wasn’t theirs? John, I haven’t read Windschuttle or Reynolds and I probably won’t. But I have seen them debating on TV on a few occasions and have read a few threads like this where people spar about their ideas and approaches. I wouldn’t have anything like the learning you’d bring to the subject but I have a fair idea of their respective approaches and why they are opposed. It’s only a comment thread after all, and just my 2c. Anyway, have you never made a judgement that wasn’t backed by comprehensive study? Put it this way – have you ever had a pop in conversation at say Bob Ellis or Noam Chomsky? How much of their work had you read at the time? No-one these days can be a real polymath, there’s too many FACTS about and not enough time to cram them into your melon. All most of us can do is try and keep up with the History Wars and Culture Wars etc in between working long hours, changing nappies, commenting on blogs and having a kip. From here it seems that both Reynolds and Windschuttle have had to trim their sails subsequent to their battles, with each man’s ‘camp’ convinced the other has the bloodier nose. Just as Windschuttle’s fidelity to the record will exert a pull toward a greater factual stringency in ‘bleeding heart’ contributions to the disputed ground, so the Reynolds camps’ assiduous efforts to demonstrate how much of the story would be missed with an all-Windschuttle approach has an salutary value for the dries. Surely our history, or rather, History, benefits by this process. Both sides have had to make concessions that show up the extent to which their preconceptions conditioned their conclusions and that leaves a wider, more open channel thru which future assessments can be made. And of course it was enormous fun for all concerned, even ill-informed nobodies like me! I mentioned earlier the fact that the US doesn’t do body counts means; this means the ‘facts’ for future historians will be rather thin on the ground. The US in say Fallujah and the colonists in Tassie were overwhelmingly more powerful and resourceful than the local inhabitants and that power enabled them to (1) kill a lot of locals and (2) limit or exclude public knowledge of at least some of the killing. Nothing unusual really, it’s almost a law of military power relations when they’re so lopsided. Would you disagree? This isn’t to say it was a free for all; just that any official accounting cannot be the whole story. That approach is as unwise as pretending you can cast a line into the past and dredge up numbers which have no basis in the record. The truth as always lies someplace between. Jack,…Anyway you’re probably right – you do have a flair for ephemera, but a corollary weakness in relation to bigger pictures. A bit like those hagiohistorians eh? This statement does not make any sense at all, either in relation to what I said or in relation to the project of the so-called “hagiohisorians”. (Huntingon, Murray, Diamond being out of their depth in history compared to the far hind-sighted Codell?!) Glenn Condell – I’ve had more than my fair share of space so I’ll keep my reply brief. I don’t say that you have to read all the books before you have a right to an opinion – I’ll leave that to academics like Dirk Moses http://forum.onlineopinion.com.au/thread.asp?article=3320 Yes I do condemn Ellis and Chompsky without reading their works. I judge them by the bits I do read and by what trustworthy commentators say they say. The problem you have is that those who you should be able to rely on, the humanities and social science academics, are not trustworthy commentators. That has been demonstrated most recently by “Whitewashâ€? and by the number of academics who back it to the hilt. There are exceptions, but I wouldn’t want to harm their careers by naming them. Hanson is the one I’m thinking of most; he probably gets his dates right, but he gets such a boner about the mighty American military behemoth he can’t think straight about it. An appropriate distance from the subject is one of the good historians accoutrements. There are very good reasons for reporting deaths/population, rather than just deaths when trying to assess the degree of violence in a society. For example, comparing the reported murder rate of Papua New Guinea vs. Malaysia, we find that PNG has a lower murder rate (if one accounts for unreported murders then it might be higher, but for the purposes of this example, I’m going to ignore that). Does this mean that Malaysia is a more dangerous place than PNG? No. It is simply a consequence of the two countries having significantly different populations. Far from being a “disgusting misrepresentations”, Mark Finnane’s conclusions are pretty basic statistics. When you write: His graph in Whitewash titled: “Estimated violent death rates in Tasmania, 1824-1831 based on Windschuttle data 2002â€? depicts soaring death rates for Aborigines, nearly twenty times as high as the white death rates – for years when more whites were being killed than Aborigines. Doesn’t this imply that the violence was much worse for the Aborigines than for the whites? And if the violence was much worse for the Aborigines than for the whites while nearly twice as many whites were being killed than Aborigines, doesn’t that imply a white life, according to Finnane’s calculations, is worth less than an Aboriginal life? I think that your misunderstanding Finnane’s point. He isn’t trying to imply that white people are worth more or less than Aborigines. Rather he is pointing out that Windschuttles thesis is internally inconsistent. If you accept Windschuttle’s numbers (and I don’t – but that’s another story), then the picture that emerges is far from a “nuns picnic” – rather you observe death rates which are comparable with a fall blown war. That the white death rate was considerably lower doesn’t mean that whites are worth less than blacks, but rather that the white death rate was considerably lower than the black death rate. I’m glad that you’ve added qualifiers to Windschuttles quote. Unfortunally, when it was published (History as a travesty of truth, The Australian, 9/12/02) there were no such qualifiers (there was also nothing about contacting him if you knew of any other cases). Nothing about it only being confined to the killings confirmed in the historic record. It quite clearly stated that the British were only responsible for 118 deaths. It doesn’t worry me that the number has risen to 121, but what does worry me is the assumption that unless a death is recorded in the historical it didn’t happen. That quite frankly is just plain stupid for a number of obvious reasons. “His graph in Whitewash titled: “Estimated violent death rates in Tasmania, 1824-1831 based on Windschuttle data 2002â€? depicts soaring death rates for Aborigines, nearly twenty times as high as the white death rates – for years when more whites were being killed than Aborigines. ” This is the crux of the disagreement between Windschuttle and Reynolds (and me, among others). Reynolds starts with the presumption that, in a conflict between a group armed with guns and one armed with spears, the group armed with spears is going to suffer more casualties. Windschuttle starts with the presumption that, in a conflict in which only one side keeps written records, the side keeping records will document casualties on the other side at least as faithfully as it documents its own. He bolsters this up with the assumption that, as Christians, the convicts and jailers of Van Diemen’s Land were committed to peace and non-violence. My comment was: “This, along with his disgusting misrepresentations…â€? The “thisâ€? clearly referred to the exclusive reliance on the per-capita-per-annum statistic, so the “disgusting misrepresentationsâ€? clearly referred to something else. One of Finnane’s misrepresentations has Windschuttle making the “statistical errorâ€? of “using figures for a number of years against a denominator of just one year’s populationâ€?, when Finnane knew full well (or should have) that no statistical error was involved. There are valid ways to use the per-capita-per-annum statistic, the way Finnane uses it in “Whitewashâ€? is not one of them. PS: Re your last post: my qualification was Windschuttle’s explanation when he introduced his tally in his book. Guns may not have been much, if any, of an advantage for Tasmania’s whites prior to the widespread availability of repeating weapons. The typical flintlock user of the day was hard pressed to fire three rounds per minute in ideal conditions – imagine trying to reload quickly while being charged by a group of spear wielding locals. Flintlocks are also unreliable, being inclined to misfire. For the typical user flintlocks were inaccurate, with an effective range of some 50 meters – this explains the military tactic of massed fire. They were large and heavy weapons difficult to wield and fire at all, much less accurately, in rough or wooded terrain. Tasmania’s Aborigines would have quickly twigged in to the flintlock’s limitations and adpated their strategy accordingly. Reynolds agrees with J F Beck. On page 42 of “Fate of a Free People”, he says: “The muskets of the period were extremely unreliable and were certainly no more accurate than a spear thrown by an experienced hunter. Numerous spears could be dispatched while white men were reloading”. Reynolds insists that the Aborigines bested the British in bush combat. This is consistent with Windschuttle’s tally of more whites killed than blacks, and inconsistent with Reynolds’ “general estimates” of more blacks killed than whites. BTW, Windschuttle exposes much more than the “one erroneous quote” that Reynolds was trapped into admitting to a reporter. Reynolds keeps very quiet about these exposures in “Whitewash”. He must count on “Whitewash” readers not reading “Fabrication” or not noticing or not caring. | Low | [
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Buffalo Wild Wings Is About To Fix The Most Annoying Things About Eating There Sunday Apr 6, 2014 at 12:01 PM Ashley Lutz Buffalo Wild Wings can be chaotic. The restaurants feature dozens of televisions airing sports games, and are often packed and loud. But ordering and getting your food at Buffalo Wild Wings is about to get more convenient, reports Mark Brandau at Nation's Restaurant News. Here are the changes Buffalo Wild Wings is planning. Tableside tablets. 190 restaurants already have the tablets, which can be used to play poker or trivia games while you wait. The technology will keep diners entertained as they wait for their food and beverages. Pay at your table. Brands like Applebee's have already eliminated waiting for a check by letting customers pay at the table. Buffalo Wild Wings will begin testing and expanding this system later this year. Server technology. Buffalo Wild Wings is planning to equip servers with hand-held systems for sending orders to the kitchen or accepting payment from diners. This will improve communication between servers and cooks and will help accuracy. See Also: Service At Buffalo Wild Wings Is About To Get Better Here Are The 5 Best McDonald's Secret Menu Items Best Buy's Turnaround Strategy Has One Huge Paradox SEE ALSO: 35 Companies Changing The Way We Shop And Eat Want to read more restaurant news? Follow Business Insider: Life on Facebook | Mid | [
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Share This Post Dr. Ayush Jain has secured Rank 35 in AIPGMEE 2016 and Rank 50 in DNB Jan 2016. He has done his MBBS from Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. Interview Q. In what year did you pass out your MBBS (Completion of Internship)? Ans. 2015 Q. What were your MBBS percentage marks (aggregate or final year)? Ans. 63% Q. What ranks had you secured in any previous PG medical entrance exams you gave? Ans. Rank 61 in AIIMS, Rank 58 in PGI and Rank 10 in JIPMER. Q. Could you please tell us something about yourself? Ans. Persued MBBS from MAMC. Father is a Paediatrician, Mother Gynaecologist. Into Music and I sing. Q. What is the secret of your success? Ans. Consistent Hard work. I am just another guy. Was just about Average in College. Maybe the consistency paid off. Q. How was your internship? Ans. Internship at MAMC is just about adequate, giving us adequate clinical acumen if we want to learn. I learnt a lot in My Medicine, Gynaecology and Anaesthesia postings. It also gives us some, though less time to Study. Q. When did you seriously start preparing for the entrance exam? Ans. 1st Jan 2015 Q. How many hours did you study each day? How long do you think students need to prepare for cracking PG medical entrance exams? Ans. I guess 8-10 hours are enough if we are well clinically equipped, and if we have read well in UG Days. Q. Which books did you read for the theory part? Ans. Theory is MUST for PARK, ROBBINS and GANONG Q. Which books did you read for MCQs revision? Which revision books were the most productive and which were least? Ans. Anatomy: Arvind Arora, Snells for reference Physiology: Arvind Arora, Ganong is a Must read Biochemistry: Arvind Arora, and a Book By Dr. Karthikeyan Pethusamy Pathology: Dr Devesh Mishra Pharmacology: Dr Gobind Rai Garg Microbiology: Arvind Arora Forensic Medicine: Sumit Seth is the Ultimate book! nothing else required! Medicine did not read any book, relied on Final year knowledge Surgery: Arvind Arora, but also go through Bailey and Love OG IAMS Notes, and rest Final Year knowledge Paediatrics: Final year knowledge and Ghai is a Must go through Radiology: Dr Sumer Seti PSM: Dr Vivek Jain and Plz plz read Park Other Short Subjects; IAMS Notes. Q. Which subjects did you focus on? Ans. Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and PSM Q. What were your study methods? How many revisions did you do for each subject? Did you make any changes in your study methods in your recent attempts? Ans. No Specific Study method. Just read and re-read. Revision is the most important thing, Teach Juniors, Co-interns, Participate in Ward rounds, keep discussing with peers. Q. Did you do any special preparation for image-based questions? Ans. Do Your Internship well. That’s enough. Q. What was your strategy for the exam day? How many questions did you attempt and why? How many do you think you got correct? Ans. AIIMS I attempted 193 questions. PGI I did 470 options, which was risky and that’s probably why I didn’t make it JIPMER I did 243. Q. Do think there should be a different strategy for preparation of different entrance exams like AIIMS-PG or PGI? Ans. The only difference is that PGI asks the same topics again and again,s o Previous Year Papers are very important. AIIMS has hardly any repeats whether Indirect or direct. So For PGI do Manoj Chaudhry well, for AIIMS You need a much wider scope, and just read through the previous questions, just in case they get repeated. Q. Did you join any classes or test series? Was it useful? Ans. 3rd year I Joined IAMS Foundation course Internship I did DAMS Test and Discussion Course. I highly recommend both the Courses in this pattern only. Q. Who or what influenced you to take up Medicine? Ans. My Father, the Best Doctor that I have come across! Q. In which field do you want to specialize in? why? Ans. I had Initially been interested in Paediatrics, took up MD Paediatrics at JIPMER, after a month I realised I didn’t want to do it, I then have decided to go for MD Radiodiagnosis, wherever I get it. Q. What seat have you been allotted in counselling? Did you join? Ans. I was allotted MD Paediatrics at JIPMER.but I resigned after 23 days. Q. What is your advice to future aspirants? Ans. Just work hard daily, Hard work always fetches results, and it never ever goes waste.Keep working towards your goal and You will eventually reach it, sooner or later! All the Best! Q. Indian PG entrances are highly competitive, so to crack them students end up in appearing for multiple PG exams with some of them having the same exam with different slots and papers, please extend your views on this and their pros and cons of appearing in multiple PG entrances. Ans. Before the NBE Exams I had felt the same thing, but then when I see My Ranks in both DNB and AIPG and also MY Friends ranks, I feel that the Prometric System must be doing something such that the Results are kind of similar to the other Exams like AIIMS PGI JIPMER. I would not comment much on this I have not seen the Trend over years and over a large number of people. We are ending this interview with our hearty congratulations and best wishes for future to this talented person, Dr. Ayush Jain. | Mid | [
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Mitochondrial replacement therapy Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of in vitro fertilisation in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for mitochondrial diseases. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom. A second application is to use autologous mitochondria to replace mitochondria in damaged tissue to restore the tissue to a functional state. This has been used in clinical research in the United States to treat cardiac-compromised newborns. Medical uses In vitro fertilisation Mitochondrial replacement therapy has been used to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases from mother to child; it could only be performed in clinics licensed by the UK's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), only for people individually approved the HFEA, for whom preimplantation genetic diagnosis is unlikely to be helpful, and only with informed consent that the risks and benefits are not well understood. Relevant mutations are found in about 0.5% of the population and disease affects around one in 5000 individuals (0.02%)—the percentage of people affected is much smaller because cells contain many mitochondria, only some of which carry mutations, and the number of mutated mitochondria need to reach a threshold in order to affect the entire cell, and many cells need to be affected for the person to show disease. The average number of births per year among women at risk for transmitting mtDNA disease is estimated to approximately 150 in the United Kingdom and 800 in the United States. Prior to the development of MRT, and in places where it is not legal or feasible, the reproductive options for women who are at risk for transmitting mtDNA disease and who want to prevent transmission were using an egg from another woman, adoption, or childlessness. Tissue function Autologous mitochondria extracted from healthy tissue and supplied to damaged tissue has been used to treat cardiac-compromised newborns. Alternatives to the approach include use of an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) or tissue/organ transplantation. Techniques In in vitro fertilization and involves removing eggs from a woman, removing sperm from a man, fertilizing the egg with the sperm, allowing the fertilized egg to form a blastocyst, and then implanting the blastocyst. MRT involves an additional egg from a third person, and manipulating both the recipient egg and the donor egg. As of 2016 there were three MRT techniques: maternal spindle transfer (MST), pronuclear transfer (PNT), and more recently as of that date, polar body transfer (PBT). The original technique, in which cytoplasm taken from a donor egg and containing mitochondria, is simply injected into the recipient egg, is no longer used. In MST, an oocyte is removed from the recipient, and when it is in the metaphase II stage of cell division, the spindle-chromosome complex is removed; some of cytoplasm comes with it, so some mitochondria are likely included. The spindle-chromosome complex is inserted into a donor oocyte from which the nucleus has already been removed. This egg is fertilized with sperm, and allowed to form a blastocyst, which can then be investigated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis to check for mitochondrial mutations, prior to being implanted in the recipient's uterus. In pronuclear transfer, an oocyte is removed from the recipient, and fertilized with sperm. The donor oocyte is fertilized with sperm from the same person. The male and female pronuclei are removed from each fertilized egg prior to their fusing, and the pronuclei from the recipient's fertilized egg are inserted into the fertilized egg from the donor. As with MST, a small amount of cytoplasm from the donor egg may be transferred, and as with MST, the fertilized egg is allowed to form a blastocyst, which can then be investigated with preimplantation genetic diagnosis to check for mitochondrial mutations, prior to being implanted in the recipient's uterus. In polar body transfer, a polar body (a small cell with very little cytoplasm that is created when an egg cell divides) from the recipient is used in its entirety, instead of using nuclear material extracted from the recipient's normal egg; this can be used in either MST or PNT. This technique was first published in 2014 and as of 2015 it had not been consistently replicated, but is considered promising as there is a greatly reduced chance for transmitting mitochondria from the recipient because polar bodies contain very few mitochondria, and it does not involve extracting material from the recipient's egg. Cytoplasmic transfer Cytoplasmic transfer was originally developed in the 1980s in the course of basic research conducted with mice to study the role that parts of the cell outside of the nucleus played in embryonic development. In this technique, cytoplasm including proteins, mRNA, mitochondria and other organelles, is taken from a donor egg, and injected into the recipient egg, resulting in a mixture of mitochondrial genetic material. This technique started to be used in the late 1990s to "boost" the eggs of older women who wanted to conceive but were having problems and led to the birth of about 30 babies. Concerns were raised that the mixture of genetic material and proteins could cause problems with respect to epigenetic clashes, or differences in the ability of the recipient and donor materials to effect the development process, or due to the injection of the donor material. After three children born through the technique were found to have developmental disorders (2 cases of Turner's syndrome and one case of pervasive developmental disorder (an autism spectrum disorder), the FDA banned the procedure until a clinical trial could prove its safety. As of 2015 that study had not been conducted, while the procedure was in use in other countries. A related approach uses autologous mitochondria taken from healthy tissue to replace the mitochondria in damaged tissue. Transfer techniques include direct injection into damaged tissue and injection into vessels that supply blood to the tissue. Risks In vivo fertilisation via MRT involves preimplantation genetic screening of the mother, preimplantation genetic diagnosis after the egg is fertilized, and in vitro fertilization. It has all the risks of those procedures. In addition, both procedures used in MRT entail their own risks. On one level, the procedures physically disrupt two oocytes, removing nuclear genetic material from the recipient egg or fertilized egg, and inserting the nuclear genetic material into the donor unfertilized or fertilized egg; the manipulations for both procedures may cause various forms of damage that were not well understood as of 2016. Maternal mitochondria will be carried over to the donor egg; as of 2016 it was estimated that using techniques current in the UK, maternal mitochondria will comprise only around 2% or less of mitochondria in the resulting egg, a level that was considered safe by the HFEA and within the limits of mitochondrial variation that most people have. Because MRT procedures involve actions at precise times during egg development and fertilization, and involves manipulating eggs, there is a risk that eggs may mature abnormally or that fertilization may happen abnormally; as of 2016 the HFEA judged that laboratory techniques in the UK had been well enough developed to manage these risks to proceed cautiously with making MRT available. Because mitochondria in the final egg will come from a third party, different from the two parties whose DNA is in the nucleus, and because nuclear DNA codes for genes that make some of the proteins and mRNA used by mitochondria, there is a theoretical risk of adverse "mito-nuclear" interactions. While this theoretical risk could possibly be managed by attempting to match the haplotype of the donor and the recipient, as of 2016 there was no evidence that was an actual risk. Finally, there is a risk of epigenetic modification to DNA in the nucleus and mitochondria, caused by the procedure itself, or by mito-nuclear interactions. As of 2016 these risks appeared to be minimal but were being monitored by long-term study of children born from the procedure. History In the United States in 1996 embryologist Jacques Cohen and others at the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science, Saint Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, New Jersey first used cytoplasmic transfer in a human assisted reproduction procedure. In 1997 the first baby was born using this procedure (Emma Ott). In 2001, Cohen and others reported that 10 single babies, twins, and a quadruplet at his New Jersey clinic and a further six children in Israel had been born using his technique. Using modifications of his procedure, a baby had been born at Eastern Virginia Medical School, five children at the Lee Women's Hospital Infertility Clinic in Taichung, Taiwan. twins in Naples, Italy and a twins in India. In total as of 2016, 30-50 children worldwide had been reported to have been born using cytoplasmic transfer. In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) asked a Biological Response Modifiers Advisory Committee Meeting to advise on the technique of cytoplasmic transfer to Treat Infertility. This committee felt that there were risks at the time of inadvertent transfer of chromosomes and enhanced survival of abnormal embryos. The FDA informed clinics that they considered the cytoplasmic transfer technique as a new treatment, and, as such, it would require an Investigational New Drug (IND) application. Cohen's clinic started the pre-IND application but the clinic then went private, funding for the application dried up, the application was abandoned, the research team disbanded, and the cytoplasmic transfer procedure fell out of favor. In 2016, 12 (out of the 13) parents of children born using cytoplasmic transfer at the Saint Barnabas Center participated in a limited follow-up inquiry via online questionnaire. Children whose ages then were 13-18 reported no major problems. In 2009, a team in Japan published studies of mitochondrial donation. In the same year, a team led by scientists at Oregon Health & Science University published results of mitochondrial donation in monkeys; that team published an update reporting on the health of the monkeys born with the technique, as well as further work it had done on human embryos. Human trials in oocytes in 2010 by Craven, et al. were successful in reducing transmission of mutated mtDNA. The results of the study found the mean tDNA carryover to stay under 2% in all of the experimental embryos. This was true for both the MI-SCC and PN transfer methods of MTR. This research did not extend past the blastocyst stage because of ethical concerns, but there are still concerns about whether or not results retrieved from the blastocyst stage are viable representations of whole embryos. Because of these speculations and to further the viability of MTR as a safe and effective technique, further research and clinical trials need to be initiated in order to test the efficacy of MTR in the long term in human patients. In the United Kingdom, following animal experiments and the recommendations of a government commissioned expert committee, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations were passed in 2001 regulating and allowing research into human embryos. In 2004, the Newcastle University applied for a licence to develop pronuclear transfer to avoid the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, and was granted the license in 2005. Following further research by Newcastle and the Wellcome Trust, scientific review, public consultations, and debate, the UK government recommended that mitochondrial donation be legalized in 2013. In 2015 parliament passed the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations, which came into force on 29 October 2015, making human mitochondrial donation legal in the UK. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) was authorized to licence and regulate medical centers which wanted to use human mitochondrial donation. In February 2016, the US National Academy of Sciences issued a report describing technologies then current and the surrounding ethical issues. The HFEA Safety Committee issued its fourth report in November 2016 recommending procedures under which HFEA should authorize MRT, the HFEA issued their regulations in December 2016 and granted their first licence (to Newcastle University) in March 2017. On 6 February 2018, two women in the UK carrying mitochondrial DNA mutations were granted licences to undergo MRT. Douglass Turnbull, the driving force behind mitochondrial research at Newcastle University, was awarded a knighthood in 2016. In 2016, John Zhang and a team in New York used the spindle transfer technique to help a Jordanian woman to give birth to a baby boy in Mexico where there was no law against using such a technique. The mother had Leigh disease and already had four miscarriages and two children who had died of the disease. Valery Zukin, director of the Nadiya clinic in Kiev, Ukraine, reported in June 2018 that doctors there had used the pronuclear transfer method of MRT to help four women give birth (three boys and a girl), three women to become pregnant (one from Sweden) and had 14 failed attempts. In January 2019 it was reported that seven babies had been born using MRT. The doctors had first got approval from an ethical committee and a review board of the Ukrainian Association of Reproductive Medicine and the Ukrainian Postgraduate Medical Academy, under the auspices of the Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare, but there was no law in the Ukraine against MRT. One of the first children, a boy, was born to the 34-year-old woman in January 2017 and genetic test results were reported as normal. In August and October 2017 the British HFEA authorised MRT for two women who had a genetic mutation in their mitichondria that causes myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers. In January 2019, Embryotools, Barcelona, Spain announced that a 32-year-old Greek woman had become pregnant using the spindle transfer technique. MRT was not legal in Spain so they had performed the trial in Greece where there was no law against MRT. They were helped by the Institute of Life in Athens, Greece and had obtained approval from the Greek National Authority of Assisted Reproduction. The pregnant Greek woman had already had four failed IVF cycles and surgery twice for endometriosis. In August 2017, in a letter to two clinics, including Zhang's, the FDA warned that the technique should not be marketed in the U.S. In June 2018 Australian Senate's Senate Community Affairs References Committee recommended a move towards legalising MRT and in July 2018 the Australian senate endorsed it. Research and clinical applications of MRT were overseen by laws made by federal and state governments. State laws were, for the most part, consistent with federal law. In all states, legislation prohibited the use of MRT techniques in the clinic, and except for Western Australia, research on a limited range of MRT was permissible up to day 14 of embryo development, subject to a license being granted. In 2010, the Hon. Mark Butler MP, then Federal Minister for Mental Health and Ageing, had appointed an independent committee to review the two relevant acts: the Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction Act 2002 and the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002. The committee’s report, released in July 2011, recommended the existing legislation remain unchanged. Singapore was also considering whether to permit the MRT in 2018. In 2018, researchers announced the use of MRT to restore function to heart tissue in cardiac-compromised newborns. The damaged heart cells absorbed mitochondria extracted from healthy tissue and returned to useful activity. Society and culture Regulation As of February 2016, the United States had no regulations governing mitochondrial donation, and Congress barred the FDA from evaluating any applications that involve implanting modified embryos into a woman. The United Kingdom became the first country to legalize the procedure; the UK's chief medical officer recommended it be legalized in 2013; parliament passed The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Mitochondrial Donation) Regulations in 2015, and the regulatory authority published regulations in 2016. Ethics Despite the promising outcomes of the two techniques, pronuclear transfer and spindle transfer, mitochondrial gene replacement raises ethical and social concerns. Mitochondrial donation involves modification of the germline, and hence such modifications would be passed on to subsequent generations. Using human embryos for in vitro research is also controversial, as embryos are created specifically for research and the financial compensation of egg donors. Implications for identity is another ethical concern with psychological and emotional impacts on a child's life regarding of a person's sense of identity. It debates whether the genetic make-up of children born as a result of mitochondrial replacement affect their emotional well-being when they are aware that they are different from other healthy children conceived from two parents. Opponents argue that scientists are "playing God" and that children with three genetic parents may suffer both psychological and physical damage. On the other hand, New York University researcher James Grifo, a critic of the American ban, has argued that society "would never have made the advances in treating infertility that we have if these bans had been imposed 10 years" earlier. On February 3, 2016, a report was issued by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (commissioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) addressing whether it is ethically permissible for clinical research into mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRT) to continue. The report, titled Mitochondrial Replacement Techniques: Ethical, Social, and Policy Considerations analyzes multiple facets of the arguments surrounding MRT and concludes that it is 'ethically permissible' to continue clinical investigations of MRT, so long as certain conditions are met. They recommended that initially it should only be used for male embryos to ensure that DNA with mitochondrial disease would not be passed on. In 2018 Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to He Jiankui's human gene editing experiment to the debate over MRT. References Category:Assisted reproductive technology Category:Obstetrics Category:Family Category:Human pregnancy Category:Human reproduction Category:Human genetics Category:Molecular biology Category:Mitochondrial diseases Category:Gene therapy Category:Transhumanism Category:1996 introductions | High | [
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The secrets to BYOD, revealed The Secrets to BYOD Revealed According to Forbes, 81% of CEOs view mobile technology as a strategic necessity for business growth. But is it as simple as implementing a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) strategy and calling it a day? Unfortunately, not quite. Jump into this guide to find out to maintain a happy, engaged, and secure BYOD mobility strategy without all of the aches and pains. Plus, hear from real world IT and business leaders as they recap the trials and tribulations of their own BYOD experiences. This phone number format is not recognized. Please check the country and number. You have exceeded the maximum character limit. I agree to TechTarget’s Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and the transfer of my information to the United States for processing to provide me with relevant information as described in our Privacy Policy. Please check the box if you want to proceed. I agree to my information being processed by TechTarget and its Partners to contact me via phone, email, or other means regarding information relevant to my professional interests. I may unsubscribe at any time. Please check the box if you want to proceed. By submitting my Email address I confirm that I have read and accepted the Terms of Use and Declaration of Consent. | Low | [
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Judge Amit Mehta of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia said that the Clean Air Act required the federal agency, known as the Chemical Safety Board, to investigate chemical fires, explosions, leaks and other accidents. But the board has not yet put regulations into place that require disclosure. AD AD Mehta observed that the agency has had more than 20 years — far in excess of any “unreasonable delay” — to promulgate a final regulation and ordered the board to come up with a regulation within 12 months. “The court will not grant it two full years to do what it should have done long ago,” Mehta wrote. The lawsuit was filed by Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility and other nonprofit environmental groups: Air Alliance Houston, the Louisiana Bucket Brigade, and United Support and Memorial for Workplace Fatalities. PEER also represented former CSB managing director Daniel Horowitz, who was ousted last summer after being on administrative leave for three years. Horowitz has advocated for a stronger role for the board. AD “CSB has been collecting accident data for a while, just haphazardly and without a regulation,” Horowitz said in an email, adding that it would not “add that much workload” for the board. He said that the CSB created reporting forms and a database for the information when he was still managing director there. AD Horowitz said that the ruling was “a major victory for community groups seeking better information about industrial chemical accidents. Too often, the public and first responders have been left in the dark about the hazardous chemicals released during plant emergencies.” Last September, a group of first responders exposed to smoke from a chemical plant fire in Crosby, Tex., after Hurricane Harvey sued the owner of the plant for more than $1 million, saying that they vomited and gasped for air in the middle of the road in a scene the suit described as “nothing less than chaos.” AD The responders alleged that the plant owner, Arkema, minimized the dangers of exposure to the fire and failed to warn the responders on the perimeter of the mandatory 1.5-mile evacuation area to move farther away from the fumes after the first of nine trailers full of volatile organic peroxide burst into flames in the early nighttime hours of Aug. 29, 2017. AD “Emergency personnel arrived on scene, and even before exiting their vehicle, they became overcome by the fumes as well,” the lawsuit said. “Medical personnel, in their attempts to provide assistance to the officers, became overwhelmed and they too began to vomit and gasp for air.” Arkema said it regretted that anyone suffered harm, particularly first responders, but added in a statement that it rejected suggestions that it misled anyone or failed to warn of the dangers of breathing smoke from the massive fire. AD “Now, all companies will have to report the details of accidents, and those reports will be available to the public from a single reliable source,” Horowitz said. The CSB has been a controversial agency for many years. It fought with other agencies to get access to the blowout preventer that was one of the causes of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. It tangled with the Environmental Protection Agency’s inspector general over document releases. And later, it was subject to infighting. But the small agency has also been the source of detailed analyses of chemical accidents. | Mid | [
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Clinical Case Reports 2015; 3(12): 979--982 Introduction {#ccr3403-sec-0001} ============ According to the World Health Organization (WHO), female genital mutilation (FGM), also called female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) or female genital cutting (FGM/C) is any procedure involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for nonmedical reasons. This practice is prevalent in Eastern and Western Africa, among some ethnic groups in Indonesia, Malaysia, and areas of the Persian Gulf, and in the Western world due to migration. WHO defines four types of FGM/C. Type IV includes all harmful procedures for nonmedical purposes not included as type I, II, or III, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterization. FGM/C violates the human rights of women and girls, has no health benefits, and can have significant, negative, psychophysical health outcomes as well as health costs [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. Medicalization of FGM/C refers to situations in which FGM/C is practiced by any category of healthcare provider, in a public or a private clinic, at home or elsewhere. It also includes reinfibulation at any point of time in a woman\'s life. Medicalization of FGM/C has been condemned by WHO and medical associations including the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), United Nations agencies, international agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and governments [2](#ccr3403-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}. In spite of the differences in terms of age and consent, unsolved controversies exist about the fact that some female genital cosmetic surgeries (FGCS) can resemble in terms of definition, technique, and final result to some FGM/C [3](#ccr3403-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [4](#ccr3403-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#ccr3403-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}. Some have advocated that FGCS could be included among FGM/C type IV [6](#ccr3403-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; others have drawn parallels in terms of cultural and social pressures leading women and girls to ask for female genital modifications, which can be named FGM/C or FGCS according to the socio‐cultural setting in different regions of the world [7](#ccr3403-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}. FGCS are defined as a variety of corrective genital procedures without medical indication and include labiaplasty, clitoral hood size reduction, clitoridectomy, perineoplasty, vaginoplasty, hymenoplasty, G‐spot augmentation, "vaginal rejuvenation" [8](#ccr3403-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}. Cosmetic clitoral hood reduction, clitoridectomy [9](#ccr3403-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, and labia minora reduction are, from an anatomic point of view, the same procedures as FGM/C type I and II. However, if an African woman asks for her own or her adolescent daughter\'s genitals to be excised for traditional reasons, it is a criminal offence. Yet, if a woman or a girl thinks her own genitals are abnormal in shape or size, the surgery is provided [10](#ccr3403-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}. The controversy is also due to the fact that the FGM/C definition does not specify that these are ritual procedures and differ from FGCS, which are cosmetic [3](#ccr3403-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}. The contradiction in some countries is also due to the legislation against FGM/C, which does not make distinction between adults and minors and motives [4](#ccr3403-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#ccr3403-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}. Another controversial parallelism is between FGCS and reinfibulation. Reinfibulation is the resuturing in any moment, of the incised scar tissue resulting from infibulation [11](#ccr3403-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, not recommended by FIGO and WHO [11](#ccr3403-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}. Some authors and countries such as the United States, consider that an adult, informed, autonomous woman asking for reinfibulation is to be considered as an adult, autonomous woman asking for FGCS. Therefore, reinfibulation is allowed [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#ccr3403-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}. On the contrary, in other countries such as the United Kingdom, reinfibulation is illegal [12](#ccr3403-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}. We present the case of a woman having voluntarily undergone a nontherapeutic vulvar surgery in her own country, Cambodia, for socio‐cultural reasons. Our aim is to report a new form of FGM/C type IV, performed by a surgeon in a country where FGM/C have never been reported before; to present the management and counseling of our patient, and to discuss the definition of FGCS, FGM/C, medicalization, and autonomous and informed consent to these practices. Case history/examination {#ccr3403-sec-0002} ======================== A 32‐year‐old gravida2 para1 woman from Cambodia consulted at our hospital during the third trimester of pregnancy. She had arrived in Switzerland few months before. Family and personal history revealed a chronic HBV infection, a spontaneous uneventful pregnancy, and delivery with a different partner in 2002 in Cambodia, at the hospital. The woman had undergone a vulvar surgery in a private clinic in 2010 after the separation from his first partner, to narrow her vulva and find a new partner more easily. She had consulted a private clinic with a slightly older friend, and they both had had the vulvar surgery by a certified surgeon, under local anesthesia. She explained us that different narrowing vulvar surgeries are available in Thailand, Cambodia, and Singapore to make the vulva narrower after having had children and separated from the partner. It is believed that this helps to find a new husband more easily. She also explained us that depending on the money a woman has to spend on it, she can choose different vulvar surgeries. The best ones she had heard about were in Singapore. As she did not have much money to travel at that time, she had opted for a "simple" vulvar surgery under local anesthesia in her country, Cambodia. No man had asked her to undergo it. She had only discussed it with female friends. Vulvar inspection revealed a sort of inferior infibulation (Figs [1](#ccr3403-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#ccr3403-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). According to WHO, FGM/C type III, also called infibulation, corresponds to the narrowing of the vaginal orifice with the creation of a covering seal by the apposition of the labia minora or majora [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. In FGM/C type III, the apposition of the labia starts superiorly and covers the urethral meatus and part of the vaginal orifice. In the case we present, the labia minora had been stitched inferiorly along about 2 cm from the fourchette. We classified this form of female genital alteration as FGM/C type IV [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. The patient reported no present sexual problems such as superficial dyspareunia. Her present partner was also from Cambodia, had been living in Switzerland for a longer time and found her vulvar appearance atypical but fine. {#ccr3403-fig-0001} Differential diagnosis, investigations, and treatment {#ccr3403-sec-0003} ===================================================== We discussed with the woman and her husband an inferior intrapartum defibulation to avoid vulvar and perineal tears. Defibulation is a surgery that consists in exposing the vaginal orifice and urethral meatus in FGM/C type III [13](#ccr3403-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}. In our case, instead of exposing the superior part of the vaginal orifice, we exposed the inferior part. We explained to the woman and his husband that the inferior defibulation would allow to remove the bridge of skin created by the stitching of the labia minora, allowing the physiologic progression of the fetal head and avoiding tears. We followed the national and international recommendations on avoiding restitching [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#ccr3403-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [14](#ccr3403-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}, [15](#ccr3403-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"} and explained to the woman that we would have restored her normal genital anatomy and physiology avoiding a new defibulation in case of a third delivery. We also reassured our patient that if she would not be satisfied with her further genital appearance, we could discuss about eventual surgeries afterwards. The woman\'s counseling included drawings and pictures of the female genitalia and perineum, and information on postpartum pelvic floor training (manual perineal re‐education; biofeedback; etc.). The woman and her husband agreed with our proposals and accepted a no restitching. Outcome and follow‐up {#ccr3403-sec-0004} ===================== She delivered vaginally at term without any feto‐maternal complications and with no perineal tear after inferior defibulation was performed during the first stage of labor (Fig. [3](#ccr3403-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}), under loco regional anesthesia. The labia minora were reconstructed with simple separated stitches of Vycril 3.0, Ethicon (Fig. [4](#ccr3403-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). Delivery and postpartum follow‐up were uneventful. At the 6 weeks postpartum check‐up, the woman, reported to be very satisfied with the care and follow‐up received, and with the new genitals\' appearance (Fig. [5](#ccr3403-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). She had restarted sexual intercourses with no pain. She also underwent postpartum pelvic floor training. Discussion {#ccr3403-sec-0005} ========== We report a new form of female genital nontherapeutic surgical procedure, requested and performed for socio‐cultural reasons in an adult consenting woman. According to the definition of WHO [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, this could be classified as FGM/C type IV. The inferior stitching of labia minora has never been reported before in the literature. The procedure was performed by a certified surgeon in a private clinic and under local anesthesia, in a country not included among those where FGM/C are traditionally documented. Cambodia has never been mentioned as a country at risk of FGM/C, differently from Malaysia and Indonesia. FGM/C were documented in Eastern and Western Africa, Indonesia, Malaysia; areas of the Persian Gulf, and the Western world due to migration [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. Some authors have anecdotally documented the practice in other countries such as India [16](#ccr3403-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, Sri Lanka, Peru [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, Colombia [17](#ccr3403-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, Democratic Republic of Congo, Oman [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}, and United Arab Emirates [18](#ccr3403-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}. Further studies could evaluate the prevalence, types, performers, motivations, and consequences of nontherapeutic genital modifications in South East Asia as data is lacking. The reasons for undergoing the surgery advocated by the woman were socio‐cultural. The narrowing of the vaginal introitus was seen as a way to find a new partner more easily after having had a child with a previous man. She did not undergo it for virginity repair, aesthetic reasons, or genitals\' beautification. She reported having had information on female genitalia and the surgery only by other women and friends. She was not aware of possible complications. Social pressure, social acceptance, false beliefs, and in particular the belief of enhancing the own genitalia for a partner [11](#ccr3403-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#ccr3403-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, are reasons explaining the persistence of FGM/C [1](#ccr3403-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}. A recent review mentioned that FGM/C type IV is generally practiced on mature age groups, with knowledge and consent [20](#ccr3403-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}, and it has been pointed out that adult women should be free to choose what make them happy with their body [7](#ccr3403-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}. However, to freely choose what make them happy, women should be informed, understand the information received, and the consequences of their choices. They have also to feel free to have their genitalia how they want instead of how they think they would help them finding a partner. FGM/C type IV can cause short‐ and long‐term consequences that vary depending on the subtype [20](#ccr3403-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}. The new form we report could lead to similar complications as FGM/C type III including scarring problems, stagnation of the urine or menstrual blood behind the scar, superficial dyspareunia, obstructed delivery, increased risk of tears and episiotomy, need of defibulation, and difficult gynecological examinations. Gynecologists, pediatricians, plastic surgeons, and other caregivers, should offer correct information to women, girls, and their partners to promote their self knowledge on genitals\' anatomy and physiology, and on psychophysical and sexual health. They should also inform on possible negative consequences of vulvar nontherapeutic alterations requested and avoid the medicalization of FGM/C. Patient Informed Consent {#ccr3403-sec-0006} ======================== A patient informed written consent was obtained before publishing the case. Disclosure of interest {#ccr3403-sec-0008} ====================== None declared. Contribution to authorship {#ccr3403-sec-0009} ========================== JA, OI, BMT: conception and planning, carrying out, analyzing and writing up, revision and final approval. Details of ethics approval {#ccr3403-sec-0010} ========================== N/A. None. | Mid | [
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Effect of ketoconazole on metabolism and binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 by intact rat osteogenic sarcoma cells. The antifungal imidazole, ketoconazole, was tested for effects on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) metabolism and binding in intact osteoblast-like osteogenic sarcoma cells (UMR-106). Ketoconazole inhibited the C-24 oxidation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 metabolism by ketoconazole resulted, after a lag time of 2 h, in a sharp increase of receptor-bound 1,25-(OH)2D3. The data suggest that the self-induced 1,25-(OH)2D3 metabolism may play an important role in controlling the intracellular levels of and, consequently, receptor occupancy by the active form of vitamin D. Furthermore the results are compatible with the existence of a homologous up-regulation of the 1,25-(OH)2D3-receptor. | Mid | [
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Auxiliary Navigation Product Manuals Find ZOLL® product documentation for all ZOLL products. To purchase a copy of the documentation on this site, or if you cannot find the documentation you need, contact our Customer Service Center by calling 1-800-348-9011/(978) 421-9655, or by sending an e-mail to [email protected]. Step 1: Choose a product from the list. Step 2: Choose a language from the available languages. Step 3: Click on the document title. To view the .pdf manuals, you will need Adobe Reader. Download Adobe Reader. | Low | [
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ServiceNow is an amazing development platform where you can build sophisticated applications and address a variety of business and IT problems companies facing every day. However, when it comes to a ServiceNow development community, it may feel like it stands aside to the rest of the software and web development worlds. ServiceNow is a closed ecosystem, with its own rules and development concepts. This might be good for the platform (from a management standpoint), but it also might be a bad thing for developers. Because they are isolated from modern software/web development concepts and technologies. We can change that by bringing open source ideas and projects to the ServiceNow development community. The fundamental principle of open source is the ability to collaborate and contribute, share solutions and ideas. It is not easy when you’re working with a closed ecosystem, e.g. you can find a lot of projects on ServiceNow Share, but it’s not possible to contribute to those projects. Today millions of developers use GitHub for sharing and contributing to open source projects. We can do the same in ServiceNow development community. That is the main goal of dev-labs.io — collect and share links to ServiceNow open source projects so everyone can collaborate and contribute to those projects. dev-labs.io It is a catalog of links to open source projects for ServiceNow, updated daily. All projects stored on GitHub in public repos, so you can pick a project, clone/download, install, collaborate, share and propose changes. This is how modern software/web development community does it. If you have a ServiceNow project, script snippets, etc. and want to share it with the community — just host it in a public GitHub repo and submit a link at dev-labs.io Currently it’s just a few projects in a catalog, and you already can find some pretty awesome stuff: — ServiceNow Portal page prototype built with Blueprintjs components: — Custom login page for ServiceNow apps: — Machine learning framework to run predictive models in ServiceNow applications: Keep in mind — this is an open source and you’re encouraged to contribute! | High | [
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The Safe-T-Sleep device: safety and efficacy in maintaining infant sleeping position. The issue of infant sleeping position has socio-political ramifications. Current recommendations endorse supine sleeping as an aid to reducing the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Persistent sleeping of a newborn infant in the same position may induce plagiocephaly without synostosis (PWS). Parents in our craniofacial clinic, whose children present with PWS, often feel torn between apparently conflicting goals--avoiding SIDS and avoiding PWS. The Safe-T-Sleep device, a form of infant sleep wrap, purportedly allows safe semi-supine positioning, thus ameliorating PWS (by preventing the infant from lying on the cranial 'flat spot') while not increasing the risk of SIDS. Before recommending the device to parents in our plagiocephaly clinics, we designed a prospective, hospital-based trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the device in maintaining selected sleeping positions. This was not a trial of the efficacy of the Safe-T-Sleep device in treating plagiocephaly. The devices were trialed on 31 babies, between birth and 11 months of age. A total of 396 hours of observations were recorded. The device maintained the selected body position in 94% of recorded observations and head position in 87%. There were no significant adverse events or complications associated with the use of the Safe-T-Sleep device. The device appears to be safe and effective. It is now being advocated in our clinic as an aid to active counter-positioning strategies to passively correct incipient or established positional plagiocephaly in younger babies. | High | [
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Phoenix Father Faces Deportation as Wife Is Pregnant and 5-Year-Old Son Battles Leukemia Jesus Berrones has a wife who is five months pregnant and a 5-year-old son who is fighting leukemia, and now the 30-year-old, who has lived in the United States since he was a toddler, is facing deportation. Berrones has been told to surrender to immigration officers on Monday. Instead, he has been given sanctuary at the Shadow Rock United Church of Christ in Phoenix, where he and his wife, Sonia, are now staying with their five children. "I will fight to stay here," Berrones told CBS News. His parents migrated to America in 1989, bringing a very young Berrones with them. This country is the only home he remembers. He is now the sole financial supporter of his wife and five children. His wife, Sonia, is unsure how they would survive if her husband is deported. "His kids need him," she said. "I need him." His wife and children are U.S. citizens. He has been ordered out of the county twice before, in 2006 and 2010, and both times he managed to sneak back in, once by crossing the Arizona desert. Berrones does not qualify for DACA consideration. His latest appeal to stay in the country was denied Thursday by Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials. Rev. Ken Heintzelman says Berrones should be allowed to stay. "He shouldn't be prosecuted. He should be lifted up, used as an example of what it means to be a father. Berrones' attorney, Garrett Wilkes, is awaiting word from ICE, he told InsideEdition.com Monday. Meanwhile, Berrones and his family are inside the church, praying for help. Immigration officials cannot enter the sanctuary without a warrant signed by a judge, Wilkes said. We and our partners use cookies to understand how you use our site, improve your experience and serve you personalized content and advertising. Read about how we use cookies in our cookie policy and how you can control them by clicking Manage Settings. By continuing to use this site, you accept these cookies. | Mid | [
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Inmates, Dogs Bond For A Brighter Future We travel to Craven Correctional Institution and speak with inmates who are training dogs from local animal shelters, part of the statewide New Leash On Life program. Listen Listening... / 7:16 Dogs have long been called man’s best friend. Today, we highlight the statewide prison program “New Leash on Life” aimed at training dogs for adoption and giving minimum and medium custody state prisoners a chance to turn their life around. In June, I visited Craven Correctional Institution in Vanceboro where the program has been going strong for a decade. Walking through a maze of hallways and locked doors, Program Director for the New Leash on Life program at Craven Correctional Institution Brenda Malanga leads me to a building located in the interior of the prison. A guard unlocks a door leading to an outside courtyard. Here, four inmates are standing with their leashed dogs practicing basic commands like sit, stay and lay down. Our presence seems to break the dog’s concentration. “for eight weeks, that’s pretty much what we do. It’s just all obedience training, it’s just all repetition. One thing we do not do is we do not treat train here. It’s done by repetition and praise and affection, that’s pretty much it.” Inmates who apply to participate in the New Leash on Life program teach their dog basic obedience, with an emphasis on house training, and socialization. Inmate Dwayne Futrell has been working with Luna for seven weeks. Credit Brenda Malanga, New Leash On Life CCI “she’s a two year old border collie corgi cross, she’s very lovable energetic. We’ve done some certain stuff with her, just hiding stuff and she’s really good at that. She loves playing ball.” He says training takes time, patience and persistence. “our sit-stays and down-stays consist of, we started at like 30 seconds and we moved them up to 15 minutes of time now. So they’re sitting in 15 minute increments for a down-stay and a sit-stay. We do equal play like if we work for 40 minutes, we give them 40 minutes worth of play. It’s an equal thing. They need both the same amount of exercise as they do training.” Local animal shelters are key in identify dogs to participate in the program. So far, more than 215 have been trained at Craven Correctional. Furtrell says it’s hard work caring for a dog but the companionship is more than worth the challenge. “it’s not only a job where you’re taking care of yourself, you have to take care of them and their wellbeing. Therefore, being with them helps you be just an all-around better person. I couldn’t see doing it without the dogs. ” Inmates in the program start the day at 7 o’clock and lead the dogs out of their crates. They do some indoor house training and then go outside to work with Drake Parker, a trainer from Top Dog Academy. He volunteers to teach the inmates how to train their dogs. “Dogs can be a bridge back to everybody else, a bridge back to society is kind of how we look at it. In fact, our motto is ‘better men one dog at a time.’ You know, sometimes you got to do something not because you’re getting paid for it, not because you’re getting something out of it, but just because it’s the right thing to do.” Program inmates spend the rest of the day with their dog by their side. Around 7 p.m. the dogs are crated until the next morning. Superintendent 4 at Craven Correctional Institution Larry Dail says the 12 hour training day is beneficial for inmates. “they learn responsibility, then that branches off into the inmates being able to take community college classes in veterinarian assistant tech programs, or being certified dog trainers, so it’s just a win-win situation for inmates, staff and the general public. Craven Community College offers a 120 credit hour vet tech course at the prison where inmates can learn the skills necessary to get a job at a veterinarian’s office or an animal shelter when they are released back into society. The North Carolina Department of Labor also offers inmates an apprentice certification which can help them land a job. Malanga says most inmates decide to stick with the program because they have to complete 4,000 hours of on the job training and a total of 288 hours of related instruction to get the certification. “when the guys become primary trainers, they usually, unless they get shipped out, they make minimum custody or something like that, they’ll stay primary trainers for two or three years.” Inmate Ruben Vargas has been involved with the New Leash on Life program for two years. He’s training Katy, a mix mutt. “Man, she’s a very lovable dog. She’s a little stubborn, you know what I mean? But I’ve had worse than her. She plays with the other dogs, she loves people.” Vargas completed his vet tech class and is currently working on his GED. He says training dogs has taught him responsibility and determination. “The dogs, that’s the easy part, you know. Dealing with people is one of the challenging things you know what I’m saying? It’s something I love doing man, and I have plans. It’s really what I want to do when I get out. I might give it a shot man.” The New Leash on Life program is about second chances; the dogs get a new home and the inmates have an opportunity to turn their lives around. Luna’s human, inmate Dwayne Futrell has been at the prison for three months. And so far, he’s already completed his vet tech class and is working to get his apprentice certification from the State Department of Labor. He also wants to pursue a career working with dogs when he gets out of prison. “it just gives me something to show the community that I can better myself and I can give back to the community instead of messing up like I’ve done in my life. I can actually turn around and show what good I can do instead of what bad I can do.” More than 215 dogs, trained at Craven Correctional, have been adopted since the New Leash on Life started in 2004. Program Director Brenda Malanga says they’ve had great success finding homes for the dogs. “We’ve only had one dog so far that hasn’t been adopted and we’re in the process of back and forth with her of getting her adopted. The rest of the dogs, normally by the time graduation comes around, in all other cases they’ve all been adopted. So we’ve been really lucky.” Since my visit last month, inmate Rueben Vargas has received his Apprenticeship Certificate from the NC State Labor Department in Dog Training. Additionally, two more trainers have completed requirements to receive their certifications. The eight week course that ended July 10th saw four dogs - Katie, Stella, Bud and Luna - complete the New Leash on Life training. Malanga says so far, three of the four dogs have found new homes, except for two year old Luna. New Leash On Life a program held across the state. It was announced this week that Eastern Correctional Institution in Greene County is closing as a men's prison and will be converted to a minimum security women's prison. There are four dogs there that have been in training for about 3 weeks. All of them are healthy, heart worm negative, spayed or neutered and current on vaccinations. The dogs need to be adopted by the end of August. See below for information on adopting A New Leash On Life dog. UPDATE: Luna was adopted over the August 2-3 weekend by a family with two children. ADOPTION INFORMATION: To adopt dogs trained at Craven Correctional Institution, go to www.palsforpaws.org and click on the "New Leash On Life" section. To adopt dogs from Eastern Correctional Institution in Greene County, Call Debbie at (252)814-7560 or email [email protected] for adoption info. The dogs - Higgins, PJ, Lydia and Sasha (pictured below) need to be adopted before August 31st. | Mid | [
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#include "stdafx.h" #ifdef DEBUG #include "physics.h" #include "MathUtils.h" #include "../xr_3da/StatGraph.h" #include "PHDebug.h" #include "PHObject.h" #include "ExtendedGeom.h" #include "Level.h" #include "Hudmanager.h" #include "debug_renderer.h" Flags32 ph_dbg_draw_mask ; Flags32 ph_dbg_draw_mask1 ; bool draw_frame=0; LPCSTR dbg_trace_object =NULL; string64 s_dbg_tsrace_obj ; u32 dbg_bodies_num =0; u32 dbg_joints_num =0; u32 dbg_islands_num =0; u32 dbg_contacts_num =0; u32 dbg_tries_num =0; u32 dbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects =0; u32 dbg_total_saved_tries =0; u32 dbg_reused_queries_per_step =0; u32 dbg_new_queries_per_step =0; float dbg_vel_collid_damage_to_display =7.f; #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS CONTACT_VECTOR Contacts0; CONTACT_VECTOR Contacts1; #endif PHOBJ_DBG_V dbg_draw_objects0; PHOBJ_DBG_V dbg_draw_objects1; PHABS_DBG_V dbg_draw_abstruct0; PHABS_DBG_V dbg_draw_abstruct1; PHABS_DBG_V dbg_draw_cashed; PHABS_DBG_V dbg_draw_simple; enum EDBGPHDrawMode { dmSecondaryThread, dmCashed, dmSimple } dbg_ph_draw_mode=dmSecondaryThread; u32 cash_draw_remove_time=u32(-1); struct SPHDBGDrawTri :public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { Fvector v[3]; u32 c; bool solid; SPHDBGDrawTri(CDB::RESULT* T,u32 ac) { v[0].set(T->verts[0]); v[1].set(T->verts[1]); v[2].set(T->verts[2]); c=ac; solid = false; } SPHDBGDrawTri(CDB::TRI* T,const Fvector* V_array,u32 ac) { v[0].set(V_array[T->verts[0]]); v[1].set(V_array[T->verts[1]]); v[2].set(V_array[T->verts[2]]); c=ac; solid = false; } SPHDBGDrawTri(const Fvector &v0, const Fvector &v1, const Fvector &v2, u32 ac, bool solid_) { v[0].set(v0);v[1].set(v1);v[2].set(v2); c = ac; solid = solid_; } virtual void render() { if(solid) { RCache.dbg_DrawTRI (Fidentity, v[0], v[1], v[2], c ); RCache.dbg_DrawTRI (Fidentity, v[2], v[1], v[0], c ); } else { Level().debug_renderer().draw_line(Fidentity,v[0],v[1],c); Level().debug_renderer().draw_line(Fidentity,v[1],v[2],c); Level().debug_renderer().draw_line(Fidentity,v[2],v[0],c); } } }; static void clear_vector(PHABS_DBG_V& v) { PHABS_DBG_I i,e;i=v.begin();e=v.end(); for(;e!=i;++i) { xr_delete(*i); } v.clear(); } void DBG_DrawTri(CDB::RESULT* T,u32 c) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGDrawTri>(T,c)); } void DBG_DrawTri(CDB::TRI* T,const Fvector* V_verts,u32 c) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGDrawTri>(T,V_verts,c)); } struct SPHDBGDrawLine : public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { Fvector p[2];u32 c; SPHDBGDrawLine(const Fvector& p0,const Fvector& p1,u32 ca) { p[0].set(p0);p[1].set(p1);c=ca; } virtual void render() { Level().debug_renderer().draw_line(Fidentity,p[0],p[1],c); } }; void DBG_DrawLine ( const Fvector& p0, const Fvector& p1, u32 c ) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct( xr_new<SPHDBGDrawLine>( p0, p1, c ) ); } void DBG_DrawMatrix( const Fmatrix &m, float size, u8 a/* = 255*/ ) { Fvector to;to.add( m.c,Fvector( ).mul( m.i, size ) ); DBG_DrawPHAbstruct( xr_new<SPHDBGDrawLine>( m.c, to, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(a, 0, 0 ) ) ); to.add(m.c,Fvector( ).mul( m.j, size ) ); DBG_DrawPHAbstruct( xr_new<SPHDBGDrawLine>( m.c, to, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, a, 0 ) ) ); to.add(m.c,Fvector( ).mul( m.k, size ) ); DBG_DrawPHAbstruct( xr_new<SPHDBGDrawLine>( m.c, to, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0, 0, a ) ) ); } template<int> IC void rotate(Fmatrix &m, float ang); template<> IC void rotate<0>(Fmatrix &m, float ang) { m.rotateX( ang ); } template<> IC void rotate<1>(Fmatrix &m, float ang) { m.rotateY( ang ); } template<> IC void rotate<2>(Fmatrix &m, float ang) { m.rotateZ( ang ); } template<int ax> void DBG_DrawRotation( float ang0, float ang1, const Fmatrix& m, const Fvector &l, float size, u32 ac, bool solid, u32 tessel) { Fvector from; from.set( m.c ); Fvector ln; ln.set( l ); ln.mul( size ); const float ftess = (float)tessel; Fmatrix mm; rotate<ax>( mm, ang0 ); mm.mulA_43( m ); Fmatrix r; rotate<ax>( r, ( ang1 - ang0 ) / ftess ); for( u32 i = 0; tessel > i; ++i ) { Fvector tmp; mm.transform_dir( tmp, ln ); Fvector to0; to0.add( from, tmp ); mm.mulB_43( r ); mm.transform_dir( tmp, ln ); Fvector to1; to1.add( from, tmp ); DBG_DrawPHAbstruct( xr_new<SPHDBGDrawTri>( from, to0, to1, ac, solid ) ); } } void DBG_DrawRotationX( const Fmatrix &m, float ang0, float ang1, float size, u32 ac, bool solid, u32 tessel ) { DBG_DrawRotation<0>( ang0 , ang1, m, Fvector().set(0,0,1) ,size, ac, solid, tessel ); } void DBG_DrawRotationY( const Fmatrix &m, float ang0, float ang1, float size, u32 ac, bool solid, u32 tessel ) { DBG_DrawRotation<1>( ang0 , ang1, m, Fvector().set(1,0,0),size, ac, solid, tessel ); } void DBG_DrawRotationZ( const Fmatrix &m, float ang0, float ang1, float size, u32 ac, bool solid, u32 tessel ) { DBG_DrawRotation<2>( ang0 , ang1, m, Fvector().set(0,1,0), size, ac, solid, tessel ); } struct SPHDBGDrawAABB :public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { Fvector p[2];u32 c; SPHDBGDrawAABB(const Fvector& center,const Fvector& AABB,u32 ac) { p[0].set(center);p[1].set(AABB); c=ac; } virtual void render() { Level().debug_renderer().draw_aabb (p[0],p[1].x,p[1].y,p[1].z,c); } }; void DBG_DrawAABB(const Fvector& center,const Fvector& AABB,u32 c) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGDrawAABB>(center,AABB,c)); } struct SPHDBGDrawOBB: public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { Fmatrix m;Fvector h;u32 c; SPHDBGDrawOBB(const Fmatrix am,const Fvector ah, u32 ac) { m.set(am);h.set(ah);c=ac; } virtual void render() { Level().debug_renderer().draw_obb(m,h,c); } }; void DBG_DrawOBB(const Fmatrix& m,const Fvector h,u32 c) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGDrawOBB>(m,h,c)); }; struct SPHDBGDrawPoint :public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { Fvector p;float size;u32 c; SPHDBGDrawPoint(const Fvector ap,float s,u32 ac) { p.set(ap),size=s;c=ac; } virtual void render() { //Level().debug_renderer().draw_aabb(p,size,size,size,c); Fmatrix m;m.identity();m.scale(size,size,size);m.c.set(p); Level().debug_renderer().draw_ellipse(m,c); } }; void DBG_DrawPoint(const Fvector& p,float size,u32 c) { DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGDrawPoint>(p,size,c)); } struct SPHDBGOutText : public SPHDBGDrawAbsract { string64 s; bool rendered; SPHDBGOutText(LPCSTR t) { strcpy(s,t); rendered=false; } virtual void render() { //if(rendered) return; HUD().Font().pFontStat->OutNext(s); rendered=true; } }; void _cdecl DBG_OutText(LPCSTR s,...) { string64 t; va_list marker; va_start (marker,s); vsprintf(t,s,marker); va_end (marker); DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(xr_new<SPHDBGOutText>(t)); } void DBG_OpenCashedDraw() { dbg_ph_draw_mode=dmCashed; } void DBG_ClosedCashedDraw(u32 remove_time) { dbg_ph_draw_mode =dmSecondaryThread ; cash_draw_remove_time =remove_time+Device.dwTimeGlobal; } IC void push( PHABS_DBG_V &v, SPHDBGDrawAbsract* a ) { if( v.size() < 500 ) v.push_back(a); } void DBG_DrawPHAbstruct(SPHDBGDrawAbsract* a) { if(dbg_ph_draw_mode!=dmCashed) { if(ph_world->Processing()) dbg_ph_draw_mode=dmSecondaryThread; else dbg_ph_draw_mode=dmSimple; } switch (dbg_ph_draw_mode) { case dmSecondaryThread: if(draw_frame) { push( dbg_draw_abstruct0, a ); }else { push( dbg_draw_abstruct1, a ); }; break; case dmCashed: push( dbg_draw_cashed, a );break; case dmSimple: push( dbg_draw_simple, a );break; } } void DBG_PHAbstruactStartFrame(bool dr_frame) { PHABS_DBG_I i,e; if(dr_frame) { i=dbg_draw_abstruct0.begin(); e=dbg_draw_abstruct0.end(); }else { i=dbg_draw_abstruct1.begin(); e=dbg_draw_abstruct1.end(); } for(;e!=i;++i) { xr_delete(*i); } if(dr_frame) { dbg_draw_abstruct0.clear(); } else { dbg_draw_abstruct1.clear(); } } void capped_cylinder_ray_collision_test(); void DBG_PHAbstructRender() { PHABS_DBG_I i,e; if(!draw_frame) { i=dbg_draw_abstruct0.begin(); e=dbg_draw_abstruct0.end(); }else { i=dbg_draw_abstruct1.begin(); e=dbg_draw_abstruct1.end(); } for(;e!=i;++i) { (*i)->render(); } if(dbg_ph_draw_mode!=dmCashed) { PHABS_DBG_I i,e; i=dbg_draw_cashed.begin();e=dbg_draw_cashed.end(); for(;e!=i;++i) { (*i)->render(); } if(cash_draw_remove_time<Device.dwTimeGlobal) { clear_vector(dbg_draw_cashed); } } { PHABS_DBG_I i,e; i=dbg_draw_simple.begin();e=dbg_draw_simple.end(); for(;e!=i;++i) { (*i)->render(); } clear_vector(dbg_draw_simple); } //capped_cylinder_ray_collision_test(); } void DBG_PHAbstructClear() { DBG_PHAbstruactStartFrame(true); DBG_PHAbstruactStartFrame(false); clear_vector(dbg_draw_cashed); clear_vector(dbg_draw_simple); } void DBG_DrawPHObject(CPHObject* obj) { if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawEnabledAABBS)) { SPHObjDBGDraw obj_draw; obj_draw.AABB.set(obj->AABB); obj_draw.AABB_center.set(obj->spatial.sphere.P); if(draw_frame) { dbg_draw_objects0.push_back(obj_draw); }else { dbg_draw_objects1.push_back(obj_draw); } } } void DBG_DrawContact(dContact& c) { #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS SPHContactDBGDraw dbc; if(dGeomGetBody(c.geom.g1)) { dbc.geomClass =dGeomGetClass(retrieveGeom(c.geom.g1)); } else { dbc.geomClass=dGeomGetClass(retrieveGeom(c.geom.g2)); } dbc.norm.set(cast_fv(c.geom.normal)); dbc.pos.set(cast_fv(c.geom.pos)); dbc.depth=c.geom.depth; if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawContacts)) { if(draw_frame)Contacts0.push_back(dbc); else Contacts1.push_back(dbc); } #endif } void DBG_DrawFrameStart() { if(draw_frame) { #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS Contacts0.clear(); #endif dbg_draw_objects0.clear(); dbg_draw_abstruct0.clear(); } else { #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS Contacts1.clear(); #endif dbg_draw_objects1.clear(); dbg_draw_abstruct1.clear(); } DBG_PHAbstruactStartFrame(draw_frame); dbg_tries_num =0; dbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects =0; } void PH_DBG_Clear() { DBG_PHAbstructClear(); dbg_draw_objects0.clear(); dbg_draw_objects1.clear(); #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS Contacts0.clear(); Contacts1.clear(); #endif } void PH_DBG_Render() { if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawZDisable))CHK_DX(HW.pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE,0)); HUD().Font().pFontStat->OutSet (550,250); if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawEnabledAABBS)) { PHOBJ_DBG_I i,e; if(!draw_frame) { i=dbg_draw_objects0.begin(); e=dbg_draw_objects0.end(); }else { i=dbg_draw_objects1.begin(); e=dbg_draw_objects1.end(); } for(;e!=i;++i) { SPHObjDBGDraw& ds=*i; Level().debug_renderer().draw_aabb(ds.AABB_center,ds.AABB.x,ds.AABB.y,ds.AABB.z,D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,0,0)); } } DBG_PHAbstructRender(); #ifdef DRAW_CONTACTS if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawContacts)) { CONTACT_I i,e; if(!draw_frame) { i=Contacts0.begin(); e=Contacts0.end(); } else { i=Contacts1.begin(); e=Contacts1.end(); } for(;i!=e;i++) { SPHContactDBGDraw &c=*i; bool is_cyl=c.geomClass==dCylinderClassUser; Level().debug_renderer().draw_aabb (c.pos,.01f,.01f,.01f,D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255*is_cyl,0,255*!is_cyl)); Fvector dir; dir.set(c.norm); dir.mul(c.depth*100.f); dir.add(c.pos); Level().debug_renderer().draw_line(Fidentity,c.pos,dir,D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255*is_cyl,0,255*!is_cyl)); } } // HUD().Font().pFontStat->OutNext("---------------------"); #endif if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawZDisable))CHK_DX(HW.pDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE,1)); } void DBG_DrawStatBeforeFrameStep() { if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawObjectStatistics)) { static float obj_count=0.f; static float update_obj_count=0.f; obj_count=obj_count*0.9f + float(ph_world->ObjectsNumber())*0.1f; update_obj_count=update_obj_count*0.9f + float(ph_world->UpdateObjectsNumber())*0.1f; DBG_OutText("Active Phys Objects %3.0f",obj_count); DBG_OutText("Active Phys Update Objects %3.0f",update_obj_count); } } void DBG_DrawStatAfterFrameStep() { if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawObjectStatistics)) { DBG_OutText("------------------------------"); static float fdbg_bodies_num=0.f; static float fdbg_joints_num=0.f; static float fdbg_islands_num=0.f; static float fdbg_contacts_num=0.f; static float fdbg_tries_num=0.f; fdbg_islands_num=0.9f*fdbg_islands_num+0.1f*float(dbg_islands_num); fdbg_bodies_num=0.9f*fdbg_bodies_num+0.1f*float(dbg_bodies_num); fdbg_joints_num=0.9f*fdbg_joints_num+0.1f*float(dbg_joints_num); fdbg_contacts_num=0.9f*fdbg_contacts_num+0.1f*float(dbg_contacts_num); fdbg_tries_num=0.9f*fdbg_tries_num+0.1f*float(dbg_tries_num); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of active islands %3.0f",fdbg_islands_num); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of active bodies %3.0f",fdbg_bodies_num); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of active joints %4.0f",fdbg_joints_num); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of contacts %4.0f",fdbg_contacts_num); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of tries %5.0f",fdbg_tries_num); DBG_OutText("------------------------------"); } if(ph_dbg_draw_mask.test(phDbgDrawCashedTriesStat)) { DBG_OutText("------------------------------"); static float fdbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects =0; static float fdbg_total_saved_tries =0; fdbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects=0.9f*fdbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects+0.1f*float(dbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects); fdbg_total_saved_tries =0.9f*fdbg_total_saved_tries+0.1f*float(dbg_total_saved_tries); DBG_OutText("Ph Number of cashed tries in active objects %5.0f",fdbg_saved_tries_for_active_objects); DBG_OutText("Ph Total number cashed %5.0f",fdbg_total_saved_tries); static SInertVal fdbg_reused_queries_per_step(0.9f); static SInertVal fdbg_new_queries_per_step(0.9f); fdbg_reused_queries_per_step.new_val(float(dbg_reused_queries_per_step)); fdbg_new_queries_per_step.new_val(float(dbg_new_queries_per_step)); DBG_OutText("Ph tri_queries_per_step %5.2f",fdbg_new_queries_per_step.val); DBG_OutText("Ph reused_tri_queries_per_step %5.2f",fdbg_reused_queries_per_step.val); DBG_OutText("------------------------------"); } draw_frame=!draw_frame; } CFunctionGraph::CFunctionGraph() { m_stat_graph=NULL; m_function.clear(); } CFunctionGraph::~CFunctionGraph() { xr_delete(m_stat_graph); m_function.clear(); } void CFunctionGraph::Init(type_function fun,float x0,float x1,int l, int t, int w, int h,int points_num/*=500*/,u32 color/*=*/,u32 bk_color) { x_min=x0;x_max=x1; m_stat_graph=xr_new<CStatGraph>(); m_function=fun; R_ASSERT(!m_function.empty()&&m_stat_graph); R_ASSERT(x1>x0); s=(x_max-x_min)/points_num; R_ASSERT(s>0.f); m_stat_graph->SetRect(l,t,w,h,bk_color,bk_color); float min=dInfinity;float max=-dInfinity; for(float x=x_min;x<x_max;x+=s) { float val=m_function(x); save_min(min,val);save_max(max,val); } R_ASSERT(min<dInfinity&&max>-dInfinity && min<=max); m_stat_graph->SetMinMax(min,max,points_num); for(float x=x_min;x<x_max;x+=s) { float val=m_function(x); m_stat_graph->AppendItem(val,color); } //m_stat_graph->AddMarker(CStatGraph::stVert, 0, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 0, 0)); //m_stat_graph->AddMarker(CStatGraph::stHor, 0, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 0, 0)); } void CFunctionGraph::AddMarker(CStatGraph::EStyle Style, float pos, u32 Color) { VERIFY(IsActive()); ScaleMarkerPos(Style,pos); m_stat_graph->AddMarker(Style,pos,Color); } void CFunctionGraph::UpdateMarker (u32 ID, float M) { VERIFY(IsActive()); ScaleMarkerPos(ID,M); m_stat_graph->UpdateMarkerPos(ID, M); } void CFunctionGraph::ScaleMarkerPos(u32 ID,float &p) { VERIFY(IsActive()); ScaleMarkerPos(m_stat_graph->Marker(ID).m_eStyle,p); } void CFunctionGraph::ScaleMarkerPos(CStatGraph::EStyle Style, float &p) { VERIFY(IsActive()); if(Style==CStatGraph::stVert) p=ScaleX(p); } void CFunctionGraph::Clear() { xr_delete(m_stat_graph); m_function.clear(); } bool CFunctionGraph::IsActive() { VERIFY((m_stat_graph==0)==m_function.empty()); return !!m_stat_graph; } LPCSTR PH_DBG_ObjectTrack() { return dbg_trace_object; } void PH_DBG_SetTrackObject(LPCSTR obj) { strcpy( s_dbg_tsrace_obj,obj); dbg_trace_object=s_dbg_tsrace_obj; } #endif | Mid | [
0.575107296137339,
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Introduction ============ One of the key components of supervised machine learning-based clinical natural language processing (NLP) systems is the high-quality gold standard used for training and testing. In clinical NLP projects, expert annotators are traditionally asked to double annotate the text for the purposes of the gold standard. Expert annotators could be clinicians or extensively trained laypeople \[[@ref1]\]. Unless the expert annotators are volunteers, they are very costly to pay and it is usually not easy to build a sufficiently large group of expert annotators locally and, consequently, fast contingent of annotators. To reduce the cost of expert human annotation, many projects in general NLP have turned to crowdsourcing, which involves submitting a large number of smaller subtasks to a coordinated marketplace of workers on the Internet. These workers (called turkers) are paid small amounts (usually a few cents) for each task, sometimes resulting in considerable overall savings over the traditional expert annotator model. The trade-off is usually between the accuracy of the annotation result and the cost savings. Because anonymous turkers from all over the world have different levels of proficiency in the task and are not trained to accomplish the task, efficient quality control and judgment voting methods are required to generate good results. Many studies have been conducted in the area of crowdsourcing tasks. As early as 2008, Snow et al \[[@ref2]\] were the first to explore the feasibility of crowdsourcing in NLP. Five NLP tasks were published on Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT, \[[@ref3]\]) to turkers. Their results indicated that non-expert labellers could obtain high-quality annotations. Since then, data created by crowdsourcing has been widely studied for different research areas. Lawson et al \[[@ref4]\] described how using a competitive payment system and interannotator agreement improved the quality of named entity annotations on AMT. Unlike traditional named entity experiments, Finin et al \[[@ref5]\] presented their experience by leveraging AMT and CrowdFlower \[[@ref6]\] to annotate named entities in Twitter data. It was the first work of named entity recognition in the new domains of Facebook and Twitter. Meanwhile, several studies attempted to use crowdsourcing to create data for machine translation systems. Ambati and Vogel \[[@ref7]\] explored the effectiveness of using AMT to do sentence translation for creating parallel corpora. Denkowski et al \[[@ref8]-[@ref10]\] attempted to generate annotated data in a variety of languages. In addition, crowdsourcing was also applied to transcription \[[@ref11]-[@ref13]\], part-of-speech tagging \[[@ref14]\], and other tasks \[[@ref15],[@ref16]\]. In a recent publication of the Journal of Medical Internet Research, Turner et al \[[@ref17]\] reported on the use of crowdsourcing to collect feedback on the design of health promotion messages for oral health. Luengo-Oroz et al \[[@ref18]\] evaluated the feasibility of crowdsourcing to conduct malaria image analysis. Gathering a large number of high quality annotations is a critical challenge in biomedical NLP, which was presented in detail in the editorial of Chapman et al \[[@ref1]\]. As demonstrated by studies in the general NLP field, crowdsourcing is a decidedly promising solution to this research area. However, in contrast to the general NLP domain, there are only a few studies involving crowdsourcing in biomedical NLP and almost none for clinical NLP. Most recently, Burger et al \[[@ref19]\] performed a task of extracting the gene-mutation relations in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) abstracts on AMT. In their work, candidate mutations were extracted from 250 MEDLINE abstracts using the Extractor of Mutations (EMU) presented together with the curated gene lists from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Using a customized interface, it was feasible for turkers to apply their judgments. They reported that the weighted accuracy was 82%. This work was somewhat similar to our linking of medications and their attributes, but it focused on a very specific gene-mutation domain. Norman et al \[[@ref20]\] investigated leveraging crowdsourcing to facilitate the discovery of new medicines. Yetisgen-Yildiz et al \[[@ref21],[@ref22]\] explored the task of using AMT to annotate biomedical text. Clinical trial announcements annotated 3 entity types (medical conditions, medications, and laboratory tests). The authors indicated that AMT was a very promising tool for annotating clinical text and a well-designed interface and annotation guidelines were helpful to further improve the performance. Building on these earlier works, we designed our medical named entity annotation experiment to include a large-scale data set, easy-to-use graphical user interface and strict quality control. Specifically, a corpus ten times of earlier works was used in our experiments. CrowdFlower Markup Language (CML) and JavaScript were leveraged to implement the interface. We implemented a 4-component quality control strategy to improve the crowd-generated annotation. Improving the quality of judgments is one of the most important issues in crowdsourcing, especially for the tasks without strong quality control. A variety of methods have been proposed to assess the quality of judgments from turkers. Kumar and Lease \[[@ref23],[@ref24]\] presented a weighted voting method based on turkers' accuracies, which can be estimated by taking the full set of labels into account. Jung and Lease \[[@ref25]\] conducted a large-scale consensus study on relevant judgements between query/document pairs for Web search on the ClueWeb09 dataset \[[@ref26]\]. In their work, approximately 20,000 labels were collected from 766 Mechanical Turk workers. They reported that computing the Z-score could filter noisy labels and achieve a significant improvement, in comparison to a majority vote baseline. Based on the previous work, a semi-supervised approach was proposed to maximize the benefit from consensus \[[@ref27]\] with consensus labels from both labelled and unlabeled examples. As these studies indicated, though much progress has been made, quality control and aggregating judgments are still the major challenges of crowdsourcing. The highest reported performance of medication name entity annotation from earlier crowdsourcing attempts in the biomedical NLP domain was 0.68 (F-measure) for agreement between traditional and crowd-generated corpora \[[@ref21],[@ref22]\]. In our research, we applied strict quality control to select qualified turkers and investigated multiple approaches to aggregating judgments. The goals of our study were to build upon previous work from the general crowdsourcing research and to evaluate the usability of crowdsourcing approach in the clinical NLP domain. This will help us automate clinical trial eligibility screening. The clinical NLP tasks that we used for the purpose of evaluation were medical named entity recognition and entity linking in a clinical trial announcement (CTA) corpus. The entities involved were medication names and medication types, as well as their attributes. During our research, we first studied the turkers' performance to annotate medical named entities on a large-scale data set. Second, we proposed to use crowdsourcing to link named entities and their attributes, in which the entities and attributes were pre-annotated in the text and the crowdsourcing task was to identify entity/attribute pairs that are associated in the text. Third, we attempted to find a new solution to produce a more robust, manually-created gold standard (ie, correction) by investigating whether an iterative model of crowdsourcing tasks can correct errors from previous generations of tasks. Finally, we studied 3 methods to aggregate multiple annotations of the same text to generate a better gold standard. Our research contributed to the field of clinical NLP by: (1) evaluating the usability of crowdsourcing in the clinical NLP domain, (2) publicly releasing the user interface software that is necessary for crowdsourced, named-entity annotation, and (3) implementing a 4-component quality control strategy to improve the crowd generated annotation, including an introductory quiz to filter the automated scripts, a geographical constraints for turkers, training turkers for the task, and continuous performance monitoring. We will release the annotated corpora in December 2013 when our NIH grant funding concludes. Methods ======= Definition of Annotated Named Entities and Linkages --------------------------------------------------- This section presents the definitions and examples of medication entities (medication names and medication types) and medication-attribute linkages annotated in this work. ### Medication Name Medication names are specific names of drugs, biological substances, and treatments. Some examples of mediation names are ibuprophen, phosphonoacetic acid, vancomycin, and ganciclovir. ### Medication Type Medication types refer to classes of drugs (eg, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, benzodiazapines), types of drug therapy (eg, chemotherapy), and general references to medications (eg, "study drug", "other drugs", "medication"). ### Attribute Attributes define how much, how often, and in what form medications or medication types are taken. We distinguished between the following categories of attributes (based on the schema of the SHARPn project \[[@ref28]\]): - Date: indicating all dates associated with the medication (eg, start dates, concluding dates) - Strength: indicating the strength number and units of the prescribed drug - Dosage: indicating the amount of each medication used by the patient and type of dose it is (eg, high dose, low dose, stable dose) - Form: indicating the shape or configuration of the medication (eg, tablet, capsule, liquid, injection, infusion) - Frequency: indicating how often each dose of the medication should be taken - Duration: indicating how long the patient is expected to take the drug - Route: indicating route or method of the medication (eg, intravenous, oral, chew, topical) - Status change: indicating whether the medication is currently being taken or not (eg, active, inactive, hold, incomplete, started, discontinued, increased, decreased, no change) - Modifier: indicating mentions that could exist under certain circumstances (eg, conditional modifier), develop or alter a mention (eg, course modifier), or generic modifier (eg, conventional) Linking ------- The linking task associates attributes to their corresponding medication entities, assuming medications and attributes have already been pre-annotated. The following sentence demonstrates the linking task: "Advair 250/50 diskus 1 puff and Singulair 5mg chewable 1 tablet once a day". In this sentence, "Advair and Singulair" are the medication names and "250/50, diskus, 1, puff, 5mg, chewable, 1, tablet, and once a day" are the attributes. In this example, "250/50, diskus, 1, and puff" are the attributes of Advair, "5mg, chewable, 1, tablet and once a day" are the attributes of Singulair, as shown in [Figure 1](#figure1){ref-type="fig"}. {#figure1} Gold Standard to Evaluate Turker Performance -------------------------------------------- In one of our previous projects, CTA were annotated for medication extraction. In this paper, we present the most important features of the gold standard used in the study. Details of the corpora and the process of the gold standard development were thoroughly described in a separate manuscript that was published in the 2012 AMIA Annual Conference Proceedings \[[@ref29]\]. The corpus was double annotated for medication names, types, and attributes by two annotators (college graduates with bachelor degrees) to create a gold standard, at a cost of 20 days per annotator for annotation of medication names and types and an additional 20 days per annotator for the attributes. Additionally, each attribute was linked to its respective medication name or medication type. The CTA corpus was composed of 3000 CTAs randomly selected from the ClinicalTrials website (105,598 documents as of March 2011). We annotated only the eligibility criteria sections of the trial announcements. [Table 1](#table1){ref-type="table"} shows the descriptive statistics of the corpus (number of documents and number of annotations in the traditional gold standard). In this study we used crowdsourcing to annotate only medication names and medication types. The linking crowdsourcing experiment utilized pre-annotated text: medication names, medication types, and attributes. ###### CTA corpus statistics. -------------------------------------------- Corpus statistics \ ------------------- ----------------- ------ Documents 3000 Tokens 635,003 **Annotations** \ \ Medication name 9968 Medication type 11,789 Date 16 Dosage 645 Duration 644 Form 482 Frequency 381 Route 894 Status change 598 Strength 409 Modifier 5827 All classes 31,653 -------------------------------------------- Because the CTAs were longer than the text of many crowdsourcing tasks, and considering the difficulty of clinical NLP annotations, we decided to break up the CTAs into smaller paragraph-length sizes for the tasks. Based on a tokenizer we wrote to count discrete basic units, the average token count in a CTA document was 212. In the paragraph-size tasks, we split the CTAs into paragraphs with at least 50 tokens, preserving the original format and the integrity of the CTA file (no paragraphs spanned into different CTAs). This resulted in 9773 paragraphs or "units". Crowdsourcing User Interface ---------------------------- We selected CrowdFlower (CF) as the platform through which we would access AMT because CF's self-service product met our needs for flexibility in graphical user interface (GUI) modification and offered means for strict and continuous quality control for the annotations. We wrote a custom JavaScript program that was loaded into a CF job, allowing the turkers to highlight and classify entities in a similar fashion to the Knowtator plug-in for Protégé \[[@ref30]\] that was used in our traditional annotation methods. In addition to the customizable GUI, another key benefit of using the CF crowdsourcing platform over directly accessing AMT is that it has strict quality control measures. CF provides an interface for creating and editing "gold standard answers" for quality control. "Gold standard answers" are randomly included (without the turkers being aware of their presence) in the submitted data and a turker is required to meet a minimum threshold of accuracy in these "gold" examples in order to continue submitting tasks. When a turker meets this threshold, he/she is deemed "trusted". Only the "trusted" turkers' data are collected to establish final judgments. If an example has 3 medications in the unit and the turker annotates only two correctly, the system will score the judgment as incorrect as there are no partial scores in determining a turker's trust status within a particular unit of annotated text. In pilots, we experimented with different thresholds. Lower thresholds resulted in lower agreement of the turker-annotated corpora with the gold standard corpora. Higher thresholds prevented the successful completion of the task by eliminating too many turkers. Because of the complexity of the task, we experimented with a trust-based threshold and found 50% (on unit level) to be the most feasible threshold number. A turker presented with "gold standard" examples must accurately annotate 50% of the unit-based responses. That is, if the turker annotated 4 units of "gold" examples, at least 2 (of the 4) had to be exact matches for him/her to establish trustworthiness. The 50% threshold was evaluated on the unit's level and not on the named entity level. That is, all of a unit's annotations, or judgments, had to be matched exactly with the "gold standard" answers, irrespective the number of named entities per unit. We also found that the training mode of CF was very helpful in winnowing the pool of turker candidates to only the highest quality annotators. In training mode, the turkers were directed to several training examples first. All of the training examples were gold standard examples and the turker must complete 4 examples correctly to proceed to the production annotation task. Based on these interfaces, we implemented our quality control strategy. Of all our tasks, 20% of the total number of units submitted for judgment were uploaded and setup as "gold" units. That is, 20% of the annotated units were gold standard units where the CF system could continuously gauge the trustworthiness of the turker. If a turker's trustworthiness slipped below 50%, the turker was warned. If his/her performance did not improve during the next two gold tests, then the turker's entire output was excluded from the collected data and the system subsequently blocked the turker from submitting any further judgements. In the in-house experts' generated gold standard, approximately 30% of the CTAs had no medications or medication types. Due to the splitting of the CTAs into smaller units, however, the empty percentage grew to 42%. Several initial pilot experiments were conducted regarding the study's design features, including training mode, trusted-turker accuracy threshold, and whether empty tasks were included or not. We tested the performance of excluding empty units (where the data included at least one entity from the in-house gold standard in every unit and a turker had to mark at least one entity to submit) and including empty units (ie, units that have no entities from the in-house gold standard). To mirror the original task given to the traditional annotators and to keep the annotated sample representative of the full CTA corpus, we kept the empty units at 30% of the crowdsourced units. During the pilot annotations, we had difficulty with a large numbers of untrusted turkers and judgments coming from Asia so we restricted the project to turkers from Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We also requested 5 judgments per unit (from 5 different turkers) in order to allow flexibility with voting measures and methods. In addition to the training mode, a qualification quiz was presented to each turker the first time they signed up for our tasks. They had to read and understand the instructions, and answer a short quiz (3 multiple choice questions) in order to gain access to the job. The quiz blocked "robot scripts" from participating in our tasks. [Figure 2](#figure2){ref-type="fig"} shows snippets of the corresponding CML code, common style sheet (CSS) code, and custom JavaScript. As seen in [Figure 2](#figure2){ref-type="fig"}, CF provides the interface for users to edit CML, CSS, and JavaScript in corresponding text areas named CML, CSS, and JavaScript, respectively. The complete GUI code can be found in the [Multimedia Appendix 1](#app1){ref-type="app"}. This interface was primarily used for creating our annotation program. The main restriction for the custom JavaScript code is that it runs only once, when CF randomly selects a unit and presents it to a turker to perform a judgment. In order to deal with this restriction, we created the program based on event-driven programming, in which each user's annotation operation was captured and processed by a designated function. This dynamic JavaScript program worked for each unit submitted for judgment. For the medication and medication type named-entity annotation tasks, our program displayed the unit, allowing for an offset (a single word or group of words) to be selected with a left-click and drag of the mouse or a double-click and a subsequent right click event, in which the turker would select the class associated with the highlighted text. The program kept a sorted record of the offsets, classified for both entity classes, and submitted these offsets as named entities when the turker clicked "submit". The program also handled discontinuous entities, as described below. The performance evaluation described in the experiments section involves comparing the offsets submitted between the turker's judgments and the gold standard. [Figure 3](#figure3){ref-type="fig"} shows the interface of the medication and medication type named-entity annotation task. In this interface, 4 of the major functions were provided, which were "word selection", "annotation selection", "annotation information display", and "discontinuous highlighting". The "word selection" function supported double-clicking to select a single word, automatic word-extending and invalid character-shrinking to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the turkers' operations. Two buttons ("extend highlight" and "shrink highlight") were provided to extend and shrink the highlighted (annotated) area on the right hand side by one character at a time. After selecting one word or more, a menu with two options ("Medication Name" and "Medication Type") popped up for the turkers to select the target annotation type. After the turkers clicked the option, the selected word(s) was highlighted by a corresponding color (eg, green was for "Medication Type," as shown in [Figure 3](#figure3){ref-type="fig"}) and all the current annotation information was displayed in the table named "Annotated Entity List". If the turkers needed to remove annotations already highlighted with a label or if they wanted to change the label of the highlighted word, they had to left-click on the highlighted word and click "OK" to confirm their choice to remove the annotation from the table at the bottom of the page. It should be noted that entities comprised of discontinuous tokens could be highlighted as a single entity by concurrently pressing down CTRL. The interface for the correction task (correcting previously annotated entities) was similar to the annotation task with the only difference being that some words were pre-annotated (highlighted). The offsets associated with these highlighted words were prefilled into the unit judgment table. [Figure 4](#figure4){ref-type="fig"} shows the interface for the linking task. In this interface, all medications (medication names and medication types) and attributes were highlighted with their respective colors. Medications were highlighted with yellow and attributes were highlighted with light gray. Turkers had to left click on the medications and attributes in corresponding pairs. The selected medications and attributes were displayed in the corresponding textbox to link them together and the linked pairs were shown in the table named "Linking Information List". If the turkers wanted to remove an entity-attribute pair, they could click the \"Remove\" button to the left of the pair in the "Linking Information List." In all of these tasks, the results were internally represented by offsets instead of the original text, which was necessary to address the problem of words occurring more than once in the same annotation unit. The GUI worked in Firefox and Chrome browsers. The JavaScript checked the browser type when a turker signed up for our tasks and, if the turker did not use one of the two browsers, it would instruct the turker to download and install a correct browser. {#figure2} {#figure3} {#figure4} Experiments ----------- After the initial, smaller pilot experiments, we selected a larger number of units for the complete named-entity recognition task. In an earlier unpublished project to develop a machine learning-based medication entity-extraction pipeline, we determined that 1042 CTAs were necessary for the training set to achieve higher than 0.80 F-measures (0.86 for medication name and 0.82 for medication type, using Conditional Random Fields algorithm for information extraction). We used this empirically determined corpus size of 1042 CTAs, corresponding to 3400 units as mentioned in previous section for both the medical name-entity recognition and entity-linking jobs. Several samples annotated by turkers and their corresponding gold standard are presented in the [Multimedia Appendix 2](#app2){ref-type="app"}. Based on the pilot medication named-entity annotation experiments, the correction experiment was performed by taking a smaller data set with 200 units and its corresponding 1000 judgments (5 judgments for each unit) and submitting the unique judgments to another crowdsourcing job. The previous experiment had 735 unique judgments (out of 1000). If a particular unit had 3 unique judgments and two additional duplicate judgments, we resubmitted only the 3 unique judgments for the correction job. A judgment was defined by the response of a turker to a unit, covering all of the entities annotated for that unit. In this example, the original job had 5 judgments for the unit and the correction job had 15 judgments for that same unit (3 unique judgments submitted for 5 correction judgments each). For each correction judgment, a turker had the opportunity to remove annotations, add additional annotations, or provide no change to that unit. Measurements ------------ In this paper, standard named-entity recognition and classification measurements were adopted to evaluate the performance of the experiments, including Precision (P), Recall (R), and F-measure (F), which are defined in the [Multimedia Appendix 3](#app3){ref-type="app"}. Voting Methods -------------- One of the aims of this study was to evaluate different methods of voting on judgments from crowdsourced outputs. Because these are named-entity and linking tasks, the calculation is on the entity and linking level. We experimented with 3 voting methods for the medication name and medication-type entity recognition and the medication attribute linking tasks. We investigated 3 voting methods: simple voting (simple), trusted score weighted voting (trust), and turker experience weighted voting (experience). All voting was performed at the entity and linking level (micro average), regardless of the number of entities and linkages in a given task unit. Equations (1), (2), and (3) shown in [Multimedia Appendix 4](#app4){ref-type="app"} describe the formulas we used for the 3 voting methods. Let *e* be the number of votes for a particular named entity and let *J* be the number of judgments (number of turkers who submitted responses) in this unit. Let *t* ~*i*~ be the trust score of turker *i* who annotated the entity. Let *u* ~*i*~ be the total number of judgments user *i* performed and let *m* be the maximum number of judgments the most prolific turker performed. For simple voting presented in Equation 1, if there were 2 or more annotations (out of 5 judgments/responses) for a particular entity, it was selected for the adjudicated judgment. Equation 2 gives the trusted score voting, which weighs a particular turker's entity vote with their trust score (a trust score of 75% provided a 0.75 vote per entity and the max trust score of 100% provided a single simple vote). As presented in Equation 3, turker experience voting weighted each entity vote by the experience score of the turker. The experience score is the number of judgments performed by a turker relative to the maximum number of judgments the most prolific turker performed in that experiment. For example, in one job, a turker submitted 163 judgments, which was the most of any turker in that job. That turker's weight for all of his entity votes became 1 and the experience score for all other turkers became u/163. Note that the intention of division in 3 equations was to normalize the scores to the range of 0 to 1. As presented in [Figure 5](#figure5){ref-type="fig"}, there was high variance in the accomplished number of jobs between turkers. The point of the logarithm in Equation 3 was to scale the difference. The F-measures were calculated using the 3 voting methods on the original judgments (with each unit having 5 judgments) as correction baselines presented in [Table 5](#table5){ref-type="table"}. These were then compared to the subsequent correction results computed by 3 voting methods of all correction judgments presented in [Table 6](#table6){ref-type="table"}. In order to further show the impact of correction, another measure, which we described as a response-level entity vote, is presented in [Figure 6](#figure6){ref-type="fig"}. We counted whether the F-measure of the correction judgments improved upon the F-measure of the original judgment. {#figure5} {#figure6} Statistical Significance Test of Turker Performance --------------------------------------------------- In order to analyze the differences between the corpus created by the turkers and the corpus created by in-house expert annotators, a statistical assessment method (named "pooling chi-square test") was proposed to calculate the *P* values. In this method, the voting results from turkers were pooled together with the corpus that was annotated by experts. These pooled results were then tested against the original voting results. The hypothesis was that the turkers with sufficient training and aggregating multiple results could perform as well as experts. If this hypothesis was true, then pooling the results was not expected to change the original CF voting results. Specifically, the hypothesis H~0~ was that the experts' output did not change the quality of the turkers' annotations (reflected by the number of unique entities annotated correctly and incorrectly). If the *P* value was less than the designated threshold (0.05), it meant that the experts' output significantly affected the quality of the turkers' results. In other words, the turkers did not perform as well as experts. If the *P* value was higher than the predetermined threshold, then we could not reject the hypothesis. Therefore, we could infer that there was no evidence for statistically significant differences between the turkers' and experts' annotations. Results ======= Information on Turkers ---------------------- [Table 2](#table2){ref-type="table"} shows information on turkers participating in our 3 tasks. We had 156 turkers, 86 turkers, and 46 turkers to complete medical named-entities task, correction task and linking task, respectively. [Figure 5](#figure5){ref-type="fig"} presents the distribution of turkers by the number of performed jobs for the 3 tasks. We found that the top 5 most prolific turkers completed 39.9% (6778/17,000) medical named-entities jobs, 44.0% (1616/3675) correction jobs, and 45.4% (7716/17,000) linking jobs. [Figure 7](#figure7){ref-type="fig"} shows the distribution of F-measure of turkers for the 3 tasks. We can see that F-measures of greater than 0.6 were achieved by over 83% turkers for the medical named-entities task, over 88% of turkers for the correction task and 100% for the linking task. [Table 3](#table3){ref-type="table"} presents the cost and completion time of the 3 tasks. The payment of 3.84 cents per judgment included 3 cents paying for turkers and 0.84 cents charged by CF. [Table 3](#table3){ref-type="table"} also presents the time required for the in-house annotators to complete the same tasks. Additionally, the time to receive results from in-house annotation is around 5 times longer than crowdsourcing due to the parallel nature of the crowdsourcing task and the traditional work hours (eg, Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm). The 133 hours represented by the total in-house annotation were the total work hours. The total elapsed time was 10 days (8 work days plus 2 weekend days). Results of Medical Named-Entities Annotation Task ------------------------------------------------- [Table 4](#table4){ref-type="table"} shows the results of the turkers' medical named-entity annotation with the 3 voting methods that were implemented. It shows the turkers' generated corpus' agreement with the in-house experts' generated gold standard at various threshold levels. ###### Information on turkers participating in the 3 tasks. Task name Participating turkers Turkers passing the test ------------------------ ----------------------- -------------------------- Medical named-entities 1144 156 Correction 678 86 Linking 644 46 ###### Cost and time of the 3 tasks. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \ \ Crowdsourcing In-house ------------------------ ------ --------------- -------------- ----------------- ------ ----------------- Medical named-entities 3400 17,000 \$652.85\ 57 hours\ 6800 128 hours\ (3.84 cents) (12.07 seconds) (67.76seconds) Correction 735 3675 \$141.13\ 38 hours\ N/A N/A (3.84 cents) (37.22 seconds) Linking 3400 17,000 \$652.85\ 27 hours\ 6800 44 hours\ (3.84 cents) (5.72 seconds) (23.29 seconds) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- {#figure7} ###### Results of medical named entity annotation (the pre-determined threshold and its corresponding P^a^, R^b^, and F^c^ for each column are italicized). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simple Trust Experience --------------------- -------- ------------ --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- **Medication name** \ 0.20 0.694 0.931 0.796 0.18 0.835 0.887 0.860 0.18 0.807 0.895 0.849 \ *0.40* *0.864* *0.879* *0.871* *0.24* *0.864* *0.879* *0.871* *0.24* *0.869* *0.874* *0.872* \ 0.60 0.920 0.815 0.865 0.30 0.869 0.874 0.871 0.30 0.885 0.854 0.870 \ 0.80 0.955 0.696 0.805 0.36 0.916 0.819 0.865 0.36 0.910 0.820 0.863 **Medication type** \ 0.20 0.431 0.879 0.579 0.18 0.632 0.781 0.699 0.18 0.583 0.800 0.675 \ *0.40* *0.698* *0.763* *0.729* *0.24* *0.698* *0.763* *0.729* *0.24* *0.711* *0.751* *0.731* \ 0.60 0.831 0.598 0.696 0.30 0.709 0.745 0.727 0.30 0.756 0.703 0.729 \ 0.80 0.911 0.396 0.552 0.36 0.819 0.608 0.698 0.36 0.816 0.614 0.700 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^a^precision ^b^recall ^c^F-measure ^d^threshold Results of Correction Task -------------------------- The results of the correction task, its corresponding correction baseline, and the results of combined judgments are presented in [Tables 5](#table5){ref-type="table"} and [6](#table6){ref-type="table"}, respectively. In the correction task, the turkers and experts agreement F-measure of medication name and medication type achieved 0.900 and 0.760 by simple vote, respectively. With comparison to the F-measure of its corresponding correction baseline, relative improvements of 2.62% (medication name Baseline F-measure = 0.877, After_Correction_F-measure = 0.900; computed by (After_Correction_F-measure - Baseline_F-measure)/ Baseline_F-measure \* 100) and 10.79% (n/N; medication type name Baseline_F-measure = 0.686, After_Correction_F-measure = 0.760; computed by (After_Correction_F-measure - Baseline_F-measure)/ Baseline_F-measure \* 100) were gained ([Tables 4](#table4){ref-type="table"} and [5](#table5){ref-type="table"}). ###### Results of correction task with 200 units and 1000 judgments (the pre-determined threshold and its corresponding P^a^, R^b^, and F^c^ for each column are italicized). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simple Trust Experience --------------------- -------- ------------ --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- **Medication name** \ 0.20 0.796 0.938 0.861 0.18 0.825 0.927 0.873 0.18 0.845 0.921 0.881 \ *0.40* *0.896* *0.904* *0.900* *0.24* *0.861* *0.916* *0.888* *0.24* *0.876* *0.908* *0.892* \ 0.60 0.950 0.812 0.875 0.30 0.898 0.906 0.902 0.30 0.900 0.891 0.896 \ 0.80 0.972 0.732 0.835 0.36 0.908 0.887 0.897 0.36 0.933 0.867 0.899 **Medication type** \ 0.20 0.610 0.916 0.733 0.18 0.655 0.892 0.755 0.18 0.662 0.872 0.752 \ *0.40* *0.732* *0.790* *0.760* *0.24* *0.691* *0.843* *0.759* *0.24* *0.703* *0.817* *0.756* \ 0.60 0.851 0.541 0.661 0.30 0.736 0.792 0.763 0.30 0.756 0.773 0.764 \ 0.80 0.945 0.382 0.544 0.36 0.776 0.744 0.760 0.36 0.783 0.684 0.730 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^a^precision ^b^recall ^c^F-measure ^d^threshold ###### Baseline Results of medical named entity annotation corresponding to the correction task (the pre-determined threshold and its corresponding P^a^, R^b^, and F^c^ for each column are italicized). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Simple Trust Experience --------------------- -------- ------------ --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- **Medication name** \ 0.20 0.712 0.934 0.808 0.18 0.839 0.891 0.864 0.18 0.774 0.908 0.835 \ *0.40* *0.868* *0.887* *0.877* *0.24* *0.868* *0.887* *0.877* *0.24* *0.872* *0.887* *0.879* \ 0.60 0.909 0.788 0.844 0.30 0.870 0.887 0.878 0.30 0.881 0.876 0.879 \ 0.80 0.956 0.655 0.778 0.36 0.899 0.803 0.848 0.36 0.894 0.809 0.849 **Medication type** \ 0.20 0.473 0.879 0.615 0.18 0.627 0.724 0.672 0.18 0.594 0.779 0.674 \ *0.40* *0.669* *0.704* *0.686* *0.24* *0.669* *0.704* *0.686* *0.24* *0.668* *0.698* *0.683* \ 0.60 0.737 0.519 0.609 0.30 0.670 0.700 0.685 0.30 0.681 0.664 0.673 \ 0.80 0.890 0.358 0.510 0.36 0.726 0.550 0.626 0.36 0.717 0.558 0.628 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ^a^precision ^b^recall ^c^F-measure ^d^threshold Furthermore, we analyzed the practical significance of these improvements by calculating the F-measure of medication name and medication type for each unique judgment (the total number of unique judgments was 735) and its corresponding 5 correction judgments. Based on empirical evidence acquired in previous experiments, the F-measure was computed based on a simple vote with the threshold of 0.4. The results are shown in [Figure 6](#figure6){ref-type="fig"}. Improvement was seen for 50.5% (370/735) and 44.1% (324/735) of the judgments for medication name and medication type after the turkers' correction, respectively. In contrast, 1.9% (14/735) and 6.9% (51/735) judgments became worse. Result of Linking Task ---------------------- [Table 7](#table7){ref-type="table"} shows the results of the linking experiment. Non-expert annotators (turkers) did an excellent job, in which the F-measure achieved 0.962. Meanwhile, as previous results indicated, the simple method could obtain very good results in case of strict quality control. ###### Results of linking task (the pre-determined threshold and its corresponding P^a^, R^b^, and F^c^ for each column italicized). Simple Trust Experience -------- --------- ------------ --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- -------- --------- --------- --------- 0.20 0.845 0.984 0.910 0.18 0.927 0.982 0.954 0.18 0.927 0.979 0.952 *0.40* *0.949* *0.975* *0.962* *0.24* *0.949* *0.975* *0.962* *0.24* *0.950* *0.974* *0.962* 0.60 0.981 0.959 0.970 0.30 0.949 0.975 0.962 0.30 0.955 0.973 0.964 0.80 0.990 0.925 0.956 0.36 0.975 0.967 0.971 0.36 0.977 0.965 0.971 ^a^precision ^b^recall ^c^F-measure ^d^threshold Results of Statistical Significance Analysis -------------------------------------------- For all the results above, Chi-square statistical significance tests were conducted between the corpora created by Crowdflower's and the gold-standard generated by the in-house annotators. The *P* values (at *P*\<.001) showed no statistically significant difference between the best CrowdFlower generated corpora and corresponding in-house generated gold-standard sets. Discussion ========== Overview -------- To our knowledge, the medical named-entity annotation task described in this work is the largest scale crowdsourcing experiment in the clinical NLP research field. The results demonstrated that crowdsourcing is a feasible solution for creating a gold standard for medical named-entities. Many works were described in the introduction section, but only one performed a similar medical named entity crowdsourced annotation and is directly comparable to our current study. All other works focused on different corpora and entity types and cannot be compared directly with these works. We improved upon the previously reported results on medical named entity annotation task \[[@ref21],[@ref22]\] with more than 27.9% of the F-measure (F-measure_Current_Study = 0.87 vs F-measure_Earlier_Work = 0.68 for agreement between the crowdsourced and traditionally developed corpora; computed by (F-measure_Current_Study vs F-measure_Earlier_Work)/ F-measure_Earlier_Work \* 100) for named-entity annotation. This experiment also showed that the crowdsourcing performance for medication name annotations is much better than those of medication type. This is a similar finding to the in-house results with trained, expert annotators. We attribute this phenomenon to the clarity of the task for medication name annotation. In other words, the definition and the gold standard answers of medication names are easier to understand and to capture than those of medication type. In the future, we plan to use a more easily interpretable definition of medication types to improve performance. We also plan to use crowdsourcing to annotate attributes, such as date, dosage, as listed in [Table 1](#table1){ref-type="table"}. Based on our experiments, we found that it was easy to find a large number of turkers by crowdsourcing. Around 10% (156/1144, 86/678, 46/644 for medication name entity, linking and correction tasks, respectively) of the turkers passed our quality control test (see [Table 2](#table2){ref-type="table"}). Among those turkers, around 10% (14/156, 11/86, 7/46) of them contributed over 50% (10,521/17,000, 10,900/17,000, 1907/3675) of the jobs. As shown in [Table 4](#table4){ref-type="table"}, the non-expert annotators performed at a very high quality and the results indicated that the simple method could obtain very good results, provided the quality control is strict. In our previous work \[[@ref29]\], we reported inter-annotator agreement (IAA) F-measures for medication names and medication types, 94.2% and 88.2% respectively. Additionally, what could have conceivably been weeks' worth of in-house annotation work was achieved in less than a day of crowdsourcing effort. Our previous study conducted experiments by implementing a rule-based linking system \[[@ref31]\]. The result (around 0.72 F-measure) showed that manual annotation is definitely needed to develop an effective training set for a machine learning-based linking system. The presented linking experiment is the first work known to us that attempted to link medications to their corresponding attributes with crowdsourcing. The results indicated that linking is not a difficult task and the data created can be sufficiently applied to real applications. Based upon this experiment, we plan to create a larger scale data set using crowdsourcing and to apply it to clinical NLP tasks. We will further evaluate the performance of linking by implementing our linking strategy for other clinical named entities. The results of the linking task are excellent, with a near 100% (N=3400) agreement between crowd and traditionally developed corpora. As shown in [Table 3](#table3){ref-type="table"}, the linking task took much less time than the other two tasks, most likely because the linking task is much easier than the other two tasks. The time per judgment for medical named entity annotation task is much less than that of the correction task (12.07 vs 37.22 seconds respectively). The reason is that the medical named entity annotation task has more participating turkers (156 vs 86). We can conclude that the difficulty of tasks and the number of participating turkers strongly affect the completion time of the tasks. In contrast to traditional annotation, crowdsourcing achieved 55.5% time (71/128 hours) and 75.0% cost (\$1958/\$2611) savings for medical named entity annotation. For the linking task, 38.6% time (17/44 hours) and 27.2% cost (\$244/\$897) savings were seen when using crowdsourcing. To our knowledge, we were the first to conduct clinical NLP correction experiments. The results of that experiment are quite encouraging. Our correction F-measure was 0.90 (medication names) and even the worst final F-measure improved by more than 10% after the corresponding voting (medication types). We believe that this experiment showed another feasible and efficient way to improve the output of crowdsourcing. We designed an efficient strategy to perform correction. Future work will focus on determining the number of iterative cycles to achieve the best results. As was mentioned in the previous sections, creating a smaller batch of gold standard data (in-house with expert annotators) is a critically important step for crowdsourcing quality control. This in-house gold standard can be used later to: (1) train turkers, (2) perform quality control, and (3) determine thresholds to aggregate judgments. In this study, we also modified the gold standard management interfaces of CF to perform turker training and quality control by setting gold standard answers. There is room for further research in different methods to train turkers and to experiment with quality control thresholds. Finally, 3 different voting methods were investigated to aggregate judgments. The results showed that it is quite possible to acquire a high-quality annotated corpus by implementing simple voting under the condition of strict quality control. In pilots, we experimented with different voting thresholds. Lower thresholds resulted in lower agreement of the turker-annotated corpora with the gold standard corpora. Higher thresholds prevented the successful completion of the task by eliminating too many turkers. The thresholds used in the paper (eg, 2 judgments out of 5 or 0.4) were set empirically based on our pilot experiments and earlier related work \[[@ref32],[@ref33]\]. For the judgment-based voting (eg, trust-based and experience-based voting) more complicated voting methods could be implemented and compared. A potential limitation of this study was that, the proportion of empty units in our experimental corpus was less (30%) than that in the general population of CTA documents (42%). On the other hand, our pilot experiments show that the proportion of empty units did not influence the performance of the turkers. A second potential limitation was that we included only 3 voting methods among the tested voting schemas. We plan to address this limitation in our future works. Conclusions ----------- In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of crowdsourcing for creating gold standard data for clinical NLP tasks. Although direct comparison with all related work in the literature was not possible because of corpora and entity type differences, by implementing strict quality control for turker selection and by continuously monitoring the turkers' performance, we improved upon the directly comparable results in the literature with more than 27.9% for the named-entity annotation task. 3 major experiments were conducted: (1) named-entity annotation, (2) entity linking, and (3) annotation correction. In addition, 3 voting methods were studied. To our knowledge we were the first to investigate the feasibility of crowdsourcing for clinical named-entity annotation on a large-scale corpus. Similarly, we are not aware of a competing work in the clinical NLP domain that proposed to use crowdsourcing to create an entity-linking gold standard for information extraction, on our experiments' scale. Furthermore, we proposed a successful correction strategy that applied crowdsourcing to crowdsourcing results to improve the quality of the annotated corpus. We found that a high-quality, clinical NLP gold standard data could be obtained by a simple voting method, if a strict quality control is implemented. Based upon the results of our experiments, we conclude that crowdsourcing is a feasible, inexpensive, fast, and practical approach to annotate clinical text (when protected health information is not included) on large scale for medical named-entities. We believe that well-designed user interfaces for entity annotation and linking were critical to the success of this work. As a further contribution to the Web 2.0-based crowdsourcing field, we publicly released the JavaScript and CML infrastructure code that is necessary to utilize CrowdFlower's quality control and crowdsourcing interfaces for named entity annotations \[[@ref34]\]. The work presented was partially supported by NIH grants 5R00LM010227-04, 1R21HD072883-01, and 1U01HG006828-01. Conflicts of Interest: None declared. GUI source code. Samples annotated by turkers and their corresponding gold standard. Definitions of precision, recall, and F-measure. Voting method equations. AMT : Amazon Mechanical Turk CF : CrowdFlower CML : CrowdFlower Markup Language CSS : common style sheet CTA : clinical trial announcement EMU : Extractor of Mutations GUI : graphical user interface IAA : inter-annotator agreement MEDLINE : Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online NCBI : National Center for Biotechnology Information NLP : natural language processing | Mid | [
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Counters £0.00 Regardless of the purpose for which you need an advertising stand. Whether it is used for reception rooms , promotion stands or to the fair trades, here you can design them yourself and then order. The appearance of such a stand is up to you, and will be adapted to... Regardless of the purpose for which you need an advertising stand. Whether it is used for reception rooms , promotion stands or to the fair trades, here you can design them yourself and then order. The appearance of such a stand is up to you, and will be adapted to your needs. Our practical stands are very easy to assemble, so there is no problem with their transport. The set includes: frame, plate, shelf and carrying bag. | Mid | [
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Q: Gulp task to only compile files that have changed I need to write a gulp task that will only compile those Typescript files that have actually changed and came up with this: var gulp = require('gulp'); var print = require('gulp-print'); var newer = require('gulp-newer'); var ts = require('gulp-typescript'); gulp.task('compile:ts', function () { return gulp.src([ 'typings/browser.d.ts', 'app/**/*.ts' ]) .pipe(newer('app')) .pipe(print(function (filepath) { return 'Compiling ' + filepath + '...'; })) .pipe(ts({ target: 'es5', module: 'commonjs', moduleResolution: 'node', sourceMap: true, emitDecoratorMetadata: true, experimentalDecorators: true, removeComments: false, noImplicitAny: false })) .pipe(gulp.dest('app')); }); However, this task doesn't find any modified files although there are .ts files with more recent timestamps than their .js counterpart. Where did I go wrong? A: However, this task doesn't find any modified files although there are .ts files with more recent timestamps than their .js counterpart. That's because you're not telling gulp-newer to compare .ts files with .js files. You're comparing .ts files with themselves, so there is no change to be detected. You need to tell gulp-newer to compare each .ts file with its .js counterpart: .pipe(newer({dest:'app',ext:'.js'})) | Mid | [
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A secret consortium of Black businessmen in South Africa have bought 60% of the rights of Virodene - a controversial new drug developed in South Africa and said to be a potential cure for AIDS. Not much is known about the by the members of the consortium, but it is led by well known businessman and prominent member of the ANC, Joshua Nxomalo. Virodene first came to public notice last year when the developers asked the south african cabinet to fund further research into the drug. Their request had the blessing of Deputy President Thabo Mbeki and Health Minister D. Nkosozana Zuma. But it soon became clear that the developers, connected to the university of Pretoria, had not followed proper scientific and ethical procedures and had conducted human trials in secret. They were censured by the university ethics committee and their research halted by the South African medicines control council. Another criticism of the drug is that its main ingredient is dimethylformamide, a substance commonly used as an industrial solvent and which can cause fatal liver damage. Its backers however remain confident of its potential and the Health Minister went as far as to accuse, in parliament, those opposed to the drug of being racists who wanted Black people to die of AIDS. The director of the medicines control council has been forced to resign over the issue, but the deputy president, a personal friend of consortium leader Nxomalo has continued his support of the drug by writing to local newspapers defending the drug and the developers. In the last several months the developers have so far submitted six protocols to the South African Medicines Control Council to try and win approval to test the drug on humans. The draft of a seventh protocol - which has the approval of an international review board set up to help the developers prepare for clinical trials - has been submitted. If it is approved, the developers hope to begin clinical trials with healthy people by August. | Mid | [
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Living, Loving, Learning & Laughing Along the Way! recipe [link] – cheater korean beef I can’t take credit for this recipe, but I have to share it since it basically salvaged any hope I had of cooking a meal that would please both my family and our international students. Voila! I love cooking. I consider my time [alone] in the kitchen to be therapeutic, and I was becoming distraught over not being able to create anything that everyone (particularly our new student) would enjoy. One evening, I was rushed for time and had nothing planned on the weekly menu. I was desperately searching online for something to make and had all but given up when I came across this God-send. I will admit, my attitude was poor, and I figured that even if the meal was not appreciated, at least I would not have put much effort in. How bad is that?! Not only was this meal SUPER easy to make, but everyone enjoyed it, and our student had THREE helpings! I served it over rice, and mixed in some frozen veggies (yes, frozen veggies that I heated in the microwave, remember the poor attitude and lack of effort) for color. It has now become a regular on our monthly meal planning recipes. *Gluten free? So are we! Here is a substitute for soy sauce, although additional salt may be added to your taste if you are not on a low-salt regimen. | Mid | [
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Thursday, August 22, 2013 Impeach Obama If you don’t believe it is coming, you might want to turn around and look at the train that is about it hit you! The impeachment is coming, the impeachment is coming. Or’ is it ‘The Revolution!’ By de Andréa August 22, 2013 The “Overpasses for Obama’s Impeachment” movement has gone viral all over the Nation and in some cases causing police to arrest the demonstrators for peacefully exercising their first Amendment rights. These are rights that you use to have, before the Sharia Fatwa of Imam Obama…remember? Apparently according to ObamaLaw, one can no longer say anything negatively in public about the Muslim Nazi Fuehrer. So what has the Fuehrer Obama done that he should be impeached? Well what Obama has done my friend should send him to Guantanamo, read on. This group of protesters has mushroomed in one month from a handful to more than 40,000 members across America in the few weeks since it was launched in the end of June to become “the largest grassroots movement in the nation” The group’s national website has links to Facebook pagesof groups in all 50 states, plus Washington, D.C. The movement started with the main Facebook page, grew to the state Facebook pages, and now we are trying to get most people to register on our state forums on the website, Overpasses.org.” Protesters in Arizona brave the rain Rep. Blake Farenthold, R-Texas, said he believes there are enough votes in the House to impeach President Obama, but he fears such an effort would be futile because of the Democrat Party’s grip on the Senate. We will impatiently wait until after the 2014 election… The mood of the country may be shifting after a relentless parade of Obama administration scandals. As well as a number of severe setbacks to the president’s signature health care law that is now more unpopular than ever, an economy still refusing to recover after five years. And a foreign policy that has a good portion of the Middle East either in turmoil or at war. Protesters in Carson City, Nev. “Overpasses to Impeach Obama” has gone from local protests to nationwide events. The first “National Patriot Wave” was held Aug. 6, with rallies in more than 300 American cities and towns. “National Patriot Wave II” on Aug. 17 had planned for rallies in all 50 states. James Neighbors started the movement in Oklahoma after seeing footage of police shutting down an anti-Obama overpass rally in San Diego Ca. In addition to the national website and the state Facebook pages, the group also has a national Twitter account @OverpassesUSA Protesters in O’Fallon, Mo. I am also encouraging every member to give their info to two or three other people to make sure we can all keep in touch,” said Hitt, concerned what would happen should their social media accounts close for some reason. There have been a few challenges already. “We had a couple incidents in Missouri (watch the video) and California. The police showed up and arrested some of our real American patriots. Their national website’s mission statement says, “Overpasses for Obama’s Impeachment has a simple goal. The removal of the corrupt and criminal President of the United States of America, Barack Hussein Obama.” It lists several reasons for his removal, including abdicating “his responsibility to enforce the laws of the United States against illegal immigration,” failing to enforce and defend laws adopted by Congress such as the Defense of Marriage Act and for taking the nation to war against Libya “without the consent of the Congress of the United States.” Protesters in Birmingham, Ala. “My town in North Carolina holds a Benghazi Corner every Saturday. Signs are limited to Benghazi verbiage and we get lots of attention,” said Hitt. She also insists the president’s race has nothing to do with the group’s call for impeachment, citing the example of Jaison Sheppard, “a black conservative who joins us for every event along with his entire family” and points to his YouTube video. According to Hitt, He voted for Obama in ’08 and basically says, ‘It’s not about color. It’s about right and wrong. Obama has to go.’ “And he does have to go. He is the most corrupt DESPOT America has ever had. A couple of larger groups are supporting us in our efforts: ALIPAC (Americans for Legal Immigration) and ‘Guns Across Americ’ and we support them in their efforts,” she adds. There’s also a national petition that calls on Congress to immediately investigate the “unconstitutional and impeachable offenses” of Obama.It is addressed to Congress and cites a number of scandals in just the last few weeks and months. Among them are the “lethal and prolonged terrorist attack in Benghazi, Libya, and the subsequent ‘Watergate-era cover-up.’” And then there’s the big – and getting bigger – scandal involving the federal government’s use of the Internal Revenue Service to harass and attack conservative groups. As well as Snowden’s blowing the whistle on the NSA’s illegal infiltration of American privacy. There’s also the spying and harassment of journalists. “Top constitutional attorneys from across the political spectrum now agree that Obama has committed certain specific offenses that unquestionably rise to the level of impeachable ‘high crimes and misdemeanors,” the petition explains. And that’s even before the issue of “Obama’s policy of targeted assassinations of U.S. citizens without any constitutionally required due process – including the drone assassination of an American-born 16-year-old as he was eating dinner.” There’s also the “disastrous ‘Fast and Furious’ operation in which approximately 2,000 firearms were illegally directed from U.S. gun shops across the U.S.-Mexico border and into the hands of members of Mexican drug cartels that ultimately killed thousands of innocent Mexicans including several Americans” The petition also cites Obama’s refusal to fulfill his obligation to defend the Defense of Marriage Act. That’s all in addition to the alleged illegal “recess” appointments of several officials as well as the Obama Justice Department’s refusal to prosecute voter intimidation of the ‘Black Panther Party’, his illegal appointment of 30 “czars” and general contempt for Congress and the American people. And then there is Obama overturning the verdict and sentences of the Holyland foundation trial of terrorist money laundering, in 09 which, by the way, included CAIR as a coconspirator. A panel of top constitutional experts blasted Obama’s actions in office. Bruce Fein, the legal scholar who is best known for having drafted articles of impeachment against former President Clinton for perjury after he lied under oath, said Obama’s orders to drone-kill a terror suspect were “tantamount to murder.” “You can’t have democracy and the rule of law if you never get to know what the facts are and you just have to accept what the government says they are. If you don’t have a trial, that’s the definition of tyranny.” Protesters in Santa Clara Louis Fisher, a scholar in residence at the Constitution Project, said of Obama’s appointment of “czars”: “That is a big deal. A lot of people say, ‘Well, that’s been going on a long time.’ In our form of government, citizens vote for representatives and representatives pass laws. You have people heading departments, and they’re confirmed. There’s an understanding that we will call you up whenever we need to. … Congress passed legislation saying there’d be no funds for three czars and they were named in the bill. Obama signed it into the law, but in the signing statement, he said that’s unconstitutional because he has the ‘prerogative’ to get the advice he needs to implement statutes. Well, c’mon Obama. You don’t have a prerogative to bring into the White House anybody you want at any salary. It’s all done by law. It goes back to 1978 where Congress passed legislation saying you have this number of people and these are their salaries and Congress can increase or decrease that at any time.” And Herbert Titus, counsel to the law firm William J. Olson who previously taught constitutional law, common law and other subjects for 30 years at five different American Bar Association-approved law schools, said Obama’s military actions in Libya are a strong argument for impeachment. “That’s the one that stands out. It’s unprecedented. It doesn’t even fit within any of the precedents that have been set since Korea.” Former Reagan speechwriter Peggy Noonan wrote that the country is in the midst of the worst Washington scandal since Watergate. “The reputation of the Obama White House has, among conservatives, gone from sketchy to sinister, and, among liberals, from unsatisfying to dangerous,” she said. “No one likes what they’re seeing. The Justice Department assault on the Associated Press and the ugly politicization of the Internal Revenue Service have left the administration’s credibility deeply, probably irretrievably damaged. They don’t look jerky now, they look dirty. The patina of high-mindedness the president enjoyed is gone.” Noonan said Obama, “as usual, acts as if all of this is totally unconnected to him. He’s shocked, it’s unacceptable, he’ll get to the bottom of it. He read about it in the papers, just like you. But he is not unconnected, he is not a bystander. This is his administration. Those are his executive agencies. He runs the IRS and the Justice Department,” she continued. “A president sets a mood, a tone. He establishes an atmosphere. If he is arrogant, arrogance spreads. If he is too partisan, too disrespecting of political adversaries, that spreads too. Presidents always undo themselves and then blame it on the third guy in the last row in the sleepy agency across town.” A Republican congressman also brought up the subject. Chaffetz, in an interview with the Salt Lake Tribune, was asked if impeachment was within the realm of possibility. “It’s certainly a possibility,” he told the paper. “That’s not the goal but given the continued lies perpetrated by this administration, I don’t know where it’s going to go. … I’m not taking it off the table. I’m not out there touting that but I think this gets to the highest levels of our government and integrity and honesty are paramount.” Chaffetz has been championing the call to probe the Sept. 11, 2012, attack on the Benghazi compound that left four Americans dead, including Ambassador Chris Stevens. Sen. James Inhofe, R-Okla., said last week impeachment was possible over the “most egregious cover-up in American history. People may be starting to use the I-word before too long,” Inhofe, told radio host Rusty Humphries, according to the Hill. “The I-word meaning impeachment?” Humphries asked. About Me I am a first generation American. My ancestors immigrated from Europe, legally I might add. My education is the equivalent of two years of college. No degree, so if you find that I am grammatically challenged, please forgive me. I am however, very well read in philosophy, political science and American history. I write about many subjects, mostly political. Sometimes about what chaps my hide, or just to provoke thought. I have been accused of being a right wing Christian conservative extremist, so I am coming out of the closet. I confess, yes, I am. I believe that it will take the power of God and a lot of extreme people like myself to grab hold of the steering wheel of this country and take a sharp turn to the right in order to stop this great nation from being buried in liberal socialism and tyranny. I welcome your comments, positive or negative. You can e-mail me at [email protected] or leave a comment at the bottem of my articles. | Low | [
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Q: asp.net send get request to api and get json result How can I send 'get' request from the server to API and get result with json data? I heard about HTTPClient in .net 4.5 maybe there is something like that in .net 4.0? A: For older Framework version You can use either WebClient which is really simple class for downloading/uploading data, or use HttpWebRequest. WebRequest is lower level, but You can define method(GET,POST), UserAgent etc. Here You can find example about using WebRequest to do POST. If You just want to get returned JSON from adress, WebClient should be sufficent. | High | [
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Pope Francis: Be True Witnesses, Not ‘Pure Legalists’ By ELISE HARRIS/CNA/EWTN NEWS | VATICAN CITY — In his daily homily on Tuesday, Pope reflected on different models of Christian witness, warning the faithful to guard against hypocrisy when they evangelize, and encouraging them to imitate… (0) | High | [
0.669902912621359,
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sbi.dataset.no.visible=Désolé mais il est impossible d'exécuter le document [1%], car l'ensemble de données [% 0] qui lui est associé n'est plus visible sbi.generic.add=Ajouter indicateurs du catalogue sbi.generic.select=Sélectionner indicateurs du catalogue sbi.generic.delete=Eliminer sbi.generic.cancel=Annuller sbi.generic.modify=Mettre à jour sbi.generic.save=Enregistrer sbi.generic.newmap=Nouvelle carte sbi.generic.savenewmap=Enregistrer nouvelle carte sbi.generic.wait=Veuilliez patienter... sbi.generic.info=Info sbi.generic.error=Erreur sbi.generic.error.msg=Operation échouée sbi.generic.ok=Info sbi.generic.ok.msg=Operation terminée avec succès sbi.generic.resultMsg=Operation terminée avec succès sbi.generic.result=Modifications enregistrées avec succès sbi.generic.serviceError=Erreurs du Service sbi.generic.serviceResponseEmpty=Réponse vide par le serveur sbi.generic.savingItemError=Erreur dans l'enregistrement de l'objet sbi.generic.deletingItemError=Erreur dans l'élimination de l'objet. Vérifier les objets éventuels auxquels il est associé, puis ré-essayer\! sbi.generic.warning=Attention sbi.generic.pleaseConfirm=Confirmer sbi.geo.controlpanel.title=Panneau de contrôle sbi.geo.controlpanel.defaultname=Nom nouvelle carte... sbi.geo.controlpanel.defaultdescr=Description nouvelle carte... sbi.geo.controlpanel.publishedby=Publié par sbi.geo.controlpanel.sendfeedback=Envoi feedback sbi.geo.controlpanel.indicators=Indicateurs sbi.geo.controlpanel.permissionlabel=Cette carte est\: sbi.geo.controlpanel.permissionprivate=Privée sbi.geo.controlpanel.permissionpublic=Publique sbi.geo.controlpanel.map=Carte sbi.geo.controlpanel.zone=zones sbi.geo.controlpanel.point=par points sbi.geo.layerpanel.title=Couches sbi.geo.layerpanel.layer=couche sbi.geo.layerpanel.add=Ajouter une couche sbi.geo.layerpanel.catalogue=Catalogue des couches sbi.geo.analysispanel.title=Analyse sbi.geo.analysispanel.addindicators=Ajouter indicateurs sbi.geo.analysispanel.indicator=Indicateur sbi.geo.analysispanel.emptytext=Choisir un indicateur sbi.geo.analysispanel.method=Méthode sbi.geo.analysispanel.classes=Nombre de classes sbi.geo.analysispanel.fromcolor=De cette couleur sbi.geo.analysispanel.tocolor=A cette couleur sbi.geo.analysispanel.filter.default=Set Default sbi.geo.analysispanel.filter.default.ok=Les valeurs par défaut définies correctement sbi.geo.controlpanel.filters=Filtres sbi.geo.legendpanel.title=Légende sbi.geo.legendpanel.changeStyle=Change style sbi.geo.earthpanel.title=Navigation 3D sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.title=Insérez plus de détails et enregistrer votre document... sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.name=Nom sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.description=Description sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.visibility=Visibilité du document sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.previewfile=Aperçu du fichier sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.community=Communauté sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.scope=Scope sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.saveWarning=Avant de enregistrer il est nécessaire d'insérer le nom de la carte et sélectionner au moins un dossier. sbi.geo.controlpanel.savewin.msgDetail=Sélectionner le dossier où vous désirez publier votre map. Si vous vous enregistrez dans le domain public vous pourrez voir votre map. Si vous vous enregistrez dans le domain privé seulement les utilisateurs connectés pourront voir la map. sbi.geo.controlpanel.feedback.title=Envoyer Feedback sbi.geo.controlpanel.feedback.label=Texte du message sbi.geo.controlpanel.feedback.btn.send=Envoyer sbi.geo.controlpanel.feedback.sendOK=Feedback envoyé au créateur du document sbi.geo.controlpanel.control.share.title=Partager la carte sbi.geo.mappanel.title=Carte mf.print.mapTitle=Titre mf.print.comment=Commentaires mf.print.loadingConfig=Chargement de la configuration... mf.print.serverDown=Le service impression ne semble pas fonctionner mf.print.unableToPrint=Impossible d'imprimer mf.print.generatingPDF=Générer un PDF... mf.print.dpi=DPI mf.print.scale=Echelle mf.print.rotation=Rotation mf.print.print=Imprimer mf.print.resetPos=Reset Pos. mf.print.layout=Layout mf.print.addPage=Ajouter une page mf.print.remove=Retirez la page mf.print.clearAll=Effacer tout mf.print.popupBlocked=Fenêtres pop-up bloquées par votre navigateur. Utilisez ce lien pour télécharger le document\: mf.print.noPage=Aucune page sélectionnée; cliquez sur le bouton "Ajouter une page" pour en ajouter une. mf.error=Erreur mf.warning=Warning mf.information=Information sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.measure.properties=Propriétés Mesure sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.dataset.properties=Propriétés Jeu de données sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.join.btn=Join sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.join.tooltip=Exécuter jointure entre les mesures choisies sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.select.tooltip=Ouvrez le cadre de sélection sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.select.btn=Sélection sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.window.title=Catalogue mesures error.mesage.description.measure.join.no.common.dimension=Impossible d'exécuter la jointure entre les mesures. L'ensembles de données associés n'ont aucune dimension en commun. error.mesage.description.measure.join.no.complete.common.dimension=Impossible d'exécuter la jointure entre les mesures. Les ensembles de données associés n'ont aucune dimension complète en commun. sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.column.header.alias=Alias sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.column.header.dsName=Nom sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.column.header.dsLabel=étiquette sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.column.header.dsCategory=catégorie sbi.tools.catalogue.measures.column.header.dsType=Type sbi.tools.catalogue.layers.column.header.label=Libellé sbi.tools.catalogue.layers.column.header.descr=Description sbi.tools.catalogue.layers.column.header.type=Type sbi.tools.catalogue.layers.column.header.baseLayer=Couche de base | Mid | [
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[Pneumonia in alcoholic patients: the clinical and etiological characteristics]. Twenty-four alcoholic patients with community-acquired pneumonia were studied for 2 years in order to define clinical signs and etiology. Blood cultures and serological profiles were done for all patients in addition to standard blood analyses. All had an invasive procedure -transthoracic puncture with an ultrafine 25G needle (20 patients) or telescopic catheter with bacteriologic brush (4 patients). When we were unable to obtain a good sputum sample (5 patients), a culture was grown. The patients' mean age was 48 and 83% had an acute clinical profile (< or = 7 days with symptoms) with "typical" signs. The X-rays showed an alveolar pattern in all patients, with cavitation in 29%. Etiological diagnosis was reached in 17 (71%) cases, with St. Pneumoniae (25%), anaerobic microorganisms (20%) and C. burnetii (12.5%) being the germs found most frequently. The invasive techniques were more useful (54%) than the blood cultures (17%) or sputum cultures (4%), and they were well tolerated and uncomplicated. Empirical antibiotic treatment was modified for 12 patients (50%). Seventeen percent required intensive care treatment and mortality was 12.5%. | High | [
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Hoovland attributes the growing interest in comic books and graphics novels due to their wide appeal. “They have comic books about all sorts of things now; it’s not just superheroes — the graphic novels are their own kind of literature,” Hoovland said. Several costumed participants are expected to make an appearance Saturday. Rick Carman, a member of the Mandalorian Mercs Costume Club, said he and other members will be at Bismarck's Comic Con. The Mandalorian Mercs is a group with more than 1,200 members and more than 50 chapters worldwide, according to its website. Members wear customized Mandalorian armor, designed from the "Star Wars" comic books. The group is a registered nonprofit in the United States that does various fundraising and volunteer events. Carman has been a member of the Mandalorian Mercs for about two years. He came across the group while researching how to make his own costume, a mixture of metal and plastic which took him more than a year to construct. Carman said there are nine official members in the North Dakota and South Dakota chapter, and the group is "steadily growing." | Mid | [
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{#sp1 .680} {#sp2 .681} {#sp3 .682} [^1]: Blue gum tree of Tasmania, discovered in 1792. Nat. Ord. Myrtaceæ. The leaves contain more of what appears to be the active principle than other parts of the tree. There is an essential oil with a camphoraceous odour, from which M. Cloëz has prepared what he denominates *eucalyptol*. Besides the essential oil, there is a large quantity of resin, a notable quantity of tannin, and the usual alkaline and calcareous salts. The essential oil may be prescribed in capsules each containing four drops, as prepared by M. Delpech of Paris ; but it is said to cause nausea, probably from being too concentrated and irritating. The tincture and infusion are not liable to that objection. | Mid | [
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City officials installed signs warning drivers to slow down after four horses were struck and killed by passing vehicles in an area in south Reno. Since the beginning of October, four horses were killed near Veterans Parkway and Rio Wrangler Parkway, city officials said in a news release Tuesday. The speed limit in that area is 45 mph. But on Friday, four mobile message boards were temporarily installed nearby, advising drivers to slow down to 35 mph when traveling through the area. Two of the message boards warn drivers of “horses in the roadway.” One board was placed east of Veterans Parkway on Rio Wrangler Parkway. The other was installed south of Steamboat Parkway on Rio Wrangler Parkway. Three days later, two more boards were placed on Veterans Parkway, south of Steamboat Parkway and north of Rio Wrangler, officials said. “We want people to understand the advised speed limit of 35 mph is not considered permanent, but may ultimately be part of the solution to improve public safety, which is our top priority at the City of Reno,” Councilwoman Naomi Duerr said in the news release. Duerr said city officials plan to keep the message boards in place for about 30 days while staff evaluate the situation to determine the next step. Since mid-August, the Reno Police Department received 13 calls related to horse and vehicle disturbances in the area. Most of those encounters were reported near the intersection of Veterans and Rio Wrangler parkways. Reno police has been advising drivers to slow down as part of a month-long, citywide effort to enforce speed-limit laws. The effort is part of Joining Forces, a statewide enforcement program. “We cannot stress enough to the public to slow down this time of year, particularly as we approach the Halloween holiday and the time change (on Nov. 5),” Reno Police chief Jason Soto said in the news release. “This can be a dangerous time of year on Reno roads for motorists and pedestrians.” Soto said drivers should give themselves extra time to get to their destinations and avoid driving while drinking or under the influence of drugs. | Mid | [
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Acting ICE Director Thomas Homan blasted Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.) over comments she made about the Trump administration in a recent interview. Gillibrand said in the "Off Message" podcast that many "ideas" from the president's administration are "dark." She agreed with Politico's Edward-Isaac Dovere that they are the "devil's schemes," a reference from the biblical Book of Ephesians. “It’s not specifically about the president. It’s about ideas that are evil. It’s about darkness, which is rooted in hate,” she said. Ingraham: Trump Enforcing Immigration Laws Long 'Ignored and Unenforced' ICE Director: Democrats, Media 'Intentionally Misleading America' on Family Separation Gillibrand described the separation of migrant families at the border as "an evil, dark thing." Reacting on "America's Newsroom," Homan - who is set to leave his post at the end of June - called on Gillibrand to "sit down and fix the system" "If she really wants to do her job, sit down and fix the system and close these loopholes. There's where she can help," he told Bill Hemmer. Thomas Homan: “We’re a sovereign country. We have the right to decide who comes in and out of this country.” @AmericaNewsroom https://t.co/fMUzApMyn7 pic.twitter.com/gVgIEXiXEK — Fox News (@FoxNews) June 19, 2018 Homan said that migrant families are heading to the border making "frivolous" asylum claims and are being coached on what to say in order to gain entry into the country. He added that President Trump is fulfilling his promise to secure the border, but that it's up to Congress to find an ultimate solution. "I don't think they want to fix it," Homan said. "They want this issue out there rather than doing their job and [fixing] this issue." Thomas Homan: “I think the president is doing exactly what he has to do…I think Congress needs to fix this.” @AmericaNewsroom pic.twitter.com/tTGXuVE5sj — Fox News (@FoxNews) June 19, 2018 He said that ICE does not want to separate families, but that "the law is the law." Homan implored House Republicans to fix the "broken" immigration system, as the president is set to meet with them in Washington on Tuesday. "I'm hoping they can sit down as a group of lawmakers and do their job," he said. Watch more above. 'He Was Not Elected to Commit Child Abuse': NY Dem, Pelosi Blast Trump for Migrant Family Separations Schlapp: Dems Using Immigration as 'Emotional, Divisive, Political Play' Ahead of Midterms WATCH: Watters Debates Donna Brazile on Separating Children From Parents at US-Mexico Border | Low | [
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Field of the Invention In the course of the maintenance of an almond orchard on my ranch located near Winton, Merced County, Calif., I frequent such orchard for the purpose of inspection, cultivation, and irrigation, and--during the course of such activities--I am aware of the condition of the trees and recognize any other-than-normal growth characteristics of them. It was under such conditions that the present variety of almond tree was discovered by me. | Low | [
0.53639846743295,
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program testunicode; { Unicode test program using UTF8String } {$mode objfpc}{$H+} {$codepage utf8} {$IFNDEF UNIX} {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} {$ENDIF} uses {$ifdef unix} cwstring, {$endif} sysutils, classes, registry; Var EditKey : UTF8String = 'ASCII;这是一个测试'; labeledEditName : UTF8String = 'ASCII;പേര് ഇതാണ്ASCII;这是一个测试'; labeledEditValue : UTF8String = 'これは値です;ASCII'; labelkeycaption : string = 'HKCU\Software\zzz_test\'; reg: TRegistry; Results : TStrings; function TestKey (const AKey: utf8string): boolean; begin Result:=false; try reg.CloseKey; if reg.KeyExists(AKey) then reg.DeleteKey(AKey); if reg.KeyExists(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-01 failed: DeleteKey(%s);',[AKey]); exit; end; if not reg.OpenKey(AKey,true) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-02 failed: OpenKey(%s,true)',[AKey]); exit; end; reg.CloseKey; if not reg.KeyExists(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-03 failed: OpenKey(%s,true)',[AKey]); exit; end; reg.DeleteKey(AKey); if not reg.CreateKey(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-04 failed: CreateKey(%s)',[AKey]); exit; end; if not reg.KeyExists(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-05 failed: CreateKey(%s,true)',[AKey]); exit; end; if not reg.OpenKeyReadOnly(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-06 failed: OpenKeyReadOnly(%s)',[AKey]); exit; end; reg.CloseKey; if not reg.OpenKey(AKey,false) then begin Results.Add('TestKey-07 failed: OpenKey(%s,false)',[AKey]); exit; end; Results.Add('TestKey passed: %s',[AKey]); except on e:Exception do Results.Add('TestKey-08 failed: %s; %s;',[AKey,e.Message]); end; Result:=true; end; procedure TestValue (const AName, AValue: utf8string); var wrong,s: string; begin try wrong:=AName+'_wrong'; if reg.ValueExists(wrong) then reg.DeleteValue(wrong); if reg.ValueExists(wrong) then begin Results.Add('TestValue-01 failed: DeleteValue(%s)',[wrong]); exit; end; reg.WriteString(wrong,AValue); s:=reg.ReadString(wrong); if s<>AValue then begin Results.Add('TestValue-02 failed: WriteString(%s,%s)',[wrong,AValue]); exit; end; if reg.ValueExists(AName) then reg.DeleteValue(AName); if reg.ValueExists(AName) then begin Results.Add('TestValue-03 failed: DeleteValue(%s)',[AName]); exit; end; reg.RenameValue(wrong,AName); s:=reg.ReadString(AName); if s<>AValue then begin Results.Add('TestValue-04 failed: RenameValue(%s,%s)',[wrong,AName]); exit; end; Results.Add('TestValue passed: %s; %s;',[AName,AValue]); except on e:Exception do Results.Add('TestValue-08 failed: %s; %s; %s;',[AName,AValue,e.Message]); end; end; procedure TestGetKeyNames (const AKey, AExpected: utf8string); var sl: TStringList; begin sl:=TStringList.Create; sl.Delimiter:=';'; reg.CloseKey; try if not reg.OpenKeyReadOnly(AKey) then begin Results.Add('TestGetKeyNames-01 failed: Key "%s";',[AKey]); exit; end; reg.GetKeyNames(sl); if sl.DelimitedText=AExpected then Results.Add('TestGetKeyNames passed: Key: "%s"; Expected: "%s";',[AKey,AExpected]) else Results.Add('TestGetKeyNames-02 failed: Key: "%s"; got: "%s"; expected: "%s";', [AKey,sl.DelimitedText,AExpected]); except on e:Exception do Results.Add('TestGetKeyNames-03 failed exception: Key: "%s"; Got: "%s"; Expected: "%s"; Exception: "%s";', [AKey,sl.DelimitedText,AExpected,e.Message]); end; sl.Free; end; procedure TestGetValueNames (const AKey, AExpected: UTF8string); var sl: TStringList; begin sl:=TStringList.Create; sl.Delimiter:=';'; try reg.GetValueNames(sl); if sl.DelimitedText=AExpected then Results.Add('TestGetValueNames passed: Key: "%s"; Expected "%s";',[AKey,AExpected]) else Results.Add('TestGetValueNames-01 failed: Key "%s"; Got: "%s"; Expected: "%s";', [AKey,sl.DelimitedText,AExpected]); except on e:Exception do Results.Add('TestGetValueNames-02 failed exception: Key: "%s"; Got: "%s"; expected: "%s"; exception: "%s";', [AKey,sl.DelimitedText,AExpected,e.Message]); end; sl.Free; end; procedure Test; var sKey: string; slKeys, slNames, slValues: TStringList; sValueNames, s: string; k,n,v: integer; l: longint; begin sKey:=LabelKeyCaption; l:=pos('\',LabelKeyCaption); if l>0 then delete(sKey,1,l); if sKey[Length(sKey)]='\' then SetLength(sKey,Length(sKey)-1); slKeys:=TStringList.Create; slKeys.Delimiter:=';'; slKeys.DelimitedText:=EditKey; slNames:=TStringList.Create; slNames.Delimiter:=';'; slNames.DelimitedText:=LabeledEditName; slValues:=TStringList.Create; slValues.Delimiter:=';'; slValues.DelimitedText:=LabeledEditValue; for k:=0 to slKeys.Count-1 do if TestKey(sKey+'\'+slKeys[k]) then begin sValueNames:=''; for n:=0 to slNames.Count-1 do for v:=0 to slValues.Count-1 do begin s:=Format('%d%d%d_%s',[k,n,v,slNames[n]]); if sValueNames='' then sValueNames:=s else sValueNames:=sValueNames+slNames.Delimiter+s; TestValue(s,slValues[v]); end; TestGetValueNames(reg.CurrentPath,sValueNames); end; TestGetKeyNames(sKey,slKeys.DelimitedText); reg.CloseKey; slKeys.Free; slNames.Free; slValues.Free; end; Procedure WN; Var F : Text; begin Assign(F,'names.txt'); Rewrite(F); Writeln(F,EditKey); Writeln(F,labeledEditName); Writeln(F,LabeledEditValue); Writeln(F,LabelKeyCaption); Close(F); end; begin defaultsystemcodepage:=CP_UTF8; if (ParamStr(1)='-s') then WN; reg:=TRegistry.Create; reg.lazywrite:=false; Results:=TStringList.Create; Test; Reg.Free; if (ParamStr(1)='-s') then Results.SaveToFile('result.txt'); Writeln(Results.Text); Results.Free; {$IFDEF WINDOWS}Readln;{$ENDIF} end. | Mid | [
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26.875
] |
Introduction {#sec1_1} ============ Consciousness is one of the most difficult neuropsychological concepts to define, since it refers to the essence of being alive as a human being. Thinking is a complex activity, and consciousness has been defined as 'integrated information' \[\[[@B1]\], p. 216\], referring to the psychological mechanisms that continuously interweave ample, always changing, sensory information and make it possible for the individual to keep him or her constantly updated about the information interwoven as a gestalt \[[@B2]\]. Lack of illness awareness or insight may be conceived as a deficit in consciousness and has been studied throughout medical history \[[@B3],[@B4],[@B5]\]. Babinski \[[@B6]\] in 1914 coined the term anosognosia to characterize a state of a lack of consciousness of left-sided hemiplegia, which he hypothesized originated in a right hemispheric lesion, in one of his patients \[[@B7]\]. Later, anosognosia has come to signify a unawareness of a variety of disturbances in 'sensory, perceptual, motor, affective, or cognitive functioning' \[\[[@B8]\], p. 570; \[[@B9]\]\]. Not recognizing being ill may present serious problems for the patients, reducing their willingness to be compliant with treatment and to realize the practical consequences of the disturbance for their everyday life \[[@B10]\]. The neuroanatomical correlates of anosognosia in Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) have most often been studied with functional imaging \[single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)\] \[[@B11]\]. There is a lot of evidence that anosognosia in AD is associated with right-sided abnormalities \[[@B8],[@B10],[@B12],[@B13]\] in the frontal region \[[@B12],[@B13],[@B14],[@B15],[@B16]\]. Aberrant metabolic activity has also been seen in the temporoparietal junction, which has been found to be 'consistent with impairment in self-referential processes and perspective taking in AD' \[\[[@B17]\],p. 588\]. Not many studies have been conducted on the prevalence and neuronal correlates of anosognosia in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) \[[@B18]\], which is a state of failing cognition that may precede a later conversion to AD \[[@B19],[@B20]\]. However, one study reports the frequency of anosognosia in MCI to be 54% \[[@B18]\]. There are indications that anosognosia intensifies with a worsening of AD \[[@B13],[@B21]\], and unawareness of memory deficits in MCI has also been suggested as a possible precursor to AD \[[@B22]\]. Data about the prevalence of anosognosia in AD vary considerably. A range between 20 and 80% has been reported \[[@B5]\], but frequencies such as 46.7% of the sample \[[@B23]\] and 43 of 57 patients \[[@B12]\] have also been estimated. Another trait that Babinski \[[@B6]\] observed in 1914 was that some hemiplegic patients recognized the presence of their paralysis but seemed unconcerned about it and trivialized the malfunction. Babinski named this attitude of insouciance anosodiaphoria, which resembles *la belle indifference* earlier described by Breuer and Freud \[\[[@B24]\], p. 135\] and which today in DSM-IV is considered as a conversion symptom \[[@B25],[@B26]\]. Among the neurodegenerative disorders, frontal anosodiaphoria, meaning 'lack of emotional concern' \[\[[@B27]\], p. 1690\], is particularly salient in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia \[[@B27],[@B28]\]. No study has been found indicating anosodiaphoria in AD. However, since there are strong indications of a frontal involvement in anosognosia in AD, the possibility of anosodiaphoria in AD also needs to be taken into consideration. Another reason is that anosodiaphoria may be mistaken for anosognosia, which can be exemplified by an interpretation of Korsakoff\'s description \[[@B29]\] in 1889 of severe amnesia as a 'lack of concern' for the symptoms, as a sign of anosognosia \[\[[@B5]\], p. 7\]. Thus, there are indications that anosognosia is present in MCI and in dementia, particularly in AD, where it has been regarded as an early symptom of AD, and that anosodiaphoria is particularly indicative of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. Although behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD are well documented \[[@B5],[@B30],[@B31]\], seemingly no attention has been paid to the probability of anosodiaphoria in this disorder. There also seems to exist a risk that anosodiaphoria may be mistaken for anosognosia. No study of anosodiaphoria in MCI has been found. The aim of the present study has been to contribute to the conceptual clarity concerning the distinction between anosognosia and anosodiaphoria, to investigate whether there are signs of anosognosia as well as anosodiaphoria in MCI and AD and to evaluate the influence of progression of cognitive, mnemonic and executive disabilities on the level of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria in MCI and AD. Materials and Methods {#sec1_2} ===================== Participants {#sec2_1} ------------ The participants were recruited among clinical MCI and AD outpatients at the Colorado Springs Neurological Associates, PC (CSNA), Colorado Springs, Colo., USA. The MCI sample was mixed insofar as the subjects exhibited different degrees of memory decline and deterioration of other cognitive functions. The enrollment of the subjects was nonconsecutive because of the largely varying degrees of cognitive decline among the patients. A consecutive enrollment would have risked that patients that were not testable due to intellectual disabilities would have been contacted in vain. Patients finally included were those that were willing to participate, who were estimated to be able to perform on the tests and where relatives were positive about their participation. All the patients in the study had been informed about their diagnoses during the previous visits to their physician. The initial sample included 31 patients with cortical as well as subcortical changes. However, the number of the patients with suspected frontotemporal pathology (2 patients), Parkinson\'s disease (3 patients) and ischemic disorders (5 patients) that were available during the data-collecting phase of the study (1 month, 2011) was too small, and therefore they had to be excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 12 MCI patients and 9 AD patients (table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). A follow-up study is planned with an increased number of patients in each of the mentioned diagnostic categories. The mean age of the MCI group was significantly lower than that of the AD group. The educational level was generally rather elevated and significantly higher in the MCI group than in the AD group. Analyses of the effects of gender on education in the AD group were not meaningful, since the distribution of the sexes was uneven, with an overrepresentation of females in this diagnostic category. Diagnostic Criteria {#sec2_2} ------------------- Patients were diagnosed according to the requirements of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) \[[@B32]\]. Indications for MCI were a decrease in cognition for age, and for AD they were an insidious onset of memory/cognitive/orientation/behavioral symptoms, imaging evidence \[magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)\] of cerebral atrophy, a spacious third ventricle, slowing of the posterior dominant rhythm on EEG (alpha less than 8.5 Hz) and normal National Institutes of Health (NIH) laboratory screening, including serology for *Treponema pallidum* (syphilis). Definite AD diagnosis must be based on autopsy \[[@B33]\]. Definitions {#sec2_3} ----------- Cognitive awareness was understood here as a state of mind where information from different sensory systems is put together to a mental entirety \[[@B1]\]. Anosognosia was thus defined as a loss of or an abated awareness of symptoms, their roots and implications for life, and anosodiaphoria was defined as a reduction or a lack of botheration for this altered state of mind and situation \[[@B28]\]. The inclusion of the association with illness and consequences for everyday life in the anosognosia definition is based on an elaboration of a previous study \[[@B34]\]. For reasons of simplicity, anosognosia was used synonymously with expressions such as a lack of insight and a lack of awareness, and anosodiaphoria with expressions such as unconcern, insouciance and their equivalents. A thorough elaboration of the semantic correspondence of these synonyms would go beyond the scope of this investigation. Living in the past, or shortcomings in adapting one\'s self-image to current circumstances, has been mentioned as a component of anosognosia in AD \[[@B35]\]. In frontotemporal dementia and AD patients 'a failure to update their self image after disease onset' has been identified as a characteristic trait for the diseases \[\[[@B36]\], p. 632\]. Therefore, orientation about one\'s own age and reminiscence about one\'s profession (previous or current) have been included in the interview (see below) as relevant aspects of the anosognosia complex. Measures {#sec2_4} -------- ### Anosognosia and Anosodiaphoria {#sec3_1} A structured interview was conducted to assess the levels of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria, the Anosognosia and Anosodiaphoria scale (A&A scale, Appendix [1](#app1){ref-type="app"}). The interview guide is a revision and a development of a previously published guide used for assessing the loss of insight into frontotemporal dementia \[[@B34]\]. In the present study, it consisted of ten questions, where the answers were self-rated by the patients. The awareness part of the scale, aimed at catching signs of anosognosia, consisted of two questions concerning autobiographical data (question 1: age, question 2: earlier or present profession; the correctness of the answers to the question about present or previous profession was checked against the charts or with relatives). One question (question 3) about how the days are spent and whether the patient has made any changes in his or her way of living was asked to establish whether the patient thought that everything was as before and kept up old interests despite obvious signs that this would not be cognitively possible. The fourth question concerned awareness of the diagnosis, and there was a follow-up question (question 5) about what was understood about the diagnosis. The next question (question 6) was pertinent to subjectively experienced degrees of cognitive symptoms and the following question (question 7) to self-rated degrees of problems associated with cognition. Question 8 concerned the reasons for cognitive problems and whether problems noted could be associated with a relevant diagnosis or illness. The last question (question 10) in this section was about measures taken to adapt. Patients experiencing cognitive disabilities may have a need for adjustments, and alterations can therefore serve as a sign of awareness. If a patient does not subjectively experience any difficulties, although they may objectively be present, he or she may not find that there is any need for change whatsoever \[[@B34]\]. The anosodiaphoria subscale included a question where the patients were asked to rate their feelings in terms of worries about their cognition (question 9). The interview questions were asked according to the protocol, and the participants were then requested to make self-ratings according to the scoring alternatives, which were explained verbally by the examiner. In that way, the subjective experiences of the participants were assessed. The scores usually ranged from 1 to 3 points. Estimations made by close informants may be used as a basis for comparisons with self-reports. A discrepancy score between self-evaluations and caregivers\' ratings can serve as an indication of anosognosia \[[@B37]\]. Since no informant scoring was available in the present study, evaluations of the occurrence of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria in MCI and AD were made through comparisons of the self-ratings on the A&A scale between the groups themselves and versus their neuropsychological test scores. Comparisons with neuropsychological test scores have also been a previously used method to assess anosognosia \[[@B8]\]. Here, the relation between the cognitive performance levels in MCI and AD was compared to obtain an estimate of which level could be considered as lower and which as higher. Relatively low awareness scores versus comparatively low cognitive performance levels have served as indications of anosognosia. Relatively low rates on the emotional evaluative part of the scale and comparatively low cognitive levels have been used as criteria of anosodiaphoria. ### Neuropsychological Assessment {#sec3_2} The cognitive level, including memory, was investigated with a short battery of neuropsychological tests, comprising semantic memory: Information (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -- 4th ed., WAIS-IV \[[@B38]\]); spatial thinking/executive function: Clock Drawing (free-hand drawing of ten past eleven \[[@B39]\]), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, copying \[[@B40],[@B41]\]; executive function: verbal creativity/fluency: Controlled Oral Word Association Test (FAS) \[[@B42]\]; spatial creativity: Design Fluency (DF) \[[@B43]\] and psychomotor function/visual scanning/set shifting with Trail Making Test (TMT), parts A and B, number of connections \[[@B44]\]; working memory: rote memory -- Digit Span Forward, rote memory/mental flexibility -- Digit Span Backward (WAIS-IV) \[[@B38]\]; verbal and spatial episodic memory: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) -- learning, delayed recall 30 min and noting repetitions of already mentioned words in the wordlist as well as confabulations \[[@B41]\], and Rey-Osterrieth (immediate recall \[[@B40],[@B41]\]). Finally, after the testing had been concluded, the participants were asked to recall as many tasks as possible that they had been doing during the investigation; this was classified as a task for recall from the verbal episodic memory (for scoring principles, see Appendix [1](#app1){ref-type="app"}). The recall task about what had been done during the test session was inspired by the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. Statistical Analyses {#sec2_5} -------------------- Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics, version 19. Demographic information was evaluated with Student\'s t test. Internal consistency and reliability of the scale were tested with Cronbach\'s alpha, where rates between 0.70 and 0.95 have been identified as acceptable, but where an alpha value of 0.90 has been suggested as an acceptable upper limit \[[@B45]\]. Since the neuropsychological information was on the ordinal scale level and the samples sizes were small, data have been investigated with nonparametric methods. Differences between MCI and AD patients on the A&A scale and on neuropsychological tests were assessed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The relationships between the scores on the A&A scale and cognitive test results were estimated with Spearman\'s rank correlation coefficient test. The significance level was p = 0.05. The study was approved by the Memorial Health System, Colorado Springs, Colo., USA (IRB No. 110305). Results {#sec1_3} ======= Cronbach\'s alpha for all the items on the A&A scale except item 9, which concerned anosodiaphoria, was 0.76, and this indicates a good internal consistency and reliability of the instrument. The mean ranks of the answers to the interview questions showed that the ratings on the awareness items were generally higher in the MCI group than in the AD group, although they were significant only for three of the ten items. The MCI patients were considerably better oriented about their own age (question 1), rated a higher degree of cognitive shortcomings (question 6) and could more often associate their cognitive problems with a relevant diagnosis and illness (question 8) than the AD patients (table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Neuropsychological performance levels (table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}) according to the mean ranks were significantly higher in MCI than in AD patients on tests of general knowledge/semantic memory (Information) and selectively higher on tests of spatial thinking/executive function (Clock Drawing, Rey-Osterrieth), executive/psychomotor function: spatial creativity (DF), set shifting (TMT B), short-term memory -- rote memory/mental flexibility (Digit Span Backward (B), repetition), two aspects of verbal episodic memory (RAVLT), and recall of the tasks which had been performed during the test session as well as visuospatial episodic memory (Rey-Osterrieth). All the items on the A&A scale were significantly correlated to different constellations of neuropsychological tests (table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}) except for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, copying condition, the number of connections on the set shifting test, TMT B and RAVLT, delayed recall (30 min) as well as the number of repetitions of the words on RAVLT, delayed recall, where no associations with the scale items were found. The correlation analysis between significantly differentiating A&A scale items (questions 1, 6 and 8) and significantly differentiating neuropsychological test results indicated more numerous associations in the AD group than in the MCI group. Totally, in the AD group six of the ten comparisons revealed more numerous correlations than in the MCI group (table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). In the MCI category the analysis showed that the higher the awareness of age (question 1), the higher the verbal episodic memory (RAVLT). In the AD group there was a positive correlation between awareness of age and general knowledge/semantic memory (Information), and spatial creativity (DF). Knowledge about one\'s own age also correlated positively with spatial episodic memory in the AD category. In MCI the estimation of the degree of cognitive problems (question 6) was not associated with any result in the neuropsychological tests. In AD there was a relationship meaning that the larger the amount of subjectively experienced cognitive problems, the higher the spatial creativity (DF). The MCI patients were more prone to associate their cognitive decline with illness (question 8) than the AD patients, and there was a negative association showing that the higher the insight into the roots of the mental decline, the lower the general knowledge and spatial orientation (Clock Drawing). In the AD group there were no associations between this question and cognition. The pattern in the relations between the nonsignificant items on the A&A scale and the levels on significantly differentiating neuropsychological tests was the same as between the significant A&A items and the cognitive tests, i.e. more numerous correlations in AD than in MCI (table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"}). There were no connections between the awareness of profession (question 2) and cognition in the MCI group, but there were connections in the AD group, where it correlated positively with the test of semantic memory and the spatial episodic memory. Regarding question 3, the analysis indicated negative correlations in MCI, meaning the higher the number of changes that had been made because of cognitive malfunction, the lower the spatial orientation. In AD the positive association with DF appeared also in connection with question 1. Concerning awareness of diagnosis (question 4), there was a negative association in MCI, implying the higher the knowledge of diagnosis, the lower the general knowledge and spatial orientation. In AD the awareness of diagnosis was positively related to different aspects of episodic memory. In MCI the understanding of the meaning of the diagnosis (question 5) was negatively correlated with the same tests as in question 4. In AD the associations meant the higher the diagnostic understanding, the higher parts of the verbal episodic memory. The evaluation of the degree of problems associated with cognitive decline (question 7) in the MCI category was positively related to spatial as well as verbal episodic memory. Data also revealed that the higher the experienced degree of problems in AD, the higher the executive function (DF) and results on the test of verbal episodic memory. The adjustment subscale (question 10) showed no associations in MCI, but they were shown in AD with spatial orientation/executive ability, and short-term and verbal episodic memory. Question 9 disclosed no associations with cognition in MCI, but in AD there were positive relations to spatial creativity and verbal episodic memory. Discussion {#sec1_4} ========== The MCI patients subjectively experienced a higher degree of cognitive deficits than the AD patients, although the neuropsychological testing showed that semantic memory, spatial thinking, spatial creativity, set shifting, selectively short-term memory and essential parts of the episodic memory were considerably higher in MCI than in AD. Likewise, the awareness of age was higher in MCI than in AD, which means that the autobiographical memory in this respect was better preserved in MCI than in AD. This supports the clinical diagnoses of the participants in these diagnostic groups. The understanding that the current cognitive problems were due to a specific diagnosis or illness was also higher in MCI than in AD, that is the MCI patients could anchor their intellectual shortcomings in a disease or diagnosis in quite another way than the AD patients, who -- if they to some extent admitted deficiencies -- more often did not know where their deficits originated from. There were more associations between the A&A scale items and neuropsychological performance levels in AD than in MCI. One striking trait in the correlation analyses is that the MCI pattern is characterized by associations between on the one hand the A&A scale items and on the other hand memory and spatial functions. In AD a similar pattern appears, but with the addition of associations with tests of frontal lobe functions (DF, RAVLT repetitions -- a sign of dysexecutivity -- and short-term memory). This may signify a progression of the neurodegeneration in the AD group to a frontal lobe engagement. In the current study MCI patients rated larger cognitive problems than AD patients (question 6). Previous findings concerning self-ratings of cognitive hardship are contradictory. Lamentations about loss of memory have been found to increase concomitantly with cognitive decline in MCI \[[@B46]\], which fits well with the pattern in the MCI group, where the negative correlations generally imply that the higher the awareness is, the lower is the cognitive ability. This pattern of negative correlations disappears in AD, where the associations are positive and predominantly so with episodic memory and executive functions. In the literature there is evidence that MCI patients overrate their cognitive shortcomings, when contrasted with evaluations made by close informants \[[@B37]\]. Since there was no control group, or caregivers\' assessments, to compare with in the present study, it is impossible to judge whether the expressed higher levels of cognitive deficits or problems in the MCI group are signs of an overestimation of deficits or not. However, relative to the MCI patients, the AD patients underrated their cognitive symptoms, an observation that is strengthened by their cognitive skills being in several respects lower than those of the MCI patients. This relative underreporting of intellectual insufficiencies in AD is here interpreted as a sign of anosognosia, which is congruent with earlier findings that anosognosia is associated with a reduced awareness of memory due to frontal lobe disturbances \[[@B47]\]. Thus, there is also evidence of a frontal lobe engagement in anosognosia even in AD, not just in frontotemporal dementia \[[@B11],[@B17]\]. From a definitional point of view, an overrating of deficits does not qualify as a sign of anosognosia, since anosognosia is the same as a reduction or lack of awareness in the sense of not being aware of a loss. An overrating of difficulties could rather be a sign of an increase in anxiety, which together with an increase in aggression-hostility and a decline in extraversion has been documented with Swedish Universities Scales of Personality as changes of personality traits in subjective cognitive impairment and MCI \[[@B48]\]. It has also been found that subjects with suspected dementia/MCI tend to overvalue their memory capabilities relative to healthy controls \[[@B49]\]. An overestimation of skills has likewise been traced in AD, where it has been demonstrated that this group of patients tends to exaggerate their visuospatial and memory capabilities relative to controls. However, self-evaluation mistakes were even made by the control subjects, who underrated their levels of attention and overrated well-overlearned, automatized motor performance and eyesight \[[@B50]\], which underlines the difficulties to obtain reliable control data in this field. The awareness of the roots of cognitive decline (question 8) is considerably lower in AD than in MCI. Compared to the fact that all AD patients had been informed about their diagnoses and consistently had lower cognitive levels than the MCI patients, this may be interpreted as another sign of anosognosia in the AD group. The AD patients may to some extent be aware of their cognitive symptoms, but they do not know where they come from. It is a kind of knowledge 'that is all in the air'. Memory impairment itself has also been reported as a reason for anosognosia in MCI as well as AD \[[@B51],[@B52],[@B53]\], and it has been described as self-evident that it is impossible to be updated on malfunction if the event when the cognition did not work has fallen into oblivion \[[@B47]\]. This indicates that anosognosia can also be due to a loss of memory and not just to executive frontal lobe retrieval dysfunctions. Unawareness of memory deficits \[[@B53]\] due to posteromedial hypoperfusion characteristic for AD changes has also been suggested as a marker for future progression to AD \[[@B22]\]. There were no significant differences between the diagnostic groups in the degree of anosodiaphoria (question 9), but in the AD group the correlation analysis indicated that the lower/higher the worries about cognition, the lower/higher the objective measures of spatial creativity and verbal episodic memory, which here is conceived as a sign of anosodiaphoria in AD. Anosodiaphoria has mostly been studied in frontotemporal dementia. As reported by Mendez and Shapira \[[@B28]\], most findings indicate that a hypoperfusion in the right frontal area may account for anosognosia in this disorder. The increase in AD to a more or less global influence of cognitive dysfunctions on the awareness and emotional reactions may reflect the progressive nature of this neurodegenerative disorder. The longer the disease progresses, the larger the effects of executive and other types of cognitive dysfunctions on awareness and emotional engagement. The finding that anosognosia seems to be related to the severity of AD is consistent with several previous studies \[[@B7],[@B15],[@B54],[@B55],[@B56],[@B57]\]. Considering the overweight in connections between executive and memory functions foremost in AD and to some extent even in MCI, the results are however most consistent with earlier findings that not just the degree of dementia can explain anosognosia in AD, but that frontal lobe dysfunctions and memory decline may be particularly decisive parameters behind anosognosia \[[@B12],[@B58]\]. Limitations of the study are the restricted number of participants and the lack of data from close informants as a basis for comparisons with the patients\' self-ratings, which limits the possibilities to evaluate the occurrence of anosognosia/anosodiaphoria in MCI and AD and of course reduces the generalizability of the results. One way to solve the problem with the lack of informant data would have been to see which of the patients had developed AD at follow-up and use the others as controls (in enlarged samples). However, so far no systematic monitoring of a possible conversion to dementia has been done. The test of disease progression is to be carried out in the follow-up study, which has not yet started. To match the restricted numbers of participants in the present study, data have been analyzed with nonparametric methods, known to be robust techniques for the use in small samples \[[@B59]\], that is in groups with less than 20 participants \[[@B41]\]. Nonparametric methods are tailored to deal with small samples, also taking into consideration often-appearing problems associated with restricted numbers of participants, such as skewness in the normal distribution, and allowing sporadic differences to be significant (which may disappear in larger samples). In contrast, many of the patterns found in the study fit well with previous findings in the literature, which indicates that the present results do not seem to stem from occasional significances originating in statistical anomalies due to small sample sizes. Another limitation is the fact that the A&A scale just includes one item concerning anosodiaphoria and should have comprised more questions concerning this topic. Despite the limited attention to this topic in the scale, this single item all the same revealed an association with cognitive decline in the AD group. To conclude, regardless of an in many respects lower cognitive ability than in MCI, the AD patients rated lower cognitive disabilities relative to the MCI patients, which is here interpreted as one sign of anosognosia in AD. The awareness of the reasons for cognitive problems was also lower in AD, which is considered as another sign of anosognosia in this disease group. Symptoms of anosodiaphoria were present in AD but not in MCI. Anosognosia and anosodiaphoria seem to increase with the progression of MCI to dementia but in a context of aggravating neurodegeneration; especially dysexecutivity and memory dysfunction seem to account for anosognosia as well as anosodiaphoria. The general outcome of the study is well consistent with previous findings in the field \[[@B12]\]. Babinski\'s hypothesis \[[@B6]\] in 1914 that anosognosia may be associated with right hemispheric lesions has repeatedly been confirmed in the literature. Since previous findings have mostly identified right hemispheric changes as the roots of anosognosia as well as anosodiaphoria, it is plausible that the signs of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria in the present study may reflect an involvement of an underlying right-sided neurodegeneration, probably with different right-sided regional localization for these two types of abnormalities. Empirical neuroimaging evidence is necessary to confirm this assumption. One suggestion for future research is the development of an anosognosia-anosodiaphoria scale that allows the establishment of cutoff values between what should be considered as normal levels of self-rating of disabilities and associated aspects and what should be considered as deviant, allowing to evaluate what should be understood as an absence of and degrees of anosognosia and anosodiaphoria. Cutoff scores for when cognitive decline starts to influence awareness would also be very useful. Disclosure Statement {#sec1_5} ==================== The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest with regard to this study. This work was supported by The Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) under the grant number IB 2010-4501, the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, and Colorado Springs Neurological Associates, PC (CSNA), Colorado Springs, Colo., USA. We would like to thank Lilianne Eninger, Department of Psychology and the collaborators at the CSNA, particularly Cynthia Trujillo, Laurence J. Adams Jr., and Deanna Johnson, for their valuable contributions to the investigation. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Protocol** Date of the investigation\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Subject code:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Introduction** During this investigation I am going to ask you questions, and to ask you to perform tasks. Some of the tasks are answered verbally, others with the help of paper and pencil. Do you have any questions? \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Interview** **1. How old are you?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Correct *3 points* □ Not correct -- one year\'s error *2 points* □ Not correct -- several years\' errors *1 point* **2. Which were your previous professions? (If the patient still works, he/she is asked about the present profession)** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Correct *3 points* □ Not correct *2 points* □ Does not remember *1 point* **3. How do you spend your days? (If necessary: What is your favorite pastime?) Are these the same things you enjoyed in the past or have these activities changed?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Significantly changed *3 points* □ Same as before *2 points* □ Does not know/remember *1 point* **4. Has your doctor given you a diagnosis? Which?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Relevant diagnosis *3 points* □ Irrelevant diagnosis *2 points* □ Does not remember *1 point* **5. What do you understand about the diagnosis?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Good understanding *3 points* □ Partial understanding *2 points* □ Does not know what it means *1 point* **6. How do your thinking and memory work for you?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Prominent cognitive symptoms *3 points* □ Some cognitive symptoms *2 points* □ No cognitive symptoms *1 point* **7. Is this problematic to you?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Yes, very problematic *3 points* □ Yes, to some extent *2 points* □ No problems at all *1 point* **8. What do you think are the reasons for your cognitive problems?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Association with relevant diagnosis and illness *4 points* □ Association with a relevant diagnostic name, but without knowing the implications of the diagnosis *3 points* □ Association with illness, but no diagnosis *2 points* □ Does not know *1 point* **9. How do you feel about your thinking and memory?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ □ Worried (specified) *3 points* □ Generally but vaguely worried *2 points* □ Not worried *1 point* **10. Have you adjusted to your problems?** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Yes, considerably *3 points* Yes, to some extent *2 points* No adaptation at all *1 point* Thank you. Now we are turning to the task solutions. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ###### Demography of MCI and AD patients Group n Gender(F/M) Age (F/M), years p value Age group (F + M), years p value Education(F/M),years p value Education group (F + M), years p value ------- ---- ------------- ------------------ --------- -------------------------- --------- ---------------------- --------- -------------------------------- --------- MCI 12 5/7 72.8/74.1 n.s. 73.6 0.05 13.2/17.1 n.s. 15.5 0.04 AD 9 8/1 79.6/85.0 -- 80.2 11.9/13.0 -- 12.0 Values represent means. F = Females; M = males. ###### Scores of MCI and AD patients on the A&A scale Question Group Median Min-Max Mean rank p value ------------------------------------ ------- -------- --------- ----------- --------- *Awareness* 1 (age) MCI 3 2--3 13.1 AD 2 1--3 8.2 0.03 2 (profession) MCI 3 1--3 12.1 AD 3 1--3 9.6 n.s. 3 (change in spending days) MCI 3 2--3 12.6 AD 2 2--3 8.8 n.s. 4 (diagnosis) MCI 3 1--3 12.9 AD 1 1--3 8.4 n.s. 5 (diagnostic understanding) MCI 3 1--3 12.6 AD 1 1--3 8.8 n.s. 6 (degree of cognitive symptoms) MCI 2 1--3 12.9 AD 2 1--2 8.5 0.05 7 (degree of problems) MCI 2 1--3 11.5 AD 2 1--2 10.3 n.s. 8 (reasons for cognitive problems) MCI 2 1--4 13.0 AD 1 1--2 8.3 0.04 10 (adjustment) MCI 2 1--3 11.1 AD 2 1--3 10.9 n.s. *Emotional evaluation* 9 (feelings about cognition) MCI 2 1--3 12.3 AD 1 1--3 9.2 n.s. Medians, minimum and maximum scores, mean ranks, and differences in mean ranks between MCI and AD are shown. ###### Performance of MCI and AD patients on neuropsychological tests Cognitive test Group Median Mean rank p value -------------------------------------- ------- -------- ----------- --------- *Semantic memory* Information MCI 12.0 13.5 AD 4.0 7.6 0.03 *Visuospatial/executive function* Clock Drawing MCI 5.0 13.2 AD 4.0 8.1 0.05 CF, copying, points MCI 31.5 13.5 AD 24.0 7.6 0.03 *Executive and psychomotor function* FAS, totally MCI 25.0 12.1 AD 13.0 9.6 n.s. DF, no correct MCI 26.0 14.2 AD 2.0 6.7 0.006 DF, no figurative MCI 2.0 11.1 AD 1.0 10.8 n.s. TMT A, connections MCI 24.0 12.1 AD 24.0 9.6 n.s. TMT B, connections MCI 22.5 12.8 AD 7.0 7.1 0.03 *Short-term memory* Digit Span F, total sum MCI 10.0 11.8 AD 9.0 9.9 n.s. Digit Span B, total sum MCI 7.0 13.3 AD 6.0 7.9 0.05 *Verbal episodic memory* RAVLT, learning, no words MCI 24.0 13.5 AD 14.0 7.6 0.03 RAVLT, learning, no repetitions MCI 0.50 13.0 AD 0.00 8.4 0.05 RAVLT, learning, no confabulations MCI 0.50 11.8 AD 0.00 9.9 n.s. RAVLT, recall, no words MCI 5.0 13.1 AD 0.00 5.7 0.003 RAVLT, recall, repetitions MCI 0.00 10.0 AD 0.00 10.0 n.s. Recall of testing tasks MCI 4.5 14.3 AD 0.00 6.7 0.005 *Visuospatial episodic memory* CF, recall, points MCI 7.5 13.8 AD 2.0 7.2 0.02 Medians, mean ranks and differences between mean ranks between MCI and AD are shown. CF = Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; Digit Span F = forward; Digit Span B = backward. ###### Correlations between significantly different items on the A&A scale and significantly different neuropsychological tests for MCI and AD patients Question Group Cognitive test p value r ------------------------------------ ------- -------------------- --------- -------- *Awareness* 1 (age) MCI RAVLT, learning 0.02 0.648 AD Information 0.04 0.688 DF, correct 0.04 0.699 CF, recall, points 0.02 0.763 6 (degree of cognitive symptoms) MCI -- -- -- AD DF, correct 0.02 0.746 8 (reasons for cognitive problems) MCI Information 0.02 -0.679 Clock Drawing 0.002 -0.788 AD -- -- -- CF = Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. ###### Correlations between nonsignificantly different items on the A&A scale and significantly different neuropsychological tests for MCI and AD patients Question Group Cognitive test p value r ------------------------------ ------- ------------------------- --------- --------- *Awareness* 2 (profession) MCI -- -- -- AD Information 0.02 0.735 CF, recall 0.04 0.702 3 (change in spending days) MCI Clock Drawing 0.01 --0.689 AD DF, correct 0.02 0.740 4 (diagnosis) MCI Information 0.03 --0.617 Clock Drawing 0.01 --0.689 AD RAVLT, learning 0.03 0.707 Recall, testing tasks 0.01 0.779 5 (diagnostic understanding) MCI Information 0.03 --0.617 Clock Drawing 0.01 --0.689 AD RAVLT, learning 0.03 0.725 Recall, testing tasks 0.01 0.798 7 (degree of problems) MCI CF, recall 0.008 0.719 Recall, testing tasks 0.002 0.802 AD DF, correct 0.01 0.796 RAVLT, learning 0.003 0.866 10 (adjustment) MCI -- -- -- AD Clock Drawing 0.02 0.746 Digit Span B, total sum 0.04 0.685 Recall, testing tasks 0.02 0.739 *Emotional evaluation* 9 (feelings about cognition) MCI -- -- -- AD DF, correct 0.04 0.685 RAVLT, learning 0.003 0.857 | Mid | [
0.635294117647058,
33.75,
19.375
] |
Rett syndrome: a mitochondrial disease? Six girls between 2 years 9 months and 15 years of age with Rett syndrome were thoroughly investigated. Blood ammonia levels varied between 42 and 123 mumol/L, and serum lactate concentration was slightly elevated in two girls. Electroencephalograms showed a dysrhythmic pattern during wakefulness; during drowsiness and light sleep, bilateral bursts of spike or multispike-and-wave activity were seen in all but the oldest girl. In one of the younger girls, slight cortical atrophy was found on computed tomographic scan. Muscle biopsy was performed on all girls, and electron microscopy revealed abnormal mitochondria. Physical signs such as somatic hypotrophy with extremely small muscle mass, and unsatisfactory weight gain in spite of good appetite are found in Rett syndrome. These attributes, as well as reports of ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency, may support a mitochondrial dysfunction. The mitochondrial changes indicate either a mitochondrial mutation or more probably an X-borne modulator gene mutation. Another genetic possibility discussed is the "metabolic interference" of an X-borne allele. Further delineation of such mitochondrial changes may clarify the causal metabolic defect in Rett syndrome. | High | [
0.68188302425107,
29.875,
13.9375
] |
Game Storylines» Arizona will look to win its 13th-straight non-conference home game and run its record to 9-0 on Saturday when it hosts UNLV in the fourth edition of the White Out; the Wildcats are ranked second in both polls this week, their highest ranking under head coach Sean Miller. » Now in his fifth season in Tucson, Sean Miller continues to honor a process that has seen him lead UA to a Pac-12-best 88-28 (.759) record since the start of the 2010-11 campaign. » UA is 32-4 (.889) under Miller in non-conference home games; the Wildcats are 61-11 (.847) overall at McKale Center during Miller’s tenure. » Heading into the week, Arizona ranked seventh nationally in field goal percentage defense and 13th in scoring defense; opponents are shooting just .358 and scoring 59.2 points per game against UA on the year. » Long and athletic on the perimeter, UA has hassled opposing shooters into a 27.7 percent mark from three-point range this season, including a total of 18-of-77 (.234) in its last five games. » Arizona’s post defense has been stellar in the early going, limiting opponents to 39.2 percent shooting inside the arc and averaging 6.1 blocks per game; last season’s UA team averaged only 3.8 blocks per contest. » Point guard T.J. McConnell has orchestrated an offensive attack that is operating at 51.3 percent from the floor, while averaging 27.1 free throw attempts per game; McConnell ranks seventh nationally in assists (6.9/game) and leads the Pac-12 with a 3.2 assist-to-turnover ratio. » Sean Miller’s biggest Arizona team has been lethal in the paint, nearly doubling its opponents’ output in the same area; UA is +14.1 points per game in the paint on average and shooting 55.9 percent from inside the arc this season. » Arizona has won the rebounding battle in each of its eight games this season and ranks fourth nationally with a +14.4 rebound margin; frontcourt starters Aaron Gordon, Brandon Ashley and Kaleb Tarczewski are all averaging at least 6.5 rebounds per contest. » The Wildcats have been deadly from the arc in five games at McKale Center this season, shooting .459 (39-of-85) in those contests. » Guard Nick Johnson has been scintillating over Arizona’s last five games, averaging 17.8 points, 4.2 rebounds and 3.2 assists per contest; he is shooting 46.2 percent (12-of-26) from three-point range over that stretch. | High | [
0.6697674418604651,
36,
17.75
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//============================================================================ // // SSSS tt lll lll // SS SS tt ll ll // SS tttttt eeee ll ll aaaa // SSSS tt ee ee ll ll aa // SS tt eeeeee ll ll aaaaa -- "An Atari 2600 VCS Emulator" // SS SS tt ee ll ll aa aa // SSSS ttt eeeee llll llll aaaaa // // Copyright (c) 1995-2020 by Bradford W. Mott, Stephen Anthony // and the Stella Team // // See the file "License.txt" for information on usage and redistribution of // this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. //============================================================================ #include "CartBFSC.hxx" #include "CartBFSCWidget.hxx" // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CartridgeBFSCWidget::CartridgeBFSCWidget( GuiObject* boss, const GUI::Font& lfont, const GUI::Font& nfont, int x, int y, int w, int h, CartridgeBFSC& cart) : CartridgeEnhancedWidget(boss, lfont, nfont, x, y, w, h, cart) { initialize(); } // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - string CartridgeBFSCWidget::description() { ostringstream info; info << "256K BFSC + RAM, 64 4K banks\n"; info << CartridgeEnhancedWidget::description(); return info.str(); } | High | [
0.660633484162895,
36.5,
18.75
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// // TextLine.swift // YYText // // Copyright © 2016 ibireme. All rights reserved. // import Foundation class TextLine { private(set) var ctLine: CTLine! private(set) var bounds: CGRect! private(set) var ascent: CGFloat = 0.0 private(set) var descent: CGFloat = 0.0 private(set) var leading: CGFloat = 0.0 private(set) var lineWidth: CGFloat = 0.0 private(set) var attachments = [UIImageView]() private(set) var attachmentRects = [CGRect]() private var firstGlyphPosX: CGFloat = 0 // baseline position var position: CGPoint! { didSet { reloadBounds() } } var size: CGSize { return bounds.size } var width: CGFloat { return bounds.width } var height: CGFloat { return bounds.height } var top: CGFloat { return bounds.minY } var bottom: CGFloat { return bounds.maxY } var left: CGFloat { return bounds.minX } var right: CGFloat { return bounds.maxX } required init(ctLine: CTLine, position: CGPoint) { self.ctLine = ctLine self.position = position commonInit() } private func commonInit() { lineWidth = CGFloat(CTLineGetTypographicBounds(ctLine, &ascent, &descent, &leading)); if CTLineGetGlyphCount(ctLine) > 0 { let runs = CTLineGetGlyphRuns(ctLine) as! [CTRun] let run = runs[0] var pos: CGPoint = .zero CTRunGetPositions(run, CFRangeMake(0, 1), &pos) firstGlyphPosX = pos.x reloadBounds() } } private func reloadBounds() { bounds = CGRect(x: position.x + firstGlyphPosX, y: position.y - ascent, width: lineWidth, height: ascent + descent) let runs = CTLineGetGlyphRuns(ctLine) let runsCount = CFArrayGetCount(runs) guard ctLine != nil && runsCount > 0 else { return } attachments.removeAll() attachmentRects.removeAll() for i in 0..<runsCount { let run = unsafeBitCast(CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(runs, i), to:CTRun.self) guard CTRunGetGlyphCount(run) > 0 else { continue } let attrs = CTRunGetAttributes(run) as NSDictionary if let attachment = attrs[AttachmentAttributeName] as? UIImageView { var runPos: CGPoint = .zero CTRunGetPositions(run, CFRangeMake(0, 1), &runPos) var ascent: CGFloat = 0.0 var descent: CGFloat = 0.0 let runWidth: CGFloat = CGFloat(CTRunGetTypographicBounds(run, CFRangeMake(0, 0), &ascent, &descent, nil)) runPos.x = position.x + runPos.x runPos.y = position.y - runPos.y let runTypoBounds = CGRect(x: runPos.x, y: runPos.y - ascent, width: runWidth, height: ascent + descent) attachments.append(attachment) attachmentRects.append(runTypoBounds) } } } } | Low | [
0.504930966469428,
32,
31.375
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<sect1 id="zend.mime.message"> <title>Zend_Mime_Message</title> <sect2 id="zend.mime.message.introduction"> <title>Wprowadzenie</title> <para><code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> reprezetuje wiadomość zgodną z MIME, która zawiera jedną lub więcej odrębnych części (Reprezentowanych przez obiekty <link linkend="zend.mime.part"><code>Zend_Mime_Part</code></link>). Klasa <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>, może wygenerować wieloczęściowe wiadomości zgodne z MIME z obiektów <code>Zend_Mime_Part</code>. Kodowanie i obsługa pól rozgraniczających są obsługiwane przez samą klasę. Obiekty <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> mogą być także zrekonstruowane z podanych łańcuchów znaków (eksperymentalne). Klasa używana jest przez <link linkend="zend.mail"><code>Zend_Mail</code></link>. </para> </sect2> <sect2 id="zend.mime.message.instantiation"> <title>Tworzenie instancji</title> <para> <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> nie posiada konstruktora. </para> </sect2> <sect2 id="zend.mime.message.addparts"> <title>Dodawanie części MIME</title> <para>Obiekty <link linkend="zend.mime.part"><code>Zend_Mime_Part</code></link> mogą być dodane poprzez ich przekazanie do obiektu <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> za pomocą metody <code>->addPart($part)</code></para> <para>Tablica z wszystkimi obiektami <link linkend="zend.mime.part"> <code>Zend_Mime_Part</code></link> z wiadomości <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> jest zwraca za pomocą metody <code>->getParts()</code>. Obiekty Zend_Mime_Part mogą być wtedy zmienione ponieważ są one przechowywane w tablicy jako referencje. Jeśli jakieś części są dodane do tablicy lub zmieniona jest ich kolejność, konieczne jest przekazanie tablicy spowrotem do <link linkend="zend.mime.part"> <code>Zend_Mime_Part</code></link> poprzez wywolanie <code>->setParts($partsArray)</code>.</para> <para>Funkcja <code>->isMultiPart()</code> zwróci wartość true jeśli w obiekcie <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> zarejestrowanych jest więcej części niż jedna. Wtedy gdy obiekt będzie generował wyjściową wiadomość, wygeneruje ją jako wieloczęściową wiadomość MIME.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="zend.mime.message.bondary"> <title>Obsługa pola rozgraniczającego (boundary)</title> <para><code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> zazwyczaj tworzy obiekt <code>Zend_Mime</code> i używa go do tworzenia pola rozgraniczającego. Jeśli chcesz zdefiniować pole samodzielnie lub chcesz zmienić zachowanie obiektu <code>Zend_Mime</code> używanego przez <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>, możesz utworzyć instancję obiektu <code>Zend_Mime</code> samodzielnie i potem zarejestrować ją do obiekcie <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>. Zazwyczaj jednak nie jest to potrzebne. <code>->setMime(Zend_Mime $mime)</code> ustawia specjalną instancję <code>Zend_Mime</code> która ma być używana przez obiekt <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code></para> <para><code>->getMime()</code> zwraca instancję <code>Zend_Mime</code> która będzie użyta do renderowania wiadomości przez wywołanie metody <code>generateMessage()</code>.</para> <para><code>->generateMessage()</code> renderuje wiadomość <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> do postaci łańcuchu znaków.</para> </sect2> <sect2 id="zend.mime.message.parse"> <title>Tworzenie obiektu Zend_Mime_Message z łańcucha znaków. (eksperymentalne)</title> <para>Wiadomość zgodna z MIME zapisana w postaci łańcucha znaków może być użyta do zrekonstruowania obiektu <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>. <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code> ma statyczną fabrykę przetwarzającą podany łańcuch znaków i następnie zwracającą obiekt <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>. </para> <para><code>Zend_Mime_Message::createFromMessage($str, $boundary)</code> dekoduje podany łańcuch znaków i zwraca obiekt <code>Zend_Mime_Message</code>. Jego poprawność może być następnie sprawdzona przez użycie metody <code>->getParts()</code></para> </sect2> </sect1> <!-- vim:se ts=4 sw=4 et: --> | Mid | [
0.648,
20.25,
11
] |
Stroke: killer clots and killer drugs. Therapeutic thrombolysis is an immense opportunity in acute stroke care. For the first time, there is a treatment that has a high probability of being effective if given early enough to patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the risks of intracranial hemorrhage are substantial and as yet the exact indications and contraindications have not been worked out. And indeed how to deliver this treatment in routine clinical practice. As stroke units proliferate and become more organized, and physicians become more specialized in stroke care, it will become easier both to further assess in randomized trials and to deliver thrombolysis, certainly intravenously and maybe in some centers intra-arterially in suitable cases. | Mid | [
0.6288416075650111,
33.25,
19.625
] |
Call Us Today 860.232.7200 Connecticut Real Estate Lawyers For Sellers Eagan, Donohue, Van Dyke & Falsey, LLP’s Connecticut real estate lawyers for sellers know that selling your home can be a complicated undertaking if the proper steps are not taken. When it comes to the process of selling a house or selling land there is a lot of money on the line, which can be overwhelming for the seller. With reasonable closing costs and so much at stake, acquiring the help of one of Eagan, Donohue, Van Dyke & Falsey, LLP’s Connecticut real estate lawyers for sellers is essential to a successful closing. Eagan, Donohue, Van Dyke & Falsey, LLP’s Connecticut real estate lawyers for sellers offer guidance right from the very beginning with the initial stages of the offer and home inspection. The inspection may alert the seller to items needing repairs or zoning approval. In this event, the seller may successfully seek to negotiate adjustments with the buyer. Eagan, Donohue, Van Dyke & Falsey, LLP’s Connecticut real estate lawyers for sellers prepare all of the documents necessary for the closing and make sure everything is in proper order. Successful transference of ownership is not the only goal for Eagan, Donohue, Van Dyke & Falsey, LLP’s Connecticut real estate lawyers for sellers, it is also a major goal to create an easy, stress free, and uncomplicated process for the client. | Mid | [
0.637681159420289,
33,
18.75
] |
Cyclic AMP regulation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene. Regulation of the human choline acetyltransferase gene by 8-bromo-cAMP was investigated by transfecting into NS-20Y cells choline acetyltransferase promoter sequences fused to the reporter gene firefly luciferase. Promoter activity was localized to nucleotides -163 to +73. This region of the gene responded to 8-bromo-cAMP in a similar fashion as the endogenous enzyme. However, nearly the same induction was observed for constructs containing unrelated promoters. Furthermore, fusion of the choline acetyltransferase gene to the thymidine kinase promoter yielded no increased induction by 8-bromo-cAMP. These results suggest that cAMP regulates choline acetyltransferase gene transcription through an indirect mechanism. | High | [
0.6568483063328421,
27.875,
14.5625
] |
Development of natural anti-tumor drugs by microorganisms. Discoveries of tumor-resistant pharmacological drugs have mainly resulted from screening of natural products and their analogs. Some are also discovered incidentally when studying organisms. The great biodiversity of microorganisms raises the possibility of producing secondary metabolites (e.g., mevastatin, lovastatin, epothilone, salinosporamide A) to cope with adverse environments. Recently, natural plant pigments with anti-tumor activities such as β-carotene, lycopene, curcumin and anthocyanins have been proposed. However, many plants have a long life cycle. Therefore, pigments from microorganisms represent another option for the development of novel anti-tumor drugs. Prodigiosin (PG) is a natural red pigment produced by microorganisms, i.e., Serratia marcescens and other gram-negative bacteria. The anti-tumor potential of PG has been widely demonstrated. The families of PG (PGs), which share a common pyrrolylpyrromethene (PPM) skeleton, are produced by various bacteria. PGs are bioactive pigments and are known to exert immunosuppressive properties, in vitro apoptotic effects, and in vivo anti-tumor activities. Currently the most common strain used for producing PGs is S. marcescens. However, few reports have discussed PGs production. This review therefore describes the development of an anti-tumor drug, PG, that can be naturally produced by microorganisms, and evaluates the microbial production system, fermentation strategies, purification and identification processes. The application potential of PGs is also discussed. | High | [
0.6693017127799731,
31.75,
15.6875
] |
Top Ed-Tech Trends of 2016 A Hack Education Project The Business of Education Technology In previous years, when I’ve written about this topic, I’ve saved “The Business of Ed-tech” for one of the last articles in my “Top Ed-Tech Trends" series. If nothing else, I’ve wanted as many days in December to pass as possible so that my calculations for the total amount of venture funding invested during the year were as accurate as I could get them to be when I hit ”publish.“ This year, however, I’ve scheduled this topic earlier, which means I can’t really offer a finalized list of the year’s ”Most Well-Funded Startups“ or ”Most Active Investors." I will do that in a separate article at the end of the year. But even without knowing the funding data for the month of December, I can say a lot. I think it’s safe to say, for example, that venture capital investment has fallen off rather precipitously this year. True, 2015 was a record-breaking year for ed-tech funding – over $4 billion by my calculations. But it appears that the massive growth that the sector has experienced since 2010 stopped this year. Funding has shrunk. A lot. The total dollars invested in 2016 are off by about $2 billion from this time last year; the number of deals are down by a third; and the number of acquisitions are off by about 20%. “This Tech Bubble Is Bursting,” The Wall Street Journal pronounced back in May. That’s not a new prediction, by any means. We’ve heard this for years now. “The Tech Bubble Didn’t Burst This Year,” Bloomberg cautioned in October, “Just Wait” – suggesting that what the future might hold instead of an outright bust is “several years of relative stagnation.” (But who knows what shape tech investment will take under a President Trump.) Bust or not, companies across the tech sector, particularly those with high “burn rates”, faced tough choices in 2016: “cut costs drastically to become self-sustaining, or seek additional capital on ever-more-onerous terms,” as The WSJ put it – that is, if they were able to raise additional capital at all. Even without providing you the final tally of funding for 2016, I can point to other signals about what’s happened to ed-tech startups over the course of the last twelve months – their sustainability, their viability. (Or lack thereof – see “The 2016 Ed-Tech Dead Pool.”) You might read the signals of the health of ed-tech startups in the departure of their founders – both from leadership positions and from their companies altogether. Daphne Koller left Coursera this year. Sebastian Thrun stepped down as Udacity’s CEO. Jen Medbery stepped down as CEO of Kickboard. Remind co-founder Brett Kopf was replaced as CEO by Brian Grey, formerly CEO of the Bleacher Report. NovoEd co-founder Amin Saberi was replaced by Ed Miller, a former Blackboard exec. That’s what happens when you raise millions of dollars in venture capital: venture capitalists have a greater say in how your company is run, in who runs your company. I maintain a dataset of all education technology investments and all education technology investors. Again, I’ll publish a finalized list of “who,” “what,” and “how much” at the end of the year. Some of these areas that are popular for investment do coincide with the popular narratives about “the future of education” – “everyone should learn to code,” for example. But some of them, like the explosion in startups offering private student loans, suggest something is happening quite contrary to the narratives of “free and open,” not to mention to a tradition of publicly funded education or the policies of federal financial aid. Glaring in its absence from this list: “personalization,” one of the most trumpeted technology “solutions” this year. (I’ll look at “personalization” in more detail in a forthcoming article in this series.) Certainly “personal” and “personalized” showed up in lots of funding announcements, as it’s an adjective that gets inserted quite easily into almost any press release. Even without funding data to underscore its importance, “personalization” can’t be dismissed. The word is a crystallization of ed-tech ideology: through technology, teaching will become radically individualized as learners’ lessons are reduced to the smallest possible piece of content, then presented to them algorithmically. Moreover, per this ideology, without the aid of algorithms and “personalization” technology, human educators and traditional institutions have historically failed to meet the needs of individuals as individuals. The responsibility for education therefore must shift to technology, away from the institution, to the individual, away from the public or civic. The ideological and financial shift from public to private is exemplified by venture philanthropy – that is, venture capital investments framed as charity. Last year, Mark Zuckerberg made headlines when he announced he would donate 99% of his Facebook shares to his philanthropic LLC, the Chan Zuckerberg initiative. This investment vehicle is often described as a charity; it’s not. As political science professor Rob Reich recently told Buzzfeed’s Nitasha Tiku in her story on "free market philanthropy, Wealthy individuals often assume that philanthropic donations should be received in gratitude, Reich said, because it’s better for the public than purchasing another house or another boat. “That’s just false to me,” he said. “It’s an exercise of power aimed at the public, and in a democratic society, power deserves attention and scrutiny, not gratitude.” The Gates Foundation is perhaps the best known organization for furthering political advocacy through its funding mechanisms. It is a profoundly undemocratic force whereby unelected billionaires funnel money into efforts to reshape public education policies – expanding charter schools, pursuing alternative forms of teacher certification, promoting the Common Core State Standards, encouraging merit-based pay for teachers, and popularizing the narrative that education technology is the key to “personalization.” The agendas of other foundations – big and small – often echo those of Gates. The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative is no exception. You can find the list of education technology companies the Chan Zuckerberg has invested in this year at funding.hackeducation.com. The list of recipients of Gates Foundation grants can be found on its website. In May, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative announced that Jim Shelton would head its education investment endeavors. Shelton had been named president of the online education company 2U earlier in the year. Previously, he’d been the deputy secretary of the Department of Education. Before that, he’d been at the Gates Foundation. Before that, he’d been at NewSchools Venture Fund. Before that, he’d run a school management company acquired by the charter school chain Edison Schools. “If You Had $45 Billion, What Would You Do to Improve Education?” The Chronicle of Higher Education’s Goldie Blumenstyk recently asked Shelton. Me, I’d probably take it and divvy it up among the 15 million children who live in poverty in the US, but clearly I’d make a terrible venture capitalist. Shelton’s hardly the only person who’s gone through the revolving door from the Gates Foundation to the Department of Education to venture capital and back again. Ted Mitchell, the current Under Secretary of Education, was the president of NewSchools Venture Fund. And former Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, who stepped down from his position at the end of 2015, joined the venture philanthropy firm Emerson Collective – founded by Laurene Powell Jobs, Steve Jobs’ widow – as a partner in March. (A former basketball star, Duncan also joined the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics this year.) You can find the list of education technology companies the Emerson Collective has invested in this year at funding.hackeducation.com. The Elephants in the Ed-Tech Room For the last five or six years, education technology has been largely talked about in terms of “startups,” something that helps position the industry as an outsider and an underdog. Of course, most of ed-tech is neither. It’s built and sold by giant corporations. These are the companies that sell the textbooks; these are the companies that sell the tests. But as I noted above, these two products haven’t been as lucrative in recent years as companies had hoped, and their to “digital” hasn’t been smooth. In part, their struggles are a result of controversies surrounding the Common Core State Standards, which were supposed to streamline and procurement the development of curriculum and assessment. Pushback against Common Core tests specifically and against standardized testing more generally have also prompted states and districts to rethink the kind and frequency of assessments they buy. “The number of states planning to use the new tests dropped from 45 in 2011 to 20 in 2016,” Education Next observed this fall, and many states and districts have opted to use the SAT or ACTinstead of those assessments created by the Common Core consortia, SBAC and PARCC. Schools, for their part, also continued this year to experience difficulties with the move to computer-based testing, some having to revert to paper-and-pen assessments when online systems went down. In turn, states including Tennessee, Texas, Nevada, Indiana, and New Jersey fined their testing vendors, froze their contracts with testing vendors, or claimed their vendors were in breach of contract. In response to all these ongoing problems with testing, the Obama Administration said in April it would “take action” in order to “ensure fewer and better tests for students.” “Taking action,” in this case, meant releasing some case studies and posting a notice on the Federal Register about how a competitive grant program could provide a more “innovative” way to build assessments. Everything’s a business opportunity. The move away from the Common Core consortia for assessment and towards the (Common Core-aligned) SAT has been a boon for the College Board, no surprise, which reported over $840 million in revenue in 2014 (the last year it’s tax forms are available online). The College Board released an updated version of the SAT this year that it claimed would make the test more equitable – I’ll look at this claim more closely in the final article in this series. The College Board also boasted about its partnership with Khan Academy, which would make SAT test prep materials freely available online. The College Board insisted that this move – free test prep – would also serve to make the assessment better reflect student capacity rather than parental income, something probably belied by the fact that test prep remains one of the most active areas for education technology investment. The pressure to move towards digital assessments has fueled schools’ investments in hardware and software more than any other argument about the importance of ed-tech. (According to Edsurge, changes to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act will soon be another “win for ed-tech vendors.” So congrats, ed-tech vendors.) Schools do continue to turn away from the iPad as the tablet hasn’t proven to be quite as revolutionary as some predicted. Surprise, surprise. But the rationale for choosing a certain type of computing device is almost always about testing, not about any other benefit the device might offer teaching and learning. But this notion of an “OS War” shouldn’t be too quickly dismissed. “Apple, Microsoft, Amazon and Google Are Fighting a War for the Classroom,” Edutechnica wrote in June, with a look at how many colleges have adopted their competing “pseudo-LMSes.” The “war” extends beyond the productivity suite of tech tools and it extends beyond operating system in the classroom. It’s about building brand allegiance with students and/as workers, and it’s about building data profiles to sell ads and other products. It’s probably a stretch to argue, however, that – even with their deep pockets and engineering talent – these big technology corporations are, as Edsurge implied this fall, on a “march to replace learning management systems.” Or if it’s a march, it’s a very very slow one – one that I’m going to leave in the capable hands of Mindwires Consulting’s Phil Hill and Michael Feldstein to monitor. If those two say “the LMS market glacier is melting,” it’s probably melting. (I’m not sure how that changes the march, to be honest. Metaphors in ed-tech are so confusing.) Throughout the year, Hill and Feldstein dutifully chronicled all the updates (or lack of updates) to Blackboard, Pearson, Instructure, Schoology, D2L, and the like. (So thankfully, I didn’t have to.) In May, their company began offering a subscription service for a report on the LMS market – a signal, perhaps, that “the march to replace the learning management system” won’t be over anytime soon. The LMS, of course, needn’t be a permanent line item in schools’ budgets. And its supposed primacy might actually overlook that there’s a great deal of “shadow” technology utilized by instructors who eschew the official LMS for something they find better suited to their classroom needs and goals. The Procurement Problem The learning management system is a piece of “enterprise” software after all. That is, it’s built and bought to satisfy the needs of the institution rather than the needs of individual. Purchasing an LMS – or more correctly, signing a contract to license an LMS – requires its own enterprise-level bureaucracy. For the last couple of years – at the very least since the resurgence in venture-back ed-tech startups – there’s been a steadydrumbeat of complaints that the procurement process at both the K–12 and college levels is broken. It’s inefficient. It’s “dysfunctional.” I’ve heard the complaint from entrepreneurs. I’ve heard it from their investors, many of whom argue that the challenges of selling to schools is one of the things that makes education a difficult market to crack (and in turn ed-tech startups a poor investment). There’s a lot that’s wrong with the process, no doubt. For starters, the hefty RFP requirements almost by design tilt purchasing decisions towards big companies and incumbent players. The folks who make the decisions about what to buy typically aren’t the people who are using the products in the classroom. There’s not a lot of transparency in the procurement process; nor is it easy to find out afterwards which products schools bought or use – although that’s not something you hear companies moan about, funnily enough. You’re just supposed to trust them when they brag they’re used in 90% of schools. (USC professor Morgan Polikoff’s research on textbook adoption, for example, has made this painfully clear. He’s sent FOIA requests to school districts, and in many cases they have been unwilling or unable to share their textbook data. And when they do, the data is often a mess.) In the last few years, lots of consulting firms and organizations have offered their suggested solutions for fixing (what they see as) procurement problems. Last year Edsurgelaunched a “concierge” service in which it said it would help schools identify its tech needs and then buy things based on those needs (and then take a cut of the contracts, of course), and it continues to position itself as a liaison between startups and schools. (All of these organizations – Edsurge, EducationSuperHighway, the Technology for Education Consortium – are funded by the Gates Foundation. And the beat goes on.) Some schools made efforts to tackle procurements problems too. UNC, for example, launched a Yelp-like review site for ed-tech tools, where, according to The Chronicle of Higher Education, “it is asking professors to review and comment on how useful various digital services were in their classrooms.” One of the ways in which ed-tech startups have found success in getting their products widely adopted is to sell to charter schools, particularly charter school chains. (Again, they often share the same investors.) Charter school chains, in turn, have started to license their products and franchise their models to others. As such, it’s difficult to separate “the business of education technology” from “the business of charter schools” – and why it’s difficult, as I noted in the previous article in this series, “the politics of education technology” from “the politics of education reform.” It’s a business that, much like the business of for-profit higher education, seems to be poised for growth with the election of President Trump. Shares in K12 Inc, a virtual charter school with notoriously poor performance, are up rather dramatically from this time last year. (The history of the future of ed-tech and venture capital: Oracle’s Larry Ellison was one of the first investors in the company.) In July, California Attorney General Kamala Harris announced a $168 million settlement with K12 Inc over charges the company had published misleading advertisements about the academic performance of students, among other things. “As part of the agreement,” The Wall Street Journal reported, “the attorney general’s office maintains that K12 will forgive about $160 million in debt accrued by the nonprofit schools it manages, which was a result of the fee structure in the K12 contract. The company also will pay $8.5 million to address all claims.” K12 denied any wrongdoing. California’s virtual charter schools weren’t the only ones that found themselves in trouble legally and/or academically. There were problems in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Idaho with virtual charters. And yet, despite the poor performance, these remain in business. It’s the business of funneling taxpayer money into private companies. And that is, at the end of the day, the business of education technology. Edsurge wrote in March about how schools could bring “Shark Tanks” to their schools. Shark Tank is a reality TV show featuring investor Mark Cuban in which entrepreneurs pitch their ideas to a panel of judges, hoping to win some investment. The Chronicle of Higher Education ran a “Shark Tank” contest at SXSWedu this year. One of the entrants was a startup that made it easier to hire adjunct instructors. For what it’s worth,“Shark Tank funds fewer women than men, with less money,” Mashable observed earlier this year, but I’m sure things’ll be swell if schools adopt the practice. If you’re looking for a quick read – one that’s hilariously awful – about the culture of startups in order to convince yourself this is the last thing we should bring to public education, I recommend Dan Lyon’s book Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble, published this spring. What VC Spells for Sesame Street Last year, Sesame Streetmade the sad and surprising announcement that it had struck a five-year deal with HBO, giving the premium cable channel the first-run rights to new episodes of the beloved television show. As media scholar Siva Vaidhyanathan wrote at the time, “The Sesame Street move is not a horrible thing in itself. After all, the new episodes will show up for free on Public Broadcasting Service stations nine months after HBO viewers got them. Instead, the move is a symptom of how Americans view our collective obligations to each other – especially to our poorest children.” The mission of Sesame Street had, since its founding been to serve underprivileged children, offering them a televised educational enrichment free of charge, free of advertising. “New money has ruined Sesame Street,” The Guardian wrote in January. "In its new format the show’s theme tune is a little brighter and the street scene a little ritzier than one remembers from earlier versions. The charm of Sesame Street was always in its scruffiness and allegiance to the theory that kids like dirt – or rather, don’t dislike it the way adults do – and Sesame Street’s row of brownstones was clearly the pre-gentrified version." Now, as the camera pans over Big Bird’s new-look neighbourhood, and in keeping with the times, those houses seem to have been remodelled by developers Elmo has a new apartment. Oscar the Grouch no longer lives in a trash can. The puppets that are featured the most are the ones with the best-selling product lines. And then there are the humans. Some of those humans – those most dearly beloved humans of Sesame Street, Gordon, Luis, and Bob – were fired (and then brought back due to the uproar). Of course, what drives the programming on Sesame Street now isn’t education research; it’s market research. It isn’t “equity” as in social justice; it’s “equity” as in the financial stake a VC takes in a company. And that’s what “the business of education technology” gets us. This post first appeared on Hack Education on December 5, 2016. Financial data on the major corporations and investors involved in this and all the trends I cover in this series can be found on funding.hackeducation.com. Icon credits: The Noun Project | Low | [
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50 things you must do in Britain before you die Travel agency GetMeTheF***OutOfHere has compiled a list of the fifty things that every British person should do before he or she dies. The list is intended to increase tourism to the UK as well as boosting some of our best known exports. It includes many experiences which British people will commonly do at some time in their life. Foreigners and tourists may wonder about some of the items, but perhaps by doing everything on the list they might gain a better understanding of the peculiarly unique British psyche. Here is the list in full: - Dine out at a Little Chef.- Visit Dorking.- Take a dump off the White Cliffs of Dover.- Eat horse.- Drink a bottle of WD40.- Join the audience for a recording of the Jeremy Kyle Show.- Insult a national of every other European country.- Read the Sunday Sport, including the words.- Eat a packet of pork scratchings.- Get drunk and pass out in the street.- Send a photo of yourself or your wife into Reader's Wives.- Drink a gallon of water from the Thames river.- Urinate in the Thames river.- Claim benefits.- See Christopher Biggins live in pantomime.- Mention the war.- Reuse a teabag.- Accuse a celebrity of sexual deviancy.- Kill a badger.- Insult an American tourist without him realising he has been insulted.- Go to Madame Tussauds and touch Kylie's bum.- Eat a tinned curry.- Shake the Queen's gloved hand with your own faeces-stained paw.- Become obese.- Stand in a queue which is so long that you can't see what you are queueing for.- Complain.- Watch Middlesborough FC play at their home ground.- Visit France.- Get rained on.- Knock one out over Rachel Riley on Countdown.- Dress in drag.- Get beaten up for imitating a regional accent.- Get beaten up for imitating the wrong regional accent.- Attend a UKIP rally.- Go on holiday abroad to a location which contains only British bars and restaurants.- Sell a property for less than you bought it for.- Get banned from a gentleman's club for excessive drunkenness.- Go to Speaker's Corner and offend everyone you see.- Be declared bankrupt.- Eat swan.- Smoke an entire packet of cigarettes in one go.- Go to Wales and see how crap it is.- Buy a Shakin' Stevens record.- Learn to count to 50.- Emigrate. | Mid | [
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Pacific Undersea Gardens, first built in Oak Bay and later moved to Victoria’s Inner Harbour, is now closed after 50 years of operations. “Quite frankly, it’s dated and it would require significant investment to bring it up to just a basic standard that Oak Bay [Marine Group] would be proud of and that the city of Victoria would be proud of,” said Susan Barcham, spokeswoman for the attraction’s owner. article continues below Every year, about 83,000 people have been stepping onto the floating exhibit and going 15 feet below the ocean surface for a close-up look at sea life, she said Wednesday. But the 150-foot-long vessel is getting old. Upkeep is expensive. Visitors’ tastes have changed since Undersea Gardens was created. Smaller aquariums such as Undersea Gardens are being replaced by much larger attractions offering more hands-on experiences, and are typically owned by big companies or non-profits, Barcham said. Building a bigger facility is not the answer, she said. It would not be the right fit for the Inner Harbour or allowed under the existing lease. Oak Bay Marine Group founder Bob Wright, who died in April, had hired an architect to draw up a contemporary new design for Undersea Gardens. It was never built. Undersea Gardens “provided unique insight and education to children and the public about our undersea world. It has been a great journey, but it is time to move on,” Barcham said. The closing marks the loss of another tourist attraction in the capital region. Other closings recent years include the tropical exhibit in Crystal Garden on Douglas Street and the Royal London Wax Museum. Undersea Gardens was started in 1963 at the Oak Bay Marina by the late Charlie White, a businessman, fishing expert, inventor and filmmaker. It became a fixture in the city’s harbour in 1969, opening in June of that year as it counted down to its one millionth visitor. Undersea Gardens has been home to about 5,000 sea creatures. They include Armstrong, the giant Pacific octopus and star of a dive show, a wolf eel, plus about 1,000 salmon, crabs, and sea stars. Undersea Gardens’ eight employees were told Wednesday about the decision to close. Efforts will be made to place them within the Oak Bay Marine Group and a career counsellor is also being provided, Barcham said. Oak Bay Marine Group will work with Department of Fisheries and Oceans scientists and a veterinarian to release and relocate its collection. A tender will be issued to decommission the vessel, Barcham said. Oak Bay Marine Group is run by a trust managing its resorts, fishing lodges, and attractions, including Oak Bay Marina and Pedder Bay RV Resort and Marina. Rick Crosby, CEO of the Provincial Capital Commission, which owns the water lease where Undersea Gardens is located, said he is willing to be flexible if the company wants to negotiate an early end to its lease. Its current five-year term runs until October 2017. The company could also assign the lease to another party, subject to commission approval. The lease had been renewed in 2007 with four five-year terms. [email protected] | Low | [
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"Filed out from Dolphin Smalltalk 7"!
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The Cannon County Commission will consider seven candidates for appointment to the Cannon County Industrial Development Board when it meets Tuesday night (June 12). The IDB is down to one active member after several recently resigned and it was determine that two persons on it could not serve because of positions they held in county government. Commission Chairman Bob Stoetzel will present the following persons for consideration Tuesday: • Mindy N. Gunter, manager of the Woodbury branch of First Bank. • David Vance, an officer of Global Industrial Components, located on South College St. • Neal Appelbaum, current president of the Cannon County Chamber of Commerce and a local realtor. Appelbaum also has written grants for several county entities. • Randall Reid, who has been a member of the local IDB for several years and served previously in the same capacity on Franklin County's IDB. • Dean More, who is a retired executive in the sales of bank equipment having served his company for 40 years. He then went into his own business of the same nature. • Doug Bodary, who works as a Field Staff Representative for the County Technical Assistance Service of the University of Tennessee (CTAS). CTAS provides studies and research in county government, publications, educational conferences and furnishes technical, consultative and field services to counties of the state in problems relating to fiscal administration, accounting, tax assessment and collection, law enforcement, and public works, and any and all other matters relating to county government. • Corey Davenport, a Chemical Specialist at General Mills and current Chairman of the Cannon County Republican Party. According to information provided by Chairman Stoetzel, the proposed IDB members, if approved, will serve in six-year increments. Two will serve for two years and then be rotated off; two will serve for four years and then be rotated off and three will be on for the six year rotation. After that anyone who is appointed will serve for six years. The number of people being named to the board, seven, is the minimum required under its charter. Four are needed for a quorum. The Cannon County IDB was chartered in 1966. The primary mission of the Industrial Development Board is promoting, developing and assisting in the planned growth of Cannon County's business and industrial community. It is a not-for-profit, public corporation. | Mid | [
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[Serious jaw osteolytic lesions]. Among oral and maxillofacial diseases, the maxillary osteolytic lesions constitute a rich and investigated field to define the more appropriate diagnosis and treatment. In the maxillary region, the same tumors of the other bones (osteogenic sarcoma, chondroma, etc.) cause found together with tumors and dysembryoplasias connected with the teeth development (ameloblastoma, odontoma, odontogenic myxoma, etc.). Moreover in the medullary spaces of the bones, there are reticular and hematopoietic cells that are connected with different diseases (leucemia, myeloma, lymphoma, etc.). What's more, due to the possible presence of pseudotumors (fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumor, etc.) and metastases of tumors of other regions (breast, lung, prostate gland, etc.), the diagnosis of this disease could be difficult. In this paper the more important pictures of this disease, that due to its recurrence or malignity needs an accurate diagnosis by imaging like CT, CT-3D, MR, etc, are analyzed. The more suitable surgical approach is presented, according to the forms of the disease. | Mid | [
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package com.bilibili.ui.live.viewbinder; import android.support.annotation.NonNull; import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView; import android.view.LayoutInflater; import android.view.View; import android.view.ViewGroup; import com.bilibili.R; import me.drakeet.multitype.ItemViewBinder; /** * Created by Android_ZzT on 17/6/27. */ public class FooterItemViewBinder extends ItemViewBinder<FooterItemViewBinder.FooterItem, FooterItemViewBinder.FooterViewHolder> { @NonNull @Override protected FooterViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull LayoutInflater inflater, @NonNull ViewGroup parent) { View itemView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_live_footer, parent, false); return new FooterViewHolder(itemView); } @Override protected void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull FooterViewHolder holder, @NonNull FooterItem item) { } static class FooterViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder { public FooterViewHolder(View itemView) { super(itemView); } } public static class FooterItem { } } | Low | [
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The BrushMaster was specifically developed to clear property quickly – up to 5 times faster than other commercial mowers. The commerical mower leaves an attractive appearance to the land while retaining trees larger than 4' in diameter. This machine cuts differently from our slope mowing machines. The land clearing BrushMaster pushes brush and trees forward cutting everything close to the ground then runs over the cut materials, recutting them into small clippings that pass through the rear discharge cutting deck. The clippings are left flat on the ground where they quickly deteriorate and fertilize the soil. Clearing for recreational use, including parks, trails and campgrounds Right of way vegetation control Environmentally Friendly The cut material mats the forest floor making it passable for vehicles to travel over cut areas, which is an advantage over plowed areas. The root structure of trees and other plant life is not damaged by the BrushMaster. Root damage is the primary reason for erosion after prescribed burning and/or plowings. New growth is not readily flammable for about one year. Animals and birds can get to the ground to feed. They are attracted to and thrive in areas cut by the BrushMaster. One of the most important results of clearing with the BrushMaster is land beautification. The appreciative public response to the beautification is of immeasurable value to the government agency that has done the work. Clears land quickly and efficiently! Clears 1 1/4 acres in an hour or less Cuts down everything except desirable trees over 4” in diameter - cutting all brush into small clippings that lay flat on the ground for appearances, leading to rapid decomposition. Clears all of the heavy brush, vines, palmettos, and small trees from forested areas – while complying with the environmental demands of protecting the larger trees for possible retention Maneuverable ”zero turn radius” machine that effectively clears the area, so that little or no hand labor is required A machine that requires very little maintenance - while providing long life It also works on slopes up to 32° and comes standard with a powerful 83 HP Yanmar, liquid-cooled diesel engine driving three hydraulic blade drive motors and dual hydro-static transmissions that allow the zero turn capability that is so necessary for efficient clearing. The 88' front mount, triple blade, rotary deck clears everything in its path, making this machine perfect for right of ways, parks, trails, survey lines, wildland-urban interface areas and the removal of brush. This slope mower is so reliable that it is supported by a one year warranty. For highest efficiency, lowest labor, minimum maintenance and longest life – get the BRUSHMASTER! Downloads related to this product Videos related to this product The BrushMaster® was specifically developed to clear property quickly -- up to 5 times faster than the competition -- leaving an attractive appearance to the land while retaining larger trees. The machine clears property quickly leaving an attractive appearance to the land while retaining trees larger than 4" in diameter. This machine cuts differently from our slope mowing machines. The BrushMaster reduces all undergrowth to cuttings that lay f The BrushMaster® was specifically developed to clear property quickly -- up to 5 times faster than the competition -- leaving an attractive appearance to the land while retaining larger trees. The machine clears property quickly leaving an attractive appearance to the land while retaining trees larger than 4" in diameter. This machine cuts differently from our slope mowing machines. The BrushMas Customer reviews No reviews were found for Brush Master - Model BM83-88D - Commercial Brush Clearing Slope Mowers. Be the first to review! | Mid | [
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Egypt’s Foreign Minister, Ahmad Maher arrived in Damascus on Tuesday to participate in the meetings of the Arab Follow-up Committee, due to be held in the Syrian capital on Wednesday. Foreign Minister Maher was greeted at the Damascus International Airport by his Syrian counterpart Farouk al-Shara. In a statement to SANA, Maher stressed that these meetings are to focus on the Beirut Summit’s decisions, including the Palestinian issue and the Israeli aggression on the Palestinian people. In addition, he emphasized that the Arab Follow-up Committee meetings are expected to discuss the situation in Iraq, stressing the Arab stance, which supports solving this problem by diplomatic means. Moreover, Maher underlined that the Arab position also supports preventing any military action against Baghdad, stressing Iraq’s commitment to the implementation of the Security Council Resolutions. (Albawaba.com) | Mid | [
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One embodiment of the invention relates to a universal box system which is configured to work with any type box, in particular FD boxes, which allows for the mounting of multiple different types of electrical devices to the FD box. The universal box system can include multiple different adapters which are configured to be connected to the universal box to allow different types of electrical devices to be connected to the universal box. There are currently multiple types of electrical devices that can be coupled to a FD box, including strap mounted electrical devices, non strap mounted electrical devices, or water resistant devices. Currently there is no known box that is universally adaptable to receive strap based electrical devices, non strap based electrical devices or water resistant electrical devices. In addition, with regard to FD boxes, particularly in the multiple gang type devices, previously, electrical devices would foe ganged together with a double gang cover, triple gang cover or other type of multi ganged cover, which would have to be pre-fabricated to fit on a multi ganged box. This is because prior to the present invention, there was no known, box and system which would allow for the individual mounting of single gang devices and covers across a multi ganged enclosure. Therefore, there is a need for a universal mounting face as described above, and/or a system which allows for the counting of multiple single gang devices and individual single gang covers on a multi gang box. | Mid | [
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NEW DELHI: Markets regulator Sebi has come out with new norms, that entails filing of fresh offer documents in those cases where there has been a change in issue size. Under the new rules, filing of a fresh offer document is required in case of any increase or decrease in the estimated issue (new) size by more than 20 per cent, Sebi said in a notification dated December 31.At present, such requirement is both for fresh issues and offer for sale (OFS).In case of an OFS, where there is a change in the number of shares offered for sale, or in the estimated issue size, by more than 50 per cent, the capital markets watchdog said that fresh offer document will be needed.In case an issue made other than through the book building process, Sebi said minimum 50 per cent will be allocated to retail investors and remaining to individual applicants other than retail investors as well as other investors including corporate bodies or institutions, irrespective of the number of specified securities applied for.To give effect to these norms, Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) has amended its capital and disclosure requirements regulations. | Mid | [
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The king of Western Pondoland’s contracts with a Chinese company could see an untouched stretch of the Wild Coast undergo massive development. The same company has plans to dam the Orange River in the Northern Cape and put up gas-to-power plants. Is any of it likely to happen? Even if not this time, the paper trail speaks of the intentions at the core of Operation Phakisa and China’s Belt and Road Initiative – enormous development projects that are driving our changing climate. Without informing his subjects, King Mangaliso Ndlovuyezwe Ndamase of Western Pondoland has signed a contract to lease a pristine stretch of the Wild Coast to a Chinese company. Among other things – a mine, a 10,000-ton grade port and golf courses – the joint venture is supposed to include a “Disney playground’. Daily Maverick has followed the deal to the Northern Cape, where the same Chinese company has presented the potential for gas-to-power plants and the damming of the Orange River. 1. The contract “As you can see, there are people here from China,” said King Mangaliso Ndlovuyezwe Ndamase, during his coronation at the Nyandeni Great Place in Libode, Eastern Cape, on 3 October 2018. “I invited them because I want us to work the land and build these hotels, but all that will depend on you as AmaMpondo.” Less than two months later, on 27 November 2018, a contract was signed between the Nyandeni Kingdom and a company called South Africa Honglin Investment. At a price of R1-million a year, the former would lease to the latter “10,000ha of land, 30km of coastline and adjacent waters” in the vicinity of the Wild Coast town of Port St Johns. The contract, which has been confirmed as authentic by Daily Maverick, is remarkable for a number of reasons, but mainly for the following clause regarding the rights and obligations of “Party A”: “After signing the contract and authorising the right to use, explore and exploit the land… Party A shall clear the leased land within three to six months in order to facilitate Party B’s use.” Party A was listed as King Ndamase himself, the sole signatory on behalf of the Nyandeni Kingdom. As proof of the fact that he was required to clear the land of people and not, say, alien invasive weeds, there was the very next clause, which read: “Party A shall be responsible for resolving the villagers’ disputes arising from Party B’s use of the land and Party B shall assist.” And so, returning to the notion of “use, explore and exploit”: Why were King Ndamase and South Africa Honglin Investment (Party B) in such a hurry to move the villagers off this pristine stretch of Eastern Cape coast? The answer to the question had been plainly spelt out in the notarised contract too. Agreement of Nyadeni Kingdec18 The joint venture company, in which King Ndamase would hold a 25% share once construction had been completed – and after which Party B would “no longer pay the land compensation” – would build, first of all, a “marine fisheries development base”, with a processing plant, a large refrigeration facility and a fishery terminal. At the same time, it would build an “agricultural development base”. Also, it would build what the contract was calling a “Disney playground”. There would be a “large entertainment city with comprehensive functions such as leisure, vacation, tourism, food, entertainment, hotels, casinos and golf courses”. There would be a “Pondo cultural village”. There would be “hospitals, schools and shopping centres”. The next item was a big one, outlining as it did the plans for a “10,000-ton grade port” to be constructed in “appropriate places along the Nyandeni coast”. The port would take “container, mineral resources and groceries as the main body”, while promoting “passenger transport and tourism”. The existing airport at Port St Johns would be “reorganised” to assist with these plans. Then, presumably to help offset the above-mentioned “villagers’ disputes”, there would be “RDP houses, commercial economy house (sic) and high-grade commercial house (sic).” Which would all culminate in the tenth and final clause of the sub-section: “Within the scope of national law and authorised by King of Nyadeni Kingdom (sic), Party B shall carry out mineral prospection and exploration within the leased area and sign specific co-operation agreements when the agreements are satisfied.” 2. The context For two reasons, the past imperfect tense is the most applicable to the telling of the above tale: First, because more than three months have passed since the contract’s signing, without any indication that King Ndamase has begun to clear the land; second, because the contract may have been set up to take advantage of an impending loophole in constitutional law. “No, I don’t know about the deal,” said Prince Mlamli Ndamase, spokesperson for the king, when Daily Maverick called him on the morning of 13 March. “But the Chinese have been coming and going.” In other words, while the prince was unaware, he wasn’t surprised. The prince directed us to Mziwamampondo Ndamase, his nephew, whom he said would have more information. But according to the younger Ndamase, neither he nor the local chief had any knowledge that a contract had actually been signed. “Yes,” he told us, “there were people who came here, representing the Chinese. They haven’t returned, we are still waiting. We also took the matter to the king, we are waiting for him to come back to us too. You can’t pressure him, he’s the king. So now you come, saying there’s a signed contract. We are definitely not aware of that.” And so, if the royal family and local chief didn’t know, it meant that neither did any of the villagers. Of the half-dozen calls made by Daily Maverick to various high-ranking subjects of King Ndamase, calls both on- and off-record, there was nobody who wasn’t angered by this fact. The source of their anger, legally speaking, was the Interim Protection of Informal Land Rights Act (Informal Land Rights Act), which had been passed in 1996 to safeguard the security of tenure of the residents of the former Bantustans. In October 2018, referring to section 25(6) of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court had confirmed the customary land rights of the 17 million South Africans to whom the Act applied, thereby elevating these rights to the same status as common law. Henceforth, if an outside company wanted to monetise any natural and mineral resources in the former homelands, it would need the local community’s “free and informed” consent. Is it conceivable, when he signed the contract with South Africa Honglin Investment, that King Ndamase was ignorant of this judgment? Due to royal protocol, Daily Maverick was unable to put the question to the king directly – but we did discover that Prince Mlamli Ndamase was once an advocate of the High Court, a man in a perfect position to enlighten his regent. Could there have been another reason that King Ndamase was keeping the deal secret from even his closest advisers? Without the ability to read the king’s mind, we could only speculate. It’s possible, perhaps likely, that King Ndamase was throwing his lot in with the Traditional and Khoi-San Leadership Bill (Traditional Leadership Bill), which President Cyril Ramaphosa had promised back in March 2018 would be fast-tracked through Parliament. Because, contrary to the Informal Land Rights Act and the Constitution itself, clause 24 of the Traditional Leadership Bill would allow the king to do the deal without the consent of his people. On 27 February 2019, the day after the president had made good on his promise and the Traditional Leadership Bill had been approved, there was a picket at the gates of Parliament. At the protest, a coalition named Stop The Bantustan Bill said this: “Clause 24 of the Traditional Leadership Bill would give chiefs and their councils the power to sign over your land, including your family graves, your fields and even your homes, to mining companies, large farms, developers and casinos. They will be able to do this without asking your opinion, let alone your permission. They will make millions while you lose your home.” The great thing about a king, as the Chinese company may have been wagering, was that he didn’t even need the say-so of his traditional council. The one remaining question, then, concerned South Africa Honglin Investment. Who were they? Company records accessed on 8 March 2019 show that the only active South African director of the company, alongside four active Chinese directors – Wei Ji, Bonan Li, Zhe Sun and Cheng Zhang – is Simon Collin Thabo Makweya. According to Makweya’s LinkedIn page, in the early 1990s, he served as regional secretary of Cosatu in the Northern Cape. From 1994 to 2003, he held various positions in the Northern Cape provincial government, after which he became chairman of Seven Falls Resources – a company that made headlines in 2006 when its Australian mining partner, Tawana Resources, allegedly threatened to fire local workers. The connections to the Xolobeni saga, which likewise involves an Australian mining partner, will be teased out further below, but suffice to note for now that when Makweya left Seven Falls, he served as CEO of the Free State Development Corporation and on the Free State Gambling and Racing Board. At the same time, from May 2011 to September 2012, he was deputy director-general of the Free State department of economic development and tourism. Today, Makweya’s LinkedIn page says only that he is the chairman of Promethean Investments. But a LexisNexis director report shows that he is an active director of 80 companies, most of which are in the mining sector. Among his directorships is one listed as The Solomon Star, a Northern Cape community newspaper. On 24 May 2018, an article was published in The Solomon Star under the headline, “Chinese investors to visit the Northern Cape”. The piece opened with the information that since the return of a Northern Cape delegation from a “mission” to the People’s Republic of China, a draft memorandum of co-operation had been signed between Honglin Investment and the Northern Cape Economic Development Agency. The third paragraph of the article read as follows: “Thanks to the efforts of Honglin’s local partner, Promethean Investments, the Corridor project and the port development in particular is now seen by the Chinese as a natural extension of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative. This initiative is an ambitious, large-scale, multi-country effort to re-establish the old ‘Silk Road’ trade routes between China and the West. This $4-8-trillion, 65-country effort scheduled for implementation by 2049 is meant to encourage the further integration of the People’s Republic of China with international markets.” At which point our investigations began to take on the hue of the hopelessly surreal. Were we stuck in the bowels of a Lewis Carroll novel? Was this where the whole country turned into a dystopian Disney playground, an extractive fun-house serviced by deepwater ports and transcontinental highways? Was this really our collective fate? In an attempt to reverse out of the rabbit hole, Daily Maverick kept trying Makweya on his private number. On the evening of 19 March, half an hour before the Northern Cape provincial government was due to answer our emailed questions about the draft memorandum on the mooted R40-billion port development at Boegoe Baai, he called us back. “I know nothing about that contract with King Ndamase,” he insisted. According to Makweya, the contract was drawn up and signed by South Africa Honglin Investment – and stamped by its parent company Honglin Investment – without his knowledge or approval, an act that “concerned” him greatly. Makweya was, therefore, more than happy to assist us with background about Honglin. “They are a company that seeks opportunities in South Africa,” he said, “and then try to raise money for those opportunities in their country. So I think I can speak with authority when I say they do not have the money in their own capacity. Part of our visit to China was to establish whether there was appetite for the [Northern Cape] project.” To show his good faith, Makweya emailed us a powerpoint presentation as soon as he hung up. The presentation was delivered to the executive committee of the Northern Cape provincial government on 22 February 2017 and in the first slide were details about Honglin. Based in Dalian in the People’s Republic of China, it stated, the company had “bank guarantees and assurances in place for a credit line of approx $45-billion (ZAR 600-billion)”. In the fourth slide, there was an “interested anchor investor” identified simply as “Yong Li”. The presentation then went on to talk about an “industrial development zone” and “gas-to-power” plants, a “gas-to-industry and petrochemical” plant, a cement plant, iron and manganese smelters, “new base metal mining and mineral processing developments,” and, finally, a “dam on the lower Orange River”. In short, the deepwater port was just the start. To quote the presentation’s “vision statement” in full: “The development of a new deepwater port, related transport and energy infrastructure and associated commercial and industrial activities on the Namaqualand coast to unlock the mineral wealth and agricultural potential of its immediate and regional hinterland and bring sustainable GDP growth, economic development and job creation to what is a terribly impoverished and sparsely populated area.” For its part, the Northern Cape government informed Daily Maverick that none of it would happen until a feasibility study had been completed — a study it was paying for itself, it stated. No formal deal had been entered into with Honglin, it promised. As to the question of why Northern Cape MEC Mac Jack had met with Kenneth Ka and Honglin Li of Honglin Investment on 12 March 2018, it said this: “It is normal practice, from time to time, for the MEC to meet with potential investors, and meeting with the above-mentioned company was not different from the normal practice.” What, then, was the current relationship between the Northern Cape government and Thabo Makweya? “Mr Thabo Makweya is a business man in his own right and deputy chairperson of the Northern Cape Economic Development Agency (NCEDA),” it replied. “NCEDA signed an MOU with Honglin Investment for the facilitation of the establishment of the Boegoe Baai harbour development. Nothing happened to activate the MOU with Honglin Investments, without the concurrence of Provincial Government and a viable project. Upon the completion of the feasibility study, a bidding process will be opened to interested parties.” The Northern Cape provincial government did not reply to our request for the contact details of Kenneth Ka and Honglin Li. South Africa Honglin Investment does not have a listed phone number. All attempts to contact the company “with a credit line of approx $45-billion” have proved fruitless. 3. The consequences In late November 2018, two days after King Ndamase signed the deal with South Africa Honglin Investment, Daily Maverick published a critique of China’s OBOR – also known as the Belt and Road Initiative, or BRI. In the piece, we noted that since Africa was the continent least responsible but most vulnerable to climate change, the BRI could easily send its fragile ecosystems over the edge. We wondered whether the Chinese government was misinforming us when it said that the BRI was climate change-friendly. From a World Resources Institute report on the BRI, we learned that “most bank loans and cross-border investments in energy and transportation over 2014-2017 were tied to fossil fuel projects”. And from a report compiled by the Sierra Club, Greenpeace and CoalSwarm, we learned this: “Internationally, Chinese financial institutions are the world’s largest funder of overseas coal plants, investing $15-billion in coal projects from 2013 to 2016 through international development funds, with another US$13-billion in proposed funding. CoalSwarm estimates Chinese firms are involved in the construction, ownership or financing of at least 16% of all coal-fired power stations under development outside China.” Ambassador Lin Songtian, who we quoted extensively in the article, was clearly irritated by what we learnt, because on 14 December 2018 a response was published in Daily Maverick under his name. The response was a transcript of the speech he had given at Wits University on 23 November, at an event billed as an opportunity “to engage directly with African and Chinese experts on the BRI”. Unfortunately, this exact speech had been at the core of our critique. Now we know, from the details provided above, that not only have companies linked to the BRI been pumping hundreds of billions into fossil fuels just as greenhouse gas emissions have begun to render sub-Saharan Africa at extremely high risk, but these selfsame companies have been signing deals that disregard the land tenure rights of South Africa’s rural poor. Not that the South African government is entirely clean on these two points either. As Aninka Claassens of the Land and Accountability Resource Centre pointed out to Daily Maverick, the small port harbour conversions of the likes Honglin is proposing in both the Northern Cape and Pondoland are supported by Operation Phakisa. This would be the same Operation Phakisa that backed the recent oil and gas find off the Southern Cape coast, which Daily Maverick also reported on. Our argument against the “economy saving” sloganeering that accompanied the discovery, aside from the climate denialism thus evoked, was that it a) completely ignored the resource curse in oil- and gas-rich countries such as Angola, Mozambique and Nigeria, and b) wilfully disregarded the fact, as confirmed in 2015 by the IMF itself, that when it comes to countries with high inequality the trickle-down effect doesn’t work. South Africa, we’ve been led to believe, is the most unequal country on earth. And the poorest province in this record-breaking country is, of course, the Eastern Cape. Which is why allowing King Ndamase to lease his land to the Chinese, basically for mahala, might not be the sharpest economic strategy. For starters, there’s the deal’s “marine fisheries development base”, with its refrigeration facility and processing plant. In the past few years, Chinese fishing trawlers have been spotted fishing illegally on precisely that stretch of coast. In 2016, after three trawlers were seized by the South African Navy, a spokesman from the Chinese embassy demanded a “prompt and appropriate settlement” of the investigation “in line with the friendship and co-operation between (the two) countries” – a statement that would have looked less like diplomatic coercion had three television crews not been warned off boarding the boats. According to reports, 800 tons of squid to a value of R85-million were in the vessels’ hulls, plus “large numbers of dorado”, a species on the “red list” of the Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative. Does the Eastern Cape government, which would need to ratify the deal with Honglin, really believe that a Chinese-run fishery would be a positive thing for the locals? What about casinos and golf courses? Would the former be “good” for the people? Would the latter be good for the environment, recognised by Conservation International as a global biodiversity hotspot, part of 2.4% of the earth’s land surface that supports more than half of the world’s plant species as endemics? The “Disney playground”? The “entertainment city”? The shopping centres? Hospitals, schools and RDP houses, on the other hand, might be something that the locals would say they wanted; if they were consulted – which the Informal Land Rights Act says they have to be, and the Traditional Leadership Bill says they don’t. And so now we circle back, as we always do in this country, to mining – specifically, the final clause in the contract between South Africa Honglin Investment and King Ndamase, the “mineral prospection and exploration” part of the deal. King Ndamase’s blood relative, although the two don’t seem to be speaking, is Tyelovuyo Zanozuko Sigcau, who claims that he alone is the king of Pondoland. On 16 January 2019, when Sigcau stood at the government-sponsored podium in Xolobeni and announced, “I am your king!” he was booed by 250 members of the anti-mining Amadiba Crisis Committee. But Sigcau had the support of mineral resources minister Gwede Mantashe, who, as Daily Maverick reported from the scene, promised that mining in Xolobeni would go ahead. This despite the fact that Judge Annali Basson of the North Gauteng High Court had in November 2018 sided with the applicants from Xolobeni in determining that they – and not the government in Pretoria – had the right to say whether mining could happen in their backyard. A watershed ruling that placed the Informal Land Rights Act on an equal footing with the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, it echoed the Constitutional Court judgment of the month before. Government and its private sector mining partners had been ignoring the Informal Land Rights Act for more than two decades, dealing with communities by employing consultants and paying off chiefs, but now the game was up. Except the game wasn’t up. With BRI and Operation Phakisa doubling down on carbon-intensive resource extraction in the face of dwindling reserves and a dying biosphere, the game was only just beginning. If the documents that led to Honglin turned out to be meaningless, the structures were in place for other companies to pick up the trail. DM | Low | [
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Q: Can CUDA handle its own work queues? Sorry if this is obvious, but I'm studying c++ and Cuda right now and wanted to know if this was possible so I could focus more on the relevant sections. Basically my problem is highly parallelizable, in fact I'm running it on multiple servers currently. My program gets a work item(very small list) and runs a loop on it and makes one of 3 decisions: keep the data(saves it), Discard the data(doesn't do anything with it), Process data further(its unsure of what to do so it modifies the data and resends it to the queue to process. This used to be a recursion but I made each part independent and although I'm longer bound by one cpu but the negative effect of it is there's alot of messages that pass back/forth. I understand at a high level how CUDA works and how to submit work to it but is it possible for CUDA to manage the queue on the device itself? My current thought process was manage the queue on the c++ host and then send the processing to the device, after which the results are returned back to the host and sent back to the device(and so on). I think that could work but I wanted to see if it was possible to have the queue on the CUDA memory itself and kernels take work and send work directly to it. Is something like this possible with CUDA or is there a better way to do this? A: I think what you're asking is if you can keep intermediate results on the device. The answer to that is yes. In other words, you should only need to copy new work items to the device and only copy finished items from the device. The work items that are still undetermined can stay on the device between kernel calls. You may want to look into CUDA Thrust for this. Thrust has efficient algorithms for transformations, which can be combined with custom logic (search for "kernel fusion" in the Thrust manual.) It sounds like maybe your processing can be considered to be transformations, where you take a vector of work items and create two new vectors, one of items to keep and one of items that are still undetermined. Is the host aware(or can it monitor) memory on device? My concern is how to be aware and deal with data that starts to exceed GPU onboard memory. It is possible to allocate and free memory from within a kernel but it's probably not going to be very efficient. Instead, manage memory by running CUDA calls such as cudaMalloc() and cudaFree() or, if you're using Thrust, creating or resizing vectors between kernel calls. With this "manual" memory management you can keep track of how much memory you have used with cudaMemGetInfo(). Since you will be copying completed work items back to the host, you will know how many work items are left on the device and thus, what the maximum amount of memory that might be required in a kernel call is. Maybe a good strategy will be to swap source and destination vectors for each transform. To take a simple example, say you have a set of work items that you want to filter in multiple steps. You create vector A and fill it with work items. Then you create vector B of the same size and leave it empty. After the filtering, some portion of the work items in A have been moved to B, and you have the count. Now you run the filter again, this time with B as the source and A as the destination. | Mid | [
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Optical potentiometer using fluorescent optical fiber for position measurement. A new method is proposed for the measurement of an object position with a fluorescent optical fiber sensor having the structure of an optical potentiometer. A physical model is developed, showing how to combine different measurements to reject the influence of source intensity variations and other drifts also. Experimental results are presented, and good agreement with the model is obtained. Theoretical system resolution determination is also performed. Finally, comments are made about using the configuration in fiber optic sensor networks. | High | [
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Arterial elastase activity after balloon angioplasty and effects of elafin, an elastase inhibitor. Increased proteolytic activity may be a factor in intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty (BA). The objectives of this study were to assess elastase activity after BA in a rabbit arterial double-injury model and the effects of elastase inhibition. Elastase activity increased immediately after BA, reached an 8-fold peak at 1 week, and declined to baseline levels by 4 weeks. Elastin zymography showed that the elastase activity was associated predominantly with a molecular mass of 25 kDa. Elastase activity was significantly inhibited in vitro by elafin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, selective inhibitors of serine elastases. A second group of animals was transfected after BA with a plasmid containing the cDNA for either elafin or a control (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, CAT) construct by using a hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome transfection technique. Arterial segments were obtained at 48 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks to assess transgene expression, arterial wall elastase activity, and intimal cross-sectional area, respectively. Elafin transgene expression was evident at 48 hours and resulted in a significant (80%) inhibition of elastase activity compared with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-transfected arteries. There was a 43% reduction in intimal cross-sectional area in elafin-transfected arteries (0.28+/-0.22 versus 0.16+/-0.07 mm(2) for CAT-transfected versus elafin-transfected arteries, respectively; P<0.05). These data suggest that an early increase in serine elastase activity after BA contributes to intimal hyperplasia. Serine elastase inhibition may be a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit intimal hyperplasia. | High | [
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The city of Miami is one step closer to rewarding developers who build moderate to low-income housing. On Thursday, the city commission voted 5-0 on first reading for a measure that would grant builders density bonuses for setting aside a number of units as workforce and affordable housing. For example, the city’s current zoning code allows a maximum density of 36 dwelling units per acre for projects designated low-density multifamily residential. If a developer submits a project that sets aside 10 percent of the units for workforce, affordable and extremely low-income housing, the city would increase the maximum density from 36 units per acre to 72 dwelling units per acre. If the developer sets aside 5 percent, the maximum density would increase to 54 units per acre. Albert Milo, principal and vice president of Related Urban Development Group, hailed the decision as a positive step to addressing a longtime problem for developers that are unable to provide low to moderate income units due to high land and construction costs. “While we have traditional sources of funding for affordable housing, the biggest need is for workforce housing,” Milo said. “This allows you to promote mixed-income developments. A portion will be affordable units and a portion will be workforce units.” According to city documents, the goal is to set aside 40 percent of the housing stock built in the next five years as mixed-income units. Medium density multifamily residential projects that meet the 10 percent threshold would have their the maximum density allowed increased from 65 units per acre to 130 units per acre. And high density multifamily residential projects would go from a maximum of 150 units per acre to 300 units per acre. High density projects are allowed in Little Havana, along the Miami River, Brickell, Omni (now the Arts & Entertainment District) and Park West. Last month, Miami-Dade commissioner Barbara Jordan’s plan fell apart when commissioners rejected her proposal to mandate workforce housing in all new residential projects. Jordan agreed to revise it to a voluntary system. | High | [
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Public safety officials step up security for Final Four weekend INDIANAPOLIS (WISH) — Security measures for this weekend’s Final Four festivities are well underway – from Lucas Oil Stadium to White River State Park where a series of free concerts will be held. Public safety officials say they have a robust plan in place. From Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department to Indianapolis Fire Department, Marion County Sheriff’s Department, to EMS, State Police, and Homeland Security – as well as the TSA, FBI and Secret Service – all will be working hand in hand to ensure the safety of not only those who will be downtown but everyone around the county. “We are prepared on a public safety level for anything that occurs,” said Michael Bates, Commander of Homeland Security. “Our primary focus is staying vigilant as far as being able to mitigate, respond to any incidents whether they’re downtown or actually anywhere in the county.”Full Coverage: 2015 Final Four With 10 square miles of Final Four entertainment – from Fan Fest to concerts to open practices and the games Saturday and Monday at Lucas Oil Stadium – public safety officials want to ensure not only a good time, but a safe one. To that end, restricted leave of officers is in place – all will be working. “Which means you’re going to have a larger footprint not only downtown but also in our neighborhoods,” said Chief Rick Hite, IMPD. “Our concerns making sure people have a good time wherever they are in the city – be it neighborhoods, downtown, White River.” Troy Riggs, Director of Public Safety, calls the planning for the Final Four immense but said it also has to be a community effort. “If you see something, say something,” Riggs said. “If you see somebody that’s getting in an argument please pick up your phone. call and let us know so police officers can get there and respond. If you see someone that is hurt. make sure you give us a call immediately.” In the wake of the Religious Freedom law, a site has been set up at Merrill Street and Capitol Avenue for any protests that might occur. “If they want to demonstrate, they want to march – that’s fine,” Bates said. “We’re going to allow them to exercise their first amendment short of any type of chaos as far as destruction, breaking windows – whatever the case may be.” A federal and local threat assessment found nothing, and social media monitoring – which is already underway – will continue. The primary focus vigilance – with all aware the eyes of the country will be on the Circle City. “It’s gonna be a good weekend, a successful weekend and once again showcase why we’re the basketball capitol of the world,” Riggs said. A new partner this year in ensuring public safety is the National Weather Service, who will have personnel on site at the command center, as well as the White River State Park operations center to keep an eye on the sky. A new policy in place will dictate what can be carried into the various venues. It’s based off what the NFL does – if you want to carry something into Lucas Oil, Fan Fest or White River State Park, it will need to be in a clear bag. The policy was actually put in place at least year’s Final Four events in North Texas but this is the first time for Indianapolis. John Dedman, vice president of communications for the Indiana Sports Corporation, said while it’s a standard practice at major events around the country, for the Final Four it has been extended not just to the games, but all fan events. “We’re really focused on how we can provide a great experience to those fans who are coming in to town as well as those fans who are here locally,” Dedman said. “And really give them a final four experience focused on basketball, music, fan fest and all these other things and we’re really excited about what’s going to happen.” The NCAA is giving away the bags at downtown Indianapolis hotels, the Indiana Convention Center and most entrances and exits where clear bags are required. You can also use a clear bag of your own that doesn’t exceed the size of the NCAA bag or a one gallon clear storage bag. Small clutch purses smaller than 5.5 inches by 8.5 inches will also be allowed. | Mid | [
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Q: Show function $f(x,y)=(x^2-y^2,2xy)$ is $1$-$1$ by Inverse Function Theorem I'm trying to prove the problem below - which comes from Munkres' "Analysis on Manifolds" book in the section on the Inverse function theorem. Since its in the chapter on the Inverse Function Theorem I figured I'd start by showing that $f$ satisfies the conditions of the theorem. Writing the Jacobian shows that it's both $C^r$ and we get $\det f'(x,y)=4x^2+4y^2\neq0$ when $x>0$. So we can apply the theorem but I'm unsure of how to proceed to show that $f$ is $1$-$1$. And I didn't see how to use the hint they provided. Thanks! Let $f\colon \mathbf R^2\to \mathbf R^2$ be defined by the equation $$f(x,y)=(x^2-y^2,2xy).$$ (a) Show that $f$ is one-to-one on the set of all $(x,y)$ with $x>0$. [Hint: If $f(x,y)=f(a,b)$, then $\|f(x,y)\|=\|f(a,b)\|$.] A: Compute the norm: $$\|f(x,y)\|=\sqrt{(x^2-y^2)^2+4(xy)^2}=\sqrt{x^4-2(xy)^2+y^4+4(xy)^2}=x^2+y^2$$ so you get: $f(x,y)=f(a,b)\implies (x^2-y^2,2xy,x^2+y^2)=(a^2-b^2,2ab,a^2+b^2)$, use the first and last coordinates to show that $(a,b)=(\pm |x|,\pm |y|)$ (add and subtract them), use $A$ to conclude that $a=x$ ($x,a>0$) and use the second coordinate to get $b=y$ A: This is simpler in polar coordinates: The map is $$r(\cos t,\sin t) \to r^2(\cos^2t - \sin^2t, 2\cos t \sin t) = r^2(\cos 2t,\sin 2t).$$ Thus the ray in the right half plane making angle $t$ with the $x$-axis is sent injectively to the ray making angle $2t$ with the $x$-axis. Overalll injectivity follows. | Mid | [
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/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */ /* X-SPDX-Copyright-Text: (c) Solarflare Communications Inc */ /**************************************************************************** * Driver for Solarflare network controllers - * resource management for Xen backend, OpenOnload, etc * (including support for SFE4001 10GBT NIC) * * This file provides compatibility layer for various Linux kernel versions * (starting from 2.6.9 RHEL kernel). * * Copyright 2005-2007: Solarflare Communications Inc, * 9501 Jeronimo Road, Suite 250, * Irvine, CA 92618, USA * * Developed and maintained by Solarflare Communications: * <[email protected]> * <[email protected]> * * Certain parts of the driver were implemented by * Alexandra Kossovsky <[email protected]> * OKTET Labs Ltd, Russia, * http://oktetlabs.ru, <[email protected]> * by request of Solarflare Communications * * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published * by the Free Software Foundation, incorporated herein by reference. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA **************************************************************************** */ #ifndef DRIVER_LINUX_RESOURCE_KERNEL_COMPAT_H #define DRIVER_LINUX_RESOURCE_KERNEL_COMPAT_H #include <linux/version.h> #include <linux/moduleparam.h> #include <linux/sched.h> #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,16) # include <linux/io.h> #else # include <asm/io.h> #endif #include <driver/linux_affinity/kernel_compat.h> #ifdef EFRM_HAVE_NSPROXY #include <linux/nsproxy.h> #endif /********* Memory allocation *************/ #ifndef IN_KERNEL_COMPAT_C # ifndef __GFP_COMP # define __GFP_COMP 0 # endif # ifndef __GFP_ZERO # define __GFP_ZERO 0 # endif #endif /* VM_IO is used on mappings of PCI space to inform the kernel that the mapping * is not backed by host memory, and so to prevent it from doing anything that * it shouldn't. * * VM_DONTEXPAND prevents the MM from attempting to swap-out these * pages. On very old kernels (2.4) this property belonged instead to * VM_RESERVED, but that also prevents core dumps, and we don't require it on * any of our supported kernels. We continue to set it when setting VM_IO, * though, for consistency with other users in the kernel, even though its * effects are implied by VM_IO. Similarly, on modern (>= 3.7) kernels in * which VM_RESERVED has been purged, we set VM_DONTDUMP if and only if we have * set VM_IO. */ #define EFRM_VM_BASE_FLAGS VM_DONTEXPAND #ifdef VM_RESERVED #define EFRM_VM_IO_FLAGS (EFRM_VM_BASE_FLAGS | VM_IO | VM_RESERVED) #else #define EFRM_VM_IO_FLAGS (EFRM_VM_BASE_FLAGS | VM_IO | VM_DONTDUMP) #endif #if (LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(3,9,0)) # define f_vfsmnt f_path.mnt #endif #ifndef EFRM_HAVE_NETDEV_NOTIFIER_INFO #define netdev_notifier_info_to_dev(info) (info) #endif #ifndef NOPAGE_SIGBUS # define NOPAGE_SIGBUS (NULL) #endif #ifndef FOLL_WRITE #define FOLL_WRITE 0x01 #endif #ifndef FOLL_FORCE #define FOLL_FORCE 0x10 #endif static inline long get_user_pages_onload_compat(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas) { /* We support four get_user_pages() function prototypes here, * including an intermediate one that has one of the changes but not * the other, and we assume that intermediate case if the main three * are not defined: * * Pre-3.9: EFRM_GUP_RCINT_TASK_SEPARATE_FLAGS * int get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, * unsigned long start, int nr_pages, int write, int force, * struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas); * * Pre-4.6.0: EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_TASK_SEPARATEFLAGS * long get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, * unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, * int write, int force, struct page **pages, * struct vm_area_struct **vmas); * * 4.4.(>=168): EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_TASK_COMBINEDFLAGS * long get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm, * unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, * unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, * struct vm_area_struct **vmas) * * Intermediate (up to 4.9.0): (would be EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_NOTASK_SEPARATEFLAGS) * long get_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, * int write, int force, struct page **pages, * struct vm_area_struct **vmas); * * Post-4.9.0: EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_NOTASK_COMBINEDFLAGS * long get_user_pages(unsigned long start, unsigned long nr_pages, * unsigned int gup_flags, struct page **pages, * struct vm_area_struct **vmas); */ #ifdef EFRM_GUP_RCINT_TASK_SEPARATEFLAGS #define EFRM_GUP_NRPAGES_CAST (int) #define EFRM_GUP_RC_CAST (long) #else #define EFRM_GUP_NRPAGES_CAST #define EFRM_GUP_RC_CAST #endif return EFRM_GUP_RC_CAST get_user_pages( #if defined(EFRM_GUP_RCINT_TASK_SEPARATEFLAGS) || \ defined(EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_TASK_SEPARATEFLAGS) || \ defined(EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_TASK_COMBINEDFLAGS) current, current->mm, #endif start, EFRM_GUP_NRPAGES_CAST nr_pages, #if defined(EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_NOTASK_COMBINEDFLAGS) || \ defined(EFRM_GUP_RCLONG_TASK_COMBINEDFLAGS) gup_flags, #else gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE, gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE, #endif pages, vmas); } #define get_user_pages get_user_pages_onload_compat #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(4,10,0) #define VM_FAULT_ADDRESS(_vmf) (_vmf)->address #else #define VM_FAULT_ADDRESS(_vmf) (unsigned long)(_vmf)->virtual_address #endif #if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,24) #define dev_net(a) NULL #define get_net(a) NULL #define put_net(a) #endif #endif /* DRIVER_LINUX_RESOURCE_KERNEL_COMPAT_H */ | Low | [
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New York Smoothie King Hours And Locations for New York, New York Category: Health & Diet Foods-Retail Health & Diet Foods-Retail Smoothie King is a privately held New Orleans, Louisiana-area based franchise company and is the premier Smoothie Bar and Nutritional Lifestyle Center in the industry. Smoothie King centers offer their guests the industry’s first and original nutritional fruit and function-based, fresh blended smoothies. Each “Lifestyle Center” also offers healthy retail product solutions in sport beverages, energy bars, healthy snacks, vitamin supplements, herbs, minerals, and sports nutrition products...more | Low | [
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Chemical context {#sec1} ================== Hydroxy Schiff bases have been studied extensively for their biological, photochromic and thermochromic properties (Garnovskii *et al.*, 1993[@bb8]; Hadjoudis *et al.*, 2004[@bb12]). They can be used as potential materials for optical memory and switch devices (Zhao *et al.*, 2007[@bb26]). Proton transfer in these compounds forms the basis for an explanation of the mechanisms of various biological processes where proton transfer is the rate-determining step (Lussier *et al.*, 1987[@bb15]). In general, *O*-hydroxy Schiff bases exhibit two possible tautomeric forms, the phenol--imine (or benzenoid) and keto--amine (or quinoid) forms. Depending on the tautomers, two types of intramolecular hydrogen bonds are possible: O---H⋯N in benzenoid and N---H⋯O in quinoid tautomers. *O*-hydroxy Schiff bases have been observed in the keto form, in the enol form or in an enol/keto mixture (Nazır *et al.*, 2000[@bb17]; Antonov *et al.*, 2000[@bb1]) due to the H-atom transfer. Another form of the Schiff base compounds is their zwitterionic form (Ogawa & Harada, 2003[@bb18]). Zwitterions of Schiff bases have an ionic intramolecular hydrogen bond (N^+^---H⋯O^−^) and their N^+^---H bond lengths are longer than the normal bond length observed for neutral N---H bonds (0.87 Å). The molecular structure of the title compound is similar to that of (*E*)-4-hydroxy-3-\[*N*-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanimidoyl\]-6-methyl-2*H*-pyran-2-one (Djedouani *et al.*, 2015[@bb6]), which also crystallizes as a zwitterion. Structural commentary {#sec2} ======================= The molecular structure of title compound is shown in Fig. 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}. It crystallizes in the zwitterionic form, with the phenolic H atom having been transferred to the imino group. The H atom, H1*N*, was located in a difference-Fourier map and freely refined (N---H = 0.90 (2) Å). The resulting iminium and hydroxy groups are linked by an intramolecular N---H⋯O hydrogen bond forming an *S*(6) loop (Fig. 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"}). The dihedral angle between the benzene (C9--C14) and pyran (O3/C2--C6) rings is 70.49 (6)°. The carbon--nitrogen bond N1=C7 is 1.318 (2) Å, which agrees with values observed in related compounds (Girija & Begum, 2004[@bb9]; Girija *et al.*, 2004[@bb10]). It is slightly longer than a typical C=N bond \[1.283 (4) Å; Bai & Jing, 2007[@bb2]\], but much shorter than a C---N bond. The N1---C9 bond length is 1.436 (2) Å because of resonance. The carbon--carbon bond connecting the enol and imine groups exhibits intermediate distances between those of single and double bond, but being closer to the latter; C5---C7 = 1.427 (2) and C5---C6 = 1.443 (2) Å, reflecting the zwitterionic character of the title compound (Wojciechowski *et al.*, 2003[@bb25]). The C4---O1 bond length \[1.259 (2) Å\] is intermediate between single and double carbon-to-oxygen bond lengths (1.362 and 1.222 Å, respectively), whereas C6---O2 is 1.215 (2) Å. The aromatic ring and dehydroacetic acid ring are in a *trans* position with respect to the C7=N1 bond, the dihedral angle between the two rings is 70.46 (9)° and the molecular conformation is determined by the presence of the intramolecular N^+^---H⋯O^−^ hydrogen bond (Fig. 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"}), which generates an *S*(6) ring motif. Similar intramolecular hydrogen bonds have been reported in other zwitterionic phenolates (Huang *et al.*, 2006[@bb13]; Temel *et al.*, 2006[@bb23]). Supramolecular features {#sec3} ========================== In the crystal, molecules are linked by C---H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional supramolecular structure (Fig. 2[▸](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} and Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"}), which is consolidated by C---H⋯π interactions (Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"}) and offset π--π interactions. The latter involve symmetry-related pyran rings with a *Cg*⋯*Cg* ^i^ distance of 3.416 (1) Å \[*Cg* is the centroid of ring O3/C2--C6, interplanar distance = 3.319 (1) Å, offset = 0.81 Å, symmetry code (i): −*x* + 1, *y*, −*z* + \]. Database survey {#sec4} ================= A search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.38, update May 2017; Groom *et al.*, 2016[@bb11]) for similar structures revealed the presence of three zwitterionic compounds of interest, namely (*E*)-6- methyl-2-oxo-3-\[1-(*p*-tolyliminio)ethyl\]-2*H*-pyran-4-olate (REZMAL; Djedouani *et al.*, 2007[@bb4]) and 6-methyl-2-oxo-3-\[1-(ureidoiminio)ethyl\]-2*H*-pyran-4-olate monohydrate (HOFPOI; Djedouani *et al.*, 2008[@bb5]) and (*E*)-4-hydroxy-3-\[*N*-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanimidoyl\]-6-methyl-2*H*-pyran-2-one (CUGPAX; Djedouani *et al.*, 2015[@bb6]). The molecular conformations of all three compounds are also determined by the presence of an intramolecular charge-assisted N^+^---H⋯O^−^ hydrogen bond (see Fig. 1[▸](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} and Table 1[▸](#table1){ref-type="table"} for the title compound), which generates an *S*(6) ring motif. Two of these compounds, REZMAL and CUGPAX, have a benzene ring inclined to the pyran ring by 42.25 (10) and 53.31 (11)°, respectively. This is significantly different from the equivalent dihedral angle of 70.46 (9)° in the title compound, which has five hydrogen bonds, two from the ethoxy group in the *para* position of the benzene and another from the benzene ring, which has increased the dihedral angle between the two rings. On the other hand, CUGPAX has three hydrogen bonds and only one single bond of the hydroxy group in the *para* position of benzene ring, and the dihedral angle between the two rings is 53.31 (11)°. REZMAL shows only two hydrogen bonds, neither of which involve benzene ring, and the dihedral angle is 42.25 (10)°. Density functional study -- geometry optimization and molecular orbital calculations {#sec5} ======================================================================================= Geometry optimization and molecular orbital calculations were carried out with the Guassian*09* software package (Frisch *et al.*, 2009[@bb7]) and the Gaussview visualization program (Dennington *et al.*, 2007[@bb3]; Rassolov *et al.*, 1998[@bb19]), using the three-parameter hybrid function of Becke based on the correlation function (B3LYP) of Lee *et al.* (1998[@bb14]) and Miehlich *et al.* (1989[@bb27]), with the 6-311G, 6-311G(+) and 6-311G(++) basis sets. The bond lengths, bond angles corresponding to the optimized geometry obtained using the DFT/B3LY P method are given in Table 2[▸](#table2){ref-type="table"}. The calculated C4---C5 bond distance is 1.447 Å correlates nicely with experimental value. The calculated bond lengths with B3LYP/6-311G(++) level are slightly shorter than the experimental values within 0.004--0.035 Å. The calculated bond angles C5---C4---O4 and C4---C5---C7 are close to 120° since atoms C4 and C5 have sp^2^ hybridization. In general, the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied orbitals (LUMO) are named frontier orbitals (FMOs). The calculated values at the B3LYP/6-311G(++) level are presented in Table 3[▸](#table3){ref-type="table"}, and the nature of the frontier molecular orbitals for the two possible tautomeric forms, the keto--amine (NH) and the phenol--imine (OH) forms of zwitterionic forms of Schiff bases, are plotted in Fig. 3[▸](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}. The band-gap energy values calculated for keto--amine (NH) forms were found to be 4.297 eV, which is a large HOMO--LUMO energy gap, implying a higher molecular stability than for the phenol--imine (OH) form, which has a smaller energy gap with the difference between the HOMO and LUMO being 3.791 eV. The HOMO--LUMO energy gap is very important for the chemical activity and explains the eventual charge-transfer interaction within the molecule. Clearly, the larger HOMO--LUMO gap calculated for the keto--amine (NH) form is in agreement with the stability of the molecule in the solid state. Synthesis and crystallization {#sec6} =============================== The title compound was prepared according to a literature method (Djedouani *et al.*, 2007[@bb4]). Colourless plate-like crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a solution in ethanol. Refinement {#sec7} ============ Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 4[▸](#table4){ref-type="table"}. The NH H atom was located in a difference-Fourier map and freely refined. The C-bound H atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding: C---H = 0.95--0.99 Å, with *U* ~iso~(H) = 1.5*U* ~eq~(C-methyl) and 1.2*U* ~eq~(C) for other H atoms. Supplementary Material ====================== Crystal structure: contains datablock(s) I, \_Global. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003sup1.cif](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003sup1.cif) Structure factors: contains datablock(s) I. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003Isup2.hkl](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003Isup2.hkl) ###### Click here for additional data file. Supporting information file. DOI: [10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003Isup3.cml](https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018000919/ex2003Isup3.cml) CCDC reference: [1816916](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/cr.cgi?rm=csd&csdid=1816916) Additional supporting information: [crystallographic information](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendsupfiles?ex2003&file=ex2003sup0.html&mime=text/html); [3D view](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/sendcif?ex2003sup1&Qmime=cif); [checkCIF report](http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?ex2003&checkcif=yes) The authors acknowledge the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and the Algerian Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technological Development for support of this work. Crystal data {#d1e154} ============ ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- C~16~H~17~NO~4~ *F*(000) = 1216 *M~r~* = 287.30 *D*~x~ = 1.364 Mg m^−3^ Monoclinic, *C*2/*c* Mo *K*α radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å *a* = 21.0983 (13) Å Cell parameters from 18962 reflections *b* = 7.7792 (5) Å θ = 2.0--27.5° *c* = 17.7036 (11) Å µ = 0.10 mm^−1^ β = 105.564 (2)° *T* = 100 K *V* = 2799.1 (3) Å^3^ Plate, colorless *Z* = 8 0.18 × 0.08 × 0.03 mm ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- Data collection {#d1e274} =============== ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Bruker APEXII QUAZAR CCD diffractometer 2750 independent reflections Radiation source: ImuS 2315 reflections with *I* \> 2σ(*I*) Graphite monochromator *R*~int~ = 0.037 f\\ and ω scans θ~max~ = 26.0°, θ~min~ = 2.0° Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) *h* = −16→26 *T*~min~ = 0.596, *T*~max~ = 0.746 *k* = −9→9 17108 measured reflections *l* = −21→21 ---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Refinement {#d1e386} ========== ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Refinement on *F*^2^ Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods Least-squares matrix: full Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map *R*\[*F*^2^ \> 2σ(*F*^2^)\] = 0.035 Hydrogen site location: mixed *wR*(*F*^2^) = 0.094 H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement *S* = 1.07 *w* = 1/\[σ^2^(*F*~o~^2^) + (0.0419*P*)^2^ + 2.3424*P*\] where *P* = (*F*~o~^2^ + 2*F*~c~^2^)/3 2750 reflections (Δ/σ)~max~ \< 0.001 197 parameters Δρ~max~ = 0.23 e Å^−3^ 0 restraints Δρ~min~ = −0.21 e Å^−3^ ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Special details {#d1e542} =============== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e561} ================================================================================================== ------ ------------- --------------- ------------- -------------------- -- *x* *y* *z* *U*~iso~\*/*U*~eq~ O1 0.37595 (5) −0.09851 (12) 0.25430 (5) 0.0178 (2) O2 0.46409 (5) 0.36094 (13) 0.13692 (6) 0.0223 (2) O3 0.48126 (5) 0.09177 (13) 0.11188 (5) 0.0203 (2) O4 0.28470 (5) 0.53164 (13) 0.53959 (6) 0.0195 (2) N1 0.35473 (6) 0.20560 (15) 0.29392 (7) 0.0167 (3) H1N 0.3533 (9) 0.090 (2) 0.2929 (10) 0.033 (5)\* C1 0.51239 (8) −0.1830 (2) 0.07643 (9) 0.0261 (4) H1A 0.558974 −0.151115 0.094154 0.039\* H1B 0.495675 −0.158824 0.020257 0.039\* H1C 0.507565 −0.305845 0.085797 0.039\* C2 0.47443 (7) −0.08168 (19) 0.12051 (8) 0.0186 (3) C3 0.43857 (7) −0.14438 (18) 0.16567 (8) 0.0179 (3) H3 0.433601 −0.265332 0.168807 0.021\* C4 0.40712 (6) −0.03355 (17) 0.20989 (8) 0.0154 (3) C5 0.41363 (6) 0.14995 (17) 0.20071 (7) 0.0153 (3) C6 0.45203 (6) 0.21302 (18) 0.15026 (8) 0.0169 (3) C7 0.38639 (6) 0.26807 (18) 0.24515 (8) 0.0162 (3) C8 0.39081 (7) 0.45891 (18) 0.23821 (8) 0.0203 (3) H8C 0.374124 0.492541 0.183088 0.031\* H8B 0.436806 0.495022 0.257827 0.031\* H8A 0.364402 0.514294 0.269172 0.031\* C9 0.33460 (7) 0.29881 (17) 0.35356 (8) 0.0164 (3) C10 0.26863 (7) 0.30913 (17) 0.35148 (8) 0.0171 (3) H10 0.236228 0.263353 0.308090 0.020\* C11 0.24977 (7) 0.38655 (17) 0.41296 (8) 0.0173 (3) H11 0.204561 0.393367 0.411788 0.021\* C12 0.29738 (7) 0.45369 (17) 0.47593 (8) 0.0166 (3) C13 0.36385 (7) 0.44554 (18) 0.47719 (8) 0.0193 (3) H13 0.396300 0.493437 0.519946 0.023\* C14 0.38224 (7) 0.36797 (18) 0.41637 (8) 0.0186 (3) H14 0.427417 0.361699 0.417316 0.022\* C15 0.21698 (7) 0.56107 (18) 0.53868 (8) 0.0193 (3) H15A 0.192613 0.451001 0.533117 0.023\* H15B 0.195276 0.637069 0.494438 0.023\* C16 0.21851 (7) 0.64530 (19) 0.61584 (9) 0.0224 (3) H16A 0.245376 0.749760 0.622067 0.034\* H16B 0.237520 0.565599 0.658818 0.034\* H16C 0.173613 0.675273 0.616796 0.034\* ------ ------------- --------------- ------------- -------------------- -- Atomic displacement parameters (Å^2^) {#d1e1074} ===================================== ----- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- *U*^11^ *U*^22^ *U*^33^ *U*^12^ *U*^13^ *U*^23^ O1 0.0187 (5) 0.0183 (5) 0.0179 (5) −0.0034 (4) 0.0075 (4) 0.0023 (4) O2 0.0232 (5) 0.0233 (5) 0.0203 (5) −0.0055 (4) 0.0056 (4) 0.0058 (4) O3 0.0226 (5) 0.0243 (5) 0.0155 (5) −0.0066 (4) 0.0077 (4) −0.0002 (4) O4 0.0167 (5) 0.0222 (5) 0.0200 (5) 0.0015 (4) 0.0058 (4) −0.0013 (4) N1 0.0170 (6) 0.0156 (6) 0.0179 (6) −0.0009 (5) 0.0052 (5) 0.0022 (5) C1 0.0239 (8) 0.0343 (9) 0.0214 (8) −0.0039 (7) 0.0083 (6) −0.0058 (6) C2 0.0168 (7) 0.0232 (7) 0.0133 (7) −0.0027 (6) −0.0003 (6) −0.0006 (6) C3 0.0180 (7) 0.0186 (7) 0.0155 (7) −0.0022 (6) 0.0017 (6) 0.0012 (5) C4 0.0116 (6) 0.0202 (7) 0.0121 (6) −0.0029 (5) −0.0008 (5) 0.0018 (5) C5 0.0125 (6) 0.0188 (7) 0.0122 (6) −0.0023 (5) −0.0008 (5) 0.0024 (5) C6 0.0139 (7) 0.0232 (7) 0.0108 (6) −0.0028 (6) −0.0016 (5) 0.0022 (5) C7 0.0118 (6) 0.0199 (7) 0.0135 (7) −0.0020 (5) −0.0022 (5) 0.0035 (5) C8 0.0221 (7) 0.0183 (7) 0.0197 (7) −0.0007 (6) 0.0040 (6) 0.0036 (5) C9 0.0183 (7) 0.0137 (6) 0.0175 (7) 0.0006 (5) 0.0056 (6) 0.0039 (5) C10 0.0170 (7) 0.0148 (6) 0.0175 (7) −0.0012 (5) 0.0012 (6) 0.0031 (5) C11 0.0146 (7) 0.0164 (7) 0.0209 (7) 0.0020 (5) 0.0045 (6) 0.0038 (5) C12 0.0199 (7) 0.0141 (6) 0.0166 (7) 0.0022 (5) 0.0063 (6) 0.0026 (5) C13 0.0170 (7) 0.0197 (7) 0.0198 (7) −0.0002 (6) 0.0024 (6) −0.0001 (6) C14 0.0137 (7) 0.0213 (7) 0.0210 (7) 0.0010 (6) 0.0048 (6) 0.0030 (6) C15 0.0165 (7) 0.0189 (7) 0.0238 (8) 0.0021 (5) 0.0079 (6) 0.0037 (6) C16 0.0221 (7) 0.0211 (7) 0.0266 (8) 0.0021 (6) 0.0112 (6) 0.0024 (6) ----- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- Geometric parameters (Å, º) {#d1e1484} =========================== ------------------- -------------- ----------------------- -------------- O1---C4 1.2585 (16) C8---H8C 0.9800 O2---C6 1.2154 (17) C8---H8B 0.9800 O3---C2 1.3698 (17) C8---H8A 0.9800 O3---C6 1.3988 (18) C9---C10 1.385 (2) O4---C12 1.3680 (16) C9---C14 1.392 (2) O4---C15 1.4427 (16) C10---C11 1.392 (2) N1---C7 1.3182 (18) C10---H10 0.9500 N1---C9 1.4358 (18) C11---C12 1.387 (2) N1---H1N 0.902 (19) C11---H11 0.9500 C1---C2 1.486 (2) C12---C13 1.398 (2) C1---H1A 0.9800 C13---C14 1.378 (2) C1---H1B 0.9800 C13---H13 0.9500 C1---H1C 0.9800 C14---H14 0.9500 C2---C3 1.332 (2) C15---C16 1.508 (2) C3---C4 1.440 (2) C15---H15A 0.9900 C3---H3 0.9500 C15---H15B 0.9900 C4---C5 1.4474 (19) C16---H16A 0.9800 C5---C7 1.427 (2) C16---H16B 0.9800 C5---C6 1.4431 (19) C16---H16C 0.9800 C7---C8 1.4946 (19) C2---O3---C6 122.46 (11) H8C---C8---H8A 109.5 C12---O4---C15 118.24 (11) H8B---C8---H8A 109.5 C7---N1---C9 126.68 (12) C10---C9---C14 120.28 (13) C7---N1---H1N 112.0 (11) C10---C9---N1 120.22 (12) C9---N1---H1N 120.3 (11) C14---C9---N1 119.34 (12) C2---C1---H1A 109.5 C9---C10---C11 120.03 (13) C2---C1---H1B 109.5 C9---C10---H10 120.0 H1A---C1---H1B 109.5 C11---C10---H10 120.0 C2---C1---H1C 109.5 C12---C11---C10 119.60 (13) H1A---C1---H1C 109.5 C12---C11---H11 120.2 H1B---C1---H1C 109.5 C10---C11---H11 120.2 C3---C2---O3 121.42 (13) O4---C12---C11 124.71 (13) C3---C2---C1 126.45 (14) O4---C12---C13 115.09 (12) O3---C2---C1 112.10 (12) C11---C12---C13 120.19 (13) C2---C3---C4 121.71 (13) C14---C13---C12 119.94 (13) C2---C3---H3 119.1 C14---C13---H13 120.0 C4---C3---H3 119.1 C12---C13---H13 120.0 O1---C4---C3 119.56 (12) C13---C14---C9 119.95 (13) O1---C4---C5 123.19 (13) C13---C14---H14 120.0 C3---C4---C5 117.25 (12) C9---C14---H14 120.0 C7---C5---C6 119.89 (12) O4---C15---C16 106.17 (11) C7---C5---C4 120.58 (12) O4---C15---H15A 110.5 C6---C5---C4 119.38 (13) C16---C15---H15A 110.5 O2---C6---O3 113.66 (12) O4---C15---H15B 110.5 O2---C6---C5 128.60 (14) C16---C15---H15B 110.5 O3---C6---C5 117.73 (12) H15A---C15---H15B 108.7 N1---C7---C5 118.27 (13) C15---C16---H16A 109.5 N1---C7---C8 118.28 (13) C15---C16---H16B 109.5 C5---C7---C8 123.44 (12) H16A---C16---H16B 109.5 C7---C8---H8C 109.5 C15---C16---H16C 109.5 C7---C8---H8B 109.5 H16A---C16---H16C 109.5 H8C---C8---H8B 109.5 H16B---C16---H16C 109.5 C7---C8---H8A 109.5 C6---O3---C2---C3 0.80 (19) C4---C5---C7---N1 −0.68 (18) C6---O3---C2---C1 −177.59 (11) C6---C5---C7---C8 4.91 (19) O3---C2---C3---C4 −2.3 (2) C4---C5---C7---C8 −179.52 (12) C1---C2---C3---C4 175.89 (13) C7---N1---C9---C10 119.67 (15) C2---C3---C4---O1 −177.10 (12) C7---N1---C9---C14 −64.93 (18) C2---C3---C4---C5 2.62 (19) C14---C9---C10---C11 −1.0 (2) O1---C4---C5---C7 2.5 (2) N1---C9---C10---C11 174.36 (12) C3---C4---C5---C7 −177.19 (12) C9---C10---C11---C12 0.3 (2) O1---C4---C5---C6 178.11 (12) C15---O4---C12---C11 −5.99 (19) C3---C4---C5---C6 −1.60 (18) C15---O4---C12---C13 173.59 (12) C2---O3---C6---O2 178.87 (11) C10---C11---C12---O4 −179.66 (12) C2---O3---C6---C5 0.19 (18) C10---C11---C12---C13 0.8 (2) C7---C5---C6---O2 −2.5 (2) O4---C12---C13---C14 179.28 (12) C4---C5---C6---O2 −178.17 (13) C11---C12---C13---C14 −1.1 (2) C7---C5---C6---O3 175.91 (11) C12---C13---C14---C9 0.4 (2) C4---C5---C6---O3 0.28 (18) C10---C9---C14---C13 0.7 (2) C9---N1---C7---C5 167.68 (12) N1---C9---C14---C13 −174.74 (12) C9---N1---C7---C8 −13.4 (2) C12---O4---C15---C16 179.27 (11) C6---C5---C7---N1 −176.26 (12) ------------------- -------------- ----------------------- -------------- Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) {#d1e2193} ============================= Cg1 is the centroid of the C9--C14 benzene ring. ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- --------------- *D*---H···*A* *D*---H H···*A* *D*···*A* *D*---H···*A* N1---H1*N*···O1 0.90 (2) 1.74 (2) 2.5411 (15) 147 (2) C1---H1*B*···O3^i^ 0.98 2.57 3.4461 (18) 149 C8---H8*B*···O2^ii^ 0.98 2.62 3.3478 (17) 132 C10---H10···O1^iii^ 0.95 2.56 3.2035 (16) 125 C13---H13···O2^iv^ 0.95 2.46 3.3950 (17) 170 C15---H15*A*···*Cg*1^v^ 0.99 2.74 3.618 (2) 149 ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- --------------- Symmetry codes: (i) −*x*+1, −*y*, −*z*; (ii) −*x*+1, *y*, −*z*+1/2; (iii) −*x*+1/2, *y*+1/2, −*z*+1/2; (iv) *x*, −*y*+1, *z*+1/2; (v) −*x*+1/2, −*y*+1/2, −*z*+1. {ref-type="table"}) is shown as a dashed line.](e-74-00172-fig1){#fig1} {ref-type="table"}), and only the H atoms involved in hydrogen bonding have been included.](e-74-00172-fig2){#fig2} {#fig3} ###### Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) *Cg*1 is the centroid of the C9--C14 benzene ring. *D*---H⋯*A* *D*---H H⋯*A* *D*⋯*A* *D*---H⋯*A* ----------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- N1---H1*N*⋯O1 0.90 (2) 1.74 (2) 2.5411 (15) 147 (2) C1---H1*B*⋯O3^i^ 0.98 2.57 3.4461 (18) 149 C8---H8*B*⋯O2^ii^ 0.98 2.62 3.3478 (17) 132 C10---H10⋯O1^iii^ 0.95 2.56 3.2035 (16) 125 C13---H13⋯O2^iv^ 0.95 2.46 3.3950 (17) 170 C15---H15*A*⋯*Cg*1^v^ 0.99 2.74 3.618 (2) 149 Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) . ###### DFT and X-ray geometric parameters (Å, °) for the title compound B3LYP/6--311g(++) X-ray data ----------------- ------------------- ------------- N1---C7 1.334 1.318 (2) C5---C7 1.423 1.427 (2) C5---C4 1.447 1.447 (2) C4---O1 1.253 1.259 (2) C7---C8 1.460 1.495 (2) H1*N*---N1---C7 112.29 112.0 (11) N1---C7---C5 118.07 118.27 (13) C4---C5---C7 120.75 120.58 (12) C5---C4---O4 123.27 123.19 (13) ###### Frontier molecular orbital energies (eV): HOMO--LUMO gap of the keto--amine (NH) and phenol--imine (OH) forms of the title compound Energy keto--amine (NH) form phenol--imine (OH) form --------- ----------------------- ------------------------- E~HOMO~ 6.167 5.491 E~LUMO~ 1.870 1.700 E~gap~ 4.297 3.791 ###### Experimental details -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Crystal data Chemical formula C~16~H~17~NO~4~ *M* ~r~ 287.30 Crystal system, space group Monoclinic, *C*2/*c* Temperature (K) 100 *a*, *b*, *c* (Å) 21.0983 (13), 7.7792 (5), 17.7036 (11) β (°) 105.564 (2) *V* (Å^3^) 2799.1 (3) *Z* 8 Radiation type Mo *K*α μ (mm^−1^) 0.10 Crystal size (mm) 0.18 × 0.08 × 0.03 Data collection Diffractometer Bruker APEXII QUAZAR CCD Absorption correction Multi-scan (*SADABS*; Bruker, 2004[@bb28]) *T* ~min~, *T* ~max~ 0.596, 0.746 No. of measured, independent and observed \[*I* \> 2σ(*I*)\] reflections 17108, 2750, 2315 *R* ~int~ 0.037 (sin θ/λ)~max~ (Å^−1^) 0.617 Refinement *R*\[*F* ^2^ \> 2σ(*F* ^2^)\], *wR*(*F* ^2^), *S* 0.035, 0.094, 1.07 No. of reflections 2750 No. of parameters 197 H-atom treatment H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement Δρ~max~, Δρ~min~ (e Å^−3^) 0.23, −0.21 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Computer programs: *APEX2* and *SAINT* (Bruker, 2004[@bb28]), *SHELXS2016/6* (Sheldrick, 2008[@bb20]), *SHELXL2016/6* (Sheldrick, 2015[@bb21]), *Mercury* (Macrae *et al.*, 2008[@bb16]), *PLATON* (Spek, 2009[@bb22]) and *publCIF* (Westrip, 2010[@bb24]). | High | [
0.6750392464678171,
26.875,
12.9375
] |
Solar bodies take protest to Downing Street Leading members of the solar industry, green lobbyists and cross-party MPs are taking a letter to Downing Street today urging the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister to rethink government’s solar policy. The letter has been signed by over 200 prominent individuals and firms including environment campaigner Jonathon Porritt, the Deputy General Secretary of the TUC Frances O’Grady as well as Tom Paul, director of construction giant Kingspan. Friends of the Earth will also be handing in a petition alongside Renewable Energy Association, Solar Trade Association and Solarcentury signed by over 17,000 people urging the Government to protect solar and the UK FIT scheme. The visit comes as a controversial deadline to apply for a more generous solar subsidy, or Feed-in Tariff (FiT), passed yesterday. Anyone who now applies for the solar FiT will not be guaranteed the higher tariff level. The deadline was contentious because it was brought forward from April with only a month’s notice. Many in the young industry claim this could cause widespread job losses and bankruptcy. Howard Johns, chair of STA and spokesman for the Cut Don’t Kill Campaign said: “This is not just about a vital high-tech industry fighting for its survival. Our message to Clegg and Cameron is that the solar industry makes economic, social and environmental sense. Destroying it makes no sense at all.” DECC has proposed the amount of FiTs cash on offer for small-scale solar projects up to 4kW in size should be set at 21p/kWh, down from 43.3p/kWh. The changes shouldn’t affect customers who already receive a FiT for their projects. DECC’s proposed new subsidy levels are: | Mid | [
0.590308370044052,
33.5,
23.25
] |
JOHNSON CITY, Tenn. (June 3, 2020) -- East Tennessee State University men’s basketball head coach Jason Shay and his staff announced on Wednesday the signing of Truth Harris (Mount Vernon, N.Y.). Harris, a 6-foot-1 point guard, will join the Buccaneers’ roster this upcoming 2020-21 season. The suffering that George Floyd experienced when he lost his life is something no individual should have to endure. Over the last week, I and others across the nation have wrestled with many emotions as we all search for answers, guidance and change. We must heed the call to action to create a vision from which future action can unfold. | Mid | [
0.590818363273453,
37,
25.625
] |
New York Giants Blast Envy 13t (2018) Skin Availability: In stock $29.99 FREE SHIPPING! About Add some sleek New York Giants style to your ultra-thin HP Envy 13t laptop with the New York Giants Blast decal skin from Skinit. Slim yet incredibly durable, our skins are made out of 3M vinyl and crafted to perfectly fit your HP Envy. Make the New York Giants Blast HP Envy 13t (2018) decal skin yours today! | Mid | [
0.5492610837438421,
27.875,
22.875
] |
# Translation of Odoo Server. # This file contains the translation of the following modules: # * lunch # # Translators: # Sahar Daraye <[email protected]>, 2020 # سید محمد آذربرا <[email protected]>, 2020 # Hamid Reza Kaveh <[email protected]>, 2020 # Zahed Alfak <[email protected]>, 2020 # Martin Trigaux, 2020 # Morovat Guivi <[email protected]>, 2020 # Hamid Darabi, 2020 # Hamed Mohammadi <[email protected]>, 2020 # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server 13.0\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2019-12-05 12:34+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2019-08-26 09:11+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Hamed Mohammadi <[email protected]>, 2020\n" "Language-Team: Persian (https://www.transifex.com/odoo/teams/41243/fa/)\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: \n" "Language: fa\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "" "<i class=\"fa fa-check\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Receive button\" " "title=\"Receive button\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_cashmove_kanban #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_cashmove_report_kanban msgid "<i class=\"fa fa-clock-o\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Date\" title=\"Date\"/>" msgstr "<i class=\"fa fa-clock-o\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Date\" title=\"Date\"/>" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_cashmove_kanban #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_cashmove_report_kanban msgid "<i class=\"fa fa-money\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Amount\" title=\"Amount\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "<i class=\"fa fa-money\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Money\" title=\"Money\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "" "<i class=\"fa fa-phone\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Order button\" " "title=\"Order button\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "" "<i class=\"fa fa-times\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Cancel button\" " "title=\"Cancel button\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.res_config_settings_view_form msgid "" "<span class=\"o_form_label\">Lunch Overdraft</span>\n" " <span class=\"fa fa-lg fa-building-o\" title=\"Values set here are company-specific.\" aria-label=\"Values set here are company-specific.\" groups=\"base.group_multi_company\" role=\"img\"/>" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:mail.template,body_html:lunch.lunch_order_mail_supplier msgid "" "<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"padding-top: 16px; background-color: #F1F1F1; font-family:Verdana, Arial,sans-serif; color: #454748; width: 100%; border-collapse:separate;\"><tr><td align=\"center\">\n" "<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"590\" style=\"padding: 16px; background-color: white; color: #454748; border-collapse:separate;\">\n" "<tbody>\n" " <!-- HEADER -->\n" " <tr>\n" " <td align=\"center\" style=\"min-width: 590px;\">\n" " <table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"590\" style=\"min-width: 590px; background-color: white; padding: 0px 8px 0px 8px; border-collapse:separate;\">\n" " <tr><td valign=\"middle\">\n" " <span style=\"font-size: 10px;\">Lunch Order</span><br/>\n" " </td><td valign=\"middle\" align=\"right\">\n" " <img src=\"/logo.png?company=${user.company_id.id}\" style=\"padding: 0px; margin: 0px; height: auto; width: 80px;\" t-att-alt=\"'%s' % company.name\"/>\n" " </td></tr>\n" " <tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n" " <hr width=\"100%\" style=\"background-color:rgb(204,204,204);border:medium none;clear:both;display:block;font-size:0px;min-height:1px;line-height:0; margin:16px 0px 16px 0px;\"/>\n" " </td></tr>\n" " </table>\n" " </td>\n" " </tr>\n" " <!-- CONTENT -->\n" " <tr>\n" " <td align=\"center\" style=\"min-width: 590px;\">\n" " <table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"590\" style=\"min-width: 590px; background-color: white; padding: 0px 8px 0px 8px; border-collapse:separate;\">\n" " <tr>\n" " <td valign=\"top\" style=\"font-size: 13px;\">\n" " <div>\n" " % set lines = ctx['lines']\n" " % set order = ctx['order']\n" " % set supplier = user.env['res.partner'].browse(order['supplier_id'])\n" " % set currency = user.env['res.currency'].browse(order['currency_id'])\n" " <p>\n" " Dear ${order['supplier_name']},\n" " </p><p>\n" " Here is, today orders for ${order['company_name']}:\n" " </p>\n" "\n" " <table>\n" " <thead>\n" " <tr style=\"background-color:rgb(233,232,233);\">\n" " <th style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 96px; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>Product</strong></th>\n" " <th style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 96px; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>Comments</strong></th>\n" " <th style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 96px; font-size: 13px;\"><strong>Person</strong></th>\n" " <th style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 96px; font-size: 13px;\" align=\"center\"><strong>Qty</strong></th>\n" " <th style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 96px; font-size: 13px;\" align=\"center\"><strong>Price</strong></th>\n" " </tr>\n" " </thead>\n" " <tbody>\n" " % for line in lines\n" " <tr>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px;\" valign=\"top\">${line['product']}</td>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px;\" valign=\"top\">\n" " % if line['toppings']:\n" " ${line['toppings']}\n" " % endif\n" " % if line['note']:\n" " <div style=\"color: rgb(173,181,189);\">${line['note']}</div>\n" " % endif\n" " </td>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px;\" valign=\"top\">${line['username']}</td>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px;\" valign=\"top\" align=\"right\">${line['quantity']}</td>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px;\" valign=\"top\" align=\"right\">${format_amount(line['price'], currency)}</td>\n" " </tr>\n" " % endfor\n" " <tr>\n" " <td/>\n" " <td/>\n" " <td/>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px; border-top: 1px solid black;\"><strong>Total</strong></td>\n" " <td style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 13px; border-top: 1px solid black;\" align=\"right\"><strong>${format_amount(order['amount_total'], currency)}</strong></td>\n" " </tr>\n" " </tbody>\n" " </table>\n" "\n" " <p>Do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions.</p>\n" " </div>\n" " </td>\n" " </tr>\n" " <tr>\n" " <td style=\"text-align:center;\">\n" " <hr width=\"100%\" style=\"background-color:rgb(204,204,204);border:medium none;clear:both;display:block;font-size:0px;min-height:1px;line-height:0; margin: 16px 0px 16px 0px;\"/>\n" " </td>\n" " </tr>\n" " </table>\n" " </td>\n" " </tr>\n" " <!-- FOOTER -->\n" " <tr>\n" " <td align=\"center\" style=\"min-width: 590px;\">\n" " <table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"590\" style=\"min-width: 590px; background-color: white; font-size: 11px; padding: 0px 8px 0px 8px; border-collapse:separate;\">\n" " <tr><td valign=\"middle\" align=\"left\">\n" " ${user.company_id.name}\n" " </td></tr>\n" " <tr><td valign=\"middle\" align=\"left\" style=\"opacity: 0.7;\">\n" " ${user.company_id.phone}\n" " % if user.company_id.phone and (user.company_id.email or user.company_id.website)\n" " |\n" " % endif\n" " % if user.company_id.email\n" " <a href=\"'mailto:%s' % ${user.company_id.email}\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color: #454748;\">${user.company_id.email}</a>\n" " % endif\n" " % if user.company_id.email and user.company_id.website\n" " |\n" " % endif\n" " % if user.company_id.website\n" " <a href=\"'%s' % ${user.company_id.website}\" style=\"text-decoration:none; color: #454748;\">\n" " ${user.company_id.website}\n" " </a>\n" " % endif\n" " </td></tr>\n" " </table>\n" " </td>\n" " </tr>\n" "</tbody>\n" "</table>\n" "</td></tr>\n" "<!-- POWERED BY -->\n" "<tr><td align=\"center\" style=\"min-width: 590px;\">\n" " <table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"590\" style=\"min-width: 590px; background-color: #F1F1F1; color: #454748; padding: 8px; border-collapse:separate;\">\n" " <tr><td style=\"text-align: center; font-size: 13px;\">\n" " Powered by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://www.odoo.com\" style=\"color: #875A7B;\">Odoo</a>\n" " </td></tr>\n" " </table>\n" "</td></tr>\n" "</table>\n" " " msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_control_accounts msgid "" "A cashmove can either be an expense or a payment.<br>\n" " An expense is automatically created at the order receipt.<br>\n" " A payment represents the employee reimbursement to the company." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action_statbutton msgid "A product is defined by its name, category, price and vendor." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__notification_moment__am #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__moment__am msgid "AM" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_needaction msgid "Action Needed" msgstr "اقدام مورد نیاز است" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__active #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__active #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__active #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__active #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__active #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_alert_view_search msgid "Active" msgstr "فعال" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_ids msgid "Activities" msgstr "فعالیتها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_exception_decoration msgid "Activity Exception Decoration" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_state msgid "Activity State" msgstr "وضعیت فعالیت" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Add" msgstr "افزودن" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_order_temp msgid "Add To Cart" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__address #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Address" msgstr "نشانی" #. module: lunch #: model:res.groups,name:lunch.group_lunch_manager msgid "Administrator" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__name msgid "Alert Name" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__mode__alert msgid "Alert in app" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_alert_menu msgid "Alerts" msgstr "اخطارها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__amount #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__amount msgid "Amount" msgstr "مقدار" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_alert_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_form #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_search msgid "Archived" msgstr "بایگانی شده" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_1 #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_2 #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_3 msgid "Are extras available for this product" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_attachment_count msgid "Attachment Count" msgstr "تعداد پیوست" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.constraint,message:lunch.constraint_lunch_supplier_automatic_email_time_range msgid "Automatic Email Sending Time should be between 0 and 12" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Availability" msgstr "موجود بودن" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_1 msgid "Available Toppings 1" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_2 msgid "Available Toppings 2" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__available_toppings_3 msgid "Available Toppings 3" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search_2 msgid "By Employee" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_search msgid "By User" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_tree msgid "Cancel" msgstr "لغو" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_order__state__cancelled #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Cancelled" msgstr "لغو شد" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_action_payment #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_menu_payment msgid "Cash Moves" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_cashmove_report msgid "Cashmoves report" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Categories" msgstr "دستهها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__category_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Category" msgstr "دستهبندی" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__mode__chat msgid "Chat notification" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__city #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "City" msgstr "شهر" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_control_suppliers msgid "" "Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-phone text-success\" title=\"Order button\"></span> to announce that the order is ordered.<br>\n" " Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-check text-success\" title=\"Receive button\"></span> to announce that the order is received.<br>\n" " Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-times-circle text-danger\" title=\"Cancel button\"></span> red X to announce that the order isn't available." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_by_supplier msgid "" "Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-phone text-success\" title=\"Order button\"></span> to announce that the order is ordered.<br>\n" " Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-check text-success\" title=\"Receive button\"></span> to announce that the order is received.<br>\n" " Click on the <span class=\"fa fa-times-circle text-danger\" title=\"Cancel button\"></span> to announce that the order isn't available." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_res_company msgid "Companies" msgstr "شرکتها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__company_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__company_id msgid "Company" msgstr "شرکت" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_res_config_settings msgid "Config Settings" msgstr "تنظیمات پیکربندی" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.menu_lunch_config msgid "Configuration" msgstr "پیکربندی" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_tree msgid "Confirm" msgstr "تایید" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_control_accounts #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_menu_control_accounts msgid "Control Accounts" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_order_action_control_suppliers #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_order_menu_control_suppliers msgid "Control Vendors" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__country_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Country" msgstr "کشور" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_control_accounts msgid "Create a new payment" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_category_action msgid "Create a new product category" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action_statbutton msgid "Create a new product for lunch" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_alert_action msgid "Create new lunch alerts" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__create_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__create_uid msgid "Created by" msgstr "ایجاد شده توسط" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__create_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__create_date msgid "Created on" msgstr "ایجاد شده در" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__currency_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_res_config_settings__currency_id msgid "Currency" msgstr "ارز" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_alert_view_search msgid "Currently inactive" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__date msgid "Date" msgstr "تاریخ" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__delivery #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__delivery__delivery msgid "Delivery" msgstr "تحویل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__description #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__description #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__product_description #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__description #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__description msgid "Description" msgstr "توضیحات" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_order_temp msgid "Discard" msgstr "رها کردن" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__mode msgid "Display" msgstr "نمایش" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__display_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__display_name msgid "Display Name" msgstr "نام نمایشی" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Don't forget the alerts displayed in the reddish area" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__edit msgid "Edit Mode" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__email #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__send_by__mail msgid "Email" msgstr "پست الکترونیک" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__recipients__last_month msgid "Employee who ordered last month" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__recipients__last_week msgid "Employee who ordered last week" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__recipients__last_year msgid "Employee who ordered last year" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__recipients__everyone msgid "Everyone" msgstr "همگان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_label_1 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_label_1 msgid "Extra 1 Label" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_quantity_1 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_1 msgid "Extra 1 Quantity" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_label_2 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_label_2 msgid "Extra 2 Label" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_quantity_2 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_2 msgid "Extra 2 Quantity" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_label_3 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_label_3 msgid "Extra 3 Label" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_quantity_3 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_3 msgid "Extra 3 Quantity" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_ids_1 msgid "Extra Garniture" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_ids_2 msgid "Extra Garniture 2" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__topping_ids_3 msgid "Extra Garniture 3" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__display_toppings msgid "Extras" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__topping_ids_1 msgid "Extras 1" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__topping_ids_2 msgid "Extras 2" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__topping_ids_3 msgid "Extras 3" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__is_favorite msgid "Favorite" msgstr "محبوب" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_res_users__favorite_lunch_product_ids msgid "Favorite Lunch Product" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__favorite_user_ids msgid "Favorite User" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_follower_ids msgid "Followers" msgstr "دنبالکنندگان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_channel_ids msgid "Followers (Channels)" msgstr "پیروان (کانال ها)" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_partner_ids msgid "Followers (Partners)" msgstr "پیروان (شرکاء)" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__email_formatted msgid "Format email address \"Name <email@domain>\"" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__email_formatted msgid "Formatted Email" msgstr "ایمیل قالب بندی شده" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_friday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_friday msgid "Friday" msgstr "جمعه" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search_2 #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Group By" msgstr "گروهبندی برمبنای" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.module.category,description:lunch.module_lunch_category msgid "" "Helps you handle your lunch needs, if you are a manager you will be able to " "create new products, cashmoves and to confirm or cancel orders." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_category_action msgid "Here you can access all categories for the lunch products." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_by_supplier msgid "Here you can see today's orders grouped by vendors." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_account msgid "" "Here you can see your cash moves.<br>A cash move can either be an expense or a payment.\n" " An expense is automatically created when an order is received while a payment is a reimbursement to the company encoded by the manager." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__id msgid "ID" msgstr "شناسه" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_exception_icon msgid "Icon" msgstr "شمایل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_exception_icon msgid "Icon to indicate an exception activity." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_needaction #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_unread msgid "If checked, new messages require your attention." msgstr "" "اگر این گزینه را انتخاب کنید، پیامهای جدید به توجه شما نیاز خواهند داشت." #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_has_error msgid "If checked, some messages have a delivery error." msgstr "در صورت بررسی ، برخی پیام ها خطای تحویل دارند." #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__image_1920 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__image_1920 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__image_1920 msgid "Image" msgstr "تصویر" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__image_1024 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__image_1024 msgid "Image 1024" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__image_128 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__image_128 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__image_128 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__image_128 msgid "Image 128" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__image_256 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__image_256 msgid "Image 256" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__image_512 #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__image_512 msgid "Image 512" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_order_temp msgid "Informations, allergens, ..." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__available_today msgid "Is Displayed Today" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_is_follower msgid "Is Follower" msgstr "دنبال می کند" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_res_users__last_lunch_location_id msgid "Last Lunch Location" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier____last_update #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping____last_update msgid "Last Modified on" msgstr "آخرین تغییر در" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__last_order_date msgid "Last Order Date" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__write_uid #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__write_uid msgid "Last Updated by" msgstr "آخرین تغییر توسط" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__write_date #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__write_date msgid "Last Updated on" msgstr "آخرین به روز رسانی در" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__location_ids #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__available_location_ids msgid "Location" msgstr "مکان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_location__name msgid "Location Name" msgstr "نام مکان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_location_menu msgid "Locations" msgstr "مکانها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.module.category,name:lunch.module_lunch_category #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.menu_lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.res_config_settings_view_form msgid "Lunch" msgstr "ناهار" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_alert msgid "Lunch Alert" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_alert_action msgid "Lunch Alerts" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: code:addons/lunch/models/lunch_cashmove.py:0 #: code:addons/lunch/report/lunch_cashmove_report.py:0 #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_cashmove #, python-format msgid "Lunch Cashmove" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_topping msgid "Lunch Extras" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/js/lunch_kanban_view.js:0 #, python-format msgid "Lunch Kanban" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_location_action #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_location msgid "Lunch Locations" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_res_company__lunch_minimum_threshold msgid "Lunch Minimum Threshold" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_order msgid "Lunch Order" msgstr "سفارش ناهار" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_order_temp msgid "Lunch Order Temp" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_product msgid "Lunch Product" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_product_category msgid "Lunch Product Category" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_supplier msgid "Lunch Supplier" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.server,name:lunch.lunch_order_action_cancel msgid "Lunch: Cancel meals" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.server,name:lunch.lunch_order_action_confirm msgid "Lunch: Receive meals" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.server,name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch_alerts_ir_actions_server #: model:ir.cron,cron_name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch_alerts #: model:ir.cron,name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch_alerts msgid "Lunch: alert chat notification" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.server,name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch_ir_actions_server #: model:ir.cron,cron_name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch #: model:ir.cron,name:lunch.ir_cron_lunch msgid "Lunch: automatic email send" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_main_attachment_id msgid "Main Attachment" msgstr "پیوست اصلی" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_res_config_settings__currency_id msgid "Main currency of the company." msgstr "ارز اصلی شرکت" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.menu_lunch_admin msgid "Manager" msgstr "مدیر" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_res_config_settings__company_lunch_minimum_threshold msgid "Maximum Allowed Overdraft" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.res_config_settings_view_form msgid "Maximum overdraft that your employees can reach" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__message msgid "Message" msgstr "پیام" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_has_error msgid "Message Delivery error" msgstr "خطای تحویل پیام" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_ids msgid "Messages" msgstr "پیامها" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__moment msgid "Moment" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_monday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_monday msgid "Monday" msgstr "دوشنبه" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_account msgid "My Account" msgstr "حساب من" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_menu_form msgid "My Account History" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_search msgid "My Account grouped" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.menu_lunch_title msgid "My Lunch" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_order_menu_tree msgid "My Order History" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_order_action #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "My Orders" msgstr "سفارشات من" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__name msgid "Name" msgstr "نام" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__is_new #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_product_kanban_order msgid "New" msgstr "جدید" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_order_menu_form msgid "New Order" msgstr "سفارش جدید" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__new_until msgid "New Until" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_date_deadline msgid "Next Activity Deadline" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_summary msgid "Next Activity Summary" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_type_id msgid "Next Activity Type" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__delivery__no_delivery msgid "No Delivery" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_action_account msgid "No cash move yet" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_control_suppliers msgid "No lunch order yet" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action msgid "No previous order found" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.res_config_settings_view_form msgid "None" msgstr "هیچکدام" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_1__0_more #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_2__0_more #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_3__0_more msgid "None or More" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Not Received" msgstr "دریافت نشد" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/js/lunch_kanban_controller.js:0 #, python-format msgid "Not enough money in your wallet" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__note msgid "Notes" msgstr "یادداشتها" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_by_supplier msgid "Nothing to order today" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__notification_moment msgid "Notification Moment" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__notification_time msgid "Notification Time" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.constraint,message:lunch.constraint_lunch_alert_notification_time_range msgid "Notification time must be between 0 and 12" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_needaction_counter msgid "Number of Actions" msgstr "تعداد اقدامات" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_has_error_counter msgid "Number of errors" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_needaction_counter msgid "Number of messages which requires an action" msgstr "تعداد پیام ها که نیاز به عمل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_has_error_counter msgid "Number of messages with delivery error" msgstr "تعداد پیامهای با خطای تحویل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_unread_counter msgid "Number of unread messages" msgstr "تعداد پیامهای خوانده نشده" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_1__1_more #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_2__1_more #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_3__1_more msgid "One or More" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_1__1 #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_2__1 #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_product_category__topping_quantity_3__1 msgid "Only One" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "Order" msgstr "سفارش" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__date #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Order Date" msgstr "تاریخ سفارش" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__automatic_email_time msgid "Order Time" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_product_action_order msgid "Order Your Lunch" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_tree msgid "Order lines Tree" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch_kanban.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Order now" msgstr "سفارش اکنون" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_order__state__ordered msgid "Ordered" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Orders" msgstr "سفارشات" #. module: lunch #: model:mail.template,subject:lunch.lunch_order_mail_supplier msgid "Orders for ${ctx['order']['company_name']}" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.res_config_settings_view_form msgid "Overdraft" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_alert__notification_moment__pm #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__moment__pm msgid "PM" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search msgid "Payment" msgstr "پرداخت" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_action_payment msgid "" "Payments are used to register liquidity movements. You can process those " "payments by your own means or by using installed facilities." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__phone #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_supplier__send_by__phone msgid "Phone" msgstr "تلفن" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__price #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__price #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__price #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_tree msgid "Price" msgstr "قیمت" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__product_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__product_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__product_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Product" msgstr "محصول" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__is_available_at msgid "Product Availability" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_product_category_action #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_product_category_menu msgid "Product Categories" msgstr "دسته های محصول" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_category_view_form msgid "Product Categories Form" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__category_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__product_category #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__category_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__category_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_category_view_tree msgid "Product Category" msgstr "دسته محصول" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__product_count msgid "Product Count" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__product_name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__name #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__name msgid "Product Name" msgstr "نام محصول" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Product Search" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_lunch_product_report msgid "Product report" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_product_action #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_product_action_statbutton #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_product_menu #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_category_view_form msgid "Products" msgstr "محصولات" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_form msgid "Products Form" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_category_view_tree msgid "Products List" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_tree msgid "Products Tree" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__quantity #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__quantity msgid "Quantity" msgstr "تعداد" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_kanban msgid "Receive" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_order__state__confirmed #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Received" msgstr "دریافت شد" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recipients msgid "Recipients" msgstr "گیرندگان" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_cashmove_action_payment msgid "Register a payment" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__responsible_id msgid "Responsible" msgstr "پاسخگو" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_user_id msgid "Responsible User" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_saturday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_saturday msgid "Saturday" msgstr "شنبه" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.view_lunch_order_temp msgid "Save" msgstr "ذخیره" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_alert_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Search" msgstr "جستجو" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Select a product and put your order comments on the note." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__send_by msgid "Send Order By" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_config_settings_action #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_settings_menu msgid "Settings" msgstr "تنظیمات" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__until msgid "Show Until" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__note msgid "Special Instructions" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__state_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "State" msgstr "استان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__state msgid "Status" msgstr "وضعیت" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_state msgid "" "Status based on activities\n" "Overdue: Due date is already passed\n" "Today: Activity date is today\n" "Planned: Future activities." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__street msgid "Street" msgstr "خیابان" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Street 2..." msgstr "خیابان 2 ..." #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "Street..." msgstr "خیابان ..." #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__street2 msgid "Street2" msgstr "خیابان۲" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action_control_suppliers msgid "Summary of all lunch orders, grouped by vendor and by date." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_sunday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_sunday msgid "Sunday" msgstr "یکشنبه" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__product_count msgid "The number of products related to this category" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__responsible_id msgid "" "The responsible is the person that will order lunch for everyone. It will be" " used as the 'from' when sending the automatic email." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_order_action msgid "" "There is no previous order recorded. Click on \"My Lunch\" and then create a" " new lunch order." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action_order msgid "There is no product available today" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_topping__topping_category msgid "This field is a technical field" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_end_date msgid "This field is used in order to " msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__available_today msgid "This is True when if the supplier is available today" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "This is the first time you order a meal" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_thursday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_thursday msgid "Thursday" msgstr "پنجشنبه" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__tz #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__tz msgid "Timezone" msgstr "منطقه زمانی" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/js/lunch_kanban_widget.js:0 #: model:ir.model.fields.selection,name:lunch.selection__lunch_order__state__new #, python-format msgid "To Order" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_payment_dialog msgid "To add some money to your wallet, please contact your lunch manager." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_location_action msgid "To see some locations, create one using the create button" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.actions.act_window,help:lunch.lunch_product_action_order msgid "" "To see some products, check if your vendors are available today and that you" " have configured some products" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Today" msgstr "امروز" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_order_action_by_supplier #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_order_menu_by_supplier msgid "Today's Orders" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_topping__topping_category msgid "Topping Category" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_ids_1 msgid "Topping Ids 1" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_ids_2 msgid "Topping Ids 2" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_category__topping_ids_3 msgid "Topping Ids 3" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch_kanban.xml:0 #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_tree #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_tree_2 #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_tree #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_tree #, python-format msgid "Total" msgstr "جمع کل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__price #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__price_total msgid "Total Price" msgstr "قیمت کل" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_tuesday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_tuesday msgid "Tuesday" msgstr "سهشنبه" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,help:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__activity_exception_decoration msgid "Type of the exception activity on record." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_unread msgid "Unread Messages" msgstr "پیام های ناخوانده" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__message_unread_counter msgid "Unread Messages Counter" msgstr "شمارنده پیامهای خواندهنشده" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_end_date msgid "Until" msgstr "تا" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove__user_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_cashmove_report__user_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__user_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order_temp__user_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__user_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search #: model:res.groups,name:lunch.group_lunch_user msgid "User" msgstr "کاربر" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model,name:lunch.model_res_users msgid "Users" msgstr "کاربران" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_order__supplier_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product__supplier_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_product_report__supplier_id #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__partner_id #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Vendor" msgstr "تامین کننده" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_order_view_search msgid "Vendor Orders by Date" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.actions.act_window,name:lunch.lunch_vendors_action #: model:ir.ui.menu,name:lunch.lunch_vendors_menu #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_product_view_search msgid "Vendors" msgstr "فروشندگان" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_alert__recurrency_wednesday #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__recurrency_wednesday msgid "Wednesday" msgstr "چهارشنبه" #. module: lunch #: code:addons/lunch/controllers/main.py:0 #, python-format msgid "" "You are trying to impersonate another user, but this can only be done by a " "lunch manager" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: code:addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_line_wizard.py:0 #, python-format msgid "You have to order one and only one %s" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: code:addons/lunch/wizard/lunch_line_wizard.py:0 #, python-format msgid "You should order at least one %s" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch_kanban.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Your Account" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch_kanban.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "" "Your cart\n" " (" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Your favorite meals will be created based on your last orders." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #. openerp-web #: code:addons/lunch/static/src/xml/lunch_kanban.xml:0 #, python-format msgid "Your order" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: code:addons/lunch/models/lunch_order.py:0 #, python-format msgid "" "Your wallet does not contain enough money to order that.To add some money to" " your wallet, please contact your lunch manager." msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_supplier_view_form msgid "ZIP" msgstr "کد پستی" #. module: lunch #: model:ir.model.fields,field_description:lunch.field_lunch_supplier__zip_code msgid "Zip" msgstr "کدپستی" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_alert_view_form msgid "alert form" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_form #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_form msgid "cashmove form" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_tree #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_tree_2 #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_tree msgid "cashmove tree" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search_2 msgid "lunch cashmove" msgstr "" #. module: lunch #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_report_view_search #: model_terms:ir.ui.view,arch_db:lunch.lunch_cashmove_view_search msgid "lunch employee payment" msgstr "" | Low | [
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TideKit Failure – Blaming the Community? - PaybackTony Here is the automated e-mail I got from TideKit announcing the discontinue of their development. For those of you who don't know what it was, it was an attempt to create an all-in-one app development platform, almost along the lines of an Ionic and NodeWebkit (or Atom) in one. They actually took pre-orders (tickets to beta), and the time stating they were very close to letting Beta customers in.<p>Months and months went by and there was no movement, so after some complaints they began writing update blogs, again talking about how soon they were going to be opening up for beta testers.<p>And now, they send an e-mail saying they couldn't do it. The worst part is they seem to be blaming the community for wanting it too fast... Even though they continued to set expectations that were never met. This is a great example of how NOT to handle these complicated projects, and if they fail, another example of how NOT to handle the failure. The end of the e-mail is an attempt to take some blame but for me, a few paragraphs of deflection dampened that attempt. Am I taking the tone of this e-mail wrong?<p>---------- http://pastebin.com/a0S3B6w0 ====== Trioxin Matters are being taken into their own hands, as we have evidence showing that their only intention was to collect money. Original discussion: [https://github.com/reduxframework/redux- news/issues/59](https://github.com/reduxframework/redux-news/issues/59) [email protected] [https://twitter.com/TideKitLawsuit](https://twitter.com/TideKitLawsuit) ------ detaro In case you haven't seen this: [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875372](https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9875372) After reading the e-mail (I haven't seen this at all before, so I have no opinion about their communications and what has happened in the community), this reads to me like it was written by someone who is frustrated that their plan of how to do things wasn't understood/respected and is now fed up with the entire thing? Seems a bit weird, but I think it could totally be genuine (probably result of failure to communicate). And if money has changed hands for access to a product, they'll probably have a bunch of refunds to issue? (depends on exact terms of course) ~~~ PaybackTony They probably will. I don't expect a refund, and anyone paying that early for a product that isn't done should do so with the understanding that there is a chance you may never see what you paid for. With that said, this e-mail makes it stink a bit, and doesn't sit well with me, and after reading that issue on github it seems not with anyone else either. Seems to be a common theme on that thread that it's not as much the money as it is how they are handling the situation as a whole. | Mid | [
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{ "data": [ { "type": "histogram", "name": "sample A - <b>matched</b>", "x": [1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3], "hoverlabel": { "namelength": -1 } }, { "type": "histogram", "name": "sample B - <b>matched</b>", "x": [2.1, 2.1, 3.4, 1.3, 2.2, 2.1, 3.2, 4.1, 3.1], "hoverlabel": { "namelength": -1 }, "xaxis": "x2", "yaxis": "y2" }, { "type": "histogram", "name": "sample A - <b>not</b> on matching axes", "x": [1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3], "hoverlabel": { "namelength": -1 }, "xaxis": "x3", "yaxis": "y3" }, { "type": "histogram", "name": "sample B - <b>not</b> on matching axes", "x": [2.1, 2.1, 3.4, 1.3, 2.2, 2.1, 3.2, 4.1, 3.1], "hoverlabel": { "namelength": -1 }, "xaxis": "x4", "yaxis": "y4" } ], "layout": { "margin": {"t": 20, "b": 20}, "showlegend": false, "xaxis": { "domain": [0, 0.4] }, "yaxis": { "domain": [0.45, 1], "title": { "text": "Matched Axes" } }, "xaxis2": { "domain": [0.45, 1], "anchor": "y2", "matches": "x" }, "yaxis2": { "domain": [0.45, 1], "anchor": "x2", "matches": "y" }, "xaxis3": { "domain": [0, 0.4], "anchor": "y3" }, "yaxis3": { "domain": [0, 0.4], "anchor": "x3", "title": { "text": "<b>NOT</b> Matched Axes" } }, "xaxis4": { "domain": [0.45, 1], "anchor": "y4" }, "yaxis4": { "domain": [0, 0.4], "anchor": "x4" } } } | Low | [
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Peela Govinda Satyanarayana Peela Govinda Satyanarayana (Peela Govind) is an Indian politician from the Telugu Desam Party. He is an EX Member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Anakapalle constituency. References 4.Land grabbing case on Peela adds twist to SIT probe into mega scam 5.Son shine in politics Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019 | Mid | [
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28.375,
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647 F.Supp.2d 256 (2009) Kayse KONIECZNY, Plaintiff, v. NEW YORK STATE DIVISION OF PAROLE, Defendant. No. 06-CV-6584L. United States District Court, W.D. New York. August 18, 2009. *259 Jon P. Getz, Muldoon and Getz, Rochester, NY, for Plaintiff. Gary M. Levine, New York State Office of the Attorney General, Rochester, NY, for Defendant. DECISION AND ORDER DAVID G. LARIMER, District Judge. Plaintiff Kayse Konieczny ("plaintiff") brings this action alleging discrimination in employment on the basis of disability, as well as failure to reasonably accommodate her disability, against her former employer, the New York State Division of Parole (the "Division"), pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12112 et seq. The Division now moves for summary judgment (Dkt. # 13). For the reasons stated below, the Division's motion is granted and the complaint is dismissed. Factual Background Plaintiff was employed by the Division as a Keyboard Specialist ("KSB") 1, a typing position which also involved some switchboard work and filing, from September 28, 2000 until January 24, 2005. It is undisputed that due to the nature of operations at the Division office, the office environment was generally noisy, chaotic, and stressful. On occasion while working at the reception desk, plaintiff was subjected to verbal abuse, and even had things thrown at her, by disgruntled parolees. Plaintiff complained to the Department of Labor about the office conditions, and testified that she generally had difficulty maintaining positive relationships with her coworkers. Plaintiff's relationship with one particular coworker degenerated to the point where plaintiff filed a complaint with the Public Employee Relations Board alleging a lack of union support in dealing with the other employee. Plaintiff reports that during her employment with the Division, she experienced panic attacks and did not want to go to work. In July of 2003, she sought medical treatment, and was diagnosed with depression and a panic disorder, for which she was prescribed anti-depressant medications. Nonetheless, plaintiff's job performance reviews were consistently satisfactory. During her employment at the Division, plaintiff states that she periodically interviewed for positions with other state agencies. One of those positions was a KSB 2 position, which was filled in April 2004 with Marilyn Diaz ("Diaz"), a former coworker of plaintiff's within the Division. As the KSB 2, Diaz was plaintiff's direct supervisor. *260 On June 23, 2004, plaintiff was hospitalized for a week due to an embolism. She was diagnosed with Factor Five Leiden, a genetic blood disorder characterized by the tendency for blood to clot abnormally. Plaintiff was prescribed anti-clotting medications, and returned to work on August 12, 2004 with restrictions imposed by her physician: working half-days, working no more than five days per week, and lifting no more than ten pounds. It is undisputed that these restrictions were honored by the Division. On September 10, 2004, plaintiff's physician permitted her to return to work full-time, with the following restrictions: (1) lifting no more than ten pounds; (2) sitting no more than an hour at a time (and then standing and walking for a minute to facilitate blood circulation); and (3) avoiding cuts and bruises. After returning to work, plaintiff made several oral requests for accommodations to Diaz, including a flexible schedule, repairs to bathroom doors (to prevent cuts and bruises), the ability to use gloves when filing (to prevent cuts), a lifting limitation of ten pounds, the ability to receive telephone calls from her physician, a new desk and the ability to stand while at the switchboard. Diaz ultimately granted each of the plaintiff's requests, with the exception of a flexible schedule and bathroom door repairs. Plaintiff was also initially permitted to take time off, making use of compensatory time ("comp time," meaning leave earned through overtime work) and vacation credits earned by other employees and voluntarily donated to plaintiff, although Diaz eventually halted the practice and prohibited employees from donating further time to plaintiff. The parties dispute whether this prohibition was contrary to the provisions of an applicable employment agreement. After contacting her union representative, an Employee Assistance Program Employee and a Division employee concerning her accommodation rights, plaintiff was advised that blood conditions were generally not considered a disability for reasonable accommodation purposes. Nonetheless, the Division provided plaintiff with a medical records release for so that her requests could be reviewed. Plaintiff did not return the release, or otherwise formally apply for accommodations with the Division. Shortly after her return to full-time work, plaintiff requested to work overtime, but was instructed that she needed to obtain medical clearance before doing so. Plaintiff obtained the requested permission from her physician, but the parties dispute whether plaintiff was thereafter assigned overtime. At some point thereafter, Diaz counseled plaintiff on several occasions with respect to performance issues, including attendance, morale, use of break time, use of the telephone and filing procedures. Plaintiff allegesand the Division deniesthat these meetings were comprised primarily of discussions relating to plaintiff's medical condition and her various requests for accommodations. Plaintiff took a sick leave from work from November 30, 2004 through December 13, 2004. Upon her return, she began inquiring about other positions with the State. In January 2005, plaintiff left the Division and accepted a lateral transfer to a position with the New York State Department of Health, with no change in compensation or benefits. DISCUSSION I. Summary Judgment Rule 56(c) provides that a moving party is entitled to summary judgment "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together *261 with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The Court's role in determining a motion for summary judgment is not "to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. When considering a motion for summary judgment, the Court must draw inferences from underlying facts "in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion." Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986), quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962). II. Plaintiff's Discrimination Claims Plaintiff's claims of employment discrimination are subject to the burden-shifting analysis first articulated in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). First, plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination by demonstrating: (1) the employer is subject to the ADA; (2) plaintiff was a person with a disability within the meaning of the ADA; (3) the plaintiff was otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of her job, with or without reasonable accommodations; and (4) plaintiff suffered adverse employment action because of her disability. See Rambacher v. Bemus Point Cent. Sch. Dist., 307 Fed.Appx. 541, 543-544 (2d Cir.2009); Shannon v. N.Y. City Transit Auth., 332 F.3d 95, 99 (2d Cir.2003). Once plaintiff has established a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the Division to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. Id. The burden then returns to plaintiff, to supply evidence that the legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason offered by the defendant is pretextual. See St. Mary's Honor Center, 509 U.S. 502, 508, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993). While granting plaintiff the liberal interpretation and favorable inferences due to her as a nonmovant, I find that plaintiff cannot make out a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation, and thus, her claims must be dismissed. III. Plaintiff's Discrimination Claim Title I of the ADA prohibits employers from discriminating against any "qualified individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to" any aspect of employment. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). A plaintiff asserting a violation of the ADA must show that: (1) his employer is subject to the ADA; (2) he was disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (3) he was otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of his job, with or without reasonable accommodation; and (4) he suffered adverse employment action because of his disability. See Giordano v. City of New York, 274 F.3d 740, 747 (2d Cir.2001). For purposes of the ADA, a disabled individual is one who: "(i) has a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of such person's major life activities, (ii) has a record of such an impairment, or (iii) is regarded as having such an impairment." 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). An impairment cannot be demonstrated by bare evidence of a medical diagnosis: rather, the ADA "requires those claiming the Act's protection ... to prove a disability by offering evidence that the extent of the limitation [caused by their impairment] in terms of their own experience... is substantial." Toyota Motor *262 Mfg., Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 198, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002). In assessing the severity of the impairment for the afflicted individual, the Court should consider, "(I) the nature and severity of the impairment; (ii) the duration or expected duration of the impairment; and (iii) the permanent or long term impact, or the expected permanent or long term impact of or resulting from the impairment." 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(2). Here, plaintiff cannot demonstrate either the existence of a qualifying disability, or an adverse employment action by the Division. Initially, plaintiff has produced no evidence that her blood disorder and/or panic attacks substantially limit her ability to perform major life activities, that there was a record of such an impairment, or that she was regarded as having such an impairment by the Division. See generally 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(1)(ii) ("substantially limits" means "[s]ignficantly restricted as to the condition, manner or duration under which an individual can perform a particular major life activity as compared to the condition, manner, or duration under which the average person in the general population can perform that same major life activity"); Capobianco v. City of New York, 422 F.3d 47, 56 (2005) (in order to be a disability, an impairment must limit a major life activity, and be substantial); Reeves v. Johnson Controls World Servs., Inc., 140 F.3d 144, 151 (2d Cir.1998) ("the impairment must be significant, and not merely trivial"). To the contrary, plaintiff admits that despite her ten-pound lifting restriction and requirement to change position occasionally and avoid bruises and cuts, she was at all relevant times able to engage in major life activities, including performing the requirements of her position with the Division, as well as a full range of non-work activities including thinking, seeing, hearing, driving, shopping, and caring for herself and her household. It is undisputed that the Division complied with the vast majority of plaintiff's requests for accommodations within her workplace, and plaintiff provides no evidence that the Division's alleged disinclination to provide two of the requested accommodationsa flexible schedule and additional overtime hampered her job performance in any substantial way, or that the Division otherwise regarded her as being substantially impaired. Despite plaintiff's arguments to the contrary, the mere fact that the Division temporarily permitted other employees to donate comp time and vacation time to plaintiff does not suggest that the Division regarded her as impaired, particularly in light of plaintiff's assertion that she was contractually entitled to such an arrangement. Even if plaintiff were able to demonstrate that she was disabled for purposes of the ADA, there is no evidence that plaintiff was subjected to an adverse employment action. "While there is no bright-line rule as to what constitutes an adverse employment action, the Second Circuit emphasizes that `not every unpleasant matter short of [termination or demotion] creates a cause of action.'" Ongsiako v. City of New York, 199 F.Supp.2d 180, 186-187 (S.D.N.Y.2002), quoting Wanamaker v. Columbian Rope Co., 108 F.3d 462, 466 (2d Cir.1997). It is undisputed that plaintiff's pay, benefits and position remained the same throughout her employment, and her subsequent lateral transfer to another position was entirely voluntary. Nor does plaintiff offer any evidence of "[l]esser actions such as negative employment evaluation[s]" and formal reprimands which adversely affected her employment or injured her ability to secure future employment. Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 720 (2d Cir. *263 2002). See generally Wanamaker, 108 F.3d 462 at 466 (anti-discrimination statutes generally protect "individuals from actions injurious to current employment or the ability to secure future employment"). To the extent that plaintiff claims that Diaz's meetings and comments concerning her performance, and/or the everyday stresses of the Division office, amounted to an adverse employment action in the form of a constructive discharge, plaintiff has made no showing that a reasonable person subjected to the same working conditions would have felt compelled to resign. See Kirsch v. Fleet Street, Ltd., 148 F.3d 149, 161 (2d Cir. 1998); Pena v. Brattleboro Retreat, 702 F.2d 322, 325 (2d Cir.1983). Constructive discharge will be found where an employee is exposed to an "unreasonable risk of physical harm, to significant verbal abuse, or [be] forced to accept significantly lower pay or inferior working conditions." Ternullo v. Reno, 8 F.Supp.2d 186, 191 (N.D.N.Y.1998), citing Pena, 702 F.2d 322 at 325. However, lesser incidents of over-criticism by supervisors, unfavorable job assignments, humiliation and stress will not sustain a constructive discharge claim. See Ternullo, 8 F.Supp.2d 186 at 191 (collecting cases). Here, plaintiff has neither alleged nor demonstrated that she was ever subjected to verbal abuse, a rise of physical harm, or other intolerable conditions with the Division, let alone that such conduct was motivated by her alleged disability. While plaintiff testified that working in the Division office was stressful and that parolees were occasionally unpleasant and/or abusive, it is undisputed that all of plaintiff's coworkers were operating under precisely the same conditions, and that encounters with parolees were a normal and necessary aspect of work with the Division. Because plaintiff cannot meet the threshold for demonstrating a constructive discharge or otherwise show that she was subjected to an adverse employment action, her disability discrimination claims must be dismissed.[1] IV. Plaintiff's "Failure to Accommodate" Claim To establish a prima facie case of discrimination because of disability premised upon an employer's failure to accommodate, a plaintiff must show: "(1) that she is an individual who has a disability within the meaning of the ADA, (2) that an employer covered by the statute had notice of her disability, (3) that with reasonable accommodation, she could perform the essential functions of [her position], and (4) that the employer has refused to make such accommodations." Lovejoy-Wilson v. NOCO Motor Fuel, Inc., 263 F.3d 208, 216 (2d Cir.2001), quoting Stone v. City of *264 Mt. Vernon, 118 F.3d 92, 96-97 (2d Cir. 1997). For the reasons set forth above, plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that she suffers from a disability within the meaning of the ADA. Furthermore, even if plaintiff were able to make such a showing, the record demonstrates that the "accommodations" she was allegedly denieda flexible schedule and/or overtimewere not reasonable, because they were not necessary for her to perform the essential functions of her position. See Borkowski v. Valley Central Sch. Dist., 63 F.3d 131, 139-140 (2d Cir.1995) (although "[o]n the issue of reasonable accommodation, the plaintiff bears only the burden of identifying an accommodation, the costs of which, facially, do not clearly exceed its benefits," this requirement "will permit district courts to grant summary judgments for defendants in cases where the plaintiff's proposal is ... clearly ineffective"). Plaintiff's physician indicated only that plaintiff should avoid cuts, bruises, sitting for prolonged periods and lifting more than ten pounds, and there is no evidence, medical or otherwise, that a flexible work schedule or the opportunity to work additional overtime hours during the week are reasonable and bona fide accommodations for the limitations imposed by plaintiff's blood disorder and panic disorder. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how the assignment of overtime work, which would only increase the demands of plaintiff's employment beyond the normal limits of full-time work, could ever be considered an accommodation for the disabilities which plaintiff alleges made working more difficult. In any event, accepting plaintiff's factual allegations as true, plaintiff offers no evidence that she was unable to adequately perform the requirements of her position without a flexible schedule or overtime, thus tacitly conceding that such accommodations were not necessary to her job performance. Because the requested accommodations would be "clearly ineffective" in assisting plaintiff with performing the essential requirements of her position, her ADA claim of failure to accommodate must be dismissed. V. Plaintiff's Retaliation Claim Claims of retaliation pursuant to the ADA are also analyzed under the familiar McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting rules. See Kemp v. Metro-North R.R., 316 Fed.Appx. 25, 26-27 (2d Cir.2009). To make out a prima facie claim for retaliation, a plaintiff must show: (1) that she participated in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of the protected activity; (3) that she suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) that a causal connection exists between plaintiff's protected activity and the adverse employment action. See id.; Gordon v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 232 F.3d 111, 113 (2d Cir.2000). Once a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden shifts back to the employer to show that there was a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action. If the employer meets this burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that "there is sufficient potential proof for a reasonable jury to find the proffered legitimate reason merely a pretext for impermissible retaliation." Richardson, 180 F.3d at 443, citing Gallagher v. Delaney, 139 F.3d 338, 348 (2d Cir.1998). Protected activity includes the making of a charge, testifying, assisting or participating in any manner in an investigation, proceeding or hearing pursuant to the ADA. See 42 U.S.C. § 12203(a). Requesting reasonable accommodations for a disability may also constitute protected activity. See Weixel v. Bd. of Educ. of N.Y., 287 F.3d 138, 148-149 (2d Cir.2002) (a retaliation claim may *265 be based on a request for reasonable accommodation); Jenkins v. New York City Transit Auth., 2009 WL 1940103, at *7, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56008 at *20 (S.D.N.Y.2009) (same). It is undisputed that plaintiff made a series of informal requests to her supervisor for accommodations. However, as set forth above, plaintiff has not demonstrated that she had a qualifying disability, that she was subjected to an adverse employment action, or that she requested reasonable as opposed to ineffective or unnecessary accommodations. Plaintiff's retaliation claim must therefore be dismissed. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the motion for summary judgment by the New York State Division of Parole (Dkt. # 13) is granted and plaintiff's complaint is dismissed in its entirety, with prejudice. IT IS SO ORDERED. NOTES [1] To the extent that plaintiff alleges that she was subjected a hostile work environment, "the Second Circuit has not determined whether the ADA gives rise to a cause of action for hostile work environments." Murphy v. BeavEx, Inc., 544 F.Supp.2d 139, 149 (D.Conn.2008). Assuming arguendo that such a cause of action may be maintained, plaintiff's hostile work environment claim fails because she has not established that she has a disability within the meaning of the ADA. See Ragusa v. Malverne Union Free Sch. Dist., 582 F.Supp.2d 326, 346 (E.D.N.Y.2008). In any event, plaintiff has also offered no evidence that she was subjected to harassment that was "sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of [her] employment and create an abusive working environment," or of any causal connection between her allegations that Diaz scrutinized her excessively, counseled her unnecessarily about performance issues, and gave her "dirty looks," and her disability diagnosis, which was made after the majority of the conduct about which she complains. Id. See also Perry v. Ethan Allen, Inc., 115 F.3d 143, 149 (2d Cir.1997). | Low | [
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Elon Musk to Resign as Chair of Tesla Board but Remain CEO The SEC said Musk's statements on Twitter were "false and misleading" and that he had never discussed the plans with company officials or potential funders. As part of the deal, Musk and Tesla will also both pay $20 million, while the former will neither admit nor deny the allegations. The $40 million in financial penalties "will be distributed to harmed investors under a court-approved process". Elon Musk told Tesla employees that the company was on the cusp of making money, hours after he and the carmaker reached a settlement with the USA that steps up oversight of the chief executive officer's communications of material information. Musk will get to keep his job as chief executive officer and remain on the company's board, but must resign as chairman within 45 days and can't be re-elected to the role for three years as part of the accord reached Saturday with the Securities and Exchange Commission. 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0.485393258426966,
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#!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> # # @author : [email protected] from headers.BeaEnginePython import * from nose.tools import * class TestSuite: def test(self): # 66 0F 38 15 /r # BLENDVPD xmm1, xmm2/m128, <XMM0> Buffer = '660f381527'.decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'blendvpd xmm4, xmmword ptr [rdi], xmm0') # VEX.NDS.128.66.0F.W0 38 /r /is4 # VBLENDvpd xmm1, xmm2, xmm3/m128, xmm4 myVEX = VEX('VEX.NDS.128.66.0F38.W0') Buffer = '{}152b'.format(myVEX.c4()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() #assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x0f38) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vblendvpd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Reserved_.ERROR_OPCODE, UD_) # EVEX.NDS.128.66.0F38.W0 15 /r # vprolVD xmm1 {k1}{z}, xmm2, xmm3/m128/m32bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.128.66.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvd xmm26, xmm16, xmmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.NDS.256.66.0F38.W0 15 /r # vprolVD ymm1 {k1}{z}, ymm2, ymm3/m256/m32bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.256.66.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvd ymm26, ymm16, ymmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.NDS.512.66.0F38.W0 15 /r # vprolVD zmm1 {k1}{z}, zmm2, zmm3/m512/m32bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.512.66.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvd zmm26, zmm16, zmmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.NDS.128.66.0F38.W1 15 /r # vprolVQ xmm1 {k1}{z}, xmm2, xmm3/m128/m64bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.NDS.128.66.0F38.W1') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvq ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvq xmm26, xmm16, xmmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.NDS.256.66.0F38.W1 15 /r # vprolVQ ymm1 {k1}{z}, ymm2, ymm3/m256/m64bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.NDS.256.66.0F38.W1') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvq ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvq ymm26, ymm16, ymmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.NDS.512.66.0F38.W1 15 /r # vprolVQ zmm1 {k1}{z}, zmm2, zmm3/m512/m64bcst myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.NDS.512.66.0F38.W1') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vprolvq ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vprolvq zmm26, zmm16, zmmword ptr [r14]') # EVEX.128.F3.0F38.W0 15 /r # VPMOVusqd xmm1/m32 {k1}{z}, xmm2 myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.128.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd dword ptr [r14], xmm26') myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.128.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}15ca'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd xmm26, xmm25') # EVEX.256.F3.0F38.W0 15 /r # VPMOVusqd xmm1/m64 {k1}{z}, ymm2 myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.256.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd qword ptr [r14], ymm26') myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.256.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}15ca'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd xmm26, ymm25') # EVEX.512.F3.0F38.W0 15 /r # VPMOVusqd xmm1/m128 {k1}{z}, zmm2 myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.512.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}1516'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd xmmword ptr [r14], zmm26') myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.512.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1111 Buffer = '{}15ca'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.repr, 'vpmovusqd xmm26, zmm25') myEVEX = EVEX('EVEX.512.F3.0F38.W0') myEVEX.vvvv = 0b1110 Buffer = '{}15ca'.format(myEVEX.prefix()).decode('hex') myDisasm = Disasm(Buffer) myDisasm.read() assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Opcode, 0x15) assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Instruction.Mnemonic, 'vpmovusqd ') assert_equal(myDisasm.infos.Reserved_.ERROR_OPCODE, UD_) | Mid | [
0.5789473684210521,
33,
24
] |
Q: Conditional Eloquent relationship can be written but can't be read (eager load) Using Laravel 5.3, I have a method in my Order Eloquent model that returns a belongsToMany or a hasMany relationship depending on the value of a type char attribute value. Order is itself a child of a MasterOrder model as a one to many relationship. --------------- * MasterOrder * -------+------- | O2M | +----------------+------------------+ | | | ----+------- ----+------- -----+------ * Order * * Order * * Order * * Type = O * * Type = C * * Type = S * -+---------- -+---------- -+---------- | Offer |CreditPack | Shipment | | | M2M M2M O2M The relation in the Order model is the following public function items() { $types = [ 'S' => Shipment::class, 'O' => Discount::class, 'C' => CreditPack::class ]; if ($this->type == 'C') { return $this->belongsToMany($types['C'], 'credit_pack_order') ->withTimestamps(); } if ($this->type == 'O') { return $this->belongsToMany($types['O'], 'discounts') ->withTimestamps(); } return $this->hasMany($types[$this->type]); } When inserting the data I am able to attach() offers and credit packs, and create() shipments using my items() method and it works without any issue. Data is persisted in the database and everything is where I need it to be. The problem is that I can't read through items() if I eager load my relationships starting from the MasterOrder model (even though I start from there when I insert the data). I can read Order data eager loading it from MasterOrder, but it seems like it can't read Order attributes when it tries to load items(). It is able to read them, instead, if I start from Order. Is there something I can do to avoid querying the database twice for every order? Can anyone please explain me why do this happen? A: I finally found a workaround while talking about the issue in a italian developers Facebook group. Substantially I can tell the method what type comes out from the order as an argument of the function. This way it will know what to answer even if it didn't load the attributes. The relation becomes: public function items($type = null) { if ($type != null) { $this->type = $type; } $types = [ 'S' => Shipment::class, 'O' => Discount::class, 'C' => CreditPack::class ]; if ($this->type == 'C') { return $this->belongsToMany($types['C'], 'credit_pack_order') ->withTimestamps(); } if ($this->type == 'O') { return $this->belongsToMany($types['O'], 'discounts') ->withTimestamps(); } return $this->hasMany($types[$this->type]); } and I retrieve the data using $masterorder = auth()->user()->orders() // orders() is a User->MasterOrder ->where('reference', '=', $reference) // hasMany relation ->first(); $details = $masterorder->orders()->get() ->map(function ($order) { $order->items = $order->items($order->type)->get()->toArray(); return $order; }); | Mid | [
0.5622317596566521,
32.75,
25.5
] |
/* -*- Mode: Javascript; indent-tabs-mode:nil; js-indent-level: 2 -*- */ /* vim: set ts=2 et sw=2 tw=80: */ /************************************************************* * * MathJax/jax/output/SVG/config.js * * Initializes the SVG OutputJax (the main definition is in * MathJax/jax/input/SVG/jax.js, which is loaded when needed). * * --------------------------------------------------------------------- * * Copyright (c) 2011-2014 The MathJax Consortium * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ MathJax.OutputJax.SVG = MathJax.OutputJax({ id: "SVG", version: "2.4.0", directory: MathJax.OutputJax.directory + "/SVG", extensionDir: MathJax.OutputJax.extensionDir + "/SVG", autoloadDir: MathJax.OutputJax.directory + "/SVG/autoload", fontDir: MathJax.OutputJax.directory + "/SVG/fonts", // font name added later config: { scale: 100, minScaleAdjust: 50, // global math scaling factor, and minimum adjusted scale factor font: "TeX", // currently the only font available blacker: 10, // stroke-width to make fonts blacker mtextFontInherit: false, // to make <mtext> be in page font rather than MathJax font undefinedFamily: "STIXGeneral,'Arial Unicode MS',serif", // fonts to use for missing characters addMMLclasses: false, // keep MathML structure and use CSS classes to mark elements EqnChunk: (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMobile ? 10: 50), // number of equations to process before showing them EqnChunkFactor: 1.5, // chunk size is multiplied by this after each chunk EqnChunkDelay: 100, // milliseconds to delay between chunks (to let browser // respond to other events) linebreaks: { automatic: false, // when false, only process linebreak="newline", // when true, insert line breaks automatically in long expressions. width: "container" // maximum width of a line for automatic line breaks (e.g. "30em"). // use "container" to compute size from containing element, // use "nn% container" for a portion of the container, // use "nn%" for a portion of the window size }, merrorStyle: { fontSize:"90%", color:"#C00", background:"#FF8", border: "1px solid #C00", padding:"3px" }, styles: { ".MathJax_SVG_Display": { "text-align": "center", margin: "1em 0em" }, // // For mtextFontInherit version of \texttt{} // ".MathJax_SVG .MJX-monospace": { "font-family": "monospace" }, // // For mtextFontInherit version of \textsf{} // ".MathJax_SVG .MJX-sans-serif": { "font-family": "sans-serif" }, "#MathJax_SVG_Tooltip": { "background-color": "InfoBackground", color: "InfoText", border: "1px solid black", "box-shadow": "2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA", // Opera 10.5 "-webkit-box-shadow": "2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA", // Safari 3 and Chrome "-moz-box-shadow": "2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA", // Forefox 3.5 "-khtml-box-shadow": "2px 2px 5px #AAAAAA", // Konqueror padding: "3px 4px", "z-index": 401 } } } }); if (!MathJax.Hub.config.delayJaxRegistration) {MathJax.OutputJax.SVG.Register("jax/mml")} MathJax.OutputJax.SVG.loadComplete("config.js"); | Mid | [
0.5521327014218,
29.125,
23.625
] |
Free indie music streamer Earbits is on the midst of a major site overhaul and announced a new partnership with Topspin. Now within the Earbits dashboard artists can add selected Topspin merchandise and dynamically display how many items are for sale with a link to browse merchandise. Several artists, like Catle Cruz (image to left) have already set up their Earbits/Topspin storefronts. To celebrate, Topspin is giving Earbits artists one month of their premium service free (use code: EARBITS). Part of the Earbits business model is promoted spins, which for a small investment place d.i.y. artists music in the Earbits stream alongside similar but more established bands. As an example Earbits CEO Joey Flores offered Daniel Whittington. "He turned $58 in Earbits airtime into $147 in name-your-price digital downloads on Bandcamp," according to Flores. Comments Free indie music streamer Earbits is on the midst of a major site overhaul and announced a new partnership with Topspin. Now within the Earbits dashboard artists can add selected Topspin merchandise and dynamically display how many items are for sale with a link to browse merchandise. Several artists, like Catle Cruz (image to left) have already set up their Earbits/Topspin storefronts. | Mid | [
0.651851851851851,
33,
17.625
] |
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