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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ *Legionella pneumophila* is an environmental organism that proliferates within various protists hosts in the aquatic environment^[@CR1]--[@CR3]^. Co-evolution and adaptation of *L*. *pneumophila* to the intracellular lifestyle within protists is believed to have played a major role in its ability to exploit evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic processes that enables its proliferation within human cells^[@CR1]--[@CR3]^. Upon aerosol transmission from the aquatic environment to humans as planktonic or in biofilms^[@CR4]^, *L*. *pneumophila* replicates within alveolar macrophages, causing Legionnaires' disease^[@CR5]^. Upon attachment to macrophages and amoeba through pili and other attachment factors^[@CR6]--[@CR8]^, the bacteria are internalized. Within both evolutionarily distant host cells, the *L*. *pneumophila-*containing vacuole (LCV)^[@CR9]^ evades endocytic fusion and intercepts ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic to be remodeled into an ER-derived vacuole^[@CR10]--[@CR15]^. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system^[@CR16],\ [@CR17]^ injects into the host cell a cadre of \~300 effectors^[@CR18],\ [@CR19]^ to modulate a myriad of cellular processes involved in biogenesis of the LCV and to re-program the host cell into a proliferation niche^[@CR11],\ [@CR12],\ [@CR20]--[@CR23]^. Most of the effectors are dispensable for intracellular proliferation of *L*. *pneumophila* ^[@CR24]^. The Ankyrin B (AnkB) effector of *L*. *pneumophila* is one of very few effectors required for the intracellular proliferation and exploits the evolutionarily-conserved ubiquitin-proteasome machinery within mammalian and protozoan cells^[@CR25],\ [@CR26]^. The crystal structure of the AnkB effector shows that it is composed of three ankyrin repeats and an F-box domain^[@CR27]^. Anchored to the LCV membrane, the *bona fide* F-box AnkB effector interacts with the host SCF1 ubiquitin ligase complex^[@CR25],\ [@CR26],\ [@CR28]--[@CR30]^. On the LCV membrane, AnkB functions as a platform for the docking of Lys^48^- linked polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV membrane within human cells and amoeba as well as *Drosophila*-derived cells, and the process is initiated upon bacterial attachment to the plasma membrane^[@CR25],\ [@CR26],\ [@CR29],\ [@CR31],\ [@CR32]^. High throughput proteomic analyses of the LCV polyubiquitinated proteome have identified several host proteins specifically polyubiquitinated in an AnkB-dependent manner^[@CR33]^. The AnkB-assembled Lys^48^ -linked polyubiquitinated proteins are targeted to proteasomal degradation^[@CR34]^, which is essential to raise the concentration of host cell amino acids above the threshold needed as major sources of carbon and energy for the robust intra-vacuolar proliferation of *L*. *pneumophila* within mammalian and protozoan cells^[@CR5],\ [@CR29],\ [@CR35],\ [@CR36]^. Thus, AnkB is designated as a nutritional virulence effector^[@CR37]--[@CR41]^. Interestingly, AnkB has been recently shown to be to bind the Trim 21 host ubiquitin ligase and to become ubiquitinated by K^11^- linked polyubiquitination^[@CR32]^, but the role of this ubiquitination is AnkB function is not known. Post-translational modification of hydrophilic eukaryotic proteins through farnesylation is mediated by the covalent addition of a 15-carbon farnesyl isoprenoid lipid moiety that enables anchoring of the farnesylated proteins to the lipid bi-layer of eukaryotic membranes^[@CR36],\ [@CR42],\ [@CR43]^. Anchoring of the AnkB effector of strain AA100/130b of *L*. *pneumophila* into the LCV membrane is mediated through host-mediated farnesylation of the cysteine residue at the -4 position from the C-terminus within the eukaryotic-like "**[C]{.ul}**aaX" motif^[@CR3],\ [@CR36],\ [@CR44]^. Similar to genetic ablation of *ankB* ^[@CR25],\ [@CR26],\ [@CR45]^, substitution of the cysteine residue within the CaaX motif results in a total loss of biological function of AnkB of strain AA100/130b, which leads to a defect in intracellular proliferation within amoeba and human cells and in attenuation in the mouse model of Legionnaires disease^[@CR44]^. In addition to farnesylation, AnkB has been recently shown to be modified through asparagine hydroxylation by the host asaparaginyl hydroxylase, which is recruited to the LCV in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner^[@CR46]^. Similar to strain AA100/130b, the AnkB homologue of strain Paris (AnkB-Paris) mediates decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins, and is also required for intracellular proliferation and for virulence in the mouse model, yet to a lesser extent than strain AA100/130b^[@CR26],\ [@CR45]^. Surprisingly, while the C-terminal CaaX motif of AnkB-AA100/130b is indispensable for anchoring the effector to the LCV membrane through host-mediated farnesylation, which is essential for function, the CaaX motif is absent from AnkB-Paris. Ectopically expressed AnkB-AA100/130b in HEK293 cells or amoeba becomes farnesylated and is uniformly localized throughout the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane where it recruits polyubiquitinated proteins that are degraded by the proteasomes^[@CR25],\ [@CR36],\ [@CR44]^. Importantly, farnesylation-mediated anchoring of AnkB-AA100/130b into the plasma membrane is essential for *trans*-rescue of the *ankB* mutant in intracellular proliferation^[@CR25]^. In contrast to AnkB-AA100/130b, upon ectopic expression within A549 cells, AnkB-Paris is enriched at the leading edge of lamellipodium formation and co-localizes with α-actinin^[@CR26]^. However, sub-cellular location of AnkB-Paris during infection is not known. Compared to the *ankB*-AA100/130b allele, there is a single nucleotide deletion in the *ankB*-*Paris* leading to a frame shift, which results in a truncation of the protein for the last 18 amino acids residues, which include a portion of the third ankyrin repeat domain and the CaaX farnesylation motif. However, the respective frame shift in AnkB-Paris generated a unique C-terminus, which resembles a eukaryotic di-lysine ER-retention motif (KxKxx)^[@CR47]^. The crystal structure of AnkB-AA100/130b indicates that the C-terminal truncation of AnkB-Paris eliminates a large portion of the third ankyrin repeat compared to AnkB-AA100/130b^[@CR48]^. Importantly, the AnkB lysine residues modified by K^11^-linked polyubiquitination are conserved in the two AnkB effectors^[@CR32]^. Here we show that among 51 unique clinical and environmental isolates there is predominance and selection of the *ankB*-Paris allele in environmental isolates. The divergent evolution of *ankB*-*Paris* allele has led to acquisition of a C-terminal putative di-lysine ER retention motif, which is indispensable for biological function. The di-lysine ER retention motif likely enables anchoring of AnkB-Paris to the ER-derived LCV membrane, in contrast to the CaaX motif farnesylation-mediated anchoring of AnkB-AA100/130b. Despite truncation of the third ankyrin repeat domain in AnkB-Paris, it can functionally substitute for AnkB-AA100/130b strain in decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins for rescue of intra-vacuolar proliferation. Results {#Sec2} ======= Episodic Positive Selection in *ankB* Evolution {#Sec3} ----------------------------------------------- Compared to strain AA100/130b, the *ankB* gene of the Paris strain (*ankB*-Paris) has a deletion of an adenine at position 450 (ΔA450), which resulted in a frame shift mutation (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). This has led to a truncation of the last 18 amino acids that included the CaaX farnesylation motif, which is essential for anchoring AnkB-AA100/130b into the LCV membrane, which is indispensable for its biologic function in decorating the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins^[@CR36],\ [@CR44]^. Despite this frame shift mutation and deletion of the C-terminal CaaX farnesylation motif, AnkB-Paris is required for decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins^[@CR26]^. Concurrently, a unique NKYAP sequence motif is generated at amino acids 150--154 in AnkB-Paris. To determine whether this frame shift mutation was unique to the Paris strain or more widespread among other *Legionella* isolates, we examined the abundance of the ΔA450 mutation in fifty-one isolates of clinical (N = 25) and environmental (N = 26) origin. Analysis of full-length *ankB* sequences revealed 15 distinct *ankB* alleles (Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}; Fig. [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Interestingly, among the 15 *ankB* alleles, *ankB1* (Paris strain) was the only *ankB* allele to harbor the ΔA450 mutation (Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The data showed that 19 of 51 isolates (37.25%), of which 17 were environmental and 2 were of clinical origin, contained *ankB1* allele (*ankB1*/*ankB-Paris*). We conclude that the *ankB1*/*ankB-Paris* allele is wide-spread and is predominant among environmental isolates.Figure 1Molecular evolution of *ankB*. (**a**) Representative sequence chromatograms indicating the frame shift mutation at nucleotide position 450 (*ΔA*) in *ankB1* compared to other *ankB* alleles. This mutation in *ankB*1 alters the reading frame and predicts a prematurely terminated AnkB protein at residue 154 and generation of a unique NKYAP sequence motif. Arrows mark the location of the Dot-Icm translocation signal. (**b**) ML analysis of *ankB* alleles variously from clinical (in black text) and environmental (in red text) isolates. All alleles are indicated. Diamonds indicate *ankB* sequence from strains whose complete genomes has been determined. Bootstrap values are shown above the branches. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. To better understand the forces that shaped *ankB* evolution, in particular the maintenance and spread of the *ankB1* allele in environmental *Legionella* isolates, we next analyzed the selective pressures acting on *ankB* codons and also on the *ankB1* branch using CODEML and a variety of other methods (materials and methods). We found preponderance of sites that were constrained by either negative selection or evolved neutrally. Comparisons of models M7 and M8 also suggested that at least 4 *ankB* codons had been subject to positive selection (Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). However, we also found evidence of recombination in the *ankB* alignment (Fig. [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}, Table [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Although the M7 vs M8 comparison should be robust to model violations introduced due to recombination, we sought additional evidence to verify positive selection using REL, FEL, IFEL and MEME methods (materials and methods). Each of these methods found significant statistical support for site-specific positive selection in *ankB* codons (Tables [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}--[S7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Branch site tests implemented in CODEML, and the GA branch test both provided statistical support for the hypotheses that the internal branch leading up to *ankB1*/*ankB-Paris* and its branch both had experienced positive selection. Moreover, the NKYAP C-terminal motif itself was identified as the target of positive selection (H S1; Fig. [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"} and Table [S7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Decoration of the LCV with Polyubiquitinated Proteins Independent of the *ankB* Genotype {#Sec4} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We next asked whether the altered C-terminus of AnkB variant encoded by *ankB*1 (Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) either modified or significantly reduced the ability of AnkB1 strains to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV. Overall, we found extensive variation in the ability of 23 distinct *Legionella* isolates to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV (Fig. [2a and b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Specifically, among AnkB1 strains, polyubiquitination varied from 30% to 54%. In contrast, six isolates with full-length *ankB* alleles were either similar to the Δ*ankB* mutant or the *ΔdotA* translocation-defective mutant in their ability to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV (Fig. [2a and b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). However, a comparison of environmental and clinical isolates revealed a modest, but statistically significant difference (Student *t*-test, P \< 0.05), in their ability to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins (Fig. [S4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Thus, while the environmental isolates seem less capable than clinical isolates to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV, the ability to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins itself seems independent of the *ankB* genotype.Figure 2AnkB-genotype does not predict the ability to recruit polyubiquitinated proteins to the LCV. (**a**) Representative confocal microscopy images of polyubiquitinated protein recruitment to the LCV among 23 different isolates of *L*. *pneumophila* expressing various *ankB* alleles. Percentages indicate the number of LCVs positive for ubiquitin. Images in the right panel were taken using the AA100 strain. (**b**) Distribution of percent polyubiquitin recruitment among 23 different isolates of *L*. *pneumophila*. Environmental isolates are shown in red and clinical isolates are shown in black. ^‡^, indicates strains carrying the *ankB1* allele. Localization of AnkB-Paris to the LCV membrane {#Sec5} ---------------------------------------------- Ectopic expression of AnkB-AA100/130b within amoeba and HEK293T cells results in farnesylation-mediated anchoring to the plasma membrane of both evolutionarily distinct host cells^[@CR36],\ [@CR44],\ [@CR49],\ [@CR50]^. In contrast to AnkB-AA100/130b, AnkB-Paris ectopically expressed within A549 cells is enriched at the leading edge of lamellipodium formation and co-localizes with α-actinin^[@CR26]^. Our data showed that in contrast to AnkB-AA100/130b (Fig. [3a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}), when AnkB-Paris is ectopically expressed in HEK293T cells, it did not localize to the plasma membrane; but it exhibited a punctate appearance and a perinuclear distribution, which is characteristic of sub-cellular localization of the ER (Fig. [3c](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). This perinuclear distribution is distinct from the diffuse cytosolic pattern characteristic of AnkB-C169A, which lacks the farnesylation motif (Fig. [3b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, mutation of both lysines within the di-lysine motif of AnkB-Paris to arginine (AnkB-Paris K^149,151R^) did not grossly alter the distribution upon ectopic expression (Fig. [3d](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, labeling cells for co-localization with calnexin failed to show that either AnkB-Paris or AnkB-Paris^K149,151R^ localized to the ER (data not shown). Therefore, ectopically expressed AnkB-Paris was localized to the perinuclear ER region while AnkB-Paris^K149,151R^ was distributed throughout the cytoplasm, suggesting the loss of ER localization mediated by the ER retention motif (Fig. [3](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Our data clearly show a distinct sub-cellular localization of AnkB-Paris and AnkB-AA100/130b.Figure 4AnkB-Paris localizes to the LCV during infection. (**a**) Macrophages infected with WT *L*. *pneumophila* AA100/130b, *ankB* mutant, or the *ankB* mutant complemented with either *ankB* from AA100/130b or *ankB* from Paris strain were fixed at 2 hours post-infection and stained with antibodies to AnkB and *Legionella* (Lpn). The percentage of bacteria staining positive for AnkB (mean ± 1 SD) was determined by analysis of 100 infected cells in triplicate. Data are representative of 2 independent experiments. (**b**) Representative confocal images of LCVs isolated from macrophages infected with the indicated strains. To differentiate between intact LCVs and extracellular bacteria, the LCVs were labeled prior to permeabilization with mouse anti*-*Lpn antisera and rabbit anti-AnkB antisera for 1 h. LCVs were then permeabilized with −20 °C methanol and counter-labeled with goat anti-Lpn antisera to detect intact LCVs. Abbreviations: *ankB-* (*ankB* null mutant in AA100/130b strain), *dotA* (*dotA* null mutant in AA100/130b strain), WT (wild type AA100/130b strain). Plasmids indicate the *ankB* allele used to complement the indicated strain. Figure 3Ectopically expressed AnkB-Paris localizes to the cytoplasm with a perinuclear distribution. (**a**--**d**) Localization of AnkB-AA100, AnkB-Paris, AnkB-Paris K^149,151^R, and AnkB-C169A in HEK293T cells transiently transfected with 3X Flag-tagged versions of each and stained with anti-flag antibodies and DAPI. Representative confocal images are shown. While AnkB-AA100/130b is localized to the LCV membrane during infection by host-mediated farnesylation, sub-cellular location of AnkB-Paris during infection is not known. Since the farnesylation motif is missing from AnkB-Paris, we set out to determine sub-cellular localization of AnkB-Paris during infection of hMDMs. We created an identical *ankB-Paris* allele and introduced it into the isogenic *ankB* null mutant of strain AA100/130b to determine its potential anchoring to the LCV membrane despite the lack of the farnesylation motif. At 2 hours post-infection, the LCVs were semi-purified from infected hMDMs. Prior to their permeabilization, the LCVs were labeled with anti-AnkB antibodies to detect AnkB on the cytosolic side of the LCV membrane, as we described previously^[@CR44]^. Analyses by confocal microscopy showed that AnkB-AA100/130b was anchored to the cytosolic side of the LCV membrane of 80% of WT strain-containing LCVs (Fig. [4a and b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). As expected, complementation of the *ankB* mutant of strain AA100/130b with *ankB*-AA100/130b restored localization of AnkB to the LCV membrane similar to the wild type strain^[@CR44]^. Interestingly, despite the lack of the farnesylation motif, complementation of the AA100/130b-derived *ankB* mutant with the *ankB-Paris* allele resulted in anchoring AnkB-Paris to the LCV membrane, similar to AnkB-AA100/130b. Therefore, despite lacking the farnesylation motif, which is indispensable for anchoring AnkB-AA00/130b to the ER-derived LCV membrane, AnkB-Paris is also anchored to the LCV membrane, and this is likely to be mediated the di-lysine ER retention motif. Functional substitution of AnkB-AA100/130b by AnkB-Paris {#Sec6} -------------------------------------------------------- Compared to AnkB-AA100/130b, the AnkB-Paris has a truncation of the last 18 amino acids. The crystal structure of AnkB indicates that the C-terminal truncation of AnkB-Paris eliminates a large portion of the third ankyrin repeat compared to AnkB-AA100/130b (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"})^[@CR48]^. To determine if AnkB-Paris can functionally substitute for AnkB-AA100/130b strain, we complemented the *ankB* null mutant of the AA100/130b strain with the *ankB-Paris* allele and assessed intracellular replication and decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins within human monocytes-derived macrophages (hMDMs)^[@CR36],\ [@CR44]^.Figure 5The crystal structure of AnkB. (**a**) The structure of AnkB from the Philadelphia strain spanning from Lys2 to Ala168^[@CR48]^. The F-box domain near the N-terminus is indicated. Three ankyrin repeats are present rather than the predicted two repeats based on the sequence (yellow, cyan, and magenta). (**b**) Predicted structure of AnkB-Paris, which maintains all three ankyrin repeats by keeping the last half of the last repeat (magenta). We assessed polyubiquitination of the vacuole at 2 hours post-infection by confocal microscopy. The data showed that 20% of *ankB* mutant-containing LCVs were decorated with polyubiquitinated proteins (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, approximately 75% of strain AA100/130b-containing LCVs were decorated with polyubiquitinated proteins. Despite truncation of the third ankyrin domain, the *ankB-Paris* allele fully complemented the AA100/130b isogenic *ankB* null mutant for accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, similar to the wild type strain.Figure 6AnkB-Paris complements the *ankB* mutant of strain AA100/130b. (**a**) Co-localization of polyubiquitinated proteins with the LCV at 2 hours post-infection of hMDMs. Macrophages were infected with either wild type *L*. *pneumophila* strain AA100/130b, its isogenic *ankB* or *dotA* mutant, or the *ankB* mutant complemented with *ankB-Paris* or *ankB-AA100*. Numbers indicate the percentage of LCVs ( ± 1 SD) that co-localize with polyubiquitinated proteins. The data are based on analysis of 100 infected cells performed in triplicate and are representative of three independent experiments. (**b**) At 10 hours post-infection hMDMs were fixed, stained with anti-Lpn, and analyzed by confocal microscopy. The number of bacteria per cell was determined and the data are based on analysis of 100 infected cells (mean ± 1 SD) performed in triplicate and are representative of three independent experiments. \*p \< 0.05, \*\*p \< 0.01, \*\*\*p \< 0.001 compared to corresponding value for *ankB* null mutant. We assessed the ability of AnkB-Paris to restore intracellular replication of the *ankB* mutant of strain AA100/130b by determination of the frequency of formation of replicative vacuoles at 10 hours post-infection, by confocal microscopy (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The majority of cells infected with the *ankB* mutant contained a single bacterium. In contrast, the majority of cells infected with WT bacteria contained 2--4 bacteria per cell and \>20% of the LCVs harbored more than 5 bacteria per cell. Similarly, the *ankB* mutant complemented with the *ankB-Paris* allele formed replicative vacuoles at a frequency similar to the WT strain (Fig. [6b](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, these results indicate that AnkB-Paris is functionally equivalent to AnkB-AA100/130b in its ability to decorate the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins and to power intracellular proliferation of *L*. *pneumophila*. An indispensable role for the C-terminal Di-lysine Motif of AnkB-Paris in biological function {#Sec7} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The C-terminal 5 residues of AnkB strain Paris (K^149^NK^151^YAP) resemble a eukaryotic di-lysine motif (KxKxx) responsible for ER-to-golgi retrograde protein trafficking and retention in the ER^[@CR51]--[@CR54]^. The AnkB-AA100/130b is anchored to the LCV membrane by host-mediated farnesylation, which is essential for biological function. Therefore, we tested the hypotheses that the generated di-lysine ER-retention motif is also required for biological function of AnkB-Paris. We constructed single and double substitutions of lysine^149^ and lysine^151^ in the *ankB-Paris* allele with arginine. Since *L*. *pneumophila* effectors often have Dot/Icm translocation signals encoded in their C-terminus, we tested the ER retention motif AnkB-Paris^K149R^ and AnkB-Paris^K151R^ substitution mutants^[@CR45]^ for Dot/Icm-mediated translocation using an adenylate cyclase reporter assay, as we described previously^[@CR25],\ [@CR44],\ [@CR45]^. The *cya* reporter fusions of *ankB-Paris*, *ankB-Paris* ^K149R^, or *ankB-Paris* ^K151R^ were transformed into either the WT strain AA100/130b or its isogenic translocation-deficient *dotA* mutant. After 2 hours of infection, cells were lysed and cAMP levels were determined via ELISA (Fig. [7a and b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Cells infected with WT bacteria expressing the Cya-AnkB-Paris reporter fusion showed robust cAMP production compared to cells infected with *dotA* mutant bacteria expressing the same reporter fusion or cells infected with the WT strain expressing the catalytic domain of Cya alone. This indicates that AnkB-Paris is translocated by the AA100/130b strain. In contrast, substitution of either K^149^ or K^151^ completely abolished translocation of AnkB-Paris. These results indicate that the two lysine residues in the putative di-lysine ER-retention motif are essential for translocation of AnkB-Paris during infection.Figure 7The putative di-lysine motif in the C-terminus of AnkB-Paris is essential for translocation by the Dot/Icm system. (**a**) Translocation of AnkB-Paris into U937 cells at 2 hours post-infection by WT or *dotA* mutant bacteria expressing either Cya (negative control) or the indicated Cya::AnkB-Paris fusions. Data represent the mean cAMP concentration of 3 wells (±1 SD). \*p \< 0.005 compared to *dotA* harboring Cya::AnkB-Paris. (**b**) Proteins derived from 1 × 10^8^ bacteria were loaded onto an SDS-PAGE gel and expression of fusion constructs was detected by Western blot using an antibody to the M45 epitope present in all Cya fusions. Blots were re-probed with anti-CAT antibodies. Lanes 1: WT Cya, 2: *dotA* Cya-AnkB-Paris K^151^R, 3: WT Cya-AnkB-Paris K^151^R, 4: *dotA* Cya-AnkB-Paris K^151^R, 5: *dotA* Cya-AnkB-Paris K^149^R, 6: WT Cya-AnkB-Paris K^149^R, 7: *dotA* Cya-AnkB-Paris, 8: WT Cya-AnkB-Paris. In eukaryotic cells, the di-lysine motif is recognized by the coatomer complex (COPI). Coatomer is a multiprotein complex composed of two subcomplexes that include a trimer of α-COP, β'-COP, and ε-COP and a tetramer composed of β-COP, γ-COP, δ-COP, and ζ-COP^[@CR55]^. The α-COP and β'-COP subunits of coatomer are responsible for binding di-lysine motifs. We tested for a physical interaction between AnkB-Paris and α-COP or β'-COP *in vivo* by Co-IP but were unable to detect any interaction. It is possible that overexpression of multiple members of the COPI complex is required to detect a physical interaction with AnkB-Paris. The Putative Di-lysine Motif of AnkB-Paris is Required for *in-trans* Rescue of the *ankB* Mutant {#Sec8} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Since AnkB-Paris^K149R^ and AnkB-Paris^K151R^ are not translocated by the Dot/Icm system, we could not test the potential effect of these mutations on intracellular growth or decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins. We have previously shown that the *ankB* null mutant of strain AA100/130b is rescued for intra-vacuolar growth within HEK293T ectopically expressing AnkB but not by the farnesylation-defective AnkB variant that has a substitution of the cysteine within the C-terminal CaaX farnesylation motif^[@CR44]^. This is due to the ability of ectopically expressed AnkB to be farnesylated and anchored to the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane where polyubiquitinated proteins are assembled, while the farnesylation defective variant of AnkB is defective. Since this approach bypasses the need for translocation, we transfected 3X Flag-tagged versions of AnkB-Paris, AnkB-Paris^K149R^ and AnkB-Paris^K151R^ or 3X Flag vector control into HEK293T cells and then infected with the *ankB* mutants. At 10 hours post-infection, cells were fixed and examined for formation of replicative vacuoles using confocal microscopy. Our data showed that replication of the *ankB* mutant was efficiently *trans*-rescued by ectopically-expressed AnkB-Paris compared to the vector control (Fig. [8a and b](#Fig8){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, replication of the *ankB* mutant was not rescued in cells ectopically expressing AnkB-Paris^K149R^, AnkB-Paris^K151R^, or AnkB-Paris^K149,151R^ substitution mutants. Ectopically expressed AnkB-Paris was localized to the perinuclear ER region while the AnkB-Paris^K149,151R^ was distributed throughout the cytoplasm (Fig. [3](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). These data indicate that the putative di-lysine ER-retention motif is indispensable for function of AnkB-Paris; likely through membrane anchoring to the ER-derived LCV membrane.Figure 8Requirement of the putative di-lysine motif in the C-terminus of ectopically expressed AnkB-Paris for *trans*-rescue of the *ankB* mutant. (**a**) HEK293T cells were first transfected with plasmids encoding 3X-Flag empty vector, 3X-Flag AnkB-Paris, 3X-Flag AnkB-Paris K^149,151^R, 3X-Flag AnkB-Paris K^149^R, or 3X-Flag AnkB-Paris K^151^R and then infected with the *ankB* mutant. Intracellular replication was analyzed at 10 hours post infection by confocal microscopy. The results are based on examination of 50 infected/transfected cells using three biological replicates. The mean number of bacteria per transfected HEK293T cell is shown. Error bars represent 1 standard deviation. \*p \< 0.01 compared to cells transfected with empty vector. (**b**) Representative confocal microscopy images of cells infected with the *ankB* mutant and expressing the indicated *3X Flag-ankB* fusion. Anti-flag staining is shown in green and anti-Lpn is shown in red. Discussion {#Sec9} ========== Among the more than 300 confirmed and predicted effectors of *L*. *pneumophila*, very few of them are required for intracellular proliferation and AnkB is one the effectors indispensable for intracellular proliferation^[@CR56]^. These have been an emerging common theme of variations in the number of effectors and their paralogues among various strains and phenotypic differences between various strains associated with these differences^[@CR56],\ [@CR57]^. Loss of the AnkB AA100/130b effector results in a more severe intracellular defect in macrophage and amoeba and *in vivo* ^[@CR25],\ [@CR45]^ compared to AnkB-Paris^[@CR26]^, despite the observations that both function similarly in decorating the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins. Although host proteasomal degradation is essential for intracellular replication of the Philadelphia-derived Lp02 strain^[@CR31]^, its AnkB homologue does not contribute to decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins or intracellular replication^[@CR28]^. This suggests that other F-box proteins or ubiquitin ligases, such as SidE and LubX, are involved in decorating the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins^[@CR58]--[@CR61]^. It is also becoming clear that *L*. *pneumophila* translocate deubiquitinases that remove ubiquitin from the modified protein, and variation in translocated deubiquitinases between various *L*. *pneumophila* isolates is likely to be a contributing factor for differences between them in polyubiquitination of the vacuoles and the effectors and metaeffectors (effectors of effectors) involved^[@CR60]^. Whether metaeffectors of AnkB varies between various isolates is not known. In addition, modification of AnkB by K^11^-linked polyubiquitination and by asparagine hydroxylation has been shown for AnkB-AA100 but it is not known how that differs between isolates^[@CR32],\ [@CR46]^. Considering the phenotypic differences between isolates as a consequence of the loss of AnkB and the structural differences in AnkB between the two characterized strains Paris and AA100/130b, it is important to decipher the biological bases of these differences for one of the very few effectors required for intracellular proliferation of *L*. *pneumophila*. Despite the frame shift mutation and deletion of the C-terminal CaaX farnesylation motif, AnkB-Paris (AnkB1) is required for decoration of the LCV with polyubiquitinated proteins^[@CR26]^. Concurrently, a unique NKYAP sequence ER retention motif is generated at amino acids 150--154 of AnkB-Paris. The crystal structure of AnkB indicates that the third ankyrin repeat is truncated in AnkB-Paris^[@CR48]^. Each ankyrin repeat domain is composed of two α-helices connected by a β-loop where the substrate binding domain is located^[@CR62]^. Our phylogenetic data show that the *ankB1* allele is predominant among environmental isolates. Statistical support for positive selection in *ankB* codons and lineages, and variable effects of *ankB* genotype on recruitment of polyubiquitinated proteins suggest that AnkB may be functionally pleiotropic and may engage diverse cellular pathways triggered by various strains to ensure survival during intracellular residency. Other possibilities include differential regulation of *ankB* in different isolates; read through of the stop codon (encoding a modified aa in place of stop codon) resulting in a full-length functional AnkB similar to AnkB-AA100/130b. We conclude that positive selection acts on few *ankB* codons; that the *ankB1* allele itself is maintained in natural populations by positive selection specifically on the NKYAP ER retention motif; and that the relatively high frequency of the *ankB1* allele in environmental isolates likely reflects a functionally advantageous trait conferred by the *ankB1* allele. The selective advantage to harbor the *ankB1* allele among environmental isolates of *L*. *pneumophila* could be due to a more efficient anchoring to the LCV membrane through the di-lysine ER retention motif compared to farnesylation in some unicellular hosts and/or the third ankyrin domain that is truncated in AnkB1 does not interact with host targets in environmental host but interacts with a specific human target. It is also possible that other effectors expressed by various strains may compensate for the loss of the third ankyrin domain in the *ankB-Paris* allele. Identification of the AnkB-interacting targets and their interacting domains in AnkB should facilitate deciphering these possibilities. Despite the lack of the farnesylation motif, AnkB-Paris is anchored to the cytosolic side of the LCV membrane. However, substitutions of the di-lysine ER retention motif results in failure to translocate the effector. This indicates an overlap in the signal for membrane anchoring and Dot/Icm-mediated translocation of the AnkB-Paris effector. Unfortunately, it is not possible to determine whether the di-lysine ER retention motif of AnkB-Paris was responsible for localization to the ER-derived LCV membrane, since the di-lysine ER-retention motif substitution in AnkB-Paris resulted in loss of translocation by the Dot/Icm system. In addition, the perinuclear ER-like distribution of ectopically-expressed AnkB-Paris is lost upon alternation of the di-lysine ER retention motif. Importantly, the *trans*-rescue of the *ankB* mutant within cells ectopically expressing AnkB-Paris and the failure of the ER retention di-lysine mutant in *trans*-rescue clearly shows that the ER retention di-lysine motif is essential for the function of AnkB-Paris. This may not be surprising, since substitution of the cysteine within the CaaX farnesylation motif AnkB-AA100 results in a total loss of function of the effector in *trans*-rescue of the *ankB* mutant for intra-vacuolar proliferation^[@CR44]^. We conclude that anchoring of AnkB variants to host membranes is essential for function, regardless of the mechanism of membrane anchoring by farnensylation or by the di-lysine ER-retention motif. Materials and Methods {#Sec10} ===================== Bacterial strains, cell cultures, and infections {#Sec11} ------------------------------------------------ *L*. *pneumophila* strain AA100/130b (ATCC BAA-74), its isogenic *dotA* and *ankB* mutants, and complemented mutants were grown on BCYE agar plates for 3--4 days at 37 °C prior to infection as previously described. When required, antibiotics were used at a concentration of 50 µg/mL for kanamycin and 5 µg/mL for chloramphenicol. The *E*. *coli* strain DH5α was used for cloning. *E*. *coli* was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) and antibiotics were used at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for ampicillin and 40 µg/mL for chloramphenicol. HEK293T cell line was maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with 10% FBS. Purification and preparation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) was performed as previously described. Monocytes were isolated from whole blood of healthy donors and then allowed to adhere to 6 well low adherence cell culture plates for 3 days at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~ in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% FBS. Monocytes were then counted and re-suspended RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and plated on coverslips at a density of 2 × 10^5^ cells per well of a 24 well cell culture plate and incubated for a further 2 days. The cell culture media was then replaced with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 5% FBS for one day, and then with RPMI 1640 supplemented with 1% FBS for one day. The resulting hMDMs were then used for infection. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. We confirm that all experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) committee. We confirm that informed consent was obtained from all subjects, as required per our approved IRB protocol. Infection of hMDMs was performed as previously described. Bacteria were resuspended in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS and macrophages were infected in triplicate for 1 hour at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Plates were centrifuged at 200 g for 5 minutes to synchronize the infection. Infected cells were treated with 50 µg/mL gentamicin for 1 hour to kill extracellular bacteria. Following gentamicin treatment, cells were washed three times with Hank's buffered saline solution (HBSS) and then RPMI containing 10% FBS was added. At 10 hours post infection, cells were fixed and processed for confocal microscopy. Infection of HEK-293 cells was performed at an MOI of 50 for 1 hour followed by treatment with gentamicin 50 µg/mL for 1 hour. At 10 hours post infection, cells were fixed and processed for confocal microscopy. HEK293T cell transfection and infection {#Sec12} --------------------------------------- To create *ankB*-Paris and *ankB*-ParisK^149,151^R, *ankB* from strain AA100/130b cloned into the mammalian vector p3XFlag-CMV-10 (Sigma) was used as a template for site directed mutagenesis by PCR. HEK293T cells (85% confluent) were re-plated onto poly-L lysine treated coverslips in 24 well plates at a density of 5 × 10^4^ cells/well. After overnight incubation, cells were transfected with 0.625 µg plasmid DNA per well using 1.5 µg polyethylenimine (PEI) per well. After 24 hours, cells were infected with bacteria suspended in DMEM at an MOI of 100 for 1 hour at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~. Plates were centrifuged at 200 g for 10 minutes to synchronize the infection. Extracellular bacteria were eliminated by treatment with gentamicin 50 µg/mL for 1 hour. At 10 hours post infection, cells were fixed and processed for confocal microscopy. LCV AnkB localization {#Sec13} --------------------- To the determine localization of AnkB on the LCV surface during infection, post-nuclear supernatants of infected hMDMs were prepared and then differentially labeled as described previously^[@CR44]^. Briefly, a total of 1 × 10^6^ hMDMs were infected with *L*. *pneumophila* at an MOI of 10 for 2 h. Post nuclear supernatants were prepared as described previously^[@CR44]^, and LCVs were allowed to adhere to poly-L-lysine coated glass coverslips and fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde. To differentiate between intact LCVs and extracellular bacteria, the LCVs were labeled prior to permeabilization with mouse anti-*Legionella* antisera (1/1000 dilution) and rabbit anti-AnkB antisera (1/200 dilution) for 1 h. LCVs were then permeabilized with −20 °C methanol and counter-labeled with goat anti-*Legionella* antisera (1/1000 dilution) for 1 h to detect intact LCVs. The LCVs were then labeled with Alexa-Fluor conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-mouse 488, anti-rabbit 555 and anti-goat 647) following the manufacturers recommendations (Invitrogen). Confocal microscopy {#Sec14} ------------------- Processing of infected cells for confocal microscopy was performed as we described previously^[@CR44]^. Purification of the LCVs and their labeling prior to permeabilization to localize AnkB on the cytosolic side of the LCV membrane was performed as we described previously^[@CR44]^. For antibody labeling, goat polyclonal anti-*L*. *pneumophila* was used at a dilution of 1:500 and detected by Alexa-Fluor 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Poly-ubiquitinated proteins were detected using mouse anti-polyubiquitin FK1 antibody at a dilution of 1:50 (BIOMOL International/Affiniti, Exeter, United Kingdom), followed by Alexa-Fluor 647-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). For detection of 3X-Flag tagged proteins during transfection experiments, mouse monoclonal anti-Flag (Sigma) antibodies were used followed by detection with Alexa-Fluor 488-conjugated donkey anti-mouse (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). An Olympus FV1000 laser scanning confocal microscope was used to examine cells as we described previously. On average, 8--15 0.2 µm serial Z sections of each image were captured and stored for further analyses, using Adobe Photoshop CS3. Adenylate cyclase and Western blot analysis {#Sec15} ------------------------------------------- *L*. *pneumophila* strain AA100/130b (ATCC BAA-74) or its isogenic *dotA* mutant harboring pCya-AnkB-Paris, pCya empty vector, or pCya-AnkB-Paris with K^149^R or K^151^R were grown on BCYE agar plates for 3--4 days at 37 °C prior to infection as previously described^[@CR45]^. U937 macrophages differentiated with PMA were infected at MOI 50 in triplicate and plates were centrifuged to synchronize the infection. After 2 hours at 37 °C and 5% CO~2~, cells were washed three times with PBS and lysed by adding 250 µl of 0.1 N HCl containing 0.5% Triton X-100 and incubating at room temperature for 20 minutes. Lysates were assayed for cAMP using the Direct Cyclic AMP Enzyme Immunoassay kit (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.). Aliquots of bacteria used for infection (1 × 10^8^ bacteria) were lysed by adding SDS-PAGE loading buffer and boiling for 5 minutes. Fusion protein expression was assessed by Western blot using anti-M45 (1:50 dilution) according to standard procedures. Blots were re-probed with anti-CAT (1:2000). PCR and Sequencing of *ankB* alleles {#Sec16} ------------------------------------ The *ankB* gene was amplified with the following primers: ankB1F: 5′-GGATCCCAAGAGATTTTTAG-3′ and ankB1R: 5′-CATTTAACAAACAAGGCACT-3′ using standard PCR conditions. PCR primers were located in genes flanking *ankB*. Briefly, 25 ng of genomic DNA was used as template in a 25 µL PCR reaction containing 1U of Taq polymerase (Midsci, St. Louis MO), 150 µM dNTPs, 20 pm/ml of each primer with the following cycling parameters: 94 °C-5′ -- 1 cycle followed by 30 cycles of 94 °C-1′, 55 °C-1, 72 °C 1′ and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. DNA sequencing was performed on both strands at the University of Washington Sequencing Core, and the sequence data was assembled and edited using the DNASTAR suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, WI). Phylogenetic Analysis {#Sec17} --------------------- Maximum likelihood (ML) tree was constructed using MEGA version 6^[@CR63]^ assuming the TN93 + G substitution model. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together was determined by a bootstrap analysis of 1000 trees. Initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Joining and BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach, and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value. A discrete gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (5 categories (+*G*, parameter = 0.2388)). Nucleotide sequence data has been submitted to GenBank® and assigned the following accession numbers: KM276667-KM276681. Analysis of Selection Pressures {#Sec18} ------------------------------- Site Models: To identify the different selective forces, i.e., negative, neutral or positive selection, that acted upon *ankB* codons during its evolutionary history we tested the fit of the sequence data to several codon-based models implemented in CODEML package of PAML ver 4.7^[@CR64]^ accessed via its GUI interface PAMLX1.2^[@CR65]^ essentially as described before^[@CR66]^. In brief, we used *site models* to determine selective pressures on each *ankB* codon by comparing the differences in the likelihood score of each model's fit to the sequence data via a series of likelihood ratio tests \[LRTs)^[@CR64]^. To verify or supplement CODEML outcomes, we conducted several other alternate tests including GARD (genetic algorithms for recombination detection) to detect recombination among *ankB* sequences, and SLAC (single-likelihood ancestor counting), FEL (fixed effects likelihood), IFEL (internal fixed effects likelihood), REL (random effects likelihood), and MEME (mixed effects models of evolution), which can each detect positive and negatively selected codon in protein coding genes and can explicitly account and correct for recombination within sequences. All these methods were accessed and their outcomes analyzed via the [www.datamonkey.org](http://www.datamonkey.org) server^[@CR67]^.Branch Site Models. To determine whether the *ankB1* allele branch experienced positive selection in its evolutionary history we used two versions of the branch-site models A (M2N2) implemented in CODEML (Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}): (1) M2N2A1, which specifically tested for evidence of positive selection in the clade leading up to *ankB1* and *ankB8; and* (2) M2N2A2, which specifically sought evidence for positive selection in the *ankB1* branch itself. The fit of each model to the data was tested via LRTs with 1 degree of freedom and that measured the difference in the likelihood score of each model (e.g., M2N2A1) with a constrained version whereby ω for the branch suspected to be under positive selection was fixed at 1 (e.g. M2N2A1ωf). It has been suggested that selection of branches of interest to test for selection, or testing one branch at a time can sometimes lead to statistical instability or acceptance of poorly supported models^[@CR67]^. Thus to confirm the outcomes of our CODEML branch site results, we performed supplemental analysis for detecting all branches that may have significantly experienced positive selection in their evolutionary history with the GA (genetic algorithm) branch method implemented at [www.datamonkey.org](http://www.datamonkey.org). Electronic supplementary material ================================= {#Sec19} Supplementary Information **Electronic supplementary material** **Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05211-5 **Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. J.P., A.K., C.P., and S.J. did the experimental work and contributed to experimental design. K.W. and K.G. contributed to experimental design and prepared Figure 5. Y.A., J.P., and C.P. wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Competing Interests {#FPar1} =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. | Mid | [
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According to former Jimmy Carter pollster Pat Caddell, Hillary Clinton is hemorrhaging support as a result of the FBI announcement and we could see a repeat of the 1980 election when anti-establishment candidate Ronald Reagan won in a landslide. Caddell drew comparisons to the 1980 presidential race, which was close right up until the final days before the electorate abandoned Carter and rallied around the anti-establishment candidate, leading to Reagan taking victory in a landslide. Caddell noted that Carter’s entire campaign had been built around portraying Reagan as unqualified and “dangerous,” in a similar vein to how Clinton has demonized Trump. Caddell explained that the polling between Reagan and Carter was close up until the final weekend when “the dam broke” and Reagan shot ahead by ten points. Stating that he had been looking at the data regarding unfavorability ratings for both Clinton and Trump, Caddell noted that since Friday, large numbers of voters had been structurally “moving against the status quo – the incumbent who is essentially Hillary Clinton.” Trump communications advisor Jason Miller said on Breitbart News Sunday that Donald Trump has thousands of more early votes racked up than Mitt Romney did during this point in the 2012 election, giving them more momentum heading into the final week of the 2016 presidential election. “I want to give you a couple of early voting, absentee voting successes we’ve seen,” Miller told SiriusXM host Matthew Boyle. “We can talk about polls… But let me tell you about real votes coming in now in Florida. Republican numbers at this point are a combination of absentee voting and early voting. Republican numbers are up seven percent, and Democrat numbers are down ten percent. So, what does that mean?” And the Trumpslide I'd predicted before the conventions now looms Interestingly enough, Drudge is now reporting that Hillary Clinton's unfavorability rating has hit record highs and now exceeds Donald Trump's. She has been such a historically horrible candidate that the net result of all her campaign spending was to lose 9 points of favorability since May 2015.The difference, of course, is that plenty of people are going to vote for Trump despite their dislike of his bombastic personality. No white people who aren't drinking the Clinton Kool-Aid are going to vote for Hillary.Meanwhile the early voting numbers look positive for the Trump campaign:If the rest of the election follows that pattern, a 17-point turnaround means a Trumpslide. Labels: politics | Mid | [
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Q: Inserting a Download Link in the Quick Edit Actions of the Media Library? What's the best way of doing this: On The 'Media Library' page, I would like a link next to 'View' (the 'View' that appears when you hover over a Media item) for 'Download'. The 'Download' hyperlink would link directly to the file, unlike the 'View' link which links to a template-based page with either the embedded image or a link to the non-image file. I have a lot of PDF's in my media library that I look up regularly, having to click on 'View' and then click on the hyper-linked file name just to get to the file is a little cumbersome. A: Modified version of a piece of code found in this tutorial. add_filter('media_row_actions', 'wpse_30159_qe_download_link', 10, 2); function wpse_30159_qe_download_link($actions, $post) { /* Almost sure this is not necessary. Just in case... */ global $current_screen; if ( 'upload' != $current_screen->id ) return $actions; // if not PDF file, return default $actions if ( 'application/pdf' != $post->post_mime_type ) return $actions; // relative path/name of the file $the_file = str_replace(WP_CONTENT_URL, '.', $post->guid); // adding the Action to the Quick Edit row $actions['Download'] = '<a href="'.WP_CONTENT_URL.'/download.php?file='.$the_file.'">Download</a>'; return $actions; } The download script resides here: /wp-content/download.php. And here's a sample code of a force download script. | High | [
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"""File to store paths to various syntax files within this package.""" _BASE_TMPL = "Packages/{package_name}/Package/{sub_package_name}/{file_name}{ext}" _package_name = __package__.split(".")[0] def _build_path(sub_package_name, file_name=None, textmate=False): ext = ".sublime-syntax" if not textmate else ".tmLanguage" file_name = file_name or sub_package_name return _BASE_TMPL.format(package_name=_package_name, sub_package_name=sub_package_name, file_name=file_name, ext=ext) # paths to our package PLIST = _build_path("Property List") BUILD_SYSTEM = _build_path("Sublime Text Build System") COLOR_SCHEME = _build_path("Sublime Text Color Scheme") COMMANDS = _build_path("Sublime Text Commands") COMPLETIONS = _build_path("Sublime Text Completions") KEYMAP = _build_path("Sublime Text Keymap") MACROS = _build_path("Sublime Text Macros") MENU = _build_path("Sublime Text Menu") MOUSEMAP = _build_path("Sublime Text Mousemap") SETTINGS = _build_path("Sublime Text Settings") SNIPPET = _build_path("Sublime Text Snippet") SNIPPET_RAW = _build_path("Sublime Text Snippet", "Sublime Text Snippet (Raw)") SYNTAX_DEF = _build_path("Sublime Text Syntax Definition") THEME = _build_path("Sublime Text Theme") TM_PREFERENCES = _build_path("TextMate Preferences") TM_SYNTAX_DEF_JSON = _build_path("TextMate Syntax Definition (JSON)", textmate=True) TM_SYNTAX_DEF_YAML = _build_path("TextMate Syntax Definition (YAML)", textmate=True) # paths to default packages XML = "Packages/XML/XML.tmLanguage" | Mid | [
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Enterprise & partnerships If you're in industry or government and looking to access the technology, research or education expertise at Monash University, make us your first point of call. Visit Enterprise and partnerships for more. Synopsis The unit is designed to impart an understanding and appreciation of the current issues underlying the International area of finance, and to develop a practical understanding of the markets and the financial techniques used within the markets. To encourage research techniques for a specialised topic within the financial markets area. To develop a practical understanding and appreciation of cultural differences within the area of international banking and finance through an overseas visitation program. Outcomes The learning goals associated with this unit are to: become skilled in understanding the history and structure of International banking and financial markets acquire an understanding of the theories and usage of International foreign exchange markets develop a practical understanding and appreciation of cultural differences within the area of international banking and finance through an overseas visitation program develop a set of academic skills which include the ability to work independently, evaluate academic papers in terms of the application of finance theories to the International financial markets, search the web and to submit assignments on time develop excellent oral and written communication skills to be able to analyse case studies and to lead/participate in groups from diverse cultural and social backgrounds. Assessment Within semester assessment: 100% Workload requirements Minimum total expected workload to achieve the learning outcomes for this unit is 144 hours per semester typically comprising a mixture of scheduled learning activities and independent study. Independent study may include associated readings, assessment and preparation for scheduled activities. The unit requires on average three/four hours of scheduled activities per week. Scheduled activities may include a combination of teacher directed learning, peer directed learning and online engagement. | High | [
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Photo Obese children who cut back on their sugar intake see improvements in their blood pressure, cholesterol readings and other markers of health after just 10 days, a rigorous new study found. The new research may help shed light on a question scientists have long debated: Is sugar itself harming health, or is the weight gain that comes from consuming sugary drinks and foods mainly what contributes to illness over the long term? In the new study, which was financed by the National Institutes of Health and published Tuesday in the journal Obesity, scientists designed a clinical experiment to attempt to answer this question. They removed foods with added sugar from a group of children’s diets and replaced them with other types of carbohydrates so that the subjects’ weight and overall calorie intake remained roughly the same. After 10 days, the children showed dramatic improvements, despite losing little or no weight. The findings add to the argument that all calories are not created equal, and they suggest that those from sugar are especially likely to contribute to Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases, which are on the rise in children, said the study’s lead author, Dr. Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist at the Benioff Children’s Hospital of the University of California, San Francisco. “This paper says we can turn a child’s metabolic health around in 10 days without changing calories and without changing weight – just by taking the added sugars out of their diet,” he said. “From a clinical standpoint, from a health care standpoint, that’s very important.” Added sugars — the extra sweeteners food companies put in their products, not the sugar that occurs naturally in foods like fruit – are a topic of growing debate. In February, the federal government’s Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee recommended that Americans limit their intake of added sugars to no more than 10 percent of daily calories. In 2014, the Food and Drug Administration proposed that food companies include a line on their nutrition labels listing the amount of added sugars in their products. After the dietary guidelines committee issued its report earlier this year, the agency expanded on its 2014 proposal, saying that companies should also list a “daily percent value” for added sugars on their labels in line with the 10 percent recommendation. The proposed changes have been strongly opposed by the food industry as unscientific. The Sugar Association, a trade group, said the F.D.A. was “making assertions that lack adequate scientific evidence,” and the Grocery Manufacturers Association criticized the standards the agency used to establish the daily value as being “inadequate.” The newly released study is timely in part because it lowered sugar intake among children to roughly 10 percent of daily calories, the amount recommended by the dietary guidelines committee. For their study, the scientists recruited 43 children between the ages of 9 and 18 who were considered at particularly high risk of diabetes and related disorders. All the subjects were black or Hispanic and obese, and had at least one or more symptoms of metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors that includes hypertension, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol and excess body fat around the waist. On average, the subjects had been getting about 27 percent of their daily calories from sugar. By comparison, the average American takes in about 15 percent, though children typically consume much more than this in part because they have the highest intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. The study authors paired the subjects with dietitians. They then replaced the sugary foods in their diets with other foods purchased from local grocery stores. The goal was not to eliminate carbohydrates, but to reduce sugary foods and replace them with starchy foods without lowering body weight or calorie intake. “Wherever there was food with added sugar in their diets, we took it out and we replaced it with a no-added-sugar version,” Dr. Lustig said. So instead of yogurt sweetened with sugar, the children ate bagels. Instead of pastries, they were given baked potato chips. Instead of chicken teriyaki – which typically contains a lot of sugar – they ate turkey hot dogs or burgers for lunch. The remaining sugar in their diet came mostly from fresh fruit. Because the scientists were working on a tight N.I.H. budget, they could only carry out the costly intervention for nine days. But in that short space of time, they saw marked changes. On average, the subjects’ LDL cholesterol, the kind implicated in heart disease, fell by 10 points. Their diastolic blood pressure fell five points. Their triglycerides, a type of fat that travels in the blood and contributes to heart disease, dropped 33 points. And their fasting blood sugar and insulin levels – indicators of their diabetes risk – likewise markedly improved. One expert who was not involved in the new research, Dr. Frank Hu of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said that the study “strengthens the existing evidence on the relationship between added sugar intake and metabolic disease.” “This kind of study is very difficult to do,” he said. “But it provides a proof of concept that in a high risk population, reducing consumption of added sugar can have multiple metabolic benefits.” Dr. Sonia Caprio, a pediatric endocrinologist and professor of pediatrics at Yale Medical School, said that although the study was small, “it addressed the issue in an original way and tried to isolate the effect of sugar on metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.” “This is an important area of research that might solve some of the metabolic issues that we are facing in children, particularly in adolescents,” she said. “This study needs to be taken seriously, and we need to expand on it.” Related: For more fitness, food and wellness news, “like” our Facebook page. For more fitness, food and wellness news, follow us on Facebook and Twitter, or sign up for our newsletter. | High | [
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The stalled closure legislation, which was put together by Newsom, City Attorney Dennis Hererra, former San Francisco DA Kamala Harris, the SFPD and the Recreation and Parks Department, would shut down the park at night and allow the police to jail individuals who repeatedly broke the rules. The Bayview’s similarly problematic John McLaren Park was also targeted for overnight shutdown. McLaren Park was where an unfortunate visitor accidentally discovered a severed leg. Please make sure your comment adheres to our comment policy. If it doesn't, it may be deleted. Repeat violations may cause us to revoke your commenting privileges. No one wants that! sunnysunset This idea only makes sense if enforcement of the rule wouldn’t generate additional costs to the city an tax payers… I’m thinking extra police patrol, $ for the gutter punks going to jail nightly, etc. How exactly would they enforce it? By driving around the roads? Al Regardless of anything else, people should be allowed to pass through on their way elsewhere. If I’m heading home from a party at 2 am on 8th & Judah and I live on 5th & Fulton, it shouldn’t be illegal to walk home– that would be ridiculous. Ellen Just to clarify — McLaren Park is not in Bayview. It straddles the Excelsior, Portola, and Visitacion Valley. The Bayview is located across Highway 101. For a SF site, you guys ought to know this. Try leaving the Mission now and again 🙂 Ellen Just to clarify — McLaren Park is not in Bayview. It straddles the Excelsior, Portola, and Visitacion Valley. The Bayview is located across Highway 101. For a SF site, you guys ought to know this. Try leaving the Mission now and again 🙂 Seven This wouldn’t affect the sleepovers at the Academy of Sciences, would it? And a year or so ago, I remember hearing Phil Ginsberg mention the possibility of camping overnight in GGP as a way to raise revenue for Rec & Park. | Mid | [
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1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to microelectronic devices, and more particularly to silicon carbide power devices and LEDs. 2. Description of the Background Art Silicon carbide has relatively high thermal conductivity, and thus has been used as a substrate for high power devices and LEDs. However, because of the low mobility of silicon carbide and the incomplete ionization of impurities in silicon carbide, silicon carbide substrates used as back contacts in vertical devices have high resistance. For example, the substrate of a silicon carbide 300V Schottky diode contributes about two-thirds of the overall on-resistance of the device. A conventional approach to reduce parasitic loss due to substrate resistance involves the removal or thinning of substrate material. However, in the case of silicon carbide substrates, this approach can be considered disadvantageous, because it entails removal of silicon carbide which is an effective heat sink. Thus, a technology is sought to provide a substrate that is an effective heat sink, but that has a low resistance back contact that does not contribute significant loss during device operation. | Mid | [
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Comparison of the kinetics of lipopeptide production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XZ-173 in solid-state fermentation under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. This study aimed to compare the kinetics of lipopeptide production in solid-state fermentation (SSF) under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Models based on the logistic, modified Gompertz and Luedeking-Piret-like equations were developed to describe the time course of fermentation under different conditions. The experiments were conducted in 250 mL flasks and a 50 L fermenter. The results showed that the non-isothermal process had higher levels of product formation rate and substrate utilization rate compared to the isothermal process. The part of substrate carbon to meet microbial maintenance-energy, biomass and lipopeptides formation requirements got increased using the non-isothermal technique. In addition, fermenter conditions positively influenced the lipopeptides formation rate with significantly higher levels of substrate for the microbial growth and product formation, though the product productivity and biomass both decreased as compared to flask. This is the first report that investigates the effects of temperature changing on the kinetics of lipopeptide production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain under SSF condition using soybean flour and rice straw as major substrates in flask and in fermenter. | Mid | [
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Provisional Council of the Russian Republic Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (, (also known as Pre-parliament) was a legislative assembly of the Russian Republic. It convened at the Marinsky Palace on October 20, 1917, but was dissolved by the Bolsheviks on November, 7/8, 1917. It was headed by a presidium of five members with Nikolay Avksentiev (Social-Revolutionary) as president. History On September 19 (October 2), 1917, the Democratic Conference adopted a resolution against the creation of a government in coalition with the cadets, and the majority of the Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks voted against the coalition. On September 20 (October 3), the Presidium of the Seating decided to delegate out the All-Russian Democratic Council, also the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (Pre-Parliament), in proportion to the number of its groups and factions. He was called upon to become, before the Constituent Assembly, a representative to which the Provisional Government had report. The first meeting of the Pre-Parliament was held on September 23 (October 6) . Composition First, the total number of the members of the Pre-Parliament had to be 313 (15% of each faction and group of the Democratic Seating). However, the new Provisional Government, formed on September 25 (October 8), changed it composition; representatives of the so-called qualifying organizations and institutions (cadet parties, business associations, etc.) were also included in the Pre-Parliament. The number of the members increased to 555. According to incomplete data, it included 135 Social Revolutionaries, 92 Mensheviks, 30 Popular Socialists, 75 Kadets; the Bolsheviks received 58 mandates. According to the testimony of the leader of the cadets Pavel Milyukov, at the first meeting, “the members of the Council spoke to each other, looking around: it’s good if the Constituent Assembly would be no worse than this!” “The Constitution of the Pre-Parliament,” the RSDLP leader of the Pre-Parliament Fyodor Dan later wrote, “due to the resistance of the government, was disfigured significantly in comparison with the first provisions issued by the Central Election Committee. Contrary to these provisions, the Council of the Republic formally received only the rights of an advisory body”. Nikolai Avksentiev, right-wing Social Revolutionary, was elected as a chairman of the Pre-Parliament. Sources The History of the Russian Revolution References Category:Historical legislatures Category:Russian Provisional Government Category:1917 establishments in Russia Category:1917 disestablishments in Russia | High | [
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Emotional neglect in childhood shapes social dysfunctioning in adults by influencing the oxytocin and the attachment system: Results from a population-based study. Early life maltreatment (ELM) is the major single risk factor for impairments in social functioning and mental health in adulthood. One of the most prevalent and most rapidly increasing forms of ELM is emotional neglect. According to bio-behavioral synchrony assumptions, the oxytocin and attachment systems play an important mediating role in the interplay between emotional neglect and social dysfunctioning. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether fear and avoidance of social functioning, two important and highly prevalent facets of social dysfunctioning in adulthood, are shaped by emotional neglect, plasma oxytocin levels and attachment representations. We assessed emotional neglect as well as other forms of ELM with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, current attachment representations with the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System, and fear and avoidance of social situations with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a population-based sample of N = 121 men and women. Furthermore, 4.9 ml blood samples were drawn from each participant to assess peripheral plasma oxytocin levels. Applying a sequential mediation model, results revealed that emotional neglect was associated with lower plasma oxytocin levels which in turn were associated with insecure attachment representations which were related to elevated fear and avoidance of social situations (a1d21b2: F3,117 = 20.84, P < .001). Plasma oxytocin and current attachment representations hence fully and sequentially mediate the effects of emotional neglect on social fear and avoidance, two important facets of adult social dysfunctioning, confirming bio-behavioral synchrony assumptions. | High | [
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God "hath made of one blood all mankind, to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath assigned the seasons which were ordained before, and the bounds of their habitation, THAT they should seek the Lord, if so be they might have groped after him, and found him, though doubtless he be not far from every one of us. For in him we live, and move, and have our being," Acts 17:26-28 Saturday, April 11, 2015 The mainstream media news programs, local and national, can be depressing. I think the media wonks are aware of that and they now try to make the news lighter much more entertaining by adding feel good stories, many more than in past years. Christians should not be depressed by even the most evil reports. We should not require feel good stories. If you are a Christian, when you die you go to heaven; there is no other place for you to go! THAT is a feel good and TRUE story! I just turned 66. It seems God is impressing me, not to stop hating sin, and not to stop writing about the foolishness of sin, but to add a level of compassion for sinners that I have lacked, and forgiveness for them. A fool is one with no moral compass. All have sinned. All have been fools. Some continue to sin, some live as fools. Jesus came to forgive the sinful acts of fools and He accomplished that. He is the Savior of Israel and the gentiles who have faith in Him, who TRUST Him. Now it is ALSO up to us fools to receive Him as Lord. That will mean we will repent. Jesus says to fools, Jew and gentile: “Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” (ASV Matthew 11:28-30) From The Message paraphrase: "Are you tired? Worn out? Burned out on religion? Come to me. Get away with me and you’ll recover your life. I’ll show you how to take a real rest. Walk with me and work with me—watch how I do it. Learn the unforced rhythms of grace. I won’t lay anything heavy or ill-fitting on you.Keep company with me and you’ll learn to live freely and lightly." That rest, that “living freely and lightly” will not come if I continue to practice sin and/or if I continue to walk in unforgiveness toward anyone. Todd White, who was a drug dealer for many (20?) years got saved, gloriously saved. One day in his daily travels on his job he saw that he encountered no one whom Jesus did not die for. I think we ought to be so free that we also see that even those whose sins God abhors as the objects of His lamb who takes away their sins. If that is the goal that God accomplished for you and me by sending Jesus in the flesh, can I condemn any man or woman, neighbor, friend, lover, or enemy for any of their sins? Can I condemn my mate for picking me up late from work? My friend who still hasn’t returned my tools?Can I condemn my neighbor who will place a “Hillary in 2016” sign on her front lawn? Can I condemn gays, or the gays who “marry?” Can I condemn muslims, or the muslims who behead my brethren in the Messiah? “Vengeance is mine,” saith the Lord, “I will repay.” I’m not saying that we should approve the wrongs people do. But if we agree with God that sin is wrong, and that your sin will find you out, and that those sowing sinful seeds will reap a harvest of rottenness, we should also agree with God that those who sin can be forgiven, received by God in saving faith and by God’s children as Brothers and Sisters in Jesus. We also must agree that with God (who “makeshissuntoriseontheevilandonthegood,andsends rainonthejustandontheunjust”)we must love our enemies. This love and forgiveness will not mean we always give sinners a pass. We need to understand that as we in faith are called to submit to chastening, so the unsaved will suffer punishments for their sins. God has appointed servants bearing the sword to be a terror to those who would do evil. We may easily injure ourselves by opposing the civil authorities God has installed for our own protection. (Today IS IT a frightening reality that the wall of protection God would keep raised for our safety is being torn down that we might receive the chastening we have refused in milder forms?) Perhaps the heaviest thing a man or women ever carried is the burden of unforgiveness. When we don’t forgive offenses they become heavier and turn us bitter. I think we all have had that experience and Jesus wants us to be free of those burdens and from ALL bitterness. He doesn’t want us to be free by denying that we ourselves are sinners. We must confess our own offenses, the ones He carried to the cross and forgave us for before we were even born in our flesh! Nor does he want us stuck in self condemnation of our sins for that will also be a heavy bitter load to bear. But if we have the wisdom to forgive ourselves we ought to have the wisdom to let God change our hearts, and the wisdom to beseech Him to change them. We must confess our sins and seek to walk in God’s Spirit as changed people, as holy people. It is not something we will be able to do by our own force of will. It must be something we seek out of a desperate desire to please and to love the One who loves us PERFECTLY and ETERNALLY. Becoming like Jesus is not a “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” thing. We need the power of God the Holy Spirit and the Word of God Jesus. The Bible is enormously helpful for this. “Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” The Holy Spirit is ESSENTIAL for this.“Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he shall guide you into all the truth: for he shall not speak from himself; but what things soever he shall hear, these shall he speak: and he shall declare unto you the things that are to come.He shall glorify me: for he shall take of mine, and shall declare it unto you.All things whatsoever the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he taketh of mine, and shall declare it unto you.” John 16:13-15 Paul beseeched the Philippians to have the mind of Christ. He wanted them all to be like minded. In our time this is a message the church DESPERATELY needs to hear. So many of us for so many reasons suffer an identity crisis and it is revealed by our doctrinal divisions. Jesus has ONLY ONE church. If there was ever a religion that WAS hijacked it is Christianity. Some speak of “two” churches, the invisible church and the visible church. The invisible church is the one God sees, the visible is the one you and I see. Unfortunately to the human eye (especially to the unbelieving eye) the visible church is a hot mess of division, scandal, and the scandal of division! I have been very critical of the division the visible church endures. Paul was very critical of it. In 1 Corinthians Paul upbraids the congregation for their sects. In Philippians Paul urges the people to think like Jesus thinks. In our human weakness, and pride is the greatest weakness of all, we seek to feel good, look good, and be right. If we trusted Jesus and walked in His Spirit that should be the result! But when we seek to accomplish this on our own the stumbling and falling is just plentiful and painful. Why? because we simply are broken things. Broken things don’t function. Broken people sin. There is a great advantage to knowing and admitting our brokenness, and confessing our sin… IF we will allow God to fix us. Get up into Dr. Jesus’ office for a check up. He will likely schedule surgery and send you to the Holy Spirit Operating Room. A very well regarded Bible teacher once prayed for me, but before he did he looked me in the eye and said: “You don’t know who you are, do you?” I didn’t. So vague was my identity as a child of God, I could not but mumble incoherently! And I was in my fifties! Now I find that I have to forgive the many people, especially the teachers who cling to the divisions of their doctrines instead of seeking the unity the Messiah offers, the unity He asked His Father, our Father to bestow those who would believe after He went back to heaven. Pride produces an insidious child: Hypocrisy! I have found it very easy to excuse my carnality by condemning the visible churches carnal divisions, the same sort Paul condemned in the Corinthian congregation. I remember reading an author who had been a member of more than a few denominations over the course of his life. He knew who he was. He had no illusion hat he was any great person because he had “been around.” I, on the other hand, have gone AWOL from active fellowship, excusing that for the foolishness of those, who like I did,do not know who they are! I know better whomI am these days, but still have a ways to go. Agape love is patient is kind does not envy does not boast it is not arrogant it is not rude does not insist on its own way it is not irritable it is not resentful does not rejoice at wrongdoing rejoices with the truth bears all things believes all things hopes all things endures all things never ends God is agape love and God has made me to be like Himself. Thatthen is my identity. I’m to be grafted into the vine along with all it’s (His) branches. The visible church seems like a hot mess. But God sees the invisible. Not that I have already obtained, or am already made perfect: but I press on, if so be that I may lay hold on thatfor which also I was laid hold on by Christ Jesus. Philippians 3:12 When I was a child, I spake as a child, I felt as a child, I thought as a child: now that I am become a man, I have put away childish things. For now we see in a mirror, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know fully even as also I was fully known.But now abideth faith, hope, love (agape), these three; and the greatest of these is love (agape). Follow after love (agape)… 1Corinthians 13: 11-13; 14:1a When I was an infant at my mother’s breast, I gurgled and cooed like any infant. When I grew up, I left those infant ways for good. We don’t yet see things clearly. We’re squinting in a fog, peering through a mist. But it won’t be long before the weather clears and the sun shines bright! We’ll see it all then, see it all as clearly as God sees us, knowing him directly just as he knows us! But for right now, until that completeness, we have three things to do to lead us toward that consummation: Trust steadily in God, hope unswervingly, love extravagantly. And the best of the three is love. Go after a life of love as if your life depended on it—because it does1Corinthians 13: 11-13; 14:1a The Message So I’m going to love you. You who have with Peter and Paul have obtained like precious faith through the righteousness of God and our Savior Jesus Christ. Friends, don’t get me wrong: By no means do I count myself an expert in all of this, but I’ve got my eye on the goal, where God is beckoning us onward—to Jesus. I’m off and running, and I’m not turning back. So let’s keep focused on that goal, those of us who want everything God has for us. If any of you have something else in mind, something less than total commitment, God will clear your blurred vision—you’ll see it yet! Now that we’re on the right track, let’s stay on it.Philippians 3:13-16 The Message Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing Ido, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ye be otherwise minded, God shall reveal even this unto you. Nevertheless, whereto we have already attained, let us walk by the same rule, let us mind the same thing. Philippians 3:13-16 And I’m going to love my enemies. Someone recently said we have enemies because we make enemies. I love the one who said that, enough to tell them that Christians have enemies simply because Jesus the Christ has enemies. If asked to recant my faith that I might not make others my enemies, I will say: I love Jesus more than my closest friends. Because I do, Jesus teaches me how to love my closest and how to love you, my enemy! “Friends, don’t get me wrong: By no means do I count myself an expert in all of this, but I’ve got my eye on the goal, where God is beckoning us onward—to Jesus. I’m off and running, and I’m not turning back.”, m m I don’t know Hillary Swank. She is an actress. She loves dogs. I do know the “crew” on NBC’s Today Show. Not personally, but from their daily reports and personal interaction I know them a lot better than they know me. They love dogs too. Ms. Swank appeared on the Today show recently promoting an organization the cares for dogs. She and not a few others work with organizations who rescue dogs and other animals from the streets and from abusive o...wners. But when will Ms. Swank, and Matt Lauer, Willie Giest, Al Roker and Tamron and her sisters speak for and rescue their fellow humans from the hands of abortionists? Do we really believe human children in utero have less worth that dogs, seals, and whales? Do we think that abortion is painless to the fetus, the “little one?” It IS painful, and if THEY condone or promote the painful slaughter of human beings by abortion THEY have NO moral right or authority to condemn any treatment of any living thing. In fact their words are worthless on any subject. If THEY told me water is wet, I would have to verify it is so. Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to him and eat with him, and he with me. On NBC’s Today show this morning they played the 911 tapes recorded when a stalker/burglar was breaking into Sandra Bullock’s Los Angeles home recently. Sandra retreated into her bedroom and into the closet behind a “safe door,” a door presumably able to keep any intruder out.The talking heads comments summarized were: “what a terrible frighteningthing to happen!” Willie Geist opined how frightening it must be to have someone on the other side of your door that might do harm to you or your family. And who would disagree? Yet… In this small and dangerous world of sinners we are increasingly vulnerable to all manner of premeditated assaults on or persons and property. But many who are aware that our streets and even neighborhoods are dangerous have not realized the real dangers to the entire nation. Most of us have very limited access to the ears of our national leaders, and many of us just don’t concern ourselves with what is happening amongst the nations. If we were to look at the nations as individuals it should be seen clearly that some are not inclined to be friendly to others. While Israel and others want to be our friends and allies in this lifetime, others want to annihilate us. In Gaza, the West Bank, in Hebron and Ramallah AND in Iran the word on the street is: “Death to America.”That is not code. That is the sincere desire of those who chant it AND THE PLAN of those who lead them. But we call Islam a religion of peace and only “hijacked” by radicals who misunderstand Islam and twist the words of the Koran. Islam is more than at the America’s front door. Islam is in the White House. Our nation’s founders never envisioned such a thing. In their minds and writings religion started and ended with those naming Jesus as Lord, Savior and God’s Son. Of gentile Christians Paul wrote: “… once ye did walk according to the age of this world, according to the ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit that is now working in the sons of disobedience…” Can we see that gentiles today who reject Jesus the Son of God the Father are truly sons of disobedience and do walk according to the age of this world, according to the ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit that is now working in them. Friends, if it looks, walks and quacks like a duck… it is not a dove. In the case of Islam it looks like a monster. Can there be ANY DOUBT AT ALL that muslims are sons of disobedience? I fear those calling themselves christians and allowing muslims to be a religion of peace are at the least deceived and many do not know the real Jesus of Bethlehem and Nazareth whom claim as their own. Those in high places and low who say Islam is a religion of peace look like the ostrich with their heads in the sand. Muslims know better, Islam is an oppressive political system with religious form. Their leaders wield human power (brutally) while claiming divine power. Islam is a bully. Their leaders are liars, and their religious laws encourage lying as a strategy and tactic to advance their caliphate. Real peace, true peace comes from God in the Messiah. It is offered by God as a gift, not coerced by force. It is of the truth and offered by God with NO deceit, NONE. In this world amongst those who reject the Messiah Jesus, world peace comes from God by the agency of His servants who rule and “bear the sword.” World peace is maintained by vigilant people and nations who desire to live in tranquility. Yet He has given man freedom and some men abuse it, some want only war. God IS in control and is carrying out His Plan For those who abuse their freedom God raises up Presidents, Prime Ministers, congresses and Parliaments, even Politburos and their armed/police forces. Why then do some like Iran and their surrogates ISIS, Al Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Muslim Brotherhood rule and bear the sword? Because men are free and choose evil rather than good. If Jesus is not your Lord and Savior I fear you will not see the difference. In Islam an evil spirit rules, in God’s church the Holy Spirit is Lord. 2 Corinthians 3:17 “Now the Lord is the Spirit: and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.” 2 Corinthians 4:3 And even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled in them that perish: 4 in whom the god of this world hath blinded the minds of the unbelieving, that the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God, should not dawn upon them. 1 John 5:18 We know that whosoever is begotten of God sinneth not; but he that was begotten of God keepeth himself, and the evil one toucheth him not.19 We know that we are of God, and the whole world lieth in the evil one. As one preacher said, even “the devil is God’s devil, and He (God) has him (the devil) on a short leash.” So we should not worry, “be anxious for nothing!” Jesus is Lord, and He is Lord of all! And for we who believe and receive Him, Jesus the Messiah is our peace! John 14:27PeaceIleavewithyou,mypeaceIgiveuntoyou:notastheworldgiveth,giveIuntoyou.Letnotyourheartbetroubled,neitherletitbe afraid.NKJV John 14:27I give you peace, the kind of peace that only I can give. It isn't like the peace that this world can give (is giving you). So don't be worried or afraid. CEV Those faithful to God have ALWAYS found the Savior’s peace, even in the midst of the war and tribulations of the moment. But let’s not think that those who are unfaithful and unbelieving have God’s shalom (peace) or can give us God’s shalom. Under the hand of God and for this present world they may help keep the world’s peace, or they may seek to destroy the world’s peace. But in Jesus our Rock, our shield and buckler our high tower we have peace that the world cannot give, and that the world cannot take away! Jesus is the Prince OF peace! Glory, Hallelu Yah, Hallelu Yah Yeshua !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Isaiah 9:6For to us a Child is born, to us a Son is given; and the government shall be upon His shoulder, and His name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father [of Eternity], Prince of Peace. [Isa. 25:1; 40:9-11; Matt. 28:18; Luke 2:11.] Psalm 18:2The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower. Deuteronomy 32:31Even our enemies know that only our God is a Mighty Rock. <<<<ß*à>>>>> He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. I will say of the LORD, Heis my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust. Surely he shall deliver thee from the snare of the fowler, and from the noisome pestilence. He shall cover thee with his feathers, and under his wings shalt thou trust: his truth shallbethy shield and buckler. Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; Nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noonday. A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand; but it shall not come nigh thee. Only with thine eyes shalt thou behold and see the reward of the wicked. Because thou hast made the LORD, whichis my refuge, even the most High, thy habitation; There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling. For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways. They shall bear thee up in their hands, lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder: the young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet Because he hath set his love upon me, therefore will I deliver him: I will set him on high, because he hath known my name. He shall call upon me, and I will answer him: I willbe with him in trouble; I will deliver him, and honor him. With long life will I satisfy him, and show him my salvation. Monday, April 06, 2015 Mankind is not equipped by nature for peace. His history shows it to be so and there is no doubt of it. He is equipped with great abilities, but to be at peace with his neighbor is not given him by nature, that is by his birth. And issue de jour is that of the bully. We don’t want our children to be bullied, or to be bullies. But there are many bullies today; some we call gangs, or terrorists. Some of them rule nations and armies. No surprise them that we see many at war with their neighbors near and far. Though there are greater and lesser conflicts, for decades, indeed since May 14, 1948 the most persistent conflict has been seen as between Israel and those who would destroy her. For nearly 2,000 years Israel was a nation without land, that is, without a homeland. That did not mean she was not a nation, for a nation is simply a family. This family whom we call the Jews was scattered throughout the whole world by the armies of Rome in 70AD. After that war and scattering the Jews were persecuted, bullied almost everywhere they went. Jews did make two notable attempts to take the land back, but they failed in each. Today there are around 17 million Jews worldwide, that number being only ¼ of one percent (0.025%) of the 7,000,000,000 (7 BILLION) people in the earth today. Somewhat over 6,000,000 of them now live in Israel, a land about the size of the state of New Jersey. On May 14th, 1948 this land given, or returned(?) to them by the United Nations. On THE NEXT DAY, May 15th, 1948, six Islamic nations attacked Israel. Clearly mankind was not equipped for peace with the Jews after this their AUTHORIZED return to the Land. Israel has been fighting a defensive war there since that time. (We are told that there was some conflict in Israel prior to this between Jews already returning to Israel wih the Arabs and with the British forces then present in Israel. After their treatment in Hitler’s Germany one could understand why. The Jews had never lost hope in returning to the Land and the fervor for that return had been growing worldwide ever stronger. What a relief it must have been to have the Land given to them in May 1948. What a relief it might have remained since were it not for the ancient enmity between Israel and her enemies.) The question I ask is this: WHY ARE SO MANY POWERFUL AND WEALTHY NATIONS, AND SO MANY CRIMINALLY INSANE TERRORISTS OPPOSED TO EXISTENCE OF THE JEWS IN ISRAEL OR IN ANY LAND? Also: WHY ARE JEWS BULLIED WHEREVER THEY RESIDE BY SOME OR MANY OR ALL OF THOSE WHO ARE THEIR NEIGHBORS? PERHAPS MORE IMPORTANTLY: Why are so many so afraid of so few? This has been so for a very long time. Proportional to the world populations, in a room with 400 people, around 150 would be Christian, 150 would be Muslim, 40 to 49 would be other faiths and ONE would be a JEW! Throw out academics, throw out politics, throw out even common sense, but explain to me WHY the Jew is so hated, condemned, persecuted, assaulted and murdered by so many gentiles. Israel has had a most powerful ally in the USA for many years. Not a few American Christians have taken a keen interest in Israel as they believe her to be “God’s timepiece.” They believe that what happens to Israel today and tomorrow to already be a matter of record in the prophecy of their Bible. These commonly called “Christian Zionists” are staunch supporters of Israel and defenders of the right of the Jews to the land of Israel. Other Christians do not think the same way. There is an entire theology (Covenant theology) among these which declares that God is finished with the Jews as a people and Israel as a nation. It is known that on May 14th, 1948, when Israel was given her Land back, it was as if an earthquake has rocked the community of the Covenant theologians. Sadly many, even most(?) Christians are ignorant of Israel as important to the Christian faith, in the past or the future. Why does the world not simply tolerate Israel? Could we gentiles not live and let the Jews live? “World peace” seems like a game whose rules require that Israel be accepted, with one side trying to lawfully guard her and the other committed to break every rule of law to destroy her. And who is the referee? Though he were a Son, yet he [Jesus] learned obedience by the things which he suffered Hebrews 5:8 John answered, saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose... Luke 3:16 Are we worthy of anyone that we might untie their shoes and wash their feet? If you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? It used to be that Abortion was the third rail in American politics, touch it and you die. Now it has been replaced by homosexual “rights.” Or is this a fourth rail, an added level of liberal re-enforcement against Christian values? As one who was a “world class” heterosexual sinner, and one who still wars in his heart against ungoverned desires for women, it might seem hypocrisy for me to be opposed to and disgusted by homosexual behavior. But as a Christian I have to let God be God, I have to agree with Him. God calls homosexual behavior an abomination. “Abomination” is a strong word. It means disgusting. I fear that many people simply don’t want to believe God can hate anything or any one. For them God is someone who is capable of only one thing: Love. Whatever your or my opinion or knowledge of God, it is, and forever will be God who knows who He Himself is. Letting God be who He is: that is the only real starting place in knowing Him. If my name is Frank Smith and you come to my house calling me Bill Jones, it is not likely you know me at all. So I should tell you my real name and who I am, yes? Many say they believe God to be Jesus the Messiah, they actually know the right Name, but they have not known who He is. If your “god” is someone you can make to agree with you every time and at all times, it is not God. God says His word is settled forever in heaven. God says His word is truth. God says ALL have sinned. God says He is not a man that He should lie. He says of Himself: I am the LORD, I change not. You are a sinner. You are a liar. You change your mind frequently. God says for two men to lie together is disgusting. But now in 2015 your eyes may have already glazed over, or you may have become unrighteously indignant against God who IS Love, yet who is also Holy and Just. Or perhaps you are an “evangelical,” or someone the media and the pollsters and the politicians call an evangelical. And perhaps you are also a caterer or an inn keeper. And perhaps you do not want to allow homosexuals to stay a night at your inn. Or perhaps you do not want to serve the meal for a homosexual couple at their wedding reception. And if so you certainly do not want the government by law requiring these things of you. I understand those desires. I have served homosexuals in my restaurant and in my taxicab. I’m retired now. But If I could have refused to serve them I might have done so. Most people do not enjoy the guarantees and protections Americans have under the U.S. constitution. We have enjoyed freedom in a way few people have in the course of human history. Many have become so accustomed to these freedoms that any infringement upon them wounds us, it wounds our proud dignity. We have come to consider ourselves worthy of freedom. The Lord and His word teach us that all have sinned and the wages of sin is death. And we all do die. So we should not see any blessing of freedom in this life as that which we deserve, but as that gift of mercy and grace we receive from the Lord our God. Are we offended by homosexuals and our government who now favors them? Are we offended so much that we would refuse them services we render to other sinners? What if the USA were to become a Muslim nation. Great Britain is nearly one today. Will we refuse to allow Muslims to rent our rooms, will we refuse to cater the weddings of unbelievers, or the wedding of a Christian to a non-christian, or of a believer who is a known adulterer? As a cab driver I often picked up men and women and transported them to bars and strip clubs. Sometimes I made round trips for people buying drugs from the streets. You never knew where you might take someone. It was a crazy job at times. I asked a Christian brother if he thought I should refuse transport people on such trips. He noted that if I didn’t someone else would. When Jesus came to die for us, Israel was under the Roman boot, she was occupied by Roman soldiers representing the Empire of Rome. Roman dignitaries and military personnel had the power impress people, even Jewish people into service, to have them perform labors without compensation, to make them slaves temporarily And yet Jesus preached to His people: Mathew 5:38-48 “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if anyone would sue you and take your tunic, let him have your cloak as well. And if anyone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles. Give to the one who begs from you, and do not refuse the one who would borrow from you. “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? And if you greet only your brothers, what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? You therefore must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.” Homosexual sin is certainly the result of human denial of God in the Messiah Jesus. It is a rejection of the proper and noble relationship of man and woman. It is a sin which usually marks people for all to see. So does drunkenness and drug abuse. What should we do if the heterosexual wedding party we cater becomes an orgy of alcohol and marijuana? Both are now legal in several states. HONESTLY WHAT BOTHERS ME IS SIN IN GOD’S OWN CHURCH. AND OF ALL THAT SIN, my sin BOTHERS ME THE MOST. Job was blessed above most men, and was righteous more than many. He had sons and daughters and great wealth, and yet when he lost it all he declared: “Naked came I out of my mother's womb, and naked shall I return thither: the LORD gave, and the LORD hath taken away; blessed be the name of the LORD.” Left with nothing but his wife and his health, God allowed that his health be taken away. His wife, in a state of despair advised Job to “curse God and die.” Job replied: “‘Thou speakest as one of the foolish women speaketh. What? shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil?’ In all this did not Job sin with his lips.” Job would have done well to suffer in silence from that point forward…yes? no? What would Jesus do? What did Jesus do? He took away the sins of the world. If any will trust Him, He will take away also their guilt and shame for their sins, and their punishment for them. God makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? Evangelical cannot refuse to love their enemies. Jesus love them while they were still sinners, sinners at enmity with Him. On this morning’s Meet the Press, Chuck Todd interviewed Timothy Cardinal Dolan, Archbishop of New York, of the Roman Catholic church on the subject of Christian and religious persecution. It was the blind leading the blind. Among Dolan’s words: “God is the God of spring, not the God of winter.” How clear that Augustine’s penchant for allegory has fogged over (and through) the Roman heresy and her followers until this very day. I’m glad my God doesn’t leave town when the weather gets cold. Dolan also said that Islamic terrorists were not consoant [compatible] with the Koran. To be consonant with such a book would lead to bi-polar schizophrenia. The most ardent terrorists are ardent students of the Koran. The Koran never calls muslims to love (or even forgive?) those who are non-muslims, it calls for muslims to seek and destroy them or to assist in that task. Rushdie has it right, the Koran is a book of satanic verses. But in a world where Islamic clerics preach the Koranic “seek and murder” doctrine, and muslim terrorists carry out that Koranic mandate, those fearful for the loss of their gastronomic and genital pleasures (via the loss of their heads) toadie along with “moderate” muslims in friendly self deceits and deception of those who will follow them. I say if you’re “in for a penny” you’re “in for a pound.” And until you submit/convert to Islam, Islam will pound on you to do so. Q: What do you call the student who graduated last in his/her class at medical school? A: DOCTOR! The same joke applies to those studying law, government and politics, economics, any degree… and let’s not forget those studying in Seminaries and BibleColleges. William Tyndale (b. 1494, d. 1536), the noted Bible translator (who translated the Bible when doing so was a crime against the Roman Catholic church), was confronted by a scholar who said: We would be better without God’s law than the Pope’s.” Tyndale replied: “I defy the Pope and all his laws. If God spare my life, before many years I will cause boys that plow fields to know more of the Scripture than you do!” God did spare his life for 40 years and Tyndale’s translations have provoked and provided that many learn God’s word who would have otherwise remained ignorant of it. The Holy Bible has led countless muslims Faith in the Living God and His Son and to everlasting life in Him. If Christ is God, follow Him! If you think, say or believe Christ is not God, may God in Christ reveal Himself to you. When He does reveal Himself as God, (and He will certainly do that in your life or at your death) you will have no doubt that Islam is the domain of satan, and that the Koran is satan’s propaganda. Are we making a mistake by teaching there are today no more Christian New Testament church age prophets? It is a very awesome God who made the heavens, the earth and ALL that they contain. The outward and inward lack of unity in Christendom has been apparent for nearly the entire two millennium of her existence. Those who say “I believe God in Christ” (as do I) should be very careful how they understand His Book and how they teach it to others. God looks on our hearts. Even to broach a controversy such as this one is risky indeed. So I want to say I am at peace with you and love you without regard to your “position” in this matter, notwithstanding the very serious judgment of Revelation 22:18-19. In this effort I ask questions and also state opinions. I offer them here not as authoritative as I am not the Author of what is true, but do offer them as an attempt to arrive at the truth. It is said that Augustine died and after several minutes passed he came briefly back to life and uttered these words: “All my writings are straw.” It is a fearful thing to know that what we say and write can be burned up and forgotten. If that is the true end of this treatise, may it come to that rather sooner than later. May God speedily disabuse and deliver all He came to save from whatever lies and confusion has crept into our minds, hearts and souls. Maranatha. James 2:12 So speak ye, and so do, as men that are to be judged by a law of liberty. 13 For judgment is without mercy to him that hath showed no mercy: mercy glorieth against judgment. 1 John 4:1 Beloved, believe not every spirit, but prove the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets are gone out into the world. 2 Hereby know ye the Spirit of God: every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is of God: 3 and every spirit that confesseth not Jesus is not of God: and this is the spirit of the antichrist, whereof ye have heard that it cometh; and now it is in the world already. 4 Ye are of God, my little children, and have overcome them: because greater is he that is in you than he that is in the world. 5 They are of the world: therefore speak they as of the world, and the world heareth them. 6 We are of God: he that knoweth God heareth us; he who is not of God heareth us not. By this we know the spirit of truth, and the spirit of error. 7 Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is begotten of God, and knoweth God. 8 He that loveth not knoweth not God; for God is love. 9 Herein was the love of God manifested in us, that God hath sent his only begotten Son into the world that we might live through him. 10 Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins. 11 Beloved, if God so loved us, we also ought to love one another. 12 No man hath beheld God at any time: if we love one another, God abideth in us, and his love is perfected in us: 13 hereby we know that we abide in him and he in us, because he hath given us of his Spirit. 14 And we have beheld and bear witness that the Father hath sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world. 15 Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God, God abideth in him, and he in God. 16 And we know and have believed the love which God hath in us. God is love; and he that abideth in love abideth in God, and God abideth in him. 17 Herein is love made perfect with us, that we may have boldness in the day of judgment; because as he is, even so are we in this world. 18 There is no fear in love: but perfect love casteth out fear, because fear hath punishment; and he that feareth is not made perfect in love. 19 We love, because he first loved us. 20 If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, cannot love God whom he hath not seen. 21 And this commandment have we from him, that he who loveth God love his brother also. Onward! prophecy A. a discourse emanating from divine inspiration and declaring the purposes of God, whether by reproving and admonishing the wicked, or comforting the afflicted, or revealing things hidden; esp. by foretelling future events B. Used in the NT of the utterance of OT prophets i. of the prediction of events relating to Christ's kingdom and its speedy triumph, together with the consolations and admonitions pertaining to it, the spirit of prophecy, the divine mind, to which the prophetic faculty is due ii. of the endowment and speech of the Christian teachers called prophets iii. the gifts and utterances of these prophets, esp. of the predictions of the works of which, set apart to teach the gospel, will accomplish for the kingdom of Christ Those today who believe prophets and prophecy (and apostles?) have ceased use 1 Corinthians Ch 13 as a basis for that view. It is not a passage easily interpreted literally. Charity never faileth: but whether therebe prophecies, they shall fail; whether therebe tongues, they shall cease; whether therebe knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. 1Corinthians 13:8-10 Everything depends on “whenthat which is perfect” comes. What is that thing perfect and when does it come? If we can know these things are and that they have come, then we can be much more certain that prophecies, tongues and knowledge have been done away with. What is perfect and when it will (or has?) come are not readily apparent. If a literal interpretation is desirable we must not forget that God is Spirit and He is the Word. John 6:63 makes it very clear that: “It is the spirit that giveth life; the flesh profiteth nothing: the words that I [Jesus] have spoken unto you are spirit,and are life.” Are Paul’s words spirit and life? A literal interpretation of God’s words must rest on the foundation, that foundation id Jesus Christ (1Corinthians 3:11) and that foundation is Spiritual. Apart from the Holy Spirit, what is “literal” is next to worthless. We need to be very sure of how we use the word literal, for it does not occur in the Bible, BUT the word letter does! Romans 2:29 but he is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God. 2 Corinthians 3:4 And such confidence have we through Christ to God- ward: 5 not that we are sufficient of ourselves, to account anything as from ourselves; but our sufficiency is from God; 6 who also made us sufficient as ministers of a new covenant; not of the letter, but of the spirit: for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life. 7 But if the ministration of death, written, and engraven on stones, came with glory, so that the children of Israel could not look stedfastly upon the face of Moses for the glory of his face; which glory was passing away: 8 how shall not rather the ministration of the spirit be with glory? 9 For if the ministration of condemnation hath glory, much rather doth the ministration of righteousness exceed in glory. 10 For verily that which hath been made glorious hath not been made glorious in this respect, by reason of the glory that surpasseth. 11 For if that which passeth away was with glory, much more that which remaineth is in glory. The Pharisees were guilty of twisting the literal letter of God’s words to suit their own agendas. The letter of the Mosaic law condemned sin. Yet it was a spiritual God who gave it to Moses, and a spiritual necessity that required it be given. The Pharisees took that literal/spiritual law and twisted it into something God never meant it to mean. It will I fear be a grave mistake to impose our literal interpretation of the scriptures on the Holy Spirit rather than be taught the lettered “words of the prophecy of this book” BY the Holy Spirit. I don't mean to discount the meaning of the words, but let God the Holy Spirit define them that we may have an understanding of His Spirit in our spirits. God delivered us from the letter of the law by the Messiah into the New Covenant; it is very clear that the Holy Spirit is foundational as God for our spiritual life everlasting and all pertaining to that life. John 16;13 Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come. 14 He shall glorify me: for he shall receive of mine, and shall shew it unto you. 15 All things that the Father hath are mine: therefore said I, that he shall take of mine, and shall shew it unto you. In the definition just below the very first definition states: 1 taking words in their usual or most basic sense without metaphor or allegory: dreadful in its literal sense, full of dread. It is noted that in the Bible we see over 200 “literary” devices used; among them are metaphor and allegory. We may not (I don't) know how each of the devices operates according to “rules” of scholarship, but we can by the Holy Spirit know what is of God and what is of man. literal|ˈlitərəl, ˈlitrəl| adjective 1 taking words in their usual or most basic sense without metaphor or allegory: dreadful in its literal sense, full of dread. • free from exaggeration or distortion: you shouldn't take this as a literal record of events. • informal absolute (used to emphasize that a strong expression is deliberately chosen to convey one's feelings): fifteen years of literal hell. 2 (of a translation) representing the exact words of the original text. 4 of, in, or expressed by a letter or the letters of the alphabet: literal mnemonics. nounBrit.Printing a misprint of a letter. DERIVATIVES literality |ˌlitəˈralətē|, literalize |-ˌlīz|verb, literalness noun ORIGIN late Middle English: from Old French, or from late Latin litteralis, from Latin littera (see letter) . usage: See usage at literally. letter |ˈletər| noun 1 a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech; any of the symbols of an alphabet: a capital letter. • a school or college initial as a mark of proficiency, esp. in sports: I earned a varsity letter in tennis | [ as modifier ] : a letter jacket. 2 a written, typed, or printed communication, esp. one sent in an envelope by mail or messenger: he sent a letter to Mrs. Falconer. • (letters) a legal or formal document of this kind. 3 the precise terms of a statement or requirement; the strict verbal interpretation: we must be seen to keep the spirit of the law as well as the letter. 4 (letters) literature: the world of letters. • archaic scholarly knowledge; erudition. 5 Printing a style of typeface. verb 1 [ with obj. ] inscribe letters or writing on: her name was lettered in gold. • classify with letters: he numbered and lettered the paragraphs. 2 [ no obj. ] informal be given a school or college initial as a mark of proficiency in sports: juniors who lettered in soccer, basketball, or softball. PHRASES to the letter with adherence to every detail: the method was followed to the letter. ORIGIN Middle English: from Old French lettre, from Latin litera, littera ‘letter of the alphabet,’ (plural) ‘epistle, literature, culture.’ literally |ˈlitərəlē, ˈlitrə-| adverb in a literal manner or sense; exactly: the driver took it literally when asked to go straight across the traffic circle | tiramisu, literally translated “pick me up.” • informal used for emphasis or to express strong feeling while not being literally true: I have received literally thousands of letters. usage: In its standard use, literally means ‘in a literal sense, as opposed to a nonliteral or exaggerated sense’: I told him I never wanted to see him again, but I didn't expect him to take it literally . In recent years, an extended use of literally (and also literal) has become very common, where literally (or literal) is used deliberately in nonliteral contexts, for added effect: they bought the car and literally ran it into the ground. This use can lead to unintentional humorous effects ( we were literally killing ourselves laughing) and is not acceptable in formal English. If a word spoken by a believer to the church contains no novel (previously unheard) prediction (with regard to the 66 books of the Holy Bible) is it the speaker a prophet and his word prophetic? Predictive prophecy is easily judged, it either comes to pass with accuracy or it does not. But the definition of prophecy is more that just predicting future events. prophecy C.a discourse emanating from divine inspiration and declaring the purposes of God, whether by reproving and admonishing the wicked, or comforting the afflicted, or revealing things hidden; esp. by foretelling future events If a word is found declaring the purposes of God, reproving and admonishing the wicked, or comforting the afflicted, is it prophecy?Must prophecy be predictive? If it does make a novel prediction which then comes to pass as predicted, can it be of God? If a word is said to be added to the words of the prophecy of this book, must it be added as the book of Mormon, or some other word apart from the 66 Books of the Bible? What is the nature of a word which can said to be unlawful or unspiritual when added to the Bible’s word? What is the nature of a word added to the words of prophecy? (It is easier to see what a word taken away might be from those words which are written.) I believe the words we are warned NOT to add are words added which alter the truth (Jesus IS the truth), the character of God, or the plan of God. (Words taken away may also alter the truth, the nature of God, or the plan of God.) If a word does seek to change the truth, change the character, or change the plan (will) of God, is it allowed? NO! Is a word in accord the truth, the character, and the plan (will) of God allowed? Is it allowed, not as an addition to scripture, but as an oracle of God, as an utterance of God? I believe a word can be spiritual without damaging literal meanings. If such words are not possible, the words we speak and teach in church and seminary seem less that spiritual. If the scriptures cannot teach us how we are to speak the truth, ought we to speak at all, or write at all? A lot of Christians go to church, to seminars, to conferences, even to Bible schools and seminaries and just swallow whole the teachings they are given. They don’t question anything but accept the men (and women too?!) as authoritative and never look beyond those teachings to the Holy Spirit! Many have followed human teachers AS IF THEY WERE PROPHETS, as if all of their utterances are GOD BREATHED! But the Holy Spirit ought to be, MUST BE the One (first and last) to teach us; we ought to, we must submit our thoughts, speech and written words continually to Him and to God. If I want a seminary degree I should be careful, for many will require of me their flawed (sometimes egregiously flawed) version of the Doctrine of God and the apostles. In the matter of the cessation of prophecy and prophets today I have selected some scriptures for consideration (with emphases in bold type). Am I indulging in eisegesis? Or have some thrown the baby (prophet) out with the bath water. It is for you and I a matter to take to God for His judgment (and for that a prophet may be MOST HELPFUL). Many cite 1 Cor. 13 as proof that prophecy and tongues have ceased. 1 Cor 13:8 Love never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall be done away; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall be done away. 9 For we know in part, and we prophesy in part; 10 but when that which is perfect is come, that which is in part shall be done away. I believe that it is as one has translated verse 10: “But when the Complete arrives, our incompletes will be canceled.” The perfect renders partial prophecy, partial knowledge and partial speaking inferior and unnecessary because it is partial, but it does not invalidate the partial revelation we now enjoy. I asked some who believes prophets and prophecy are no longer valid to say why that is so. They told me that the proof was too long and involved to present to me. I fear it was! And that they would have had to go to their teachers texts to be able to begin the presentation to me. Odd for those who are concerned others have ADDED to words to God’s book to need to add a proof “long and involved” to explain a doctrine directed to words added to the “book of this prophecy!” And here I write these many words, and they must be discerned and judged, but by whom? Certainly God will give a verdict! Nevertheless, could it be that a prophet might be “what the Great Physician” ordered! There are several reasons I believe that prophets and prophecy seem rare in history after the death of John the Beloved. One is that the prophets may not have been writing their words down. Or that others were not writing them down. Because of the gentile rejection of Jews and the doctrines of the Old Testament, it may be a judgment of the church after the first century that no prophet spoke! As in the Tanakh where many of the children of Israel rejected God’s prophets and their “hard” words, it may well be that the gentile believers and perhaps even Jewish believers also rejected prophets and their words after the first century. It does seem very reasonable to say that predictive prophecy after Revelation was written seems unnecessary. However there are other purposes for prophecy. Most important are the warnings prophets give to those straying and warnings they give to the church regarding those who are doing harm. It would be immaturity, carnality and unbelief which caused people to shut their ears against warnings and even against encouragement and comfort prophets can speak to the church. Of all the gifted Old Testament saints, God’s true prophets received the worst opposition and treatment from the children of Israel. From “Abel unto the blood of Zechariah son of Barachias,” including Moses and Aaron, God’s TRUE prophets have been despised, opposed, imprisoned and murdered/martyred. I dearly hope that if prophets are today a benefit and blessing from God, that none by saying they have ceased deprive the church of their words. The words of a prophet are not his or her own; they are God’s words. Are their false prophets today? Yes there are, and Jesus and the apostles warned us there would be those “who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that bought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction.” But does this mean that their will be now no more prophets? For many the issue hinges on these verses: Rev 22:18 I testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this book, if any man shall add unto them, God shall add unto him the plagues which are written in this book: 19 and if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life, and out of the holy city, which are written in this book. After much thinking and some studying a question came into my mind: Does one have to be a prophet to “add” or “take away from the words of this book?” I believe any man or woman could make those mistakes and do make them! But of prophecy: 1 Corinthians 14:29 And let the prophets speak by two or three, and let the others discern. 30 But if a revelation be made to another sitting by, let the first keep silence. 31 For ye all can prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all may be exhorted; 32 and the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets; 33 for God is not a God of confusion, but of peace. It is somewhat unnerving to think that there are no prophets in the church today, for they serve a purpose: “that all may learn, and all may be exhorted;” It is a prophet who is ORDAINED to judge prophecy! How can such a matter as the cessation of prophecy and prophets (and tongues, knowledge AND apostles) have arisen except that words have been taken away from the prophecy of this book!!!!! If prophets are no more who can judge even false prophecy? Are those who say prophets are no more actually taking the entire 12th chapter of Corinthians and more away from the words of the prophecy of this book? Num 11:29 And Moses said unto him, Art thou jealous for my sake? would that all Jehovah’s people were prophets, that Jehovah would put his Spirit upon them! What are warned about in Rev. 22:18-19? We are warned about adding or subtracting words from “the prophecy of this book.” Which book is this? Is it Revelation or the entire Bible? Are 1 Cor. 12 and 14 words from “the prophecy of this book?” I believe as many do that the Bible’s 66 books are God breathed or God inSpired. But if they alone are God’s breath, every word man breathes out by speech or on paper is not from God. I can live with others interpretation that we are forbidden to add any more written words to the predictive prophecy of Revelation. I can even see how unnecessary added words are to those who receive the Bible as God’s breathed. But I fear that some who teach the cessation of prophecy today may be guilty of doing the very thing they preach against: taking away the words of the prophecy of this book (or at the least their iteration and reiteration)! There are so many worthy and Holy words to learn in “this book,” be it the whole Bile or only Revelation. But so many offer their own thoughts as shibboleths by which they judge their neighbors outside the Kingdom! Because they do, should we turn away words which encourage us? 1 Peter 4:11 if any man speaketh, speaking as it were oracles of God;... that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, whose is the glory and the dominion for ever and ever. Amen “...if any man speaketh, speaking as it were logi0n (speech, or utterance) of God.” Is my speech and my writing relevant to the warning of Rev. 22?? Is anyone today able to speak for God? As an oracle of God? If to speak or write is to risk adding or subtracting from God’s prophetic message and incurring very serious consequences, then we all ought to be a much more sober people. But if to remain silent when we are inspired by God to speak may be to bury the talent God has given. Now I’m going to write something here and say it as a “word” I have only begun to think may be from God. From Him as prophecy? As a teaching? As a “word?” I can’t say yes or no out of fear I may be wrong. But if there are no more prophets today, how will I be judged as true or false? 1 Cor. 14:29 And let the prophets speak by two or three, and let the others discern.And if there are no more prophets today WHO DOES have God delegated authority to judge a word said to be prophetic, or anything at all? You may say we have the Bible as the final authority for faith and doctrine, but I must ask how am I able to hear that Book except by the Spirit of God? And “faith cometh by hearing and hearing by the word of God.” Romans 10:17. If you are not a prophet, how can you judge prophecy or what is claimed to be prophetic? Even the written prophecy of Revelation? I take this position: Even if I don't understand all the Bible I have faith the original manuscripts are inerrant. My knowledge and understanding may remain in great part (prayerfully a lesser part) incomplete, not full, partial. 1 Corinthians 13:2 And if I have the gift of prophecy, and know all mysteries and all knowledge; and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 1 Corinthians 12:31 But desire earnestly the greater gifts. And moreover a most excellent way show I unto you... 1 Corinthians 14:3 But he that prophesieth speaketh unto men edification, and exhortation, and consolation. 4 He that speaketh in a tongue edifieth himself; but he that prophesieth edifieth the church39 Wherefore, my brethren, desire earnestly to prophesy, and forbid not to speak with tongues. 40 But let all things be done decently and in order. How is it that God sent Jesus and then the Holy Spirit who inspired Paul to write clear instructions (by the Spirit) to the church with her prophets and 100 years God then rescinded, canceled, took away the gift, the truly high gift of prophecy which we should desire and do need to EDIFY the church? Or did the church after John's death simply wander away and close her eyes to prophecy and prophets, and apostles. Men in the flesh tend to reject authority and the prophets and apostles have authority. Can a man speak or write the truth in accord with the character of God? If he does, is it not as an oracle of God at the least? If he does so, is this prophetic? If a man testify of Jesus is it prophecy? Rev 19:10 And I fell down before his feet to worship him. And he saith unto me, See thou do it not: I am a fellow–servant with thee and with thy brethren that hold the testimony of Jesus: worship God; for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. Have I taken some single verses and sections out of their context? Undoubtedly I will be seen as an eisogete by some. I welcome greater wisdom that my own, but am not inclined to welcome greater eisogesis under the color of context. God looks on our hearts; should we not seek to know His? Should we not seek the Holy Spirit's guidance into the context of the entire Bible? That will be a Spirit led enterprise or fall short. I fear Context Context Context may itself become a pretext. Or worse, a literal idol. Before you think me an idiot remember that the prophet Isaiah was cleansed in order to fulfill his call. If I am not cleansed by the Messiah’s blood... 1 John 2:27 And as for you, the anointing which ye received of him abideth in you, and ye need not that any one teach you; but as his anointing teacheth you; concerning all things, and is true, and is no lie, and even as it taught you, ye abide in him. ...if I have not the anointing... for any gift or word, please pray for me! Num 11:29 And Moses said unto him, Art thou jealous for my sake? would that all Jehovah’s people were prophets, that Jehovah would put his Spirit upon them! CONTRAST: Matthew 23:30 And say, If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets. 31 Wherefore ye be witnesses unto yourselves, that ye are the children of them which killed the prophets. 32 Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers. 33 Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? 34 ¶ Wherefore, behold, I send unto you prophets, and wise men, and scribes: and some of them ye shall kill and crucify; and some of them shall ye scourge in your synagogues, and persecute them from city to city: 35 That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar. 36 Verily I say unto you, All these things shall come upon this generation. 37 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not! CONTRAST: 1Th 5:16 ¶ Rejoice evermore. 17 Pray without ceasing. 18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you. 19 Quench not the Spirit. 20 Despise not prophesyings. 21 Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. 22 Abstain from all appearance of evil. 23 ¶ And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. 24 Faithful is he that calleth you, who also will do it. Rom 11:1 ¶ I say then, Did God cast off his people? God forbid. For I also am an Israelite, of the seed of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. 2 God did not cast off his people which he foreknew. Or know ye not what the scripture saith of Elijah? how he pleadeth with God against Israel: 3 Lord, they have killed thy prophets, they have digged down thine altars; and I am left alone, and they seek my life. 4 But what saith the answer of God unto him? I have left for myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to Baal. Isa 30:8 Now go, write it before them on a tablet, and inscribe it in a book, that it may be for the time to come for ever and ever. 9 For it is a rebellious people, lying children, children that will not hear the law of Jehovah; 10 that say to the seers, See not; and to the prophets, Prophesy not unto us right things, speak unto us smooth things, prophesy deceits, 11 get you out of the way, turn aside out of the path, cause the Holy One of Israel to cease from before us. 12 Wherefore thus saith the Holy One of Israel, Because ye despise this word, and trust in oppression and perverseness, and rely thereon; 13 Therefore this iniquity shall be to you as a breach ready to fall, swelling out in a high wall, whose breaking cometh suddenly at an instant. 14 And he shall break it as the breaking of the potter's vessel that is broken in pieces; he shall not spare: so that there shall not be found in the bursting of it a shard to take fire from the hearth, or to take water withal out of the pit. May we hear God by His Holy Spirit on these matters from thee, Lord Jesus our Savior, first and last, Amen. Therefore And Jesus answering saith unto them, Have faith in God. Verily I say unto you, Whosoever shall say unto this mountain, Be thou taken up and cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that what he saith cometh to pass; he shall have it. Therefore I say unto you, All things whatsoever ye pray and ask for,believe that yereceive them, and ye shall have them.And whensoever ye stand praying,forgive,if ye have aught against any one; that your Father also who is in heaven may forgive you your trespasses. Mark 11:22-25 Lamb's poet & pundit These are some poems about the Lamb. Also some opinion pieces. He already knew how I "felt" about Him; the poems He gives sometimes surprise me! My hope and prayer is that they will inspire you as much as they have surprised me, or more! I release them to any individual man, woman, or child for their enjoyment. Anyone wishing to publish them for profit may contact me at [email protected] . I welcome your comments, corrections, and questions. Watch and pray, David | Mid | [
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So, under the trees, right outside where the tasting room is now, our first grapes were crushed on a really cold fall night. We quickly realized we needed something to press with. So, Gary’s father, Fred Postlewait, lent us a press he built by hand about 40 years prior. The same press is still on display in our Tasting Room today. The vast majority of our Pinot Noir grapes were sent off to be made for our tasting room, while over the years we worked on improving our wine making (we’ve come along ways, I promise). These custom wines are represented in our tasting room under the Postlewait’s label. Our Wine - In 2001 they had their oldest daughter's wedding reception at the farm. The party was such a big hit other friends and family started having their weddings & receptions there. Over the years the business grew and flourished drawing the government’s attention. In 2008 and 2009 they went though a very long permitting process becoming the first known legal EFU venue in Clackamas County, Postlewait's Country Weddings. As part of the process they had to plant 15 acres of Pinot Noir grapes. At the time the intent was to sell the grapes and maybe keep some to play with. Not too long after we sat at breakfast one morning after church. The Home Place in Silverton, for whoever is wondering. While sitting around and trying to keep our children from destroying the restaurant, I said something like, “How hard could it be to make wine?” So, we took the scenic drive though Keizer and across Wheatland Ferry, all the way to McMinnville and wondered into a winery supply store, totally clueless about what we were getting ourselves into. We walked around the store, chasing kids, and trying to understand everything we were looking at. Eventually we left with a few pointers from staff, a book or two and car load of equipment. Later that year we picked a very small amount of grapes and went to town on it making some homemade wine! We didn't have equipment to crush grapes so we took a vote and my beautiful wife, Jacqueline, was voted as the stomper. It was actually a pretty easy pick as she had the least leg hair, and she liked wine the most. I’ve been told our “About Us” page is a little lacking, and it needs a more personal touch. So, here we go. Our wine is special, yes I think it tastes pretty good, but I’m kind of partial. This place, this wine, it’s about family, friendships and good times. To go all the way back to the beginning, Gary and Carolyn Postlewait met in high school on the neighboring family farm across the road. After marrying, they continued to farm all over the valley including crops of berries, broccoli, corn, wheat, cucumbers, grass seed and more. They dedicated long hours to their crops, but more importantly to their family. 20 years ago they moved to their current location (from all the way across the street :)) and made the property the beauty it is today. The farm is currently home to two Filbert Orchards, three blocks of Pinot Noir and a heard of red and white face Hereford's. Last fall we had our first commercial crush, as a family processing nearly 900 gallons of must & juice, which brings me to the most important part, family. We have the most incredible family on the planet who’re willing to get their hands dirty at the drop of a hat, from pruning, hedging, harvesting, pressing, crushing and racking, it took everyone. It was some of the most fun we’ve ever had and we're thrilled to finally be able to finally share our Whiskey Hill label with everyone! So for us, this place, this wine, it’s about family, friendships and good times. | High | [
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Potential Cardiovascular and Renal Protective Effects of Vitamin D and Coenzyme Q10 in l-NAME-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Adequate vitamin D (vit D) levels have been shown to reduce vascular smooth muscle contraction and to increase arterial compliance, which may be beneficial in hypertension. Further, coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) through its action to lower oxidative stress has been reported to have beneficial effects on hypertension and heart failure. This study examined the possible cardiac and renal protective effects of vit D and COQ10 both separately and in combination with an angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan (vals) in l-NAME hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by l-NAME administration. Following induction of hypertension, the rats were assigned into the following 6 subgroups: an l-NAME alone group and treated groups receiving the following drugs intraperitoneally for 6 weeks; vals, vit D, COQ10 and combination of vals with either vit D or COQ10. A group of normotensive rats were used as negative controls. At the end of the treatment period, blood pressure, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, lipids and serum, cardiac and renal parameters of oxidative stress were measured. Compared to the l-NAME only group, all treatments lowered systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine levels as well as TNF-α and malondialdehyde. Further, the agents increased serum, cardiac and renal total antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, the combination of agents had further effects on all the parameters compared to treatment with each single agent. The study suggests that the additive protective effects of vit D and COQ10 when used alone or concurrent with vals treatment in hypertensive rats may be due to their effects as antioxidants, anticytokines and blood pressure conservers. | High | [
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Q: How to use the {{ lhs == rhs, ineqs }, ... } form of Exclusions? I am trying to make use of this option: To plot the principal portion of Tan: SetOptions[Plot, PlotRange -> {-2 Pi, 2 Pi}, AspectRatio -> 1]; f = Tan; {Plot[InverseFunction[f]@x, {x, -2 Pi, 2 Pi}], Plot[f@x, {x, -2 Pi, 2 Pi}, Exclusions -> {{x, x < -Pi/2, x > Pi/2}}]} But I am not getting what I expect: I'm expecting to only see the principal period of the tangent curve. I realize I could get the desired plot by changing the iterator in the second case to {x, -Pi/2, Pi/2}, but I actually want to show ticks for the larger {-2 Pi, 2 Pi} range. It seems like this case is what the inqualities form of Exclusions would be meant for. I have tried several variations of the above and can't find a form that works. A: Probably you can use RegionFunction {Plot[InverseFunction[f]@x, {x, -2 Pi, 2 Pi}], Plot[f@x, {x, -2 Pi, 2 Pi}, RegionFunction -> Function[{x, y}, Pi/2 > x > -Pi/2]]} | Mid | [
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version: 0.5.0 name: ShimmerLayout id: ShimmerLayout publisher: Xamarin Inc publisher-url: http://xamarin.com/ src-url: https://github.com/xamarin/XamarinComponents/tree/master/Android/ShimmerLayout summary: Memory efficient shimmering effect for Android applications. license: License.md details: Details.md getting-started: GettingStarted.md icons: - ../images/icon_128x128.png - ../images/icon_512x512.png no_build: true libraries: android: ../output/Xamarin.Android.ShimmerLayout.dll is_shell: true local-nuget-repo: ../output/ packages: android: Xamarin.Android.ShimmerLayout, Version=0.5.0 samples: - name: "Android Sample" path: ../samples/ShimmerLayoutSample.sln removeProjects: - Xamarin.Android.ShimmerLayout installNuGets: - project: ShimmerLayoutSample packages: - Xamarin.Android.ShimmerLayout additional-files: - source: "../External-Dependency-Info.txt" destination: "THIRD-PARTY-NOTICES.txt" | High | [
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Quality Payment Scheme (QPS) 2017 Under the new community pharmacy contract the government announced a Quality Payment Scheme (QPS) for community pharmacies. Your LPC is working towards helping you meet the criteria for the QPS and to that end we have now set up a series of web pages with information about the scheme. As more information becomes available these pages will be updated and in addition we will be sending out regular updates to our mailing list. If you do not currently receive our LPC newsletters and QPS updates you can sign up to the mailing list by completing your details in the bottom left corner of the website footer. You can also view back issues on this website on the QPS newsletter page. The information on this page is based on information from PSNC website. You will find comprehensive resources available for pharmacy contractors and their teams to access at PSNC Quality Payments The QPS scheme is voluntary – contractors do not need to engage with it – but PSNC recommends that all contractors should seek to meet as many of the QPS criteria as possible. Contractors that successfully meet the requirements will receive Quality Payments which will be funded from a pot that is part of the overall community pharmacy funding budget All pharmacies on the pharmaceutical list in England (excluding Local Pharmaceutical Services (LPS) contracts) are eligible to take part in the Quality Payments Scheme, including pharmacies that are part of the Pharmacy Access Scheme (PhAS) and distance selling pharmacies. Pharmacy staff at the pharmacy must be able to send and receive NHS mail. Deadline approaching. Urgent action needed Contractor must be able to demonstrate ongoing utilisation of Electronic Prescription Service (EPS) at the pharmacy premises. Payments under the scheme do not start until April 2017, but contractors should start to prepare for the scheme ASAP. The assessment of whether a criterion has been met will need to be made in relation to two review points – 28th April 2017 and 24th November 2017. Criterion is either met or not met, contractors can not claim to have met 50% of the criterion and claim a part payment; you achieve all of the points for a particular criterion at the assessment date or none of the points. Some of the criteria are claimable in both April AND November, some are claimable once i.e. April OR November so you should prioritise. Once a contractor has made the decision to take part in the Quality Payments Scheme, we recommend that they start to work towards achieving the points as quickly as possible: Decide which Quality Payments criteria you plan to meet and by which review pointConsider the costs you are likely to incur to achieve each criterion; some will take more time to achieve and staff resource (e.g. Health Living Pharmacy (HLP) level 1), and some are much more complex than others. Develop a timed plan for achieving the gateway and quality criteriaDeveloping a timed plan will help contractors and their teams to ensure they have plenty of time to achieve all the criteria that they intend to meet. Consider which criteria you will find easiest to achieve and which can be claimed at both review points – these should probably be your early priorities. More QPS information pages can be found on the Resources tab There are several pages on our website with more information – see the menu for links to info on QPS nhs.net email, safeguarding, HLP, dementia friends, NHS Coices, Asthma review, patient safety reports, patient questionnaire, SCR, NHS 111, NUMSAS, etc along with information on how to claim the payments. In addition our regular update newsletter will have latest information and give you ideas of how to prioritise your plan to help you ensure that you meet the criteria and qualify for these payments. | High | [
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I’m looking forward to the HBO series The Leftovers, which will begin its second season on October 4. I enjoyed the show immensely last summer despite my initial reservation regarding the involvement of a former Lost producer. One of the reasons for my enjoyment, of course, is that I think the premise of the show is quite beautifully explicative of a lesser known or recognized aspect of Max Weber’s theory of religion: The rejection of a totalizing material explanation for religious ideas in favor of understanding the latter’s efficacy in their political, social, economic, and historical contexts. Last summer, I caught a review of the pilot episode from Slate‘s Culture Gabfest podcast. The questions and speculation surrounding the supposed aims of the show were what drove an ultimately tepid review. As I say, the reservations are not without good reason given the way that Lost spiraled out of control and, in retrospect, never really found any solid footing in terms of a premise to begin with. Reflecting back, the entire series was mystery all the way down with the promise of some kind of satisfying explanation. Deep down, I think most of us knew by the end of the fourth or fifth season (maybe much earlier) that the writers and producers probably weren’t going to be able to pull off anything satisfying. What drove the popularity of the show was the allure of a material explanation that would tie up all the mystery in a nice bow, giving us a collective sigh of relief. So strong was this allure that everything that happened in the show was somehow tied back to this center–which ended up being essentially non-existent. In other words, both action and character development on Lost never moved forward in any meaningful way. It was always directed backward, or inward, to the mysterious core, the material explanation that would make everything make sense. And so this review immediately jumped on the premise of The Leftovers, which is based on a novel of the same name: 140 million people worldwide disappear on Oct. 14, 2011, and no one knows why. Given the first season, one thing is clear: We will never find out what happened to those people because the answer to that mystery is not what drives the narrative. It is fundamentally the opposite structure of Lost even though both shows begin in more or less the same way–the introduction of a mystery whose fog hangs over the entire series. Rather than the cause of the mystery, The Leftovers is interested in exploring what Weber would call an irrational interjection into the rational progress of history. How do human beings respond to incomprehensible tragedy, paradox, revolution, and prophecy? The Leftovers is about the formation of new ideologies–religious ideologies in particular–out of the chaos of history. It is about the consequences of the introduction of the unexplainable, the prophetic, and the mystical into history and the ways in which these introductions render everything that follows irreversibly changed. Weber’s understanding of theodicy is germane here. In Sociology of Religion, Weber devotes a chapter to a material account of the rise of theodicies among both wealthy and impoverished classes. His argument is that theodicies provide rational explanations of evil and fortune that would be able to reconcile why some had much and others had basically nothing. This explanation is not new. Weber is essentially borrowing from previous intellectualist traditions in theories of religion from the 19th century. The explanation is also weak and, frankly, not that interesting, but Weber then follows this analysis in the next chapter with a really interesting move. He drops the intellectualist explanation for theodicy from his analysis of what theodicy does. In other words, the political, economic, and social effects of the popular circulation of theodicies within a society have nothing to do with their “original” material cause. You can’t get to those effects from the material causes without the circulation of religious ideas (their social psychology) that bridges them. One could potentially trace a line from the beginnings of rational explanations for fortune and evil to, for example, the development of the Protestant ethic and then the spirit of capitalism, but the reasons why Weber thinks these kinds of rational explanations devlop fit more into his broader theory about rationalization as a general feature of human life rather than as something that has specific explanatory purchase on later historical concepts like the spirit of capitalism. And when an irrational experience, idea, figure, event enters the scene, material explanations go completely out the window. That’s because, for Weber, the “concepts” that drive history in radically different directions are formed out of confrontation with the irrational. For example, for Weber, the Calvinistic belief that one stands alone before a God whose motives are wholly irrational (i.e. not approachable by human reason) coupled with the previously existing general dominance of “moral behavior” in Christianity, generates a particular mode of moral activity (inner-worldly asceticism) that in turn produces the spirit of contemporary capitalism: the earning of money for the sake of money itself. (You can find a more detailed explanation of these moves in Weber here and here.) Importantly, it is the specific Calvinistic formulation of the problem of the relationship between God, world, and individual Christian that has causal efficacy rather than the underlying, “rational-material” cause of that formulation that would tie it to any other such formulation (i.e. in other religious practices/systems.) There is an irrational, terrifying relationship between God-I-world that necessitates the generation of new modes of social organization. The collective character of The Guilty Remnant in The Leftovers represents Weber’s analysis quite explicitly–to the point of actually incorporating it into the core of their own system and ritual practice. Their aim is to continually instantiate the original event that generated a new way of being in the world. They don’t want anyone to forget what happened on the day 140 million people disappeared. But their interest is not simply the exercise of memory. As in Christianity, it is performative. It’s the institutionalization of the event’s irrationality into the collective memory which will generate a new politics, social structure, and economy. The Guilty Remnant, however, reverses the Christian performance of the Eucharist (or, one might say, negates it) because the very idea that reasons don’t matter–that a causal explanation for the mass disappearance is irrelevant—is actually integral to their practice. In the penultimate episode of season one, Patti Levin (Ann Dowd), the leader of The Remnant, tells Kevin Garvey (Justin Theroux) that she thinks about the day of the disappearance “every fucking waking moment” but that “it doesn’t matter what happened.” This is precisely the opposite of Christianity. In both cases, we have an event which, for the faithful, utterly changes universal history. Yet in Christianity, we have a teleological cause; God’s ultimate and final reconciliation of the world to himself necessitates the Christ-event. In the case of The Remnant, there is no cause. They have explicitlyinstitutionalized the original charisma of the event-sans-reason. It is a rejection of both the classical religious explanation as well as the reductive materialist explanation. There is no why and it is in the very act of performing this rejection that the center of The Remnant’s religious power resides. In continually instantiating the irrationality of the event, they attempt to resist the reification and institutionalization of the event on its behalf. For example, in the finale, by orchestrating the placement of the life-like mannequins of the disappeared in their former homes, The Remnant forces the citizens of Mapleton to recall the charismatic power of the original event, which in turn tears down the edifice of normalcy and solemn acknowledgement erected by the local government. It’s unclear what endgame, if any, there is for The Remnant other than to be a living negative force (in Adorno’s sense) against the institutionalization of the event–to ensure that people understand that everything has now changed. All attempts to return to “the normal” reify and mask the irrational event as merely an aberration, a tragic but ultimately insignificant historical event to be commemorated like any other tragedy (with State acknowledgment, parades, memorials, holidays, etc.) The Leftovers, then, is not merely an indictment of institutionalized religion. It is also an indictment of the modern project of history, of empiricist accounts of religions. It is critical of attempts to synthesize the once irrational event into a rational flow of cause and effect, rather than attempt to seize upon the tension the irrational produces within the political, social, and economic and ask how its circulation contributes to new forms of social organization. I’m taking a quick break in the middle of the series to address something I’ve found very interesting recently. Part 3 should be up tomorrow. I’m not really in the business of searching the Internet for conservative rhetoric on issues like gay marriage, contraception, etc. I do try to stay abreast of the “opposing side’s” point of view like any engaged citizen should, but in the same way that it’s probably difficult for conservatives, I have a really hard time sorting out legitimate arguments–or arguments from those whom conservatives would consider legitimate figures–and absolute wacko garbage. Thankfully (or unfortunately, as the case may be), Facebook quite often brings the more legitimate articles to my doorstep as it were on a fairly regular basis. One such article caught my eye recently, posted by one of Lucas’s “acquaintances” which garnered over 50 comments, most directed at Lucas who was attempting to bring clarity to the conversation. The blog post, by someone named Matt Walsh, can be found here. The blog is titled “If you want to prove you don’t hate the gays, all you have to do is worship at their feet,” and in a contemporary world of click-baity Buzzfeed-isms, I found that to be rather refreshing. I knew exactly what I was getting into before I even read the first sentence of the article. Or I thought I did. From the very first paragraph, I encountered something I’d not yet seen, at least not at the level of strength and emphasis with which Walsh was writing. Assuming many of our readers wouldn’t waste their time clicking on the link to the article, here’s the first paragraph: I have never in my life encountered a religion as oppressive, cold, and stiff as Progressivism. I’ve never known a faith more eager to burn heretics at the stake. Even a fundamentalist Iranian Muslim would flinch if he came face to face with a western liberal’s rigid dogmatism. I imagine that even a Saudi Arabian Islamic cleric would take one look at how American left wingers react when anyone deviates ever so slightly from their established orthodoxy, and say to himself, “man, these people REALLY need to chill.” I’m really not trying to condescend when I say that I was utterly shocked by the diction and tone of this opening paragraph. It honestly read to me like a parody–as if someone were making a joke by parodying the language of progressivism directed toward fundamentalism and reversing the positions. But no, Matt Walsh is completely serious. I say it’s a parody because while some progressives perhaps have used language like “eager to burn heretics,” “rigid dogmatism,” or “established orthodoxy” to describe conservative Christianity, “progressives” ranging from the more conservative and clearly still Evangelical like Rachel Held Evans to the more Leftist like Adam Kotsko have shifted away from what are now sort of tired and well-worn ways of talking about conservative Christianity. Here we have a conservative who has caught on to the cultural power of this kind of “fundamentalist bashing” discourse in post- or late-postmodern culture and is attempting to turn the very weapon used against him for a while now back onto “the liberals.” That in and of itself is absolutely fascinating to me, but there’s a much more basic point that I want to make here because unfortunately what could’ve been a very interesting read–what I thought was an actual moment of shift in the language of conservative Christianity–turned out to be the same old boring crap peddled through what is becoming increasingly more and more hostile language. That is, Matt Walsh thinks the liberals are hypocrites for being intolerant of what they see as intolerant opinion. Progressivism, at least in the Christian context, is not nor has it ever been about the tolerance of all opinion. In some more Leftist strands (e.g. Kotsko), the discussion ends there (i.e. intolerance of bigotry with an ethical imperative in some cases to not forgive), and in others, this understanding of tolerance is carefully balanced with the call to forgive. In other words, the far Left has a problem with the idea forgiveness in all cases being touted as radical and moderates tend to want to find a way to mediate between intolerance of positions like racism and forgiveness for racists who repent. That’s a ham-fisted representation (sorry) but I really want to just make one thing especially clear: The word tolerance does not imply, nor has it ever implied, the acceptance of all positions. The argument from Walsh and nearly every other conservative is something like: “You claim to be tolerant, but you’re intolerant of what you think is intolerance (i.e. my own opinion)!” Yeah, no shit! Tolerance doesn’t have any meaning if it doesn’t have the freedom to not tolerate intolerance when it sees it. By the way–progressives aren’t even interested in tolerance. Tolerance is the lowest form of acceptance of another person or idea. When you say you tolerate your neighbor practicing the accordion terribly at eight in the evening every night, you’re saying that you’re doing everything in your power not to go next door and smash it over his head. Tolerance can coexist with active mental hatred. So to even apply tolerance to progressive Christians as if it’s their modus operandi is perhaps a misnomer. We’re not asking others to “tolerate” people of color, the LGBT community, women, etc. We’re after full participation, a recognition that folks like myself who are not members of traditionally oppressed communities need to do a lot more listening to those communities and active reflection on the places of power into which we come. And we refuse to even tolerate those who think they have the right to hate speech and bigotry. In other words, if you’re a racist, a bigot, a homophobe, a misogynist, or just a good old fashioned asshole, I’m going to call you that and not feel bad about it–even as a Christian–because I don’t think any of those things have a place in the Kingdom of God. Growing up in the 90’s means participating in any variety of teenage subcultures. Certainly, the most contentious is punk. Anyone who has ever listened to The Sex Pistols, The Ramones or The Clash has participated in the endless dialectic of authentic punk and poser. What is authentically punk: TRUE PUNK™? Fundamentally, these discussions are absurd. Cultural movements among all people, though especially teenagers are dynamic and ever-changing styles. There is only one guiding logic of punk rock. Maybe this guiding logic relies on too much on a historical example for its legitimacy, but I think it works. In 1977, Sid Vicious chanted the bridge to God Save the Queen: “NO FUTURE.” Boldly, I argue that “No Future” is the logic of punk as well as an eschatological statement. In recent days while browsing through posts on Reddit, I came across a really troubling post. If you’re familiar with Reddit you know all too well of the troubling content regularly posted. Though, the post that piqued my interest was not explicitly because of misogyny, racism, homophobia, etc (however, these things were all present). The post was a simple picture of a young Muslim girl dressed in typical “punk” fashion. Punk is such a contentious term in regards to fashion, culture and music, this contention was played out rather typically in this post. One user says, Punk is about rebellion and the rejection of the accepted social standards. That taqwacore stuff, “islamic” punk etc. seems like an oxymoron. Punk is punk. The concepts of “christian” punk, “islamic” punk make no sense to me. This user misunderstands the logic of punk. Punk rock is not about rebellion, it’s an eschatological prediction on the future made based on a certain critique of neoliberal capitalism. Yes, punk rock is rebellious, but this rebellion is secondary to its eschatology. This is why punk rock works so well within Abrahamic religious traditions. Being a Christian youth often means needing to find spaces for self-expression outside of normative Christian culture. Okay, so I’m clearly speaking from a position of Christianity, but my diagnosis of self-expression can be extended to other religious traditions, like Islam. Why then does punk work with Christianity? Simply, it is because Christianity and punk rock share a similar eschatology (generally, I feel unable to talk about eschatology in Islam. However, it shares a similar form with Christianity). There is an orientation toward the meaning and politics of the end times. Christianity and Islam share a certain apocalypticism that echoes punk rocks “No Future.” The early church understood this the best. The budding biblical scholar often asks why were the gospels authored so long after the death of Christ? This is due to Christianity being apocalyptic and expecting Christ’s imminent return. The early Christian church lived in a tension with apocalyptic themes. They lived precarious lives: Christ could return any day. The contemporary context is certainly different, but there is a certain apocalyptic tension that exists in the present with punk rock. There is a questionable future: life lived under the flows of neoliberal capitalism make tomorrow uncertain. It may be the case that the early church lived as a precarious and apocalyptic assemblage, but can a similar assessment of the contemporary church be made? It is true that some strains of fundamentalist Christianity hold that the stars are right and Christians could be raptured at any moment. In this interpretation of eschatological events, there is very seriously no future. Though, the precariousness of capitalism also puts all Christians in an apocalyptic position: a position of no future. The train wreck that is now Paula Deen’s career has been smattered all over the news and everyone’s Facebook feeds the last few days. I just want to point out an important take away for all the white people who may be following it. If you don’t know what I’m talking about, read excerpts of the deposition that started the firestorm here. Let’s get one thing straight off the bat. There is no context, there is no way to interpret, there is no place that would make anything she says in the deposition okay. None of that is okay–ever. I think most people are on the same page about that, hence the firestorm. Her statements about jokes, however, really get to the heart of a very important issue. (The bold is the attorney asking the questions and the normal type is Deen’s responses): What about jokes, if somebody is telling a joke that’s got — It’s just what they are, they’re jokes. Okay. Would you consider those to be using the N word in a mean way? That’s — that’s kind of hard. Most — most jokes are about Jewish people, rednecks, black folks. Most jokes target — I don’t know. I didn’t make up the joke, I don’t know. I can’t — I don’t know. Okay. They usually target, though, a group. Gays or straights, black, redneck, you know, I just don’t know — I just don’t know what to say. I can’t, myself, determine what offends another person. Okay, well — I can feel out that person pretty good on what would offend them, but I’m not sure…what — what the question even means. Only someone in a position of power could attempt to justify derogatory jokes or comments by claiming they affect them just like everyone else (she mentions “straights” and “rednecks” twice, though I’m only assuming that she would put herself in that latter “category.”) Those sorts of jokes don’t typically bother white people, seem completely harmless, because the vast majority of white people in this country have never been on the receiving end of systemic oppression, negative racial profiling, etc. that these sorts of jokes and comments tend to highlight. That is, white people have a particular unspoken privilege that allows people like Paula Deen to wrestle with the ethics of telling off color jokes or to fantasize about slave-staffed dinner parties or to justify using the “N-word” under certain circumstances, which white people dictate. And I’m not going to insult the intelligence of Deen or any other older white Southerner by saying, “Well, they grew up in a different era, so I’ll forgive the fact that they’re a little racist.” They live in this era, and I know that there are plenty of older white folks who grew up in the South who are totally outraged by Deen and her comments. They’re just not excusable, and they confront us directly with the reality of white privilege in this country. **Addendum: 6.25.2013** I don’t like editing posts since I think blogs should be a crystalization of the writer’s thoughts at a given time, but through a conversation with someone about this issue, I thought it really important to add a note about the public outrage, Food Network’s firing, and the buzz that others who have contracts with Deen are considering breaking ties. I think I made it sound like that since everyone is more or less onboard with her comments being racist, the outrage alone is justified. However, I should mention that this public “execution” of Deen is really nothing more than a pseudo-action which allows the white public and Food Network, et. al. to disavow their own secret racist attitudes. That isn’t a conspiracy theory. In psychoanalysis, this is called fetish disavowal (see Lacan and Zizek.) People hold all sorts of “closeted” negative attitudes or secret desires–that shouldn’t be a revelation. Casual racism among white folks is probably one of the most pervasive in our country. It goes as an unwritten rule that you don’t name that racism explicitly (i.e. you don’t talk in public about black children tap dancing for your entertainment, whether seriously or in jest.) As soon as it is named, people are confronted with their own similar attitudes and are forced to condemn and condemn strongly. Plausible deniability is impossible once the unwritten rule is named. This is what I meant by the last sentence of the original post. So the outrage allows us to demonstrate that it’s not us but someone else, while still maintaining the casual racism we want to continue participating in (i.e. enjoying shows like Game of Thrones or Madmen, telling jokes, etc.) It’s uncomfortable to think that some of the things we enjoy are actually part of the problem, and scapegoating Deen helps us cope with that instead of using the situation as an opportunity to exercise our own racist demons. | High | [
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Yes, it has. In fact, I gave the same message as you describe below. Michelle -----Original Message----- From: Hope, Valeria A. Sent: Thursday, September 13, 2001 8:18 AM To: Cash, Michelle Subject: ER Roll-out Briefing with HR Heads Michelle, Has the ER Marketing Campaign Roll-out been discussed with the HR heads? If not, I think this should be an agenda item at David Oxleys next HR heads' meeting. I met yesterday with Gary Smith and he expressed some concerns about ER marketing its services; he's concerned that it may encourage employees who have in the past handled their concerns internally or by working with their HR Reps to come out of the woodwork and swamp our resources. I explained to him that we are not trying to drum up more business but rather ensure that employees are aware of mechanisms in place to address workplace issues. Valeria | Mid | [
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37.5,
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NO. 07-02-0303-CR IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AMARILLO PANEL E JULY 23, 2003 ______________________________ CHASE FOSTER, APPELLANT V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE _________________________________ FROM THE 137TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY; NO. 2002-439304; HONORABLE CECIL PURYEAR, JUDGE _______________________________ Before QUINN and REAVIS, JJ., and BOYD, S.J. (1) In this appeal, appellant Chase Foster challenges his conviction of possession of
cocaine with intent to deliver in an amount of more than four grams but less than 200
grams. The punishment, enhanced by a jury finding that it occurred within 1,000 feet of a
school, was assessed at confinement in the Institutional Division of the Department of
Criminal Justice for 60 years. In presenting his challenge, appellant presents nine points
for our determination. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. In his nine points, appellant asserts the trial court: 1) abused its discretion in failing
to grant his motion to quash the jury panel after prejudicial statements were made in its
presence; 2) erred in not suppressing testimony relating to appellant after his arrest and
without his being "Mirandized"; 3) erred in not suppressing all testimony regarding any
statements made by appellant while he was under arrest; 4) abused its discretion in
permitting inadmissible hearsay testimony; 5) abused its discretion by admitting testimony
from lay witnesses not properly qualified to express opinions as to the nature of the alleged
contraband; 6) abused its discretion in admitting testimony about the composition of the
alleged contraband when a proper predicate had not been laid for the receipt of such
testimony; 7) & 8) erred in not granting appellant's motion for instructed verdict or, in the
alternative, by not partially granting the motion and charging the jury only on a lesser-
included offense; and 9) abused its discretion in permitting testimony at the punishment
hearing as to appellant's alleged gang affiliations. Factual Background On December 7, 2001, law enforcement authorities executed a search warrant of
the premises located at 1516 East 25th Street in Lubbock. The State produced testimony
that the house was located between 760 and 819 feet from a local school. The search
warrant identified various individuals to be searched that did not include appellant.
However, the warrant did authorize the search of persons "occupying and controlling" the
premises. As the Lubbock S.W.A.T. team arrived at the location, there were two
individuals in the front yard. One of the individuals, not appellant, ran into the house as the
officers approached. Officer Billy Koontz of the Lubbock Police Department testified that
as he entered the house, he saw appellant in the living room, pursued him into the
southeast bedroom, put him down and handcuffed him. Koontz testified that as he did so,
appellant had a cell phone in one hand and was reaching for a black jacket located on a
bed in the room. A large quantity of suspected crack cocaine was located at the house. There was
also an amount of cocaine located in the small pocket of the black jacket that the State's
testimony showed weighed approximately 2.97 grams. The packaging of all the cocaine
was similar and its color was the same which, according to the State's evidence, was an
indication that all of the crack cocaine came from the same batch. The officers also found
a .25 caliber pistol in the black jacket which contained a magazine with six live rounds. A
search of the bedroom produced a shotgun in the attic crawl space, a second pistol under
another bed in the room, and a digital scale under the mattress of the bed upon which the
black jacket was located. Appellant had $433 in his pants pocket. Officer Koontz averred that appellant was taken outside the house and because it
was cold, asked for his jacket. Koontz told Investigator Paschall to take the black jacket
outside, hold it up, and "try to make a determination if it was his [appellant's]." Over
objection, Paschall was allowed to say that appellant admitted the jacket was his. Koontz
said that he was standing in the doorway of the house and actually heard appellant admit
his ownership of the black jacket. Eventually, Koontz said, he took the jacket out to the
investigator's car to take to the police department. As he did so, he said, appellant asked
"several times" if he could have the jacket. Officer Koontz testified that as the search was going on, he heard the occupants of
the house, including appellant, having a conversation between themselves. He averred
that appellant and another of the occupants said they knew who had "set them up"
because the person had just called on the phone, and they were "going to get them as
soon as they got out of jail." Koontz denied that any of the statements were in response
to questions asked by the officers. Appellant testified that he was already in the bedroom when the officers arrived and
denied he was chased into the room. According to him, after he had been taken outside,
an officer held up the black jacket and asked if it was his. At first, he said it was his jacket,
but then realized it was not and denied ownership of it. At trial, appellant introduced a Bulls
jacket he said was actually his and that he had worn at the time. He explained his
possession of the money by saying he was changing schools, and needed the money to
buy new clothes. Although appellant admitted he heard some of the others make
statements about who set them up, he denied that he ever participated in any such
discussion. Other portions of the evidence will be referred to as they become necessary
to a discussion of the appeal. Discussion The colloquy that gives rise to appellant's first point occurred during his counsel's
interrogation of the jury panel. Counsel was explaining the fact that an indictment by itself
was not evidence of guilt. During the course of the colloquy, the juror had made
statements that expressed an opinion to the contrary. At the conclusion, appellant's
counsel asked permission of the trial judge to approach the bench for the purpose of
making a motion "I would rather state at the Bench." The court replied, "[i]f it has to do with
a juror, you can wait until we get through with voir dire." Counsel made no objection, nor
did he do anything further until the completion of the voir dire of the panel as a whole. At
that time, he unsuccessfully moved to quash the panel on the basis that the juror's remarks
were hopelessly prejudicial and had unduly influenced the panel by "his stubbornly held
assertion or belief that an indictment is evidence of guilt." Appellant acknowledges that the propriety of the trial court's action is reviewed on
an abuse of discretion test. See Clark v. State, 608 S.W.2d 667, 669 (Tex. Crim. App.
1980). Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 33.1 requires that a timely request, motion, or
objection be made to the trial court "with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware
of the complaint" and that the trial court ruled on the matter, or refused to do so, and the
complaining party objected to the refusal to rule. Absent such an objection, motion or
request, error is waived unless it is so egregious that the failure to object does not waive
the error. Janecka v. State, 823 S.W.2d 232, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The
requirements of Rule 33.1 are not merely technical procedures by which appellate courts
seek to overrule points of error in a cursory manner. The failure to present a particular
argument to the trial court, and then making such an argument to the appellate court, in
effect usurps the trial court's function of ruling on such arguments and controlling the
admission or exclusion of evidence at trial. The contemporaneous objection rule also aids
judicial economy in calling the trial court's attention to what might be an error and giving
it an opportunity to avoid possible reversal with all attendant delay and expense to all
concerned. All that a party has to do to avoid the forfeiture of a complaint on appeal is to
let the trial judge know what he wants, why he thinks he is entitled to it, and to do so clearly
enough for the judge to be in a proper position to do something about it and obtain a ruling
from the trial judge. See Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992);
Cacy v. State, 942 S.W.2d 783, 785 (Tex. App.-Waco 1997, pet. ref'd). However, there
is an exception to that general rule in situations where the error is so egregious that it
cannot be waived. See Janecka, 823 S.W.2d at 243 n.2 . We have examined the colloquy
and it was not so egregious that an instruction to disregard would not have been sufficient
to cure any error. Thus, by his failure to articulate his motion and obtain a ruling upon it
until the examination of the jury panel as a whole was completed, appellant waived his
complaint. Moreover, even assuming arguendo that appellant's belated motion was sufficient
to comply with the rule, the record still does not show reversible error. In order to show
harm as a result of the trial court's denial of the motion, appellant must have established
1) that the other members of the panel heard the exchange, 2) that if they did hear it, they
were influenced by the exchange to the prejudice of appellant, and 3) that either the juror
in question or another juror who may have had a similar opinion was forced upon appellant.
Callins v. State, 780 S.W.2d 176, 188 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The record before us
contains no such showing. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in its ruling and
appellant's first point is overruled. The gist of appellant's second point complaint is that the trial court erred by not
suppressing the State's testimony that appellant admitted ownership of the black jacket
found on the bed in the room in which appellant was arrested. He argues that the alleged
admission was made after he was under arrest and at a time before he was given his
Miranda (2) warnings. He further argues that the question addressed by Investigator Paschall
at Officer Koontz's request was a custodial interrogation within the purview of Miranda and,
because his reply was an admission that tended to establish his guilt or amounted to a
declaration against his interest, the failure to suppress the testimony requires reversal.
Parenthetically, appellant correctly points out that the difference between the terms
admission and confession is no longer material in our determination of this point. See
Garner v. State, 464 S.W.2d 111, 112 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971). Appellant also argues he
did not waive his Fifth Amendment issue by giving his version of the conversation that took
place after Paschall showed him the black jacket. In supporting that position, he cites
Alvarez v. State, 511 S.W.2d 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973), as standing for the proposition
that an accused does not waive error by offering testimony to rebut or explain improperly
admitted testimony. We review a decision on a motion to suppress under an abuse of discretion
standard. Laselle v. State, 923 S.W.2d 819, 823 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 1996, pet. ref'd).
However, if the resolution of ultimate questions does not turn on an evaluation of credibility
and demeanor, appellate courts review mixed questions of law and fact de novo. Guzman
v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Thus, in instances where the
determinative facts are undisputed, an appellate court reviews de novo whether a
statement was the product of improper custodial interrogation. Dowthitt v. State, 931
S.W.2d 244, 255 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The term "custodial interrogation" cannot only include express questioning of a
suspect, but also any words or actions on the part of the police (other than those normally
attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit
an incriminating response. Jones v. State, 795 S.W.2d 171, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)
(quoting Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-02, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 1689-90, 64 L.Ed.2d
297, 307-08 (1980)). In considering what police actions are "reasonably likely to elicit an
incriminating response," it is necessary to note that Miranda did not hold that all statements
obtained by police should be considered the product of interrogation. Rather, the Miranda
Court stated: Any statement given freely and voluntarily without any compelling
influences is, of course, admissible in evidence. The fundamental import of
the privilege while an individual is in custody is not whether he is allowed to
talk to the police without the benefit of warnings, but whether he can be
interrogated . . . .Volunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the
Fifth Amendment and their admissibility is not affected by our holding today. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 478 (emphasis added). Statements made after arrest must not only
satisfy the Miranda doctrine, but must satisfy the Texas confession statute to be admissible
pursuant to Texas Rule of Evidence 801(e)(2). Edwards v. State, 813 S.W.2d 572, 577-78
(Tex. App.-Dallas 1991, pet. ref'd). In pertinent part, article 38.22 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, the Texas confession statute, provides, "Nothing in this article precludes the
admission of a statement made by the accused . . . that does not stem from custodial
interrogation . . . ." Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.22 §5 (Vernon 1979). Reiterated, the relevant testimony in this case was that after appellant had been
arrested, he was detained and handcuffed. It was cold and appellant asked for his jacket.
Officer Koontz, who heard the request, asked the investigator to take the black jacket and
ask if it was the one appellant was requesting. Thus, because of appellant's initial request
for a jacket, again heard by Koontz, his response when the officer brought the jacket to the
door, that the proffered jacket was his, was not the result of improper custodial
interrogation within the purview of Miranda. Neither was the response the result of an
improper action by the officers. Under all the surrounding circumstances, appellant's
admission that the black jacket was his was a volunteered admission that was admissible
into evidence. Appellant's second point is overruled. The thrust of appellant's third point is that because his arrest was illegal, the trial
court reversibly erred by not suppressing all statements made by appellant while he was
under arrest. In this case, at the time in question, the officers were executing a search
warrant that authorized the search of a house at 1516 E. 25th Street in Lubbock. It also
authorized the search of certain individuals named in the warrant, as well as "person or
persons unknown to affiant," without further identification of those unknown persons. The
State's evidence was that as the officers entered the house, they observed appellant in the
front room, and as they entered appellant ran to the back room. He was partially
undressed and was holding a cell phone. As Officer Koontz, the pursuing officer, caught
appellant, the officer said he was reaching toward a bed upon which a black jacket was
located. The officer said that he pursued appellant because a running person constitutes
a security risk to the police team. Appellant was handcuffed, detained and "frisked" for
weapons. Appellant and the other occupants of the house were taken outside and the
officers searched the house. As a result of the search, they found what appeared to be
crack cocaine in the house, as well as cocaine and a firearm located within the black
jacket. In addition, Officer Koontz averred that he had personal knowledge that appellant
had been at the house at various times prior to the search. When a search warrant is executed upon a residence, an occupant of the premises
may be detained for the duration of the search without a showing of probable cause.
Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 704-05, 101 S.Ct. 2587, 2595-96, 69 L.Ed.2d 340
(1981); Lippert v. State, 664 S.W.2d 712, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). However, this
limited exception to the probable cause requirement does not extend to those merely on
the premises at the time of the execution of the search warrant. Lippert, 664 S.W.2d at
722. Even so, a police officer, in the absence of probable cause for an arrest and search,
may nevertheless validly stop a person and detain him briefly for questioning if he has a
reasonable suspicion that the person may be connected with criminal activity, based upon
specific and articulable facts and rational inferences from those facts. Daniels v. State,
718 S.W.2d 702, 704-05 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 885, 107 S.Ct. 277, 93
L.Ed.2d 252 (1986). In this case, appellant's presence on the premises, coupled with the surrounding
circumstances, were specific and articulable facts sufficient to give rise to a rational
inference that appellant was an occupant of the premises. Those facts were sufficient to
permit the officers to detain appellant briefly to ascertain whether he was in fact, an
occupant of the premises. See Summers, 452 U.S. at 693, 101 S.Ct. at 2589 (upon arrival
to execute a search warrant on residence, police encountered respondent descending the
front steps and detained him); Lippert, 664 S.W.2d at 720-21 (appellant who entered
house during the exercise of a search warrant was properly detained, even though
subsequent search of his person was illegal in absence of flight or other attempt to resist
detention). Appellant's flight from the entering officer was sufficient to constitute the
offense of evading detention. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §38.04 (Vernon 2003). That
being so, the officers were entitled to arrest appellant for an offense committed in their
presence. See Mottley v. State, 841 S.W.2d 550, 551 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992,
no pet.). Additionally, at the time that appellant was detained, by the issuance of a search
warrant, a magistrate had determined there was probable cause that persons inside the
residence were involved in narcotics. Appellant was indisputably in the residence at the
time they arrived, he was partially undressed, and he ran when the officers entered.
Appellant's presence on the premises in a state of partial undress and his flight from the
officers were specific and articulable facts that gave rise to a reasonable inference that
appellant was an occupant of the premises. Those facts are sufficient to permit a brief
detention of appellant to determine if he was, in fact, an occupant of the premises. Salazar
v. State, 893 S.W.2d 138, 140-142 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet denied,
untimely filed). Bearing in mind that the admission of evidence is within the discretion of
the trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion, Osbourn v. State, 92
S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), we conclude that under this record, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in its ruling. Appellant's third point is overruled. In his fourth point, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by
receiving into evidence inadmissible hearsay testimony to the effect that appellant was
engaging in the illegal delivery of controlled substances. The sequence of events giving
rise to this point began when Officer Koontz was asked on cross-examination if he had
"some knowledge" as to who was living at 1516 E. 25th Street in Lubbock, the location that
was the subject of the search warrant. As relevant to this point, the officer replied, without
objection, that among others, Charles Mitchell and appellant "were all staying at the
residence off and on." Appellant did not object to the answer. On redirect examination,
and over a hearsay objection, when asked if Mitchell had made any statements to him
about who stayed at the residence, Officer Koontz was allowed to respond that appellant,
along with several others, "were all staying in the southeast bedroom and he knew they
had guns and they were selling crack." In supporting his argument that admitting the
testimony and the harm that resulted from the testimony requires reversal, appellant also
points to references by the State in its closing argument in the guilt/innocence phase to
Mitchell's alleged statement. In Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), the court described
Rule of Criminal Evidence 107 (the predecessor and progenitor of present Rule of
Evidence 107), as the Rule of Optional Completeness, and commented that it had been
recognized as addressing, or at least encompassing, the "opening the door" situation. Id.
at 279. In doing so, it quoted with approval a text comment that "the necessity of
completeness will justify the production, through the 'open door,' of extraneous offense
evidence, hearsay, or other matter that would otherwise be incompetent." Id. The present
rule is, in all material aspects, identical to that prior Rule of Criminal Evidence. Thus, the
State was entitled to inquire further about exactly what Mitchell might have told the officer,
and appellant's hearsay objection to the State's inquiry as to what Mitchell told the officer
about "who stayed at the residence" was not well taken. While the portion of the answer
as to appellant selling crack was nonresponsive and subject to objection, in the absence
of objection to that portion of the answer, appellant's right to complain was waived. See
Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Moreover, even assuming arguendo the complaint was preserved for our review,
reversal is not required. As appellant recognizes, the admission of inadmissible hearsay
is non-constitutional error. Lee v. State, 21 S.W.3d 532, 538 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2000, no
pet.). Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 44.2(b) provides that non-constitutional errors
that do not affect substantial rights must be disregarded. A substantial right is affected
when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's
verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (citing Kotteakos v.
U.S., 328 U.S. 750, 766, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1253, 90 L.Ed.1557 (1946)). A criminal conviction
should not be overturned because of non-constitutional error if, after examining the record
as a whole, the reviewing court has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury,
or had but a slight effect on it. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d
410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The error must not be viewed in isolation, but in relation
to the entire proceeding. Id. Without reiterating the extensive evidence in the case, suffice
it to say that we have considered the record en toto and find it sufficient to give fair
assurance that the error, if it was error, either did not affect the jury or, if it did, had but a
slight effect. Appellant's fourth point is overruled. Because of their close relationship, we will consider and discuss appellant's fifth and
sixth points together. In his fifth point, appellant posits that the trial court abused its
discretion in allowing police officers to testify, over objection, that the substance found at
the residence was cocaine because none of those witnesses possessed the requisite
"scientific or expert qualifications or training" to entitle them to state that conclusion. In his
sixth point, he complains that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony
of the expert testifying for the State because the State failed to establish the proper
predicate of reliability of the tests performed by the expert. Appellant is correct in arguing
that even an experienced police officer, without other training, is not competent to testify
as to the chemical composition of a substance because that is a matter for expert
testimony. See Bright v. State, 556 S.W.2d 317, 321-22 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) (citing
Curtis v. State, 548 S.W.2d 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). The State responds to appellant's
fifth point by arguing that the lay testimony by the officers was harmless because of the
later expert testimony identifying the substance as cocaine. It responds to the sixth point
complaint by arguing it was not preserved for our review and, even if the question was
preserved, a proper predicate was laid for the admission of the testimony. Appellant's sixth point complaint is directed at the expert testimony identifying the
substances found in the black jacket and the house as cocaine. Under Texas Rule of
Evidence 702, the trial court must determine whether the proffered scientific evidence is
sufficiently reliable and relevant to help the jury in reaching accurate results. The burden
is upon the proponent of the evidence to prove by clear and convincing testimony that the
evidence meets that test. Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
We will not disturb a trial court's decision to admit expert testimony absent an abuse of its
discretion. Hinojosa v. State, 4 S.W.3d 240, 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). To be
considered reliable, evidence based on a scientific theory must satisfy three criteria: 1) the
underlying scientific theory must be valid; 2) the technique applying the theory must be
valid; and 3) the technique must have been properly applied on the occasion in question.
Id. at 250-251. That standard is not limited to novel scientific evidence, but applies to all
scientific evidence offered under Rule 702. Id.; see also Hurrelbrink v. State, 46 S.W.3d
350 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2001, pet. ref'd). In this case, Scott Williams testified that he had worked for the Texas Department
of Public Safety in the Crime Laboratory Division for a little over 14 years. His assigned
duty there was to receive and analyze evidence that was submitted by law enforcement
officers for drug analysis. He had a Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry and had
received training from the Department of Public Safety headquarters in Austin. He had
testified in court "many times," including previous testimony in the trial court on other
occasions. He averred that it was possible to identify an unknown substance looking at the
physical and chemical characteristics by conducting different types of tests and comparing
them to purchased references as well as published literature. He performs this type of
analysis frequently. He said he performed an analysis on the exhibit in question. He
weighed the substance and performed some spot or color tests in which a reagent is used
to look for color changes that tell what might be present in the substance being tested. He
then performed an infrared spectroscopy test that is a confirmation test. As a result of the
tests, he testified, he was able to conclusively identify the substances as cocaine. Under
this record, the trial court did not err in deeming the chemist's testimony sufficiently reliable
and receiving it into evidence. Because that expert testimony was admissible, any error
in allowing the police officers to testify as to the composition of the substances found was
harmless. See Hicks v. State, 545 S.W.2d 805, 809-10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). In considering appellant's sixth point, we have not overlooked the State's contention
that by his failure to exercise his right to voir dire the expert witness prior to the time he was
testifying, appellant waived any right to complain. Texas Rule of Evidence 705(b) states
that in a criminal case, prior to the time the expert is allowed to give his opinion or disclose
the underlying facts, the defendant shall be allowed to conduct a voir dire examination
outside the presence of the jury, "directed to the underlying facts or data upon which the
opinion is based." However, as we read the rule, this is a privilege accorded a defendant
to give him an opportunity to ascertain if there is a basis for obtaining the exclusion of the
evidence without the possibility of adversely affecting the minds of the jury. However, the
fact that an appellant might choose not to exercise the privilege is not sufficient to forfeit
his right to object and claim error in the admission of the expert testimony at the time it is
received. Appellant's fifth and sixth points are overruled. In his seventh point, appellant contends that the trial evidence was legally
insufficient to support his conviction for possession of a controlled substance with intent
to deliver and the trial court erred by not granting his motion for instructed verdict. In
particular, appellant contends that although the evidence may be arguably sufficient to
support a conviction of possession of cocaine in an amount of not less than one nor more
than four grams of cocaine, it is legally insufficient to sustain his conviction as a party
possessing the aggregate amount of cocaine in the house for sale. In evaluating the legal sufficiency of the evidence of guilt, we must view all of the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier
of fact would have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560, 573 (1979);
McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 844, 118
S.Ct. 125, 139 L.Ed.2d 75 (1997). Section 7.02 of the Penal Code provides that a person is criminally responsible for
an offense committed by the conduct of another if "acting with intent to promote or assist
the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids or attempts to aid the
other person to commit the offense." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02 (Vernon 2003). The
evidence is sufficient to convict under the law of parties where the defendant is physically
present at the commission of the offense and encourages the commission of the offense
by words or other agreement. In determining whether a defendant participated as a party,
a court may look to events occurring before, during, and after the commission of the
offense and may rely on actions of the defendant that show an understanding and common
design to do the prohibited act. Further, circumstantial evidence may be used to prove
party status. Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 302 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citing
Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S.
1101, 106 S.Ct. 1942, 90 L.Ed.2d 352 (1986). Although mere presence at the scene of
an offense is not alone sufficient to support a conviction, it is a circumstance tending to
prove guilt that may be combined with other facts to show appellant was a participant.
Beardsley v. State, 738 S.W.2d 681, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). If it has some relevance
to the offense under prosecution, a jury may infer guilt from evidence of flight. Burks v.
State, 876 S.W.2d 877, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Factors that, among other
circumstantial evidence have been considered by courts to show an intent to deliver are:
1) the nature of the place where the defendant was arrested; 2) the quantity of controlled
substance in the defendant's possession; 3) the manner of packaging; 4) the presence of
drug paraphernalia; 5) the defendant's possession of large amounts of cash; and 6) the
defendant's status as a drug user. Williams v. State, 902 S.W.2d 505, 507 (Tex. App.-
Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no pet.). In this case, there was evidence that appellant was partially dressed at the time the
officers entered, he fled from the presence of the entering officer to a room where he
reached for a black jacket on a bed in the room which was later discovered to contain 2.72
grams of cocaine and a handgun; a digital scale was found under the mattress of the bed;
crack cocaine weighing 47.4 grams was found in the jacket pocket of another individual in
the house; and the cocaine found in different areas of the residence was packaged in a
similar manner and was colored the same, which was an indication that they all came from
the same batch. Officer Koontz, an experienced narcotics officer, testified that the cocaine
was packaged in a manner "consistent with the distribution of crack cocaine." He also
averred that crack cocaine "is generally distributed by a group of folks, with each individual
within that group having a separate role" and it appeared that the four men located in the
house were working together in the distribution of crack cocaine. Additionally, there was
evidence that for a 17 year old, appellant was in possession of a substantial amount of
cash. Moreover, there was the evidence that while the house was being searched,
appellant and another of the occupants were overheard saying that they knew the person
that "had set them up" and they were going to get that individual when they got out of jail.
There was also testimony by Lubbock Detective Dwayne Gerber, one of the officers
conducting the search, that Antwan Davis, one of the occupants found in the house, said
the police could stop looking because they had "found everything we had" and appellant
shook his head "like 'yeah.'" Suffice it to say that viewed in the light by which we must view
it, the evidence was legally sufficient to sustain appellant's conviction as a party.
Appellant's seventh point is overruled. In his eighth point, appellant asserts the evidence was factually insufficient to
sustain his conviction. In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we must view all the
evidence in the record without the prism of "in the light most favorable to the prosecution."
Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). In conducting our review,
we must be mindful that the jury is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the witness
testimony. Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 164 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We may only
set aside the jury verdict when it is so against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 135. In addition to the State's evidence which we have outlined above, appellant
presented three witnesses besides himself. Tommy Anderson testified that appellant had
worked for him and that he paid him $200 on December 2, 2001. He also admitted that
he had been convicted of two thefts and burglary of a habitation. Appellant's mother,
Carolyn Foster, also testified that she occasionally bought her son clothes, he owned three
jackets, one of which was a Bulls jacket, which was received into evidence, and she gave
him $60 shortly before the occasion in question. Appellant's aunt, Cheryl Butler, averred
that she had given appellant $50 to take to the mall shortly before he was arrested. Appellant testified that he had gone over to the house in question about 15 to 20
minutes before the police arrived. He and the others had stopped there to fix a car before
they went on to the mall. Appellant went into the house to change clothes when his cell
phone rang. He looked at the caller I.D. and saw that it was his friend Quinton's girlfriend
calling. He had his pants down because he was going to change clothes before going to
the mall to purchase some clothes. He was leaving the bedroom to take the phone to
Quinton, and "that's when they came in." He said when he saw the officers, he put the
phone on the floor in front of him and got down on the floor. The money he had in his
pocket was the result of his work and the gifts from his mother and aunt. He denied he ran
from the officer coming towards him or that he reached for the black jacket, which was a
different size from the one he owned. He denied that he had been wearing the black jacket
and stated he was wearing the Bulls jacket that night. Although he first admitted the black
jacket was his, he immediately denied ownership when he saw it better. Appellant also
denied that he possessed any firearms or illegal drugs. He denied that he had any
conversations with the other men while the police were searching the house, and averred
the officers were lying when they said he indicated any agreement with Antwan Davis's
remark that the officers had found all the contraband. The officers also lied when they said
he was involved in a conversation about "getting" someone when they got out of jail. Although the evidence as to appellant's involvement in the offense was
contradictory, it was well within the jury's province to determine the credibility and weight
to be given the contradictory evidence. After reviewing the evidence as a whole, we cannot
say the jury verdict was so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence
as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Appellant's eighth point is overruled. In his ninth point, appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion by admitting
evidence at the sentencing hearing about appellant's alleged gang membership. Citing
Fuller v. State, 829 S.W.2d 191 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), the State responds that, although
appellant did object to any gang testimony prior to the commencement of the punishment
hearing and was granted a running objection, that was not sufficient to preserve the
question because appellant did not move to strike the testimony when the State rested.
The State is correct. In the Fuller case, the court noted that Fuller's objection to gang
testimony "ultimately proved meritorious." However, it went on to explain that it was
"constrained by rules of procedure to hold that Appellant forfeited the right of appellate
review by his failure to move that it [the gang testimony] be stricken after the close of the
State's evidence." Id. at 198. In explaining the rule, the court commented: The rule may seem harsh to some, but it is a fundamental feature of our
adjudicatory system. Simply put, a trial judge cannot err in most cases by
overruling a relevancy objection so long as the challenged evidence might
be "connected up" before the end of the trial. In the instant case, the trial
court's ruling was correct when made and only became challengeable when
a connection by the close of the case had not been made. And it is not the
judge's duty to notice whether the evidence is eventually "connected up" in
fact. Instead, the objecting party must reurge his relevancy complaint after
all the proof is in, ask that the offending evidence be stricken, and request
that the jury be instructed to disregard it. Otherwise, his objection will be
deemed forfeited on appeal. [citations omitted]. Id. at 198-99. Appellant also objected that the prejudicial effect of the evidence would
exceed its probative value. However, the record does not bear that objection out and the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling that portion of the objection. The
rationale explicated by the Fuller court is also applicable here. We must, therefore,
overrule appellant's ninth and final point. In sum, all of appellant's points are overruled and the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed. John T. Boyd Senior Justice Do not publish.
1. John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment.
Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §75.002(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2003).
2. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). | Low | [
0.536862003780718,
35.5,
30.625
] |
Introduction {#Sec1} ============ When humans spread throughout the Earth, high-altitude environments presented a significant challenge to the people living within them. Low air pressure, hypoxia, strong solar radiation and low temperature exert great pressure on the survival of local people. Genetic factors in both the nuclear genome and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome play great roles in the adaptation to high-altitude environments, which was considered as natural impacts on human evolution and adaptation^[@CR1]^. In the past few years, an increasing number of genetic studies on the nuclear genome have shown that a series of genes have been involved in high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans^[@CR2]--[@CR8]^, Andeans^[@CR8],[@CR9]^ and Ethiopians^[@CR10],[@CR11]^, and these genes are mainly distributed in the hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway and the TP53 pathway. However, the role of the mtDNA genome in high-altitude adaptation are still in discussion and should receive more attention. Mitochondria are known as the cell's power plant, where cellular fuel is oxidized to provide energy for metabolism. Mitochondrial function is dependent on mtDNA, and mtDNA is well established as a genetic marker. A high mutation rate, small genome size, maternal inheritance, and lack of recombination make mtDNA an important tool for studying genetic structure in different populations. Besides, analyses of mtDNA sequences provide clues for exploring the genetic relationships between different populations, which contributes to deep understanding the role of mtDNA variations in human evolution. In addition to 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs, mtDNA encodes 13 core subunits related to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Approximately 90% of the energy required by the cell is provided by OXPHOS, which is significantly affected by mtDNA variations. Hence, it is commonly believed that mtDNA contributed to high-altitude adaptation in high-altitude natives^[@CR12],[@CR13]^. There are three groups of high-altitude natives living in China, including high-altitude Tajiks (hereafter referred to as HA-Tajiks), Tibetans and Sherpas. The HA-Tajik population is one of 56 ethnic groups in China. HA-Tajiks have lived for generations in the Xinjiang Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, where the average elevation is more than 4,000 m. Taxkorgan is perched in the highest part of the Pamirs. The world's second highest peak, Mount Qogir, towers over the south, and in the north stands Mount Muztagata, "the father of ice peaks." The HA-Tajik people seldom intermarry with other ethnic groups, and this ethnic identity means that their genetic structure shows little mixing with outsiders. Thus, it is attractive and feasible to explore the role of mtDNA in the high-altitude adaptation of HA-Tajiks. Tibetans are considered to be an ethnic group that is adapted to the high-altitude environment, and it has been reported that mtDNA variations influence the efficiency of oxygen utilization and function in native Tibetans^[@CR14]^. Sherpas live south of the Himalayas and are famous for their physical ability in climbing Mount Everest and are well-known as porters in the Himalayas. Their characteristics at high altitudes are considered as markers of high-altitude adaptation. Previous studies have found that eNOS, PPARA^[@CR15]^, HIF, ACE^[@CR16]^ and EPAS1 in the nuclear genome and CYTB, ATP6, ND1, ND4 and ND5 in the mtDNA genome play a great role in the high-altitude adaptation of Sherpas^[@CR17]^. Recently, a study analyzed mtDNA genomes in different populations in Central Asia located around the Pamirs^[@CR18]^, and different populations of Tajiks living at high altitude were also investigated. Because partial mtDNA sequences are not able to provide enough information, so complete mtDNA genome sequences were required for this research. To better understand the genetic structure of the mtDNA genome and identify the possible role of the mtDNA genome in high-altitude adaptation in HA-Tajiks, 80 HA-Tajik individuals living in Taxkorgan were enrolled, and their whole mtDNA genomes were sequenced. We also examined the mtDNA genomes of Tibetans and Sherpas as well as other reported Tajik populations^[@CR18]^ to compare the genetic differences between them and to analyze different patterns of high-altitude adaptation between three high-altitude native populations at the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and in the Pamirs from perspectives of mtDNA variations. Results {#Sec2} ======= Study population and reference population in this study {#Sec3} ------------------------------------------------------- A total of 11 populations, including 706 subjects, were analyzed in this study. The basic information of the subjects is listed in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}.Table 1Basic information of the populations enrolled in this study.PopulationCategorySizeLocationSourceHigh-altitude TajikHighlander80Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, ChinaThis studySarikoli TajikHighlander86Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, ChinaReferenceWakhi TajikHighlander66Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, ChinaReferencePamirs TajikHighlander50Gorno-Badakhshan, TajikistanReferenceLowland TajikLowlander28Dushanbe, TajikistanReferenceEast Pamir KyrgyzHighlander68Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, ChinaReferenceLowland KyrgyzLowlander54Artux, Xinjiang, ChinaReferenceLowland UygurLowlander27Artux, Xinjiang, ChinaReferenceSherpaHighlander76Tibet, ChinaReferenceBeijing Han ChineseLowlander103Beijing, China1000 Genomes ProjectTibetanHighlander68Tibet, ChinaReference mtDNA genetic diversity of Tajiks {#Sec4} --------------------------------- The number of haplotypes, nucleotide diversity, haplotype diversity, Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were 73, 0.00216 ± 0.00024, 0.997 ± 0.00001, − 2.277 and − 33.741, respectively. The main frequencies of the haplogroups in the 80 HA-Tajiks analyzed in this study are shown in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, and the major haplogroups were U, followed by H, T and J, indicating that the HA-Tajik population settled in Taxkorgan, China, may have originated from Europe^[@CR18],[@CR19]^. Haplogroup of each subject was provided in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}. Phylogeny of 80 HA-Tajiks calculated by mtPhyl (version 5.003) was provided as dataset1 with a xlsx file. Detailed frequencies of haplogroups in 80 HA-Tajiks as well as other reference population were provided in Table [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}.Figure 1The haplogroup profiles of HA-Tajiks enrolled in this study. Major haplogroups were U, followed by H, T and J. Haplogroups were merged for brevity. Detailed frequencies of haplogroups in HA-Tajiks were listed in Table [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}. Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) for HA-Tajiks {#Sec5} ----------------------------------------- BSP was conducted to trace historical variations in population size based on coding regions of mtDNA genome (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Although the sample size of HA-Tajiks is small in this study, it could be inferred that the effective population size of HA-Tajiks is steadily growing, which is consistent with demographic data of HA-Tajiks in China, especially in recent years (<https://www.china.org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-tajik.htm>). Besides, the expansion of HA-Tajiks revealed by the BSP is also in accordance with the negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs.Figure 2Bayesian Skyline Plot of HA-Tajik population history. BSP obtained by BEAST showed population history predicted from mitochondrial coding regions of 80 HA-Tajik subjects. The black line in the middle indicates the median population size predict from Bayesian posterior distribution. The population expansion may start from 10--15 kya before present. Genetic relationship of HA-Tajiks with other populations {#Sec6} -------------------------------------------------------- PCA was applied based on the frequencies of haplogroups in the mtDNA genomes to represent the relationships among the 11 populations enrolled in this study after transformation (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The detailed frequencies of the mtDNA haplogroups in the 11 populations are provided in Table [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}. Further analysis based on ARLEQUIN 3.5.1.3 and MEGA 7.0 also showed that the HA-Tajiks enrolled in this study presented a close genetic relationship with the Wakhi Tajiks, Pamiri Tajiks and Sarikoli Tajiks (Figs. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that they may belong to one nation, with differences in their geographical distributions. Moreover, Figs. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} indicate that the genetic relationships of HA-Tajiks with Tibetans and Sherpas are distant, while Tibetans and Sherpas show a close relationship. Hence, it could be inferred that HA-Tajiks may exhibit a different pattern of high-altitude adaptation compared to Tibetans and Sherpas from the perspective of the mtDNA genome. To further explore these differences, a detailed comparison of different regions in the mtDNA genome between HA-Tajiks and Tibetans as well as Sherpas was performed in subsequent analysis.Figure 3PCA of populations from HA-Tajiks and other ten populations. PC map of populations based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies (Table [S2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}). Figure 4Genetic distance of populations from HA-Tajiks and other ten populations based on mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. Different variations in the mtDNA genome between Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas {#Sec7} ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- After comparison to the rCRS, the number of variations in each polymorphism of the mtDNA genome was calculated in HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas. Taking polymorphism 10400T of the mtDNA genome as an example, the numbers of variants were determined to be 6, 53 and 49, so the numbers of non-variants were 74, 15 and 27 in HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas, respectively. At the statistical significance level of 0.025, our results indicated that there were significant differences in the distribution of many polymorphisms in the mtDNA genomes. As a result, only p values below 0.0000001 and polymorphisms in 13 genes belonging to the OXPHOS pathway encoded by the mtDNA genome are presented. The comparisons between HA-Tajiks and Tibetans and between HA-Tajiks and Sherpas are listed in Tables [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}, and the remaining results related to OXPHOS are provided in Table [S3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"} and Table [S4](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}.Table 2Results with p values below 0.0000001 in the comparison of the mtDNA genome between Tibetans and HA-Tajiks.PolymorphismsAmino acid changeRegionsTibetanHA-Tajiksχ^2^p valuesVariantNon-variantVariantNon-variant10400 TNoND3531567476.08\< 0.000000114783CNoCYTB531567476.08\< 0.000000115043ANoCYTB531577373.00\< 0.000000115301ANoCYTB531567476.08\< 0.0000001 Table 3Results with p values below 0.0000001 in the comparison of the mtDNA genome between Sherpas and HA-Tajiks.PolymorphismsAmino acid changeRegionsSherpaHA-Tajiksχ^2^p valuesvariantnon-variantvariantnon-variant3594TNoND1076404051.10\< 0.00000014104GNoND1076404051.10\< 0.00000014769GNoND2760423847.73\< 0.00000017028TNoCOX1751433742.71\< 0.00000017146GYesCOX1076404051.10\< 0.00000017256TNoCOX1373404041.40\< 0.00000018468TNoATP8076404051.10\< 0.00000018655TNoATP6076404051.10\< 0.00000018860GYesATP6760404051.10\< 0.000000110400TNoND3492767455.42\< 0.000000110664TNoND4L076404051.10\< 0.000000110688ANoND4L076404051.10\< 0.000000110810CNoND4076404051.10\< 0.000000110915CNoND4076404051.10\< 0.000000111719ANoND4751433742.71\< 0.000000113105GYesND5076404051.10\< 0.000000113276GYesND5076404051.10\< 0.000000113506TNoND5076404051.10\< 0.000000113650TNoND5076404051.10\< 0.000000114766TYesCYTB751433742.71\< 0.000000114783CNoCYTB492767455.42\< 0.000000115043ANoCYTB492777352.59\< 0.000000115301ANoCYTB492767455.42\< 0.000000115326GYesCYTB760404051.10\< 0.0000001 Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} showed that the frequencies of the variant polymorphisms 10400T, 14783C, 15043A and 15301A in Tibetans were significantly higher than those in Tajiks. Polymorphism 10400T belongs to ND3 and polymorphisms 14783C, 15043A and 15301A to CYTB. Hence, it seemed that polymorphisms in CYTB may provide more clues about high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau than in HA-Tajiks in the Pamirs, and other regions of the mtDNA genome should be evaluated in relation to high-altitude adaptation in HA-Tajiks. Compared to Sherpas, HA-Tajiks exhibited more polymorphisms in multiple regions of the mtDNA genome, and detailed results are listed in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}. The mtDNA genome of HA-Tajiks showed significant differences in ND1, ND2, COX1, ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and CYTB, which are more complicated than the comparisons between Tajiks and Tibetans. Polymorphisms 14783C and 15301A of CYTB showed the most significant differences in the distribution between HA-Tajiks and Sherpas. In addition, it could also be inferred that Tibetans and Sherpas may present different patterns of high-altitude adaptation from the perspective of the mtDNA genome, because frequencies of certain variants in mtDNA genome also showed significant differences between Tibetans and Sherpas. Discussion {#Sec8} ========== This is the first study to compare and analyze molecular evidence of high-altitude adaptation in three high-altitude native groups from the perspective of the mitochondrial genome. In this study, the whole mtDNA genomes of 80 HA-Tajiks living in the Pamirs were sequenced, and the major mitochondrial haplogroups in HA-Tajiks were U, H and T as well as J confirmed that HA-Tajiks settled in the Pamirs were likely to be originated in Europe. BSP revealed by BEAST indicated that the effective population size was steadily increasing, which was in consistent with the current status of HA-Tajiks in China. Based on PCA and genetic distance analysis, we found that the HA-Tajiks enrolled in this study exhibited a close relationship with Wakhi Tajiks, Pamiri Tajiks and Sarikoli Tajiks. The difference in the mtDNA genome between HA-Tajiks and Sherpas was significantly greater than the differences between HA-Tajiks and Tibetans, suggesting different patterns of high-altitude adaptation were existed between HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas. BSP was an effective tool to analyze population size based on mtDNA genome sequences. However, different settings of analysis methods would generate various results even dealing with the same sequences. Compared to Peng's research^[@CR18]^, significant decline in effective population size was observed by BSPs, which is conflict with negative Tajima's D and Fu's Fs yielded in his research. Possible explanations were different sample strategies, and mainly were attributed to different parameters of strict clock model and analysis methods. In Peng's research, this strict clock model was 1.404 × 10^−8^ substitutions per site per year and the TrN + I + G substitution model, and 2.308 × 10^−8^ substitutions per site per year as well as the GTR model of nucleotide substitution with empirical base frequencies were employed in this research. In addition, appropriate analytical methods are not easily determined when facing big data. Hence, parameters setting of software are not only depend on references but also in accordance to the actual situation as well as population history. Although HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas are high-altitude natives, they exhibited great differences in their languages, customs and origins^[@CR18],[@CR20]^. Even after the long-term settlement of high-altitude environments, these three groups may show different responses to hypoxia stimulation at the molecular level, and variants in the mtDNA genome provided an useful tool for further analysis^[@CR1]^. Mitochondrion have been reported to be involved in high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans and Sherpas. The mitochondrial nt3010G-nt3970C haplotype^[@CR21]^ and haplogroup M9a1a1c1b in Tibetans^[@CR13],[@CR22]^ and haplogroups C4a3b1 and A4e3a in Sherpas^[@CR17]^ contributed to high-altitude adaptation. Compared to Tibetans, the distribution of polymorphisms 10400T, 14783C, 15043A and 15301A showed the most significant differences in Tajiks. However, the frequencies of these polymorphisms in Tajiks were significantly lower than those in Tibetans, indicating that other regions of the mtDNA genome should be considered in the assessment of the role of mtDNA in high-altitude adaptation in HA-Tajiks. Among the 13 genes belonging to the OXPHOS pathway, we found that the frequency of variant polymorphism 12372 (12372A) in ND5 was the most significantly increased compared to that in Tibetans (Table [S3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}). Taking U haplogroup as an example, 12372A is the marker of the U haplogroup, which accounted for the main lineage in the 80 HA-Tajiks enrolled in this study. Functional changes in 12372A were not detected, and this polymorphism showed no association with sudden infant death syndrome in the Swiss population^[@CR23]^. Although the 12372A variant in ND5 does not result in an amino acid change, it may affect the DNA-RNA network, mRNA stability, RNA splicing, translation kinetics and protein folding, etc.^[@CR15],[@CR24]^, which ultimately contributes to disease progression. It seems that many pathogenic mutations are enriched in the mtDNA genomes of high-altitude native peoples^[@CR13]^. However, these deleterious mutations do not induce a harmful phenotype in high-altitude natives, indicating that the diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations may be population specific. Hence, the role of 12372A in high-altitude adaptation in Tajiks needs to be reevaluated with larger samples, and the molecular mechanism associated with the 12372A mutation should be analyzed in further studies. In the comparison between Tajiks and Sherpas, the frequencies of polymorphisms 3594T and 4104G in ND1, 7146G and 7256T in COX1, 8468T in ATP8, 8655T in ATP6, 10664T and 10688A in ND4L, 10810C and 10915C in ND4, and 13105G, 13276G, 13506T and 13650T in ND5 were found to be significantly higher in Tajiks. In addition, these variants seemed to be in linkage disequilibrium. Except for polymorphisms 7146G, 13105G and 13276G, all other polymorphisms mentioned above did not induce amino acid changes. 7146G, 13105G and 13276G result in amino acid changes from threonine to alanine, isoleucine to valine and methionine to valine, respectively. However, genotype--phenotype association and functional analyses based on three nonsynonymous amino acid mutations have seldom been reported. The 7146G mutation was located in COX1, and this variant may influence the biogenesis of COX1 and ultimately cause a different response at the molecular level in Tajiks in the Pamirs compared with Sherpas on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, which needs to be checked through functional analysis. 13105G and 13276G in ND5 were found to be associated with a risk of cervical cancer^[@CR25]^. ND5 is a primary subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, and a mutation in ND5 can induce higher levels of reactive oxygen species^[@CR26]^. Combined with 13506T and 13650T in ND5, it seemed that alterations in ND5 would induce cumulative effects and may play a great role in high-altitude adaptation in Tajiks. However, the functional significance and the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Further investigations including molecular and biochemical studies are needed to explore the role of mutations in ND5 in high-altitude adaptation in HA-Tajiks. With the development of DNA sequencing technologies, next-generation sequencing has been widely applied in genetic studies, and the accuracy has increased significantly. Traditional Sanger sequencing based on PCR products was performed in this study, and we found that checking DNA sequencing results and the assembly of DNA fragments manually is highly time and energy consuming. Hence, in the acquisition of whole mtDNA genomes, next-generation sequencing should be considered as the main tool in further analysis, and Sanger sequencing could be a powerful additional complement, especially when the results acquired by next-generation sequencing are ambiguous. Conclusion {#Sec9} ========== We found that the lineages including U, H, T and J accounted for most HA-Tajik samples, indicating an European origin, and the HA-Tajik population showed a closer relationship with Wakhi Tajiks. BSP revealed by BEAST indicated that the effective population size was steadily increasing. Among 13 genes belonging to the OXPHOS pathway encoded by the mtDNA genome, HA-Tajiks showed the most significant differences in ND3 and CYTB compared to Tibetans. Compared to Sherpas, HA-Tajiks showed the most significant differences in ND1, ND2, COX1, ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and CYTB. The associated biochemical changes and molecular mechanisms should be explored by functional investigations in further studies. Materials and methods {#Sec10} ===================== Ethics statements {#Sec11} ----------------- This research was approved by the ethics committee of the Third Military Medical University and the 950th Hospital of the PLA of China. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All participants provided written informed consent before this investigation commenced. Study population {#Sec12} ---------------- A total of 80 unrelated HA-Tajiks (19 males, 52.9 ± 14.9 years, 19--76 years old; 61 females, 46.0 ± 15.0 years, 25--83 years old) were enrolled in this study. All subjects confirmed that they and their parents had been born and lived in Taxkorgan their whole lives in a questionnaire. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using a DNA isolation kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) and was stored at − 20 °C for further use. mtDNA genome amplification and sequencing {#Sec13} ----------------------------------------- Eight pairs of primers were applied to amplify the mtDNA genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 22 primers were used for sequencing the PCR products^[@CR26]^ by Sanger dideoxy sequencing (detailed information of PCR amplification and sequencing primers is listed in Table [S5](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"} and [S6](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}). The sequence of every PCR product was carefully checked according to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) (GenBank: NC_012920). All of the sequences of the PCR products from each subject were integrated, and overlapping sequences were removed. After manual check of sequence diagrams, we found that the sequencing accuracy of 315--598 in sample 106, 120, 122, 133, 148, 149, 156, 167, 304, 320, and 16190--16396 in sample 119, 138, 225 were not satisfactory because of poly C structure existed. To make our work more convincing, we delete the mtDNA sequences in 315--598 and 16190--16396 belonging to D-loop region in samples mentioned above respectively, and these sequences were replaced as sequencing gaps. Finally, we obtained the mitochondrial genome sequence of 80 HA-Tajiks without 315--598 or 16189--16396 belonging to D-loop region for the following analysis. mtDNA haplogroup analysis and reference mtDNA genomes {#Sec14} ----------------------------------------------------- Each mtDNA genome of 80 HA-Tajik individuals was compared to Phylotree 17 rCRS to confirm variant sites and haplogroup by using Mitotool (<https://mitotool.kiz.ac.cn/)>^[@CR27]^ Ten additional populations living in East Asia and Central Asia, including Tibetans and Sherpas, were selected as references. The GenBank identification numbers of the Tibetans and Sherpas are provided as supplementary materials in Table [S7](#MOESM7){ref-type="media"}. Sequence data for the mtDNA genome were acquired from the 1000 Genomes Project or downloaded from GenBank as the references indicate. Variant sites and haplogroups were also acquired by using Mitotool as mentioned above. All the mtDNA sequences of 80 HA-Tajiks as mentioned above were deposited in Genbank (MT554196-MT554275). Analysis of mtDNA genomes {#Sec15} ------------------------- The mtDNA genetic diversity of HA-Tajiks (including haplotype numbers, nucleotide and haplotype diversity, Tajima's D, and Fu's Fs) was calculated by DnaSP6.0^[@CR28]^. The genetic distances between the HA-Tajiks and the reference populations based on the mtDNA genomes were analyzed by PCA based on the haplogroup distributions in different populations after normalized transformation^[@CR29]^. The Fst values between the populations enrolled in this study were calculated with ARLEQUIN 3.5.1.3^[@CR30]^. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with a neighbor-joining tree with MEGA 7.0. The phylogeny was constructed by using mtPhyl^[@CR31]^ (<https://sites.google.com/site/mtphyl/home>) with 80 complete mtDNA sequences in HA-Tajiks. The variants located in regions 16519, 16180--16193 and 310--315 and the AC indels in regions 515--522 were not included in the subsequent analysis^[@CR18]^. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of HA-Tajiks {#Sec16} ------------------------------------------- The Bayesian skyline plots (BSPs) for HA-Tajiks were performed by BEAST v1.7.5. mtDNA coding region (np 577--16024) of each HA-Tajik subject was acquired by comparison of rCRS. After alignment of 80 mitochondrial coding region sequences, we employed the GTR model of nucleotide substitution with empirical base frequencies, and selected a strict clock model with the rate of 2.038 × 10^--8^ subs/site/year^[@CR32]^. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MVMV) was applied to estimate coalescent history. Parameters of MVMV were set as running for 400,000,000 generations and calculated every 4,000 generations. Results yielded by BEAST were visualized by Tracer 1.5 (<https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/>). Detailed differences in the mtDNA genomes between Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas {#Sec17} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ To further identify the differences between HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas, their whole-mtDNA-genome sequences were compared to the rCRS to confirm the variants in the mtDNA genomes in detail. The number of variants in different regions of the mtDNA genome was calculated by direct counting, and the variant distributions in different regions were analyzed by the chi-square test, which may reveal different patterns of high-altitude adaptation among HA-Tajiks, Tibetans and Sherpas. For the chi-square test, a Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple tests. Because the number of comparisons was 2 (HA-Tajik vs Tibetan, HA-Tajik vs Sherpa), the statistical significance level was set at 0.05/2 (0.025), and all p values were two-tailed. Supplementary information ========================= {#Sec18} Supplementary Table 1. Supplementary Table 2. Supplementary Table 3. Supplementary Table 4. Supplementary Table 5. Supplementary Table 6. Supplementary Table 7. Supplementary information. **Publisher\'s note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Supplementary information ========================= is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-020-67519-z. This work was supported by the second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP), Grant No. 2019QZKK0607, Key Project of the Logistics Research Program, PLA (BLJ18J005) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571843). We also appreciate the assistance in the data analysis from Dr. Liyuchun in the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. Y.C. and Y.J.L. conceived and designed study concept. Y.C., L.G., X.Y.L. and X.S.C. collected the samples and performed the experiments. Y.C. analyzed the data. Y.C. drafted the manuscript. S.H.Y. and Y.J.L. provided critical revisions. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript for submission. The authors used mitochondrial sequence data in Genbank, all the sequence data could be downloaded as Genbank number indicating from National Center of Biotechnology Information. All other relevant data are provided in the paper and Supporting files. The authors declare no competing interests. | High | [
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Q: Git remove remote merge and branch I have been working on my develop branch. I checked out branch 'branch-xxx', commit my changes and then merged the branch on develop, only to find out that this piece of code is buggy! How can I undo the merge and remove the branch? I checked out Undo a Git merge that hasn't been pushed yet But even though it seems I am indeed moving to the previous commit, I can't figure out how to push this to the remote. A: You simply reset your develop branch to state before merge. Then delete your 'branch-xxx'. | Mid | [
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War Is A Lie War Is A Lie is a thorough refutation of every major argument used to justify wars, drawing on evidence from numerous past wars, with a focus on those that have been most widely defended as just and good. This is a handbook of sorts, an engaging, always informative manual that can be used to debunk future lies before the wars they’re deployed to justify have any chance to begin. For this edition of the book, the original 2010 version has been updated and expanded with material on lessons from the United States’s most recent wars, more pointers on what can be done to end warmaking, and an epilogue that analyzes new trends in war lying and in resistance to it. No one to whom you give this book can claim they haven’t been warned! David Swanson is an author, activist, journalist, and radio host. His books include When the World Outlawed War, and War No More: The Case for Abolition. Swanson serves as director of World Beyond War, and host of Talk Nation Radio. He blogs at DavidSwanson.org and WarIsACrime.org. He was a 2015 and 2016 Nobel Peace Prize nominee. Swanson was instrumental in exposing the Downing Street Minutes and other evidence of Iraq war lies. The first edition of War Is A Lie had a huge impact in 2010 and was published in the United States, Europe, and China. It has been taken out of print in preparation for the new one. At events Swanson will speak about and take questions on a variety of approaches to resisting, reducing and eliminating war, from counter-recruitment in schools, ending the draft, and conscientious objection, to lobbying, protesting, and dramatically disrupting the machinery of war. He will focus, however, on the process of educating people to recognize false justifications for war and to reject them. Swanson argues that, while the prevention of a U.S. bombing campaign in Syria in 2013 and the upholding of a nuclear agreement with Iran in 2015 left much to be desired, they also provide grounds for encouragement, and were built on the public understanding of the lies about Iraq that had been promoted in 2002-2003 by such public figures as Dick Cheney and Hillary Clinton. Swanson argues for a different understanding of current U.S. wars in Western Asia from that most often promoted on television. Frightening beheading videos, he suggests, were intended to draw the United States into war, and succeeded only because the U.S. public is not yet sufficiently resistant to such manipulation. Here’s audio of David Swanson and Cindy Sheehan discussing War Is A Lie. “David Swanson, a dynamic and powerful anti-war writer, speaker and organizer, provides a sharp and critically important update in this expanded edition of War Is a Lie. Swanson eloquently demonstrates both how people power prevailed in stopping the US drive to war in Syria and Iran and the immensity of the work still to be done to demilitarize our society and put an end to permanent warfare. Elucidating, lively, and thought-provoking, War Is a Lie is a must-read for all Americans who bear responsibility for the actions of our government both and home and abroad which are eviscerating human rights.” — Josh Ruebner, author of Shattered Hopes: Obama’s Failure to Broker Israeli-Palestinian Peace. “May be the most comprehensive antiwar statement available in the English language.” — Kevin Young, journalist. “David Swanson is the most consistently great writer of this generation.” — Jean Athey, peace activist. “The world needs more true advocates of democracy like David Swanson!” — Thom Hartmann, author, radio host. Listen to Thom Hartmann tell a caller he needs to read this book: mp3. “David Swanson predicates his belief that nonviolence can change the world on careful research and historical analysis.” — Kathy Kelly, author, peace activist. “David Swanson is a longtime friend and one of my personal heroes because he is relentlessly and uncompromisingly against war. This is an important book that dispels any myths about ‘good wars.'” — Cindy Sheehan, peace activist, author, talk show host. “Our times cry out for a smart, witty and courageous Populist who hasn’t forgotten how to play offense. Luckily we have David Swanson.” — Mike Ferner, author, peace activist, veteran. “David Swanson’s War Is A Lie should be required reading. It lays bare the hypocrisy of American ‘do-as-I-say, not-as-I-do’ foreign policy, exposing the lies and the deliberate glorification of military disasters. Swanson advocates for endless diplomacy rather than endless war, a much cheaper and less bloody alternative to present U.S. militarism. War Is A Lie gives you the arguments, outrage and inspiration you need to take action. Read it. — Medea Benjamin, author, peace activist. “Not since General Smedley Butler’s War is a Racket has a simpler, more brilliant, or truer book been published.” — Geoffrey Millard, peace activist, veteran. “There are three insightful books I’ve read that explain how and why no good can come of the current U.S. reliance on military force and war in seeking its desired ‘Pax Americana’: War Is A Racket by General Smedley Butler; War Is A Force That Gives Us Meaning by Chris Hedges, and War Is A Lie by David Swanson.” — Coleen Rowley, peace activist, whistleblower, retired FBI agent. “If you stop and think, and genuinely wonder, and long for a new, better world, I urge you to read a book I’ve just finished. It’s brilliantly and passionately written, and while being truthful is full of hope of destroying the military-industrial-media-congressional-imperialpresidential-complex.” — Mumia Abu-Jamal, author, radio commentator. “In his usual meticulous, forthright style, Swanson does us a tremendous service by outlining, in detail and with a large body of examples, the lies behind all the U.S. wars, the money behind them, and the politicians who sell them to the public. If you want to know why and how U.S. wars are truly waged, read this critically important book. — Dahr Jamail, journalist, author of Beyond the Green Zone: Dispatches from an Unembedded Journalist in Occupied Iraq. “This book is every American’s best defense against the greatest danger we face as human beings: the threat of war. Swanson reveals how American leaders (from both major political parties) have confused the public to create the illusion of consent for endless destruction and slaughter. This updated version of David Swanson’s classic, War Is A Lie, dispels any notion that the Obama administration has been more truthful or law-abiding than Bush and Co. On the most critical issue of our time, ‘hope and change’ have meant only more sophisticated lies, secrets and war propaganda, not a new commitment to peace.” — Nicolas J. S. Davies, author of Blood on Our Hands: The American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. “Five years ago, David Swanson let us all in on a little secret: Everything we believe to be true about war is a big fat lie … actually, a series of lies that are intertwined and reinforce each other until the lies are the only thing we can see. In this second edition of War Is A Lie, Swanson provides an epilogue describing how the war lies have continued perpetuating war over the past five years, describing one instance after another of unnecessary, immoral and illegal military conflict. Still, Swanson is hopeful. He believes that war can be eradicated by exposing the lies that nurture it, and through the coordinated resistance of the world’s citizens. If the global community will unite against the war interests and reclaim the planet for the benefit of humanity instead of profit, we can put a stop to the madness of war. Like John Lennon, Swanson believes that ‘War is over…if you want it.'” — Leah Bolger, activist, veteran. “This book is revolutionary, and certainly truth-telling in a remarkable and brave way.” — Jennifer Van Bergen, author. “A vital guide to understanding deadly propaganda, War Is a Lie maps out the deceptive terrain where people fall into accepting perpetual war as necessary. David Swanson has done the difficult work of making it easy for readers to grasp the extent of the lies — and the horrific consequences. With meticulous research and moral clarity, this book could transform your view of war and the real possibilities for peace.” — Norman Solomon, author, film maker, activist. “I’ve been reading a bit of this book every night since I got it. The effect it’s having on me is hard to explain. Like I’ve been born into a cult whether or not I want it, but now the lies are being washed away by the rain.” — John Bostrom, peace activist. “Activist David Swanson is well respected in the anti-war community as a man who walks his talk in a bold, committed, solid way, that he is a principled leader. Now we must add to that list of credentials authorship of an important, destined to be classic book. ‘War Is A Lie’ addresses the web of lies, the taboo subjects, the false claims, the mythic messages that are hollow and empty and it lays waste to them.” — Rob Kall, journalist, radio host. “If decisions to go to war were really made on the basis of reason and facts, rather than greed and power, David Swanson’s brilliant new book would put a stop to them. Those of us who know David understand that he writes quickly and eloquently, speaks honestly and powerfully, and follows a logical point all the way to its conclusion. He has a philosopher’s mind with a computer’s precision. And he always maintains a justifiable moral outrage at the lies of the war criminals — calling out their crimes, detailing their carnage, poking holes in their excuses. Reading ‘War Is a Lie’ is like reading Mark Twain’s ‘War Prayer,’ only in book form.” — Steve Cobble, political strategist. “While Americans elect leaders whom they trust are honest, truthful and really care about the kids they send to kill for our country, War Is A Lie reveals decade after decade the sordid side of our history — that our elected officials lie us into war with stunning and embarrassing regularity and are little concerned about the harm to innocent civilians, much less to members of our own military.” — Ann Wright, peace activist, author, veteran. “Swanson offers an incisive examination of the rationalizations, justifications, and outright lies that have led the United States, and other nations, into battle. And he shows the personal cost to the current generation of combatants returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.” — Cynthia Wachtell, author. “David Swanson has taken the mantle of AJ Muste, who had the guts and the audacity to declare World War II to have been unnecessary and wrong. Swanson takes Muste’s argument further to make the audacious claim that all wars are not just unnecessary, but a crime.” — Dave Lindorff, journalist, author. “War is a Lie is a must read for anyone who wants to break the centuries-long cycle of a perennially war-waging United States. In this carefully researched book, Mr. Swanson exposes the falsehoods that a willing government sells to a gullible public to gain support for one unnecessary war after another. The profit motives, power plays and perennial chest-thumping, that have all been given more importance than human lives, are exposed in all their ugliness. This book should be required reading in every high school history class in the country.” — Robert Fantina, author, peace activist. “It was a Republican U.S. senator, Hiram Johnson of California, who is credited with coining the phrase: ‘The first casualty when war comes is truth.’ … Were he serving in the Senate now, Hiram Johnson would go to the floor of the Senate, hold up a copy of David Swanson’s essential new book and demand that the chamber and the whole of the American people recognize the reality of its title: War Is a Lie.” — John Nichols, journalist, author. “In War is a Lie David Swanson carves himself a monumental task: to prove the truth of this in every historical instance for which background is available. He accomplishes his task, with a weight of evidence which can only be described as devastating. Swanson sets forth a deceptively simple yet provocative thesis: War is never the only choice, and always the worst one.” — Ralph Lopez, peace activist. “David Swanson writes in the tradition of Howard Zinn. He always goes for clarity, both in his relentless orchestration of the facts and his ethical vision. War Is A Lie is as clear as the title. Wars are all based on lies, could not be fought without lies, and would not be fought at all if people held their governments to any reasonable standard of honesty. The book is easy to understand, easy to read, if you have the will to face a vast array of facts that hold the United States government to a reasonable standard of honesty.” — Charles M. Young, journalist. “Swanson’s penetrating analysis of the lies behind wars, backed by his extensive historical knowledge, shine a light not only on the destructive wars but on the irrational, delusional thinking and propaganda that starts and prolongs them and leads to so much death, destruction, and suffering.” — Jay Kvale, peace activist. “David Swanson’s new book has given me a fresh perspective on a topic I’ve dedicated my life to: America’s war culture and its ever-nuanced fall out. Economic collapse, pollution, dependence on fossil fuels, even global warming: you can’t begin to fathom our predicaments until you conceive of the American war monster. Swanson rips away the public relations/advertising of this military industrial giant to show its true cancerous colors. Read slowly, America. This is a powerful mirror for those still clinging to our media distortions. It’s an indictment of a culture grown dependent on, and distorted by the machinery of violence. But there is a compassion, an empathy to the author’s tone. We are all victims, Swanson argues. We are a people kept blind to the true costs, the human tragedies, by the never ending lie of war.” — Charles Bivona, writer, professor. “It’s been a week since I finished War Is A Lie, and I can’t stop thinking/talking about it…. Everyone in my life is getting a copy for their birthday this year and I’m composing a letter to the editor of every major paper in Idaho. Thank you for rocking my world.” — Kim Mazik, peace activist. “This book is a nonviolent assault on the acceptance and justification of war, of all wars. For those of us who already are familiar with the uncountable arguments supporting Swanson’s position, he was successful in compiling them in a very readable work which also serves as a reference book. For those of us who more or less blindly accept our culture of militarism, I am hopeful that the exposure to the clear, compelling, evidence-based debunking of general war myths and lies laid out by Swanson will open new windows of understanding.” — Patrick Hiller, conflict transformation scholar, on the Governing Council of the International Peace Research Association, the Steering Committee of World Beyond War and Director of the War Prevention Initiative by the Jubitz Family Foundation. “No one has worked harder than David Swanson to free the U.S. from the grip of militarism. His recently updated book War Is a Lie, brilliantly exposes just our profound addiction to war. I hope it jumpstarts a conversation about how we can achieve enduring peace.” — John Horgan, science journalist, author, The End of War. “In War Is a Lie, David Swanson underscores a vital point that has been ignored by far too many people who hoped President Obama and the Democrats would bring about a break from the disastrous policies of the Bush years: ‘we can’t sit in elected officials’ offices demanding peace while promising to vote for them, no matter what they do – not if we expect to be heard.’ He shows how Democrats historically — and President Obama today — are part of the toxic bipartisan consensus that sustains repeated military intervention, at enormous and mounting cost to the world. And he importantly reminds us that it will take mobilize, active, engaged popular movements to change a status quo that will lead to only more wars.” — Anthony Arnove, author, Iraq: The Logic of Withdrawal. “When you signed my copy at the Charlottesville, VA reading/signing you asked me to let you know what I thought of War is a Lie. I just finished reading it. Excellent, comprehensive and well written. Great manual for spotting the lies and countering arguments for war. Just what I needed after a discouraging campaign season to get me charged up and back in the peacemaking game. Thanks for broadening our knowledge and telling what needed to be told.” — Harry Davis “Well, here we are in the 21st century of the Common Era, and given the violent history of the past decade, evidently the arguments about the disutility of warfare still need to be made, again and again and again… Depressing, really. But thank goodness David Swanson has taken up the effort. Buy the book!” — Helena Cobban “I am less than halfway through the book – and – I am learning so much! I consider myself very well read, a student of history, TV-free for over 14 years, etc. etc. – but – your book is a revelation. I’ve known for decades that the history we were fed in school is nothing but propaganda and lies, but the information in your book takes that to a whole new level. I have told people to read your book and that I rate its importance, for what it reveals about the mendacity of scholars, historians, the liberal class, politicians and propagandists, up there with Zinn’s People’s History. I’m serious about that – I don’t say it lightly. Thank you for writing this book. I hope sales are going better than you expected. I am telling people about the book and making sure that when I’m reading it in a public place people see the title. I’ve had a couple people approach me, so I’ve been happy to tell them about such an important work. My husband is an artist and focused on his work (landscapes in oils) but I read him a lot of things that I read – and last night while he was making dinner, I read excerpts – things he didn’t know either. He wants me to read him more – which I will happily do! I’ve been reading it at lunch and in what little free time I have in the evenings and weekends – which isn’t much. My proverbial hat is off to you, David. I’m really impressed. Of course, I thought it would be another good and valuable addition to ‘left’ literature, but it is proving to be much more than that to me. I strongly feel the facts you have revealed are intrinsic to Americans’ understanding of our real history – history which is forgotten, deliberately hidden and covered with the propaganda masquerading as history in our schools. I have an awful feeling that your book may not have a wide readership – which it certainly should – because of how books are marketed these days and the problems inherent within the publishing industry. I’m doing what little I can do alert people to its value and importance. And I’m not even quite halfway through yet!” — Maria Allwine “David Swanson is one of the greatest peace strategists alive today. You will find War Is A Lie to be engaging, insightful, inspirational, and useful.” — Michael D. Knox, PhD – Chair, US Peace Memorial Foundation Peace Fresno event in Fresno, CA Video by Richard Iyall, board member of Peace Fresno, also with Community Alliance newspaper of Fresno at fresnoalliance.com and of the Cowlitz Indian Tribe | High | [
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--- abstract: 'We study the distribution of multivalent counterions next to a dielectric slab, bearing a quenched, random distribution of charges on one of its solution interfaces, with a given mean and variance, both in the absence and in the presence of a bathing monovalent salt solution. We use the previously derived approach based on the [*dressed multivalent-ion theory*]{} that combines aspects of the strong and weak coupling of multivalent and monovalent ions in a single framework. The presence of quenched charge disorder on the charged surface of the dielectric slab is shown to substantially increase the density of multivalent counterions in its vicinity. In the counterion-only model (with no monovalent salt ions), the surface disorder generates an additional logarithmic attraction potential and thus an algebraically singular counterion density profile at the surface. This behavior persists also in the presence of a monovalent salt bath and results in significant violation of the contact-value theorem, reflecting the [*anti-fragility*]{} effects of the disorder that drive the system towards a more ‘ordered’ state. In the presence of an interfacial dielectric discontinuity, depleting the counterion layer at the surface, the charge disorder still generates a much enhanced counterion density further away from the surface. Likewise, the charge inversion and/or overcharging of the surface occur more strongly and at smaller bulk concentrations of multivalent counterions when the surface carries quenched charge disorder. Overall, the presence of quenched surface charge disorder leads to sizable effects in the distribution of multivalent counterions in a wide range of realistic parameters and typically within a distance of a few nanometers from the charged surface.' author: - Ali Naji - Malihe Ghodrat - 'Haniyeh Komaie-Moghaddam' - Rudolf Podgornik title: 'Asymmetric Coulomb fluids at randomly charged dielectric interfaces: Anti-fragility, overcharging and charge inversion' --- [^1] Introduction ============ Nature is not perfect and various types of disorder are ubiquitous. Disorder often causes large changes in the properties of condensed matter systems as predicted on the basis of naive idealized models that assume perfect regularity. Electron properties in two-dimensional [@clarke] and three-dimensional disordered media [@pwa; @phystoday], crystalline lattices with structural defects [@mermin; @kleinert], spin glasses with random interactions [@spinglass_rev; @parisi] and systems exhibiting criticality modified by the presence of disorder [@weinrib], are all instances of pronounced disorder effects in the bulk of the materials that can fundamentally change the behavior of idealized model systems. Apart from their fundamental importance in modifying the bulk properties, disorder effects at surfaces and interfaces are particularly important in the context of the solid-electrolyte interphases [@verma; @Hribar] relevant also for energy generation and storage technologies [@storage1; @storage2]. The structural disorder in the charge distribution and/or dielectric response spatial profile in the vicinity of the material interfaces couple to long-range electrostatic interactions, leading effectively to long-range disorder effects as well [@ali-rudi; @rudiali; @partial; @disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @pre2011; @epje2012; @jcp2012; @book; @pra2009; @pre2010], that cannot be understood in terms of the usual assumptions of piecewise homogeneous charge distribution and/or dielectric properties, underpinning so much of colloid science and electrochemistry [@Israelachvili; @VO; @Safranbook; @Hunter; @andelman-rev; @holm]. The coupling between electrostatic interactions and disorder has been already noted and discussed in other important cases [@manne1; @manne2; @Meyer; @Meyer2; @klein; @klein1; @klein2; @andelman-disorder; @kantor-disorder0; @kantor-disorder1; @kantor-disorder2; @Ben-Yaakov-dis; @netz-disorder; @netz-disorder2; @Lukatsky1; @Lukatsky2; @Rabin], including surfactant-coated surfaces [@Meyer; @Meyer2; @klein; @klein1; @klein2], random polyelectrolytes and polyampholytes [@kantor-disorder0; @kantor-disorder1; @kantor-disorder2; @andelman-disorder], and contaminant adsorption onto macroscopic surfaces or in amorphous films showing grain structure after being deposited on crystalline substrates [@liu]. In all these cases the charge distribution often shows a fundamentally disordered component that often remains unaltered after the assembly or fabrication of the materials, thus exhibiting a frozen, or [*quenched*]{}, type of disorder (see, e.g., Refs. [@netz-disorder; @netz-disorder2; @andelman-disorder; @disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @safran1; @safran2; @safran3; @Olvera0] for examples of surfaces with [*annealed*]{} charge distributions that will not be considered in this paper). This charge disorder coupled to the long-range electrostatic interactions can then leave its fingerprint also on the interactions between macromolecular surfaces that in their turn can play a fundamental role in the stability of colloidal systems [@ali-rudi; @rudiali; @partial]. In fact, this coupling between disorder and Coulomb interactions has been suggested to underly the anomalously long-ranged interactions observed in ultrahigh sensitivity experiments on Casimir-van der Waals interactions between surfaces [*in vacuo*]{} [@kim1; @kim2; @kim3; @kim4; @tang]. The intricate experimental details of accurate measurements of these interactions can be properly accounted for only if one considers also the disordered nature of charges on and within the interacting surfaces by invoking the so-called [*patch effect*]{} [@disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @pre2011; @epje2012; @jcp2012; @book; @pra2009; @pre2010; @barrett; @speake; @kim1; @kim2; @kim3; @kim4; @tang], where the disorder stems, for instance, from the adsorption of charged contaminants and/or impurities that can give rise to monopolar random surface charges, and/or the variation of the local crystallographic axes of the exposed surface of a clean polycrystalline sample and the corresponding electron work function that can cause a variation of the local surface potential. Such random distributions of surface charges can be measured directly by Kelvin force microscopy measurements [@science11]. The salient features of electrostatic interactions themselves, even for homogeneous charge distributions in the absence of any disorder, are however quite involved (see, e.g., Refs. [@book; @Israelachvili; @VO; @Safranbook; @andelman-rev; @holm; @Hunter; @French-RMP; @Shklovs02; @Levin02; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @Edwards; @Podgornik89; @Podgornik89b; @Netz-orland; @asim; @Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE] and references therein). It has been recognized some time ago that electrostatic interactions in fact come in several varieties, depending on the strength of electrostatic coupling in the system [@Shklovs02; @Levin02; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim]. In the presence of mobile monovalent counterions, they are standardly described by the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory stemming from the mean-field, collective description of Coulomb fluids [@book; @Israelachvili; @VO; @Hunter; @Safranbook; @andelman-rev; @holm; @Podgornik89; @Podgornik89b; @Netz-orland] that gives rise to pronounced repulsive interactions between like-charged macromolecules (such as polymers, colloids and nano-particles). On the contrary, in the presence of multivalent counterions, electrostatic interactions exhibit basically a single-particle character and mediate strong attractive interactions between like-charged macromolecules [@Shklovs02; @Levin02; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim]. This attraction led to a new understanding of the theory of electrostatic interactions in colloidal domain based on the [*strong-coupling (SC) limit*]{} [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE], devised to describe the equilibrium properties of Coulomb fluids when charges involved become large. In the simple case of a counterion-only system, the transition from the mean-field PB description, dubbed also the [*weak-coupling (WC) limit*]{}, to the SC limit is governed by a single dimensionless [*electrostatic coupling parameter*]{} [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim], being a ratio of the Bjerrum length, which identifies Coulomb interaction between counterions themselves, and the Gouy-Chapman length, which describes electrostatic interaction between the counterions and the charged (macromolecular) surfaces. The emerging picture of equilibrium properties of Coulomb fluids has thus become much richer than conveyed for many years by the standard DLVO paradigm of colloid science [@Israelachvili; @VO; @Safranbook; @Hunter; @andelman-rev; @holm]. However, this is still not the complete story. The most relevant case of a Coulomb fluid is in fact not a counterion-only system, but an asymmetric mixture of multivalent ions in a bathing solution of monovalent ions, a particularly relevant situation specifically in the context of bio-macromolecules, where multivalent ions together with the screening properties of the monovalent salt are believed to play a key role in the stability of macromolecular aggregates such as liquid crystalline mesophases of semiflexible biopolymers [@rau-1; @rau-2; @Angelini03], or DNA condensates that form in the bulk [@Bloom2; @Yoshikawa1; @Yoshikawa2; @Pelta; @Pelta2; @Plum; @Raspaud] or within viruses or virus-like nano-capsids [@Savithri1987; @deFrutos2005; @Siber]. In an asymmetric mixture, multivalent counterions and monovalent ions are coupled differently to the macromolecular charges: multivalent ions strongly, while monovalent ions only weakly, as evidenced from their respective electrostatic coupling parameters. Since usually multivalent ions are present at very low concentrations, e.g., around just a few mM, their behavior is expected to be properly described within the virial expansion in powers of their fugacity (or bulk concentration) [@Netz01; @SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @hoda_review; @asim]. A [*dressed multivalent-ion theory*]{} then emerges naturally within this context [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective; @leili1; @leili2] since the degrees of freedom due to weakly coupled monovalent ions can be traced out from the partition function, leading to an effective formalism based on screened interactions between the remaining dressed multivalent ions and fixed macromolecular charges. The dressed multivalent-ion theory for complicated asymmetric mixtures of multivalent ions in a bathing solution of monovalent ions can then seamlessly bridge between the standard WC and SC limits [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]. These baroque features of electrostatic interactions furthermore give their imprint also on the effects of disordered charge distribution along macromolecular interfaces [@ali-rudi; @rudiali; @partial; @book; @manne1; @manne2; @Meyer; @Meyer2; @klein; @klein1; @klein2; @andelman-disorder; @kantor-disorder0; @kantor-disorder1; @kantor-disorder2; @Ben-Yaakov-dis; @netz-disorder; @netz-disorder2; @Lukatsky1; @Lukatsky2; @Rabin; @safran1; @safran2; @safran3; @Olvera0]. While on the WC level and for homogeneous planar systems the quenched disorder effects are nonexistent [@ali-rudi], they can lead to qualitative changes in the stability properties of the system once the dielectric contrast between the solution and macromolecular interfaces (or the inhomogeneous distribution of salt ions) is taken fully into account [@rudiali; @Ben-Yaakov-dis; @disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @pre2011; @epje2012; @jcp2012; @book; @pra2009; @pre2010]. Nevertheless, it is in the SC limit that the coupling between electrostatic interactions and the quenched disorder in the external interfacial charge distributions gives rise to fundamentally novel and unexpected phenomena [@ali-rudi; @partial]. While studying the interaction between two disordered charged surfaces it was noticed [@ali-rudi; @partial] that disorder can in fact lead to a lowering of the effective temperature of the system, engendering a distribution of the multivalent counterions between the interacting surfaces that is characterized by less effective entropy. This is intuitively difficult to foresee, as one would perhaps naively assume that thermal and externally imposed charge disorder would somehow enhance one another. In order to properly understand and identify all salient features of the coupling between quenched charge disorder and long-range electrostatic interactions, we now proceed to characterize more closely the consequences of coupling between charge disorder and [*electrostatically strongly coupled*]{} multivalent counterions immersed in a monovalent salt solution bath. In particular, we will identify the defining feature of this strongly coupled, disordered system as belonging to the [*anti-fragility*]{} [@taleb] exhibited by this system. In the present context, anti-fragility simply refers to the fact that an externally imposed, quenched charge disorder, effectively diminishes the intrinsic thermal disorder in the system, forcing its behavior to be more ‘ordered’. We will show that this behavior stems from the interplay between the [*translational entropy*]{} of the multivalent counterions and the [*configurational entropy*]{} due to the averaging over different realizations of the quenched disorder. In the particular example of the counterion-only model (with no monovalent salt ions and no interfacial dielectric discontinuity), we show that multivalent counterions experience an additional logarithmic attraction towards the surface due to the presence of the surface charge disorder in a way that their density profile exhibits an algebraically singular behavior at the surface with an exponent that depends on the disorder strength (variance). This behavior persists also in the presence of a monovalent salt bath and results in significant violation of the contact-value theorem [@contact_value; @contact_value1; @contact_value2; @contact_value3]. In the presence of an interfacial dielectric discontinuity, depleting the counterion layer at the surface, the charge disorder still generates a much enhanced counterion density further away from the surface. Likewise, the charge inversion and/or overcharging of the surface are predicted to occur more strongly and at smaller bulk concentrations of multivalent counterions when the surface carries quenched charge disorder. The organization of the paper is as follows: In Section \[sec:model\], we introduce our model and then in Section \[sec:formal\] present the theoretical formalism that will be used to study the distribution of multivalent counterions next to a randomly charged dielectric interface. We then proceed to present our results in Section \[sec:results\], where we discuss the case of counterion-only systems and the effects due to the presence of a bathing salt solution, an interfacial dielectric discontinuity, and also the overcharging and charge-inversion phenomena in the system. We conclude our discussion in Section \[sec:discussion\]. The Model {#sec:model} ========= Our model is comprised of an infinite, planar dielectric slab of thickness $b$ and dielectric constant $\epsilon_p$, immersed in a bathing ionic solution of dielectric constant $\epsilon_m$ (see Fig. \[f:schematic\]). The ionic solution is assumed to consist of a mixture of a monovalent 1:1 salt of bulk concentration $n_0$ as well as of a multivalent $q$:1 salt of bulk concentration $c_0$. The dielectric slab is assumed to be impermeable to mobile ions and occupy the region $-b\leq z\leq 0$ with its surface normal oriented in the direction of the $z$-axis. The bounding surface of the slab at $z=0$ is assumed to be charged, carrying a [*quenched*]{} spatial distribution of random monopolar charges, $\rho({\mathbf r})$, while the other surface of the slab is uncharged. The multivalent counterions are assumed to be in contact only with the charged surface (see below). The disordered (random) charge distribution is described by the Gaussian probability distribution function $${\mathcal P}[\rho] = C\, \exp\bigg(\!\! - \frac{1}{2} \int {\mathrm{d}} {\mathbf r}\, g^{-1}({\mathbf r})\, [\rho({\mathbf r}) - \rho_0({\mathbf r}) ]^2 \bigg), \label{eq:pdf}$$ where $C$ is a normalization factor, $\rho_0({\mathbf r})$ is the mean and $g({\mathbf r})$ the variance of the spatial distribution of random surface charges. It is obvious that the above probability distribution function entails an uncorrelated disorder, i.e., $ \langle \! \langle \left(\rho({\mathbf r})-\rho_0({\mathbf r})\right)\left(\rho({\mathbf r}')-\rho_0({\mathbf r}')\right) \rangle \!\rangle = g({\mathbf r})\delta({\mathbf r}-{\mathbf r}')$, where double-brackets denote the configurational (quenched) average $ \langle \! \langle \cdots \rangle \! \rangle = \int {\mathcal D}\rho \, {\mathcal P}[\rho]\, \big(\cdots\big)$. ![(Color online) Schematic view of an infinite, planar dielectric slab of thickness $b$ and dielectric constant $\epsilon_p$ immersed in a solution of dielectric constant $\epsilon_m$, containing a mixture of mono- and multivalent salts. The slab boundary at $z=0$ is randomly charged. The multivalent ions (counterions) with charge valency $q$ are shown by large blue spheres and monovalent salt anions and cations are shown by small orange and blue spheres. The multivalent counterions are in contact only with the charged surface (right).[]{data-label="f:schematic"}](schematic.eps){width="8cm"} In what follows, the general formalism is valid for an arbitrary shape of the charged boundaries, but for the later developments in this paper we shall delimit ourselves to the specific example of a planar slab as noted above. In this case, the mean charge distribution and its variance are given by $$\rho_0({\mathbf r}) = -\sigma e_0 \, \delta(z), \quad g({\mathbf r}) = g e_0^2 \, \delta(z),$$ where $g\geq 0$, and, without loss of generality, we assume $\sigma\geq 0$ and, for the multivalent counterions, $q\geq 0$. The monovalent salt is assumed to be present on both sides of the slab while the multivalent counterions are restricted to the right half-space $z\geq 0$. This spatial constraint can be taken into account formally by introducing the indicator functions $\Omega_c({\mathbf r}) = \theta(z)$ for the multivalent counterions, and $\Omega_+({\mathbf r}) = \Omega_-({\mathbf r}) = \Omega_s({\mathbf r}) = \theta(z)+\theta(b-z)$ for the monovalent ions, where $ \theta(z)$ is the Heaviside’s step function. This constraint can be realized by enclosing the region on the left side of the slab in a membrane impermeable to multivalent ions; such a constraint will be relevant in our analysis only in the situations where the slab thickness is small relative to the salt screening length and will otherwise have vanishing impact on the distribution of multivalent counterions next to the charged surface in the regime of parameters that will be of interest in this paper. For the most part, however, we shall focus on the case of semi-infinite slabs. Another point to be noted here is that, for the sake of simplicity, we model the monovalent and multivalent ions as point-like particles. Since the monovalent ions will be treated implicitly (Section \[sec:formal\]), the generalization of our formalism to include a finite size for the multivalent counterions (which can have a relatively large size as compared with the monovalent ions) is quite straightforward and we shall return to it in Section \[subsec:ion-size\], where we also analyze its consequences. Theoretical Background {#sec:formal} ====================== Field action for dressed multivalent ions ----------------------------------------- For a given realization of the fixed charge distribution $\rho({\mathbf r})$, the grand-canonical partition function of the above model can be written exactly in a functional-integral form as [@Edwards; @Podgornik89; @Podgornik89b; @Netz01; @Netz-orland] $${\mathcal Z} = \rme^{-\frac{1}{2}\ln \,\det\, G} \int \!{\mathcal D}\phi \,\, \rme^{-\beta S[\phi]}, \label{eq:Z}$$ where $\beta = 1/(k_{\mathrm{B}}T)$ and $\phi({\mathbf r})$ is the fluctuating (electrostatic) potential and the effective “field-action" reads $$\begin{aligned} \label{fieldaction} &&S[\phi] = \frac{1}{2} \int \rmd {\mathbf r}\, \rmd {\mathbf{r}'} \phi(\mathbf{r}) G^{-1}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}') \phi(\mathbf{r}') +\nonumber\\ &&\qquad\quad + \,\rmi \int \rmd {\mathbf r}\,\rho({\mathbf r})\phi({\mathbf r}) - k_{\mathrm{B}}T \int \rmd {\mathbf r}\,{\mathcal V}(\phi(\mathbf{r})),\end{aligned}$$ where $G^{-1}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}')$ is the operator inverse of the Coulomb interaction (or the bare Green’s function), $G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}')$, in the presence of dielectric boundaries satisfying the equation $-\epsilon_0 \nabla\cdot \epsilon({\mathbf r}) \nabla G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}') = \delta({\mathbf r} -{\mathbf r}')$. The “field self-interaction" term is given by [@SCdressed1; @perspective] $${\mathcal V}(\phi)\! = \! \lambda_c\Omega_c({\mathbf r}) \rme^{-\rmi\beta q e_0 \phi} +\Omega_s({\mathbf r})\left(\lambda_+ \rme^{-\rmi\beta e_0 \phi} + \lambda_- \rme^{\rmi \beta e_0 \phi}\right), \label{eq:V_s}$$ where $\lambda_c$ and $\lambda_{\pm}$ are the ionic fugacities of multivalent counterions ($c$) and monovalent anions ($-$) and cations ($+$), respectively. Note that, since the multivalent counterions result from a $q$:1 salt of bulk concentration $c_0$ mixed with a 1:1 salt of bulk concentration $n_0$, we have $\lambda_c = c_0$, $\lambda_+=n_0$ and $\lambda_- = n_0+qc_0$. The above field action obviously represents a highly asymmetric Coulomb fluid especially when counterions are multivalent, $q > 1$. These counterions couple strongly to the fixed (mean) surface charge, whereas the monovalent salt species couple weakly. This leads to a complex situation where different components of the Coulomb fluid couple differently to the same surface charges, thus making the analytical progress and, in particular, obtaining exact solutions [@exact1; @exact2], very difficult. Nevertheless, progress is possible and systems of this type can be treated using a combined weak-strong coupling approximation, which has been discussed in a series of recent works [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]. It was shown, by employing both analytical approaches as well as implicit- and explicit-ion simulations that, in a wide range of realistic system parameters, the monovalent ions can be treated safely within the Debye-Hückel (DH) framework, while the multivalent ions can be handled by means of a standard virial expansion scheme [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim] of the strong coupling approximation. The DH-type terms in this context follow by expanding the last two terms in Eq. (\[eq:V\_s\]) up to the second order in $\phi({\mathbf r})$ (which can be justified on a systematic basis in highly asymmetric systems with $q \gg 1$ [@SCdressed1]), i.e., $${\mathcal V}(\phi({\mathbf r})) \simeq \lambda_c \Omega_c({\mathbf r})\, \rme^{-\rmi \beta q e_0 \phi} - n_b \Omega_s({\mathbf r}) (\beta e_0 \phi)^2/2 + {\cal O}(\phi^3),$$ where $n_b$ is the bulk concentration due to all monovalent ions $n_b= \lambda_+ + \lambda_- = 2n_0+qc_0$. On the analytical level, the above procedure allows one to trace the partition function over the degrees of freedom associated with monovalent ions and thus one remains with only “dressed" multivalent ions and surface charges that then interact through a DH-type interaction kernel (or the screened Green’s function) defined via $$-\epsilon_0 \nabla\cdot \epsilon({\mathbf r}) \nabla G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}') + \epsilon_0 \epsilon({\mathbf r})\kappa^2({\mathbf r})G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}')= \delta({\mathbf r} -{\mathbf r}'), \label{eq:G_DH}$$ where the Debye (or salt) screening parameter $\kappa({\mathbf r})$ is non-zero only outside the dielectric slab and is given by $\kappa^2 = 4\pi \ell_{\mathrm{B}} n_b$ with $\ell_{\mathrm{B}}= e_0^2/(4\pi \epsilon_0 \epsilon_m k_{\mathrm{B}}T)$ being the Bjerrum length. This type of methodology leads to the so-called [*dressed multivalent-ion theory*]{} [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective], which is a direct generalization of the standard counterion-only SC theory [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim]. In fact, the dressed multivalent-ion theory has a hybrid character in that it reproduces both the counterion-only SC theory and the DH theory as two asymptotic limits at small and large salt screening parameters, respectively. In what follows, we shall use this framework to study the effects of surface charge disorder on the distribution of multivalent counterions. Counterion density profile {#subsec:ci_dens} -------------------------- The density profile of multivalent counterions follows standardly from the general formalism defined by Eqs. (\[eq:Z\]) and (\[fieldaction\]) as [@Netz01; @Netz-orland; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @AndrePRL; @asim] $$c({\mathbf r}; [\rho]) = \lambda_c \Omega_c({\mathbf r})\langle \rme^{-\rmi\beta q e_0 \phi}\rangle,$$ where $\langle\cdots \rangle$ denotes the thermal (ensemble) average over the fluctuating field $\phi({\mathbf r})$. For a given (quenched) realization of $\rho({\mathbf r})$, this average can be calculated analytically in both limits of weak and strong coupling in the counterion-only case [@Netz01; @Netz-orland] and also in the more general context of dressed multivalent ions in asymmetric Coulomb fluids [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3]. As noted before, the effects due to multivalent ions can be investigated by virial expanding the partition function in terms of their fugacity and keeping only the leading order contributions (see Refs. [@Netz01; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @asim] for further details). This procedure leads to a single-particle form for the density profile of multivalent counterions as $$\label{eq:sc_density} c({\mathbf r}; [\rho]) = \lambda_c \Omega_c({\mathbf r}) \, \rme^{-\beta u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])},$$ where $u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])$ is the single-particle interaction energy $$u({\mathbf r}; [\rho]) = qe_0 \int {\mathrm{d}}{\mathbf r}' \,G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}')\rho({\mathbf r}') + \frac{q^2e_0^2}{2} G_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}). \label{eq:u_rho}$$ Here, $G_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r})$ is the generalized Born energy contribution that stems purely from the dielectric and/or salt polarization effects (or the so-called “image charges"). In other words, $G_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r})= G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}) - G_0({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r})$, where $G_0({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r})$ is the formation (self-)energy of individual counterions in a homogeneous background, which is obtained from the free-space screened Green’s function defined via $-\epsilon_0 \epsilon_m(\nabla^2 - \kappa^2) G_0({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}') = \delta({\mathbf r} -{\mathbf r}')$. In the present model, the fixed surface charge distribution, $\rho({\mathbf r})$, has a disorder component and thus, in order to obtain the measurable counterion density profile, one must average Eq. (\[eq:sc\_density\]) over different realizations of this disorder field using the Gaussian weight (\[eq:pdf\]). This can be done straightforwardly by computing $$c({\mathbf r}) = \langle \! \langle c({\mathbf r}; [\rho]) \rangle\! \rangle = \lambda_c \Omega_c({\mathbf r}) \langle \! \langle \rme^{-\beta u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])} \rangle\! \rangle,$$ which then gives $$\label{eq:sc_density_av} c({\mathbf r}) = \lambda_c \Omega_c({\mathbf r}) \, \rme^{-\beta u({\mathbf r})},$$ where the [*effective*]{} single-particle interaction energy now reads $$u({\mathbf r})= u_0({\mathbf r})+ u_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}) + u_{\mathrm{dis}}({\mathbf r}), \label{eq:u}$$ with $$\begin{aligned} &&u_0({\mathbf r}) = qe_0 \int {\mathrm{d}}{\mathbf r}'\, G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}')\rho_0({\mathbf r}'), \\ &&u_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}) = \frac{q^2e_0^2}{2} G_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}), \\ && u_{\mathrm{dis}}({\mathbf r}) = - \beta \frac{q^2e_0^2}{2} \int {\mathrm{d}}{\mathbf r}' g({{\mathbf r}}') [G({{\mathbf r}},{{\mathbf r}}')]^2. \label{eq:u2}\end{aligned}$$ The three terms, respectively, originate from the contribution of the interaction of multivalent ions with the mean surface charge density (first term), the contribution of self-interactions (interactions with image charges, second term) and the contribution of the surface charge disorder (third term). The latter can be viewed as an effective surface-counterion interaction which is induced by the quenched randomness in the surface charge. It is proportional to the disorder variance but also shows an explicit [*temperature dependence*]{}. Another interesting point is that the disorder interaction term exhibits a quadratic dependence on the Green’s function and likewise also on the multivalent ion charge valency $q$. These features can be understood by noting that the disorder term in fact represents the [*sample-to-sample fluctuations (or variance)*]{} of the single-particle interaction energy, $u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])$, Eq. (\[eq:u\_rho\]), which is a linear functional of the Gaussian field $\rho({\mathbf r})$, and hence one can show that $$u({\mathbf r})= \langle \! \langle u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle - \beta \langle \! \langle u^2({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle_c/2, \label{eq:u_v2}$$ where $\langle \! \langle u^2({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle_c\equiv \langle \! \langle u^2({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle - \langle \! \langle u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle^2$, and $$\begin{aligned} &&\langle \! \langle u({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle = u_0({\mathbf r})+ u_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}), \\ &&\langle \! \langle u^2({\mathbf r}; [\rho])\rangle\! \rangle_c= -2k_{\mathrm{B}}T\,u_{\mathrm{dis}}({\mathbf r}).\end{aligned}$$ Rescaled representation ----------------------- In order to proceed, we introduce the dimensionless (rescaled) quantities $$\tilde{\mathbf r}={\mathbf r}/\mu, \quad \tilde\kappa=\kappa\mu, \quad \tilde b=b/\mu, \quad \Xi = q^2\ell_{\mathrm{B}}/\mu,$$ where $$\mu = 1/(2\pi q \ell_{\mathrm{B}} \sigma) \label{eq:mu}$$ is the Gouy-Chapman length and $\Xi = 2\pi q^3\ell_{\mathrm{B}}^2\sigma$ is the electrostatic coupling parameter associated with the mean surface charge [@Netz01; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @AndrePRL; @asim]. Analogously, one can define the dimensionless [*disorder coupling (or disorder strength) parameter*]{} $$\chi = 2\pi q^2\ell_{\mathrm{B}}^2 g,$$ which is proportional to the disorder variance; its dependence on the counterion valency, $q$, is different from that of the mean electrostatic coupling parameter as first noted in Ref. [@ali-rudi]. Results {#sec:results} ======= Counterion-only case {#subsec:ci-only} -------------------- Let us first consider the special case of multivalent counterions next to a charged surface in the absence of any salt screening ($\kappa=0$) and dielectric image charge effects (i.e., in a dielectrically homogeneous system with $\epsilon_p=\epsilon_m$). This case has been considered in a previous work on the effective interaction between two randomly charged surfaces [@ali-rudi], which however did not investigate the distribution of counterions. In this case, the number of counterions, $N$, is fixed by the mean charge on the surface through the electroneutrality condition $Nq=S\sigma$, where $S$ is the surface area. The fugacity of counterions is thus given by [@ali-rudi] $$\lambda_c =\frac{N}{ \int{\mathrm{d}}{\mathbf r}\, \Omega_c ({{\mathbf r}}) \, \rme^{-\beta u({{\mathbf r}})}}. \label{eq:lambda_c}$$ The effective single-particle interaction is obtained by using Eqs. (\[eq:u\])-(\[eq:u2\]) and noting that, in this case, $G({\mathbf r}, {\mathbf r}') = 1/(4\pi \epsilon_0\epsilon_m |{\mathbf r} - {\mathbf r}'|)$. Hence, in rescaled units, we have $\beta u_{\mathrm{im}}({\mathbf r}) = 0$, and $$\begin{aligned} &&\beta u_0(\tilde z) = \tilde z, \\ &&\beta u_{\mathrm{dis}}(\tilde z) = \frac{\chi}{2}\ln\,\tilde z \label{eq:u2_ci_only}\end{aligned}$$ (up to irrelevant additive constants). Therefore, $$\beta u(\tilde z)= \tilde z +\frac{\chi}{2}\ln\,\tilde z. \label{eq:u_z}$$ The rescaled density profile of counterions is then obtained using Eq. (\[eq:sc\_density\_av\]) as $$\tilde c(\tilde z)\equiv\frac{c(\tilde z)}{2\pi \ell_{\mathrm{B}} \sigma^2}=\frac{\tilde z^{-\frac{\chi}{2}}\;\rme^{-\tilde z}}{\Gamma (1-\frac{\chi}{2})}, \qquad \tilde z\geq 0, \label{eq:dens_0}$$ where $\Gamma(\cdot)$ is the Gamma function. This expression shows a standard SC exponential decay of the multivalent counterion density, which dominates at large separations from the surface and is a well-established result within the SC context [@Netz01; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @AndrePRL; @asim; @Shklovs02]. But it also exhibits an algebraic dependence on $\tilde z$, which dominates at small separations from the surface and thus shows that, in the presence of surface charge disorder, the counterion density [*diverges*]{} in the immediate vicinity of the surface. The presence of disorder thus clearly violates the contact-value theorem which was derived for uniformly charged surfaces [@contact_value; @contact_value2; @contact_value1; @contact_value3]; this theorem entails a contact value of $\tilde c(0) =1$ in the whole range of coupling parameters. Note that, nevertheless, the electroneutrality is exactly satisfied as $\int_0^{\infty }\rmd\tilde z\,\tilde c(\tilde z) = 1$. ![(Color online) Rescaled density profile of multivalent counterions next to a randomly charged surface in the absence of salt and image charge effects for different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph. Inset shows the diverging behavior of the density profile at small distances from the surface in the log-log scale. []{data-label="f:densityp_fin"}](gr00.eps){width="8cm"} The behavior of the density profile, Eq. (\[eq:dens\_0\]), is shown in Fig. \[f:densityp\_fin\] for a few different values of the disorder coupling parameter. As seen, due to the singular behavior at the surface, the presence of charge disorder enhances (suppresses) the density of counterions at small (large) separations, in general agreement with the previous findings in the case of non-disordered but heterogeneously charged surfaces such as surfaces carrying discrete charge patterns (see, e.g., [@Andre02; @Lukatsky; @pincus; @Nikoofard] and references therein). The above results can be illuminated further by analyzing the averaged cumulative charge defined as $$Q(z)=\frac {1}{\sigma}\! \int_0^z\!\!\rmd z'\left[ e_0q c(z')+\rho_0(z')\right],$$ or, in rescaled units, $$Q({\tilde z}) = -1+\int_0^{\tilde z} \rmd \tilde z' \, \tilde c({\tilde z'}) = - \frac{\Gamma(1-\frac{\chi}{2}, {\tilde z})}{\Gamma(1-\frac{\chi}{2})}, \label{eq:Q0}$$ where $\Gamma(\cdot,\cdot)$ is the incomplete Gamma function. Note that $Q(z)$ is normalized such that $Q(0) =-1$, which represents the mean surface charge density at $\tilde z = 0$, and $Q(z)\rightarrow 0$ for $z\rightarrow\infty$, which reflects the global electroneutrality of the system. As seen in Fig. \[f:Q\_densityp\_fin\], nearly all of the counterions become strongly localized in the vicinity of the surface (i.e., $Q({\tilde z})\simeq 0$ for finite $\tilde z>0$) as $\chi$ is increased. In fact, the counterion density profile tends to zero at any finite separation from the surface $\tilde c(\tilde z)\rightarrow 0$ when $\chi$ tends (from below) to the threshold value $$\chi_* = 2,$$ because the Gamma function in the denominator of the normalization factor in Eqs. (\[eq:dens\_0\]) and (\[eq:Q0\]) goes to infinity. It should be emphasized that the strong accumulation of multivalent counterions in the immediate vicinity of the surface does not give rise to a renormalized mean surface charge density (see also Appendix C in Ref. [@partial]) and that the singular behavior of counterions at the surface in the present context should be distinguished from the surface adsorption or counterion condensation phenomena [@perspective]. ![(Color online) Cumulative charge next to a randomly charged surface in the absence of salt and image charge effects for different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph. []{data-label="f:Q_densityp_fin"}](gr00_1.eps){width="8cm"} Disorder-induced anti-fragility ------------------------------- The foregoing results clearly show that the excess accumulation of counterions near the surface is driven by the disorder-induced, single-particle interaction energy (\[eq:u2\_ci\_only\]), which is attractive and depends logarithmically on the distance from the surface and thus generates the singular behavior of the counterion density profile at the surface. This suggests that the presence of quenched surface charge disorder drives the system towards a state of lower thermal ‘disorder’. This point can be established systematically by calculating the difference in the entropy of counterions in the presence and in the absence of disorder, $\Delta S(\chi)=S(\chi)-S(0)$. We find $$\frac{\Delta S(\chi)}{Nk_{\mathrm{B}} }= \chi \psi\left(1-\frac{\chi}{2}\right)+\ln\, \Gamma\left(1-\frac{\chi}{2}\right),$$ where $\psi(\cdot)$ is the digamma function. It thus follows that $\Delta S(\chi)\leq 0$. The entropy reduction is larger for larger disorder strength, $\chi$, and diverges as $\chi\rightarrow 2^-$. In other words, the reduction in the [*translational entropy*]{} of multivalent counterions in the solution is driven by introducing a finite degree of [*configurational entropy*]{} due to the presence of quenched randomness in the surface charge distribution. Formally, this latter type of entropy is generated by the non-thermal (quenched) average taken over different realizations of the surface charge disorder. This subtle interplay between the different kinds of entropy is therefore essential in generating the singular behavior of counterions near the disordered surface. It thus seems appropriate to refer to this type of behavior of the multivalent counterions as [*anti-fragile*]{} [@taleb], since introducing an external (quenched) disorder source effectively diminishes the intrinsic thermal disorder in the system and drives it towards a more ‘ordered’ state. Another interesting point to be noted here is that the internal energy of the system also decreases due to the presence of disorder but in such a way that leads to a decrease in the free energy of the system as can be seen from the free energy difference, $\beta \Delta {\mathcal F}(\chi)/N =-\ln\, \Gamma\left(1-{\chi}/{2}\right)\leq 0$. Therefore, the system also attains a thermodynamically more stable state, which is again a direct consequence of the singular behavior of counterions near the disordered surface. By contrast, one can show that in the case of counterions next to a uniformly charged surface, which exhibits a regular potential, the attraction of counterions towards the surface leads to a larger free energy as compared with the ideal case where the system is uncharged. Salt image effects {#subsec:salt} ------------------ We now turn to the effects due to a monovalent salt bath by assuming that in addition to the multivalent counterions (of bulk concentration $c_0$), we also have a finite amount of monovalent salt in the system, giving a total bulk monovalent ion concentration of $n_b=2n_0+qc_0$ (Sections \[sec:model\] and \[sec:formal\]). We take a semi-infinite slab ($ b =\infty$) impermeable to all ions and assume that the system is again dielectrically homogeneous, i.e. $\epsilon_p=\epsilon_m$. This helps to disentangle the polarization effects due to the inhomogeneous distribution of salt ions (“salt image effects") from those resulting from the inhomogeneous distribution of the dielectric constant (“dielectric image effects"). For a semi-infinite slab, the Fourier-Bessel transform of the Green’s function can be obtained by standard methods as $$\hat G(Q;z,z')= \frac{1}{2\epsilon _0\epsilon _m\gamma }\left[\rme^{-\gamma |z-z'|}+\Delta_s \,\rme^{-\gamma (z+z')}\right], \label{eq:inf_green}$$ where $$\Delta_s = \frac{\gamma- Q }{\gamma + Q}, \qquad \gamma^2=Q^2+\kappa^2.$$ Note that because of the translational and rotational symmetry with respect to the transverse (in-plane) coordinates ${{\boldsymbol \rho}} = (x, y)$ and ${{\boldsymbol \rho}}' = (x', y')$, the Green’s function depends on these coordinates only through $|{{\boldsymbol \rho}}-{{\boldsymbol \rho}}'|$, i.e., $G({{\mathbf r}},{{\mathbf r}}') = G(|{{\boldsymbol \rho}}- {{\boldsymbol \rho}}'|;z, z')$, and thus its Fourier-Bessel transform is defined via $G({{\mathbf r}}-{{\mathbf r}}')=\int_0^\infty \frac{Q {\mathrm{d}}Q}{2\pi }\,\hat G(Q;z,z')\,J_0(Q \vert {{\boldsymbol \rho}} -{{\boldsymbol \rho}}'\vert)$. ![(Color online) Rescaled density profile of multivalent counterions next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa=0.3$ and in the absence of dielectric image charge effects ($\epsilon_p=\epsilon_m$). Different curves correspond to different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph. Inset shows the diverging behavior of the density profile at small distances from the surface in the log-log scale. []{data-label="f:contact_inf"}](gr3.eps){width="8.cm"} The contributions to the effective single-particle interaction energy, $u=u_0+u_{\mathrm{im}}+u_{\mathrm{dis}}$, Eqs. (\[eq:u\])-(\[eq:u2\]), are now obtained, in rescaled units, as $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:inf_u0} && \beta u_0(\tilde z)=-\frac{2}{\tilde \kappa}\rme^{-\tilde \kappa\tilde z},\\ && \beta u_{\mathrm{im}}(\tilde z) =\frac{\Xi}{2}\int_0^\infty \tilde Q {\mathrm{d}}\tilde Q\, \frac{\Delta_s}{\tilde\gamma}\rme^{-2\tilde\gamma\tilde z}, \\ && \beta u_{\mathrm{dis}}(\tilde z)=-\frac{\chi}{2}\int_0^\infty \tilde Q {\mathrm{d}}\tilde Q \,\frac{(1+\Delta_s)^2}{\tilde\gamma ^2}\rme^{-2\tilde\gamma\tilde z}, \label{eq:inf_u2}\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde \gamma = \gamma \mu$. These equations can be used along with Eq. (\[eq:sc\_density\_av\]) in order to compute the density profile of counterions. As seen in Fig. \[f:contact\_inf\], the rescaled density profile of counterions shows a clear depletion effect in the absence of disorder (note that here we have rescaled the density of counterions with their bulk concentration). This behavior is caused by the salt image effects that are produced by the second term in Eq. (\[eq:inf\_green\]). The depletion effect becomes weaker when the surface is randomly charged as the counterions are again attracted more strongly to the surface in the presence of charge disorder. The interplay between salt image depletion and disorder attraction leads to a non-monotonic behavior in the counterion density profile as the disorder effects dominate at small separations while the salt image effects dominate at intermediate separations. At large distances from the surface ($\tilde z\gtrsim \tilde \kappa^{-1}$), the behavior of the density profile is dominated by the salt screening effects and we get $c(\tilde z)/c_0\rightarrow 1$ for $\tilde z\rightarrow \infty$. The accumulation of counterions in the vicinity of the surface is suppressed when the bulk salt concentration is increased or when a finite dielectric discontinuity is introduced at the surface (see Section \[subsec:delta\]). Note that the counterion density profiles show a singular bahavior at the surface even in the presence of additional salt. This behavior is in fact present at [*any*]{} finite values of $\chi$ (as may be discerned more clearly from the log-log plot in the inset of Fig. \[f:contact\_inf\]) and coincides with the same algebraic divergence $\sim \tilde z^{-\chi/2}$ on approach to the surface as we found in the counterion-only case in the previous Sections. This is intuitively expected because the salt bath effects diminish at separations much smaller than the screening length $\tilde \kappa^{-1}$. The effects of a finite slab thickness, $b$, can be examined by using the appropriate form of the Green’s function in this case that can be obtained by means of standard methods as $$\begin{aligned} &&\hat G(Q;z,z')= \frac{1}{2 \epsilon _0\epsilon _m\gamma }\times\nonumber\\ &&\quad\quad \times \left[\rme^{-\gamma |z-z'|}+\frac{\Delta_s \left(1-\rme^{-2Q b}\right)}{1-\Delta_s^2\,\rme^{-2Q b}}\rme^{-\gamma (z+z')}\right].\end{aligned}$$ Hence, the three different terms in the effective single-particle interaction energy follow in rescaled units as $$\begin{aligned} \label{eq:b_u0} && \beta u_0(\tilde z)=- \frac{2(1+ \tilde\kappa\tilde b )}{\tilde\kappa(2 + \tilde\kappa\tilde b)}\rme^{-\tilde\kappa\tilde z}, \\ && \beta u_{\mathrm{im}}(\tilde z) =\frac{\Xi}{2}\!\int_0^\infty\!\! \tilde Q {\mathrm{d}}\tilde Q\, \frac{\Delta_s \left(1-\rme^{-2\tilde Q \tilde b}\right)}{\tilde\gamma\left(1-\Delta_s^2\,\rme^{-2\tilde Q \tilde b}\right)}\rme^{-2\tilde\gamma\tilde z}, \label{eq:b_u1} \\ && \beta u_{\mathrm{dis}}(\tilde z)=-\frac{\chi}{2}\!\int_0^\infty\!\! \tilde Q {\mathrm{d}}\tilde Q \,\frac{(1+\Delta_s)^2\left(1-\Delta_s \, \rme^{-2\tilde Q\tilde b}\right)^2}{\tilde\gamma ^2\left(1-\Delta_s ^2\, \rme^{-2\tilde Q \tilde b}\right)^2}\rme^{-2\tilde\gamma\tilde z}. \nonumber\\ \label{eq:b_u2}\end{aligned}$$ The finiteness of the slab thickness is expected to be relevant mainly in the regime where the thickness is comparable with or smaller than the screening length, i.e. $\tilde \kappa \tilde b\lesssim1$. As it can be seen directly from Eqs. (\[eq:b\_u0\])-(\[eq:b\_u2\]), both the attraction experienced by multivalent counterions due to the mean surface charge and its disorder variance and the repulsion due to the salt image effects become stronger as the slab becomes thicker or, in other words, as the system becomes more strongly inhomogeneous in terms of the salt distribution. The overall effect is such that the counterion density close to the charged surface becomes smaller for smaller $\tilde b$ as shown in Fig. \[f:contact\_inf\_b\], inset (compare also Figs. \[f:contact\_inf\] and \[f:contact\_inf\_b\]). This behavior can be understood also by noting that for thinner slabs the salt ions on the left side of the slab also contribute to the screening effects and, hence, further suppress the multivalent counterion density on the right side (see Fig. \[f:schematic\]). This however leaves the effects resulting from the surface charge disorder qualitatively unchanged, especially at small distances from the surface, where the singular behavior persists. ![(Color online) Same as Fig. \[f:contact\_inf\] but for fixed rescaled slab thickness $\tilde b = 5$ and different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph (main set) and also for fixed disorder coupling parameter $\chi=1$ and different values of the rescaled slab thickness (inset).[]{data-label="f:contact_inf_b"}](gr4.eps){width="8cm"} It is to be noted that the expressions for the effective single-particle interaction energy, Eqs. (\[eq:b\_u0\])-(\[eq:b\_u2\]), can correctly reproduce the counterion-only result, Eq. (\[eq:u\_z\]), when the limit $\tilde\kappa\rightarrow 0$, which also gives $\Delta_s\rightarrow 0$, is taken (in this case, the thickness $\tilde b$ will be irrelevant). The counterion-only limit cannot be recovered if we start with the infinite-thickness expressions (\[eq:inf\_u0\])-(\[eq:inf\_u2\]) (where the thickness of the slab is strictly set equal to infinity) and then take the limit of zero salt. The difference would be in a factor 2 in the expression for $u_0$, indicating that the two limits $\tilde \kappa\rightarrow 0$ and $\tilde b\rightarrow \infty$ do not commute. Alternatively, one can recover Eq. (\[eq:u\_z\]) from Eqs. (\[eq:b\_u0\])-(\[eq:b\_u2\]) by first taking the limit of a thin slab $\tilde b\rightarrow 0$ and then $\tilde\kappa\rightarrow 0$. ![(Color online) (a) Rescaled density profile of multivalent counterions next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa=0.3$, $\Delta=0.95$ and different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph. (b) Same as panel (a) but for $\chi=1$ and different values of the rescaled salt screening parameter. []{data-label="fig:density_inf_delta"}](gr2.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth"} (a) .3cm ![(Color online) (a) Rescaled density profile of multivalent counterions next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa=0.3$, $\Delta=0.95$ and different values of the disorder coupling parameter as shown on the graph. (b) Same as panel (a) but for $\chi=1$ and different values of the rescaled salt screening parameter. []{data-label="fig:density_inf_delta"}](gr1.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth"} (b) Dielectric image effects {#subsec:delta} ------------------------ So far we focused on the cases with no dielectric discontinuity at the boundaries of the slab. The case of a dielectrically inhomogeneous system with $\epsilon_p \neq\epsilon_m$ can be studied by simply replacing the definition of $\Delta_s$ in the expressions in the previous section (e.g., Eqs. (\[eq:inf\_u0\])-(\[eq:inf\_u2\])) with a more general one, i.e. $$\Delta_s = \frac{\epsilon_m\gamma- \epsilon_p Q }{\epsilon_m\gamma + \epsilon_p Q}. \label{eq:delta_s_general}$$ In the absence of a salt bath ($\tilde \kappa=0$), the dielectric image charges lead to very strong repulsions from the surface when $\epsilon_p <\epsilon_m$ (as is often the case for aqueous solvents and macromolecular surfaces). This effect enters through the image interaction term $\beta u_{\mathrm{im}} = \Xi\Delta/4\tilde z$, where the dielectric discontinuity parameter is defined as $$\Delta = \frac{\epsilon_m- \epsilon_p }{\epsilon_m + \epsilon_p}.$$ The image interaction term diverges at the surface and thus implies a vanishing contact density $c(\tilde z)\rightarrow 0$ for $\tilde z\rightarrow 0$, a behavior that is very distinct from that generated merely by salt images (Figs. \[f:contact\_inf\] and \[f:contact\_inf\_b\]), as the latter cannot be described generally in terms of “point-like image charges" and generate much weaker repulsive forces on multivalent ions than the dielectric images. In the most general case with both salt and dielectric image effects, the density profile of counterions can be calculated via Eqs. (\[eq:sc\_density\_av\]) and (\[eq:inf\_u0\])-(\[eq:inf\_u2\]) with the definition in Eq. (\[eq:delta\_s\_general\]). The results are shown in Fig. \[fig:density\_inf\_delta\] for $\tilde \kappa=0.3$ and $\Delta=0.95$, corresponding to the dielectric discontinuity at the water/hydrocarbon interface (with $\epsilon_p=2$ and $\epsilon_m=80$). Clearly, both added salt and charge disorder effects become irrelevant in the small-distance regime, where the dielectric-image repulsions dominate and generate a wide depletion zone near the surface. The counterion density thus again vanishes at the surface and tends to the bulk value at large separations. Although the qualitative form of the density profile remains the same in the absence and in the presence of charge disorder (which is in contrast with what we found in Section \[subsec:salt\]), the peak of the density profile becomes more pronounced and shifts to smaller values of the distance from the surface as the disorder strength is increased, see Fig. \[fig:density\_inf\_delta\]a. A similar effect is seen in Fig. \[fig:density\_inf\_delta\]b, where the salt screening parameter is decreased; in this case the location of the peak of the density profile remains nearly unchanged while its height increases by almost an order of magnitude when the salt screening parameter is decreased by only a factor of 2. Charge inversion and overcharging --------------------------------- The preceding results suggest that the charge inversion and/or overcharging of the surface, which are known to occur with asymmetric Coulomb fluids (see, e.g., Refs. [@Lemay1; @Lemay2; @Lemay3; @overcharge1; @Kjellander; @overcharge2; @overcharge3; @overcharge4; @Lozada-Cassou_review; @Wang_Gao; @Ma; @Messina-Holm; @Jiang; @Shklovs02; @SCdressed2] and references therein), may be enhanced when the surface carries a random charge component. This can be inferred from the averaged cumulative charge, $Q(z)$, being the sum of the average charges due to fixed and mobile charges (including both monovalent and multivalent ions) within a finite distance $ z$ from the surface, i.e., $$Q(z)=\frac {1}{\sigma}\! \int_0^z\!\!\rmd z'\left[e_0n_+(z')-e_0n_-(z')+ e_0q c(z')+\rho_0(z')\right], \label{eq:Q_av}$$ where $n_\pm(z)$ represent the averaged (DH) density of monovalent ions and $c(z)$ the density of dressed multivalent counterions. As shown in Ref. [@SCdressed2], the cumulative charge can be written only in terms of the counterion density by using the fact for monovalent ions we have $n_+({{\mathbf r}})-n_-({{\mathbf r}})\simeq -n_b(\beta e_0\psi({{\mathbf r}}))$, where $\psi({{\mathbf r}})$ is the mean electrostatic potential generated by the explicit charge densities, i.e., $$\psi({{\mathbf r}})=\int \rmd {\mathbf r}'\, G({{\mathbf r}}, {{\mathbf r}}')[e_0 q c({{\mathbf r}}')+\rho_0({{\mathbf r}}')]. \label{eq:psi_av}$$ Hence, using the Green’s function expressions (\[eq:inf\_green\]) for an infinite slab, we have [@SCdressed2] $$\begin{aligned} Q(\tilde z)&=&-\rme^{-\tilde\kappa \tilde z}+\frac 18 \tilde\chi_c^2 \label{eq:Q}\\ &\times&\int_0^\infty\!\rmd \tilde z'\left[\textrm{sgn}(\tilde z-\tilde z')\,\rme^{-\tilde \kappa\vert \tilde z-\tilde z'\vert}+\rme^{-\tilde \kappa(\tilde z+\tilde z')}\right]\hat c(\tilde z'), \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\hat c(z)\equiv c(z)/c_0$ and $\tilde \chi_c = \chi_c\mu$ with the definition $$\chi_c^2 = 8\pi q^2 \ell_{\mathrm{B}} c_0.$$ ![(Color online) (a) Averaged cumulative charge next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa = 0.25$, $\tilde \chi_c=0.25$, $\Delta=0.95$ and different values of the disorder coupling parameter as indicated on the graph. (b) “Phase diagram" showing the minimal amount of multivalent counterion concentration, $\tilde \chi_c$ (in rescaled units), required to find the charge-inversion (main set) or overcharging effect (inset) as a function of the rescaled salt screening parameter in the absence ($\chi=0$) and in the presence of surface charge disorder ($\chi=4$). The region above the curves shows where charge inversion (main set) or overcharging (inset) is predicted to occur. []{data-label="f:phasediag"}](gr5.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth"} (a) .3cm ![(Color online) (a) Averaged cumulative charge next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa = 0.25$, $\tilde \chi_c=0.25$, $\Delta=0.95$ and different values of the disorder coupling parameter as indicated on the graph. (b) “Phase diagram" showing the minimal amount of multivalent counterion concentration, $\tilde \chi_c$ (in rescaled units), required to find the charge-inversion (main set) or overcharging effect (inset) as a function of the rescaled salt screening parameter in the absence ($\chi=0$) and in the presence of surface charge disorder ($\chi=4$). The region above the curves shows where charge inversion (main set) or overcharging (inset) is predicted to occur. []{data-label="f:phasediag"}](gr8.eps "fig:"){width="\textwidth"} (b) As seen in Fig. \[f:phasediag\]a, the cumulative charge shows a [*positive*]{} hump at intermediate separations from the surface, also known as the [*charge-inversion effect*]{}. The charge-inversion degree is usually found to amount to a fraction of the total charge (i.e., the maximum value of $Q(\tilde z)$ is smaller than unity) [@SCdressed2; @overcharge1; @overcharge2; @overcharge3; @overcharge4; @Lozada-Cassou_review; @Wang_Gao; @Ma; @Messina-Holm]. In the presence of charge disorder, a substantially larger amount of multivalent counterions are attracted towards the surface and also a much larger charge-inversion degree (corresponding to the height of the hump) is predicted to occur. There is a narrow region at small separations from the surface where one can see a decrease in $Q(\tilde z)$ as the disorder strength, $\chi$, is increased. For sufficiently large $\chi$, it exhibits a short-distance dip with $Q(\tilde z)<-1$. In this region, the cumulative charge has the same sign as the [*mean*]{} surface charge but with a larger magnitude and, therefore, represents the so-called [*overcharging effect*]{}. Note that the overcharging effect can be present even in the absence of disorder and depends on the bulk concentration of multivalent counterions, which enters in Eq. (\[eq:Q\]) through the rescaled parameter $\tilde \chi_c$. In Fig. \[f:phasediag\]b, we show the minimal amount of bulk multivalent counterion concentration (represented by $\tilde \chi_c$) that is required to achieve the charge-inversion (main set) and overcharging effects (inset) for a wide range of rescaled salt screening parameters. The region above the curves pertains to the parameter values where we find charge inversion or overcharging of the mean surface charge. As seen, for larger salt screening parameters, a larger bulk concentration of multivalent counterions are required to achieve these effects, and for a given salt screening parameter, a larger concentration of multivalent counterions are required to cause overcharging of the surface than its charge inversion. The presence of surface charge disorder facilitates both these effects as they can occur for smaller threshold values of $\tilde \chi_c$, especially at intermediate to large values of the salt screening parameter. The aforementioned features of the averaged cumulative charge depend strongly on the dielectric discontinuity at the surface, which generates the image-charge repulsion that competes with the disorder-induced attraction of ions towards the surface. Note that these two latter mechanisms affect the spatial distribution of multivalent counterions (Figs. \[fig:density\_inf\_delta\]a and b), and to a lesser extent, also the spatial distribution of monovalent ions (not shown) that are treated implicitly in this work; this latter quantity can be calculated from the mean potential, Eq. (\[eq:psi\_av\]), which depends on various system parameters through the Green’s function and the distributions of explicit charges (see Refs. [@Ma; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3] for explicit-ion simulations of charge inversion and overcharging phenomena at uniformly charged surfaces that incorporate the dielectric image charges as well). The exact form of $Q(\tilde z)$, and the ensuing charge-inversion and/or overcharging effects, thus follow from the interplay between the contributions from the explicit multivalent counterions and the implicit monovalent ions to the averaged cumulative charge at any given set of values for the system parameters. Finally, it should be noted that, while the predicted boundaries of the parameter space pertaining to the onset of the charge inversion and/or overcharging are expected to be relatively accurate [@SCdressed2], the single-particle approximation that lies at the heart of the dressed multivalent-ion description is not expected to be adequate in the regime of parameters deeply within the regime of charge inversion and/or overcharging due to non-negligible many-body contributions [@SCdressed2]. These considerations and the role of other possible factors such as ion-ion excluded-volume repulsions [@overcharge1; @overcharge2; @overcharge3; @overcharge4; @Lozada-Cassou_review; @Wang_Gao; @Ma; @Messina-Holm; @Jiang; @Kjellander] remain to be assessed further in future simulations. ![(Color online) Averaged cumulative charge next to the randomly charged surface of a semi-infinite slab for $\Xi=50$, $\tilde \kappa = 0.25$, $\tilde \chi_c=0.25$, $\Delta=0.95$, $\chi=4$ and different values of the rescaled radius of the multivalent counterions, $\tilde a=a/\mu$, as indicated on the graph.[]{data-label="f:Qc_a"}](Qc_a.eps){width="\textwidth"} Counterion size effects {#subsec:ion-size} ----------------------- We have so far assumed that the multivalent counterions are modeled as point-like particles and can therefore access the whole volume in the region $ z\geq 0$. On the microscopic level and within the primitive model considered here, the counterion size effects enter through the excluded-volume repulsions between the counterions themselves as well as through the excluded-volume repulsion between individual counterions and the randomly charged surface, which leads to the steric depletion of counterions from the immediate vicinity of the surface. Within the strong-coupling approach or its generalization, the dressed multivalent-ion theory on which our approach is based, the partition function is virial expanded systematically to the leading order (Section \[sec:formal\]) and, as such, involves only the single-particle contributions. This means that only the counterion-surface excluded-volume repulsion enters in the leading-order theory and the excluded-volume repulsions between counterions enter in the subleading terms that become important at lower electrostatic couplings, falling outside the regime of interest in the present analysis [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim]. (The dressed multivalent-ion theory of course has a range of validity [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective] that can be ascertained in detail once simulations or, indeed, alternative theoretical approaches for the present problem become available; see the Discussion). The incorporation of the counterion size effects on the leading virial level is thus straightforward. For the sake of simplicity, we model the multivalent counterions as hard-sphere particles with radius $a$. Therefore, one needs to restrict the volume accessible to multivalent counterions to the region $ z\geq a$, which can be done by re-defining the indicator function as $\Omega_c({\mathbf r}) = \theta(z-a)$. It is thus evident that the form of the single-particle interaction energy and, therefore, the $z$-dependent form of the density profile remain unchanged, with the proviso that now one needs to impose the constraint $z\geq a$. The prefactor $\lambda_c$ in Eq. (\[eq:sc\_density\_av\]) is still given by the bulk concentration of multivalent counterions, $c_0$, in the presence of a salt bath (Sections \[subsec:salt\] and \[subsec:delta\]) and is determined from Eq. (\[eq:lambda\_c\]) within the counterion-only model (Section \[subsec:ci-only\]). In this latter case, we find the rescaled density profile of hard-sphere counterions of rescaled radius $\tilde a = a/\mu$ as $$\tilde c(\tilde z)\equiv\frac{c(\tilde z)}{2\pi \ell_{\mathrm{B}} \sigma^2}=\frac{\tilde z^{-\frac{\chi}{2}}\;\rme^{-\tilde z}}{\Gamma(1-\frac{\chi}{2}, {\tilde a})}, \qquad \tilde z\geq \tilde a. \label{eq:dens_a}$$ In other words, the singular behavior of the single-particle interaction energy remains intact and, therefore, the $z$-dependent form of the density profile still involves an algebraic factor and thus differs qualitatively from that in the case of a uniformly charged surface, only that the multivalent counterions cannot probe the singular point at $z=0$ and do not exhibit the diverging surface density obtained with point-like counterions. The exclusion of multivalent counterions from the vicinity of the surface for large counterion radii can suppress the charge-inversion and/or overcharging effects discussed in the previous Section. In Fig. \[f:Qc\_a\], we show the averaged cumulative charge, $Q(\tilde z)$, as a function of $\tilde z$ for a few different values of the rescaled counterion radius, ranging from $\tilde a =0$ up to $2.5$ (in actual units, and assuming $\mu=0.23$ nm, see Table \[table\], these values correspond to counterion radii of up to around 5.8Å). As seen, upon increasing the counterion radius, the height of the positive hump (the charge-inversion degree) is decreased and its location shifts to larger distances from the surface. The location of the negative (overcharging) dip also shifts to larger separations; however, the overcharging effect is enhanced at first when the counterion radius is increased and diminishes only when the latter is increased beyond $\tilde a\simeq 1.5$. It is also important to note that for sufficiently small counterion radii, the cumulative charge nearly coincides with that of point-like counterions (black solid curve). In fact, the effects of finite counterion size show up only when the counterion radius becomes larger than the size of the depletion zone generated by dielectric images in the vicinity of the surface, which, in the case Fig. \[f:Qc\_a\], corresponds to counterion radii $\tilde a \gtrsim 1$ (see also Figs. \[fig:density\_inf\_delta\]a and b). In other words, the charge inversion and/or overcharging of the surface are affected also by the interplay between the image-charge depletion and the steric depletion of multivalent counterions from the dielectric interface. Finally, we note that multivalents counterions may have an internal structure that can introduce higher-order multipolar effects; these effects can be relevant especially for multivalent counterions with an extended structure (such as rod-like polyamines including the trivalent spermidine and tetravalent spermine [@spermidine_spermine]), in which case the present hard-sphere model may not be appropriate in order to account for the counterion size effects (see, e.g., Refs. [@multipoles; @perspective] and references therein). [rrrrrrrr|rrrrrrr]{} &\ $\tilde\kappa=0.2$ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ &$0.25$ & $0.3$ & $0.4$&&&&& &$\chi$&&&$g\,(e_0^2/{\mathrm{nm}}^2$)&&\ $n_0=69$mM & 109mM & 158mM & 283mM &$c_0=$1.1mM & $\tilde\chi_c$= 0.1&&&&0.5 &&&0.01&&\ 57mM & 98mM &147mM & 272mM & 7mM &0.25& &&&1.0&&&0.02&&\ 51mM & 91mM &140mM & 270mM & 10mM& 0.3& &&&2.0&&&0.04&&\ 36mM & 75mM & 125mM & 250mM & 18mM&0.4& &&&4.0&&&0.08&&\ Conclusions and discussion {#sec:discussion} ========================== We have investigated the distribution of multivalent counterions close to a dielectric slab bearing a quenched, random distribution of monopolar surface charges on one of its solution interfaces with set mean value and variance, both in the absence and in the presence of an asymmetric Coulomb fluid, comprised of a mixture of multivalent counterions in a bathing solution of monovalent ions. Such asymmetric Coulomb fluids are commonplace in many experimental examples such as in the condensation of DNA by multivalent cations in the bulk [@Bloom2; @Yoshikawa1; @Yoshikawa2; @Pelta; @Plum; @Raspaud; @Pelta2] or in viruses and virus-like nano-capsids [@Savithri1987; @deFrutos2005; @Siber]. Our analysis is done within the framework of the [*dressed multivalent-ion theory*]{}, which reproduces the strong-coupling theory of multivalent counterions [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim] in the zero salt limit and takes into account the surface-counterion as well as counterion-image correlations on the leading order and in the presence of a bathing salt solution as discussed in detail elsewhere [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]. (Note that in the opposite regime of weak coupling, where, e.g., all ions are monovalent, the quenched charge disorder effects turn out to be small and do not lead to any qualitatively new features in the behavior of the system [@ali-rudi; @netz-disorder; @netz-disorder2].) In the case of counterions only, we show that a randomly charged surface generates a singular density profile for multivalent counterions with an algebraically diverging behavior at the surface; the latter is characterized by an exponent which is determined by the disorder strength (variance). Thus, multivalent counterions are predicted to accumulate strongly in the immediate vicinity of the randomly charged surface in a way that violates the contact-value theorem, which describes the behavior of counterions at uniformly charged surfaces and predicts a finite contact density [@contact_value; @contact_value2; @contact_value1]. This behavior stems from the interplay between the translational entropy of the solution ions and the (non-thermal) configurational entropy due to the averaging over different realizations of the quenched disorder. Therefore, by introducing an external (quenched) disorder component, we find that the system is driven towards a more ‘ordered’ state characterized by a diminished intrinsic thermal ‘disorder’ in the system. It thus seems appropriate to characterize this response of the system to an externally imposed quenched disorder as the [*anti-fragile behavior*]{} [@taleb] of multivalent counterions in the presence of quenched charge disorder. It is to be noted that, in the presence of disorder, the system also attains a thermodynamically more stable state because the internal energy of the system drops in a way that leads to a lowered free energy. The singular behavior of multivalent counterions persists also when counterions are immersed into a bath of a monovalent salt solution and there are no dielectric inhomogeneities in the system. In this case, the slab defines an ion-excluded region, creating salt image effects. The interplay between the disorder-induced attraction and the salt-image depletion leads to a non-monotonic density profile for counterions close to the surface. The amount of multivalent counterions accumulated near the surface is again enhanced strongly when the surface is randomly charged. This holds also in the case of a finite discontinuity in the dielectric constant (even though dielectric image charges, unlike salt images, eliminate the singularity and create a counterion-depleted zone in the immediate vicinity of the charged surface) and/or when the multivalent counterions have a finite size (that prevents them from probing the singular point of the single-particle interaction energy on the charged surface). The charge disorder can thus make the overcharging and/or charge inversion of the mean surface charge highly pronounced. Our results are presented in terms of rescaled (dimensionless) parameters such as the rescaled screening parameter and the electrostatic and disorder coupling parameters, which can be mapped to a wide range of values for counterion and salt bulk concentration, mean surface charge density, counterion valency, etc. A few examples of the actual values for these latter quantities (corresponding to the typical values of the rescaled parameters that were used to plot the figures in the previous Sections) are shown in Table \[table\]. Note that other sets of actual parameter values than those given in the Table (e.g., using divalent and trivalent counterions) are just as conceivable, as long as they correspond to the same set of dimensionless parameters. The typical values of the disorder coupling parameter that we used in our study, e.g., $\chi\simeq 0-4$, correspond to a relatively small degree of charge disorder on the surface $g\simeq 0- 0.08\,e_0^2/$nm$^2$. Assuming that the disorder originates from a quenched, random distribution of positive and negative impurity charges, $\pm e_0$, residing on the surface with a surface density of $n_i$, we find $g = n_i e_0^2$ [@disorder-PRL]. Therefore, the above-mentioned values of $g$ can be obtained by relatively small densities $n_i\lesssim 0.1/$nm$^2$ of impurity charges as compared with the mean number of surface charges (typically $\sigma/e_0\lesssim 1/$nm$^2$) and can be thus easily realized in actual systems. Hence, we conclude that the effects due to charge randomness, even at such small amounts, can be quite significant! We should emphasize that our results are valid strictly in the case of highly asymmetric Coulomb fluids, where the dressed multivalent-ion approach can be justified [@SCdressed1]. The dressed multivalent-ion theory, that was implemented here, follows as a limiting single-particle theory from the virial expansion of the partition function up to the leading order in the fugacity of multivalent counterions and, as such, is expected to be applicable in two distinct regimes [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]: (i) when the electrostatic interactions are strong enough giving rise, on the leading order, to a strong-coupling, single-particle behavior for multivalent counterions next to an oppositely charged boundary (typically at low salt concentrations or in counterion-only systems) [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim], and (ii) when multi-particle interactions between counterions are sufficiently weak due, e.g., to high salt screening effects, allowing again for a single-particle description (typically at moderate to high salt concentrations) [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]. This analytical approach is thus expected to be valid only at relatively small bulk concentrations of multivalent counterions around, for instance, just a few mM, which is in fact often the case in experiments (see, e.g., Refs. [@rau-1; @rau-2; @Bloom2; @Pelta; @Plum; @Raspaud; @Pelta2; @Yoshikawa1; @Yoshikawa2]). The dressed multivalent-ion theory has been tested extensively against implicit- and explicit-ion simulations [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective; @leili1; @leili2] and turns out to have a wide range of validity in the parameter space when the surfaces bear uniform charge distributions. Similar simulations are still missing in the case of randomly charged surfaces with multivalent ions mostly because of a significantly large increase in the computational time, which would be required in oder to produce reliable quenched disorder averages. Our results, however, produce concrete predictions that can be tested against simulations. The fingerprints of charge disorder are expected to show up in appropriately designed experiments as well [@disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @pre2011; @epje2012; @jcp2012; @book; @pra2009; @pre2010; @barrett; @speake; @kim1; @kim2; @kim3; @kim4; @tang], although one should note that experiments on systems containing solutions of multivalent ions face certain difficulties as is, for instance, the case [@Lozada-Cassou_review] in electrophoresis measurements conducted to show the charge inversion effect (see Refs. [@Lemay1; @Lemay2; @Lemay3; @Mugele] for other recent methods such as streaming currents or atomic force microscopy measurements). In general, we expect that the previously determined regimes of validity of the dressed multivalent-ion theory [@SCdressed2] roughly hold also for the present case with disordered surfaces. One particular case that should be treated with caution in systems containing added monovalent salt is the situation where the mean electrostatic potential near the randomly charged surface becomes large, e.g., when the disorder strength is very large and/or the dielectric discontinuity parameter is small, in which case the validity of the underlying DH approximation used for the monovalent ions can break down [@SCdressed2]. Another case that goes beyond the present approach is the situation where nonlinear charge renormalization and/or Bjerrum pairing effects become relevant (see, e.g., Refs. [@Kjellander07; @Alexander; @Bjerrumpairing1; @Bjerrumpairing2; @Bjerrumpairing3]); however, these effects turn out to be negligible in the regime of parameters that is of concern here [@SCdressed1; @SCdressed2; @SCdressed3; @perspective]. Also, while we expect that the predicted boundaries of the parameter space pertaining to the onset of the charge inversion and/or overcharging would be relatively accurate, the single-particle approximation that lies at the heart of the dressed multivalent-ion description is not expected to be adequate in the regime of parameters deeply within the regime of charge inversion and/or overcharging due to non-negligible many-body contributions [@SCdressed2]. These considerations and the role of other possible factors such as higher-order virial corrections [@Netz01; @AndrePRL; @AndreEPJE; @hoda_review; @perspective; @Naji_PhysicaA; @asim], the discrete nature and the finite size of monovalent salt ions [@SCdressed2] and the ion-ion excluded-volume repulsions [@overcharge1; @overcharge2; @overcharge3; @overcharge4; @Lozada-Cassou_review; @Wang_Gao; @Ma; @Messina-Holm; @Jiang; @Kjellander], etc, that are expected to become relevant especially at intermediate electrostatic couplings and/or within the regime of charge inversion/overcharging, remain to be assessed further in future simulations. Our model is based on a few simplifying assumptions and, as such, neglects several other factors including solvent structure (see, e.g., Refs. [@Israelachvili; @holm; @benyaakov; @Burak_solvent; @Burak_solvent2; @Ben-Yaakov2011; @Ben-Yaakov2011b] and references therein), the polarizability of mobile ions (see, e.g., Refs. [@Bikerman; @Demery; @Hatlo; @Netz-polar; @Horinek] and references therein), specific surface ion-adsorption effects [@Belloni95; @Forsman06], etc. We have also neglected the internal structure of counterions that can introduce higher-order multipolar effects (see, e.g., Refs. [@multipoles; @perspective] and references therein); these effects can be relevant especially for multivalent counterions that have an extended structure such as rod-like polyamines like the trivalent spermidine and tetravalent spermine with chain lengths of up to 1-1.5 nm [@spermidine_spermine]. On the other hand, we have assumed that the charge disorder is distributed according to a Gaussian weight and that it is uncorrelated in space. Spatial correlations can be included in our formalism in a straightforward manner [@jcp2010; @jcp2012] and will be considered in future works. It is important to note that the precise statistical characteristics of charge disorder in real systems can be highly sample and material dependent, involving also the method of preparation, features that should all be considered if the theoretical findings are to be compared with experiments. Furthermore, annealed as opposed to quenched disordered surfaces, containing mobile surface charges that are in thermal equilibrium with the rest of the system [@netz-disorder; @netz-disorder2; @andelman-disorder; @disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @safran1; @safran2; @safran3; @Olvera0], as well as surfaces containing partially quenched or partially annealed charge distributions [@partial; @Hribar], and also charge regulating surfaces [@Regulation; @Regulation2; @Regulation3; @Olvera; @Olvera2; @Olvera0; @natasha] constitute other interesting examples that can be studied in the present context. All of these additional features we plan to address in the future. Another interesting problem, which is closely related to the present work and can be studied using similar methods, is the strong-coupling interaction between randomly charged surfaces immersed in an asymmetric Coulomb fluid [@preprint2]. It is also worth mentioning that some of the key findings in the present study, such as the singular behavior of the density profile of multivalent ions, remain valid even in the case of [*net-neutral*]{} surfaces that carry no mean charge density but only a finite charge disorder variance. The case of net-neutral surfaces has been studied recently in a series of works in the context of Casimir interactions [@disorder-PRL; @jcp2010; @pre2011; @epje2012; @jcp2012; @book; @pra2009; @pre2010] and the role of an asymmetric Coulomb fluid in this case will be discussed elsewhere [@preprint]. A.N. acknowledges partial support from the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering, and the British Academy (UK). 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E [**62**]{}, 5296 (2000). Y. Burak, D. Andelman, J. Chem. Phys. [**114**]{}, 3271 (2001). J.J. Bikerman, Phil. Mag. [**33**]{}, 384 (1942). V. Démery, D.S. Dean, and R. Podgornik, J. Chem. Phys. [**137**]{}, 174903 (2012). M.M. Hatlo, R. van Roij, and L. Lue, Europhys. Lett. [**97**]{}, 28010 (2012). R.R. Netz, Eur. Phys. J. E [**5**]{}, 189 (2001). D. Horinek and R.R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**99**]{}, 226104 (2007). O. Spalla, L. Belloni, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**74**]{}, 2515 (1995). J. Forsman, Langmuir [**22**]{}, 2975 (2006). B.W. Ninham, V.A. Parsegian, J. Theor. Biol. [**31**]{}, 405 (1971). D. Chan, J.W. Perram, L.R. White, T.H. Healy, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I [**71**]{}, 1046 (1975). H.H. von Grünberg, J. Colloid Interface Sci. [**219**]{}, 339 (1999). G.S. Longo, M. Olvera de la Cruz, I. Szleifer, Soft Matter [**8** ]{} 1344 (2012). G.S. Longo, M. Olvera de la Cruz, I. Szleifer, ACS Nano [**7**]{}, 2693 (2013). N. Adžić and R. Podgornik, Eur. Phys. J. E [**37**]{}, 49 (2014). M. Ghodrat, A. Naji, H. Komaie-Moghaddam and R. Podgornik, “Strong-coupling interaction between randomly charged surfaces across a Coulomb fluid", manuscript in preparation. M. Ghodrat, A. Naji, H. Komaie-Moghaddam and R. Podgornik, “Counterion-mediated non-monotonic interactions between net-neutral randomly charged dielectrics", manuscript in preparation. [^1]: Email: `[email protected]` | Mid | [
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This training program has been designed to create a critical mass of faculty who can train Pediatricians to address the problems of allergic and immunologic diseases in children both in the laboratory and in the clinical setting. The program is based in the Division of Allergy and Immunology in the Department of Pediatrics. The Division is located in the Children's Center of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. All of the laboratories and offices are contiguous and consist of 7 separate, fully equipped laboratories, 6 faculty offices, 2 secretaries' offices, a Fellows' office, and a library/conference room. The division is uniquely suited to offer fellowship training in that it is composed of 5 full-time and one 1/2 time investigators with balanced interests; 3 are primarily interested in allergy and 3 are primarily interested in immunology. In addition, it utilizes the faculty and facilities of other divisions within the University's immunology community, such the Graduate Program in Immunology, the Division of Rheumatology and the Division of Clinical Immunology in the Department of Medicine. The program provides 3 years of balanced training in basic and clinical immunology to Pediatricians who will pursue an academic career. Candidates will have completed a 2-4 year residency in Pediatrics. They will be selected primarily based upon their commitment to an academic career and their interest in research in the allergic and immunologic diseases of children. Each trainee spends the majority of his/her time in laboratory research (80%), supplemented with course work and limited clinical responsibilities. A single faculty member acts as the preceptor for a given fellow, supervising his/her laboratory work, helping to select formal course work, and designing a program of clinical activities. The laboratory work focuses on one of the areas in which the faculty is actively involved and includes immunology and Epidemiology of Childhood Asthma (Drs. Eggleston, Wood, Matsui, Lederman, Bochner and Adkinson), the role of immune system in host defense and inflammation (Drs. Lederman, Bochner, Rosen, Sule and Desiderio) and the Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, (Drs. Lederman, Winkelstein, Sule, Rosen and Desiderio). Course work includes both a core curriculum designed to give the fellow a strong foundation in basic immunology and elective courses aimed at meeting the special needs of the fellow. Clinical training focuses on Allergy and Immunology but also includes limited experience in Rheumatology, Pulmonology, and ENT, and is in accord with that specified by the Board of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. | High | [
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/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file * distributed with this work for additional information * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.apache.jena.hadoop.rdf.io.input.ntriples; import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable; import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit; import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordReader; import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext; import org.apache.jena.hadoop.rdf.io.input.AbstractNLineFileInputFormat; import org.apache.jena.hadoop.rdf.io.input.readers.ntriples.NTriplesReader; import org.apache.jena.hadoop.rdf.types.TripleWritable; /** * NTriples input format * * * */ public class NTriplesInputFormat extends AbstractNLineFileInputFormat<LongWritable, TripleWritable> { @Override public RecordReader<LongWritable, TripleWritable> createRecordReader(InputSplit inputSplit, TaskAttemptContext context) { return new NTriplesReader(); } } | High | [
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AMD Dual-Core Opteron VS Dual-Core Xeon The launch of the Athlon MP It was a bittersweet victory for AMD just under two years ago. AMD was able to deliver performance that was significantly faster than Intel’s brand new Xeon, but despite performance leadership, the CPU never really took off. By the end of the Athlon MP’s life, Intel’s performance had improved significantly to the point where AMD no longer held a performance advantage. Then, to no one’s surprise, AMD retook their lead in the processor market by releasing their Dual-Core Opteron systems which far exceeded Intel’s top of the line Xeons available on the market by leaps and bounds. It’s high time for Intel to find a proper response As the competition is taking the wind out of Intel’s server CPU sails, what’s the answer? A Xeon based on the Core architecture: Woodcrest. The Intel Xeon 5160, (Intel’s Top Dual-Core Xeon.) Will Intel best the current performance champion AMD in server-wide performance? Dual-Core vs. Dual-Processor: Best Dedicated Enterprise Solution? Dual-processor setups were the only way to go for many years if you were in need of serious computing power. Architects, engineers, graphic artists, and even gamers desiring the ultimate in power could utilize a dual processor setup. In such a setup, each core is able to perform computational tasks so long as the application supports two processors. These processors communicate with each other through a bus on the motherboard in their sharing of loads. Intel and AMD have both realized the performance limiter in any dual-processor setup was the communication lag between the processors. Each company has sought to eliminate that lag by incorporating another processor on the same die, thus eliminating 99% of the lag time in communication. Intel Dual-Core Xeon: Intel’s Answer Intel Advanced Smart Cache – Intellectual L2 cache is shared between the two processor cores depending on their load at a given moment. Moreover, the shared L2 cache speeds up data transfer rates between the cores and reduces the front side bus workload, because no data needs to be transferred via the system memory anymore. Intel Advanced Media Boost – The processor works faster with SSE3 instructions because it can perform the binary operations with 128-bit SSE registers within one clock cycle. Intel Virtualization Technology (Intel VT) – This virtualization technology allows modeling the work of several virtual platforms on a single hardware system. AMD Dual-Core Opteron: AMD’s Answer Integrated DDR Memory Controller – Each of the two processor cores can process four instructions per clock cycle. AMD HyperTransport Technology – HyperTransport technology is a high-speed, low-latency, point-to-point link designed to increase the communication speed between integrated circuits in computers, servers, embedded systems, and networking and telecommunications equipment by up to 48 times faster than some existing technologies. AMD Virtualization – By using VMware virtual infrastructure software on AMD Opteron processor-based servers, enterprises can significantly increase the number of virtual machines on a single physical system. L2 Cache: Is there enough? The amount of cache on a CPU is important to performance. The Opteron 2xx series has up to 2x128k L1 cache which towers over Intel’s 2x32k. While this does show AMD dominating L1 cache Intel comes back strong offering an outstanding 4 MB dedicated L2 cache.This means that the L2 cache is shared by the two cores. This is more than double AMD’s 2x1MB L2 offered on their Opteron 285 and also are non-unified, in that each CPU core has its own L2 cache. If the same data is required for multiple cores the data need only be stored once, while on a non-unified L2 cache a copy is shared on each core’s cache. Hosting Solutions: Dedicated or Shared Dual-core processors work best when software can run in parallel on them. So-called “multithreaded applications” benefit from an additional CPU core because subroutines can be allocated to different arithmetic and logic units. Administering the threads carries an overhead, though, which means that dual-core processors are never exactly twice as fast as their single core counterparts. This being said, Intel still outperforms in most multithreaded applications on multiple occasions as shown below. Conclusion: Performance Analysis? The Intel Xeon 5160, will simply be the most powerful server CPU this year. Even a 2.6 GHz Woodcrest will outperform the current Opteron 285 with a 5 to 55% margin, nothing short of impressive. The new Xeon is however not invincible: the Opteron can still give some serious resistance when running certain programs. Intel will still have to convince some software vendors to port to SSE if it wants Woodcrest to be the completely superior CPU. The advantage in MySQL is also rather small. Intel’s newest Xeon has taken back the performance crown. | Mid | [
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LAS VEGAS — Gov. John Hickenlooper on Wednesday announced a plan to spend more than $100 million over the next four years to make Colorado “the best state for biking.” “Biking can be such a positive force, and I think being the best biking state is going to fuel economic growth and tourism. It’s going to lead us toward a cleaner environment, and it’s going to help us be the healthiest state in America,” Hickenlooper said in Las Vegas at Interbike, the largest annual bike trade event in North America. Hickenlooper is attempting to bring previously announced bike- and pedestrian-trail improvement projects into sharper focus to help influence a transportation policy that has not changed with Colorado’s growing, younger population. His public-private Colorado Pedals Project plots short steps toward the goal of encouraging the Colorado Department of Transportation to allow local communities more control of their biking, walking and driving destinies. The plan calls for $60 million to develop bike and pedestrian infrastructure, using CDOT and federal Transportation Alternatives Program and Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program funds. An additional $30 million will come from Great Outdoors Colorado’s new push for trail connectivity with grants that develop bike and pedestrian infrastructure. About $10 million will go toward sustaining and growing the state’s Safe Routes to School program. In an increasingly crowded state, where auto congestion continues to impact the quality of life, spending big money on bikes doesn’t tickle everyone. Subsidizing bike lanes and potentially pricey trail connections in remote areas might have political appeal, but the returns rarely match the investment, said Randal O’Toole, director of the Independence Institute’s transportation policy center. “I don’t think you need to spend hundreds of millions of dollars here,” O’Toole said. “Just find out where bicyclists are going and provide safe facilities for them on roads they are already using. A lot of times, these projects are automobile-hostile improvements, like reducing the number of lanes in already-crowded roadways.” Headed by the state’s dollar-a-year bike czar, Ken Gart, the Colorado Pedals Project hinges on a cultural shift at CDOT. Gart and Dan Grunig, the head of bike-advocacy group Bicycle Colorado, can share a dozen stories of Colorado towns bisected by highways — including Gunnison, Steamboat Springs and Winter Park — struggling against byzantine, autocentric transportation department regulations when trying to solve even simple problems such as securing a pedestrian crossing. “All these little towns have been running into roadblocks when they want to implement locally directed and demanded bike paths, but CDOT regulations get in the way,” said Jenn Dice, whose Boulder-based People for Bikes group lobbies locally and nationally for bike-friendly policies. With a fresh approach under new executive director Shailen Bhatt, CDOT is supporting more bike innovation in all its projects. “Where CDOT has been an obstacle in the past, either deliberately or accidentally, we have a good chance of them being a facilitator,” Gart said. “I think that culture change is by far the most powerful thing here.” Bike lanes on road shoulders, signage and other cycling considerations “are going to be the norm, not the exception, in Colorado’s transportation network for the future,” Hickenlooper said. This isn’t about getting CDOT to spend more, Hickenlooper said. It’s about getting CDOT at the table with Bicycle Colorado, GOCO and the Department of Local Affairs so projects and grants are more efficiently orchestrated to consider bicycling as an essential transportation element. First on the Colorado Pedals Project task list is cataloging and connecting trails — natural, paved and bike lanes — statewide. The governor wants a marketing campaign — akin to the state’s “Come to Life” tourism push — to help sway support for the plan at home and to help lure cycling tourists. Hickenlooper said he chose Interbike for the launch because a bike message sent there will quickly spread throughout the two-wheeled world. He also urged national bike dealers, retailers and manufacturers to “steal our ideas” and head home with a challenge for their own governors. Hickenlooper cited the bike culture in Copenhagen, where a quarter of all transportation spending is directed toward bikes and more than half of Denmark pedals to work, compared with fewer than 1 percent in the U.S. “Denmark clearly shows the benefits of making these long-term investments within narrow, achievable plans,” he said. “(The country) creates bicycle-friendly communities and infrastructure that far outweigh the costs.” | Mid | [
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The technical field of this invention is electric motors, and particularly DC traction motors for diesel-electric locomotives. Such motors are necessarily powerful, typically generating up to 750 horsepower, and must be ruggedly built to withstand the forces generated. The commutators of such motors may comprise as many as 210 copper commutator bars, weighing close to one pound (2.2 kg) each, all of which must be held in a stable structure on a rotor against centrifugal force at rotational speeds up to 2,900 RPM and at temperatures up to 150.degree. C. The commutator bars must further be electrically insulated from the supporting steel members of the rotor at voltages up to 1,500 volts and in an environment exposed to water and contaminants which can create electrical creepage paths at the high voltages across exposed surfaces. Locomotive traction motors are operated at varying speeds and temperatures and are subject to severe shock loads and vibration. The resulting widely varying loads and thermal expansion/contraction cause relative movement between the commutator bars and their supporting members during motor operation. The need to retain structural stability while allowing some internal movement due to the high and greatly varying loads has resulted in a prior art commutator structure in which the commutator bars are provided at opposing axial ends with V-shaped grooves and are retained against centrifugal force by a pair of retaining rings each having a V-shaped projection to engage the V-shaped grooves of the bars. Force exerting means such as threaded bolts pull the retaining rings together axially to firmly retain the bars while allowing a small amount of relative motion. Differences in the distribution of the total tensile load among the various surfaces have produced a number of different commutator types, of which this invention is concerned with a modified arch-bound construction. Since the retaining tings are generally made of steel, which is electrically conducting, they must be electrically insulated from the copper commutator bars. A favored method has been to provide a V-cross-sectioned insulating ring of a high density, calendared, polyamide paper such as NOMEX .RTM. over the V-shaped projection of each retaining ting to physically and electrically insulate the ring from each of the commutator bars while helping to provide mechanical stability of the parts. However, the commutator bars and retaining rings are physically very close together--separated by only the thickness of the insulating ring. Thus, at each end of the commutator bars, the respective retaining ring and its accompanying insulting ring are extended axially significantly beyond the end of the commutator bars. This provides an insulated surface distance between the adjacent exposed surfaces of the retaining ring and commutator bars which is sufficient to resist the formation of creepage paths thereacross by water and contaminants. To prevent radial expansion, due to centrifugal force, of the exposed axial ends of the insulating rings, which would allow contaminants to creep under the insulating ring, each is radially restrained by a circularly wrapped string or similar substance, and various sealing parts and materials are provided to attempt to seal the joints between the commutator bars, retaining ring and insulating ring. However, the arrangement is not as rugged as is desired and further takes up axial rotor length which thus cannot be used for rotor windings. | Mid | [
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MOTHERHOOD | REVIEWS | LIFESTYLE Menu Tag Archives: sugar free chocolate ‘Energy’ has been the buzz word for quite some time now, right? One can, on a daily basis hear people speaking about feeling low/high on energy and their need for boost in energy levels and so on. Ask a mother and she will share her own biography on ‘Energy’ .In these fast paced times, we look for quick fixes to all these needs and often reach out to the unhealthy options easily available on the shelves. Some of them may provide us with an instant boost of energy but result in a sluggish us a few hours thenceforth. To add to our misery, we keep reading articles on how we need to stay off anything that’s packed and feel guilty looking at all those stacked packets in our houses. I do. But let’s face it, however true may that be, it is impossible to entirely eliminate ready to eat foods to serve as snacks. We need them. We all do. If only people in the food industry vowed to do their best to produce and make available the healthiest eating options to us. Ready to eat packaged food should not be a problem if it’s ingredient list is good along with harmless/no preservatives. I am always on the lookout for such brands and have fortunately come across a few in my blogging journey. One such brand is ‘Gouri’s Goodies’. Loving this alliteration. Continue reading → This is a text widget. The Text Widget allows you to add text or HTML to your sidebar. You can use a text widget to display text, links, images, HTML, or a combination of these. Edit them in the Widget section of the Customizer. Search Follow me on Instagram ! There was an error retrieving images from Instagram. An attempt will be remade in a few minutes. | Low | [
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1. Technical Field The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent display (OELD) device, more particularly, to a dual panel type OELD device and a method of fabricating the same. 2. Related Art An OELD device of new flat panel display devices is a self-emitting type. The OELD device has excellent characteristics of viewing angle, contrast ratio, and so on. Also, since the OELD device does not require a backlight assembly, the OELD device has low weight and low power consumption. Moreover, the OELD device has advantages of high response rate, low production cost, and so on. FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing a pixel region of the related art OELD device. As shown in FIG. 1, a gate line “GL”, a data line “DL”, a power supply line “PL”, a switching thin film transistor (TFT) “STr”, a storage capacitor “StgC”, a driving TFT “DTr”, and an organic electroluminescent diode “E” are formed in one pixel region “P”. The gate line “GL” and the data line “DL” cross each other such that the pixel region “P” is defined, and the power supply line “PL” is formed to be parallel to the data line “DL”. The switching TFT “STr” is formed at crossing portion of the gate and data line “GL” and “DL”. The driving TFT “DTr” is electrically connected to the switching TFT “STr”. The driving TFT “DTr” is electrically connected to the organic electroluminescent diode “E”. In more detail, a first electrode of the organic electroluminescent diode “E” is connected to a drain electrode of the driving TFT “DTr”, and a second electrode of the organic electroluminescent diode “E” is connected to the power supply line “PL”. The power supply line “PL” provides a source voltage to the organic electroluminescent diode “E”. The storage capacitor “Cst” is disposed between gate and source electrodes of the driving TFT “DTr”. When a signal is applied to the switching TFT “STr” through the gate line “GL” such that the switching TFT “STr” is turned on, a signal from the data line “DL” is applied to the gate electrode of the driving TFT “DTr” such that the driving TFT “DTr” is turned on. As a result, light is emitted from the organic electroluminescent diode “E”. In this case, when the driving TFT “DTr” is turned on, a level of an electric current applied from the power supply line “PL” to the organic electroluminescent diode “E” is determined such that the organic electroluminescent diode “E” can produce a gray scale. The storage capacitor “StgC” serves as maintaining the voltage of the gate electrode of the driving TFT “DTr” when the switching TFT “STr” is turned off. Accordingly, even if the switching TFT “STr” is turned off, a level of an electric current applied from the power supply line “PL” to the organic electroluminescent diode “E” is maintained to next frame. Array elements, for example, the TFTs, and the organic electroluminescent diode including an anode, a cathode and an organic emitting layer are formed on a single substrate. Alternatively, the array elements and the organic electroluminescent diode are formed on different substrates and a connection electrode for connecting the array elements and the organic electroluminescent diode is further formed. The latter may be called as a dual panel type OELD device. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing one pixel region of the related art dual panel type OELD device. In FIG. 2, a gate line (not shown) and a data line 15 are formed on a first substrate 10. The gate line and the data line 15 cross each other to define a pixel region. A switching TFT (not shown) and a driving TFT “DTr” are formed in the pixel region. A passivation layer 25 covering the switching TFT and the driving TFT “DTr” is formed. The passivation layer 25 includes a contact hole 27 exposing a drain electrode 20 of the driving TFT “DTr”. A connection electrode 35 connected to the drain electrode 20 of the driving TFT “DTr” through the contact hole 27 is formed on the passivation layer 25. In addition, a first electrode 53 is formed on a second substrate 50. A buffer pattern 57 corresponding to boundaries of the pixel region is formed on the first electrode 53, and a column spacer 55 is formed on a portion of the pixel region. A wall 60 having a reverse-taper shape with respect to an inner surface of the second substrate 50 is formed on the buffer pattern 57. Moreover, an organic emitting layer 65 and a second electrode 70 are formed on the first electrode 53. The organic emitting layer 65 and the second electrode 70 are respectively isolated from those in adjacent pixel region. The first electrode 53, the organic emitting layer 65 and the second electrode 70 constitute an organic electroluminescent diode “E”. The second electrode 70 contacts the connection electrode 35 on the first substrate 10 such that the organic electroluminescent diode “E” is electrically connected to the driving TFT “DTr”. A seal pattern (not shown) is formed on edges of one of the first and second substrates 10 and 50 for sealing an inner space between the first and second substrates 10 and 50. The inner space of the first and second substrates 10 and 50 is filled with an inert gas or has a vacuum condition to preventing from being damaged by moisture or air. In a fabricating process of the dual panel type OELD device 1, particularly, the second electrode 70 in one pixel region should be isolated from that in adjacent pixel region. To obtain this structure, the wall 60 having a reverse-taper shape is formed of an organic insulating material on the second substrate 50. One end, which is closer to the second substrate 50 than the other end, of the wall 60 has a first cross-sectional area smaller than a second cross-sectional area of the other end. The wall 60 surrounds each pixel region. An organic emitting material and a metallic material are sequentially coated and deposited on the second substrate 50, where the wall 60 has been formed, to form the organic emitting layer 65 and the second electrode 70. However, the wall 60 and the column spacer 55 for the dual panel type OELD device are formed by different process such that one more mask process is required. In addition, since there is a continuous metal pattern 73 on the wall 60, there is a brightness problem due to particles. Moreover, since the driving TFT “DTr” on the first substrate 10 and the organic electroluminescent diode “E” have a point contact with the column spacer 55, a possibility of a contact problem is increased. To overcome these problems, a spacer-free type OELD device including a dual-structured wall, which serves as a connection electrode, without the column spacer is introduced. Unfortunately, there is still a problem. Since the second electrode of the organic electroluminescent diode continuously formed on the dual-structured wall is used as a connection electrode, a planarization layer is required over the second substrate to obtain an uniform height of the dual-structure wall. When the planarization layer formed of an organic insulating material is heated, a gas is generated from the planarization layer. When the organic emitting material of the organic emitting layer is exposed to the gas, a thermal degradation is generated in the organic emitting layer such that a lifetime of the OELD device is reduced. In addition, a control of a contact area between elements on the first and second substrates of the spacer-free type OELD device is impossible. | Mid | [
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Q: Literal Assignment in Java what's the difference in defining double example = 23.1d or double example = 23.1 Why long, float and double can end with l, f, d? A: There is no difference between double example = 23.1d; and double example = 23.1; because a floating point literal without a type suffix is always interpreted as a double. The type suffixes are necessary in order to avoid ambiguities in certain scenarios. For example, java supports method overloading. This means that you can have void x( float f ); and void x( double d ); Both methods are called x; which one will be selected depends on the type that you pass; if you pass a variable which is already known to be either float or double, things are clear; but if you want to pass a literal, like this: x( 5 ); then you have to be able to specify whether you mean this 5 to be a float or a double, so as to select the right method. There are a few other very nuanced situations where the type of the literal matters. For example, the following code: System.out.println( "" + (2/3.3333) ); System.out.println( "" + (2/3.3333f) ); Yields the following output: 0.6000060000600006 0.600006 ...because the first number is a double, while the second number is a float. Similar disambiguation concerns make the "L" type suffix necessary for long integer literals. | High | [
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Q: What is difference between tools:text and android:text in android i just came to know that we can set the text by using tools:text="toolsText". before this i was using android:text="androidText". Please tell me 1.what are differences between these two feature 2.which one is best to use 3.What are there effect during ui rendering A: tools:text="toolsText" is used only for Android Studio layout preview, it not shows text when you run an app. It's perfect, when you don't want to set a text until you do some calculations, and only then set text programmatically by yourself in activity, also you want to see preview layout when you write code in Android Studio, how it will look like when you run an app. android:text="androidText" is used to set text to a a layout element, textView or a button etc. | High | [
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+ 3*u(a). Let v = -1 + -9. Does 30 divide g(v)? False Suppose -5*m + 9677 = -9*j + 13*j, 0 = 3*m - 15. Is 159 a factor of j? False Let q(c) = 118*c**3 + 12*c**2 - 31*c - 60. Is 90 a factor of q(4)? True Let t(c) = -92*c - 142. Let h(j) = 31*j + 48. Let f(o) = 11*h(o) + 4*t(o). Let k be f(-6). Let q = -119 + k. Is q even? False Let t = -22 - -5. Let u = -109 - -68. Let c = t - u. Is c a multiple of 22? False Suppose -5*b + 2*o + 44362 + 30600 = 0, 59965 = 4*b + 3*o. Is 19 a factor of b? False Let u(z) = z**2 - 8*z - 26. Let i be u(9). Let d = 498 - i. Suppose 61 = 18*m - d. Is 32 a factor of m? True Suppose 0*n - 33 = -3*n + 5*q, -2*n = 2*q - 6. Does 52 divide (320/n)/(2/33)? False Suppose 3*r + 283 = 58. Let k = -64 - r. Suppose 2*b = 237 + k. Is 15 a factor of b? False Suppose 2*r + 1 = l, 0 = -2*l - 2*l + 3*r - 1. Let x be 2/l + -10 + 16. Suppose -3*a + x*v + 127 = 0, -40 = -4*a - 2*v + 100. Does 10 divide a? False Let y = 52 - 41. Let d be (-7)/(-1) - (y + -16). Suppose 3*r + 459 = d*r. Does 10 divide r? False Is 202 a factor of ((-44)/154 - (-918)/28)*(-2424)/(-5)? True Is 8 a factor of (-73311)/(-8) + (26/(-702) - (-245)/1512)? False Let p(j) = 9*j**2 + 13*j + 34. Let v be p(-3). Suppose -v + 250 = 6*b. Does 24 divide b? False Is 90 a factor of -162*((-73)/(-146))/((-2)/40)? True Does 5 divide 1*-2*(-2586)/12*(-307 - -368)? False Is (-9)/1 + (-88 - -3152) a multiple of 24? False Let q(r) = 7*r**2 - 15*r - 6. Let b be q(3). Is -2*(-27)/b*(-53056)/(-144) a multiple of 12? False Suppose 0 = s - 33*s + 128. Is 675 + (-3 - (10 - s)) a multiple of 18? True Suppose 4*g - 1 = 11. Suppose 4*k - 22 = -g*x, 4*x - 3 = k + 1. Does 4 divide k? True Let o = 30 + -26. Suppose 0 = g + c + 42, -o*g - 5*c = 107 + 59. Is (-2134)/g + 2/(-4)*1 a multiple of 16? True Let w = 114 - -411. Suppose -117 = 3*i - w. Is 34 a factor of i? True Let x = 38393 - 17293. Does 211 divide x? True Let d(p) be the second derivative of -113*p**3/6 + 10*p**2 + 18*p + 2. Is d(-3) a multiple of 19? False Let i be ((-106)/(-8) + -2)/(10/40). Suppose 0*h - 10 = -2*h, 2*p + 5*h + 25 = 0. Let s = i + p. Is s a multiple of 4? True Suppose 0 = -2243*a + 2231*a + 178164. Does 37 divide a? False Let i be (-1)/3 - 600/(-18). Suppose -29*c = -i*c - 16. Let s(g) = g**2 - 8*g - 13. Does 5 divide s(c)? True Let d be (180/(-140))/(2/(-14)). Suppose -1251 = -d*o - 63. Is 37 a factor of o? False Let q = -13793 + 19734. Does 13 divide q? True Does 34 divide (136/(-14))/(124/(-17794))? True Let j be 2/4 + (-15)/(-2). Let b(a) = 1 + j + 56*a - 61*a. Does 8 divide b(-3)? True Suppose -3*k - 61 = -4*k + v, -187 = -3*k - v. Let n = 1511 + -1351. Suppose 0 = q - n - k. Is q a multiple of 37? True Let v be ((63/6)/7)/(2/4). Suppose 3*a + v - 36 = 0. Let u = a + 29. Does 10 divide u? True Suppose 0 = -4*w, 5*g = -2*w - 11 + 21. Suppose 0 = 3*x - 6, 292 = g*i + 2*x - 576. Is i a multiple of 72? True Let k = -760 - 1772. Is -6 - (-2)/((-8)/k) a multiple of 11? True Suppose 44 = 4*h - 5*x, -4*x - 14 = -2*h + 14. Suppose -642 = h*i - 9*i. Suppose 5*d - 86 = i. Is 20 a factor of d? True Let g(f) = 4*f**2 + 0*f + 1 - 5*f - 4*f - 21*f**2. Let b(z) = -33*z**2 - 17*z + 3. Let q(r) = -3*b(r) + 5*g(r). Is 11 a factor of q(-3)? False Let j(g) = -g**3 + 2*g**2 + 25*g + 4428. Does 21 divide j(0)? False Let w be 6*-4*2/(-16) + -1. Suppose l - 4 = 5*l + 3*f, -16 = -w*l + 3*f. Suppose -64 = -2*n - 4*v, -n = -2*n + l*v + 16. Does 6 divide n? True Let m = 161 - 402. Let r = 389 + m. Suppose -3*u + c + 738 = 0, c - 843 = -4*u + r. Is 9 a factor of u? False Let k be (-87)/(-12)*(-2 + 10). Suppose 6*l + k = 9*l + 4*i, 6 = l - 2*i. Is 348/7 + (0 - l/(-49)) a multiple of 19? False Suppose -3*f - 80 = -19*f. Suppose -3*b = f*y - 1400, 19 = 2*y + 11. Is 17 a factor of b? False Let m be 6*(-10)/15 - -972. Suppose 0 = -5*b - 4*i - m, i = -2*b + 6*i - 407. Let o = b - -316. Is 13 a factor of o? False Suppose 0 = -2*m - 3*t + 6679, 3*m - 9740 = 4*t + 236. Does 7 divide m? True Let o(y) be the first derivative of -2*y**3/3 + 20*y**2 - 25*y + 15. Does 2 divide o(19)? False Let r be 6*((-680)/(-24) + 1). Is (1056/128)/(6/r) - 2 a multiple of 10? True Suppose 0 = -4*f, -4*f + 3*f - 10036 = -b. Is b a multiple of 52? True Is 24 a factor of (-2)/10 - (-34 + 10661/(-5))? False Let o = 1957 + 34450. Is 124 a factor of o? False Let u(r) = -r**2 + 10*r + 1114. Does 5 divide u(-22)? True Let o(d) = 2*d**2 + 9*d + 7. Let u be o(-6). Suppose 192 = u*f - f. Is 4 a factor of f? True Suppose -262*i - 24 = -270*i. Suppose 0 = 5*h + 5*q - 1980, 2*h - i*q + 285 = 1052. Is h a multiple of 17? True Let b = 25050 - -1589. Does 30 divide b? False Let r(q) = -3*q**2 + 8*q - 1. Let m be r(3). Let c be (86/m)/((-3)/48*-4). Let o = c - -196. Does 5 divide o? True Suppose -4*t + 8013 + 4151 = -5*c, -4*t = 5*c - 12204. Is t a multiple of 194? False Let w(z) be the first derivative of 27*z**2/2 - 26*z + 49. Is w(5) a multiple of 23? False Let o(j) be the first derivative of -j**3 + 13*j**2/2 + 53*j + 13. Let t(h) = 2*h**2 - 9*h - 35. Let w(q) = -5*o(q) - 7*t(q). Is w(-11) a multiple of 11? False Let d(f) = -f - 5. Let s be d(-6). Is 5 a factor of 26 + 7 + 4 - -1*s? False Let k be (4 + 1)/((-6)/(-30)). Suppose -6*y = -5*y + k. Does 5 divide 3*-2*y/6? True Let z = 111 + -109. Is 35 a factor of ((-157)/z)/((120/(-32))/15)? False Let a be ((-18)/(-63))/(2 - 39/21). Suppose -3*x = -4*g - 332, 536 = 3*x + a*x + 2*g. Is 9 a factor of x? True Let d(y) = -y - 22. Let r be d(8). Let h = r - -36. Suppose l - 6*l = z - 47, -2*z = h. Does 6 divide l? False Let c be 4 - ((-7 - -4) + -46). Let o = 41 - c. Let p = 33 - o. Is 9 a factor of p? True Let p(k) = 342*k**2 + 10*k - 9. Let q be p(1). Let i = 1635 - q. Does 19 divide i? True Let j(b) = b**3 + 17*b**2 + 28*b + 33. Let m be j(-13). Let a = 433 - m. Is a a multiple of 6? False Suppose -169 = 3*g + 26. Let m = g + 78. Is m + 3 + 0 + 0 a multiple of 5? False Is 36/(-45)*-4780 + 10 a multiple of 54? True Is 11 a factor of ((-660)/14)/(60/(-5320))? True Suppose 2*m = 4*d - 7080, 5306 + 1776 = 4*d - 3*m. Is 29 a factor of d? True Suppose -5*w - 2*g + 5 = 0, 4*w - 5*g - 4 = -6*g. Let v(b) = 54*b. Let q be v(w). Let h = 8 + q. Is h a multiple of 13? False Let s = -154 + 159. Suppose 3*r - 335 = r - s*q, 4*q = 4. Is r a multiple of 12? False Let f = -332 + 350. Suppose -5*p + 1200 = 3*n, -f*n = -22*n - 4*p + 1600. Is n a multiple of 21? False Suppose 18*d - 608 = 14*d. Suppose 4*t - 8 = 0, d = 2*n + 2*n + 2*t. Is n a multiple of 18? False Is 23112/20*1*35/14 a multiple of 65? False Suppose -74*u - 475 = -69*u. Let i = -92 - u. Suppose -34 = -k - i*y, 3*k + y + 2*y = 78. Is 11 a factor of k? True Let r(w) be the second derivative of 0 + 48*w - 15/2*w**2 + 8*w**3. Does 8 divide r(3)? False Suppose 12*h - 497278 = -72*h - 104158. Does 90 divide h? True Suppose 7*r - 35046 = 5*r - h, h = 0. Is 59 a factor of r? True Let c be (4 + -8 - 65)/((-1)/1). Let j = c + -64. Suppose -2*u + 5*t = -232, -2*u - u + 298 = j*t. Is u a multiple of 18? False Let c(k) = k**3 - 43*k**2 - 64*k - 284. Is 56 a factor of c(47)? True Let w(d) = -2*d**2 - 6*d + 79. Let x(j) = j**2 + 3*j - 39. Let q(a) = 6*w(a) + 13*x(a). Does 7 divide q(12)? True Suppose 0 = 2*b - 3*v - 6806, 5*b - v = -5953 + 22955. Is b a multiple of 17? True Let a = 4722 - 2551. Is 29 a factor of (-7)/(-35)*a - (-8)/10? True Suppose 0 = 2*m + 5*t - 0*t - 110, 0 = m + t - 52. Let h be (3/2)/(-5*(-5)/m). Suppose -42 = -h*r + 78. Is r a multiple of 14? False Suppose -6612 = -16*b + 4124. Is 2 a factor of b? False Let w = 1984 + -1379. Suppose 0*r - w = -3*r - 4*x, 0 = 5*r - 4*x - 1019. Is 7 a factor of r? True Let a = -39034 - -50158. Is 18 a factor of a? True Let l(k) = -2*k**2 + 42*k - 10. Let p be l(21). Let b(w) = -16*w - 58. Is b(p) a multiple of 3? True Suppose 0 = 374*q + 9*q - 10438665. Is q a multiple of 178? False Suppose -657 = -7*w + 20371. Suppose 5081 + w = 21*s. Does 55 divide s? True Suppose -s - 354 - 1679 = -3*l, -5*l = 4*s - 3411. Let b = l + -151. Is b a multiple of 16? True Let u(k) = -8*k**2 - 112*k - 12. Let r be u(-14). Is 6/r*(-391 + (0 - 1)) a multiple of 49? True Let p be (13/(-26))/(2/(-4)) + -3. Let k(u) = 17*u**2 + 8*u + 7. Let y be k(p). Suppose -z + 5*z - 5* | Low | [
0.524861878453038,
23.75,
21.5
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA No. 13-0606 Filed April 30, 2014 ROBERT J. BRUNKHORST and RANDALL E. LEWIS, Individually and as Representative of all Similarly Situated IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM MEMBERS, Plaintiffs-Appellants, vs. IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, THE STATE OF IOWA, INVESTMENT BOARD OF IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, and ALL ADVISORS AND CONSULTANTS OF IOWA PUBLIC EMPLOYEES’ RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Defendants-Appellees. ________________________________________________________________ Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Christopher L. McDonald, Judge. The plaintiffs appeal from the district court ruling granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. AFFIRMED. Alexander E. Wonio and David L. Brown of Hansen, McClintock & Riley, Des Moines, for appellants. Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler M. Smith, Assistant Attorney General, Department of Special Litigation, Des Moines, for appellees. Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Doyle and Mullins, JJ. McDonald, J., takes no part. 2 DOYLE, J. Plaintiffs Robert Brunkhorst and Randall Lewis appeal from the district court’s ruling granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The district court ruled there was no triable issue of fact on the wanton or malicious conduct claim as to any defendant, the plaintiffs lacked standing, the plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the statute of limitations, and the plaintiffs’ claims were barred by discretionary-function immunity. We choose to affirm on the standing ground. I. Background Facts and Proceedings. The district court set forth the background facts from the summary judgment record as follows: [The Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement System (IPERS)] is an independent agency charged with administering the defined benefit retirement system established under Iowa Code chapter 97B. Iowa Code § 97B.1(1) [(1999)1]. IPERS is administered by its chief executive officer, who, at times material to this action, was [Gregory] Cusack. Id. § 97B.4. Moneys collected pursuant to chapter 97B, together with all interest, dividends, rents, securities or investment income, and assets, are held in the Iowa Public Employees’ Retirement Fund (“retirement fund”) separate and apart from all other public moneys of the state of Iowa. Id. § 97B.7(1). The treasurer of the state of Iowa is the custodian of the retirement fund. Id. § 97B.7(2). The investment board of [IPERS] (“board”) is the trustee of the retirement fund. Id. § 97B.8A. The board is charged with establishing policy and reviewing policy implementation in matters relating to the investment of the retirement fund. Id. The board is also charged with the duty of selecting the actuary to be employed by the system and adopting all other necessary factors for use in actuarial calculations required in administering IPERS. Id. §§ 97B.8, .59. Participants in the retirement system are called “members” of IPERS. Id. § 97B.1A(14). Active members of IPERS and their respective employers are required to make “contributions,” or payments, to IPERS to fund retirement benefits. See id. §§ 97B.1A(7), .11. In 1999, an employee member’s required 1 The citations to the Iowa Code in this opinion refer to the 1999 Code of Iowa unless otherwise noted. 3 contribution was 3.7% of the employee’s covered wages. Id. § 97B.11. An employer’s required contribution was 5.75% of an employee member’s covered wages. Id. . . . [U]nder this contribution formula, an employee member contributed 40% and an employer contributed 60% of the total contribution. [See, e.g., id. § 97B.72(2)(b); Iowa Admin. Code r. 581-21.24(6)(d) (1999) (setting forth cost of “service buy-in/buy-back” for legislative members).] .... A “member” of IPERS is [statutorily defined as] an employee or former employee who maintains his or her “accumulated contributions” in the retirement system. Iowa Code § 97B.1A(14). In 1999, upon termination of employment prior to retirement, a member could, among other things, request and receive a refund of his or her accumulated contributions. Id. § 97B.53(4). By definition, this amount did not include the accumulated employer contributions for the employee, which IPERS retained. See id. § 97B.1A(2) (defining “accumulated contributions” as individual contributions by the member”). A former employee is no longer a member of IPERS if he or she received a refund of his or her accumulated contributions. Id. § 97B.1A(14). Under certain circumstances, a member may purchase service credits by paying additional monies into IPERS and thereby increasing the number of service years applied toward retirement. See, e.g., id. § 97B.74. There are two types of service credits: buy- backs and buy-ins. [See Iowa Admin. Code r. 581-21.24.] Prior to July 1, 1999, a [former] vested or retired member who received a refund of his or her accumulated contributions could “buy-back” service credits by repaying the accumulated contributions received plus accumulated interest and interest dividends, from the date of receipt to the date of repayment. See Iowa Code § 97B.74 (1997). The repayment amount thus only included the employee’s accumulated contributions refunded. See id. (1997). A [former] member could also purchase service credit for service rendered to another public employer, which is referred to as a “buy-in.” [See id. § 97B.43 (1997); Iowa Admin. Code r. 581-21.24(2) (1997).] Unlike a buy-back, a buy-in required the [former] member to pay both the employee and employer contribution for each calendar quarter of service purchased. [See Iowa Code § 97B.43 (1997) (requiring the individual to redeposit any withdrawn “contributions”); see also id. § 97B.41(7) (1997) (defining “contributions” as “payments to the fund required herein, by the employer and by the members, to provide the benefits of the system”); Iowa Admin. Code r. 581- 21.24(2)(b) (1997) (requiring the individual to make “employer and employee contributions to IPERS” for buy-in).] In 1998, a study conducted by IPERS’s actuarial service firm, Milliman and Robertson (“Milliman”), concluded that buy-backs 4 and buy-ins were being purchased disproportionately by older members who were able to determine more easily the net benefit of the purchase. This adverse selection or selection bias was resulting in an unfunded actuarial accrued liability because of the manner in which service purchases were being funded. In 1998, the general assembly amended chapter 97B in two respects material to this litigation. See 1998 Iowa Acts ch. 1183. The two amendments—and IPERS’s response to the same—are the crux of the parties’ dispute. .... The summary judgment record establishes that . . . [the legislature] made two amendments to chapter 97B relevant to this litigation. See id. First, one amendment required that, effective July 1, 1999, all members wishing to purchase service credit “make contributions in an amount equal to the actuarial cost of the service purchase.” Id. § 67 (codified at Iowa Code § 97B.74(2)(b)). The amendment further provided that “the actuarial cost of the service purchase is an amount determined by the department in accordance with actuarial tables, as reported to the department by the system’s actuary, which reflects the actuarial cost necessary to fund an increased retirement allowance resulting from the purchase of additional service.” Id. . . . Second, the same legislation also amended the provision regarding payment of contributions upon termination of employment prior to retirement. See id. § 57 (codified at Iowa Code § 97B.53). The amendment provided that “for a vested member, the accumulated employer contributions for the vested member” be paid on application. See id. Prior to this amendment, the law allowed only the refund of the employee’s accumulated contributions and not both the accumulated contributions and the accumulated employer contributions. [See Iowa Code § 97B.53 (1997).] The summary judgment record establishes that IPERS worked with its actuary, Milliman, to implement the actuarial cost formula as required. In anticipation of the amendment, Milliman and IPERS discussed amending their contract to provide for the calculation of individualized actuarial costs for service purchases. In December 2008, IPERS finalized the amendment to the Milliman contract, and Milliman agreed to provide IPERS “twice a month in the individualized actuarial cost of service purchases.” Notably, the contract required that the cost of service purchases calculated by Milliman “shall be based on the applicable law, administrative rules, and any other written instructions provided by IPERS.” By February 1999, IPERS and Milliman had agreed upon the calculation methodology used to determine the “actuarial cost” of service purchases. Under the methodology, the contribution required for a buy-back would reflect a 60% actuarial credit to 5 reflect that IPERS retained the accumulated employer contributions after the member received the refund of accumulated contributions. Under the methodology, buy-ins did not receive actuarial credit because no corresponding accumulated employer contributions reduced the actuarial cost of the service purchase. IPERS implemented the statutory changes by the effective date and began requiring members to pay the actuarial costs, as determined by IPERS and Milliman, for both buy-backs and buy-ins. IPERS continued to distinguish between the contributions required for buy-backs and buy-ins through January 14, 2004, on the basis that, with respect to buy-backs, the accumulated employer’s contributions remained with IPERS after the member received a refund of his or her accumulated contributions. Effective January 14, 2004, IPERS changed its actuarial cost formula for buy-backs by discontinuing the application of the actuarial credit. In January 2004, Cusack sent a memo to members explaining the change. Cusack explained that the actuarial credit applied to buy- backs was unsound insofar as it failed to reflect the 1999 amendment that allowed vested members to receive a portion of accumulated employer contributions plus interest. He explained that IPERS and “especially ‘me,’ Greg Cusack” “goofed in not catching the need for this change five years ago!” [The Fiscal Services Division of the Iowa Legislative Service Agency] concluded that between the effective date of the law and the effective date of IPERS’s January 2004 change, 3523 employees purchased buy-backs. If those members had paid contributions in accord with IPERS’s new actuarial cost methodology for buy-backs, IPERS would have collected an additional $29.2 million in contributions, assuming that the same number of members would have completed the buy-backs at the higher price. In addition, because IPERS honored price quotes through September 2004, IPERS would have collected an additional $8.6 million in contributions from an additional 600 employees who exercised their buy-back rights under the old formula. In total, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, IPERS admitted incorrect actuarial cost methodology resulted in lost contributions in the amount of $37.8 million. (Internal footnotes omitted.) Plaintiff Robert Brunkhorst first became an IPERS member in 1995, and he made contributions to IPERS from then until sometime in 2006. In 2006, Brunkhorst stopped making contributions to IPERS; however, he did not request a refund of his contributions. He thereby became an inactive member of IPERS. 6 See Iowa Code § 97B.1A(12) (2005) (defining “inactive member”). He remained inactive from 2007 to 2009. He became an active member again in 2010, when he returned to public service. At that time, he re-enrolled in IPERS and again began making contributions to IPERS, changing his status from an inactive member to active member. See id. § 97B.1A(3) (2007) (defining “active member”). At all relevant times, Brunkhorst never received a refund of contributions nor did he ever purchase a service credit via buy-back or buy-in. On January 13, 2006, Brunkhorst filed a claim with the Iowa State Appeal Board pursuant to the Iowa Tort Claims Act, Iowa Code chapter 669, alleging a tort claim against the State, IPERS, and others, as a member of a class. His claim was based upon the flaw in IPERS’s actuarial methodology implemented in response to the 1999 legislation. He alleged $37 million in property damages. His claim was denied in August 2006. On February 7, 2007, Brunkhorst filed a petition in district court against the defendants alleging a class action suit with numerous counts, including a common-law claim for breach of fiduciary duty. At that time, Brunkhorst was not an active member of IPERS because he was not paying any contributions to IPERS and had not sought retirement benefits. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the petition on numerous grounds. After a hearing, the motion was granted by the district court. Brunkhorst appealed the ruling, and we reversed the district court’s dismissal order and remanded the case for further proceedings. See Brunkhorst v. Iowa Pub. Emps.’ Ret. Sys., No. 07-1340, 2008 WL 4724726, *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 29, 2008). 7 In July 2009, an amended petition was filed adding plaintiff Randall E. Lewis to the case (hereinafter “the plaintiffs”). Lewis had been an active member of IPERS from 1991 to 2007. He made an application for a service purchase on December 21, 2007, but he never completed the purchase. He began receiving IPERS benefits in January 2009. He filed a tort claim on July 1, 2009, which was denied on October 5, 2009. Lewis never claimed a reduction in benefits. The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. Following briefing and hearings, the district court entered its thorough and well-reasoned twenty- nine-page ruling granting the defendants’ motion.2 Specifically, the court found each of the grounds urged by the defendants supported summary judgment, concluding: (1) the plaintiffs failed to create a triable issue of fact on their breach- of-fiduciary-duty common-law claim because there was not sufficient evidence from which a jury could infer that the defendants engaged in wanton or malicious conduct; (2) the plaintiffs lacked standing to bring the claim; (3) the district court was without jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ claim, and (4) discretionary-function immunity barred the plaintiffs’ claim against the defendants. The plaintiffs now appeal. II. Scope and Standards of Review. We review a district court’s ruling on summary judgment for correction of errors of law. Iowa R. App. P. 6.907; Osmic v. Nationwide Agribusiness Ins. Co., 841 N.W.2d 853, 858 (Iowa 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, 2 In its ruling, the court also granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss the plaintiffs’ claims against Gregory Cusack, individually and as a representative of all personnel of IPERS. This is not an issue on appeal. 8 together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3); Thomas v. Gavin, 838 N.W.2d 518, 521 (Iowa 2013). We examine the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, Sallee v. Stewart, 827 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2013), and we “afford the nonmoving party every legitimate inference that can be reasonably deduced from the evidence.” Boelman v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 826 N.W.2d 494, 501 (Iowa 2013) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “An issue is ‘material’ only when the dispute is over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit, given the applicable governing law.” Sallee, 827 N.W.2d at 132-33 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “If reasonable minds can differ on how the issue should be resolved, a fact question is generated, and the district court should deny summary judgment.” Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 501 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). However, if the “motion for summary judgment is properly supported, the nonmoving party is required to respond with specific facts that show a genuine issue for trial.” Mueller v. Wellmark, Inc., 818 N.W.2d 244, 253 (Iowa 2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Our role on appeal is to decide whether the district court correctly determined there was not sufficient evidence to submit the issue to the jury. See Dorshkind v. Oak Park Place of Dubuque II, L.L.C., 835 N.W.2d 293, 300 (Iowa 2013); see also Nelson v. James H. Knight DDS, P.C., 834 N.W.2d 64, 73 (Iowa 2013) (finding a defendant’s conduct did not amount to unlawful discrimination under the facts). “We can resolve a matter on summary judgment 9 if the record reveals a conflict concerning only the legal consequences of undisputed facts.” Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 501. III. Discussion. On appeal, the plaintiffs challenge all of the grounds for summary judgment found by the district court in its ruling. However, we need only find one ground sustainable to uphold the ruling. See Bartsch v. Bartsch, 636 N.W.2d 3, 6 (Iowa 2001); see also In re Estate of Voss, 553 N.W.2d 878, 879 n. 1 (Iowa 1996); Grefe & Sidney v. Watters, 525 N.W.2d 821, 826 (Iowa 1994). Because we agree with the district court that summary judgment was proper because the plaintiffs lacked standing, we find that ground dispositive. Therefore, it is the only issue we will discuss. Standing refers to “[a] party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial enforcement of a duty or right.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1413 (7th ed. 1999). If the party asserting a claim lacks standing, the court will not hear the claim, even if the legal controversy asserted could be meritorious. See Alons v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 698 N.W.2d 858, 864 (Iowa 2005). Stated another way, “[w]hether litigants have standing does not depend on the legal merit of their claims, but rather whether, if the wrong alleged produces a legally cognizable injury, they are among those who have sustained it.” Citizens for Responsible Choices v. City of Shenandoah, 686 N.W.2d 470, 475 (Iowa 2004). Consequently, when a standing issue is raised, our focus is on the party asserting the claim and not the merits of the party’s claim. See Alons, 698 N.W.2d at 864. Iowa’s “standing inquiry has two distinct prongs, each of which a plaintiff must satisfy to proceed with a claim. Our cases have determined that a 10 complaining party must (1) have a specific personal or legal interest in the litigation and (2) be injuriously affected.” Horsfield Materials, Inc. v. City of Dyersville, 834 N.W.2d 444, 452 (Iowa 2013) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “To satisfy the first element, we require the litigant to allege some type of injury different from the population in general. To satisfy the second element, the injury cannot be ‘conjectural’ or ‘hypothetical,’ but must be ‘concrete’ and ‘actual or imminent.’” Hawkeye Foodservice Distribution, Inc. v. Iowa Educators Corp., 812 N.W.2d 600, 606 (Iowa 2012) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The Iowa Supreme Court has further observed: While both Iowa and federal case law on the application of standing to public-interest litigation has largely focused on the type of factual injury required to support standing, federal law has also developed additional elements that are particularly applicable when the “asserted injury arises from government’s allegedly unlawful regulation (or lack of regulation) of someone else,” as opposed to cases in which the “plaintiff is himself an object of the action (or foregone action) at issue.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, [504 U.S. 555, 561-62 (1992)]. Under such a circumstance, the plaintiff must establish “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of” and that the injury is “‘likely,’ as opposed to merely ‘speculative,’ to be ‘redressed by a favorable decision.’” [Id.]. These two additional considerations largely relate to the prudential concerns we have recognized, and we too have relied on them to resolve standing claims in the past. For example, in Citizens for Responsible Choices, we were presented with an action by a group of citizens who sought a declaration that a public-improvement project was illegal because the bonds to finance the project were allegedly issued in violation of the law. 686 N.W.2d at 472. The project included the construction of a recreational lake and park on land owned or rented by the citizens. Id. We held the citizens group had no standing to challenge the action in the issuance of the revenue bonds because the injury claimed came from the project itself, not the governmental action in the issuance of the bonds. Id. at 475. To borrow from the federal language, the injury was not “fairly traceable” to the challenged action. Lujan, [504 U.S. at 560]. 11 Godfrey v. State, 752 N.W.2d 413, 421-22 (Iowa 2008); see also Alons, 698 N.W.2d at 867-68 (discussing the additional standing elements established by federal case law as discussed in Lujan). In Lujan, the U.S. Supreme Court discussed the additional standing elements in relation to a motion for summary judgment. See 504 U.S. at 560-61. The Court noted that because the standing elements are “an indispensable part of [a] plaintiff’s case, each element must be supported in the same way as any other matter on which the plaintiff bears the burden of proof, i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Id. at 561. Although general factual allegations by the plaintiff of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suffice at the pleading stage, the plaintiff can no longer rest on mere allegations in response to a defendant’s summary judgment motion. See id. Rather, the plaintiff “must set forth by affidavit or other evidence specific facts which for purposes of the summary judgment motion will be taken to be true.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). “Standing is not an ingenious academic exercise in the conceivable, but as we have said requires, at the summary judgment stage, a factual showing of perceptible harm.” Id. at 566 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). The Court further noted that “standing is to be determined as of the commencement of suit.” Id. at 571 n.5. The plaintiffs acknowledge in their reply brief that the additional standing elements set forth in Lujan, as discussed in Godfrey, apply here. See Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 421-22; see also Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61. Additionally, the plaintiffs agree that standing is to be determined as of the commencement of 12 suit, as stated in Lujan.3 However, they maintain that they suffered an “injury-in- fact” because they have continued “to allege that the failure to implement the statutory change jeopardized [their] future benefits.” We disagree. Here, when Brunkhorst filed suit, he was an inactive member of IPERS and was not making any contributions to the fund. He pled in his original petition that the defendants’ “failure to implement the statutory mandate . . . has contributed toward a need for increased and/or additional contributions from [Brunkhorst].” The evidence, as consequently fleshed out in the summary judgment record, shows Brunkhorst had not paid any increased contribution rate at the time of the filing of his suit. There is no evidence in the summary judgment record, but for his own belief, that his future IPERS benefits were in jeopardy. The same applies for Lewis. Although he was an active member and making contributions to IPERS at the time Brunkhorst filed suit, he was not, at that time, required to pay at an increased rate. Again, there was no evidence presented, but for his own belief, that his future IPERS benefits were in jeopardy. The plaintiffs have failed to present any evidence they suffered an actual injury in fact, and, thus, a legally cognizable injury. Consequently, we agree with the district court’s determination that there was not sufficient evidence of a genuine issue of material fact as to standing to submit the matter to the jury. 3 Although our supreme court has not officially adopted this language and could choose to interpret our constitution differently, its prior adoption of language from Lujan, along with its general acceptance of similar parallel federal standing analysis, supports the conclusion our supreme court would agree. See Godfrey, 752 N.W.2d at 418; Alons, 698 N.W.2d at 869. Nevertheless, because the plaintiffs do not challenge the proposition, we do not address it any further. 13 Because we agree, for purposes of summary judgment, the plaintiffs failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact that they suffered an actual injury in fact and therefore a legally cognizable injury, we conclude the district court did not err in granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, we affirm the ruling of the district court. AFFIRMED. | Low | [
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11 reviews of this school This is a safe place to share your honest opinions of a school, whether good or bad. Learn more. Robins Elementary School5 Posted May 11, 2014 - a parent Great principle, great teachers, great PTO. The Oma program is what sold us on the school. My kids love going to school and there are many extracuricular opportunities. Lots of community involvement. So happy we found this school! Robins Elementary is a fantastic school. The teachers are amazing. They are caring, creative and enthusiastic. My child is thriving here. The OMA program really adds to the curriculum and the Art program is just amazing. My child is learning math, reading, history and science while having fun at the same time in his art , music and dance classes. When I ask him "how was school today" he always goes "GREAT!". The parent community is a really fun group and very involved. My child has attended this school since kindergarten and is now in fifth grade. In that time my child has had one absolutely horrible teacher and one so-so teacher. The others have been wonderful. There was no P.E. program at all for the past 2.5 years (this year they FINALLY got it going again -- twice a week). Not enough is done with regard to computers. The administration (former and present) does put a good deal of emphasis on music and art, and there really is a feeling of caring among most of the staff and parents. It is a clean, safe atmosphere, and there is always a good parent turn out for special events. If you can send your child to this school do it! My son went here from Kinder to part of third. All his teachers were great! The environment is caring and all about learning! As a parent get involved with the PTO and volunteer. You will really get the feel of the school, meet great parents and teachers. If we didn't have to move we wouldn't leave. So far, no other school compares to Robins. I could not have been more pleased with the change of my childs elementary school 2 years ago. I only wish the move was made earlier to have fully taken advantage of everything that Robins has given my child. His growth both academically and socially has been tremendous! His attitude towards school and the work it takes is the most positive we have experienced by far! Wonderful school! Principal is all for KIDS. Teachers are committed professionals. Have some funds from Tax credit and other sources for music, art, and PE. Parents are somewhat involved--there is a large turnout for special events. Large amount of kids receive free and or reduced lunch. My son has attended Robins Elementary for kindergarden and first grade. We loved it and he did really well. It is a small school with a very involved community. Children and teachers are discouraged from celebrating a lot or having 'parties,' as it may 'detract from learning time.' And, yes, it's a public school. | Mid | [
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/** Automatically generated file. DO NOT MODIFY */ package net.sgoliver.android.xml; public final class BuildConfig { public final static boolean DEBUG = true; } | Low | [
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Montreal Mayor Denis Coderre spent a few minutes on the phone today with Boston Mayor Marty Walsh to place a bet on the NHL playoff series between the Habs and the Bruins. Coderre — in his Habs jersey — told Walsh that if Montreal wins, Walsh will have to wear a Habs jersey and fly a flag of the Montreal Canadiens at Boston City Hall for a week. Coderre - and Montreal - will sport the Bruins' colours if that team wins. “I like it. I’ll accept the bet,” Walsh said from Boston. The losing mayor will also have to visit the winning city. See the full exchange by clicking on the link above. | Low | [
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That's Entertainment, Part II That's Entertainment, Part II is a 1976 American documentary film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and a sequel to That's Entertainment! (1974). Like the previous film, That's Entertainment, Part II was a retrospective of famous films released by MGM from the 1930s to the 1950s. (Some posters for the film use Part 2 rather than Part II in the title.) For this second documentary, archivists featured more obscure musical numbers from MGM's vaults, and also featured tributes to some of the studio's best known comedy teams such as the Marx Brothers and Laurel and Hardy, romantic teams such as Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, and a montage of iconic stars such as Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, Mickey Rooney, John Barrymore, Wallace Beery, Joan Crawford, Jean Harlow, James Stewart and Lana Turner. Gene Kelly and Fred Astaire hosted the film and Kelly directed the introductory segments featuring him and Astaire, which included location footage of Kelly returning to Paris, the city featured in two of MGM's most famous productions, An American in Paris and Gigi. This was the last film Kelly directed. Several new musical numbers featured Astaire and Kelly, including a couple of routines in which they danced together for the first time since the 1946 film Ziegfeld Follies, and for only the second time in their careers. (It was the last time the 76-year-old Astaire danced in a film, though the veteran actor continued to make film and TV appearances until 1981; Kelly would last appear in the 1980 musical film Xanadu.) According to film historian Robert Osborne, in specially-filmed introductions produced for Turner Classic Movies, it was Astaire who suggested to Kelly that the two take advantage of this potentially last-in-a-lifetime opportunity to perform together, something Kelly actually wishes for out loud during his narration of the first That's Entertainment! film. The opening title sequence was designed by Saul Bass, and pays homage to the range and style of title sequences produced between the 1930s and early 1950s. The sequel received more critical acclaim, but was not as successful at the box-office as the first film. Some 18 years later it was followed by That's Entertainment! III, with Kelly once again appearing. Appearances Abbott & Costello Eddie 'Rochester' Anderson Louis Armstrong Lew Ayres John Barrymore Lionel Barrymore Wallace Beery Robert Benchley Constance Bennett Jack Benny Jack Buchanan James Cagney Sammy Cahn Louis Calhern Leslie Caron Gower Champion Marge Champion Cyd Charisse Maurice Chevalier Ronald Colman Jeanne Coyne Joan Crawford Bing Crosby Dan Dailey Doris Day Fifi D'Orsay Melvyn Douglas Tom Drake Marie Dressler Margaret Dumont Jimmy Durante Nelson Eddy Nanette Fabray W. C. Fields Bob Fosse Clark Gable Greta Garbo Judy Garland Betty Garrett Greer Garson Hermione Gingold Cary Grant Fernand Gravey Kathryn Grayson Carol Haney Oliver Hardy Jean Harlow Katharine Hepburn Judy Holliday Lena Horne Betty Hutton Allan Jones Buster Keaton Howard Keel Grace Kelly June Knight Miliza Korjus Hedy Lamarr Stan Laurel Vivien Leigh Oscar Levant Myrna Loy Jeanette MacDonald The Marx Brothers Roddy McDowall Ann Miller Robert Montgomery Donald O'Connor Maureen O'Sullivan Walter Pidgeon Eleanor Powell William Powell Tommy Rall Debbie Reynolds Ginger Rogers Mickey Rooney Al Shean Dinah Shore Frank Sinatra Red Skelton Ann Sothern James Stewart Lewis Stone Elizabeth Taylor Robert Taylor Franchot Tone Spencer Tracy Lana Turner Bobby Van Gwen Verdon Ethel Waters David Wayne Johnny Weissmuller Esther Williams Keenan Wynn Robert Young Billie Burke Cliff Edwards Films shown The Broadway Melody (1929) The Songwriters' Revue (1930) Blondie of the Follies (1932) Grand Hotel (1932) Red Dust (1932) Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Bombshell (1933) Dancing Lady (1933) Going Hollywood (1933) Hollywood Party (1934) The Merry Widow (1934) David Copperfield (1935) Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935) A Night at the Opera (1935) A Tale of Two Cities (1935) Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) Born to Dance (1936) San Francisco (1936) A Day at the Races (1937) The Good Earth (1937) Boys Town (1938) Listen, Darling (1938) The Great Waltz (1938) Broadway Serenade (1939) Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939) Ninotchka (1939) Gone with the Wind (1939) New Moon (1940) Boom Town (1940) The Philadelphia Story (1940) Lady Be Good (1941) Two-Faced Woman (1941) Ziegfeld Girl (1941) White Cargo (1942) For Me and My Gal (1942) Woman of the Year (1942) Keeper of the Flame (1942) Cabin in the Sky (1943) Girl Crazy (1943) Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) Without Love (1945) Abbott and Costello in Hollywood (1945) Anchors Aweigh (1945) Ziegfeld Follies (1946) Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) It Happened in Brooklyn (1947) The Sea of Grass (1947) The Pirate (1948) Easter Parade (1948) Words and Music (1948) Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949) The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) Adam's Rib (1949) Annie Get Your Gun (1950) Three Little Words (1950) An American in Paris (1951) The Belle of New York (1952) Ivanhoe (1952) Singin' in the Rain (1952) Lovely to Look At (1952) Pat and Mike (1952) The Merry Widow (1952) Million Dollar Mermaid (1952) Lili (1953) Small Town Girl (1953) The Band Wagon (1953) Easy to Love (1953) Kiss Me, Kate (1953) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) Love Me or Leave Me (1955) It's Always Fair Weather (1955) The Tender Trap (1955) Invitation to the Dance (1956) High Society (1956) Silk Stockings (1957) Gigi (1958) Some Came Running (1958) Never So Few (1959) Billy Rose's Jumbo (1962) Musical numbers "That's Entertainment!" - Fred Astaire, Nanette Fabray, Oscar Levant, and Jack Buchanan from The Band Wagon seguing into Astaire and Gene Kelly (1953) "For Me and My Gal" - Judy Garland and Gene Kelly from For Me and My Gal (1942) "Fascinatin' Rhythm" - Eleanor Powell and Ensemble from Lady Be Good (1941) "I've Got a Feelin' You're Foolin'" - Robert Taylor and June Knight from Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935) "Chica Choca" - Greta Garbo from Two-Faced Woman (1941) "I Wanna Be a Dancin' Man" - Fred Astaire from The Belle of New York (1952) "Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo" - Leslie Caron and Mel Ferrer from Lili (1953) "Be a Clown" - Gene Kelly and Judy Garland from The Pirate (1948) "From This Moment On" - Tommy Rall, Ann Miller, Bob Fosse, Bobby Van, Carol Haney, and Jeanne Coyne from Kiss Me Kate (1953) "All of You" - Fred Astaire and Cyd Charisse from Silk Stockings (1957) "The Lady Is a Tramp" - Lena Horne from Words and Music (1948) "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" - Kathryn Grayson, Marge Champion, and Gower Champion from Lovely to Look At (1952) "Easter Parade" - Judy Garland and Fred Astaire from Easter Parade (1948) "Temptation" - Bing Crosby from Going Hollywood (1933) "Zing! Went the Strings of My Heart" - Judy Garland from Listen, Darling (1938) "Taking a Chance on Love" - Ethel Waters from Cabin in the Sky (1943) "Swingin' the Jinx Away" - Eleanor Powell and Ensemble from Born to Dance (1936) "Stout Hearted Men/Lover, Come Back to Me" - Nelson Eddy and Jeanette MacDonald from New Moon (1940) "Inka Dinka Doo" - Jimmy Durante from Two Girls and a Sailor (1944) "I Got Rhythm" - Judy Garland, Mickey Rooney, and Ensemble from Girl Crazy (1943) "The Wedding of the Painted Doll" - Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown, and Ensemble (introduced by Jack Benny) from The Songwriters Revue (1930) and The Broadway Melody (1929) "Oh, Lady be Good!" - Ann Sothern and Robert Young from Lady Be Good (1941) "Broadway Serenade (For Every Lonely Heart)" - Jeanette MacDonald and Ensemble from Broadway Serenade (1939) "Manhattan" - Mickey Rooney from Words and Music (1948) "Three Little Words" - Fred Astaire and Red Skelton from Three Little Words (1950) "Tales from the Vienna Woods" - Fernand Gravey and Miliza Korjus from The Great Waltz (1938) "Good Morning" - Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, and Debbie Reynolds from Singin' in the Rain (1952) "Triplets" - Fred Astaire, Nanette Fabray, and Jack Buchanan from The Band Wagon (1953) "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" - Judy Garland from Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) "Steppin' Out with My Baby" - Fred Astaire from Easter Parade (1948) "Ten Cents a Dance" - Doris Day from Love Me or Leave Me (1955) "I Got Rhythm" - Gene Kelly from An American in Paris (1951) "(Love Is) The Tender Trap" - Frank Sinatra from The Tender Trap (1955) "I'll Walk Alone" - Frank Sinatra at the Paramount Theater ca. 1944 "Ol' Man River" - Frank Sinatra from Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) "I Fall in Love Too Easily" - Frank Sinatra from Anchors Aweigh (1945) "I Believe" - Frank Sinatra and Jimmy Durante from It Happened in Brooklyn (1947) "You're Sensational" - Frank Sinatra from High Society (1956) "I Begged Her" - Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly from Anchors Aweigh (1945) "Maxim's/Girls Girls Girls" - Maurice Chevalier from The Merry Widow (1934) "The Last Time I Saw Paris" - Dinah Shore from Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) "Our Love Is Here to Stay" - Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron from An American in Paris (1951) "I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise" - Georges Guétary from An American in Paris (1951) "Can-Can" - Gwen Verdon and Ensemble from The Merry Widow (1952) "The Merry Widow Waltz" - Ensemble from The Merry Widow (1934) "Sinbad the Sailor" - Gene Kelly from Invitation to the Dance (1956) "Now You Has Jazz" - Bing Crosby and Louis Armstrong from High Society (1956) "A Couple of Swells" - Judy Garland and Fred Astaire from Easter Parade (1948) "Take Me to Broadway" - Bobby Van and Ensemble from Small Town Girl (1953) "Broadway Melody Ballet" - Gene Kelly, Cyd Charisse, and Ensemble from Singin' in the Rain (1952) "There's No Business Like Show Business" - Betty Hutton, Howard Keel, Louis Calhern, and Keenan Wynn from Annie Get Your Gun (1950) "I Like Myself" - Gene Kelly from It's Always Fair Weather (1955) "I Remember It Well" - Maurice Chevalier and Hermione Gingold from Gigi (1958) "Bouncin' the Blues" - Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers from The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) "Cypress Gardens Water Spectacular" - Esther Williams from Easy to Love (1953) Finale - Fred Astaire and Gene Kelly References External links Category:1976 films Category:1970s documentary films Category:1970s musical films Category:American documentary films Category:American films Category:American musical films Category:English-language films Category:Films directed by Gene Kelly Category:Documentary films about films Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Documentary films about Hollywood Category:Compilation films | Mid | [
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Recently in National News Category Police arrested a homeless man Wednesday for pushing a rider on to the tracks, where he was killed by a train moments later. Naeem Davis, 30, was charged with murder for pushing Ki-Suck Han, 58, of Queens, to his death at the 50th Street and Seventh Avenue station Monday, according to a report by The Washington Post.The New York Times reported that the police rounded up witnesses to identify who was responsible for Han's death. A cellphone video showed the two men in some sort of confrontation. A controversy arose around a photograph taken by a freelance photographer working for The New York Post of Han stuck on the tracks just moments before he was struck by the train. According to The Washington Post, many have criticized R. Umar Abassi and the Post for taking and publishing the photographs instead of trying to help the victim. Abassi defended himself, saying he was too far away to help and was trying to signal to the train to stop, according to The New York Times. Davis remains in custody. Researchers with the Global Carbon Project reported that time is running out to limit global warming, noted by record high carbon dioxide emissions in 2011. Global emissions are only expected to increase in 2012, according to a report by The New York Times.The San Francisco Chronicle reported that the scientists fear the international goal of limiting global warming to only about three degrees may soon be impossible. China was the country with the biggest increase in carbon dioxide emissions, according to the San Francisco Chronicle. Germany and the United States were the only 10 biggest polluters whose carbon dioxide emissions had decreased. The New York Times reported that the effects of these high emissions levels on the climate could include more weather catastrophes and rising sea levels, among others. The full story of Gen. David Patraeus' affair with Paula Broadwell continues to unravel after Patraeus resigned as head of the CIA over the weekend.The BBC reported that the FBI uncovered the affair after a woman named Jill Kelley, a friend of Patraeus' wife, told them of anonymous harassing emails which turned out to be from Broadwell. Broadwell and Patraeus got to know each other while Broadwell, an Army reservist with little experience in journalism, was a graduate student at Harvard. She then spent a lot of time around Patraeus while writing his biography which concerned many in his staff, according to a report by The Washington Post. Patraeus has been married for 38 years. Broadwell is also married and a mother of two, according to the BBC. Patraeus' successful military career, highlighted by admirable leadership in Iraq and Afghanistan, had drawn speculation of a possible future run for president. Jared Lee Loughner, the man who went on a shooting rampage in Arizona in 2011 and shot then-congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords in the head, was sentenced Thursday to life in prison without parole. The incident occurred last January while Giffords was at a supermarket parking lot in Tucson in a normal campaign appearance when Loughner opened fire, wounding 13 and killing six according to the Los Angeles Times.The Washington Post reported that several of the wounded spoke at the hearing. Giffords did not speak, but her husband, a former astronaut, did. Giffords resigned her seat in the House of Representatives after the shooting. The Los Angeles Times reported that Giffords has undergone a miraculous recovery and extensive rehabilitation. According to The Washington Post, Arizona has some of the least strict gun laws in the country. Loughner, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia after the rampage, was carrying 93 rounds with him during the incident. Patients successfully treated during the meningitis outbreak are developing other spinal illnesses. The number of cases are unclear, but most have occurred in Michigan and Tennessee according to a report by National Public Radio. One of the complications is a localized infection of the spine, called an epidural abscess. The other is an inflammation of tissue around spinal nerve roots, an even more serious complication called arachnoiditis. The original meningitis outbreak began in September and was caused by a contaminated steroid drug. 29 people have died and the compounding pharmacy that produced the drug has since shut down.The New York Times reported that patients became sick again even while on strong anti-fungal treatments. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is still trying to determine which patients are more likely to develop the second illnesses. The death toll in the fungal meningitis outbreak has reached 15, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported on Saturday. The outbreak has been linked to tainted steroid vials from the New England Compounding Center based in Framingham, Mass., according to The New York Times. The company has suspended operations and some lawmakers are calling for a criminal investigation, according to The Washington Post. The Washington Post further reported that Food and Drug Administration officials said they had no clear authority to take action against the compound pharmacy, citing an outdated regulatory system for the quick and drastic changes that have taken place in the industry. The New York Times reported that lawmakers are also calling for new laws to regulate operations of pharmacies such as the New England Compounding Center more tightly. Some 13,000 may have been given the tainted drug, according to the CDC. State and federal health officials have been focused on notifying all of those possibly affected. | Low | [
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In 2015, DC Comics/Warner Bros. announced the creation of a new franchise, DC Super Hero Girls. It is a teenage take on some of their most popular female superheroes: Wonder Woman, Batgirl, and Supergirl, along with current favorites Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy, as well as lesser-known characters like Bumblebee and Katana to fulfill the token roles for racial minorities. The show’s premise has all of these girls in high school learning to be super heroes at “Super Hero High.” We learn that the seven girls are but a few of the dozens of teenagers learning to become heroes at the high school. There are boy heroes, too (Flash and Beast Boy being the most prominent), but they are not as central to the narrative as the girls, thank goodness, since the target audience is girls ages six to 12, and they need girl heroes with which to identify. The franchise—which includes a website, a catchy, empowering theme song called “Get Your Cape On,”animated webisodes, an hour-long television special (which aired on March 19 on the Boomerang network), online games, and a line of books and merchandise (most of which is available exclusively at Target)—was DC’s response to years of complaints that they not only flagrantly ignored the female segment of their audience when it came to merchandising and programming, but were downright hostile toward girls. DC/Warner Bros were very cautious about this new franchise, however. I could tell by the way they rolled out the campaign, they were hedging their bets, testing the waters. It seemed as though, even after conducting research, they didn’t really believe that young girls would invest in these characters enough to support the media or convince their parents to buy the merchandise. It took six months after the debut of the webisodes for any merchandise associated with the brand to be released. Their seeming skepticism of the brand heightened my own skepticism of them supporting the brand enough to avoid a self-fulfilling prophecy of failure. The DC Super Hero Girls merchandise is selling like hot cakes at my local Target. I watched the associated media with great anticipation and, surprisingly, for the most part, enjoyed what I saw. Each of the girls is intelligent, skillful, strong, and clever in their own right, and very supportive of one another (except for Cheetah, a villain who fulfills the role of the obligatory mean girl). These heroes are not girls who need boys to save them. There are, of course, some problematic depictions of girlhood that show up alongside the more powerful ones. For example, jealousy between the super hero girls is one of the unnerving themes, the default conflict between women and girls for writers with limited imaginations. But the writers of DC Superhero Girls manage to correct course by revealing the jealousy to be a misunderstanding resolved through communication. Where the franchise needs serious help, though, is in its racial conversation. The principal of the school is an authoritative, but more polite, take on Amanda Waller (known in the comic books to be a kind of anti-hero with questionable morals). Waller is a black woman charged with the welfare of the teens — you can see where I’m going with this. The white imagination often puts black people in the role of caretaker (Mammy, Uncle Remus, etc.), particularly of white children, as a means to assure itself that we are harmless and have no intention of avenging its innumerable wrongs against us. In the first webisode, when Wonder Woman arrives for her freshman first day, it is a black character, Bumblebee, who is assigned to give the princess a tour and ensure that all of her needs are met. We are introduced to Bumblebee after Wonder Woman mistakes her for an insect (one of Bumblebee’s powers is to shrink down to bee size) and smashes her between her hands. Bumblebee screams, “I’m too young to be squished!” in a tone that reminded me of the classic “I don’t know nothin’ ‘bout birthin’ no babies!” from Gone with the Wind, and Wonder Woman, jokingly responds that she didn’t realize the bugs were so big outside of her homeland, Themyscira. In the comic books, Bumblebee is a tech genius and DC Comics’ first black female super hero. Surely, the writers can find a role better suited for her than one which requires her to be subservient to someone who assaulted then insulted her? Bumblebee is “too young to be squished!”(from Episode 1: “All About Super Hero High” In another webisode, Bumblebee and Wonder Woman have to complete an obstacle course to test their flying abilities. The android hero Red Tornado is their instructor. Bumblebee aces the test and her instructor gives her zero kudos and ignores her performance completely. But when Wonder Woman steps up to begin her test Red Tornado trips over himself to compliment her ability and commitment to the art form before he’s even had a chance to see what she’s capable of. The webisodes never make clear why this should be the case so whiteness is the default reason for the stark distinction regarding who deserves praise for their efforts. And in the hour-long special, we discover that Principal Waller’s vice principal is Gorilla Grodd — a criminal out on work release who has been forced to become a custodian of teenagers. Yes, you read that correctly. It’s no secret that in the DC Universe, gorillas have long been used as stand-ins for black people, a longstanding and obvious racist trope. In the DCU, the most advanced civilization on the African continent are a race of simians who live in a hidden place called Gorilla City. You can’t make this stuff up — or, apparently, you can. In the special, Grodd is mean and disrespectful to the student body and makes it very clear that he doesn’t want to be there. It’s Waller’s job to keep him in check. Later in the show, Grodd is falsely accused of trying to steal school technology by Granny Goodness, who plays a duplicitous school librarian. The students believe Goodness and alert Waller. Insulted by the accusation, Grodd quits. But not before he gets to put his life on the line saving the life of one of the white girls, Batgirl, thereby redeeming himself. Get your cape on, indeed. Liyah, a Jordanian immigrant living in the United States, loves her Wonder Woman doll. Children of color are typically raised to regard white dolls as the norm and the standard. (Photo courtesy of Target.) I bought each and every doll from the line. Well, I should say: I bought each and every doll that was available. Because although she’s featured prominently in the marketing of the brand, Katana can only be found as a background character in the series and will appear in a chapter in an upcoming book. There is no Katana action figure. There is no Katana doll. As the only Japanese character, she is featured prominently on the website alongside the six other heroes, but she is missing from almost all of the commercially available items (I should mention that the franchise doesn’t feature any Latinx or Indigenous characters either). I don’t know if DC/Warner Bros left her out because of some trademark or copyright issue or what, but her absence is conspicuous and DC/Warner Bros is suspect because of it. This racial disparity is compounded by the mini-biographies on the back of the doll packaging. In the category of “Best Super Friends” each character is assigned a best friend. Wonder Woman’s best friends are Batgirl and Supergirl; Batgirl’s best friends are Supergirl and Wonder Woman; Supergirl’s best friends are Batgirl and Wonder Woman; Harley Quinn’s best friend is Poison Ivy; Poison Ivy’s best friend is Harley Quinn; Bumblebee’s best friends are Supergirl and Batgirl. Do you notice something? Not one of the other girls claim Bumblebee as a best friend. This could merely be an oversight, but even oversights tell us something about the pathologies at work. And it’s clear to me that there’s a racist pathology at work here, one that’s easily solvable — if the goal is to actually solve it: white men and white women should never be the majority in any creative space. There should always be just as many women and men of color in these spaces, not only because the more diverse a space is, the more creative it is, but also because media is a form of propaganda and the only way we can begin to stop spreading “well-intentioned” (or maybe not-so-well-intentioned) but harmful messages about marginalized people is to put marginalized people in positions to prevent those messages from being disseminated. Diversity is just a buzzword designed to make white people of relative consciousness feel good about including a token or two in their normally exclusively white spaces. Too often, to white people, diversity and tokenism mean the exact same thing and they go into full-on white fragility mode if you dare question their racial practices. They never seem to realize that their defensiveness and attempts to dismiss criticism can be read as admissions of wrongdoing. The true test of conscience for the white person is measured by how willing they are to no longer be the central, definitive, default perspective. In the meantime, we work with what we have, educate our children so that these subtle and not-so-subtle messages have less of an impact on them than they did on us. Or we choose to remove our children from the sight lines altogether and invest our considerable consumer power elsewhere. The precise location of “elsewhere,” however, remains the eternal question. The main characters of DC Super Hero Girls. From left to right: Katana, Wonder Woman, Harley Quinn, Supergirl, Bumblebee, Batgirl, and Poison Ivy. Robert Jones, Jr. is a writer from Brooklyn, NY. His work has been featured in the New York Times, Gawker, and the Feminist Wire. He is the creator of the social media community, Son of Baldwin, which can be found on Facebook, Google Plus, Instagram, Tumblr, and Twitter. Interesting read. I’ve seen the first “season” of this show (the episodes are all 2-3 min each), so I hadda rewatch the Red Tornado one. That was almost hilarious how he’s so excited about WW that he does indeed completely ignore a flawless performance by Bumblebee. But I don’t think that was intended to be a joke. I definitely agree with a number of the point made, specifically in terms of the merchandise. Also more WOC should be included, such as Artemis, Aquagirl, Rocket and Cassandra Cain. I don’t personally think the Waller thing registers as all that bad. You point out a connection to the “mammy” stereotype, but I think kids will simply see an authority figure. I’ve not witnessed instances where Waller’s been portrayed badly in that way. I also see the point of the Grodd thing, but IDK if it comes across all that awful to me personally but in fairness I’ve not watched it myself. I have to say, great post! As an avid reader of comic book books and comic book universes, I agree with you that there is something odd going on with the DCU and this is from way back. I was just talking to my sister the other day who has begun to develop an interest in comics and she noted on her own mind you, that DC has little or no diversity–and where there is (diversity) they often are stereotypical forms of their respective races/ethnicities. Marvel has done better and for that I feel that they deserve an applause. They are among the most diverse as far as characters are concerned from Spiderman (whose design Stan Lee had commented was supposed to mask his race/ethnicity) to Storm as a leader, even down to Kamala Khan (the new Ms. Marvel). So, keep it up! I really enjoyed this article! As a person who loves dolls and superheroes, I’ve been following DC Super Hero Girls since it’s inception and was also extremely disappointed to see Katana cut from the first wave of dolls released. Mattel has a tendency to release their first wave dolls in the format of 4 single-box girl dolls and a two-pack of a girl doll and her boyfriend doll, for a total of six. Since the line so far features no male dolls, I had a feeling that among the seven most advertised characters, someone would be cut. It certainly couldn’t be the holy Super-Bat-Wonder trinity, and Harley and Ivy are basically a set. (If I was running Mattel, they would have been the relationship two-pack.) Only one spot left, so bye-bye Katana. I’m really hoping future waves include her and some of the other heroines we’ve seen in the shorts and special, and to be honest I don’t see why they wouldn’t. Katana is going to be in Suicide Squad, and the Wonder Woman dolls disappeared overnight after the release of Dawn of Justice. And as your personal photo illustrated, they’re all flying off the shelves. It just makes sense from a marketing standpoint. (DC’s lack of faith in the line shines through there, as it took nearly three weeks for stores to get more dolls after the initial releases sold out.) I haven’t seen the special yet, but I’m even more interested after reading your interpretation. DC and Mattel are hardly at the forefront when it comes to diversity in children’s entertainment, but I’m hoping they realize the opportunity they have and quickly come to their senses and take it. I can’t speak for Robert, who wrote this, but I don’t think being a con exclusive is as “special,” as having her readily available for kids who want to play with Asian female superhero character, or for parents who want to buy them for their kids. Intriguing. I have no kids so the overall presence of SHG is above my head. I did manage to buy a Bumblebee doll for my youngest niece as an Easter gift, though. (There seemed to be… quite a few of them available at the suburban Target store I bought it from. The sales popularity of ‘people of color’ fantasy/toon/comic-based dolls vs. their white counterparts is worth looking into.) A very interesting and probably correct interpretation of the intentional and unintentional racial biases that happen when creative teams almost certainly composed of exclusively white people attempt to depict minorities. This article doesn’t come across as nit-picking the way some feminisit criticisms can, in that the writer doesn’t agree with a certain interpretation and wishes it to be different. For example, depicting a female character as a mother isn’t wrong any more so than depicting her as a single-minded career woman. It’s not wrong to portray a single-minded career woman who longs to have a child either. The problem comes from inadequate representation. Female characters are often tokens and thus must necessarily represent all female points of view simultaneously and that’s just not possible. In my opinion, this article isn’t quite like that. The representation is clearly problematic albeit probably unintentional. To be frank, I’d not thought of the metamessage about Gorilla City and I’m a bit embarrassed for that. But I disagree somewhat with the depiction of Amada Waller as a “Mammy” character. It’s certainly legitimate to see if that way, but I do feel that it is a stretch to argue that black women in positions of legitimate, systemtic, authority are Mammy characters. The author is onto something with Bumblebee, though. I noticed that none of the white girls were best friends with her. And I noticed the way Red Tornado just expected Bumblebee to be athletically superior, a “positive” but still problematic stereotype. And I was puzzled by his false or faint praise of Wonder Woman (who isn’t yet anyone of note). It could well have been racial but it’s possible that as Wonder Woman is technically royalty, he was erring on the side of being respectful to that heritage. But I’m sure that white people like myself have a never ending list of excuses or explanations for unintentional racism. Be that as it may, there is absolutely no excuse for the lack of a Katana figure. She is being offered as a San Diego Comic Con exclusive but that shouldn’t count (and it’s been months since the other girls were available). Asians have seemingly been the most economically disposable when it comes to casting and utility in North American narratives and media. They are fewer in number in the United States and to a large extent are thought to be more invisible or “non-threatening” than Blacks. This is made obvious by their overall lack of representation in American media as a whole and how often their roles are “white-washed” for white actors. This happens significantly less often with roles meant for Black people. There is enough social pressure for DC to recognize the potential for bad publicity were they to ignore having a Black character. So Bumblebee was included probably from the start of the project whereas I’d guess that Katana was an afterthought. The writer and I both noticed the lack of a Latinx or Hispanic doll or primary character. The lack of this representation is extra obnoxious considering the large number of people from Latinx or Hispanic origin in the United States. I suppose one might suggest that Cheeta comes across as Lantinx or Hispanic but it doesn’t seem definitive. And is there any LGBT representation at all? What? You say. “They are just kids, there’s no sexuality there. Just let kids be kids,” say the people with no clue and who ought to know better. These are high-school girls and even in middle-age, I can remember what being in HS was like and as early late elementary school, I was struggling with my gender and sexual identity. Just because it’s uncomfortable to talk about (though why should it be?) doesn’t mean it’s not worth talking about. So no, this show is NOT perfect and that’s an impossible standard to have. However, there are some problems that could have been fixed and could still be fixed. I’m not going to let the perfect be the enemy of the good. But I will not begruge someone who feels that the people they identify with are not being represented fairly. Then again, there a plethora of angry (mostly white) males out there upset with this show for wounding their fragile male egos. Fortunately for them, they have every other superhero series ever made to wrap around themselves while they weep bitter tears that one thing did not go their way or cater directly to them. I don’t think it’s totally fair to dismiss all male objections to this as ‘wounded egos’ or whatever. It’s fairly legitimate, I think, to point out that making Poison Ivy and Harley Quinn into role models for young girls is a terrible, terrible idea, given what they’re going to find when they venture outside the DC Superhero Girls universe. Poison Ivy is an insane ecoterrorist who kills people by kissing them, and Harley Quinn is an insane battered spouse in an abusive relationship with the Joker in every other setting where they exist. That all carries its own problems, of course, but completely ignoring the source material and making them into quirky superheroes for little girls to look up to seems like it’s swinging a bit too hard in the other direction. Harley has an aesthetic that a lot of people really like, but I’d be concerned about encouraging young girls to relate to her when she’s defined by an abusive relationship in all other media. They could have included Hawkgirl in the main group instead– especially since she appears to be latina in DC Superhero Girls. Just started watching them a half hour ago. Super disappointing. Apparently being a teenage girl means checking yourself out and posing in front of mirrors and being boy crazy and bimboes. They use the ditzy “teenage girl” voices featured so prominantly in high school cartoons ever since the 80s | Mid | [
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Q: uicollectionview to count horizontally to make calendar how do i change the count of collectionview from vertical to horizontal count i want to make a calendar this is what i have currently this is the result that i am looking for as you can see the first image count from top to bottom but the second one count from left to right. i want to change to the second one. here is the code i have 4 separates file to create the calendar using collectionview and custom collectionviewcell calendarcollection import UIKit class calendarCollecction: UIView,UICollectionViewDelegateFlowLayout,UICollectionViewDataSource { func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, numberOfItemsInSection section: Int) -> Int { return 12 } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, cellForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UICollectionViewCell { let cell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: "cell", for: indexPath) as! calendarCollecctionCell return cell } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, didSelectItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) { print("my number is \(indexPath.row)") } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, sizeForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGSize { return CGSize(width: self.frame.width, height: self.frame.height) } lazy var collectionViews: UICollectionView = { let layout = UICollectionViewFlowLayout() layout.minimumLineSpacing = 0 layout.minimumInteritemSpacing = 0 layout.sectionInset = UIEdgeInsetsMake(0,0,0,0) layout.scrollDirection = UICollectionViewScrollDirection.horizontal let cv = UICollectionView(frame: .zero, collectionViewLayout: layout) cv.showsVerticalScrollIndicator = false cv.backgroundColor = UIColor.clear cv.dataSource = self cv.delegate = self return cv }() override init(frame: CGRect) { super.init(frame: frame) setupViews() } func setupViews(){ collectionViews.register(calendarCollecctionCell.self, forCellWithReuseIdentifier: "cell") collectionViews.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false backgroundColor = UIColor.clear addSubview(collectionViews) collectionViews.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: topAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: bottomAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerYAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerXAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.widthAnchor.constraint(equalTo: widthAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true } required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) { fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented") } } calendarcollectioncell import UIKit class calendarCollecctionCell: UICollectionViewCell { let label = dateCollection() override init(frame: CGRect) { super.init(frame: frame) framing() } required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) { fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented") } func framing(){ label.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false addSubview(label) label.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerXAnchor).isActive = true label.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerYAnchor).isActive = true label.widthAnchor.constraint(equalTo: widthAnchor).isActive = true label.heightAnchor.constraint(equalTo: heightAnchor).isActive = true } } datecollection import UIKit class dateCollection: UIView,UICollectionViewDelegateFlowLayout,UICollectionViewDataSource { var dateNumber = 30 func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, numberOfItemsInSection section: Int) -> Int { return dateNumber } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, cellForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UICollectionViewCell { let cell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: "cell", for: indexPath) as! dateCollectionCell var value = indexPath.row + 1 cell.label.text = String(value) cell.backgroundColor = .red return cell } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, didSelectItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) { print("my number is \(indexPath.row)") } func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, layout collectionViewLayout: UICollectionViewLayout, sizeForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> CGSize { return CGSize(width: 40, height: 40) } lazy var collectionViews: UICollectionView = { let layout = UICollectionViewFlowLayout() layout.minimumLineSpacing = 5 layout.minimumInteritemSpacing = 5 layout.sectionInset = UIEdgeInsetsMake(5,5,5,5) layout.scrollDirection = UICollectionViewScrollDirection.horizontal let cv = UICollectionView(frame: .zero, collectionViewLayout: layout) cv.showsVerticalScrollIndicator = false cv.showsHorizontalScrollIndicator = false cv.backgroundColor = UIColor.clear cv.dataSource = self cv.delegate = self return cv }() override init(frame: CGRect) { super.init(frame: frame) setupViews() } func setupViews(){ collectionViews.register(dateCollectionCell.self, forCellWithReuseIdentifier: "cell") collectionViews.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false backgroundColor = UIColor.clear addSubview(collectionViews) collectionViews.topAnchor.constraint(equalTo: topAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.bottomAnchor.constraint(equalTo: bottomAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerYAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerXAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true collectionViews.widthAnchor.constraint(equalTo: widthAnchor, constant: 0).isActive = true } required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) { fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented") } } datecollectioncell import UIKit class dateCollectionCell: UICollectionViewCell { let label = UILabel() override init(frame: CGRect) { super.init(frame: frame) framing() } required init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) { fatalError("init(coder:) has not been implemented") } func framing(){ label.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = false label.textAlignment = .center addSubview(label) label.centerXAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerXAnchor).isActive = true label.centerYAnchor.constraint(equalTo: centerYAnchor).isActive = true label.widthAnchor.constraint(equalTo: widthAnchor).isActive = true label.heightAnchor.constraint(equalTo: heightAnchor).isActive = true } override func touchesBegan(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?) { print("touched "+self.label.text!) } } A: Just changing the scrollDirection of the flowLayout layout.scrollDirection = .vertical | Low | [
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Hi there, You turn to Democracy Now! for ad-free news you can trust. Maybe you come for our daily headlines. Maybe you come for in-depth stories that expose government and corporate abuses of power. You know that you can count on Democracy Now! to cover the movements changing America and the world. But did you know we produce our daily news hour at a fraction of the budget of a commercial news operation, all without ads, government funding or corporate underwriting? This is only possible with your support. Right now every donation to Democracy Now! will be doubled by a generous supporter. This means if you give $25 today, Democracy Now! will get $50 to support our daily news hour.Please do your part. It takes just a couple of minutes to make sure that Democracy Now! is there for you and everybody else in the coming year. Thanks so much. -Amy Goodman Hi there, You turn to Democracy Now! for ad-free news you can trust. Maybe you come for our daily headlines, or for in-depth stories that expose government and corporate abuses of power. We produce our daily news hour at a fraction of the budget of a commercial news operation, all without ads, government funding or corporate underwriting? This is only possible with your support. Right now every donation to Democracy Now! will be doubled by a generous supporter. This means if you give $25 today, Democracy Now! will get $50 to support our daily news hour.Please do your part. It takes just a couple of minutes to make sure that Democracy Now! is there for you and everybody else in the coming year. Thanks so much. -Amy Goodman Non-commercial news needs your support. We rely on contributions from you, our viewers and listeners to do our work. If you visit us daily or weekly or even just once a month, now is a great time to make your monthly contribution. HeadlinesSeptember 07, 2017 Media Options Irma, Strongest Atlantic Hurricane on Record, Devastates Caribbean Sep 07, 2017 In the Caribbean, at least 10 people are dead after Hurricane Irma, the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, brought devastation to small islands as it barreled toward the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba and South Florida. The eye of the Category 5 storm struck the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla Wednesday with sustained winds of 185 miles an hour, leveling more than 90 percent of all structures. On Barbuda, the prime minister declared the island “practically uninhabitable” and warned the entire population may need to be evacuated, as another storm—Hurricane Jose—could strike over the weekend. In Puerto Rico, more than a million people have lost power, as authorities warned some areas could be dark for up to six months, partly because the island’s electrical infrastructure has gone neglected due to Puerto Rico’s debt crisis. In Haiti, hundreds of residents of a tent city in the capital Port-au-Prince who were left homeless after a 2010 earthquake appealed to the government for shelter from the approaching storm. Barthelemy Jeffline: “I have no place to go. I have to stay here. I will live or die, depending on how this storm hits us. If God wants to help us, he will. But we have no place to go.” 100,000+ Evacuate in Florida as Hurricane Irma Takes Aim at Miami Sep 07, 2017 In Florida, more than 100,000 people have been told to evacuate their homes as some computer models predict Irma could make a direct hit on Miami as a Category 4 storm. Climate scientists say warmer ocean temperatures due to climate change likely added to Hurricane Irma’s power. We’ll have more on Hurricane Irma and climate change after headlines, as we speak with climate activist Bill McKibben. In Texas, family members of prisoners in the flood-ravaged city of Beaumont say their loved ones were left for days in flooded cells with inadequate food, water and medical care after prison officials failed to evacuate them ahead of Hurricane Harvey. According to at least seven relatives of prisoners at the Beaumont Federal Correctional Complex, some cells filled with water calf-deep, temperatures spiked to nearly 100 degrees as air conditioners failed, and prisoners wrapped towels over their noses to avoid the stench of sewage from backed-up toilets. House Approves $8 Billion Hurricane Harvey Emergency Relief Bill Sep 07, 2017 In Washington, D.C., the House of Representatives voted 419 to 3 Wednesday to provide nearly $8 billion in initial emergency aid for relief and rebuilding from Hurricane Harvey, as Texas struggles to recover from what’s set to become the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history. The relief bill is on track to go to President Trump for his signature by Friday, just ahead of Hurricane Irma’s expected landfall in South Florida. At ND Refinery, Trump Touts Withdrawal from Climate Accord, Pipelines Sep 07, 2017 President Trump traveled to North Dakota Wednesday to pitch a tax plan that would overwhelmingly favor the wealthiest Americans, while touting his administration’s role in slashing environmental protections and promoting the fossil fuel industry. Trump made the remarks at an oil refinery in Mandan, across the Missouri River from the state capital, Bismarck. President Donald Trump: “In order to protect American industry and workers, we withdrew the United States from the job-killing Paris climate accord. Job killer. People have no idea. Many people have no idea how bad that was. And right here in North Dakota, the Dakota Access pipeline is finally open for business.” Trump also touted his move to re-authorize the Keystone XL pipeline, which would carry more than 800,000 barrels of tar sands oil per day from Alberta, Canada, to U.S. refineries. Trump Strikes Debt Ceiling Deal with Democrats, Angering Republicans Sep 07, 2017 President Trump struck a three-month deal Wednesday with congressional Democrats to raise the ceiling on the national debt, postponing a looming fiscal crisis and shocking members of Trump’s own party—including his own White House aides. The deal left Republicans fuming, including Tennessee Senator Bob Corker, who last month questioned Trump’s competence and stability. The agreement sets up a showdown on the federal borrowing limit in December. 15 States Sue Trump Admin over Plans to End DACA Immigration Program Sep 07, 2017 Fifteen states and the District of Columbia sued the federal government Wednesday seeking to block President Trump’s plan to end DACA—the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, which gives nearly 800,000 young immigrants permission to live and work in the United States. Among those pressing the suit is New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman. Attorney General Eric Schneiderman: “We understand what’s going on in Washington. And we know that when bullies step up, you have to step to them and step to them quickly. And that’s what we’re here to do today. … By definition, DREAMers play by the rules. DREAMers work hard. DREAMers pay taxes. For most, America is the only home they’ve ever known. They deserve to stay here.” Trump’s cancellation of DACA, which was announced Tuesday by Attorney General Jeff Sessions, set off mass protests in cities around the U.S. In Washington, D.C., Wednesday, activists outside the Department of Justice building toppled a Confederate monument-style effigy of Jeff Sessions perched atop a cardboard pedestal labeled “Living Monument of White Supremacy.” South Korean Police Raid Protest Camp Opposing THAAD Missile System Sep 07, 2017 In South Korea, hundreds of protesters clashed with police in Seongju County on Wednesday over the deployment of launchers for a U.S.-built missile defense system known as THAAD. Dozens of protesters were injured at the overnight standoff when police attempted to disassemble protesters’ campsites and forcibly remove road blockades. The protests came as South Korea’s government said it expects the North to test-launch another intercontinental ballistic missile on Saturday. We’ll cover the escalating tensions between the U.S. and North Korea later in the broadcast. In Afghanistan, a suicide bomber detonated at a checkpoint near Bagram Airfield Wednesday, injuring six civilians. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, calling it retaliation for an incendiary leaflet distributed by the U.S. military featuring a verse from the Qur’an superimposed over the image of a dog. The attack came as a senior U.S. commander, Major General James Linder, apologized, saying, “We have the deepest respect for Islam and our Muslim partners worldwide. There is no excuse for this mistake.” NYT: 18 CIA Operatives Killed in Afghanistan Sep 07, 2017 Meanwhile, The New York Times reports at least 18 CIA operatives have been killed in Afghanistan—a previously undisclosed number of deaths that rivals the number killed during the Vietnam War. Among the dead are Brian Ray Hoke and Nathaniel Patrick Delemarre, who served as part of the CIA’s paramilitary arm, the Special Activities Division. Bangladesh’s government said Wednesday the Burmese military has begun planting land mines in the path of thousands of Rohingya Muslim refugees fleeing a brutal crackdown by Burmese authorities—which U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres has said could spiral into an ethnic cleansing campaign. CNN published photos showing an activist holding what appears to be a pair of anti-personnel land mines, and refugees reported one Rohingya boy had a leg blown off Tuesday after a mine exploded near a border crossing. Aid agencies say more than 120,000 Rohingya have fled into neighboring Bangladesh in recent days. This is Duniya Khan, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees. Duniya Khan: “Some reported that their family members were burnt or shot or slashed to death. During their flight, many fled into the jungles or mountains, hiding and walking for days before they reached land or river and to cross the border. And some of them also told us that they’ve been walking for three days, and they didn’t have anything to eat, other than the rainwater or the water on grounds.” Mexican Journalist Juan Carlos Hernández Ríos Assassinated Sep 07, 2017 In Mexico, 29-year-old journalist Juan Carlos Hernández Ríos was shot dead Tuesday night after he left his home in the state of Guanajuato. Witnesses say he was killed by two men dressed in black carrying large-caliber weapons. Hernández worked as an editorial assistant and photographer for the website La Bandera Noticias, which has received multiple threats in recent months over its news coverage. Hernández Ríos is at least the 10th journalist killed this year in Mexico. On Capitol Hill, representatives of Facebook told lawmakers Wednesday the company unwittingly sold $100,000 worth of advertisements to a Russian company that aimed to polarize the U.S. electorate on issues of gun rights, immigration, LGBTQ rights and racism. The company was described as a Russian “troll farm” with a history of pushing pro-Kremlin propaganda. Democratic Congressmember Adam Schiff cited the move as evidence that Russia interfered in the 2016 election. Trump Jr. to Testify Privately Amid Warning from Special Counsel Sep 07, 2017 Meanwhile, Donald Trump Jr. is set to testify privately today with congressional investigators, as the Senate Judiciary Committee probes a meeting that the president’s eldest son arranged in 2016 with a Russian lawyer promising damaging information about Hillary Clinton. The closed-door session comes after special counsel Robert Mueller urged Congress to schedule witness testimony in public session only—to avoid the possibility that his investigators could be blocked from accessing information given to the committees privately. Lawsuit Challenges Law That Could Close Kentucky’s Only Abortion Clinic Sep 07, 2017 In Kentucky, a federal judge heard arguments Wednesday in a suit by Planned Parenthood and a women’s health clinic in Louisville challenging a law that would shutter the state’s last remaining abortion clinic. Lawyers say the state’s requirement that abortion providers have “transfer agreements” with a hospital and an ambulance service is a thinly veiled attempt to cut off abortion access. Last year, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a similar law in Texas. New York: Charges Dropped for Pedro Hernandez, Held Over 1 Year at Rikers Sep 07, 2017 In New York City, a Bronx prosecutor dropped charges against Pedro Hernandez Wednesday, after the 18-year-old was imprisoned for more than a year in the notorious Rikers Island jail awaiting trial for a crime he says he did not commit. Hernandez’s plight has drawn comparisons to the case of Kalief Browder, another Bronx teen, who committed suicide at the age of 22 after being held at Rikers for nearly three years without trial for a crime he did not commit. NFL’s Michael Bennett Says Vegas Police Threatened to Shoot Him Sep 07, 2017 And Seattle Seahawks star Michael Bennett said Wednesday that police officers assaulted him and threatened his life outside a boxing match in Las Vegas last month, as they arrested him while he joined a crowd of people fleeing the sound of gunshots. In a statement posted on Twitter, Bennett wrote that an officer threatened to “blow my f****** head off” and that “Las Vegas police officers singled me out and pointed their guns at me for doing nothing more than simply being a black man in the wrong place at the wrong time.” Bennett has joined a protest movement led by former 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick against racial injustice, sitting on the sidelines during the playing of the national anthem ahead of Seahawks games. Non-commercial news needs your support independent global news Democracy Now! is a 501(c)3 non-profit news organization. We do not accept funding from advertising, underwriting or government agencies. We rely on contributions from our viewers and listeners to do our work. Please do your part today. Get Email Updates News Democracy Now! Editions Follow Get Email Updates Democracy Now! is a 501(c)3 non-profit news organization. We do not accept funding from advertising, underwriting or government agencies. We rely on contributions from our viewers and listeners to do our work. Please do your part today. | Mid | [
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// Copyright 1996 Michael E. Stillman #ifndef _hilb_hh_ #define _hilb_hh_ // Computation of Hilbert functions via Bigatti's (et al) algorithm. #include "monideal.hpp" #include "matrix.hpp" #include "polyring.hpp" class RingElement; class Matrix; class MonomialIdeal; class partition_table // Partition a monomial ideal into several such that // the graph of variables occuring in each is connected. // Implemented using a union-find algorithm. { int n_vars; int n_sets; intarray adad; intarray aoccurs; int *dad; int *occurs; int merge_in(int x, int y); void merge_in(const int *m); int representative(int x); stash *mi_stash; // for all of the nodes in all of the monomial ideals public: partition_table(int nvars, stash *mi_stash0); ~partition_table() {} void reset(int nvars); void partition(MonomialIdeal *&I, VECTOR(MonomialIdeal *)& result); // Consumes I. }; struct hilb_step : public our_new_delete { hilb_step *up; hilb_step *down; int i; // Which monomial ideal is next ring_elem h0; // Hilbert function so far computed 'to the left' ring_elem h1; int first_sum; // First monomial ideal which corresponds to the 'sum' part VECTOR(MonomialIdeal *) monids; // The (partitoned) array of monomial ideals }; /** @ingroup hilb @brief Computation of Hilbert functions */ class hilb_comp : public MutableEngineObject { const PolynomialRing *S; // This is the base ring of the monomial ideal const PolynomialRing *R; // This is the output degree ring. const Monoid *M; // S->getMonoid() const Monoid *D; // R->getMonoid() == S->degree_monoid() stash *mi_stash; // for all of the nodes in all of the monomial ideals // Collected values from the matrix const Matrix *input_mat; // The input matrix ring_elem result_poincare; // The result poincare polynomial from components // 0..this_comp-1 int this_comp; int n_components; // If input_mat is not NULL, // this is the number of rows // The recursion stack is the following: hilb_step *current; // Statistics int nsteps; int depth; int maxdepth; int nideal; int nrecurse; // Some useful precomputed values ring_elem one; ring_elem minus_one; // Local variables that are allocated once and for all // extreme care is needed for their use! int *LOCAL_deg1; // An element of the degree monoid intarray LOCAL_vp; partition_table part_table; int step(); // Returns 0 when done void recurse(MonomialIdeal *&I, const int *pivot_vp); void do_ideal(MonomialIdeal *I); public: hilb_comp(const PolynomialRing *R, const Matrix *M); hilb_comp(const PolynomialRing *R, const MonomialIdeal *I); ~hilb_comp(); void reset(); void next_monideal(); int calc(int nsteps); int is_done() const; RingElement *value(); void stats() const; // static routines // If the coefficient in degree 'deg' is < 0, then // set an error, and return 0. The caller MUST check this. static int coeff_of(const RingElement *h, int deg); #if 0 // static int hilbertSeries(const Matrix *M, RingElement * &result); // // A return of 0 means that the result can be used. A non-zero return // // value means that the computation was interrupted, and so control should // // return to the user. #endif static RingElement /* or null */ *hilbertNumerator(const Matrix *M); /* This routine computes the numerator of the Hilbert series for coker leadterms(M), using the degrees of the rows of M. NULL is returned if the ring is not appropriate for computing Hilbert series, or the computation was interrupted. */ static RingElement *hilbertNumerator(const FreeModule *F); static RingElement /* or null */ *hilbertNumerator(const MonomialIdeal *I); /* This routine computes the numerator of the Hilbert series for coker I. NULL is returned if the ring is not appropriate for computing Hilbert series, or the computation was interrupted. */ }; #if 0 // class HilbertComputation // { // ring_elem hilbert(const MonomialIdeal *M); // // ring_elem hilbert(const MonomialTable *M); // // RingElement /* or null */ *hilbert(const Matrix *M); // // This one is pretty easy: loop through each component, // // make a monomial ideal, and compute its hilbert function, // // then multiply it by the degree of that row component. // // // }; // // class hilb_comp : public mutable_object // { // const PolynomialRing *S; // This is the base ring of the monomial ideal // const PolynomialRing *R; // This is the output degree ring. // const Monoid *M; // S->getMonoid() // const Monoid *D; // R->getMonoid() == S->degree_monoid() // // // Collected values from the matrix // const Matrix *input_mat; // The input matrix // ring_elem result_poincare; // The result poincare polynomial from components // // 0..this_comp-1 // int this_comp; // int n_components; // If input_mat is not NULL, // // this is the number of rows // // // The recursion stack is the following: // hilb_step *current; // // // Statistics // int nsteps; // int depth; // int maxdepth; // int nideal; // int nrecurse; // // // Some useful precomputed values // ring_elem one; // ring_elem minus_one; // // // Local variables that are allocated once and for all // // extreme care is needed for their use! // int *LOCAL_deg1; // An element of the degree monoid // intarray LOCAL_vp; // partition_table part_table; // // int step(); // Returns 0 when done // void recurse(MonomialIdeal * &I, const int *pivot_vp); // void do_ideal(MonomialIdeal * I); // // public: // hilb_comp(const PolynomialRing *R, const Matrix * M); // ~hilb_comp(); // // void reset(); // void next_monideal(); // int calc(int nsteps); // int is_done() const; // RingElement *value(); // void stats() const; // // // static routines // static int coeff_of(const RingElement *h, int deg); // // #if 0 // // static int hilbertSeries(const Matrix *M, RingElement * &result); // // // A return of 0 means that the result can be used. A non-zero return // // // value means that the computation was interrupted, and so control should // // // return to the user. // #endif // // static RingElement /* or null */ *hilbertNumerator(const Matrix *M); // /* This routine computes the numerator of the Hilbert series // for coker leadterms(M), using the degrees of the rows of M. // NULL is returned if the ring is not appropriate for // computing Hilbert series, or the computation was interrupted. */ // // // }; // // // // // class HilbertComputation // { // public: // HilbertComputation(const Ring *R, // VECTOR(int) &comp, // M2_arrayint wts); // // insert_generator(const int *m, int comp); // // RingElement /* or null */ * multDegreeHilbert(const FreeModule *F); // RingElement /* or null */ * hilbert(VECTOR(int) &comp); // // // The following routines all use the singly graded degree ring. // static RingElement /* or null */ * hilbert(const Ring *R, // VECTOR(exponents) &exps, // VECTOR(int) &comps, // VECTOR(int) &comp_degs, // M2_arrayint wts); // // static int codimension(const RingElement *hf); // static int coefficient(const RingElement *hf, int deg); // // Should this return (as an argument) an mpz_ptr instead? // static int degree(const RingElement *hf); // static int reduce_hilb_fcn(const RingElement *hf, RingElement *&result_hf); // // returns the codimension, and places hf/(1-t)^codim into result_hf. // // static RingElement /* or null */ * multDegreeHilbert(const Ring *R, // VECTOR(exponents) &exps, // VECTOR(int) &comps, // const FreeModule *F); // // // The following routines all use the singly graded degree ring. // static RingElement /* or null */ * hilbert(const Ring *R, // VECTOR(exponents) &exps, // VECTOR(int) &comps, // VECTOR(int) &comp_degs, // M2_arrayint wts); // // static int codimension(const RingElement *hf); // static int coefficient(const RingElement *hf, int deg); // // Should this return (as an argument) an mpz_ptr instead? // static int degree(const RingElement *hf); // static int reduce_hilb_fcn(const RingElement *hf, RingElement *&result_hf); // // returns the codimension, and places hf/(1-t)^codim into result_hf. // }; #endif #endif // Local Variables: // compile-command: "make -C $M2BUILDDIR/Macaulay2/e " // indent-tabs-mode: nil // End: | Low | [
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The Winslow Boy (disambiguation) The Winslow Boy may refer to: The Winslow Boy, a play by Terence Rattigan. The Winslow Boy (1948 film), a 1948 film based on the play, directed by Anthony Asquith The Winslow Boy (1999 film), a 1999 film based on the play, adapted and directed by David Mamet | Low | [
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James Fearon is on every international relations syllabus. He is a professor at Stanford and widely known for his research into conflict and war. He uses game theory to explain the outbreak of international conflict, and along with his colleague David Laitin he’s undertaken groundbreaking research into the structural factors that make the outbreak of civil war more likely. Fearon discusses his research and career path, which started in Kenya in the early 1980s and he eventually led to a PHD program at Berkeley where he studied under one of the great IR theorists of all time, Kenneth Waltz.This conversation is pretty laden with international relations theory, but I did my best to keep it accessible to non-experts as well. Even if you have just a passing interest in IR you will still gain a lot from this conversation. We start off with a conversation about Iraq and Syria, and end with a topic of particular interest to UN Dispatch readers: the problem of data quality around women and girls in the developing world. IR nerds will love this episode. As will anyone who craves a deeper understanding of the structural forces that drive peace and conflict. Subscribe on iTunes, Stitcher or get the app to listen later. | High | [
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The ALio Proto Board recently hit its Crowd Supply target, and with a pad layout that can accommodate chips (ICs) it should be useful board to get complex builds running quickly. There are variants compatible with Arduino and USB ports. ALio Lead Engineer (and AERD CEO) Arief Adha tells us, “Currently we are on production for first batch [of ALio boards, but] my next plans are to publish the files [for the boards]. ALio Proto Board for Raspberry Pi As Arief explains, “Since the board itself is fully open-source, we hope we can make rapid prototyping accessible for everyone who wants to prototype with SMD or PTH.” Arief even says, “All profit that we’ll get [from ALio], we will allocate to develop new open-source stuff.” The AERD team are still focused on producing the ALio boards, however, with Arief confirming that “ALio is a good candidate to include in the Digi-Key catalogue.” Keep an eye on digikey.co.uk if ALio looks useful for your next build. See also: Circuit starter guide: Everything you need to prototype, test, and build circuits with a Raspberry Pi computer Raspberry Pi simulator: Microsoft creates online tool for prototyping projects ProtoBoard review | Mid | [
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Prescription Drug Take-Back Day Set for Oct. 28 Montgomery County residents can safely dispose of expired, unwanted or unused prescriptions on from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 28, a day set aside as the 14th National Prescription Drug Take-Back Day. Residents are encouraged to bring in medications containing controlled substances but will accept any medications brought for disposal. All sites will take pills and medication patches of all kinds. If possible, prescription labels should be removed or personal information should be blacked out; however, pill bottles will still be accepted if the labels are attached. No questions will be asked. This is an opportunity to safely empty out a medicine cabinet of drugs that are no longer needed. The returned medications will be incinerated according to federal and state environmental guidelines. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, unused or expired medicines that are stored in home medicine cabinets can be the source of misuse, abuse, accidental poisonings and overdoses. Studies show that a majority of abused prescription drugs are obtained from family and friends, including from the home medicine cabinet. The drop-off sites will accept prescription drugs and over-the-counter medications only. Liquids, illicit drugs, needles, sharps and syringes cannot be accepted as part of the program. Police and other county law enforcement agencies will provide anonymous drop-off sites. Officers will staff collection boxes in the parking lots of the following facilities or in facility lobbies: Bethesda: 2nd District Police Station, 7359 Wisconsin Ave. Chevy Chase: Village of Friendship Heights, Community Center, 4433 S. Park Ave. Chevy Chase Village Police Station, 5906 Connecticut Ave. Damascus: Damascus Library, 9701 Main St. Gaithersburg: 6th District Police Station, 45A West Watkins Mill Road Gaithersburg Police Station, 14 Fulks Corner Ave. Asbury Methodist Village – Lobby of Hefner Bldg., 417 Russell Ave. Senior Living at Kentlands Manor, 217 Booth St., Kentlands Germantown: 5th District Police Station, 20000 Aircraft Drive Rockville: Rockville City Police/Montgomery County Sheriff’s, Rockville City Police Station, 2 W. Montgomery Avenue (Lobby of Rockville City Police building) Maryland State Police Rockville Barrack, 7915 Montrose Road Bender Jewish Community Center (JCC) of Greater Washington, 6125 Montrose Road Silver Spring: 3rd District Police Station, 1001 Milestone Drive Fire Station 1, 8110 Georgia Ave. Takoma Park: Takoma Park Police at Takoma Park City Building Lobby, 7500 Maple Ave. Wheaton: 4th District Police Station, 2300 Randolph Road Disposing of prescription drugs through a drug take-back day is the safest option. If it is safe to dispose of a drug by flushing it down a toilet, the drug label or prescription information will say so. Otherwise, unused drugs should not be poured down a sink or flushed for disposal. Drugs should not be thrown in the trash unless specific safety precautions for safe disposal are followed. The County’s Division of Solid Waste Services offers these suggestions: Crush pills or tablets. Place unwanted or expired medication into a plastic bag (with a seal) or other empty container with a lid to prevent liquid medications from leaking out. Mix with kitty litter, coffee grounds or sawdust. (Liquid medications can be solidified using kitty litter or sawdust.) Seal the bag or container. Put the container or bag containing the medication into your regular household trash. Remove the label with the patient’s name from the original medicine vial or bottle. Place the empty plastic vial or bottle into your blue county recycling bin. Empty aerosol inhalers can also be recycled in recycling bins. The event is organized by the Washington Division of the Drug Enforcement Administration, and is coordinated in our county by the county police and Substance Abuse Prevention Office in the county’s Department of Health and Human Services. Like this post? Sign up for our Daily Update here | Low | [
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South Florida Crime MIAMI (CBSMiami) – The man responsible for three deaths in a violent hit and run accident at Miami intersection in 2011 has pled guilty. Thursday, Cedric Williams pled guilty and received 20 years in jail followed by 10-years of probation. His plea came as jurors were deliberating a verdict at his trial. Williams also apologized to the families of the victims. A sentencing hearing was scheduled for February 6th. Williams, now 52, admitted to police that he was under the influence of alcohol while driving with an expired license and tag. He was trying to get away from a police car when he crashed into another vehicle in the intersection of NE 2nd Avenue and 82nd Street in January, 2011. Robert Wissler, 25, was behind the wheel of his Honda Civic when Williams, who was driving a van at a high rate of speed, plowed into him. After the crash witnesses told police they saw the driver of the van limp away into a neighborhood. Dean Wissler, Robert’s father, said his son had been on a date earlier in the night and that two of his passengers; Lindsey Ennis, 20 of Duluth, Ga., and Kayla Elizabeth Bain, of Putnam Station, NY, were visiting South Florida. All three were killed. The fourth person in the car, Robert Judd, 69, of North Miami Beach, who was riding in the front passenger seat, was taken to Jackson Memorial Hospital in critical condition. When Miami police went to William’s house, he refused to come out. Officers from Miami-Dade along with Miami police officers surrounded the home for several hours until his family members convinced Williams to surrender. In the house, Williams reportedly confessed to his mother that he did it, saying ‘it happened so fast’. During questioning by police, Williams again reportedly confessed to running a red light and slamming into the car. He allegedly told investigators he ran from the scene because he had been drinking and he knew he had been driving with a suspended license. | Low | [
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Outrage in Germany, and questions for police, after murder, rape of Jewish girl Roses cover the photo of the 14-year-old Susanna Maria Feldman killed in Wiesbaden, Germany, Friday, June 8, 2018. A young Iraqi man suspected in the rape and murder of a 14-year-old schoolgirl in western Germany has been arrested in his homeland. (Boris Roessler/dpa via AP) Outrage in Germany, and questions for police, after murder, rape of Jewish girl Efforts underway to have suspect in killing of Susanna Feldman sent back from Iraq to face trial; case raises fresh doubts about Berlin’s policy toward migrants By HUI MIN NEO 9 June 2018, 2:19 am BERLIN (AFP) — A failed Iraqi asylum seeker suspected of raping and murdering a teenage girl in Germany was arrested in Iraq overnight, German authorities said Friday, after his escape sparked outrage and raised questions over immigration and police failings. Ali Bashar, 20, who is believed to have strangled the Jewish 14-year-old Susanna Maria Feldman after sexually assaulting her, was “arrested by Kurdish authorities in northern Iraq at the request of German federal police,” said German Interior Minister Horst Seehofer. A senior Kurd security official who asked not to be named told AFP that Bashar had been “arrested very early at Arbil international airport” in the Kurdish-controlled region of northern Iraq. The arrest, as Bashar got off a plane, was due to “coordination between the Kurd and German security forces,” the official said. “Preparations have been made to have the suspect transferred as quickly as possible to face trial in Germany.” The arrest came after an outcry in Germany as police hunting the fugitive admitted that Bashar had fled with his family. They managed to fly out of Duesseldorf airport even though the names on their identity documents did not match those on their airline tickets, police said, adding that their identity was only checked against the photos on the papers. Bashar also turned out to have chalked up a long police record over his less than three years in Germany and should have been expelled months ago. “The government should beg for forgiveness from Susanna’s parents,” said the top-selling tabloid Bild. “The only thing that is worse than the murder of a child is the murder of a child by a criminal who should not have been in our country. “Crimes like these are explosive for our society because they are the bitter proof that this country does not have sufficient control over who is residing within our borders.” The newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung said “it is time to wonder how far the credibility of the government is being undermined when it is surrounded by so many absurdities”. Revealing that Feldman and her mother were members of the Jewish community, the Central Council of Jews in Germany urged a “swift and comprehensive” probe into the case and tough consequences for the perpetrator. Susanna Feldman, 14, a German Jewish schoolgirl, whose body was found buried on the outskirts of the western German city of Wiesbaden on June 6, 2018 (via Facebook) Protests planned The case puts renewed pressure on Chancellor Angela Merkel’s government over the decision to open Germany’s borders at the height of Europe’s refugee crisis in 2015, resulting in the arrival of more than a million asylum seekers over two years. Far-right party AfD, which had railed against asylum seekers, jumped in to push its point. “Susanna is a new victim of the egotistical and hypocritical welcoming policy of Chancellor Angela Merkel,” charged AfD chief Alice Weidel, who called for the German leader’s resignation. | Mid | [
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Crews got the call around 2 p.m. for a fire in the area near Richmond Street and Oak Lane. Initial reports from city firefighters on the scene were that the fire was slow-moving and about 5,000 square-feet in size, but stronger winds quickly caused the fire to spread, covering as many as 10 acres of land on the mountain. | Low | [
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First off, congratulations to Coach Marcus Arroyo on becoming the new head coach of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Rebels. Coach Arroyo has been an important contributor to Oregon’s resurgence, and his place among FBS head coaches has truly been earned. Whoever becomes the Oregon Ducks’ new offensive coordinator will undoubtedly benefit from the solid foundation that Coach Arroyo has helped build. My five candidates to become the next Ducks’ OC have the experience and ability to stack the hard-nosed ground game that Coach Mario Cristobal covets with another layer of creativity. Each of the candidates is innovative in their scheme. 1. Rich Rodriguez From Twitter Rich Rod is not being retained as the OC of the Ole Miss Rebels after the recent change at head coach. This could be the perfect time to bring him back to the West, an area he’s familiar with after coaching at the University of Arizona from 2012 to 2017. In Oregon, Chip Kelly is the coach who comes to mind when the term “spread option” is mentioned, but Coach Rodriguez is where that all started. His story about how he accidentally stumbled upon the zone read is football gold. A lot of coaches talk about tailoring their offense to their QB, but few have done so as successfully as Coach Rodriguez. His creativity and innovation could help propel Oregon further towards the ultimate goal of a national championship. The catch here is that Rodriguez might be a package deal with Coach Calvin Magee, with whom Rodriguez has worked since 2005. Coach Magee was Rodriguez’s OC at West Virginia, Michigan and Arizona. They most recently served together as co-OCs for Ole Miss. 2. Zak Hill From Twitter Coach Hill is currently the offensive coordinator for the Boise State Broncos. He employs a very physical offense that presents a multitude of looks. Before becoming the Broncos’ OC, Coach Hill helped engineer one of the best offenses at the FCS level for the Eastern Washington Eagles. Not only did Coach Hill have a hand in one of the FCS’s most dominant offenses, but he also coached some its best quarterbacks. One of those quarterbacks happens to be Oregon fan-favorite Vernon Adams. Hill’s ability to coach QBs and coordinate an offense at a very high level makes him an intriguing possibility for the Ducks. Could Coach Cristobal strike gold with a Boise State coordinator two years in a row? 3. Joe Brady From Twitter Coach Brady is definitely the coaching darling of college football this season, and I would be remiss if I did not put him on this list. The LSU Tigers’ offense instantly improved when they lured Coach Brady away from the New Orleans Saints to serve as their passing game coordinator, and the progression of Heisman-favorite Joe Burrow has been one of the most impressive stories of the year. Coach Brady may be attracted to Eugene based on the prospect of being the sole OC and play-caller for a program that is regaining its nationally elite status. He has not been a full time play-caller, but the word is that LSU has entrusted him to call their third down and redzone plays. If that’s correct, they have trusted his judgement in very important situations, and it has paid off for them in the form of the number-one seed in this year’s College Football Playoffs. Hill is a rising star in the coaching ranks, and the Ducks would make a big splash by pulling him away from the Tigers. 4. Cale Gundy From Twitter Coach Gundy is currently the offensive coordinator for the Oklahoma Sooners. The Sooners have finished as a top-five offense in each of Coach Gundy’s three seasons. In name, Coach Gundy’s offense is an air raid system, but in practice it utilizes an array of physical, gap-scheme runs, the kind of runs that are right up Coach Cristobal’s alley. It’s widely known that the Oklahama offense is Coach Lincoln Riley’s and that Coach Riley calls the plays on game day. I do not believe this means Coach Gundy cannot be an effective play-caller; if I did, he wouldn’t be on this list. Coach Gundy is tasked with a huge role in helping devise game plans for opponents. When Coach Scott Frost was named OC at Oregon he had never called plays, but he was trusted to carry on the work of the offensive minds he worked under. The same role could be extended to Coach Gundy. 5. Chip Long From Twitter Coach Long is the offensive coordinator for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he orchestrated a top-15 offense this past season. Before his two-year stint for the Irish, he served as Coach Mike Norvell’s OC at Memphis and, prior to that, as an assistant for the Arizona State Sun Devils. As a former Coach Norvell assistant, Long branches off from the same coaching tree that produced Coach Chad Morris, recently snatched up by Gus Malzahn to be the Auburn Tigers’ OC. Coach Long’s offense is an up-tempo scheme based heavily on a power run game. This is an offensive scheme that meshes well with the team identity Coach Cristobal has built in Eugene. As a young coordinator, Coach Long has proven himself at both of his stops. If he can be lured from a prestigious program like Notre Dame, he would certainly be a great hire. These are my five possible candidates to replace Coach Arroyo as the new Oregon Ducks offensive coordinator. Like anyone on this list? Have an option of your own? Coach Eric Boles Newark, OhioTop Photo by Kevin Cline Phil Anderson, the FishDuck.com Volunteer editor for this article, is a trial lawyer in Bend Oregon. | Mid | [
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Thursday, February 4, 2010 Oh bliss, it was so good to wake up this morning with my new owner fussing over me. But I sensed she seemed sad today. We went for a walk this morning as her flat doesn't have a backyard for me to play in. Along the way we stop as she chats with a friend who talks to me and gives me lots of pats (I didn't know what he said, but the pats were good!). I just couldn't stop that darned tail of mine from wagging and couldn't resist my urges to jump all over him, in an attempt to get more attention. It wasn't long after we got home when the same man came to visit, I got so excited I nearly wet myself. There was something about this person that made me feel good and I hoped he would visit again. But then something happened, he slipped a collar and leash on me and took me with him out the door.................................... | Low | [
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Stretchable electronics, an emerging class of modern electronic materials that can bend and stretch, have the potential to be used in a wide range of applications, including wearable electronics, "smart skins" and minimally invasive biomedical devices that can move with the body. Today's conventional inorganic electronic devices are brittle, and while they have a certain flexibility achieved using ultrathin layers of inorganic materials, these devices are either flexible, meaning they can be bent, or they are stretchable, containing a discrete LED chip interconnected with stretchable electrodes. But they lack "intrinsic stretchabilty," in which every part of the device is stretchable. Now, researchers at the UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science have demonstrated for the first time an intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting device. They developed a simple process to fabricate the transparent devices using single-walled carbon nanotube polymer composite electrodes. The interpenetrating networks of nanotubes and the polymer matrix in the surface layer of the composites lead to low sheet resistance, high transparency, high compliance and low surface roughness. The metal-free devices can be linearly stretched up to 45 percent and the composite electrodes can be reversibly stretched by up to 50 percent with little change in sheet resistance. Because the devices are fabricated by roll lamination of two composite electrodes that sandwich an emissive polymer layer, they uniquely combine mechanical robustness and the ability for large-strain deformation, due to the shape-memory property of the composite electrodes. This development will provide a new direction for the field of stretchable electronics. This research was recently published in the peer-reviewed journal Advanced Materials . Explore further UCLA engineers create new transparent electrodes for highly flexible electronics | High | [
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Many of them are old and frail. Most of them are friendly and compliant and all of them are doomed to die in prison. While half of Victoria's 5800 inmates are serving jail terms of less than one year, there are 10 who have stood in the Supreme Court dock to be told that no matter what they do or say, they will never be released. Hopelessly institutionalised, they are resigned to their fate, no longer looking for the miracle appeal or a legislative backflip. They have seen inmates come and go (one has seen seven prime ministers sworn in), watched as prison officers have been promoted or retired, and endured after visits have stopped because relatives have died or lost interest. Advertisement Between them they have committed 27 murders and have so far served 179 years of their life sentences. Prison officers say most of them are quiet and well behaved. The inmates know that bad behaviour will result in punishment and the violent and vicious now choose to meekly travel the path of least resistance. They are occasionally moved to a new division or even a new jail but most stay in protection, seeing the same faces and following the same routine day after day and year after year. Those who refer to prisons as luxurious motel-style facilities either have never been inside one or need to check Trip Advisor before booking their next holiday destination (a toilet seat would be nice). Prisons are bleak, boring and scary. Many of the inmates are depressed, hopelessly drug-dependent, evil, cross dressers or police informers, which means in jail-speak they are sad, mad, bad, drags or lags. Those who call for tougher conditions and jail terms fail to understand that the vast majority of prisoners will get out and, without meaningful rehabilitation, are likely to re-offend. It is not only civil libertarians and subeditors who call for shorter sentences. Many police and prosecutors privately say young offenders should be sent to jail only as a last resort, while career criminals should be treated severely. For the Bottom Ten, the Three Rs (reform, rehabilitation, release) are replaced with the Three Bs (boredom, brutality and barbed wire) and this is why. TWENTY years ago travelling salesman and church elder Robert Arthur Selby Lowe was sentenced to life with no minimum for the murder of Sheree Beasley, 6, who was abducted on June 26, 1991 near her Rosebud home. Her body was found in a drain on September 26 in Red Hill. Lowe, now 76, was a sexual predator who approached young girls in the street for 30 years, with most of his crimes going unreported. Stan Taylor was a part-time actor and full-time psychopath with a hatred of police, which is why his gang detonated a car bomb outside the Russell Street police station in 1986, killing policewoman Angela Taylor and injuring 22. He claimed that if he had a terminal disease he would strap on explosives and kill as many police as possible. He was all mouth, for when he was arrested he tried to cut a deal to become a police witness - but someone beat him to it. He is now 75 and in poor health. He is unlikely to be flooded with get-well cards. In August 1992, adventurer, lone sailor and unhinged thrill killer Ashley Mervyn Coulston answered an ad to share a rented house in Burwood. When he arrived he bound and shot Kerryn Henstridge, 22, Anne Smerdon, 22, and Peter Dempsey, 27. Some police still believe it was not his first murder. Raymond Edmunds might have got away with murder if he had kept his pants on. When his fingerprints were taken after his 1985 wilful exposure arrest they proved a match for the 1966 murders of Shepparton teenagers Garry Heywood and Abina Madill. His Pentridge escape attempt was foiled when he was found by a sniffer dog, which is hardly surprising given his nickname is Mr Stinky. He will turn 70 next week. Peter Norris Dupas was convicted of the murders of Nicole Patterson, Margaret Maher and Mersina Halvagis and is under investigation for the murder of 95-year-old Kathleen Downes. Dupas was imprisoned by his own demons long before he was jailed for life. Leslie Camilleri, 44, was sentenced to life sentence with no minimum over the 1997 murder of Bega schoolgirls Lauren Barry and Nichole Collins, and an irrelevant extra 28 years after he pleaded guilty last year to the 1992 abduction murder of Glenroy schoolgirl Prue Bird. Police have no doubt he killed Prue on the instructions of one of the Russell Street bombers to punish a witness in the case linked to the Bird family. But as he was already sentenced to life there is no incentive to tell the truth. He has shown no remorse and should be shown no pity. John Leslie Coombes, Leigh Robinson and Steven James Hunter had all killed before when they murdered again. There are some killers who reform and are released never to offend again. But these three - violent, unpredictable and obsessive - should not have been considered acceptable risks. All killed again and all chose women as their victims. Coombes killed twice in 1984 and after his release he strangled Rachael Betts in a Phillip Island home in 2009. Robinson, 66, killed Valerie Dunn, 17, in 1968 when she refused to go out with him and in 2008 he did the same thing to his then partner, Tracey Greenbury. Hunter fatally stabbed his supermarket work colleague Jacqueline Mathews when she refused to go out with him. Nearly 26 years later he stabbed and bashed Sarah Cafferkey to death. And then there is Paul Steven Haigh, who at the age of 21 killed six people, including a nine-year-old boy. Released from prison in September 1978 after serving three years of a five-year term, he killed a stranger in an aborted hold-up within two weeks. He killed two people in armed robberies, shot a fellow criminal, stabbed his girlfriend 157 times, shot a mother and then turned the gun on her son because the child was a potential witness. ''It takes no hero to murder. The most puny man in the world can pull a trigger. I always was, and still am, a coward,'' he said seven years later. Sitting with him in Pentridge more than 25 years ago, it was hard to reconcile the quietly spoken and obviously intelligent inmate with his bloody crimes. When I asked him why he had stabbed his girlfriend so many times he began miming the killing while explaining that his mind wandered and ''I lost count''. He said he was not ready for release but was confident that he could control his violent tendencies. He was being optimistic. A year later Julian Knight opened fire in Hoddle Street, killing seven people and injuring 19. This meant Haigh was no longer the inmate who had killed the most. In 1991, he helped kill fellow prisoner Donald George Hatherley. Haigh hanged Hatherley, 36, in his Pentridge cell, holding onto his legs and pulling down until he was dead. Haigh claimed he was helping Hatherley to commit suicide but he was convicted of murder for the seventh time. Justice Coldrey said Haigh took advantage of the death wish of an unstable and vulnerable man for his own fulfilment. Many in prison think Haigh committed the murder to equal Knight's ''record''. And there is one other, now serving his time in NSW. Bandali Debs was found guilty of the 1998 Moorabbin murders of Sergeant Gary Silk and Senior Constable Rod Miller. Later he was found guilty of killing teenager Kristy Harty and the Sydney murder of Donna Anne Hicks. It is easy to say his soul should rot in jail but that process was complete long before he was arrested. The ageing prison population is a growing problem. A recent concentration on cold-case sex crime cases means men in their 60s and 70s have been convicted of offences committed up to 30 years ago. The lifers have one advantage over other inmates. Prisoners earn a small allowance (usually around $40 a week), with 20 per cent being withheld for their release. But as these 10 won't be released they receive their full whack, which means they have around $8 extra to spend at the prison canteen. Which roughly equates to a Zooper Dooper icy pole (23¢), a tub of Vaseline ($2.73), a tin of anchovies ($2.78), Movietime Popcorn ($1.60) and a packet of noodles (65¢). It is a case of whatever gets you through the night - thousands of them. | Low | [
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Folded free radial forearm flap for reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the cheek. Full thickness defects of the cheek have been conventionally reconstructed using the folded forehead flap, cervical flap, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, or deltopectoral flap in various combinations. We report a modified technique of folding the radial forearm flap for reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the cheek. The free radial forearm flap is a type C fasciocutaneous flap based on the radial artery along with its vena commitans and superficial forearm vein. The size and shape of the flap are determined according to the dimensions of the surgical defect. The flap is then lifted off with the fascia of the forearm making it a fasciocutaneous flap, in which the radial artery lies deep to the fascia and gives numerous branches. The flap is disconnected from the donor site only after the recipient vessels have been prepared for anastomosis. Vascular anastomosis is then performed using the operating microscope. This technique was used in 13 patients with carcinoma of the buccal mucosa who underwent fill-thickness excision of the cheek. Flap edema was observed in 4 patients in the immediate post-operative period. Necrosis of the outer paddle was seen in 1 patient. Donor site morbidity was seen in 4 patients who required dressings on an outpatient basis for up to 3 weeks. Single-stage reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the cheek with the folded free radial forearm flap is reliable and produces excellent cosmesis with minimal donor site morbidity. | High | [
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Cellular immunity to intracellular bacteria. Great progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms bacteria use to invade, survive and move within eukaryotic cells. It is clear that bacteria have found ways to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways and the cytoskeleton to their advantage. To defend against prokaryotic invaders, the immune system has evolved mechanisms for the specific recognition of bacterial antigens. | High | [
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Every one of these highlights is reliant on the settings of the working framework and in this way are anything but difficult to manage.At Acer Tech support USA, The correct show dependably includes the correct settings Extraordinary compared to other things about Microsoft Windows working framework is its thoughtfulness regarding show settings. The alterations of these settings can be managed on any model of Acer PCs. However, before we dig into the settings gave by the working framework, we should investigate the highlights effectively show in the workstation Alter the Brightness 1 Press and hold down on the “Function” key 2 While you are holding down the key, utilize the bolt keys to alter the splendor settings 3 Get to the fitting settings and discharge the “Function ” key to spare the shine. Use the OS to change the show settings 1 Contextually get to the Display properties. 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With that in mind, a refresh may resolve the issue. 2 Contextually get to the “Customize” choice. 3 Go to the show settings – > Access the “Propelled settings” 4 Here, you would now be able to perform more many-sided setups. 5 On the “Intel Graphics” tab, tap on the “Driver” alternative. 6 Select “Refresh Driver” and the OS will start a programmed driver seek. There are an assortment of issues that can happen to the show screen of an Acer PC. The Acer Tech Support Number:+1-888-306-5155 recognized issue is the screen blurring or winding up too difficult to see. This can be rectified by altering the brilliance levels. Another regular issue includes inaccurate shading, which can be settled by changing the show shading settings. However another huge issue is the show solidifying or seeming anxious, which can be settled by refreshing the show driver. Playing out the above systems can understand a significant part of the show issues. In the event that the issues are somewhat more than you can deal with, get in touch with us for instant help . Our Acer Tech Support Number servicespecialists can without a doubt help you with this issue in the most ideal way that is available. Besides, if the show issues persevere, you may have some equipment issue and substitution may be your lone alternative. | Mid | [
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19 So.3d 1143 (2009) Bontarius MILTON, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee. No. 1D08-6357. District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District. October 14, 2009. *1144 Nancy A. Daniels, Public Defender, and Nada M. Carey, Assistant Public Defender, Tallahassee, for Appellant. Bill McCollum, Attorney General, and Anthony J. Golden, Assistant Attorney General, Tallahassee, for Appellee. BENTON, J. On direct appeal, Bontarius Milton asks us to overturn his conviction for possessing a firearm unlawfully, as a convicted felon. He argues the trial court erred when it denied his motion to keep from the jury the fact he had previously been convicted of a felony. We perceive no error in denial of the motion, and affirm the conviction. Before his trial for unlawful possession of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony, in violation of section 790.23(1)(a), Florida Statutes (2007), his counsel filed a motion in limine and offer of stipulation.[1] Through counsel, he requested that the trial court require the jury to determine only whether or not he possessed a firearm on October 18, 2007, the date possession was alleged. The state objected, however, and the trial court denied the motion in limine. At trial, the jury was told, "without further elaboration," that he had been convicted of a felony. Brown v. State, 719 So.2d 882, 889 (Fla.1998) (adopting rationale of Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 117 S.Ct. 644, 136 L.Ed.2d 574 (1997)). We reject the argument that even the unadorned fact that he had a prior felony conviction should have been kept from the jury becausehe maintainsletting *1145 the jury know served no purpose except to suggest a general propensity to commit crimes, concededly an impermissible purpose under section 90.404(2)(a), Florida Statutes (2007). In order to prove that he violated section 790.23(1)(a), Florida Statutes (2007), the state had the burden to prove a prior felony conviction. We conclude the trial court did not err in informing the jury of the stipulated fact of Mr. Milton's status as a convicted felon. Honoring the defense's request that the jury not be informed of an element of the charged offense would have resulted in the jury's being instructed on, and rendering a verdict as to, a nonexistent crime. See Syder v. State, 921 So.2d 871, 872 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (holding that in "the case of the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon" the "status of convicted felon is a necessary element of the offense charged"); United States v. Barker, 1 F.3d 957, 959 (9th Cir.1993), amended by 20 F.3d 365 (1994) (rejecting contention that an element of the crime should be removed from the jury's consideration, because it would prevent the government from having its case decided by the jury and change the nature of the crime charged); Johnson v. State, 842 So.2d 228, 230 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (rejecting argument that the trial court erred in informing the jury that the defendant, charged with failure to register as a sexual offender, was a sexual offender, not merely a "felony offender[ ]," because "the trial court is not precluded from giving a jury instruction that properly sets forth the elements of the crime," and the "sanitized" version of jury instructions requested was "not a correct instruction of the legal elements"). At least in the absence of the parties' agreement to the contrary, the "jury must ... be informed of ... each element, of the charged crime. See United States v. Gilliam, 994 F.2d 97, 101 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, [510] U.S. [927], 114 S.Ct. 335, 126 L.Ed.2d 280 (1993)." United States v. Fennell, 53 F.3d 1296, 1302 (D.C.Cir.1995), rev'd in part on other grounds, 77 F.3d 510 (D.C.Cir.1996). As appellant's counsel concedes, most of the courts considering the question have held the prosecution entitled to prove a defendant's status as a convicted felon in a felon-in-possession case, even when the element is undisputed, and have not sanctioned bifurcation of the trial. See Syder, 921 So.2d at 872-73. Accord United States v. Milton, 52 F.3d 78, 80-81 (4th Cir.1995); United States v. Jacobs, 44 F.3d 1219, 1223 (3d Cir.1995); United States v. Barker, 1 F.3d 957, 959 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Gilliam, 994 F.2d 97, 101-02 (2d Cir.1993); United States v. Birdsong, 982 F.2d 481, 482 (11th Cir.1993); United States v. Collamore, 868 F.2d 24, 27-28 (1st Cir.1989), overruled on other grounds, United States v. Tavares, 21 F.3d 1 (1st Cir.1994); United States v. Brinklow, 560 F.2d 1003, 1006 (10th Cir.1977). See also Arino v. State, 944 So.2d 1120, 1121 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (rejecting argument that trial court erred in refusing to bifurcate proceedings for defendant charged with driving as an habitual traffic offender while license revoked because a "bifurcated proceeding would have wrongly forced the state to try to prove a crime which it had not charged nor which was a lesser included offense of the crime charged," and holding that, because defendant's status as an habitual traffic offender was an essential element of the crime charged, "it was appropriate for the state to present evidence on this element" (citations omitted)). But see Minnesota v. Davidson, 351 N.W.2d 8, 12 (Minn.1984) (holding that because "the potential of the evidence for unfair prejudice clearly outweighed the relevance, if any, that the evidence had to other issues," the trial court should have granted the defendant's *1146 motion and should have "instructed the jury to the effect that defendant had stipulated that under Minnesota law he was not entitled to possess a pistol and that therefore the jury should direct its attention to the issue of whether or not the state had established beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the pistol, either actually or constructively"); People v. Hall, 28 Cal.3d 143, 167 Cal.Rptr. 844, 616 P.2d 826, 833 (1980) (holding that in a prosecution for possession of a concealable firearm by a convicted felon, "the element of a prior conviction of a felony may not be given to a jury if the accused stipulates to it"), superseded by Cal. Const., Art. I, § 28(f), as recognized in People v. Karis, 46 Cal.3d 612, 250 Cal.Rptr. 659, 758 P.2d 1189, 1204 n. 18 (1988). In any event, the defense did not request bifurcated proceedings below. Because he did not request bifurcation or otherwise preserve the point, Mr. Milton's reliance on decisions such as State v. Harbaugh, 754 So.2d 691 (Fla.2000) (felony driving under the influence), State v. Rodriguez, 575 So.2d 1262 (Fla.1991) (felony driving under the influence), and Smith v. State, 771 So.2d 1189 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000) (felony petit theft), which contemplate a bifurcated procedure in cases regarding proof of prior convictions as an element of a later crime,[2] is not warranted. See also Syder, 921 So.2d at 872 (rejecting entitlement to bifurcation in a felon-in-possession case and distinguishing Harbaugh and Smith on grounds that Harbaugh and Smith "permit bifurcation because in each bifurcated proceeding the state must first prove a statutory offense, either DUI or petit theft, and a jury must make a finding of guilt before the separate proceeding to prove the existence of the prior convictions.... In the case of the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, possession of a firearm by itself is not a criminal offense. The status of convicted felon is a necessary element of the offense charged."); Alaska v. McLaughlin, 860 P.2d 1270, 1278 n. 15 (Alaska Ct.App. 1993) (holding evidence of defendant's prior conviction admissible in prosecution for possession of a firearm by a previously convicted felon, but only in cases "in which the charged offense consists of conduct that is ordinarily lawful, [and] is rendered unlawful only because of the defendant's prior conviction of a felony," as opposed to cases in which a prior conviction "only ... enhance[s] the seriousness of the offense" that is "already independently unlawful"). Finally, Mr. Milton's suggestion, for the first time on appeal, that the trial court could have informed the jury simply that he was forbidden "by law" from carrying a firearm, and thereby have eliminated the danger that the jury might acquit because it believed he was being charged with non-criminal conduct, comes too late. See generally McLaughlin, 860 P.2d at 1275 ("As a purely practical matter, we think it highly questionable whether any useful purpose can be served by precluding proof of a prior conviction and instructing the jury that the defendant was prohibited by law, for some reason that cannot be disclosed, from possessing a firearm. For many jurorsthose with a modicum of awarenesssuch an instruction *1147 would simply be tantamount to being told that the defendant has previously been convicted of a felony." (footnote omitted)). He did not request such an instruction below, just as he did not request bifurcation. Affirmed. HAWKES, C.J., and HANKINSON, JAMES C., Associate Judge, concur. NOTES [1] The motion contained his offer to stipulate that he had previously been convicted of a felony, but requested that the jury not be informed that he was a convicted felon (or that he had been charged as a convicted felon), and that the state be precluded from introducing evidence of any prior conviction. [2] In State v. Harbaugh, 754 So.2d 691, 694, the Court said: "It follows then that felony DUI trials must be conducted before the jury in two stages because the concern remains about tainting the consideration of the current misdemeanor DUI with evidence concerning the past DUI." See also id. at n. 5 ("We recognize that Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.430 provides that `after the jurors have retired to consider their verdict the court shall not recall the jurors to hear additional evidence.' This rule does not apply to this bifurcated process, which contemplates two separate verdicts by the same jury."). | Mid | [
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Oceania Marathon and Half Marathon Championships The Oceania Marathon and Half Marathon Championships are an annual Road running competition organized by the Oceania Athletics Association (OAA) for athletes representing the countries of its member associations. They were established in 2008. Races are featured for male and female athletes. The event is held together with the Gold Coast Marathon. The first three open men and women Oceania athletes to finish the Marathon and Half Marathon will be presented with the Oceania Championship medals. Editions Results Complete results (beginning in 2009) can be found on the Gold Coast Marathon website. The results for 2008 were extracted from different websites. Men's Marathon Men's Half Marathon Women's Marathon Women's Half Marathon References Category:Marathons in Australia Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2008 Category:Sports competitions in Queensland Marathon | Mid | [
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Curriculum Bank Lesson searchable by grade and subject. Often include videos Gooru is a search engine for learning that allows you to explore and study over 2,600 standards-aligned and personalized study guides. Study guides cover 5th-12th grade math and science topics, and resources include digital textbooks, animations, instructor videos and more. All resources are vetted and organized by teachers or Gooru’s content experts, so you don’t have to sort through the mess of subpar educational resources available online yourself. Learn Zillions Math videos for grades 3-9. Created by teachers. Option to create playlists for individual students and assessments. Mathtrain.TVThese video math tutorials were created for students by students from Lincoln Middle School (Santa Monica, CA). Sixth graders have created nearly one hundred clips, most of them less than two minutes in run time. NuskoolThis is a site that uses pop culture as teaching moments for students. Tailored to grades 6th-12th students learn a variety of subjects such as: Math, Science, English, etc through educational lessons based on the different elements of pop culture (video games, sports, films, etc.). Math Liveis a neat mathematics website hosted byLearn Alberta. Math Live presents students with animated stories that teach mathematics lessons. In all there are twenty-three lessons for elementary school and middle school students. The lessons are divided into four categories; Number, Patterns and Relations, Shape and Space, Statistics and Probability. Each animated lesson is accompanied by a mathematics worksheet that students complete either while watching the lesson or after viewing the lesson. Each lesson is divided into sections and students can advance or rewind as needed. mySkillBoard is a nice new site for differentiating instruction. The way this is done is by an educator inputing student data into mySkillBoard and then being able to assess students through different visualizations. Also, an educator can align student skills to Common Core Standards and even use it on any mobile device. PBS Math Clubis a YouTube channel in which students can watch and interact with math videos. Each of the videos contains a series of math lessons and challenge activities. To complete a challenge students click on the video to answer questions. If they answer correctly, they move on to the next question. If they answer incorrectly students are shown another video clip that explains the correct answer. LearnBop- A great site for educators teaching Math in grades K-12 that tracks student progress and allows educators to differentiate instruction.Math Is Power 4 U. Math Is Power 4 U is a large collection of tutorial videos primarily covering topics found in middle school and high school math courses. The videos are short and direct. You could make very similar videos yourself, if you wanted to. The best aspect of Math Is Power 4 U is the searchable database of videos. The database, hosted by Phoenix College, makes it easy to quickly find a video explaining topics in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, and half a dozen other topics. MathsMastervideos on a range of topics. See videos about the basic four operations up to complex algebra graphs. Each video is presented in a slow, step by step,student friendly way. These videos are great as an introduction to a topic or forhome study. Plus Magazineis an internet magazine which aims to introduce readers to the beauty and the practical applications of mathematics. Plus provides articles and podcasts on any aspect of mathematics and it also features review of math books and well as challenging math puzzles. Knewton.The company believes its new, free online tutoring platform will radically transform how teachers personalize instruction. Knewton claims to offer automated, digital tutoring that responds to each student's needs. "We can take the combined data power of millions of students — all the people who are just like you — [who] had to learn a particular concept before, that you have to learn today — to find the best pieces of content, proven most effective for people just like you, and give that to you every single time," he says. Here's how it works: The platform presents video and a variety of written content and then asks multiple-choice questions. Based on student responses, and patterns of responses from other, similar students, the next piece of content is served up. ModMath ( app) is an adaptive program that improves math skills. The app lets you type math problems right onto the touch screen of an iPad rather than write them out long-hand. You can then solve the problems using the touch pad and print or e-mail the assignments all without ever picking up a pencil. Prodigy- A free online Math game aligned to Common Core Standards grades 1-6th. Best of all this game differentiates instruction and educators can track students' progress as well as generate detailed reports. Sports Science - Awesome collection of short videos that will engage kids in science and math from the people at ESPN.ScootPad is a math and reading practice platform for elementary grades (K-5). Self-paced and personalized practice on ScootPad keeps kids engaged & challenged. ScootPad is Free. Buzz Mathis the latest interactive math workbook which provides middle school students with immediate detailed feedback, examples, and motivation to allow them to progress at their own pace. Motion Math Gamesdesigns challenging math games to sharpen your kids mathematical wits. It also has a mobile version to install on your iPad. IXL - One of the most popular sites around for Math that allows for student tracking w/ detailed reporting. Also, w/ the ability to track student "trouble" areas a teacher can adjust their teaching to help meet the needs of their students. iPracticeMathis a site for educators or students looking to teach, learn, or reinforce their math skills. Geared towards K-12, iPracticeMath covers a wide variety of subjects such as: Geometry, Algebra, Fractions, etc. Also, iPM has an abundance of resources for educators/students to use such as: worksheets, problem walkthroughs, glossary, and more. Best of all a registered educator/parent can get detailed reporting and track student progres Exampl : Get unstuck with homework Get instant homework help with Exampl! Take a photo of your problem to get help from your peers. You can even annotate your question, add a voice note, and tag it with a specific subject, like Algebra. Once your question has been solved, you can help other students too! No more typing elaborate solutions when you help others. It takes another photo or annotation to help others. KnowRe is a site for learning Math. Students can learn at their own pace and earn rewards such as digital badges for accomplishments. A nice feature for teachers is that is is aligned to common core standards and teacher can track and get real-time results on student data.XtraMath Its goal is to develop effective, efficient, adaptive and intrinsically rewarding supplemental math activities and make them available for free. myMathUniverse (gr 5-8) site with videos to help students with math homework and challenge them with new problemsmyMathUniverse. Supports middle grades math program, digits, a curriculum written entirely to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) which leverages technology to personalize student learning and optimize class instructional time. Manga High, a collection of casual online math games developed using the Japanese manga style of animation Virtual Nerd, which lets students choose their own path through math content with step-by-step tutorials and a dynamic whiteboard Media 4 Math has a nice regular feature called Math in the News. Math in the News offers ideas for short mathematics lessons based on current news stories. TenMarks - A common core aligned program for Math (grades 1st-10th) that uses differentiated instruction to help students learn. Math Live presents students with animated stories that teach mathematics lessons. In all there are twenty-three lessons for elementary school and middle school students. The lessons are divided into four categories; Number, Patterns and Relations, Shape and Space, Statistics and Probability. Each animated lesson is accompanied by a mathematics worksheet that students complete either while watching the lesson or after viewing the lesson. Each lesson is divided into sections and students can advance or rewind as needed. Buzz Math is not a completely free to use tool, but they do have a free option that makes it worth checking out! Right now, you can subscribe one class for free for the school edition of Buzz Math. Buzz Math is intended for students in Middle School math. All of the activities are directly tied to Common Core Standards. You can assign activities based on a specific standard for the whole class, or just assign the activity to individual students. You get feedback immediately as students complete an activity so that you can plan instruction accordingly. These are not your typical math site activities (online multiple choice). Instead, each activity is a little different, highly engaging, and provides students with great feedback. Gummii - An innovative site (private alpha)/app for different areas of Math (fractions, addition, subtraction). Gummi immerses students into a educational 3D world (similar to Minecraft) where they solve mathematical equations tailored to differentiated instruction. 101 Questionson which he is sharing images and videos as prompts for developing math questions. TenMarksoffers a free online mathematics program designed to supplement your in-classroom mathematics instruction. The free TenMarks program covers materials for students in grades two through ten. In the program there are more than 2,000 video lessons available to students to view on demand. Teachers can use the TenMarks program to assign lessons and problems to individual students or to an entire class. Teachers can track the progress of individual students and the progress of an entire class. Yummy Math is a website designed for the purpose of sharing mathematics problems and scenarios based on things happening in the world today. For example, the activity for December 4th was based on Lebron James's return to Cleveland. Yummy Math lists activities chronologically as well as by mathematics subject area. Two mathematics teachers, Brian Marks and Leslie Lewis, developed Yummy Math and welcome suggestions from other mathematics teachers. Math PickleA nice site for locating videos and exercises appropriate for teaching a variety of mathematics concepts at a variety of grade levels. When you visit Math Pickle you can browse for videos by grade level. Once you've selected a grade level you can then refine your browsing to a particular concept. Each concept has a demonstration video and links to Keynote and Powerpoint files for teachers. Each concept also has links to PDF worksheets that you can download and print. MathVidsath videos about tough Math concepts starting with pre-algebra through high school math Desmos includes support for graphics, photos, math tools, and interactive lessons. You can create math lesson using the math tools, including graphing and equations. You can also the graphics program to create interactive diagrams where students can move the labels themselves. Math Open Reference is a free online reference for geometry teachers and students. It features animated and interactive drawings to demonstrate geometry terms and concepts. The table of contents is divided into four basic categories; plane geometry, coordinate geometry, solid geometry, and function explorer tools. Click on any subject in the first three categories to find definitions, examples, and interactive drawings. In the function explorer category users can select linear functions, quadratic functions, or cubic functions to explore how changes in variables affect the graphed output. Manipulatives Math Tool Chest- fun math interactives for any kid Useful for smartboards also PBS Learning Media has a free service called Learning Media. Resources include pictures, video and interactive materials from a robust library of high-quality digital content from PBS, and a growing list of other contributors including the National Archives, Library of Congress and NPR. There are research-based resources, including videos, interactives, images, audio files and lesson plans. You can view three resources. Then you have to create an account which is free. Can be filtered by grade level (Pre-K to 12+), subject (8), media type (document, audio, video, etc.), language (5) and accessibility (text, audio description, display transformation, etc). Audacity This site provides a nice set of maths tools for whiteboards. Whilemost whiteboard software have these tools, can you ever find themwhen you want them? Another benefit of this resource is that this will work on any Pattern Maker Looking for a way to help your students build their spatial sense? Pattern Maker – a special combination of art and geometry -- might be just the right tool for you. Students can flip, slide, turn, scale, and tessellate colorful objects, creating patterns of their own imagination or copying pre-selected patterns. Finishing a pattern triggers a brief question for the student to answer, based on the geometric techniques used and linked to key terms in a Shape Dictionary. Mangahighcreates exceptionally high-quality, game-based learning resources to help Primary and Secondary students reinforce their Mathematics skills in a way that is both fun and engaging. In addition to all the great resources, the service includes assessment and analytical tools that enable teachers to monitor the progress of individual students. Best of all, these activities also work great on the SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard. Calendar Clowns(gr. 1-3) Games teaches how to navigate a calendarRounding Master(gr. 2-5)Rounding off game in a Who Wants to be A Millionaire formatGarage Sale Wizard (gr 1-3) You play the role of a cranky old man trying to make a few bucks by selling his stuff at a garage sale. For each item, there will be three people vying for its purchase. Each person will offer a different amount of money. Count up the coins and click on the person who offers the best deal (the most money). Charts Graphmaster - Graph Master is a program is a one-of-a-kind program that allows students to create three different interactive, printable graphs on one screen based on data collected in a survey or poll of their classmates. What makes Graph Master so useful, however, is the fact that after students make their graphs, the program asks them eight multiple choice questions about their graphs using the inputted data. Hohli Online Charts Builderis a nice tool for creating a variety of charts for online display. Using the Hohli Online Charts Builder you can create bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, Venn diagrams, scatter plots, and radar charts. Your chart will be generated as you enter information so that you can see how each piece of information influences the chart. When you're satisfied with your chart just click on it to save it to your computer or to grab the embed code to use on your blog or website. Because the charts update as each new piece of data is added, students will be able to see how each data set they add affects their chart's display. Cacoo- Nice site for creating online charts and graphs with a built-in chat feature for collaboration. Plus Magazine is a free online publication dedicated to introducing readers to practical applications of mathematics. Plus Magazine strives to reach that goal through the publication of mathematics-related news articles, podcasts, and mathematics puzzles designed around "real-life" scenarios. Gooruis a service that aims to provide teachers and students with an extensive collection of videos, interactive displays, documents, diagrams, and quizzes for learning about topics in math and science. Access to hundreds of resources according to subject areas such as chemistry, biology, ecology, algebra, calculus, and more. Within each subject area you can look for resources according to media type such as video, interactive display, slides, text, and lesson plans. Dynamic Paper Need a pentagonal pyramid that's six inches tall? Or a number line that goes from 18 to 32 by 5's Or a set of pattern blocks where all shapes have one-inch sides? You can create all those things and more with the Dynamic Paper tool. Place the images you want, then export it as a PDF activity sheet for your students or as a JPEG image for use in other applications or on the web. Mathematics in Moviesis a website developed by Oliver Knill, a Harvard Mathematics professor. Mathematics in Movies is a collection of video clips from popular movies and television shows in which references to mathematics are made. One clip that I enjoyed comes from an episode of The Office in which Oscar tries to explain the concept of a budget surplus to Michael. Study Jams is a Scholastic website designed to help elementary school students learn and review math and science information through songs and videos. To use Study Jams students search for a topic in the math or science category. Each Study Jam offers a short tutorial on that topic in the form of a video, slideshow, or song. When there is a song available Study Jams provides a karaoke format for kids to sing along if they like. EaselAlgebra ilite - Easel combines interactive, hands-on algebra workbooks with instant "ShowMe" lessons. If you get stuck on a problem, just tap "ShowMe" and see a step-by-step animation of how to solve the problem. Algebra 4 All A social network dedicated to algebra teachers. At Algebra 4 All (A4A), teachers support one another in the practice of teaching algebra Math Open Reference is a free online reference for geometry teachers and students. Math Open Reference features animated and interactive drawings to demonstrate geometry terms and concepts. The table of contents on Math Open Reference is divided into four basic categories; plane geometry, coordinate geometry, solid geometry, and function explorer tools. | Mid | [
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During the 1890s McGraw was a star infielder for the Baltimore National League club. (Both the American and the National League Baltimore teams of this era were named the Orioles; neither team, however, was affiliated with the current American League Orioles, who took that name upon moving from St. Louis, Missouri, in 1954.) His .391 mark of 1899 remains the highest batting average attained by any major league third baseman. In 1901 McGraw was appointed manager of the Baltimore club in the new American League. In that first year McGraw bought the contract of African American player Charlie Grant from the Negro league Columbia Giants. Because of the segregation that existed in baseball, McGraw tried to pass Grant off as a Cherokee Indian. The ruse was unsuccessful, and the colour bar would not be breached until Branch Rickey signed Jackie Robinson in 1947. The attempt to sign Grant was typical of McGraw, who was always on the lookout for talent and was sometimes willing to bend the rules if it enabled his team to win. McGraw and American League president Ban Johnson had been in conflict for some time, and on July 19, 1902, McGraw returned to the National League as manager of the New York team. The enmity between McGraw and Johnson was so great that, when the Giants won the National League championship in 1904, they refused to play against the American League team in the newly organized World Series. Until McGraw’s retirement in June 1932, the Giants were generally the most feared team in the league. McGraw was a tyrant of a manger; he was abusive and difficult with umpires and put winning ahead of nearly all other considerations. His tactics succeeded, as the Giants won league championships in 1904, 1905, 1911–13, 1917, and 1921–24, taking World Series titles in 1905, 1921, and 1922. McGraw retired in 1932; in his 33 years of managing, his teams won 2,840 games, a total exceeded only by that of one other manager, Connie Mack. McGraw returned to baseball the year after his retirement to manage the National League team in the first All-Star game. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, in 1937. Learn More in these related articles: in baseball (sport) Nevertheless, the idea of black players in the major and minor leagues was not yet unthinkable. In 1901 John J. McGraw, manager of the Baltimore Orioles in the new American League, tried to sign a black second baseman named Charlie Grant by saying that he was a Native American named Tokohama, a member of the Cherokee tribe. The effort failed when rivals correctly identified Grant instead as a... ...home runs (which during this era were almost exclusively of the inside-the-park variety). Two managers were credited as the masters of the inside game and brought success to their respective teams: John J. McGraw, manager of the National League New York Giants (1902–32), and Connie Mack, manager of the American League Philadelphia Athletics (1901–50). The Giants soon entered into a less competitive period and only returned to the top of the NL with the hiring of manager John McGraw in the middle of the 1902 season. McGraw’s Giants won the NL pennant in his second full season with the team, but he refused to play the champion of the supposedly inferior American League, so the nascent official World Series was not held in 1904. The Giants won... Britannica Web sites (1873-1934), U.S. baseball player and manager. Known as Little Napoleon, John McGraw led the New York Giants to ten National League pennants and three championships as team manager from 1902 to 1932. Born on April 7, 1873, in Truxton, N.Y., he played for Baltimore during the 1890s. In 1899 he recorded the highest batting average ever attained by a third baseman-.391. He also played in St. Louis and New York, but he gained his chief fame as a manager. He won 2,784 games while managing the Giants, a record exceeded only by Connie Mack. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. (See also baseball.) | High | [
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The objectives of the work are to establish the role of ATP in synaptic neurotransmission and synaptic efficiency in the CNS. These studies will be conducted on hippocampal and striatal slices. We recently found a calcium-dependent release of ATP from presynaptic terminals following intense stimulation of Schaffer collaterals (Sch.coll.) in vitro. High frequency stimulation which evokes ATP release simultaneously induced permanent changes in the synaptic efficiency. This phenomenon, called long-term potentiation (LTP), is generally accepted as a good model for testing the properties of memory. Exogenous ATP applied to the hippocampal slices at the concentration observed in the release experiments(nM range) permanently enhanced synaptic efficiency. My hypothesis is that ATP release during intense stimulation triggers changes involved in LTP and may be related to memory formation. The present study will concentrate on two problems : A/further characterization of ATP release mechanism, and B/ the mechanism, through which ATP can potentiate synaptic response. I will determine if the synapses which use different transmitters and have different ability to show LTP (striatal neurons versus hippocampal neurons), release ATP in a similar way. In order to better characterize the metabolism of release ATP, inhibitors and antibody towards ecto-Ca2+- ATPase (the main enzyme responsible for the ATP breakdown in the extracellular space) will be used. In addition, biochemical studies will be conducted to determine if biochemical events observed after electrically evoked LTP evoked potentiation. These studies will be correlated with electrophysiological recordings. The calcium accumulation, release and uptake of endogenous glutamate will be evaluated in the slices incubated with different ATP concentrations. Kinase C regulated by products of phosphoinositol hydrolysis is according to current concepts, a key enzyme engaged in LTP. A suggestion that released ATP can induce LTP by modifying the kinase C activity will be tested. The effect of ATP on synaptic potentials will help find the role of ATP in molecular mechanism of synaptic plasticity and memory. | High | [
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The Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board on Wednesday revoked the badge of a former Scottsdale police officer who bragged about having taught a suspect a lesson by "face planting" him to the ground after forcing his way into the suspect's home. Nicholas A. Young lost his Arizona peace-officer certification, which means he can no longer work as an officer in Arizona. According to Scottsdale police internal affairs documents obtained by The Arizona Republic, allegations of unlawful/improper entry, poor judgment, failure to report and integrity violation were made against Officer Young. According to the documents, in August 2008, Young responded to a shoplifting call. He went to the home of the suspect and was invited in. A short time later, the suspect asked Young to leave. Young left, but continued to question the suspect outside the front door. The suspect demanded Young leave and began to close his front door. Young forced the door open with either his arm or shoulder, re-entered the home and chased down the subject and forced him to the floor, the documents said. Young told internal-affairs investigators in November that he was trying to prevent the suspect from using a weapon against him. But the report states that Young used poor judgment by not requesting a back-up officer, which is department protocol. Young also failed to document his actions and tell his supervisor how he entered the home. Young also sent typed messages to a department call taker where he bragged about having taught the suspect a lesson by "face planting" him to the ground. When Young was interviewed by investigators in November, he said that he'd told his supervisor about how he'd entered the home. His supervisor testified that she wasn't told. Interviewed in January, when he was presented with the contradiction, Young admitted that he had lied in his previous interview by saying that he'd informed his supervisor of how he entered the home and misled his supervisor. Young resigned from the Scottsdale Police Department in February. | Mid | [
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8. Let a be i(5). Suppose 3*t - 75 = 2*f, a*t + 0*t = -2*f - 50. Let q = -25 - f. Solve -2*d - 5*y = -6*d - 28, 12 = 4*d + q*y for d. -2 Suppose 21 = -4*n - 5*t, -4*n - 2 = -4*t + 10. Let f(o) = o**3 + 4*o**2 - 3*o - 9. Let s be f(n). Solve z - 4*z + 2 = 4*r, -9 = -s*z + 3*r for z. 2 Suppose 4*j = 2*j + 4*z - 38, 4*j + z + 58 = 0. Let l = 8 + j. Let a(h) = h**2 + 7*h. Let v be a(l). Solve 2*r + 5 = r, v = -2*y + 3*r + 15 for y. 0 Let w = 421 + -290. Suppose 122 = 4*z + 2*r, 3*z - r - w = -z. Let i be z/(-10)*20/(-8). Solve -1 = -m - 2*m + 2*a, -4*a = i for m. -1 Let h(r) = 13*r + 707. Let y be h(-54). Solve -d + y*c + 17 = 0, -2*d + 6 = -5*d - 4*c for d. 2 Let h(u) = -u**3 - 18*u**2 + 402*u - 28. Let w be h(-31). Solve -w*y - 33 = -5*t - 22, -4*y = -t - 8 for t. 4 Suppose 24*r = 11*r - 26*r. Solve -6 = 3*a + g - r, -3*a + 6 = 5*g for a. -3 Let y = -2 - -6. Suppose 10 = 2*z + 4*a - y, -2*z - 22 = -5*a. Let c be ((-5)/(-2))/(z/(-20)). Solve -2*l = -2 - 8, 5*l - c = 5*q for q. -5 Suppose 4*x = -3*m - 3, x - 3*m - 8 = -2*m. Solve -4*u = 16, -x*g + 13 = -2*g - 2*u for g. 5 Suppose -66 + 144 = 6*z. Solve -k - 5*n + 10 + z = 0, -4*n = -2*k - 24 for k. -2 Let p(q) = 8*q - 424. Let f be p(54). Solve -j + 6 = 3*o - f*o, -10 = o + 2*j for o. -2 Let o be (2 + 12)/(-1 - -2). Suppose 1 + 97 = 49*k. Solve g + 3*c + o = -3*g, 2*g = -4*c - k for g. -5 Let o = 19 - -4. Suppose -4*u - 3*z = 2*z - o, 3*u - 15 = -3*z. Let h be (-2)/(u - (-24)/(-9)). Solve 2*w - 5*w + 12 = -h*p, 3*p = 4*w - 17 for p. 1 Let k(o) be the first derivative of o**3/3 + 21*o**2/2 - 19*o + 8. Let t be k(-22). Solve c + 32 = -4*z - t*c, 2*z = 4*c + 8 for z. -4 Suppose 0 = 6*s + 166 - 184. Solve -s*y + 3 = 4*v - 5, -3*y = 0 for v. 2 Let m = 5 + -5. Suppose n - 1 - 1 = m. Let r(b) = -b + 8. Let q be r(n). Solve 0 = k + 5*h + 10, 2*k - 4*h - 16 = q for k. 5 Suppose -2*f - b = -3*f + 2, 3*f - 2*b - 4 = 0. Suppose -6*l = -7*l - 38. Let p = 41 + l. Solve f*k = p*n - 4*k + 15, -3 = -k for n. -1 Let g = -167 - -168. Let t(v) be the third derivative of 19*v**4/24 + v**3/6 + v**2. Let j be t(g). Solve 2 = -n + 3*l, -5*n + 10*l = 5*l + j for n. -5 Let f = 18 + -9. Let c be (f/(-18))/((-1)/(-198)). Let r be (-22)/c + (-61)/(-9). Solve -3*p + 6 = 3*i, r = -p + 2*i - 0*i for p. -1 Suppose -32 = -28*x + 20*x. Solve p = z - 8, 0 = x*z - 3*p + 2*p - 20 for z. 4 Let m be 3/((-9)/(-30))*(-1)/(-2). Solve m*n = 5*x - 10, -24 + 9 = -3*n - 4*x for n. 1 Let p be ((-3)/(-4))/((-111)/(-296)). Solve 5*a + 15 = -k, -3 = p*a - k + 3 for a. -3 Let z(v) be the first derivative of -v**2 - 3*v + 2. Let o be z(-11). Suppose -12 = -6*a + 6. Solve 3*t + 3*i - 5*i = -o, 0 = t - a*i + 18 for t. -3 Suppose -4*d - 4*f - 7 = -3*d, 2*f = 2*d - 36. Solve -b - 30 = 4*b - 4*a, -4*b = -a + d for b. -2 Suppose 0 = 5*y - 5*a - 5, -5*y - a + 1 = -4. Suppose 4 = 25*q - 29*q. Let i be (-20)/(-20)*(q - -2). Solve 5*j - l - 4 - i = 0, y = j + l for j. 1 Suppose 2*w = 3*w - 10. Let h = -11 - -14. Suppose -z + h = -0*z. Solve g + 5 = 0, f + 2*g + z = -w for f. -3 Let w be ((-70)/8 + 8)*(-4 - 0). Solve w*r + 6 = 2*g, 2*g + 10*r + 6 = 7*r for g. 0 Let w(p) = 2*p + 7. Let u be w(-4). Let x be (3 + (u - 4))*-4. Let r be (-15)/(-10)*x/6. Solve 0 = r*l + 4*v - 18, -15 = 5*l - 10*l + 5*v for l. 5 Suppose -2*y = -0*y - 4. Let j(v) = v**3 + 8*v**2 + 5*v - 4. Let l be j(-7). Suppose 6 + l = 4*b. Solve y*r + 2*u + 9 = r, -b*u = 16 for r. -1 Let q(t) = -15*t**2 - 23*t - 3. Let n(v) = 5*v**2 + 8*v + 1. Let b(y) = -17*n(y) - 6*q(y). Let p be b(-1). Solve 2*u = s - 9, -u = 3*s - p*u - 18 for s. 3 Let a be 2/3 + (-6)/9. Suppose 0 = -p - 3*i + 41 - 25, p - 19 = -4*i. Solve -4*g - 3*r - 31 = 0, a = 2*r - p + 17 for g. -4 Let u(i) = 49*i - 388. Let t be u(8). Solve -3*o - 2 + 1 = 4*d, -7 = -3*o + t*d for o. 1 Let f(o) = -7*o**2 + 49*o + 5. Let g be f(7). Solve 0 = g*v + 2*t - 4*t - 12, 8 = 2*t for v. 4 Let b be 7 + (-21)/(-7) - 7. Solve b*v - 3*g = -0*g, -3*g = 15 for v. -5 Let c = 13 + -26. Let f = c - -18. Suppose -f*t = 36 - 196. Solve 6 = -2*g + o - 0, 4*g + 3*o = -t for g. -5 Let w = 155 + -152. Suppose 0 = -3*c - w*c + 18. Solve -c*y + 5*g = -6, y - g + 2 = 4 for y. 2 Let n(p) = -p + 37. Let k be n(-23). Let o = k + -41. Solve 3*w + 31 = 4*r, -r = -2*r + 3*w + o for r. 4 Let a = -2 + 3. Let m be ((-2)/3)/((-9)/27). Solve -4*r + 5 = r, -5*r + a = m*y for y. -2 Let i be 0/(35/5)*(-1)/2. Solve 2*u + h - 8 = i, 6*h - 6 = 5*u + 2*h for u. 2 Suppose 3*m - 1 = 11. Suppose -4*y - 28 = -5*g, -y + m - 22 = -4*g. Solve -g*h = -3*s + 32, -5*h + 2*s = -2*h + 23 for h. -5 Suppose -129*p = -137*p + 40. Solve -4*i = b + i - 12, p*b = 5*i for b. 2 Suppose -122*z + 5 = 5. Solve 11 = u + 4*l - 2, u - 3*l + 8 = z for u. 1 Let r = 1 - -4. Let d(x) = -x**2 + 2*x - 22. Let m be d(6). Let a = -31 - m. Solve 0*g - 2*g - a = -s, 2*s + r = -3*g for g. -5 Suppose -4*h - 5*y = -92, -92 = -7*h + 4*h + 2*y. Let z = h - 17. Solve -3*s - 9 = 3*l, -2*l - 3*s = -0*l + z for l. 2 Let x be (28/6)/(-1*(-2)/3). Solve -3*n + 8 = 5*c, -x*c + 4*n + 24 = -5*c for c. 4 Let m be (115/15 + -9)*(-9)/(-2). Let q(v) = -v**2 - 5*v + 5. Let h be q(-6). Let j be ((-2)/m)/(h/(-9)). Solve 0 = 5*d - 2*s + 11, 5*s - 8 - 4 = -j*d for d. -1 Let t = -51 - -51. Suppose 3*r - r - 2*c = t, -r = 5*c - 30. Solve 0*f + 3*y + 10 = 5*f, 0 = -f + r*y + 24 for f. -1 Let o(d) be the third derivative of d**6/20 - d**5/30 + d**4/24 - 2*d**2. Let i be o(1). Solve 4*v - 5*h + 20 = 0, 2*v - h + i = v for v. -5 Suppose z = 5*q - 64 + 43, -4*z + 6 = -2*q. Solve -z*s = c - 0*s - 6, -3*s + 1 = -c for c. 2 Let o be 2*-1*7/(-35)*5. Solve -3*s = 3*j - 15, -o*s + 15 = s + 5*j for s. 5 Let j be 2 - 6/(-6) - -1. Solve -j*t - 2*i + 18 = 0, -2*t - 8*i + 4*i + 12 = 0 for t. 4 Suppose -20*w + 6 = -18*w. Let z(s) = s**2 - 3*s + 8. Let b be z(w). Solve -3*l + b*l + 4*c + 8 = 0, l - c + 7 = 0 for l. -4 Suppose 5*z + 35 = 5*u, -6*z = -2*u - 8*z + 6. Solve 0 = -3*i + 3*p, 5*i + u*p = 26 + 24 for i. 5 Suppose -4*c - 77 = n, 2*c + 4*n - 8*n = -52. Let f = 24 + c. Solve -3*g + f = 5*t + 19, 4*g = -t - 20 for g. -5 Let t(q) = -3*q. Let s be t(1). Let p = s + 6. Solve 0 = -f + 3, a = -8*f + p*f + 15 for a. 0 Let u = -414 - -418. Solve 2*c + 1 + 9 = -u*l, -3*l = 3*c + 15 for c. -5 Let g be 164/246*(7 + -1). Solve 2*w + 4 = -g*d, -2*d = 4*w - 8 - 2 for d. -3 Suppose -6*z + z - r = -1, -3*r + 3 = -3*z. Solve 2*c = -2*i - c, -i - 5*c - 7 = z for i. 3 Suppose -5*m = -5*g + 55, 2*m = -7 + 17. Solve 0 = 3*f - 5*n - g, -n = 3*f - 6 + 2 for f. 2 Let z be 275/99 - 2/(-9). Solve 4*y = i - 12, y + i = -0*y - z for y. -3 Let b(u) = -u**2 - 7*u - 8. Suppose -34 = -4*m - 46. Let l be b(m). Solve -4*p - l*z + 2*z + 20 = 0, 13 = 3*p + z for p. 3 Suppose 20*c = 36 + 24. Solve -u + 0*u + 8 = -c*z, -5*u = 3*z + 14 for u. -1 Let b(l) = 5*l - 10. Suppose 0 = -5*x + 5*s - 15, s + 2*s - 10 = 2*x. Let g be -1 + (4 - (x - 1)). Let q be b(g). Solve -y = j + q, 3 - 2 = 3*j - 5*y for j. -3 Suppose 0 = -0*d - 3*d + 9, 0 = -a - 4*d + 17. Suppose i - a = -2. Let b be (0 + -6 + i)*-1. Solve -3*r + 1 = 4*o + 26, -18 = b*o + 2*r for o. -4 Let i be -5*1*(3 - 38/10). Solve 4*y + 5*w = 37, -i*w = 2*y + w - 31 for y. 3 Suppose 3*u = -5*c + 2*u - 10, -5*c + 5 = -2*u. Let k be (-95)/38*(-3 - c). Solve z = k*m + 23, m + 13 = z + 2*z for z. 3 Let n = -39 - -40. Let f = 4 - n. Solve -4*p = -y + 10, 2*p + 25 = -5*y - f*p for y. -2 Suppose 5 = -5*k + 20. Suppose -k*g + 0 = -12. Solve -2*b - g*l - 2 = 6, -5*b - 6 = 3*l for b. 0 Let g(y) = -2*y**2 + 12*y + 2. Let i be g(6). Let k = i + -1. Solve -o = -d + k, -2 = -2*d + 7*d + 2*o for d. 0 Let c(j) = -j**2 + j. Let h be c(-4). Let n be 6/33 - h/11. Let a = n + 2. Solve 3 - 5 = -a*z + 5*u, 5*u = -2*z - 14 for z. -2 Suppose 0 = 71*v - 328 - 240. Solve 5 = -5*k - 7*s + v*s, -2*k = -s - 1 for k. -2 Suppose 4*t + j = 2 + 19, -t + 1 = -4*j. Solve -u + 0*u + q = 1, u - 11 = -t*q for u. 1 Let i(w) = 5*w + 10 - w - 15. Let q be i(4). Let k(m) = 8*m**3 + m**2 - 3*m + 1. Let h be k(1). Solve h + 4 = 3*t - 4*x, -x = 2*t - q for t. 5 Let m be (1 - 17)*(-3 - 3 - -5). Let f = 18 - m. Solve -f*y + 26 = -2*x - 6*y, -5*y + 5 = -5*x for x. -5 Suppose 0 = -20*t + 60*t - 280. Suppose f - 3 = 1. Suppose 5 = f*z - t. Solve 0 = -g - 2*s + 9, -z*g + 14 = -5*g + 4*s for g | Low | [
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In the medical field, doctors display medical images obtained by imaging patients on monitors, interpret the displayed medical images, and observe the states of lesions and their changes over time. Medical image data of this type are generated by, for example, CR (Computed Radiography) apparatus, CT (Computed Tomography) apparatus, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) apparatus, PET (Positron Emission Tomography) apparatus, SPECT image (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), and ultrasound apparatus (US: Ultrasound System). With the aim of reducing the load of such interpretation on a doctor, an apparatus has been developed that detects, for example, an abnormal tumor shadow indicating a cancer or the like or a high-density minute calcification shadow from a medical image, and infers and presents the state of the shadow by computer processing, thereby supporting diagnosis. Such a support can reduce the load of interpretation on a doctor and improve the accuracy of an interpretation result. Such an apparatus is called a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) apparatus. In general, the following is a proper procedure when using such a CAD in an actual clinical case. First of all, the doctor interprets medical images first, and then refers to the diagnosis support information output from the CAD to compare it with the interpretation result obtained by himself/herself. In this operation, more specifically, the doctor associates finding information on an interpretation report, which the doctor has written by himself/herself, with finding information of the diagnosis support information calculated by the CAD to find an oversight, a detection error, a difference in finding, and the like. If, however, the CAD presents no grounds on which to infer the diagnosis support information, the doctor cannot determine whether the inference result obtained by the CAD is reliable or not. When the interpretation result obtained by the doctor differs from the result obtained by the CAD, in particular, it is important to determine the reliability of the inference result. It is therefore necessary to provide a mechanism for presenting grounds on which the CAD system infers diagnosis support information. With regard to this, patent reference 1 discloses a technique of superimposing and displaying a marker indicating an abnormal shadow candidate and information supporting the determination of abnormality on a medical image. In addition, patent reference 2 discloses a technique of displaying features and criteria used for computer-aided detection as coded descriptors on an image. According to patent references 1 and 2 described above, it is possible to more accurately decide the types of abnormal shadow candidates by presenting the user the grounds of inference with respect to detected abnormal shadows. | High | [
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Q: Parsing XML with namespaces into a dataframe I have the following simpplified XML: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <soap:Envelope xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:soap="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope"> <soap:Body> <ReadResponse xmlns="ABCDEFG.com"> <ReadResult> <Value> <Alias>x1</Alias> <Timestamp>2013-11-11T00:00:00</Timestamp> <Val>113</Val> <Duration>5000</Duration> <Quality>128</Quality> </Value> <Value> <Alias>x1</Alias> <Timestamp>2014-11-11T00:02:00</Timestamp> <Val>110</Val> <Duration>5000</Duration> <Quality>128</Quality> </Value> <Value> <Alias>x2</Alias> <Timestamp>2013-11-11T00:00:00</Timestamp> <Val>101</Val> <Duration>5000</Duration> <Quality>128</Quality> </Value> <Value> <Alias>x2</Alias> <Timestamp>2014-11-11T00:02:00</Timestamp> <Val>122</Val> <Duration>5000</Duration> <Quality>128</Quality> </Value> </ReadResult> </ReadResponse> </soap:Body> </soap:Envelope> and would like to parse it into a dataframe with the following structure (keeping some of the tags and discarding the rest): Timestamp x1 x2 2013-11-11T00:00:00 113 101 2014-11-11T00:02:00 110 122 The problem is since the XML file includes namespaces, I don't know how to proceed. I have gone through several tutorials (e.g., https://docs.python.org/2/library/pyexpat.html) and questions (e.g., How to open this XML file to create dataframe in Python? and Parsing XML with namespace in Python via 'ElementTree') but none of them have helped/worked. I appreciate if anyone can help me sorting this out. A: Here is an example on how to parse an xml using lxml and xpaths: from lxml import etree namespaces = {'abc': "ABCDEFG.com"} xmltree = etree.fromstring(xml_string) items = xmltree.xpath('//abc:Alias/text()', namespaces=namespaces) print items | High | [
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The eldest daughter of the German actor Klaus Kinski has claimed she was sexually abused by him when she was a child. In an interview, Pola Kinski said her father, best known as the lead actor in films by the director Werner Herzog, repeatedly raped her over a 14-year period. "He [Klaus Kinski] started touching me and kissing me with an open mouth when I was quite small, around five or six years old," she told Stern magazine in an interview published on Thursday, ahead of the publication of her autobiography in Germany next week. Twenty years after his death the self-taught actor who became something of a German legend, is unable to answer the claims. But his daughter said that having spent years living in fear that no one would believe her she had finally decided to break her silence. Pola Kinski, 60, lives in Germany and is also an actor. She said she suffered years of physical and verbal abuse at the hands of her father whose behaviour she said was often threatening. "As a child I always had to keep my mouth shut because he was always threatening me. And I was dependent on him, on his affection." She added that her father had told her his behaviour was quite natural. "[He said] all over the world fathers do the same thing with their daughters." In her book Kindermund, or Child's Mouth, Pola Kinski goes into graphic detail of the alleged abuse by her father who died of a heart attack in 1991. She describes how torn she felt between wanting to please him and wanting to reject his advances. "Feelings of guilt torture me," she said. "That I disappointed him, that I ever let him do it. I cry unrestrainedly. "I've written a book about it because I can no longer bear the fact that a person whose halo gets bigger from year to year is being glorified in this way." She said she resented the fact that her father was increasingly hailed as an acting genius. "That's why I wanted to create a very clear picture of who this person really was," she said. She told the magazine that she had never been able to watch any of her father's films in which he typically played tyrants, criminals and outlaws. "When I did catch a glimpse of one I always thought: 'he's precisely like he is at home'," she said. "Whether people believe me or not, I was the one who experienced it," she continued. "It is the truth". She added that she had not spoken about it to her half-sister, the actor Nastassja Kinski, who lives in the US, because they were not in contact. An agent for her half-brother, Nikolai Kinski, also an actor and based in Berlin, said he did not want to comment on the allegations. Pola Kinski said she broke off all contact with her father when she was 19. When he died she felt no emotion, she told Stern. "When he died my mother [the singer Gislinde Kühlbeck], told me on the telephone and I felt nothing, neither a sense of sadness nor hate." She said she hoped her book would help other victims of abuse gather the courage to tell their stories. "In one way or another it's as if you've been given a life-long prison sentence," Kinski added. | Mid | [
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import { RouteConfig } from 'vue-router'; import RouteUpgrade from './upgrade.vue' export const routeUpgrade: RouteConfig = { path: '/upgrade', component: RouteUpgrade, }; | Mid | [
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Q: NetBeans constantly adds JacksonJsonProvider to my JAX-RS ApplicationConfig class NetBeans (7.3.1 Build 201306052037) is constantly adding the following lines to my JAX-RS ApplicationConfig class. I don't want these lines added so how do I tell it to stop? // following code can be used to customize Jersey 1.x JSON provider: try { Class jacksonProvider = Class.forName("org.codehaus.jackson.jaxrs.JacksonJsonProvider"); resources.add(jacksonProvider); } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) { java.util.logging.Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName()).log(java.util.logging.Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } A: This is a bug in Netbeans' webservice plugin (see this thread). It will be fixed in version 7.4 of the IDE. | Mid | [
0.602122015915119,
28.375,
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/*========================================================================= pause.h Author: PKG Created: Project: Spongebob Purpose: Copyright (c) 2001 Climax Development Ltd ===========================================================================*/ #ifndef __GAME_PAUSE_H__ #define __GAME_PAUSE_H__ /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- Includes -------- */ /* Std Lib ------- */ /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- Tyepdefs && Defines ------------------- */ /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- Structure defintions -------------------- */ class CPauseMenu { public: void init(); void shutdown(); void select(); void unselect(); void think(int _frames); void render(); int isActive(); private: typedef enum { STATE__MAIN_MENU, STATE__CONFIRM_QUIT, } STATE; enum { RESPONSE__WAITING, RESPONSE__CONTINUE, RESPONSE__QUIT, RESPONSE__CONFIRM_QUIT_YES, RESPONSE__CONFIRM_QUIT_NO, }; void renderLives(); int m_active; int m_SpeechPlaying; int m_padDebounce; int m_responseFlag; int m_vibrationChangeFlag; int m_vibrationState; STATE m_currentState; class CGUIControlFrame *m_pauseGuiFrame; class CGUIControlFrame *m_confirmQuitGuiFrame; class CGUIObject *m_vibGUIOption; class FontBank *m_fontBank; }; /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- Globals ------- */ /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- Functions --------- */ /*---------------------------------------------------------------------- */ #endif /* __GAME_PAUSE_H__ */ /*=========================================================================== end */ | Low | [
0.526901669758812,
35.5,
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As a fan of Lip who would have loved to see in Smash Bros as a playable character, I'm thankful to see you represent the Mii of her as, well, her! It's also pleasing to see amongst the smash characters here; a glimpse into a world where she was playable... and where alternative swimsuit outfits were available for the characters.Now naturally Lip's inclusion is my favourite part of this drawing and you've done a great job of drawing her. Her hair is nicely shaded, the little blush lines on her face are cute and her swimsuit attire is fittingly adorable. By extension, I like seeing her doing well in this battle; a health sapping flower atop each of the characters heads.Villager's design being based off the Animal Crossing movie is a nice touch and Lucina position conveys some nice dynamic movement. Inkling is another highlight of this drawing though as her swimsuit looks great, with the white squid kind of resembling a skull that seems to go hand-in-hand with her broad and mischievous grin. The splashing waves on at the bottom are also a neat touch and the plain background does well to evoke a swimming pool look whilst being unobstructive. Overall, a fantastic drawing!P.S. - By the way, I'm assuming your Current Request/Commissions isn't quite up to date but is that true? I've wanted to request and/or commission drawings from you for a couple years but have held off on it due to how it always looked like you were busy with a lot of drawings to work on. | Mid | [
0.639798488664987,
31.75,
17.875
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A review of gastrointestinal manifestations of Brucellosis. Brucellosis is hyperendemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) with more than 8,000 cases reported each year to the public health authorities. The disease can affect almost any organ system in the body including the gastrointestinal system. In some instances, gastrointestinal manifestations may be the only presenting features of the disease. These range from milder complaints like diarrhea, vomiting to more serious complications like involvement of the liver, the spleen and the gallbladder to rarely life-threatening complications like colitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis and intestinal obstruction. Recognition of this type of presentation of brucellosis is important because early diagnosis and treatment usually result in complete recovery without complications. | High | [
0.6666666666666661,
33,
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Comparative effectiveness research (CER) holds significant promise to improve health care quality. Nevertheless, it faces some significant methodological challenges in fulfilling this promise. Ongoing research addresses some of these challenges. However, the current CER framework does not directly meet the stated goal of CER, i.e., identifying "which interventions are most effective for which patient under specific circumstances." To do so requires a shift of research paradigm from estimating population average treatment effects to estimating individual treatment effects. We propose to move the field of CER toward individualized CER (iCER) and directly address the need of clinicians and patients at the clinical decision point. The potential use for iCER is most prominent for chronic illnesses, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), that have significant heterogeneous treatment responses. Despite of 50 years of experience with many treatment options for MDD, information on their relative effectiveness for individual patients is still lacking. Guided by the goal of CER, we will conceptualize an iCER statistical modeling framework in mental health research. Our methodology is grounded in research on time-varying covariates and dynamic discrete choice models with longitudinal data;and it is conceptualized using the potential outcomes causal inference framework. Specifically, our models will (1) incorporate multiple treatment options and the patient's treatment preferences, (2) allow individual unobserved heterogeneity, and (3) generate practically useful predictive measures of benefits and harms of treatment alternatives at the individual level. We will develop models for continuous, discrete, and time-to-event outcomes. Empirically, we will use the NIMH funded Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial and the AHRQ supported Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data to evaluate our methods. We will incorporate the typical features of mental health intervention studies and observational studies, such as multiple outcomes, nonrandom dropout, censoring, missing item-responses and self-selection. By anticipating potential complications in model building we will maximize the usefulness of our framework. Ultimately, our research aims at generating useful input information for clinical decisions. We envision using parameters estimated from our models to improve the flexibility and individuality of computerized decision support tools in the future. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The completion of the proposed work will individualize comparative effectiveness research (CER). It will assist clinicians in making decisions based on the best evidence that incorporates the patient's preferences and balances benefits and harms. The new methods will also increase the usefulness of existing evidence from the traditional CER and thus significantly increase the return on investment by NIH. | High | [
0.7471264367816091,
32.5,
11
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Q: Break if statement in python i have mistake with my python code. There's mini game about guessing code. i want to break if statements and make else statement (activated when i guess wrong letter).Here's the code. Return and break function outputs: "return/break function outside the loop". Please, modify the code :D ` import time print('Oto jest gra, w której musisz odgadnąć kod! Kod ma 4 litery!') decyzja = input('Chcesz grać? T/N\n') if decyzja == "t" or "T": one = input('Wpisz 1 litere\n') if one == "k": two = input('Wpisz 2 Litere\n') if two == "u": three = input('Wpisz 3 litere\n') if three == "b": four = input('Ostatnia!\n') if four == "a": time.sleep(2) print('Zgadles kod!!!') ` A: Try this (it's better to use a function): import time def numguess(myinput): if decyzja.lower() == "t": one = input('Wpisz 1 litere\n') else: return False if one == "k": two = input('Wpisz 2 Litere\n') else: return False if two == "u": three = input('Wpisz 3 litere\n') else: return False if three == "b": four = input('Ostatnia!\n') else: return False if four == "a": time.sleep(2) print('Zgadles kod!!!') else: return False print('Oto jest gra, w której musisz odgadnąć kod! Kod ma 4 litery!') decyzja = input('Chcesz grać? T/N\n') numguess(decyzja) | Mid | [
0.649874055415617,
32.25,
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Make an outdoor roaming range for your bunny Michele Borboa, MS is a freelance writer and editor specializing in health, fitness, food, lifestyle, and pets. Michele is a health and wellness expert, personal chef, cookbook author, and pet-lover based in Bozeman, Montana. She is also... Fresh air fun for your rabbit When spring arrives with its sunny warm weather, it's only natural to want to spend more time outdoors. This is true for you, and it is especially true for pets. Even though experts recommend that rabbits be kept primarily indoors where they are safe, here's how you can make an outdoor roaming range for your bunny to get some fresh air and exercise Fresh-air fun for your rabbit When spring arrives with its sunny warm weather, it's only natural to want to spend more time outdoors. This is true for you, and it is especially true for pets. Even though experts recommend that rabbits be kept primarily indoors where they are safe, here's how you can make an outdoor roaming range for your bunny to get some fresh air and exercise Rabbits require supervision The family pup may be just fine outside in the yard for hours, but your bunny needs someone to look after her. Lori Morton-Feazell, Director of Animal Care, Education and Compliance at Petco, says, "Pet rabbits should never be kept outside or left unattended because there are several dangers such as temperature, other animals, or even people." That doesn't mean you can't let your bunny roam, it just means that you need to ensure her safety. Safety from predators Rabbits are gentle creatures that fall in the prey category. Dogs, cats, and wild animals can kill your bunny, making safety the primary consideration in an outdoor roaming range. An enclosed pen can keep rabbits from being easy prey, but they still need your attention to protect them from aggressive animals. Further, make sure your yard keeps predators at a distance since rabbits can literally have a heart attack from the stress of a predator being too close. In addition, Morton-Feazell says, "Ensure that the area is free of pesticides and other hazards that could hurt your rabbit." Protection against the elements Assess your backyard for an area that will protect your rabbit from the weather. Make sure the pen is located where the rabbit always has access to shade. This is especially important in hot weather since rabbits don't sweat and need cool water, ventilation, and shade in order to cool down. In the winter, make sure you place extra bedding so your rabbit can stay warm. Rabbits also burn more calories in cold weather, so place extra food in the pen, too. Make the roaming range Since the point of the roaming range is for your bunny to get some exercise, make it large enough that she can move freely. If you plan to be with your bunny while she is outside, you can get by with a wire pen, but understand that this means constant supervision. Not only does a basic wire pen offer little protection, rabbits can easily dig underneath and escape. Build a pen that has a wire or solid bottom, and cover it with straw to make it comfortable. Bunny care Your rabbit needs ready access to water, food, and toys. Consider a water bottle over a water bowl, which can easily get tipped over. Give your bunny fresh food every day and throw out old food. And don't forget the toys. "Rabbits love to play with toys, so offer them a variety of things to choose from," says Morton-Feazell. She recommends products like Peter's Hay Tumbler for Rabbits to keep her occupied. | Mid | [
0.585585585585585,
32.5,
23
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Q: ListView.setSelectionFromTop() not working I have a ListView populated by a string-array. I want to select an item dynamically but .setSelection(1) and .setSelectionFromTop(1,100) does not work. list.setSelection(2); Log.i(TAG, "my pos: "+ list.getSelectedItemPosition()); This traces out "my pos: -1" Does anyone have any ideas? A: setSelection() and getSelectedItemPosition() refer to two different things. "Selection" refers to the first visible row, as in getFirstVisiblePosition(). "Selected" refers to a selected View, as in View#setSelected(). Which one do you want? | Low | [
0.530343007915567,
25.125,
22.25
] |
Chronic kidney disease in small animals. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects multiple body systems and presents with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Proper application of conservative medical management can profoundly affect the clinical course of CKD. Diagnosis and management is facilitated by staging CKD and applying therapies that are appropriate for the patient's stage of CKD. Therapy and follow-up of CKD are described, with emphasis on stage-based therapy to ameliorate clinical signs and slow progression. | High | [
0.702412868632707,
32.75,
13.875
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The Pet Studio Friday, September 14, 2012 PETA gets naked... and watches a kitten die. We've all seen the "I'd rather go naked than wear fur" campaign launched by PETA. It's a campaign with a great message, stop wearing tortured animal carcass for fashion. The message (not the organization) is absolutely a message that I support. Unfortunately, the rest of the PETA organization is much more covered up than their ever popular campaign. SAPA works to promote pets like Rolo. In fact, just this month, PETA has made a personal attack on a small organization in central Texas. Their claim... this organization is SAVING TOO MANY ANIMALS! Well, okay, so they didn't actually say it out loud (they do want to keep those donations rolling in), but their point is clear. PETA is threatened by yet another successful No Kill organization making changes in a high-kill community. San Antonio Pets Alive was founded under the umbrella of the amazing Austin Pets Alive, who in just a few years has saved the lives of over 10,700 animals in the Austin community. The majority of these animals were saved directly from the Kill-List of area animal shelters.In 2004, the city of San Antonio showcased a sad 95% kill rate within their city-run shelter. Now, as SAPA steps in and is offering support along with the animal loving community in and around San Antonio, the save rate is nearing 60%. There is still plenty of room for improvement, but as the foster program and awareness grows, great things are starting to happen for San Antonio's community pets. With the huge increase in life-saving statistics, animal lovers all over the country are celebrating the success of this small organization! San Antonio, TX is 55% safer for community pets now than they were 8 years ago! Yay! Things can only go up from here and I believe that San Antonio will soon be rivaling Austin in the number of animals that head out the shelter doors alive and on their way to a new home! In just 9 months, SAPA has rescued 4000 pets from the city shelter!So, what's up with PETA? Why are they whining and making up lies? Why are they even involved in San Antonio's success? PETA is a Virginia based organization that boasts one of the highest kill rates in the country. (95% in 2011) Why are they sticking their noses into San Antonio's business? Most important... why are they trying to get in the way of SAPA as they continue to make improvements for San Antonio's community pets? Well, it's all about their own sad statistics. PETA raises millions of dollars every year from unsuspecting donors thinking that they are helping animals by sending off their hard-earned dollars. In reality, PETA has killed over 90% of the animals that they have gotten their hands on in the last 5 years and over 70% in the 5 years before that. Now, if all these other organizations (especially ones that don't even have even 1/10th of the funding that PETA boasts) start saving lives, donors are going to start getting suspicious! So what do they do? PETA claims cruelty. They claim that saving lives is in fact worse than killing. PETA advocates death. SAPA saves lives like the orphaned kitten shown here.PETA advocates killing kittens because they 'might' die anyway.Who do you want to donate to?? Among the many lies that PETA is spreading about SAPA, one in particular really got to me. PETA claims that SAPA is allowing sick kittens to just die without medical care. This is false. SAPA does pull sick kittens from San Antonio's shelter? Yes, absolutely, they do pull sick kittens. Shelters are dangerous places for a kitten's young immune system, so there are many kittens that get sick in shelters. There are even kittens that die after being exposed to shelter-spread disease. It happens in every shelter despite even the best precautions being taken. So, some of the kittens that are pulled by SAPA have been sick. Knowing that there is a possibility for sickness, SAPA has taken it upon themselves not only to provide medical care for these babies, but to post life-saving protocols (as well as Veterinarian information in case of emergency) for kittens that do start to 'fade' while they are in the care of volunteers. This protocol has about a 50% chance of reviving the kitten. An 'undercover PETA supporter' posed as a volunteer for SAPA and videotaped as a kitten 'faded' and died. Without trying to revive the kitten, without alerting another SAPA volunteer, without flinching, this undercover 'volunteer' videotaped as a kitten dies in front of the video camera. All I can say is WTF?? What the f* PETA??? How can you advertise yourself as supporters of animals when you just sit back and watch a helpless kitten die? How can you bash an organization that is saving orphaned babies from a high-kill shelter when you yourself threw the body of a 6 month old, perfectly healthy (until you killed him) Dalmatian puppy in a dumpster? I am truly disturbed not only by PETA as an organization, but by this sad, sick individual that stood by and did nothing for this helpless kitten. I am saddened that PETA 'supporters' so desparately want to make PETA happy, they watch an innocent baby die and videotape it in hopes that it turns people away from the No Kill Movement. This proves once again how against saving lives the PETA organization truly is. With each Life-Saving organization PETA bashes, they are losing their cover. PETA is no longer able to hide behind their naked celebrities and faux-message. People are beginning to see right down to the flesh of this organization, which, sadly belongs mostly to the thousands of animals that lay dead in the Virginia landfill. | Low | [
0.520430107526881,
30.25,
27.875
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Q: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Failed resolution Failed resolution of: Lcom/google/android/gms/common/internal/zzab; I am following a tutorial (link) to upload images to Firebase database but am getting the below error. I rechecked the gradle dependencies and also enabled multidex support but error still remains java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Failed resolution of: Lcom/google/android/gms/common/internal/zzab; at com.google.firebase.storage.FirebaseStorage.getInstance(Unknown Source) at com.paperwrrk.android.storageref.MainActivity.<init>(MainActivity.java:36) at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Native Method) at android.app.Instrumentation.newActivity(Instrumentation.java:1068) at android.app.ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2351) at android.app.ActivityThread.handleLaunchActivity(ActivityThread.java:2510) at android.app.ActivityThread.-wrap11(ActivityThread.java) at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1363) at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102) at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148) at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5461) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method) at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:726) at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:616) at de.robv.android.xposed.XposedBridge.main(XposedBridge.java:102) Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: Didn't find class "com.google.android.gms.common.internal.zzab" on path: DexPathList[[dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-tubesock-0.0.11_74622aa9da17bf60443b34c100000d076f6631ba-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-support-annotations-25.0.0_416ca7aea2b0e15fba678c97c0d71c330758ffee-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_9-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_8-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_7-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_6-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_5-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_4-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_3-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_2-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_1-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-slice_0-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-jackson-databind-2.2.2_169f7b55dddecf9b169deccb0ac50ee124eda962-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-jackson-core-2.2.2_3ae6e87b0280ab52f712dfb927e3401fe25aa21c-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-jackson-annotations-2.2.2_dd21f43a23482b41eb5ed094fcce68c90eeb0ffd-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-internal_impl-25.0.0_e8156948d2eb9e5ed0b41cc1f9f830e7838bb3b5-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-internal_impl-25.0.0_9056040795c4cf170b00cbf021bf976514542498-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-internal_impl-25.0.0_79b2045e82b81d2f064515f884990a3d2a9f29af-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-internal_impl-25.0.0_2879b3ac18601405060244958a8db64bdb3655f9-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-internal_impl-25.0.0_1ce40cec84eadc9153f026cb869c8b1760c8461a-classes.dex", dex file "/data/data/com.paperwrrk.android.storageref/files/instant-run/dex/slice-firebase-client-jvm-2.3.1_764f8006 Gradle.app apply plugin: 'com.android.application' android { compileSdkVersion 25 buildToolsVersion "24.0.3" defaultConfig { applicationId "com.paperwrrk.android.storageref" minSdkVersion 18 targetSdkVersion 25 versionCode 1 versionName "1.0" testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" multiDexEnabled true } buildTypes { release { minifyEnabled false proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro' } } packagingOptions { exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE' exclude 'META-INF/LICENSE-FIREBASE.txt' exclude 'META-INF/NOTICE' } } dependencies { compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar']) androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', { exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations' }) compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:25.0.0' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:10.0.0' testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12' compile 'com.firebase:firebase-client-android:2.3.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:9.2.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:9.2.1' compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0' } apply plugin: 'com.google.gms.google-services' Please tell what I'm doing wrong here! A: now here is the problem, you are using different versions in dependencies of gradle So change this compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:10.0.0' testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12' compile 'com.firebase:firebase-client-android:2.3.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:9.2.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:9.2.1' compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0' to this compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database:10.0.1' testCompile 'junit:junit:4.12' compile 'com.firebase:firebase-client-android:2.3.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-auth:10.0.1' compile 'com.google.firebase:firebase-storage:10.0.1' compile 'com.android.support:multidex:1.0.0' one more thing is that now com.firebae:firebase-client-android is deprecated so you need to replace it with com.google.firebase:firebase-database:10.0.1 and here is the documentation for that https://firebase.google.com/support/guides/firebase-android | Low | [
0.493734335839598,
24.625,
25.25
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1907 Detroit Tigers season The 1907 Detroit Tigers won the American League pennant with a record of 92–58, but lost to the Chicago Cubs in the 1907 World Series, four games to none (with one tie). The season was their 7th since they entered the American League in 1901. Offseason In March 1907, Detroit manager Hughie Jennings actually offered Ty Cobb to the Cleveland Naps in exchange for Elmer Flick. The Naps refused the deal. Regular season Season summary The 1907 season was the first year the Tigers won the American League pennant. Their 1907 record of 92–58 was the team's best record to that point. Led by Ty Cobb, who led the American League in batting average (Cobb's first batting crown), RBIs, and slugging percentage, and Sam Crawford, who led the league in runs scored and extra base hits, they scored 89 more runs than any other team in the American League and outscored their opponents 694 to 532. They finished 1½ games ahead of the A's. The 1907 Tigers' winning percentage ranks as the 9th best in team history, as follows: The players Catchers: Boss Schmidt and Fred Payne Catching duties were split between Boss Schmidt (67 games), Fred Payne (46 games), and Jimmy Archer (17 games). Schmidt hit .244 in 1907. As a young man, Schmidt worked in the coal mines and was a skilled brawler who fought an exhibition match with the heavyweight champion, Jack Johnson. Schmidt also beat Ty Cobb in at least two fights. In the second fight, Schmidt knocked Cobb unconscious but admired Cobb's resiliency, and the two became friends until Schmidt's death in 1932. Schmidt never wore shinguards and could force nails into the floor with his bare fists. Infield: Rossman, Downs, O'Leary, Coughlin, and Schaefer First baseman Claude Rossman played for the Tigers from 1907 to 1909. In 1907, Rossman hit .277 and had 69 RBIs—third most on the team after Cobb and Crawford. Rossman had a peculiar emotional quirk where he sometimes froze and could not throw the ball when he became excited. Runners would lead off first to draw a throw from the pitcher, then run to second when Rossman froze. He was 28 when he played his last major league game and died at age 46 in a New York hospital for the insane where he had been a patient for several years. Red Downs and Germany Schaefer platooned at the second base position for the Tigers in 1907 and 1908. Downs hit .219 in 1907 with 42 RBIs and 28 runs scored. In March 1932, Downs and another man robbed a jewelry store at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. Downs was convicted of first-degree robbery and sentenced to five years to life. He was paroled after 3½ years and returned to Iowa. Germany Schaefer was a backup second baseman and utility infielder for the 1907 Tigers. He played 74 games at second base, 18 at shortstop, and 14 at third base. Schaefer is remembered more for his antics than for his performance on the field, including trying to steal first base (from second base) and, coming to bat in the rain with a raincoat and boots (to persuade the umpire to call the games). Schaefer was a pioneer of baseball clowning, and his vaudeville act with teammate Charley O'Leary was inspiration for the MGM musical film "Take Me Out To The Ball Game" starring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra. In 1919, a little over a year after Schaefer played his last game, he died at age 42 of tuberculosis at the sanitarium in Saranac Lake, New York. Charley O'Leary was Detroit's starting shortstop from 1904 to 1907. In 1907, he hit .241 and scored 61 runs. On September 30, 1934, O'Leary pinch hit for the St. Louis Browns at age 51 and became one of the oldest players to collect a hit and score a run. Third baseman Bill Coughlin, known as "Scranton Bill", was named team captain in 1907 and 1908. He was a light-hitting defensive player, who never hit higher than .252 for the Tigers. His 232 putouts in 1901 is the 8th highest single season total in history by a major league third baseman. He is also one of the few MLB players to have stolen 2nd base, 3rd base and home in a single game. Coughlin was also the maestro of the hidden ball trick. Although no known comprehensive list is known to exist of all times when the hidden ball trick has worked, Coughlin reportedly pulled it off seven times (and at three different positions) – more than any other player in MLB history. In Game 2 of the 1907 World Series, Coughlin caught Jimmy Slagle with a hidden ball trick, the only one in World Series history. Outfield: Cobb, Crawford and Jones 1907 was Ty Cobb's first season as an every-day starter. He won his first batting crown with a .350 average and led the American League in RBIs (119), slugging percentage (.468), hits (212), total bases (283), stolen bases (49), and runs created (106). Right fielder Sam Crawford, known as "Wahoo Sam", was one of the greatest sluggers of the deadball era and still holds the major league records for triples in a career (309) and for inside-the-park home runs in a season (12) and a career (51). He finished his career with 2,961 hits and a .309 batting average. Crawford was among the AL leaders in hits, RBIs, extra base hits, slugging percentage, and total bases every year for twelve consecutive years from 1905 to 1915. In 1907, Crawford finished second in the AL in batting average (.323) behind Cobb, and led the league in runs scored (102) and extra base hits. Davy Jones played for the Tigers from 1906 to 1912. With Cobb and Crawford solidly entrenched in the outfield, Jones was forced to battle for the third outfield spot with Matty McIntyre each year from 1906 to 1910. As a speedy leadoff man, he was a reliable run scorer with Cobb and Crawford following him in the lineup. Jones' speed also made him a fine outfielder, with tremendous range In 1907, he finished second in the AL with 101 runs. In his three World Series for the Tigers, Jones played in 18 games, had a .357 on-base percentage, scored 8 runs, and had a home run in the 1909 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Pitching: Mullin, Killian, Siever, and Donovan "Wild Bill" Donovan was the Tigers ace in 1907 with a 25–4 record—the best win percentage in Tigers' team history. On May 7, 1906, Donovan stole second base, third base, and home on the front end of a double steal and also hit a triple in the same game. In June 1923, Donovan died in a train wreck. Ed Killian led the team (and was 2nd in the AL) with a 1.78 ERA and compiled a 25–13 record. As of the end of the 2009 season, Killian's career ERA of 2.38 is the 26th-best in MLB history. Killian also holds the record for fewest home runs allowed, giving up only 9 in his entire career. At one point, Killian pitched a record 1001 innings (from September 1903 – August 1907) without allowing a home run. George Mullin won 20 games in 1907, but he also lost 20 games. His ERA of 2.59 was the highest among the four Detroit starting pitchers. Mullin holds the Detroit Tigers franchise record for innings pitched (in a career and in a season) and has the second most wins in the team's history. He also pitched the team's first no-hitter; had five 20-win seasons (including a league-leading 29 wins in 1909; twice hit over .310 as a batter); and ranks 7th in major league history for fielding assists by a pitcher. The fourth Tiger starter was Ed Siever who had a 2.16 ERA in 1907 with a record of 18–11. Siever's Adjusted ERA+ of 191 for the 1902 Tigers is the second-best (after Hal Newhouser) in Tigers franchise history for a pitcher with more than 150 innings pitched. (See Detroit Tigers award winners and league leaders) Ironically, Siever won fewer games in 1902 than he did any other full season he played. Player/Manager Hughie Jennings Hughie "Ee-yah" Jennings led the Tigers to three consecutive American League pennants, in 1907–08–09. Jennings continued to manage the Tigers through the 1920 season, though his team never won another pennant. During his years as Detroit's manager, Jennings became famous for his antics, mostly in the third base coaching box, which variously included shouts of "Ee-Yah", and other whoops, whistles, horns, gyrations, jigs, and grass-plucking. The "Ee-Yah" whoop became his trademark and was accompanied with waves of both arms over his head and a sharp raising of his right knee. In 1907, he was suspended for taunting opponents with a tin whistle. The "Ee-Yah" shouts continued and became such a trademark that Jennings became known as Hughie "Ee-Yah" Jennings, and Detroit fans would shout "Ee-Yah" when Jennings would appear on the field. (See also Jack Smile, Ee-yah: The Life And Times Of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall Of Famer) Behind the antics was a great coaching mind. Connie Mack called Jennings one of the three greatest managers in history, along with John McGraw and Joe McCarthy. Season highlights September 27: The Tigers beat the A's, 5–4‚ to take over first place. September 30: The Tigers and A's, battling for the pennant, play to a 17-inning 9–9 tie in one of the most memorable games of the 1907 season. In the first game of a planned double header‚ the A's got off to a 7–1 lead against "Wild Bill" Donovan. The Tigers came back to tie the game, 8–8, against Rube Waddell, on a two-run home run by Ty Cobb. Both teams scored once in the 11th, and an umpire's ruling cost Philadelphia the game in the 14th inning. Harry Davis hit a long fly. Detroit outfielder Sam Crawford went to the crowd's edge‚ and a policeman stood up and moved‚ either to interfere or to get out of the way. Home plate umpire Silk O'Loughlin ruled there was no interference‚ then reversed his ruling when base umpire Tom Connolly offered a different opinion. The game was called because of darkness in the 17th‚ a 9–9 tie. The Tigers‚ in first place‚ left for Washington where they won four games. October 2: The Tigers swept a double header against Washington‚ winning 9–5 and 10–2. Ty Cobb got his 200th hit. Season standings Record vs. opponents Roster Player stats Batting Starters by position Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Other batters Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Note: pitchers' batting statistics not included Pitching Starting pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Other pitchers Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Awards and honors Players ranking among top 100 all time at position The following members of the 1909 Detroit Tigers are among the Top 100 of all time at their position, as ranked by The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract in 2001: Ty Cobb: 2nd best center fielder of all time Sam Crawford: 10th best right fielder of all time World Series World Series summary In the 1907 World Series, the Chicago Cubs beat the Tigers 4 games to none (with one tie). With pitching dominance over the Tigers and Cobb, the Cubs allowed only three runs in the four games they won, while stealing 18 bases off the rattled Tigers. In Game 1, Tigers pitcher Bill Donovan struck out twelve Cubs in 12 innings. The Tigers scored three runs, in part due to three Chicago errors, in the 8th inning and held a 3–1 lead going into the bottom of the 9th. The Cubs loaded the bases on a single, walk and infield error with one out. Detroit conceded a run on a ground ball for the second out and Cub player-manager Frank Chance then used pinch-hitter Del Howard to bat for Joe Tinker. Howard struck out against "Wild" Bill Donovan (25–4 in the regular season) but the ball got away from catcher Boss Schmidt, allowing Harry Steinfeldt to score the tying run. Donovan got the next batter but the damage to Detroit has been done. The teams then played three scoreless innings before the game was called on account of darkness and declared a tie, a first for the World Series. In Game 2, George Mullin, a 20-game winner and loser for Detroit in 1907 and who had walked over 100 batters in each of his last five seasons, issues a bases-loaded walk in the 2nd inning to tie the game at 1–1. Chicago scored two more in the 4th on a single, sacrifice bunt, RBI single, stolen base and double to take a 3–1 lead. In Game 3, Cubs pitcher Ed Reulbach scattered six hits as Chicago jumped on Tiger starter Ed Siever for four runs on seven hits in only four innings. Johnny Evers had three hits, including two doubles, as the Cubs took a 2–0 lead in the series. In Game 4, Detroit held a 1–0 lead on a triple by Ty Cobb and an RBI single by Claude Rossman before a rain delay in the 5th inning. When play resumed, Chicago baserunners reached via an error and a walk. After Joe Tinker sacrificed, pitcher Orval Overall drove both runners home on a single to right field. The Cubs scored three more in the 7th without hitting the ball out of the infield on four bunts (two for hits) and two ground balls. In Game 5, Chicago wrapped up the series with a 2–0 victory as Mordecai Brown pitched a seven-hit shutout. The Cubs scored a run in the first inning on a walk, stolen base and RBI single by Harry Steinfeldt and scored again in the 2nd on an error, a single, a double-steal and a ground ball out to drive in the final run. Detroit had runners on 2nd and 3rd with one out in the 4th inning, but could not score and never seriously threatened after that. Postseason player stats Batting Note: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in Pitching Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts Notes References Baseball-Reference.com 1907 Detroit Tigers Regular Season Statistics BaseballLibrary 1907 Detroit Tigers Season Summary Baseball-Reference.com 1907 World Series Statistics, Box Scores and Play by Play Charlton's Baseball Chronology 1907 Category:Detroit Tigers seasons Detroit Tigers season Category:American League champion seasons Detroit Tigers Category:1900s in Detroit | Low | [
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I am pleased to congratulate Mr. Trump I Am Pleased To Congratulate On Behalf Of The People Of Irelandafter Enda Kenny by Kevin Higgins Donald J. Duck on his election as forty fifth, and possibly final,President of that great entity traditionally known as the UnitedStates which, admittedly,by the time he’s finished with it,will likely be called something else. In the heat of battle President-electDuck has said things which have left him with bridges to build with certain people, such as Mexicantranssexuals, and women who don’t want him,or anyone politically associated with him even thinkingabout grabbing theirvaginas, or the vaginas of their friends, mothers-in-law, or as yet unborn children. We think today in particular of Secretary of State Clinton,though only very briefly,for eaten parsnips are quickly digested, and we must move on. Democracy (and, for that matter,dictatorship) have their own outcomes.This being the case, if President-electDuck wants to build a crazy golf coursein every front garden on this island,I will work closely with complianturban district councils, sympatheticjournalists, and members of the judiciaryto have the necessary planningfast-tracked. And rest assured, every opportunity that presents itself, either I or one of my Ministers will be thereto shake his hand,or any other part of his anatomyPresident-elect, Donald J.Duck, wants shaken. | Low | [
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Creating models is an exciting hobby for any person. Any object may possibly be replicated and downsized into miniatures. These models may possibly be produced or assembled with original styles and supplies or factory manufactured kits. Males and boys take pleasure in constructing automobiles, robots, and architectural buildings. Ladies and girls take pleasure in constructing … 1. Humor brightens the written word. That is no surprise. The great news is that the potential to produce humor is a discovered talent. There are strategies of pondering and there are specific writing structures that make the funny lines resonate with your readers. two. A terrific location to start off is by focusing your … Do you delight in listening to music? Do you know that music is much more than a decision of entertainment for humans? Some cultures have made use of music in enhancing the overall health and balance of thoughts and physique. Research showed that music play an significant part in the human physique, thoughts and spirit. … Who mentioned theme parties are just for children? I’ve picked out the most preferred celebration themes for adults, positive to bring out the “kid” in you. If you are seeking to host a celebration that is positive to go more than nicely, verify out the attempted-and-correct celebration suggestions beneath. Hawaiian Luau Celebration Welcome every guest … Step One particular to “Ringtone Freedom” Get your telephone equipped with a microSD card. Hook telephone to laptop with USB cable (should really be Windows-Linux is attainable but not distinct to this tutorial). Generate a folder in the microSD storage labeled a thing like “Ringtones” (can be accessed by means of “My Computer system”). Generate … Are you new to baking cakes and cookies? Not certain how to study and stick to recipes? Right here are some baking guidelines to get you began. All components must be at cool space temperature. Unless the recipe states otherwise, use unsalted butter. If you have only salted butter on hand, lessen the quantity of … Sometime just after 1865, proceeding the civil war, manufactures who had identified good results designing and developing war weapons and ammunition, created a handful of adjustments to their factories and started to develop cap guns rather. In a sense, it could be mentioned that these guns had been born out of financial necessity. The military … I never assume that it really is any secret that the female type or physique has been appealing to guys for numerous, numerous moons. Sexual attraction may well be the initially factor to come to thoughts, nonetheless the female type is some thing of a wonder and to numerous an artist and beholder in basic. … No one particular knows specifically how old yoga is. It originated as extended as 10,000 to 5000 years ago. It was passed down orally and has gone by way of a lot evolution. The earliest reference to Yoga was identified when archeological excavations have been produced in the Indus valley – an awesome potent and … | Low | [
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A criticism of wind power seems to be that it is intermittent and thus cannot be used as a base load. Because of this intermittent behavior it is also claimed that a continuously running backup power system must be kept on line, thereby using additional energy. It is rarely pointed out that these same problems exist for solar; in fact they may cause bigger problems: 1. The sun does not shine at night, thus depending on the time of year there would by anywhere from about nine to 15 hours of darkness at the latitude of Vermont (wind may blow any time during the day or night). 2. Even during daylight a passing cloud will quickly drop the power of the solar panels. 3. Especially during winter, many days may pass with an overcast greatly reducing the amount of available light. The above similarities should be kept in mind when discussing wind energy. | Mid | [
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PlayStation VR owners have plenty to look forward to in the coming months, and at a recent event held at PlayStation’s San Mateo headquarters Tim and I got a chance to go hands-on (eyeballs-on?) with a few just-released and upcoming titles. Here are four we think are worth keeping an eye on: Stardust Odyssey Out December 3, 2019 From Agharta Studio comes a beautifully presented high-fantasy sci-fi space pirate adventure whose opening tutorial sees you unwittingly delivering an artifact of immense power to the game’s main antagonist. Whoops. Stardust Odyssey eschews the traditional VR motif of physically reaching out to grab things, opting instead to equip players with a sort of magnetic tether that lets them set their own frame of reference for the game’s controls. I used my left hand to control my ship’s throttle, pushing forward to speed up and pointing in various directions to navigate each level. This makes piloting your wood-and-metal dirigible a joy, enabling effortless traversal through a convoy of oblivious ships whose treasures you can liberate with your trusty tether. Once you’ve got a feel for your vessel’s controls, you gain access to magical spells that allow you to attack hostile drones with lightning or create a shield to absorb incoming damage. These new abilities, combined with the option to hide behind other ships to avoid incoming enemy scans, make for an engaging, varied experience that Agharta thinks should take around 10 hours for players to complete (not counting the extra time it will take to complete the game’s optional content and unlock its Trophies). The Room VR: A Dark Matter Out in Early 2020 An escape room-esque experience adapted from the award-winning mobile game of the same name, The Room VR will test players’ logical thinking skills while immersing them in a noir mystery story with eldritch trappings. What has always eluded me about the “escape room” experience is the fact that they’re designed for a group of multiple people to collaboratively solve. Perhaps I’m not the sharpest crayon in the box, but I always feel like my role in these events is relegated to “clue gatherer” or “guinea pig for outlandish solutions that usually don’t work.” In The Room VR, the puzzles — at least those in the first level, which took me around 15 minutes to solve — are approachable enough that a little ingenuity combined with some light trial and error was usually enough for me to crack the code without getting too frustrated. I’m told the game gets more difficult beyond that, but I was too embarrassed to let folks waiting to play see me struggle with those challenges. I’ll give them a go in the judgment-free privacy of my living room when The Room VR launches early next year. Pixel Ripped 1995 Spring 2020 Following up the quirky, delightful Pixel Ripped 1989 is a new title set six years later, just on the cusp of the advent of polygonal gaming. 1995 opens with you (a small child) in your poster-laden bedroom, lit by the comforting glow of your CRT television and the side-scrolling platformer you’re playing on it. Of course, it’s not long before dear old mom comes to tell you it’s past your bedtime, forcing you to turn off the TV and get to sleep (ugh, parents!). But, like any self-respecting gamer, as soon as she’s asleep it’s back on with the TV and back to the game. This is where it gets interesting — encountering certain obstacles in the game-within-the-game will produce a loud sound effect, waking up mom and, of course, getting you in deep trouble. But if you’re quick, you can grab the remote and turn the TV off before she arrives, giving you another precious shot at the level. If you played 1989, you might already know about the gameplay twist that comes along once you beat the stage’s boss. If you haven’t, I won’t spoil it here (play Pixel Ripped 1989 now — it’s great). Snappy writing and clever homages will get a chuckle from longtime gamers (“If the turkeys in these walls could talk…”) and the presentation of Pixel Ripped 1995’s surprisingly tight side-scrolling gameplay puts this one near the top of my “games to watch” list for 2020. Space Channel 5 Kinda Funky News Flash! Spring 2020 Strike a pose with the iconic Ulala in this flashback to those halcyon Sega Dreamcast days. This VR follow up by Grounding. Inc. focuses on what the series is best known for – striking stylish poses to out-dance nasty invaders. With PS VR, you can now look down to see yourself dressed in an intergalactically outrageous costume. As I wielded two PS Move controllers, Ulala showed me the ropes of broadcast dancing. It took a few minutes for me to knock the rust out of my joints and loosen up to the game’s extravagant style, but once I was there I had a grin plastered on my face. Ducking, leaning, reaching up or down, and other key poses are the name of the game. I also hold Ulala personally responsible for making me dab in front of coworkers… These moves come in handy when confronting troupes of boogying aliens. Poses conveniently sync up so that you end up dodging enemy laser blasts. It’s a satisfying effect, especially when combined with a pleasant “ding” indicating you dodged perfectly. My favorite touch was striking a poke with my arms outstretched and blasting hand-lasers at enemies. Ulala’s return is just as funky and fresh as ever, and a great way to get the blood pumping. The dancing invaders touch down next spring. | Mid | [
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// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be // found in the LICENSE file. #include "chrome/browser/translate/translate_infobar_delegate.h" #include <algorithm> #include "base/i18n/string_compare.h" #include "base/metrics/histogram.h" #include "base/prefs/pref_service.h" #include "chrome/browser/browser_process.h" #include "chrome/browser/infobars/infobar.h" #include "chrome/browser/infobars/infobar_service.h" #include "chrome/browser/profiles/profile.h" #include "chrome/browser/translate/translate_manager.h" #include "chrome/browser/translate/translate_tab_helper.h" #include "components/translate/core/browser/translate_accept_languages.h" #include "components/translate/core/browser/translate_download_manager.h" #include "components/translate/core/common/translate_constants.h" #include "content/public/browser/navigation_details.h" #include "content/public/browser/navigation_entry.h" #include "content/public/browser/web_contents.h" #include "grit/generated_resources.h" #include "grit/theme_resources.h" #include "third_party/icu/source/i18n/unicode/coll.h" #include "ui/base/l10n/l10n_util.h" namespace { // Counts used to decide whether infobars should be shown. // Android and iOS implementations do not offer a drop down (for space reasons), // so we are more aggressive about showing the shortcut to never translate. // The "Always Translate" option is always shown on iOS and Android. #if defined(OS_ANDROID) const int kAlwaysTranslateMinCount = 1; const int kNeverTranslateMinCount = 1; #elif defined(OS_IOS) // The iOS implementation, like the Android implementation, shows the "Never // translate" infobar after two denials. There is an offset of one because on // Android the last event is not counted. const int kAlwaysTranslateMinCount = 1; const int kNeverTranslateMinCount = 2; #else const int kAlwaysTranslateMinCount = 3; const int kNeverTranslateMinCount = 3; #endif } // namespace const size_t TranslateInfoBarDelegate::kNoIndex = TranslateUIDelegate::NO_INDEX; TranslateInfoBarDelegate::~TranslateInfoBarDelegate() { } // static void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::Create(bool replace_existing_infobar, content::WebContents* web_contents, TranslateTabHelper::TranslateStep step, const std::string& original_language, const std::string& target_language, TranslateErrors::Type error_type, PrefService* prefs) { // Check preconditions. if (step != TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATE_ERROR) { DCHECK(TranslateDownloadManager::IsSupportedLanguage(target_language)); if (!TranslateDownloadManager::IsSupportedLanguage(original_language)) { // The original language can only be "unknown" for the "translating" // infobar, which is the case when the user started a translation from the // context menu. DCHECK(step == TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATING || step == TranslateTabHelper::AFTER_TRANSLATE); DCHECK_EQ(translate::kUnknownLanguageCode, original_language); } } // Do not create the after translate infobar if we are auto translating. if ((step == TranslateTabHelper::AFTER_TRANSLATE) || (step == TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATING)) { TranslateTabHelper* translate_tab_helper = TranslateTabHelper::FromWebContents(web_contents); if (!translate_tab_helper || translate_tab_helper->GetLanguageState().InTranslateNavigation()) return; } // Find any existing translate infobar delegate. InfoBar* old_infobar = NULL; InfoBarService* infobar_service = InfoBarService::FromWebContents(web_contents); TranslateInfoBarDelegate* old_delegate = NULL; for (size_t i = 0; i < infobar_service->infobar_count(); ++i) { old_infobar = infobar_service->infobar_at(i); old_delegate = old_infobar->delegate()->AsTranslateInfoBarDelegate(); if (old_delegate) { if (!replace_existing_infobar) return; break; } } // Add the new delegate. scoped_ptr<InfoBar> infobar(CreateInfoBar( scoped_ptr<TranslateInfoBarDelegate>(new TranslateInfoBarDelegate( web_contents, step, old_delegate, original_language, target_language, error_type, prefs)))); if (old_delegate) infobar_service->ReplaceInfoBar(old_infobar, infobar.Pass()); else infobar_service->AddInfoBar(infobar.Pass()); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::UpdateOriginalLanguageIndex( size_t language_index) { ui_delegate_.UpdateOriginalLanguageIndex(language_index); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::UpdateTargetLanguageIndex( size_t language_index) { ui_delegate_.UpdateTargetLanguageIndex(language_index); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::Translate() { ui_delegate_.Translate(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::RevertTranslation() { ui_delegate_.RevertTranslation(); infobar()->RemoveSelf(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ReportLanguageDetectionError() { TranslateManager* manager = TranslateTabHelper::GetManagerFromWebContents(web_contents()); if (!manager) return; manager->ReportLanguageDetectionError(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::TranslationDeclined() { ui_delegate_.TranslationDeclined(false); } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::IsTranslatableLanguageByPrefs() { Profile* profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(web_contents()->GetBrowserContext()); Profile* original_profile = profile->GetOriginalProfile(); scoped_ptr<TranslatePrefs> translate_prefs( TranslateTabHelper::CreateTranslatePrefs(original_profile->GetPrefs())); TranslateAcceptLanguages* accept_languages = TranslateTabHelper::GetTranslateAcceptLanguages(original_profile); return translate_prefs->CanTranslateLanguage(accept_languages, original_language_code()); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ToggleTranslatableLanguageByPrefs() { if (ui_delegate_.IsLanguageBlocked()) { ui_delegate_.SetLanguageBlocked(false); } else { ui_delegate_.SetLanguageBlocked(true); infobar()->RemoveSelf(); } } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::IsSiteBlacklisted() { return ui_delegate_.IsSiteBlacklisted(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ToggleSiteBlacklist() { if (ui_delegate_.IsSiteBlacklisted()) { ui_delegate_.SetSiteBlacklist(false); } else { ui_delegate_.SetSiteBlacklist(true); infobar()->RemoveSelf(); } } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ShouldAlwaysTranslate() { return ui_delegate_.ShouldAlwaysTranslate(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ToggleAlwaysTranslate() { ui_delegate_.SetAlwaysTranslate(!ui_delegate_.ShouldAlwaysTranslate()); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::AlwaysTranslatePageLanguage() { DCHECK(!ui_delegate_.ShouldAlwaysTranslate()); ui_delegate_.SetAlwaysTranslate(true); Translate(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::NeverTranslatePageLanguage() { DCHECK(!ui_delegate_.IsLanguageBlocked()); ui_delegate_.SetLanguageBlocked(true); infobar()->RemoveSelf(); } base::string16 TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetMessageInfoBarText() { if (step_ == TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATING) { base::string16 target_language_name = language_name_at(target_language_index()); return l10n_util::GetStringFUTF16(IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_TRANSLATING_TO, target_language_name); } DCHECK_EQ(TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATE_ERROR, step_); UMA_HISTOGRAM_ENUMERATION("Translate.ShowErrorInfobar", error_type_, TranslateErrors::TRANSLATE_ERROR_MAX); ui_delegate_.OnErrorShown(error_type_); switch (error_type_) { case TranslateErrors::NETWORK: return l10n_util::GetStringUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_ERROR_CANT_CONNECT); case TranslateErrors::INITIALIZATION_ERROR: case TranslateErrors::TRANSLATION_ERROR: return l10n_util::GetStringUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_ERROR_CANT_TRANSLATE); case TranslateErrors::UNKNOWN_LANGUAGE: return l10n_util::GetStringUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_UNKNOWN_PAGE_LANGUAGE); case TranslateErrors::UNSUPPORTED_LANGUAGE: return l10n_util::GetStringFUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_UNSUPPORTED_PAGE_LANGUAGE, language_name_at(target_language_index())); case TranslateErrors::IDENTICAL_LANGUAGES: return l10n_util::GetStringFUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_ERROR_SAME_LANGUAGE, language_name_at(target_language_index())); default: NOTREACHED(); return base::string16(); } } base::string16 TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetMessageInfoBarButtonText() { if (step_ != TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATE_ERROR) { DCHECK_EQ(TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATING, step_); } else if ((error_type_ != TranslateErrors::IDENTICAL_LANGUAGES) && (error_type_ != TranslateErrors::UNKNOWN_LANGUAGE)) { return l10n_util::GetStringUTF16( (error_type_ == TranslateErrors::UNSUPPORTED_LANGUAGE) ? IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_REVERT : IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_RETRY); } return base::string16(); } void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::MessageInfoBarButtonPressed() { DCHECK_EQ(TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATE_ERROR, step_); if (error_type_ == TranslateErrors::UNSUPPORTED_LANGUAGE) { RevertTranslation(); return; } // This is the "Try again..." case. TranslateManager* manager = TranslateTabHelper::GetManagerFromWebContents(web_contents()); DCHECK(manager); manager->TranslatePage(original_language_code(), target_language_code()); } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ShouldShowMessageInfoBarButton() { return !GetMessageInfoBarButtonText().empty(); } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ShouldShowNeverTranslateShortcut() { DCHECK_EQ(TranslateTabHelper::BEFORE_TRANSLATE, step_); return !web_contents()->GetBrowserContext()->IsOffTheRecord() && (prefs_->GetTranslationDeniedCount(original_language_code()) >= kNeverTranslateMinCount); } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ShouldShowAlwaysTranslateShortcut() { DCHECK_EQ(TranslateTabHelper::BEFORE_TRANSLATE, step_); return !web_contents()->GetBrowserContext()->IsOffTheRecord() && (prefs_->GetTranslationAcceptedCount(original_language_code()) >= kAlwaysTranslateMinCount); } // static base::string16 TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetLanguageDisplayableName( const std::string& language_code) { return l10n_util::GetDisplayNameForLocale( language_code, g_browser_process->GetApplicationLocale(), true); } // static void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetAfterTranslateStrings( std::vector<base::string16>* strings, bool* swap_languages, bool autodetermined_source_language) { DCHECK(strings); if (autodetermined_source_language) { size_t offset; base::string16 text = l10n_util::GetStringFUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_AFTER_MESSAGE_AUTODETERMINED_SOURCE_LANGUAGE, base::string16(), &offset); strings->push_back(text.substr(0, offset)); strings->push_back(text.substr(offset)); return; } DCHECK(swap_languages); std::vector<size_t> offsets; base::string16 text = l10n_util::GetStringFUTF16( IDS_TRANSLATE_INFOBAR_AFTER_MESSAGE, base::string16(), base::string16(), &offsets); DCHECK_EQ(2U, offsets.size()); *swap_languages = (offsets[0] > offsets[1]); if (*swap_languages) std::swap(offsets[0], offsets[1]); strings->push_back(text.substr(0, offsets[0])); strings->push_back(text.substr(offsets[0], offsets[1] - offsets[0])); strings->push_back(text.substr(offsets[1])); } TranslateInfoBarDelegate::TranslateInfoBarDelegate( content::WebContents* web_contents, TranslateTabHelper::TranslateStep step, TranslateInfoBarDelegate* old_delegate, const std::string& original_language, const std::string& target_language, TranslateErrors::Type error_type, PrefService* prefs) : InfoBarDelegate(), step_(step), background_animation_(NONE), ui_delegate_(web_contents, original_language, target_language), error_type_(error_type), prefs_(TranslateTabHelper::CreateTranslatePrefs(prefs)) { DCHECK_NE((step_ == TranslateTabHelper::TRANSLATE_ERROR), (error_type_ == TranslateErrors::NONE)); if (old_delegate && (old_delegate->is_error() != is_error())) background_animation_ = is_error() ? NORMAL_TO_ERROR : ERROR_TO_NORMAL; } // TranslateInfoBarDelegate::CreateInfoBar() is implemented in platform-specific // files. void TranslateInfoBarDelegate::InfoBarDismissed() { if (step_ != TranslateTabHelper::BEFORE_TRANSLATE) return; // The user closed the infobar without clicking the translate button. TranslationDeclined(); UMA_HISTOGRAM_BOOLEAN("Translate.DeclineTranslateCloseInfobar", true); } int TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetIconID() const { return IDR_INFOBAR_TRANSLATE; } InfoBarDelegate::Type TranslateInfoBarDelegate::GetInfoBarType() const { return PAGE_ACTION_TYPE; } bool TranslateInfoBarDelegate::ShouldExpire( const content::LoadCommittedDetails& details) const { // Note: we allow closing this infobar even if the main frame navigation // was programmatic and not initiated by the user - crbug.com/70261 . if (!details.is_navigation_to_different_page() && !details.is_main_frame) return false; return InfoBarDelegate::ShouldExpireInternal(details); } TranslateInfoBarDelegate* TranslateInfoBarDelegate::AsTranslateInfoBarDelegate() { return this; } | Mid | [
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UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT LAW ENFORCEMENT ALLIANCE OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. No. 03-1983 USA DIRECT, INCORPORATED, Defendant-Appellee. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Gerald Bruce Lee, District Judge. (CA-01-930-A) Submitted: February 3, 2004 Decided: March 26, 2004 Before WILLIAMS, KING, and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges. Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. COUNSEL Richard E. Gardiner, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellant. John Hardin Young, Joseph E. Sandler, SANDLER, REIFF & YOUNG, P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellee. Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See Local Rule 36(c). 2 LAW ENFORCEMENT ALLIANCE v. USA DIRECT, INC. OPINION PER CURIAM: Law Enforcement Alliance of America, Inc. (LEAA) appeals the district court’s denial of its motion to alter or amend the judgment. Because the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to alter or amend, we affirm. The procedural history of this case is described in some detail in our opinion disposing of LEAA’s prior appeal. See Law Enforcement Alliance of America, Inc. v. USA Direct, Inc., 2003 WL 1154115 (4th Cir. Mar. 14, 2003) (LEAA I). At this point, the case basically involves USA Direct’s attempt to collect the balance of several invoices and finance charges, which LEAA argues it does not owe. Our previous appeal dealt with seven invoices and the finance charges attributable thereto. We held that LEAA was liable for the principal balance on six of the invoices: invoice numbers 6256, 6660, 6736, 6736-1, 6901, and 6441. Id. at **4. We also held that LEAA was lia- ble for finance charges on five of the invoices: invoice numbers 6256, 6660, 6736, 6736-1, and 6901. Id. at **5. We remanded to the district court for further consideration of the remaining invoices and finance charges. On remand, USA Direct declined to pursue liability for the remaining invoices and finance charges. The district court then entered judgment in accordance with our mandate, holding LEAA lia- ble for the principal balances on Invoices 6256, 6660, 6736, 6736-1, 6901, and 6441, and for the finance charges on invoice numbers 6256, 6660, 6736, 6736-1, and 6901. The district court also awarded sanc- tions and post-judgment interest, neither of which is at issue here. LEAA has since paid the principal balance on four of the six invoices: invoice numbers 6660, 6736, 6736-1, and 6901. (Appel- lant’s Br. at 6 n.6.) The principal balance on Invoices 6256 and 6441, and the finance charges on Invoices 6256, 6660, 6736, 6736-1, and 6901 are at issue in this appeal. We previously addressed all of the issues that LEAA raises in this appeal and decided them against LEAA. "We review the denial of a motion to alter or amend under Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) for abuse of discretion." Collision v. Int’l Chemical LAW ENFORCEMENT ALLIANCE v. USA DIRECT, INC. 3 Workers Union, Local 217, 34 F.2d 233, 236 (4th Cir. 1994). "In the Rule 59(e) context, we have previously stated that while the Rule itself provides no standard for when a district court may grant such a motion, courts interpreting Rule 59(e) have recognized three grounds for amending an earlier judgment: (1) to accommodate an intervening change in controlling law; (2) to account for new evi- dence not available at trial; or (3) to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice." Id. (quotation marks omitted). In this appeal, LEAA essentially argues that the district court abused its discretion in denying the Rule 59(e) motion because there was a clear error of law in the district court’s entry of judgment. The clear error that LEAA identifies is that the district court’s judgment was in accordance with our mandate. In the vast majority of cases, our mandate is controlling on the district court. United States v. Bell, 5 F.3d 64, 66 (4th Cir. 1993). A district court, however, has some lim- ited discretion to reopen issues covered by our mandate in certain extraordinary circumstances, one of which is when "a blatant error in the prior decision will, if uncorrected, result in a serious injustice." Id. at 67. LEAA argues that the district court should not have entered judgment in accordance with our mandate because our prior decision contained "blatant errors . . . which will, if uncorrected, result in a serious injustice." (Appellant’s Br. at 9.) Having thoroughly reviewed the record and LEAA’s arguments on appeal, we hold that our prior decision did not contain any blatant errors. Accordingly, the district court was bound by our mandate and did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to alter or amend the judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process. AFFIRMED | Mid | [
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// OutStreamWithCRC.cpp
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "OutStreamWithCRC.h"
STDMETHODIMP COutStreamWithCRC::Write(const void *data, UInt32 size, UInt32 *processedSize)
{
UInt32 realProcessedSize;
HRESULT result;
if(!_stream)
{
realProcessedSize = size;
result = S_OK;
}
else
result = _stream->Write(data, size, &realProcessedSize);
if (_calculate)
_crc = CrcUpdate(_crc, data, realProcessedSize);
_size += realProcessedSize;
if(processedSize != NULL)
*processedSize = realProcessedSize;
return result;
}
| Low | [
0.5018867924528301,
33.25,
33
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Microbiological N-deoxygenation and C-oxygenation of pioglitazone-N-oxide in a single fermentation. Oxygenation of pioglitazone-N-oxide by a microorganism isolated from soil was accompanied by N-deoxygenation to produce the pioglitazone metabolites 5-[4-[2-[5-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyridyl]ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedio ne and 5-[4-[2-(5-acetyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]2,4-thiazolidinedione. The oxygenating/deoxygenating organism has been characterized as Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain 02179 (UC 11099). The culture has been deposited with Agricultural Research Service, USDA, with accession number NRRL 18975. | Mid | [
0.631578947368421,
33,
19.25
] |
Recent science “journalism” Bad science journalism has been buzzing all around me this week. This is a frequent topic on the Skeptics’ Guide to the Universe podcast, and they have a doozy of an example this week. Here’s what actually happened: a Harvard researcher spoke to a German reporter about the exciting theoretical possibilities of genetic manipulation, which could perhaps become possible in the future. He mentioned that cloning could someday be used to bring back extinct species, perhaps even Neanderthals. Translation back and forth between English and German are partly to blame for what happened next, but so is reporters’ failure to give a crap if their science story is accurate. It seems many just want to generate clicks. Even the more reputable organizations seem interested in science coverage primarily so they can spin the content into an irresistible headline that brings in traffic. A headline such as, Slightly less dramatic, but more frequent is the Killer Disease of the Week. A friend posted a link to this dramatic story, commenting on how scare-tacticky it is: Doctors Warn of New Stomach ‘Superbug’ Hitting U.S. The story is ridiculous on several levels. First, the only person referring to this as a “superbug” is the reporter. That fact is awkwardly disguised by the use of the passive voice in the lead paragraph – “A new strain of norovirus that wreaks havoc on people’s stomachs is so vicious that it’s being called a “superbug” by doctors.” Passive voice allows reporters to weasel out of providing a source. If you see it, your eyebrow should immediately rise. The rest of the story attempts to sensationalize a perfectly run-of-the-mill CDC report about the most recent strain of norovirus, which tends to cycle new types every few years, much like the flu does each year. The story even represents the CDC as saying that 50% MORE people could get sick, when as far as I can tell, the CDC merely noted that the Sydney strain is responsible for 50% of the norovirus cases this season. Anything to get people terrified of the plague so they click all your links, I suppose. Finally, there’s this idiocy from (not unexpectedly) Yahoo News. Want to have more sex? Men, stop helping with the chores. Did you guess that the headline confuses correlation with causation? Not only does the study sound fairly crappy, with outdated self-reporting as the source of the data, but the reporting overlooks the observational nature of the paper, and of course doesn’t engage in the slightest inquiry into an independent, unstudied variable being responsible for both observed features. (An explanation immediately leapt to my mind. Households that keep to traditional gender roles report more sexual encounters. In addition to assigning yard work to men and laundry to women, traditional gender roles also tend to encourage wives to capitulate to their husband’s wishes.) It makes me angry and sad. I hate to hear Steven Novella of Skeptics’ Guide talk about giving interviews. He says often reporters have a set angle on the story, and will go so far as to feed him a quote that supports their spin. They aren’t interested in his actual opinion, never mind in investigating and vetting facts themselves. So beware science reporting. These days it’s most likely a come-on for mouse clicks akin to Dog sentenced to death in Tennessee today because he is ‘GAY’ or Stars without makeup: The real face of fame. (By the way, I can see how many of you click on those links. But I won’t judge you, I promise. I personally think Rihanna is cuter without the lipstick.) (Oh, and if you hate slideshows, use this to view that makeup link. Love Deslide!) | Low | [
0.5363825363825361,
32.25,
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] |
Astonishing bias: 452 Islamic terror attacks in 31 countries just THIS YEAR (so far) and zero coverage from the media By J. D. Heyes The vast majority of Americans have come to expect biased coverage from the so-called “mainstream media,†and what’s more, they have come to expect that coverage will be designed to advance the Democrats’ Left-wing agenda. That’s according to some of the most recent polling data available. But additional evidence also supports the contention that what the media tends to cover aren’t subjects that are of vital interest or importance to most Americans and that the media covers ‘narratives’ it helps create, failing — intentionally — to give equal weight to similar stories. The most recent example involves how American journalists initially covered the terrorist attack in New Zealand. Immediately after news of the attack first broke, the Democrat-aligned media filled their airwaves and bandwidth with far-Left pundits and politicians, as well as their own hosts and reporters, who were all quick to blame POTUS Donald Trump’s anti-Muslim “rhetoric.†In the days that followed, the same Left-wing media outlets hammered on the narrative that 28-year-old alleged attacker Brenton Tarrant is a “white nationalist†and “right-wing extremist†who hates Muslims — as though only white, right-wing extremists are behaving as terrorists these days and the only people they are murdering are people of Islamic faith. The fact is, however, that by far, the bulk of terrorist attacks this year — and in recent years — have been committed by Muslim extremists, and often against followers of other faiths. But our media doesn’t often report those and when they do, reports are quick, superficial, and fact-based. No narratives, no outraged guest analysts, and no lecturing, finger-wagging hosts. As reported by Natural News: On January 27, Muslim extremists bombed a Roman Catholic cathedral on the Philippine island of Jolo, killing some 20 people and injuring dozens of others. But you probably didn’t hear about this horrific religious massacre because the perpetrators were violent Islamic terrorists that targeted Christians, which means the Leftist media pretty much completely ignored it. In all, “there have been 453 Islamic terror attacks in 31 different countries so far this year – and these are just the ones that have been reported,â€Â Natural News continued. “In total, just in 2019 so far, there have been a shocking 1,956 people murdered by Islamic terrorists, and another 2,019 injured, according to TheReligionOfPeace.com.†While the vast majority of Americans are aware of what happened last week in New Zealand, probably an equal number are completely in the dark about the fact that there have been more than 450 terrorist attacks this year so far committed by Islamic extremists, including many against Christian believers. That’s because the American legacy media won’t report on those stories; to do so would conflict with their carefully crafted narrative that Muslims are victims and most often die at the hands of white European/American nationalists. Naturally, if these attacks were reported with the same breathlessness, vigor, and depth, Americans would have a much different opinion of radical Islam and would understand it poses a far more serious threat than they have currently been led to believe. According to The National Sentinel, it appears as though Muslims have become the American Left’s “new protected class.†The site quoted CAIR research director Dr. Abbas Barzegar, who launched an attack against the First Amendment during a press conference after the New Zealand shootings, implying that there should be no criticism of Muslims allowed. He said social and traditional media do “not allow these people to exploit freedom of speech.†And no one from the media pushed back. When our country was founded, patriots bequeathed us a free and independent press they believed was essential to protect our liberties, primarily by holding the powerful accountable. By allowing themselves to become agents of the powerful, today’s establishment media have violated the founders’ intent. A version of this story first appeared at NewsTarget. Never miss a story! Sign up for our daily email newsletter — Click here! | Low | [
0.517985611510791,
27,
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McLaren will shelve consideration of their 2019 driver line-up until mid-season with the team determined to keep Fernando Alonso if they can Team boss Zak Brown says Alonso has never been happier with an F1 team but has yet to persuade the Spaniard to commit his long-term future to F1 - and McLaren. Alonso pleased with progress after McLaren upgrades Alonso is competing in the World Endurance Championship this year having missed the Monaco GP last season to drive in the Indy 500 and cast doubt on his future in F1 after complaining the sport had become too predictable. But Brown told Sky Sports News: "We will look at the driver line-up in the middle of the year. We'll see what Fernando wants to do. "I think Formula 1 is his passion, but he has been doing it a long time so we have got to see what he wants to do. But hopefully he will be with McLaren for a long time." Speaking to Sky F1 ahead of the Spanish GP, Brown added: "He loves the McLaren environment, I don't think he has ever been happier driving for a racing team. "I think his heart is definitely still in Formula 1 but he wants to win. He's going to wait and see how these developments come along - we have more developments coming - so in the middle of the year we will sit down and make a decision. "But I expect to see Fernando racing something and I hope it has a McLaren badge on it." Although still considered to be one of the strongest drivers in the sport, five years have passed since Alonso last won an F1 race. But in the week before the Spanish GP, Alonso won the Six Hours of Spa race on his WEC debut, his first motorsport victory since the 2013 Spanish GP. Brown has also given his backing to Stoffel Vandoorne despite a difficult start to 2018 for the Belgian in which he has failed to out-qualify Alonso for any of the five races. "Stoffel's coming along really well," said the McLaren chief. "Both Stoffel and Fernando are doing a great job. Stoffel is up against the best guy in the world, as I think we all know, or certainly one of the top three and he has done a great job. Last year was a tricky year for him as a rookie, which actually I think will make him a better driver long-term dealing with that type of adversity." Alonso to start eighth at home race Alonso has expressed he is happy with the performance improvement generated by the car upgrades McLaren have brought to Spain. For the first time this year, Alonso reached the top-ten shootout in the revamped MCL33 before qualifying in eighth. "Being ahead of a Haas and one Renault was a very nice surprise," said Alonso. "I'm happy with the performance of the car, it is better and quicker. P8 is definitely a step forward." On his prospects for Sunday's race, Alonso commented: "On the long runs we are usually more competitive, and we manage the tyres well, so Sundays tend to be stronger than Saturdays for us. "We will be the only car in the top ten to start on supersofts. Let's see if that it is good or bad." Get Sky Sports F1 | Mid | [
0.5750528541226211,
34,
25.125
] |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <Project> <!-- Directory.Build.targets is automatically picked up and imported by Microsoft.Common.targets. This file needs to exist, even if empty so that files in the parent directory tree, with the same name, are not imported instead. The import fairly late and most other props/targets will have been imported beforehand. We also don't need to add ourselves to MSBuildAllProjects, as that is done by the file that imports us. --> <PropertyGroup> <MSBuildAllProjects>$(MSBuildAllProjects);$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)..\Directory.Build.targets</MSBuildAllProjects> </PropertyGroup> <Import Project="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)..\Directory.Build.targets" /> <PropertyGroup> <GeneratedInternalsVisibleToFile Condition="'$(GeneratedInternalsVisibleToFile)' == ''">$(IntermediateOutputPath)$(MSBuildProjectName).InternalsVisibleTo$(DefaultLanguageSourceExtension)</GeneratedInternalsVisibleToFile> </PropertyGroup> <!-- Workaround for running Coverlet with Determenistic builds --> <!-- https://github.com/coverlet-coverage/coverlet/blob/master/Documentation/DeterministicBuild.md --> <Target Name="CoverletGetPathMap" DependsOnTargets="InitializeSourceRootMappedPaths" Returns="@(_LocalTopLevelSourceRoot)" Condition="'$(DeterministicSourcePaths)' == 'true'"> <ItemGroup> <_LocalTopLevelSourceRoot Include="@(SourceRoot)" Condition="'%(SourceRoot.NestedRoot)' == ''"/> </ItemGroup> </Target> <ItemDefinitionGroup> <InternalsVisibleTo> <Visible>false</Visible> </InternalsVisibleTo> </ItemDefinitionGroup> <Target Name="GenerateInternalsVisibleTo" BeforeTargets="CoreCompile" DependsOnTargets="PrepareForBuild;CoreGenerateInternalsVisibleTo" Condition="'@(InternalsVisibleTo)' != ''" /> <Target Name="CoreGenerateInternalsVisibleTo" Condition="'$(Language)' == 'VB' or '$(Language)' == 'C#'" Inputs="$(MSBuildAllProjects)" Outputs="$(GeneratedInternalsVisibleToFile)"> <CreateItem Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleToAttribute" AdditionalMetadata="_Parameter1=%(InternalsVisibleTo.Identity)" Condition="'%(InternalsVisibleTo.PublicKey)' == ''"> <Output TaskParameter="Include" ItemName="InternalsVisibleToAttribute" /> </CreateItem> <CreateItem Include="System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleToAttribute" AdditionalMetadata="_Parameter1=%(InternalsVisibleTo.Identity), PublicKey=%(InternalsVisibleTo.PublicKey)" Condition="'%(InternalsVisibleTo.PublicKey)' != ''"> <Output TaskParameter="Include" ItemName="InternalsVisibleToAttribute" /> </CreateItem> <WriteCodeFragment AssemblyAttributes="@(InternalsVisibleToAttribute)" Language="$(Language)" OutputFile="$(GeneratedInternalsVisibleToFile)"> <Output TaskParameter="OutputFile" ItemName="Compile" /> <Output TaskParameter="OutputFile" ItemName="FileWrites" /> </WriteCodeFragment> </Target> <!-- Empty target so that `dotnet test` will work on the solution --> <!-- https://github.com/Microsoft/vstest/issues/411 --> <Target Name="VSTest" /> </Project> | Low | [
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<?php /** * Zend Framework * * LICENSE * * This source file is subject to the new BSD license that is bundled * with this package in the file LICENSE.txt. * It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL: * http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd * If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to * obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email * to [email protected] so we can send you a copy immediately. * * @category Zend * @package Zend_Validate * @subpackage UnitTests * @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2015 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com) * @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License * @version $Id$ */ /** * @see Zend_Validate_Float */ require_once 'Zend/Validate/Float.php'; /** * @category Zend * @package Zend_Validate * @subpackage UnitTests * @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2015 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com) * @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License * @group Zend_Validate */ class Zend_Validate_FloatTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase { /** * Zend_Validate_Float object * * @var Zend_Validate_Float */ protected $_validator; /** * Creates a new Zend_Validate_Float object for each test method * * @return void */ public function setUp() { $this->_locale = setlocale(LC_ALL, 0); //backup locale require_once 'Zend/Registry.php'; if (Zend_Registry::isRegistered('Zend_Locale')) { Zend_Registry::getInstance()->offsetUnset('Zend_Locale'); } $this->_validator = new Zend_Validate_Float(); } public function tearDown() { //restore locale if (is_string($this->_locale) && strpos($this->_locale, ';')) { $locales = array(); foreach (explode(';', $this->_locale) as $l) { $tmp = explode('=', $l); $locales[$tmp[0]] = $tmp[1]; } setlocale(LC_ALL, $locales); return; } setlocale(LC_ALL, $this->_locale); } /** * Ensures that the validator follows expected behavior * * @return void */ public function testBasic() { $valuesExpected = array( array(1.00, true), array(0.01, true), array(-0.1, true), array(1, true), array('not a float', false), ); foreach ($valuesExpected as $element) { $this->assertEquals($element[1], $this->_validator->isValid($element[0])); } } /** * Ensures that getMessages() returns expected default value * * @return void */ public function testGetMessages() { $this->assertEquals(array(), $this->_validator->getMessages()); } /** * Ensures that set/getLocale() works */ public function testSettingLocales() { $this->_validator->setLocale('de'); $this->assertEquals('de', $this->_validator->getLocale()); $this->assertEquals(true, $this->_validator->isValid('10,5')); } /** * @ZF-4352 */ public function testNonStringValidation() { $this->assertFalse($this->_validator->isValid(array(1 => 1))); } /** * @ZF-7489 */ public function testUsingApplicationLocale() { Zend_Registry::set('Zend_Locale', new Zend_Locale('de')); $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float(); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('123,456')); } /** * @ZF-7987 */ public function testNoZendLocaleButPhpLocale() { setlocale(LC_ALL, 'de'); $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float(); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid(123,456)); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('123,456')); } /** * @ZF-7987 */ public function testLocaleDeFloatType() { $this->_validator->setLocale('de'); $this->assertEquals('de', $this->_validator->getLocale()); $this->assertEquals(true, $this->_validator->isValid(10.5)); } /** * @ZF-7987 */ public function testPhpLocaleDeFloatType() { setlocale(LC_ALL, 'de'); $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float(); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid(10.5)); } /** * @ZF-7987 */ public function testPhpLocaleFrFloatType() { setlocale(LC_ALL, 'fr'); $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float(); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid(10.5)); } /** * @ZF-8919 */ public function testPhpLocaleDeStringType() { setlocale(LC_ALL, 'de_AT'); setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, 'de_AT'); $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float('de_AT'); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1,3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1000,3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1.000,3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1.3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1000.3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1,000.3')); } /** * @ZF-8919 */ public function testPhpLocaleFrStringType() { $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float('fr_FR'); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1,3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1000,3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1 000,3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1.3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1000.3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1,000.3')); } /** * @ZF-8919 */ public function testPhpLocaleEnStringType() { $valid = new Zend_Validate_Float('en_US'); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1.3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1000.3')); $this->assertTrue($valid->isValid('1,000.3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1,3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1000,3')); $this->assertFalse($valid->isValid('1.000,3')); } } | Low | [
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We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly. We support the following browsers: Windows:Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac:Safari. Villa SELANDIA in Guime for 4 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and 4km from the beaches The east coast is touched by some of the more spectacular beaches, such as Quemada Beach, close to the more elegant Harbour of Puerto Calero, known for welcome ones of the best... View all property information About this property Güime, Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain - 2nd floor apartment without elevator access The apartment is 5 minutes drive from Playa Honda beach and 12mins drive from Puerto del Carmen. It is situated in a beautiful and peaceful rural location in the centre of the island.... View all property information Villa IRMANDU in Guime for 4 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and with and 4km from the beaches Villa Tasmania is a large, spacious villa with 3 bedrooms and 2 complete bathrooms (one en suite) and has a total of almost 200m2. The terrace and garden area occupy... View all property information Villa TASMANIA in Guime for 6 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and with WIFI and 4km from the beaches Villa Tasmania is a large, spacious villa with 3 bedrooms and 2 complete bathrooms (one en suite) and has a total of almost 200m2. The terrace and garden area... View all property information Villa SENELLA in Guime for 6 persons with pool, terrace, garden, views of the volcanoes, WIFI and less than 4000m to the sea. Full of contrasts and extremely varied is a good description of the topography in the South of Lanzarote, dominated by the amazing Timanfaya National Park. With more than 30... View all property information Cristal has been fitted and furnished to an extremely high standard, yet leaving it welcoming and comfortable for all guests. Ideally suited for a family holiday or for indulging in luxury on your own. The very large and secluded sunbathing terraces and BBQ area surround TWO ELECTRIC HEATED... View all property information Villa ASIMINA in San Bartolome for 7 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the volcanoes and with free WIFI hotspot at less than 100m and 6km from the beaches Full of contrasts and extremely varied is a good description of the topography in the West of Lanzarote, dominated by the amazing... View all property information The magnificent 'Villa El Palacete' offers the most luxurious level of holiday accommodation in extremely spacious surroundings. Located in the peaceful village of Guime, this prestigious, detached secluded villa with its private heated swimming pool is set in beautifully landscaped gardens with... View all property information This is a small attractive complex of 16 is bungalows ideally located within 150 metres of the avenida and beach of Matagorda and only a short distance from the busy commercial centre with all it's bars, restaurants and shops. There is both a large swimming pool and a separate smaller children's... View all property information This spacious villa is located in an elevated position in the Canarian village of Guime. It benefits from a rural setting, while being in easy reach of the excellent facilities of Puerto del Carmen and it's miles of golden beaches. It has beautiful sea views and many extras, making it a perfect... View all property information This fabulous 9 bedroom villa is located in a spectacular rural setting in the Lanzarote countryside, with its central location providing easy access to all the island has to offer. The very spacious villa provides the perfect retreat for couples or large family groups or parties, with a choice of... View all property information A very special two-bedroom House with one double-bed, and two single beds; both bedrooms have an attached bathroom. The vill also offers a fully-equipped kitchen for your self catering holiday as well as a very spacious living-room. From the living room you can access the 20m2 terrace with lounge... View all property information Villa PARAOA in Guime for 8 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and 4km from the beaches The villa Paraoa is in a peaceful village with magnificent coastal views, but only 10 mins drive from the main resort of Puerto del Carmen, beaches , shops and restaurants. There... View all property information Villa PERESSA in Guime for 8 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and 4km from the beaches The villa Peressa is spacious and is ideal for families as the four bedrooms are situated either side of the villa with lounge and dining room areas between, giving two families... View all property information Villa VANUATU for 4 in Guime for 2 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and 4km from the beaches This apartment has double entrance doors facing the pool, which lead into the lounge/dining area. The lounge has Satellite TV and DVD player with a selection of DVD's,... View all property information Villa VANUATU for 2 in Guime for 2 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the ocean volcanoes and 4km from the beaches his apartment has double entrance doors facing the pool, which lead into the lounge/dining area. There is a leather sofa and chairs, occasional tables with lamps, rugs and... View all property information Villa TITOTU in San Bartolome for 8 persons with pool terrace garden and views to the and with free WIFI hotspot at less than 100m and 4km from the beaches Full of contrasts and extremely varied is a good description of the topography in the West of Lanzarote, dominated by the amazing Timanfaya... View all property information * TripAdvisor LLC is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (more) We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly. We support the following browsers: Windows:Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac:Safari. TripAdvisor LLC is not responsible for content on external web sites. Taxes, fees not included for deals content. | Low | [
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Wednesday, February 8, 2017 Making Sense of Our Compulsions Checking our smartphones every few minutes. Making sure every spice jar is in the exact right place in the rack. Shopping. Stealing. Working nonstop. Hoarding. “Compulsions come from a need so desperate, burning, and tortured it makes us feel like a vessel filling with steam, saturating us with a hot urgency that demands relief,” Sharon Begley writes in her new book, Can’t Just Stop. “Suffused and overwhelmed by anxiety, we grab hold of any behavior that offers relief by providing even an illusion of control.”In a time of extreme anxiety for many of us, Begley’s book feels particularly relevant. In chapters that run the gamut from obsessive-compulsive disorder to compulsive do-gooding, Begley—a senior science writer for STAT, whose previous books include The Emotional Life of Your Brain and Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain—explores how behaviors that range widely in both character and extremity can come from a common root. “Venturing inside the heads and the worlds of people who behave compulsively not only shatters the smug superiority many of us feel when confronted with others’ extreme behavior,” she writes. “It also reveals elements of our shared humanity.” Begley and I spoke by phone about what anxiety is, exactly; her own compulsions; and whether it’s possible to have no compulsions (not likely). What is the definition of “compulsion,” as compared to addiction and impulsive behaviors? This was the first thing that I had to grapple with. The first thing I did was go around to psychologists and psychiatrists and start asking, “What is the difference between these three things?” To make a long story as short as possible, they really didn’t have a clue, or at least they were not very good at explaining it—to the extent that the same disorder would be described in the DSM, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders from the American Psychiatric Association, using “compulsive” one time and “impulsive” the next. So where I finally came down, after finding people who had really thought about this, is as follows. Impulsive behaviors are ones that go from some unconscious part of your brain right to a motor action. There is very little emotion except for that feeling of impulsivity. There’s certainly little to no thought involved. Behavioral addictions—and this is where I thought it started to get interesting—are born in something pleasurable. If you’re addicted to gambling, it probably is because, at least when you started, it was a whole lot of fun. You loved it. You got a hedonic hit, a pulse of enjoyment. And certainly as things go along, a behavioral addiction like gambling can cause you all sorts of distress and destroy your life. But at least at the beginning, it brings you extreme pleasure. Compulsions are very different. They come from this desperate, desperate need to alleviate anxiety. They’re an outlet valve. The anxiety makes you want to jump out of your skin, or it makes you feel like your skin is crawling with fire ants. And what compulsions do is bring relief only after you have executed the compulsion, whether it is to exercise, or to check your texts, or to shop, or to keep something if you’re a hoarder. And crucially, compulsions, although they bring relief, bring almost no enjoyment except in the sense that if you stop banging your head against a wall, then it feels good to stop. Why, when you started to decipher this taxonomy, did you decide to focus on compulsions in particular? The behaviors that I found most interesting turned out to be compulsions. I mean, sometimes the same behavior can fall into different categories. But for most of the things that I was looking at, especially behavior having to do with electronic media, those turned out to be compulsions. I also thought it fit in with the way we all live these days. That anxiety just seems to be built into so many of the lives we lead. And therefore, I was interested in how this anxiety manifests itself, and how people deal with it. The prevalence of anxiety diagnoses is much higher these days than depression, even among college students, who have long been suffering in great numbers from depression. Just a couple of years ago, anxiety surpassed depression as the most commonly diagnosed mental health diagnosis in college students. Something about the way we live is ratcheting up anxiety in a whole lot of us. And that seems to be why compulsive behaviors are becoming more common, something that we all go to in order to survive. Everyone knows when they’re feeling anxiety, but what is it, exactly? It’s a feeling that you are under threat, that you are at risk. Sometimes you know exactly what it is. If you’re walking on a dark, deserted street, then the anxiety you feel is probably because you understand that something bad can happen to you. But in many cases the source of the anxiety is not at all clear. So I’ll give you just one example. Now that online shopping is ubiquitous, if you’re in a brick-and-mortar store, the number of choices is finite and not that large. But if you’re shopping for shoes on Zappos, you may be on page 19, and there’s a little voice in your head saying, “Well, wait a minute, don’t press buy, what if page 20 or 21 or 73 or 119 has an amazing pair?” You never really feel that you have settled in a safe place, that you have made the right choice, that you can stop. So again, that’s not as severe a threat as you’re walking down a street and could be mugged, but it still triggers a sense of anxiety: “What if I’m not making the right choice?” In large part, the book has to do with taxonomies and classifications. It seems to me that there is, in your view, a vital reason to understand what behaviors fall into what disorder categories: to understand the treatments that might work. But you also grapple with the line between pathological and non-pathological behaviors. It seems to me that you come to the understanding that we all have compulsions of one kind or another. It’s a gradient, and if it’s not really destructive to your life, they serve a therapeutic purpose in helping to relieve anxiety. Is that right? Yes. I’ve been a science writer for a very long time and I’ve written about, among other things, neuroscience and psychology. Psychology and psychiatry have, over the years, tended to medicalize a lot of behaviors—to say that something is a mental disorder. The most infamous example was that psychiatry, until the ’70s, decided that homosexuality was a mental illness. Even before there was much of an organized psychiatric field of psychiatry, psychiatrists in the 1800s decided that slaves who ran away from their masters in the South must have a mental disorder, because no slave in his right mind would do that. So psychiatry has a very, very problematic history of slapping this label, mental illness, on behaviors that the powers that be just don’t like. That was in the back of my mind as I started to explore these issues. And as I talked to people who were receiving treatment, but also people who just had mild compulsions, I absolutely came away with the conclusion that compulsions exist along a spectrum. Definitely, at one extreme of the spectrum, it is a mental illness. It is devastating to people, they deserve help and treatment and it is not to be minimized. But there are gradations. There is no way that everybody in the newsroom who’s constantly checking her iPhone to see if a source has gotten back to her is mentally ill. You cannot say that a huge fraction of the population is mentally ill. That doesn’t work. I have a chapter on OCPD, Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder, for which I talked to a lot of people who in no way have a disorder but are a little bit compulsive. One reason this interested me was because even their slight compulsivity arose from the same source as extreme compulsivity: anxiety. One woman, who I think is in her sixties now, came to this country from Switzerland. She’s a piano tuner and mostly a homemaker. And she is compulsive about having everything in her house in exactly the right place. I mean, every bottle of spices in her kitchen, every mug, the stuff in the medicine cabinet in the bathroom, the way the towels are draped—everything has to be just so. I asked her about how she grew up and her childhood. She told me her mother was very unpredictable emotionally. Some days she was warm and caring, other days she was cold and distant, and so this little girl never knew what kind of mother she was going to have. One day, the family is going to a summer cottage, and they get there and things are a mess and the mother is tearing at her hair, “Oh, we can’t fix it up quickly enough for the children to go to sleep, what are we going to do?” So the little girl says, “Even if we can’t get the whole house cleaned and perfect and the beds made, let’s just take this little place on the grass and brush away the sticks and put out some chairs and have a little picnic.” She told me that from that moment on, she began to think that even though many, many, many things in her life were unpredictable, there were a few things that she could control. And knowing that there were a few such things made her feel less on edge, less anxious. As an adult, she still feels the world is a crazy uncontrollable, unpredictable place, but by God, her mugs are going to be in the right place. That’s one little thing that she can control, and it makes her feel better. No one would call her mentally ill. She’s perfectly functional, she has great self-insight, but this is why she does what she does. I think there are a lot of us who feel the same way. We can’t control what’s going to happen to the economy, we can’t control what’s going to happen in politics, but there is this one little area of our lives that we can carve out and we can control, and we do so compulsively. And thank goodness there are compulsive people in the world, people who just can’t sit still when something is bothering them, and they get up and they go out into the world and they do something. There’s also this idea that disordered behaviors not only emerged from a place of trying to adapt to childhood circumstances, but also that they can be marshaled as strengths, which I really like. But to play devil’s advocate for a second: I recognize that compulsively maintaining order over your small corner of the world, like the woman you described, is not a sign of severe mental illness. She’s functional and it’s not hugely detrimental to her life, but at the same time, this behavior is symptomatic of a response to this unstable feeling she had throughout her childhood. So what do you think of the benefits of therapy for someone like that? The simplest answer is that people can benefit from therapy even if they don’t have a mental illness. So I’m using mental illness in the very strict terms of the American Psychiatric Association. All the diagnoses in the DSM meet two crucial criteria: whatever the feelings or behaviors are, they have to cause distress and impairment. If they don’t, then the conversation is over, this person is not mentally ill. That actually came out of psychiatry’s unfortunate history with homosexuality. Bianca, the woman we’re talking about, clearly is not mentally ill. She doesn’t feel like keeping her house in this state of extreme order is taking time away from things that she would be better off doing. Would she perhaps be more content with her life and have even more self-insight if she talked to a professional? Very likely. So again, I would just go back to saying, you can benefit from therapy even if you don’t have a mental illness. And many of the people I described don’t have mental illnesses, but they do have issues. So, you know, it’s up to them whether they want to get help for them. Does anyone not have compulsions? Is that possible? [Laughter] I think if you scratch the surface even a little bit, almost everyone will turn out to have at least a little something. I have no empirical basis for saying that, but once I started this research, I started seeing compulsions everywhere. And I, of course, have some of my own. So I think it would be hard to find someone who does not have at least mild compulsiveness, but again, that’s just a guess. Can you talk about some of your own compulsions? Yeah. I would describe myself as a non-hoarder, as in I really like to get rid of stuff in my house. I never really thought about it in psychological terms before: I just wanted to declutter. But once I started the book, it started to seem to me that when I have less stuff, I feel less tied down. The more stuff I have, I look around and think, “God, I will never be able to move,” or “I’ll never be able to make a change in my life.” So one of my mild compulsions is to get rid of things, and through the book and talking to people, both experts and civilians, I got that little teeny piece of insight into why I have that feeling. Search *Note. All content on this site unless specifically attributed to the editor has been obtained from other sources. A link at the bottom of each post will direct readers to the material in its full and original form. If content providers prefer to have their material removed, please contact me at the email address listed above. None of the items posted here are, or should be, used for commercial purposes . They are presented solely to promote the ideas, reporting and art of the people that produced them. | Mid | [
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Q: Mate desktop breaks with no panels and tens of caja windows on user switching? I'm using Sabayon GNU/Linux with Mate-Desktop. I have my computer set up for multiple users so my girlfriend and the kids can use it too. ~ $ uname -a Linux 3.9.0-sabayon #1 SMP Thu Jun 27 07:53:45 UTC 2013 x86_64 Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3930K CPU @ 3.20GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux ~ $ equo search mate-desktop >> @@ Package: mate-base/mate-desktop-1.6.0 branch: 5, [sabayonlinux.org] >> Available: version: 1.6.0 ~ tag: NoTag ~ revision: 0 >> Installed: version: 1.6.0 ~ tag: NoTag ~ revision: 0 Each time i switch user, logging out and logging in as another user I end up in a completly messed up desktop environment. The mate-panels are missing. Errors pop up that no system tray is available. Tens of caja instances pop up. The only way to fix this is to switch to TTY and reboot the machine. After reboot everything works as desired. But switching users does not work at all. In addition, both mate-panel and mate-settings-d use around 100% CPU. PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 8691 afri 20 0 6735900 5.384g 21176 R 100.3 17.2 70:03.75 mate-settings-d 8716 afri 20 0 1789004 1.070g 21744 R 96.4 3.4 64:12.03 mate-panel Someone on IRC of #mate told me this could be a dconf error. The .xsession-error log says dconf has some issues with permissions: (mate-panel:8716): dconf-CRITICAL **: unable to create directory '/run/user/1001/dconf': Permission denied. dconf will not work properly. Checking out the directory /run/user/1001/dconf tells it's owned by another user. It's a mess. How to avoid this permission conflict for the dconf directory? Update Finally, this thread suggests to play around with $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR: $ echo $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR /run/user/1001 Now, the issue is obvious: all users are using the same directory for dconf which results in the described permission issues. So I tried to adjust the $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR. I added the following line to my ~/.bash_profile settings: export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/$(id -u username) Now, dconf should be able to access the custom directory. But this still does not work. I'm still getting the same error as above: (mate-panel:8716): dconf-CRITICAL **: unable to create directory '/run/user/1001/dconf': Permission denied. dconf will not work properly. But I double-checked the settings of the directory: it's existing. permissions are set correctly. environment variables are set correctly. What else can I try to fix this? I'm really lost. A: This happened to me too. I checked the .xsession-errors log on my home and it pointed to a permissions issue on $HOME/.cache/dconf/user, which I changed to be owned by my user and that fixed the problem. | Mid | [
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Thursday, 20 September 2012 I'm Not Religious, I'm Just Quite SpiritualAsceticism has been a really amazing journey for meBrrrrrrrrr!!! Your aura's incredibly cold!Connectedness is when everyone holds hands and has a beautiful cryDenial is when people don't believe in fairies. It's really sadEverything is made of blessings. EverythingFasting is easy because I'm full of loveGlastonbury Tor is my Power PlaceHow am I? I don't think of myself as how I am; more how I am. You know?I feel really lucky to be so totally self obsessed awareJust to let you know: I have seven souls. Sometimes eightKarma is when people who are really poor were really bad in a past lifeLove = Joy = Peace = No more war! It's so simple! xxx My reiki teacher can see right through me. Literally. He's amazingNo room at the Negativity Inn!OmPairs Utility is an anagram of 'spirituality'. Need I say more?Qi, or ch'i, or chi, or ki. Or cheeseREAD THE ALCHEMIST. IT WILL COMPLETELY CHANGE YOUR LIFESelf-realisation has been so good for me and my relationship with myselfTranscendentalism has been so good for me and my relationship with myselfUniverse: do my bidding! (I mean that in a really gentle way)Very, very, very, very depressed. Please, someone help meWhen you ask the Universe for something, it always comes trueX-rays really fuck with your yin and yangYou are so nearly as spiritual as I amZoo Thursday, 13 September 2012 H is a single mother of a nine-week-old baby. She's been suffering from chronic depression and anxiety because of various life experiences. Understandably, H has been quite worried, since giving birth, that her depression will be aggravated further and that she will start to display symptoms of post-natal depression or postpartum psychosis. Thankfully, so far, neither has occurred. Shortly before H gave birth, she made a claim for Employment & Support Allowance (ESA) - a benefit for people who are not well enough to work - on the grounds that she was depressed and anxious and unable to be around people she didn't know very well. H was not told it would have been better for her to make a claim for Income Support as a lone parent; entitlement to this benefit, in H's case, would have been unequivocal. H received her first ESA payment and was under the impression that her claim had been finalised. She was not made aware that she would be required to attend a work capability assessment with a medical professional and that only after this assessment, would a final decision be made about her entitlement to ESA. H attended her work capability assessment when she was heavily pregnant. Apparently, the medical professional assessing her had not been trained in the welfare system because H was not advised, due to the imminent birth of her baby, to cancel her ESA claim and make a claim for Income Support to which she certainly would have been entitled and for which there is no medical assessment or points-based test that has to be passed. H had her baby. A couple of months after the birth, she sought advice from a welfare rights specialist about any other money she might be entitled to as a lone parent with health problems. The caseworker called the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), as a matter of course, to check the amount of ESA that H was receiving. The caseworker was told that H's ESA had been cancelled some weeks ago because she had failed her work capability assessment and was no longer entitled. H had not been written to about this and so was not aware that this decision had been made. She had not checked her bank account for some time as she had been busy with her new baby. Her only income at this point was Child Benefit and Child Tax Credit amounting to approximately £80 per week with which she had to buy food and household items for herself, nappies, formula milk and other provisions for her baby, pay her bills and pay for public transport to get to appointments to see her social worker and other people. H was advised to make an immediate claim for Income Support and to ask for it to be backdated to the day that her ESA stopped. The caseworker talked to her about appealing the decision about her ESA but it was agreed that a claim for Income Support was a better route because H was definitely entitled to this benefit and the stress of an appeal where there was no guarantee of success would have been overwhelming for H. H was also advised to apply for a crisis loan from the Social Fund while she was waiting for her Income Support claim to be processed. Some days later, H contacted her caseworker in a state of panic to say that her application for a crisis loan had been unsuccessful. H had been told that she was ‘not in crisis’ because she was being paid Child Benefit and Child Tax Credit. Someone in H’s situation should be receiving around £152 per week in benefits and tax credits. H was receiving about half this amount and was spending approximately £20 per week on nappies alone. The caseworker tried to contact the crisis loan department on the telephone in an attempt to resolve things quickly but was greeted with the word, ‘no’ and the line going dead when she said who she was and why she was calling. H is now in the process of appealing the decision about her entitlement to a crisis loan and is still awaiting the outcome of her Income Support claim. This does not solve her immediate problem of lack of funds because of poor knowledge and bad decision making on the part of the people working within the services that were designed to protect her. It was not OK for a H, new single mother with complicated mental health problems, in an extremely vulnerable position, to have been told that she was ‘not in crisis’ when she said she was. It was not OK for people in positions of authority not to have noticed that it would been much better for this woman to have made a relatively simple claim for Income Support rather than a long-winded, stressful, humiliating and unsuccessful claim for ESA. It was not OK that H did not receive written confirmation of the decision about her ESA. It was not OK for H's caseworker to be greeted by a virtual brick wall during an attempt to help her.What's also really not OK is for David Cameron to say that he wants to protect the most vulnerable in our society when there are very few, if any, examples of what he actually means, especially given that H’s case is by no means unique. Thursday, 6 September 2012 Does anyone have a van to help me move at the weekend? If so, could you PM me your details ASAP? Ta.Does anyone have a red dress I can use for one night next week? I'm planning on going out in red and I don't have anything red, so... xxxDoes anyone have a digital camera I can borrow for my first time with Stewart? (Eek!)Does anyone have one of those things for getting staples out of stuff? I've got loads of staples in stuff and I need to get them out. It's urgent-ish.Does anyone have a gigantic house plant (and car) that they don't want any more? I mainly need the car.Does anyone have an entire orchestra's worth of instruments? I've just had an amazing idea to do with music!Does anyone have a baby I can borrow? Preferably for a few years?Does anyone have all the episodes of Neighbours, Home & Away and Eastenders? I need to watch them all quite urgently for a thing I'm doing about addiction, loneliness and overeating.Does anyone feel like helping me tidy up the mess I've made in my house? I got a bit cross yesterday and burned quite a lot of stuff. #oops.Does anyone have, like, an hour or so to spare once a week?Does anyone have a bed? In their room? That I can sleep in? With them?Does anyone have a healthy sense of boundaries that they could teach me?Does anyone have a bike, some masking tape, a wig, some sheets of glass, a bible, some coffee, a Kula Shaker CD, some ash, a cock stop, a banana a filing cabinet and a quid I could borrow for twenty minutes?Does anyone have any advice about anything? I mean just in general?Does anyone have about twelve of those little wooden scooters that are in the shape of various animals? It's for a kids' music/theatre/group show/workshop that me and Jonah and Jemimah and Juliah and Joshuah are doing.Does anyone have any idea where I am? All I can see is pylons if that's any help... Does anyone have some guns? I've really fucked something up. Sunday, 2 September 2012 An elderly couple are on a bus.Woman I tell you who I'd like to see soon and that's BobMan Bob died. He diedWoman He died?Man Yes, he did. I didn't tell you because I knew that you loved him and I didn't want you to be sad before Julia's wedding | Low | [
0.514435695538057,
24.5,
23.125
] |
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