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We are more than 20 years into the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Although much is known about event-specific behaviors and contexts that facilitate HIV and HCV transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs), we know very little about the mechanisms by which many long-time IDUs have managed to remain uninfected with either virus. Given the psychological, behavioral and social problems and chaotic lives that drug injectors often face, and the ways in which these may predispose them to engage in risky behaviors in high-risk settings, it is a puzzle how some nonetheless remain uninfected over the long term. We aim to discover strategies, resources, practices, and prevention tactics that help IDUs to remain uninfected, as well as the obstacles they face and the ways in which they overcome these obstacles. We will do this by conducting detailed life history interviews with 80 long-term current IDUs who fall into two distinct categories by infection status: (1) Doubly uninfected who are both HIV- and HCV-antibody negative; and (2) Doubly infected who are positive for both viruses. Qualitative analyses will compare and contrast the life histories of IDUs in these categories to discover how they differ in terms of strategies, socioeconomic resources, use of drug treatment and other services, and approaches to risk and risk-avoidance. Person-centered quantitative analysis methods will be used to discover additional differences between the life pathways of the two groups. We will also develop and assess a questionnaire module to measure concepts that emerge as important. This will facilitate 3 new areas of related research: 1. Epidemiologic verification; 2. Development and evaluation of prevention programs based on project findings; and 3. Etiologic research to determine physiological, psychological and social causal factors that make some IDUs more likely to implement strategies that offer a degree of long term protection from infection. This project will provide the conceptual basis for developing a new generation of HIV and HCV prevention programs to assist IDUs who are unable to quit injecting to develop strategies to avoid infection over the long run and to make better use of existing forms of prevention and treatment. | High | [
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--- abstract: 'We study the equilibrium phase diagram of binary mixtures of hard spheres as well as of parallel hard cubes. A superior cluster algorithm allows us to establish and to access the demixed phase for both systems and to investigate the subtle interplay between short-range depletion and long-range demixing.' address: | CNRS-Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond,\ 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France author: - 'Arnaud Buhot and Werner Krauth [@email]' date: Received title: ' Numerical Solution of Hard-Core Mixtures ' --- [2]{} Liquid binary mixtures pose an important, yet easily formulated problem: Imagine a 3-dimensional box of size $L$ (volume $V=L^3$) occupied by objects of two different types $a, b$ with packing fractions $\eta_a$ and $\eta_b$. Will the system remain homogeneously mixed or will it phase-separate? This demixing problem can be readily analyzed whenever there is an obvious free energy imbalance between the homogeneous and the phase-separated system. In many cases of practical importance, such an imbalance is due to the interactions, for example caused by electrostatic screening. Even in the absence of interactions (other than by a hard-core term), a free energy difference can be caused by an entropic contribution. In “non-additive” mixtures, the, say, demixed phase may be able to pack space more densely. At high overall packing fractions, the system will then be phase-separated. Systems of impenetrable large and small spheres or cubes belong to the class of [*additive*]{} mixtures. In these systems, the distance $r_{ab}$ of closest approach between, say, two spheres of radii $r_a$ and $r_b$ satisfies: $r_{ab} = r_{a} + r_{b}$, so that the abovementioned simple entropic effect is absent. Nevertheless, it has been understood for a long time that even additive mixtures are subject to an entropic “depletion force” [@Asakura]: two [*large*]{} particles may approach sufficiently closely for the [*small*]{} ones to be expelled from the interspace between them. In that situation, an osmotic (partial) pressure difference (of the small particles) builds up and pulls the big particles even closer together. The depletion force is strongly attractive at very short distances $r$ between the large particles (for $2\; r_a < r \lesssim 2\; r_a + r_b$), but finally turns out to be quite long-range in nature [@Mao] [@Biben96]. Approaches to integrate out the small particles are thus problematic. As a prototype of additive mixtures, it is thus of great interest to completely analyze the microscopic model of large and small spheres or cubes and to understand whether it will eventually lead to phase separation. Precisely this question has remained hotly debated even in recent years. The theoretical framework for the mixture problem has traditionally relied on the solutions of ‘closure approximations’ to the Ornstein-Zernicke integral equations. Classic work of Lebowitz and Rowlinson [@Lebowitz], performed more than 30 years ago, first showed that the Percus-Yevick closure of the integral equations did not lead to phase separation. This exact statement was thought to reflect the true behavior of the system until Biben and Hansen [@Biben91] challenged the view by showing that an instability of the mixture was predicted by a different choice of the closure. Since the closure approximations are contradictory (and fundamentally uncontrolled), it is of prime importance to resort to independent checks. However, numerical simulations have been notoriously difficult, especially for objects very different in size. Numerical evidence for a phase transition has, to our knowledge, only been obtained in a lattice model of hard cubes [@Dijkstra]. The situation has thus been very confusing. One is lead to agree with the author of ref. [@Cuesta]: the field would benefit from an “Ising model of liquids”, an exactly solvable full-complexity model against which the concepts and the approximate theories could be checked. In the present paper, short of providing such an analytic solution, we obtain a very precise [*numerical*]{} solution to the problem of binary mixtures, by applying an extremely powerful cluster algorithm [@Dress] to the problem. Like the algorithms of Swendsen and Wang [@Swendsen] and Wolff [@Wolff] for the case of the Ising model, the new method allows to obtain all the thermodynamic quantities with unprecedented accuracy. As a first important application, we actually establish the long sought for demixing transition [*both for spheres and for cubes*]{}. In our algorithm [@Dress], the convergence problems of ordinary Monte Carlo simulations are completely eliminated in a wide and physically interesting range of parameters. We have obtained convergence for up to $10^6$ particles (limited by the size of the computer memory available to us) where previous work (for systems two orders of magnitude smaller) remained inconclusive. Our method applies equally well to spheres, cubes or any other shape, and both to the continuum and the lattice [@Heringa]. At any step of the algorithm (cf. [@Dress] for details) one generates a new ‘copy’ of the ‘original’ by inverting the latter around a randomly chosen pivot point $x_p$. Original and copy are then superimposed. The combined system presents ‘clusters’ of overlapping objects. Some of these clusters are then ‘flipped’: particles belonging to the original are assigned to the copy, and vice versa. Thereafter, the copy is discarded and a new pivot point is chosen. The algorithm can easily be set up for simulations at constant particle number. It is completely symmetric with respect to the operation: original $\rightleftharpoons$ copy, a property which implies detailed balance. The method works perfectly well as long as the combined system breaks up into at least a few sizeable clusters. In our previous work on hard spheres in two dimension, we located this purely algorithmic percolation threshold at a much lower packing fraction than would have been useful to study the 2-dimensional liquid-solid phase transition. In the present case of mixtures, the situation is vastly improved: we find that the percolation threshold (the optimal operation point of our algorithm) mainly depends on the [*combined packing fraction*]{} $\eta_a + \eta_b$, but [*not on the size ratio*]{} of the two species. This is radically different from the behavior of ordinary (local) Monte Carlo methods, where the diffusion of large particles becomes completely blocked by the nearby presence of many small ones. The lack of sensitivity of our algorithm to the size ratio of the particles is all the more interesting for a second reason: it has long been understood that the important physical phenomena (depletion and the tendency to phase-separate) quickly move to lower overall packing fractions as the particles become dissimilar in size. These two effects open up a large window of packing fractions and size ratios in which we can numerically solve the problem of liquid mixtures with the new algorithm. Let us first consider the superposed system of [*monodisperse*]{} objects. In this case, the algorithm’s optimal point of operation turns out to be at $\eta_a = \eta_P \sim 0.23$ both for cubes and for spheres. The percolation threshold is thus located at a packing fraction corresponding to $1/4$ of the close packing fraction for cubes and $1/3$ for spheres. At $\eta_P$, the algorithm evenly flips clusters of any size. For larger packing fractions, intermediate cluster sizes will appear less often, since we either encounter the percolating cluster, or have to do with the algebraically decreasing distribution of small clusters [@Stauffer]. Above the threshold, the algorithm deteriorates ‘gracefully’, and it is quite possible to converge the monodisperse system (at, say, $N=500$) for packing fractions up to $\eta \sim 0.4$. We now introduce the very large number of small objects (cubes or spheres). As long as the system remains homogeneous, we notice that the percolation threshold moves to slightly larger [*overall*]{} packing fractions. During the simulation, we sample the partial distribution function of pairs of large particles $g_{ll}(r)$ [@Hansen]. The numerical noise is much reduced if we consider not $g_{ll}(r)$, but the [*integrated*]{} pair distribution function $G_{ll}(r) = 4 \pi \rho_l \int^r dr' r'^2 g_{ll}(r')$ ($\rho_l$ is the density of large particules). $G_{ll}(r)$ determines the average number of large particles within a radius $r$ around a randomly chosen large particle. We also compare $g_{ll}(r)$ and $G_{ll}(r)$ to the pair distribution functions $g(r)$ and $G(r)$ of the monodisperse system (with $\eta_b=0$) at the same value of $\eta_a$. Knowledge of the pair distribution functions for all $r$ is equivalent to the computation of the structure factor (its Fourier transform), which informs us about the system’s phase: for a homogeneous phase, $g_{ll}(r)$ is completely flat for large arguments ($G_{ll}(r)$ will follow the monodisperse system’s $G(r)$). In contrast, $g_{ll}(r)$ and $G_{ll}(r)$ for phase separated systems will be system-size dependent functions even for moderate $r$. This fact translates to the presence of phase regions of varying extension. For spheres at a packing fraction $\eta_a = \eta_b = 0.1215$, and a ratio of radii $r_b/r_a = 1/10$, we determined the integrated pair distribution function $G_{ll}(r)$ and compared it to the monodisperse system ($\eta_b=0$). In fig. 1, we present our results for $N_a = 62, N_b= 62.000$ and for $N_a= 108, N_b=108.000$ (the latter case, [*e. g.*]{}, corresponds to a box of side length $L=15.5 \times r_a$, with periodic boundary conditions). We obtain very smooth curves, which indicate the exceptional convergence of the algorithm. More importantly, close agreement of $G_{ll}(r)$ with the monodisperse case for large $r$ is reached. This clearly indicates that the introduction of small spheres has not changed the large-scale behavior of our system, which is still homogeneous. The inset of fig. 1 shows the $G_{ll}(r)$ for small arguments: the lower line corresponds to the monodisperse system, and the upper curve to the full simulation. A dramatic depletion effect is obvious. In agreement with previous knowledge, we observe that the effect is strongest for values $ 2 r_a < r \lesssim 2 (r_a + r_b)$. Differentiating $G_{ll}(r)$, we obtain $g_{ll}(r)$, whose contact value at $r= 2 r_a$ is increased by a factor of $8.5$ with respect to the monodisperse case. $g_{ll}(r)$ oscillates for larger arguments, reaches a first minimum at $r \sim 2 (r_a + r_b)$, and eventually levels out to the expected value $g_{ll}(r) \rightarrow 1$ for large $r$. For small $r$, the integrated function, $G_{ll}(r)$, exceeds the monodisperse system’s $G(r)$ by about $0.4$. In our opinion, this additional binding of an average $0.4$ particles characterizes the strength of the depletion much better than the contact value $g_{ll}(2 r_a)$. We also suggest that a system with an additional binding of more than one particle should be unstable to phase separation. The inset of fig. 1, as the main graph, contains in fact two sets of curves. On the scale of the figure, the curves for $N_a = 62$ cannot be distinguished from those at $N_a = 108$ (for $r<L/2$, neither can the data for $N_a = 864$, which we have also computed). As mentioned before, the close agreement testifies to the good convergence of the algorithm, but also indicates that finite-size effects are completely negligible at these values of the physical parameters. This is a key observation, which leads us to strongly suspect that we are far away from any second-order phase transition point (as the critical point of phase separation), which should lead to such effects. Finally, at the combined packing fraction of $\eta=0.243$, we are still [*below*]{} the percolation threshold for the system with $r_b/r_a = 1/10$, but clearly [*above*]{} the monodisperse system’s point of percolation. We believe that the local binding effects of the depletion force lead to a slight modification of the many-particle distribution functions, which is picked up in the distribution of cluster sizes. The situation appears to be changed for a ratio of radii $r_b/r_a= 1/20$. For this case, our memory resources have allowed us to perform calculations at $N_a = 32, N_b= 256.000$ and $N_a = 62, N_b= 496.000$, again at $\eta_a = \eta_b = 0.1215$ ($L=10.33 \times r_a$ and $L=12.88 \times r_a$, respectively). Phase separation still does not seem to have taken place, but we notice the presence of important finite-size effects. For example, the system at $N_a = 32$ indicates an average ‘additional binding’ of $0.7$ particles per sphere, while the larger system at $N_a = 62$ yields a binding of $0.8$. Again, the finite-size effects go into the direction of an [*increased depletion*]{} for the larger size. Since we are already at the limit of our computer resources, we were unable to check the phase behavior at even larger numbers of particles. Finally, we have performed simulations at $r_b/r_a= 1/30$, and $N_a = 32, N_b= 864.000$, again at the same packing fraction $\eta_a = \eta_b = 0.1215$. In these very large simulations, the system clearly has crossed into the separated phase: the distribution function $G_{ll}(r)$ is suddenly very different from the monodisperse system’s $G(r)$ for all values of $r$, and the additional binding is clearly larger than $1$. In this case, we usually observe the presence of one or two large aggregates [@footaggregate] of large spheres which comprise most of them. In agreement with this observation we also notice a dramatic change in the behavior of our algorithm: the distribution of ‘cluster’ sizes is shifted towards very large clusters, since the presence of the dense phase of spheres (the ‘aggregate’) pushes the system locally beyond the percolation threshold. Our algorithm is extremely powerful, but we have nevertheless reached the memory limits of today’s workstations. For spheres, the transition takes place at rather small size ratios ($r_b/r_a \sim 1/20$): therefore, we simulate a very large total number of particles but the $G_{ll}(r)$ belongs to a small system with only a few dozen large spheres. For spheres, the finite-size analysis, and the precise location of the critical point will have to be done on more powerful machines. We have found it interesting to pursue our study in a different direction, [*i. e.*]{} to confirm phase separation in the model of hard parallel cubes of side lengths $d_a$ and $d_b$, respectively. Here, the large cubes can touch on opposite faces. The osmotic pressure, exerted on a much larger surface, leads to a stronger depletion force, which should strongly favor phase separation. This is indeed what we have found. As for hard spheres, we have observed [*i)*]{} depletion at any packing fraction; [*ii)*]{} finite-size effects, which become more important as the cubes grow more dissimilar in size, and which render the system more unstable for larger particle numbers; [*iii)*]{} the phase-separated regime for very strong depletion. Again, the instability appears as soon as the average additional ‘binding’ is of one particle per cube. Simulations have revealed no signatures of an instability for a size ratio of $d_b/d_a=1/2$ (at the accessible packing fractions below $\eta_a + \eta_b = \eta_P \sim 0.23$). Finite-size effects are negligible. For a ratio of $d_b/d_a=1/10$, at small packing fractions, the same holds true. However, for a packing fraction of $\eta_a = \eta_b = 0.054$, the system at $N_a = 62 ; L=10.5 \times d_a$ remains clearly homogeneous, with a very strong depletion and an ‘additional binding’ of about $0.9$ particles. At the same packing fraction, at $N_a = 496, N_b=496.000 ; L=21.0 \times d_a$, the $G_{ll}(r)$ has pulled away from the monodisperse case for all $r$: the system has already undergone phase separation. In fig. 2, we present well-converged data for a slightly larger packing fraction $\eta_a = \eta_b = 0.067 $, still at $d_b/d_a=1/10$. Here, already the system at $N_a = 62 ; L=9.75 \times d_a$ is in the demixed phase. The data at $N_a=108 ; L=11.73 \times d_a$ illustrate the large finite-size effects at moderate $r_a$. The maximum difference of $(G_{ll} - G)$ is much larger for $N_a=108$ than for $N_a=62$, and is expected to diverge for $N_a \rightarrow +\infty$. We stress again that this effects are specific of the phase-separated system, and in the present form of the fixed particule number system, in which actual phase coexistence is obtained. In the demixed system, one of the two phases will be ‘rich in cubes’. Unfortunately this phase will have a packing fraction above $\eta_P$ (except very close to the critical point), and will be difficult to study with our algorithm. The route towards instability is [*not*]{} touched by this problem. Nevertheless, both systems seem to have converged. While we did not study the demixed phases in detail, we have noticed the appearance of aggregates which are all but closed packed. In conclusion, we have studied the equilibrium phases of hard core mixtures. A superior algorithm has allowed us to establish and to access the demixed phase both for spheres and for cubes, and to investigate the subtle interplay between short-range depletion and long-range demixing. There are many questions and a large number of directions for further research, besides those already mentioned. Primarily, we think that the precise phase diagram needs to be established, especially the position of the critical point. In addition, the comparison with various closure formulas should be undertaken. We can already see that ref. [@Cuesta] places the critical packing fraction for cubes much too high. For most closure approximations, the numerical applications were done at quite large values of the size ratio, probably since Monte Carlo simulations for very dissimilar objects were thought to be completely out of reach. Paradoxically, the opposite is true. We are much more at ease at large asymmetry, as long as the packing fraction is not too high. The comparison between the exact numerical points and the closures should of course be done directly on the observables, such as $g_{ll}(r)$, and not on the phase diagram. To encourage and simplify further work, we will make available via email the Fortran code used in this paper. Finally, the question remains whether the artificial percolation threshold $\eta_P$ presents an unsurmountable barrier to the numerical solution. Several ideas to go much beyond $\eta_P$ have been formulated (cf [@Dress]). Even in the very dense limit of importance in the two-dimensional melting problem, the flip of the percolating cluster can be avoided, but we have up to now been unable to transform this idea into a working algorithm [@Bagnier]. However, we are firmly convinced that $\eta_P$ is not a hard boundary: many more difficult problems, such as melting, are also likely to fall under the attack of appropriate, while very specialized algorithms. [email protected]; [email protected] S. Asakura and F. Oosawa [*J. Chem. Phys.*]{} [**22**]{} 1255 (1954). Y. Mao, M. E. Cates and H. N. W. Lekkerkerker [*Physica A*]{} [**222**]{} 10 (1995). T. Biben, P. Bladon and D. Frenkel [*J. Phys. Condens Matter*]{} [**8**]{} 10799 (1996). J. L. Lebowitz and J. S. Rowlinson [*J. Chem. Phys.*]{} [**41**]{}, 133 (1964). T. Biben and J. P. Hansen [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**66**]{}, 2215 (1991). M. Dijkstra, D. Frenkel and J. P. Hansen [*J. Chem. Phys.*]{} [**101**]{}, 3179 (1994); M. Dijkstra and D. Frenkel [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**72**]{} 298 (1994). J. A. Cuesta [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**76**]{} 3742 (1996). C. Dress and W. Krauth [*J. Phys. A: Math Gen*]{} [**28**]{}, L597 (1995). R. H. Swendsen and J.-S. Wang [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**58**]{} 86 (1987). U. Wolff [*Phys. Rev. Lett.*]{} [**62**]{} 361 (1989). The first successful simulations using the algorithm were performed in a $3$-dimensional lattice gas model: J. R. Heringa and H. W. J. Blöte [*Physica*]{} [**232A**]{}, 369 (1996); [*preprint*]{} to appear in Physica A; J. R. Heringa [*preprint*]{}. D. Stauffer [*Phys. Rep.* ]{} [**54**]{} 1 (1979). J. P. Hansen and I. R. Macdonald [*Theory of Simple Liquids, 2nd edition*]{} (Academic, London, 1986). Two large spheres are ‘aggregated’ if their distance is smaller than $ 2( r_a + r_b)$. S. Bagnier and W. Krauth, unpublished (1996). The algorithm was carefully checked against a local Monte Carlo method for small systems. In one dimension, excellent agreement with the exact solution [@Robledo] was obtained. A. Robledo and J. S. Rowlinson [*Molec. Phys.* ]{} [**58**]{}, 711 (1986). | Mid | [
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Synthetic approaches to the 2005 new drugs. New drugs are introduced to the market every year and each individual drug represents a privileged structure for its biological target. In addition, these new chemical entities (NCEs) not only provide insights into molecular recognition, but also serve as drug-like leads for designing future new drugs. To these ends, this review covers the syntheses of 22 NCEs marketed in 2005. | High | [
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Imbestigador Imbestigador () is a Philippine television investigative docudrama show broadcast by GMA Network. Hosted by Mike Enriquez, it premiered on August 2, 2000 replacing Compañero y Compañera. It tackles anomalies and inconsistencies in the Philippine government. It also criticizes the corruption in the Philippine society, from overpriced items to arms smuggling, covering a wide variety of topics that sometimes include Filipino traditions and beliefs. It is a public service show that aims to inform the people of the current problems troubling the Philippines. It originally aired during Wednesdays from 2000 to 2001, then it moved to Saturdays from 2001 to 2012, 2014–present. from 2012 to 2014. the show aired in Sunday evenings. In July 2014, the show returned to Saturday afternoon. The show on January 1, 2012 has "caught-up" on GMA Pinoy TV and is no longer one-week delayed due to the show being pre-empted on December 31, 2011 in lieu of "Trending 2011: The GMA News and Public Affairs Yearend Special", which was also hosted by Mike Enriquez with Dingdong Dantes. History The show premiered on August 2, 2000. It began with very casual crime scene reports, which continues to be the usual focus. Various crimes were featured, including kidnapping, slavery, child abuse, and various drug-related crimes. The team was equipped with hidden cameras for doing entrapment operations with the help of the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), the Commission on Human Rights (CHR), the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA). A recently new format (while the program is still on the previous timeslot) similar to rival, ABS-CBN's S.O.C.O.: Scene of the Crime Operatives, which led to move at its current timeslot since July 19, 2014. Expansion of social issues From crime reports, Imbestigador expanded into an all-around investigative show. It now also featured various societal problems such as corruption, problems in local governments, and illegal activities. It also has done special reports regarding poverty, honesty, cleanliness, education, wasted public funds, youths, and public health and safety. It also honored Pope John Paul II when Mike Enriquez did a special coverage regarding the pope's funeral. He also acted as a quiz master regarding the report of education, which reported the education system is weakening. On their fifth anniversary special, the show acted as "Santa Claus" by giving computers to each police station in Metro Manila. It has also featured out of the country specials (in the United States, Japan, Italy, Singapore, France, and Germany). The show, alongside Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho, aired a live coverage of the wake of the late former president Corazon Aquino on August 8, 2009, just seven days after her death. A new format (while the program is still on the previous timeslot) similar to rival, ABS-CBN's S.O.C.O. (Scene of the Crime Operatives), which combines drama and reality, and led moved to its current Saturday timeslot on July 19, 2014. On January 9, 2016, the show reverted to its original format. However, the said recently reverted original format lasted for less than three months and reverted to its dramatization format on April 9, 2016. The original format, however, is being adopted by the Sumbungan ng Bayan segment of GMA's early evening newscast 24 Oras since its reformat last November 10, 2014. Special reports Pobreng Pinoy Date aired: August 28, 2004 This special report tackles poverty. Out of 85 million Filipinos, ninety percent (90%) are at or under the poverty line. It features some disgusting material: poor Filipinos eating worms out of the trash. Another feature of the report covers the sale of internal organs. It was re-aired on March 26, 2005, Black Saturday. "Sarap, Hirap, Laganap": Valentine's Day special report, 2005 Date aired: February 12, 2005 In the 2005 Valentine's Day special report, Imbestigador indicated that Filipino lovebirds, especially married couples, typically spend the romantic holiday in very cheap motels and rarely in five-star hotels. It would result in a population explosion. Some couples had more than three children, but it explodes into about 16 or even 20 children. Having more than five children usually brings a family under the poverty line. Pinoy, Tapat Ka Ba? (Filipinos, Are You Honest?) Date aired: July 2, 2005 Reader's Digest conducted an honesty survey via wallet test in 2004 in the Philippines, deliberately dropping wallets containing money and identification to see if they would be returned. The results of this test suggested that 80% of Filipinos were honest. Imbestigador conducted its own wallet test for two weeks to prove again how honest Filipinos were. Out of 80 wallets dropped, 65 were returned. "Kuryente" Date aired: June 7, 2008 This special report tackled the current power crisis of that year. It focused on why the Philippines had one of the most expensive electricity rates. "Cyberkids" Date aired: September 18, 2010 Part 1 of the show's 10th anniversary series, a special report on children as young as six years old involved in the cybersex trade, sometimes at the coercion of their own parents. "Smuggled Pinoys" Date aired: September 25, 2010 Tackling the issue of human trafficking, specifically Filipinos, who are smuggled to different parts of the world, delivered, exported, and sold like commodities to the highest bidders. "A Decade of Imbestigador" Date aired: October 2, 2010 The final part of the 10th anniversary series, the episode demonstrates how the show's catchphrase — “Hindi ka namin tatantanan!" — has also become an apt description for the show's self-declared mission to “relentlessly help victims of exploitation and bring those accountable to justice." Accolades References External links Category:GMA Network shows Category:Philippine documentary television series Category:GMA News and Public Affairs programs Category:2000 Philippine television series debuts Category:Investigative journalism Category:Philippine crime television series Category:Philippine television docudramas Category:Filipino-language television programs | Mid | [
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--- abstract: | Link-based data structures, such as linked lists and binary search trees, have many well-known rearrangement steps allowing for efficient implementations of insertion, deletion, and other operations. We describe a rearrangement primitive designed for link-based, heap-ordered priority queues in the comparison model, such as those similar to Fibonacci heaps or binomial heaps. In its most basic form, the primitive rearranges a collection of heap-ordered perfect binary trees. Doing so offers a data structure control on the number of trees involved in such a collection, in particular keeping this number logarithmic in the number of elements. The rearrangement step is free from an amortized complexity standpoint (using an appropriate potential function). author: - Boris Alexeev - 'M. Brian Jacokes' title: A rearrangement step with potential uses in priority queues --- Introduction ============ The priority queue, or *heap*, is perhaps the simplest data structure beyond stacks and FIFO queues. Originally designed as part of the sorting algorithm *heapsort* [@w], heaps are now used in a variety of algorithms, particularly graph-theoretic ones (such as Dijkstra’s single-source shortest-paths algorithm). In its most basic form, a heap represents a collection ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}}$ of elements from a totally-ordered set, together with the operations [[$\textsf{insert}$]{}]{}and [[$\textsf{delete-min}$]{}]{}; the latter returns the name of the least element after deleting it from ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}}$. More useful heap implementations will include the operations [[$\textsf{decrease-key}$]{}]{}, [[$\textsf{meld}$]{}]{}, [[$\textsf{delete}$]{}]{}, and [[$\textsf{make-queue}$]{}]{}, which we do not describe in detail here. The importance and utility of heaps stems from fast access to the current minimum element, unlike the fixed access patterns of stacks and queues. Simultaneously, the absence of operations like iteration through ${\ensuremath{\mathcal{P}}}$ in sorted order allows heaps to answer queries faster than full-fledged binary search trees. Many heap implementations have been developed, including the original binary heap [@w], binomial heap [@v], and Fibonacci heaps [@ft]. The basic atom of these implementations is the concept of a *heap-ordered tree*, which is a rooted tree such that each element is no greater than any of its children. In such a tree, clearly the smallest element is the root. Most implementations of heaps in the tradition of binomial heaps maintain a collection of heap-ordered trees represented explicitly, that is, with pointers. (An important exception is binary heaps which maintain a single heap-ordered tree represented implicitly in an array.) In order to perform updates and answer queries efficiently, there are a few primitive operations that rearrange elements in a manner preserving the heap-ordering. Two of the most important are *bubble-up* (also known as up-heap) and *bubble-down* (also known as down-heap), which address local inconsistencies in the heap-ordering at a leaf or root, respectively. There are also other primitives, such as the procedure for merging two binomial trees. We introduce a new rearrangement primitive that rearranges a collection of heap-ordered trees. In short, given three perfect heap-ordered binary trees, the rearrangement creates one larger perfect heap-ordered tree and two smaller ones. Rearrangement step ================== Recall that a binary tree is *perfect* (also called *full*) if all leaves are at the same depth. Such a tree will necessarily contain a number of nodes one less than a power of two. A *rearrangement step* is a method of taking three perfect binary trees of the same size (say, of height $h$) and producing one perfect binary tree of height $h+1$ and two perfect binary trees of height $h-1$, in constant time. This can be accomplished by comparing the three roots, selecting the smallest one, removing it from its tree (leaving two subtrees), and making it the root of a new larger tree with the other two trees as children. See Figure \[figure:rearrangement\] for visual accompaniment. (-0.25,-0.25)(10.25,7.25) (0,0)(0,2.5)[3]{}[ (0,0)(1,0)(0.5,1) (1.5,0)(2.5,0)(2,1) (0.5,1)(1.25,2)(2,1) (0.5,1)[0.15]{} (2,1)[0.15]{} (1.25,2)[0.15]{} ]{} (1.25,2)[0.15]{} (0.875,1.25)(0.875,1.75) (1.625,1.25)(1.625,1.75) (3,3.5)(4.5,3.5) (6.25,5.5)(7.75,6.5)(9.25,5.5) (7.75,6.5)[0.15]{} (5,3.5)(3,0)[2]{}[ (0,0)(1,0)(0.5,1) (1.5,0)(2.5,0)(2,1) (0.5,1)(1.25,2)(2,1) (0.5,1)[0.15]{} (2,1)[0.15]{} (1.25,2)[0.15]{} ]{} (6.25,1)(2,0)[2]{}[ (0,0)(1,0)(0.5,1) (0.5,1)[0.15]{} ]{} Suppose a heap is implemented by maintaining a collection of perfect, heap-ordered trees [@ss; @bsg]. Using the rearrangement step iteratively if necessary, the data structure may ensure that no more than two trees of any given height are present in the collection. Because the number of elements in each tree grows exponentially with the height, this ensures that no more than logarithmically-many trees are in the collection overall. Other operations, such as [[$\textsf{delete-min}$]{}]{}or [[$\textsf{meld}$]{}]{}, are thus easier to implement in logarithmic time. From the point of view of amortized complexity [@t], the rearrangement step pays for itself. More specifically, consider a *potential function* ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ that is the sum of the heights of the trees in a collection of perfect binary trees. Evidently, this potential function goes down by one every rearrangement step. Therefore, the amortized time complexity ${\ensuremath{t_{\text{amortized}}}}= {\ensuremath{t_{\text{actual}}}}+ {\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ (normalized so that each rearrangement step takes one unit of ${\ensuremath{t_{\text{actual}}}}$) does not change when a rearrangement step is performed. Since in any sequence of operations beginning with an empty queue, the initial value of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ (namely, zero) is at most the final value of ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}$, the amortized time ${\ensuremath{t_{\text{amortized}}}}$ is an upper bound on the actual time ${\ensuremath{t_{\text{actual}}}}$. Of course, for this analysis to be useful, the other operations must play well with the potential function. In our case, straightforward implementations of the heap operations do not modify ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ by much. Of course, the rearrangement step need not be limited in its application to perfect binary trees only. However, its implementation in that case is most straightforward so we limit our description to that situation. Applications ============ The rearrangement step described in this paper was also discovered by Claus Jensen, independently of these authors. Furthermore, Elmasry, Jensen, and Katajainen have used the step to implement a priority queue that guarantees $O(1)$ worst-case cost per [[$\textsf{insert}$]{}]{}and $O(\log n)$ worst-case cost per [[$\textsf{delete}$]{}]{}, where $n$ is the number of elements stored. [@ejkc; @ejkj] More specifically, those authors analyze a number system based on powers of two minus one (that is, the size of a perfect heap). A straightforward use of the rearrangement step would then allow each digit to be at most two; the *skew binary number system* has this property. However, in order to guarantee *worst-case* times rather than simply amortized times, the authors allow each digit to be at most four. Our writeup complements that of Elmasry, Jensen, and Katajainen by isolating the rearrangement primitive, which is used inline in their paper under the name *fix*. Thus this rearrangement step, in addition to being a theoretical addition to the basic link mechanisms used in the existing plethora of link-based priority queues, has already found applications. [BSG03]{} S. Bansal, S. Sreekanth, and P. Gupta, *M-heap: a modified heap data structure*, Internat. J. Found. Comput. Sci. **14** (2003), no. 3, 491–502. Amr Elmasry, Claus Jensen, and Jyrki Katajainen, *The magic of a number system*, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Fun with algorithms (Berlin, Heidelberg), FUN’10, Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 156–165. [to3em]{}, *Two skew-binary numeral systems and one application*, Theory Comput. Syst. **50** (2012), 185–211. Michael L. Fredman and Robert Endre Tarjan, *Fibonacci heaps and their uses in improved network optimization algorithms*, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. **34** (1987), no. 3, 596–615. Thomas Strothotte and J[ö]{}rg-R[ü]{}diger Sack, *Heaps in heaps*, Proceedings of the sixteenth [S]{}outheastern international conference on combinatorics, graph theory and computing ([B]{}oca [R]{}aton, [F]{}la., 1985), vol. 49, 1985, pp. 223–235. Robert Endre Tarjan, *Amortized computational complexity*, SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods **6** (1985), no. 2, 306–318. Jean Vuillemin, *A data structure for manipulating priority queues*, Comm. ACM **21** (1978), no. 4, 309–315. J. W. J. Williams, *Algorithm 232: Heapsort*, Comm. A.C.M. **7** (1964), no. 6, 347–348. | Mid | [
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Interphase cytogenetic analysis of distinct X-chromosomal translocation breakpoints in synovial sarcoma. Synovial sarcomas show a specific translocation involving chromosomes X and 18, t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2). Two distinct X-chromosomal breakpoints occur in different synovial sarcoma tumour samples. These breakpoints are located within two related genomic regions containing ornithine aminotransferase-like sequences, termed OATL1 and OATL2. Preliminary observations indicated the potential correlation of OATL1-associated breakpoints with biphasic tumours and OATL2-associated breakpoints with monophasic fibrous tumours. The present study uses interphase cytogenetics to investigate the nature of chromosomal aberrations in frozen synovial sarcoma tissue samples. Two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using probes specific for the centromeres of chromosome X or 18, along with yeast artificial chromosome probes corresponding to the distinct breakpoint regions on Xp. One monophasic epithelial and two monophasic fibrous synovial sarcomas showed an OATL2-associated breakpoint, while a biphasic tumour revealed a hybridization pattern indicating a breakpoint within the OATL1 region. These results confirm our previous suggestion of a relationship between alternative breakpoints in Xp11.2 and different histological phenotypes observed in synovial sarcomas. They also demonstrate the utility of the two-colour hybridization approach for the identification of chromosomal changes in interphase nuclei isolated from frozen tissues. | High | [
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33.5,
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi Is Scared Of Xi Jinping , Not A Word Comes Out When China Acts Against India – Rahul Gandhi Congress president Rahul Gandhi while reacting to China’s move to block designating Masood Azhar as global terrorist at the UN, has slammed Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the issue. He took a dig at the government’s diplomatic failure. Taking to his twitter handle the Congress president tweeted , “Weak Modi is scared of Xi. Not a word comes out of his mouth when China acts against India. NoMo’s China Diplomacy: 1. Swing with Xi in Gujarat 2. Hug Xi in Delhi 3. Bow to Xi in China Weak Modi is scared of Xi. Not a word comes out of his mouth when China acts against India. NoMo’s China Diplomacy: 1. Swing with Xi in Gujarat 2. Hug Xi in Delhi 3. Bow to Xi in China https://t.co/7QBjY4e0z3 — Rahul Gandhi (@RahulGandhi) March 14, 2019 The Congress party too stepped up its attack on the government for its diplomatic failure. The party’s Communications- in- Charge , Randeep Singh Surjewala tweeted A sad day in the global fight against terrorism! China blocking Masood Azhar’s designation as global terrorist reaffirms Chinese position of being an inseparable ally of terrorism’s breeding ground-Pakistan Sadly,Modiji’s Foreign Policy has been a series of Diplomatic Disasters https://t.co/9m08uhjowj — Randeep Singh Surjewala (@rssurjewala) March 13, 2019 | Low | [
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31.375,
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package main import ( "flag" "fmt" "io/ioutil" "log" "net/http" "os" "github.com/dghubble/gologin/v2" "github.com/dghubble/gologin/v2/github" "github.com/dghubble/sessions" "golang.org/x/oauth2" githubOAuth2 "golang.org/x/oauth2/github" ) const ( sessionName = "example-github-app" sessionSecret = "example cookie signing secret" sessionUserKey = "githubID" sessionUsername = "githubUsername" ) // sessionStore encodes and decodes session data stored in signed cookies var sessionStore = sessions.NewCookieStore([]byte(sessionSecret), nil) // Config configures the main ServeMux. type Config struct { GithubClientID string GithubClientSecret string } // New returns a new ServeMux with app routes. func New(config *Config) *http.ServeMux { mux := http.NewServeMux() mux.HandleFunc("/", profileHandler) mux.HandleFunc("/logout", logoutHandler) // 1. Register LoginHandler and CallbackHandler oauth2Config := &oauth2.Config{ ClientID: config.GithubClientID, ClientSecret: config.GithubClientSecret, RedirectURL: "http://localhost:8080/github/callback", Endpoint: githubOAuth2.Endpoint, } // state param cookies require HTTPS by default; disable for localhost development stateConfig := gologin.DebugOnlyCookieConfig mux.Handle("/github/login", github.StateHandler(stateConfig, github.LoginHandler(oauth2Config, nil))) mux.Handle("/github/callback", github.StateHandler(stateConfig, github.CallbackHandler(oauth2Config, issueSession(), nil))) return mux } // issueSession issues a cookie session after successful Github login func issueSession() http.Handler { fn := func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) { ctx := req.Context() githubUser, err := github.UserFromContext(ctx) if err != nil { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) return } // 2. Implement a success handler to issue some form of session session := sessionStore.New(sessionName) session.Values[sessionUserKey] = *githubUser.ID session.Values[sessionUsername] = *githubUser.Login session.Save(w) http.Redirect(w, req, "/profile", http.StatusFound) } return http.HandlerFunc(fn) } // profileHandler shows a personal profile or a login button (unauthenticated). func profileHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) { session, err := sessionStore.Get(req, sessionName) if err != nil { // welcome with login button page, _ := ioutil.ReadFile("home.html") fmt.Fprintf(w, string(page)) return } // authenticated profile fmt.Fprintf(w, `<p>You are logged in %s!</p><form action="/logout" method="post"><input type="submit" value="Logout"></form>`, session.Values[sessionUsername]) } // logoutHandler destroys the session on POSTs and redirects to home. func logoutHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) { if req.Method == "POST" { sessionStore.Destroy(w, sessionName) } http.Redirect(w, req, "/", http.StatusFound) } // main creates and starts a Server listening. func main() { const address = "localhost:8080" // read credentials from environment variables if available config := &Config{ GithubClientID: os.Getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_ID"), GithubClientSecret: os.Getenv("GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET"), } // allow consumer credential flags to override config fields clientID := flag.String("client-id", "", "Github Client ID") clientSecret := flag.String("client-secret", "", "Github Client Secret") flag.Parse() if *clientID != "" { config.GithubClientID = *clientID } if *clientSecret != "" { config.GithubClientSecret = *clientSecret } if config.GithubClientID == "" { log.Fatal("Missing Github Client ID") } if config.GithubClientSecret == "" { log.Fatal("Missing Github Client Secret") } log.Printf("Starting Server listening on %s\n", address) err := http.ListenAndServe(address, New(config)) if err != nil { log.Fatal("ListenAndServe: ", err) } } | Mid | [
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Segmental cecal dilatation with absent appendix: a case of failure of appendiceal regression? A rare intestinal malformation is reported in a boy 11 years old with a 3-year history of abdominal pain and chronic anemia. Laparotomy revealed a large cecal mass extending beyond the ileocecal valve in the place of the appendix, with bleeding mucosal ulcers. | High | [
0.671328671328671,
30,
14.6875
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Fiberglass Swimming Pool Slide - Epoxy Coating I recently painted my fiberglass pool slide using an epoxy primer and paint. The end result is ok, however, there are minor gritty bumps that may cause discomfort even light scratching when using the slide. Is there a way to remove these imperfections, I believe were caused by the nap roller cover used, without damaging the paint job? Perhaps a sanding and/or buffing technique? Please advise. Thank You! Our friends at Rust-Oleum have a great solution for your project and you can order online at www.HomeDepot.com Click this link for their specification page and you will notice that it comes in a Gloss Oyster White (and other sheens and colors) and is intended for use on fiberglass. Buff sand to remove the imperfections on your slide and then follow the application instructions on the label ... your slide will be ready for use soon and should look great for many seasons to come. NOTE: Rust-Oleum Stops Rust line of oil-based paints could be applied to fiberglass for use above the waterline only. Because your slide may be constantly exposed to water, I would still recommend Marine Topside for your slide. My dad's pool needs to be "re-fiberglassed", the fiber glass coating at the steps is starting to ware, thus specs of fiberglass are flaking off. He obtained a few quotes to have it "re-fiberglassed" and it was through the roof. So I am seeking alternative ways to do it your self "re-fiberglass" pools. It seems this topic sugest an epoxy coating system. A few questions regarding this alternative system: -How long will an epoxy coating system last? -Given the current condition of my dad's pool, is there any special prep that would need to take place? 3) The combination can be rough sanded using medium-grit sandpaper and sanded smooth using fine or very fine. At this point, the damaged surfaces should be very smooth and ready for gel-coat. This marine product is the surface coating that makes fiberglass waterproof. Without gel-coat, fiberglass cloth and resin are water resistant, but not waterproof. Not typically a marine supplier, The Home Depot has historically carried and then later, not carried gel-coat. When ready to begin your repair, check online at HomeDepot.com to determine if gel-coat is available. If not, check with your local marine supply store. On a scale from one to ten, where ten is most difficult, this repair would be an 8.5 ... challenging, but within the ability of most DIYers. FINALLY: Marine products tend to be considerably more expensive, so be certain to locate a supplier, shop for quantity required and price, and then budget for your entire list of supplies before beginning. SAFETY NOTE: Be certain to use a dust mask rated for fiberglass particles when sanding the surface as well as a fresh air mask to prevent inhaling vapors when working with the resin and gel-coat. | Mid | [
0.630541871921182,
32,
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Q: get index of elements in a list with custom extension method I have a of list of an object of type 'student' (this is a simple example). public class Student { string FirstName string Surname int Age } What I want to do is get a list which contain the index number of any student who is aged 20 from my list. Do I need to create a custom extension method to do this? I know I could create a loop but for this situation I do not want to. public static class ExtensionMethods { public static IEnumerable<int> IndexsWhere<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> predicate) { int index = 0; foreach (T element in source) { if (predicate(element)) yield return index; } index++; } } List<int> test = stdList.IndexsWhere(std => std.Age == 7).ToList(); This returns me a list of two integers (which is correct) but both element in the list are 0 not the index numbers 2 & 5. I'm not sure if I'm using the predicate in the correct way? A: You have misplaced index++. Change it to: foreach (T element in source) { if (predicate(element)) yield return index; index++; } By the way, you can select indices which match the predicate like that also: var result = stdList.Select((x, index) => new {Index = index, Student = x}) .Where(x=> x.Student.Age == 7) .Select(x => x.Index).ToList(); But, it is better to use extension method for such purpose. | High | [
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30.125,
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Arts and Culture in Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania arts scene is a vast canvas, dotted with galleries, streaked with art studios and speckled with fabulous art collections such as the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh. Score a ticket to the hottest theater in Pennsylvania. Stroll dazzling horticultural displays at Pennsylvania gardens and arboretums. Tour Pennsylvania’s architectural marvels. | High | [
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31.75,
15.0625
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Weird Injuries Athletes often put themselves in vulnerable positions where injuries can easily occur, but one would think a player is safe during team photos. As Sheffield (Iowa) West Fork High senior Lindsey Peterson reminded us a few weeks ago, nothing is certain. The two-sport star suffered a horrific injury that ended her basketball season when she…Read More St. Louis Rams defensive end William Hayes picked a fight with a mirror after his team’s frustrating loss to the Tennessee Titans on Sunday. He lost. According to the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Hayes smashed a mirror with his forearm and suffered a pretty nasty cut. He received stitches to close the wound and practiced in…Read More Florida starting offensive tackle Tyler Moore is going to miss the rest of the season with a broken wrist. The Gators already lost starting left tackle DJ Humphries and tackle Chaz Green to injuries earlier in the year, so they are dealing with a very thin offensive line. Considering Moore suffered his injury while riding…Read More Time and time again, we are reminded that celebrating can sometimes be one of the most dangerous activities in sports. Kentucky wide receiver Alex Montgomery learned that the hard way on Saturday when he injured his knee while celebrating a touchdown against Alabama State. Montgomery, a freshman who is second on the team with 16…Read More Ryan Lochte will be taking a break from swimming after suffering a knee injury in bizarre fashion. The three-time Olympian and five-time gold medalist was approached on Sunday by a fan in Florida who was so excited she ran into him. Lochte caught the girl, but the two toppled to the ground. Lochte was injured…Read More There are a number of ways Michael Beasley could screw up his opportunity with the Miami Heat this season. We know how much he loves speeding and smoking weed, so that is one thing Heat fans have to worry about. After Thursday night, they also need to be a bit concerned about him inflicting pain…Read More Atlanta Braves infielder Paul Janish recently lost a battle in the weight room. And not the type of battle where you try to bench press 350 and can only get 325; he lost the type of battle where a weight falls off the rack and drills you in the nose. According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution,…Read More Detroit Lions wide receiver Nate Burleson broke his arm in a car accident early Tuesday morning. As first reported by Dave Birkett of the Detroit Free Press, Burleson broke his arm in two places and is scheduled to undergo surgery on Tuesday. Birkett also added that he was told no alcohol was involved with the crash….Read More | Low | [
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33.5,
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Iodometric microgram determination of Mn(II) in aqueous media by an indirect chemical amplification reaction. A rapid, simple and highly sensitive iodometric amplification method is described for the determination of microgram amounts of Mn(II). The method is based on oxidation of Mn(II) with an excess of periodate in acetate buffer (pH 2.8-3.0), masking of the unreacted periodate with molybdate, and after addition of iodide, titration of the liberated iodine is with thiosulphate. The proposed method offers 20-fold amplification for Mn(II) and was found suitable for the determination of Mn(II) in the presence of permanganate ions. Mn(II) in tap water and an industrial waste water has been successfully determined by the proposed method. | Mid | [
0.651994497936726,
29.625,
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Q: Is there a better way of implementing a histogram? I have a 2D uint16 numpy array, I want to calculate the histogram for this array. The function I use is: def calc_hist(source): hist = np.zeros(2**16, dtype='uint16') for i in range(source.shape[0]): for j in range(source.shape[1]): hist[source[i, j]] = hist[source[i, j]] + 1 return hist This function takes too much time to execute. As I understand, there's a histogram function in the numpy module but I cant figure how to use it. I've tried: hist,_ = np.histogram(source.flatten(), bins=range(2**16)) But I get different results then my own function. How can I call numpy.histogram to achieve the same result? or is there any other options? A: For an input with data type uint16, numpy.bincount should work well: hist = np.bincount(source.ravel(), minlength=2**16) Your function is doing almost exactly what bincount does, but bincount is implemented in C. For example, the following checks that this use of bincount gives the same result as your calc_hist function: In [159]: rng = np.random.default_rng() In [160]: x = rng.integers(0, 2**16, size=(1000, 1000)) In [161]: h1 = calc_hist(x) In [162]: h2 = np.bincount(x.ravel(), minlength=2**16) In [163]: (h1 == h2).all() # Verify that they are the same. Out[163]: True Check the performance with ipython %timeit command. You can see that using bincount is much faster. In [164]: %timeit calc_hist(x) 2.66 s ± 21.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each) In [165]: %timeit np.bincount(x.ravel(), minlength=2**16) 3.13 ms ± 100 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each) | Mid | [
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus to which an arbitrary function can be added, and to a method therefor. 2. Related Background Art For conventional camera systems, the relationship between the purpose for which memory is employed and addresses is ordinarily determined when compiling and linking is performed, and memory managers are therefore not mounted. When a camera system on which a memory manager is mounted for dynamically allocating memory is compared with a conventional camera system, it is found that the camera system on which the memory manager is mounted has included certain features that are described below. Whereas when no memory manager is mounted, memory that is to be used for an additional program must be reserved in advance because the version of a program stored in the ROM in a camera and the location of the memory depend greatly on each other, and a small reserved area for an additional program must be set aside to ensure compatibility; when a memory manager is employed, in order for the memory to be fully utilized, the maximum memory area to be used at any one time need only be so set that it does not exceed the physical memory capacity. Memory management methods for a system having no virtual storage include a method for using a bit map and a method for using a variable length memory that is divided into memory management blocks. Since for the method involving the use of a bit map time must be allocated for searching for free memory having a required size, this method is infrequently employed for actual computer systems. As for the method for dividing a memory having a variable length, there are three well known methods: the Best Fit method, the First Fit method and the Next Fit method. Although the feature of the Best Fit method is that large continuous areas are constantly ensured, the allocation speed is reduced in proportion to the number of memory blocks. This property is shared by the First Fit method. Although according to the Next Fit method fast allocation can be performed regardless of the number of blocks, the fragmentation of free memory can occur. In image processing using a digital camera, since an image for one screen is divided into one thousand blocks, low allocation speed has a fatal effect on the processing speed of a camera. In addition, unlike a camera that uses conventional film, a digital camera that employs a hard disk having a large capacity and an alternating current (“AC”) power source is capable of taking several tens of thousands of sequential shots, which is a durable shutter count, so that a failure of allocation due to fragmentation of memory is not allowed. The allocation of memory performed by the Next Fit method and the fragmentation of memory will be further explained. In (1) of FIG. 2 is shown the initial state of a Next Fit memory manager. The main memory is managed as one free memory block, and an allocation pointer is set at the head. The block includes the formation types shown in FIG. 4: the size of a block, a flag indicating whether the block is free memory or whether it is in use, and a user application portion. When the entire memory is to be allocated while employing a 4-byte alignment, the block size need only be a multiple of four, and the remaining least significant bit can be used as a use flag. The block size can be employed to ascertain the head position of a succeeding block. The portion wherein information, such as the block size and the use flag, is stored is called an MCB (memory control block). In (2) of FIG. 2 is shown the status when memory block A is requested by an application and is allocated. The memory is divided into one free block and one used memory block, while the allocation pointer is set so that it points to the head of the free memory division. In (3) of FIG. 2 is shown the status when memory block B is requested by the application and is allocated. The free memory is further divided for memory block B, and the main memory is, therefore, broken into three blocks. In (4) of FIG. 2, memory block A is no longer required and is released. Although the portion allocated to memory block A is now a free block, the position of the allocation pointer is not updated. When memory block C is requested in (5) of FIG. 2, the position that was previously occupied by memory block A is not used. When the memory size that is requested is larger than the free memory pointed to by the allocation pointer, a search for free memory is begun at the position of the allocation pointer. When a free memory block that is larger than the requested size is found, that memory block is divided and allocated. The allocation and the release of memory are repeated in the above described manner until a state such as is shown in (6) of FIG. 2 results. The status shown in (6) of FIG. 2 illustrates an allocation failure that occurred because the maximum size of each of the continuous memory blocks was smaller than the size of the area requested for memory B, even though the amount of free memory available was greater than that required for memory B. As a result, it is difficult to employ the Next Fit method for an application where the allocation and the release of memory are endlessly repeated. A memory manager according to the present invention considerably reduces the effect of the above described problem, and enables an application to take advantage of memory management so that the memory can be utilized, for example, in a digital camera field. When memory is reallocated after fragmentation has occurred, the maximum continuous area size is increased. However, when the reallocation of memory is performed while the system is in use, much of the time a central processing unit (“CPU”) is in operation will be spent in transferring memory. To avoid the fragmentation of memory when building a camera system, the system can be restarted whenever a predetermined period of time has elapsed. As was previously described above, however, continuous operation is a very important specification for a digital camera. Even when a technique of restarting the camera is not used, there is a time in a system when the amount of memory used is extremely small, and the system can utilize that time. If an extreme reduction of the amount of memory used always occurs at a specific time, the allocation pointer will be moved to the head of the main memory in consonance with that timing, much like the restarting of the memory manager. While the technical development cycle for personal computers is short, new image formats appear regularly. The internal structure of the digital camera is being computerized, and the processing range within which software is used is also being extended. Therefore, as with the personal computer, software is being added to the digital camera to expand its operation, so that the investment in hardware development is limited and the digital camera system can catch up with the rapid technical development cycle. The software for a digital camera, however, varies and includes software prepared for communication and for file systems, and it is difficult to predict which digital camera features and functionality will be significant in the future and which techniques will commonly be applied. Since various lots of digital cameras are sold on the market, additional extension software must be so designed that it can coexist with internally incorporated software of any lot. The present invention relates to a technique whereby an arbitrary digital camera functionality can be replaced and extended by software that is added later. | Low | [
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31.5,
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world Updated: Dec 10, 2018 19:30 IST French president Emmanuel Macron is at last preparing to speak to the nation Monday, after increasingly violent and radicalized protests against his leadership and a long silence that aggravated the anger. Many protesters only want one thing: for him to declare “I quit.” That’s an unlikely prospect. Instead Macron is expected to announce a series of measures to reduce taxes and boost purchasing power for the masses who feel his presidency has favoured the rich. He’s being forced to act after four weeks of “yellow vest” protests that started in struggling provinces and spread to rioting in the capital that has scared tourists and foreign investors and shaken France to the core. Macron met Monday morning in his presidential palace with local and national politicians, unions and business leaders to hear their concerns. In the evening, he will give a national televised address, his first public words in more than a week. The morning meeting stretched past lunch and into the afternoon. A presidential official said there were 37 people around the table with the president, describing how the movement is impacting their sectors, including unions, small businesses and local government. Read: ‘Let our nation be’: France minister tells Donald Trump on ‘yellow vest’ protest remarks Among steps the government is considering are abolishing taxes on overtime, speeding up tax cuts and an end-of-year bonus for low-income workers. Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said Monday the government could delay some payroll taxes, but expressed resistance to restoring the wealth tax or lowering taxes for retirees, among protesters’ demands. He stressed that the measures should focus on helping the working classes. “We are ready to make any gesture” that works, he said on RTL radio. “What is important now is to put an end to the crisis and find peace and unity in the country again.” Fallout from the protests so far could cost France 0.1 percent of gross domestic product in the last quarter of the year, Le Maire warned. “That means fewer jobs, it means less prosperity for the whole country,” he said. The “yellow vest” protests began as a movement against a rise in fuel taxes that Macron eventually abandoned, but have mushroomed to include a plethora of sometimes contradictory demands — increasingly including Macron’s resignation. “Macron is there for the rich, not for all the French,” 68-year-old retiree Jean-Pierre Meunuer said at Saturday’s protests in Paris. Some members of the movement are already planning new action next Saturday, amid calls from police officers exhausted by four weekends of rioting for the payment of overtime work instead of bonuses. Read: Why France is engulfed by worst urban riots in a decade “The State should commit itself to the payment of overtime,” the UNSA police union said in a statement on Monday. “These extra hours should be exempted from tax. Night hours should be revalued. UNSA police officials will listen carefully to the president’s announcements.” Graffiti throughout the French capital singles Macron out for criticism, reflecting a national sense that the 40-year-old centrist former banker is arrogant and out of touch. Macron however has appeared determined to continue his course, and no presidential or parliamentary elections are planned until 2022. Government spokesman Benjamin Griveaux warned Sunday that a “magic wand” won’t solve all the problems of the protesters. Paris tourist sites reopened Sunday, while workers cleaned up debris from protests that left widespread damage in the capital and elsewhere. At least 71 people were injured in Paris on Saturday, fewer than the week before but still a stunning figure. French media reported 136,000 protesters nationwide on Saturday, similar to the previous week. Nearly 1,000 people were being held in custody after the Saturday protests in the French capital. | Low | [
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577 F.2d 444 23 Wage & Hour Cas. (BN 889, 84 Lab.Cas. P 33,671 Ray MARSHALL, Secretary of Labor, United States Departmentof Labor, Appellant,v.HAMBURG SHIRT CORPORATION, a corporation, Appellee. No. 77-1712. United States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit. Submitted March 16, 1978.Decided June 1, 1978. Tedrick A. Housh, Jr., Kansas City, Mo., Carin Ann Clauss, Donald S. Shire and Joseph Woodward (argued), and Jacob I. Karro, Washington, D.C., on brief, for appellant. James W. Moore, Friday, Eldredge & Clark, Little Rock, Ark., for appellee. Before LAY and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges, and HANSON,* Senior District Judge. LAY, Circuit Judge. 1 The Secretary of Labor brought this action under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., alleging that defendant Hamburg Shirt Corporation was in violation of § 7 of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 207, for failing to properly compensate its employees for overtime work. The Secretary sought injunctive relief and recovery of back wages allegedly owed to affected employees. Those employees were paid under a contractual agreement entitled "Fixed Salary Agreement for Fluctuating Hours."1 The district court, in rejecting the Secretary's claim, held that the contract was valid under the Interpretive Bulletin set out at 29 C.F.R. § 778.114.2 Finding that the contract and methods of payment used by the defendant company are in violation of the Act, we reverse. 2 Each employee's contract provides a fixed weekly salary as straight time compensation for all hours worked and provides for extra compensation in the amount of one-half the regular rate for all overtime hours worked. The regular rate is to be determined by dividing the fixed salary by the total number of hours worked each week. In addition, each employee is guaranteed a specified number of hours per week, ranging from 45 to 50, depending on the nature of the employee's work. The district court failed to see any prejudice to the employee, or any offense under the Act, in the agreement. As the court stated: 3 The guaranteed overtime provision does not affect the basic agreement for determination of the base wage rate, the overtime wage rate, and provides expressly for payment of additional half time for all hours worked over 40. The guaranteed overtime provision merely assures the employee that he will be paid not less than the guaranteed number of hours, whether he works that many hours or not. 4 A fundamental purpose of the Fair Labor Standards Act was to encourage employers to distribute work among a larger number of employees rather than to work employees overtime. See Overnight Motor Transportation Co. v. Missel, 316 U.S. 572, 577-78, 62 S.Ct. 1216, 86 L.Ed. 1682 (1942). The primary means of achieving this goal was the general requirement set out in § 7(a) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 207(a), that employees be compensated for overtime hours at a rate not less than one and one-half times their regular compensation. In 1949 an exception was enacted allowing employers to contract with employees for a guaranteed weekly compensation which included overtime pay. Section 7(f) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 207(f), now provides the exemption from § 7(a) as follows: 5 No employer shall be deemed to have violated subsection (a) of this section by employing any employee for a workweek in excess of the maximum workweek applicable to such employee under subsection (a) of this section if such employee is employed pursuant to a bona fide individual contract, or pursuant to an agreement made as a result of collective bargaining by representatives of employees, if the duties of such employee necessitate irregular hours of work, and the contract or agreement (1) specifies a regular rate of pay of not less than the minimum hourly rate provided in subsection (a) or (b) of section 206 of this title (whichever may be applicable) and compensation at not less than one and one-half times such rate for all hours worked in excess of such maximum workweek, and (2) provides a weekly guaranty of pay for not more than sixty hours based on the rates so specified. 6 This exemption gives employees the benefit of a guaranteed weekly salary, but also benefits employers since they can more accurately plan labor costs. As stated by the Secretary: 7 A guaranteed wage plan also provides a means of limiting overtime computation costs so that wide leeway is provided for working employees overtime without increasing the cost to the employer, which he would otherwise incur under the Act for working employees in excess of the statutory maximum hours standard. 8 29 C.F.R. § 778.404. 9 The Secretary's Interpretative Bulletin, 29 C.F.R. § 778.403, clearly states that only by compliance with § 7(f) may an employer have part of an employee's guaranteed weekly compensation credited toward overtime compensation. The bulletin reads as follows: 10 Section 7(f) is the only provision of the Act which allows an employer to pay the same total compensation each week to an employee who works overtime and whose hours of work vary from week to week. . . . Unless the pay arrangements in a particular situation meet the requirements of section 7(f) as set forth, all the compensation received by the employee under a guaranteed pay plan is included in his regular rate and no part of such guaranteed pay may be credited toward overtime compensation due under the Act. Section 7(f) is an exemption from the overtime provisions of the Act. No employer will be exempt from the duty of computing overtime compensation for an employee under section 7(a) unless the employee is paid pursuant to a plan which actually meets all the requirements of the exemption. . . . 11 We find the plan implemented by the employer in this case to be within the scope of 29 C.F.R. § 778.403 because the practical effect of the guaranty is to allow the employer to pay the same compensation each week even though the employee works a varying number of overtime hours. The employer concedes that the contractual plan does not comply with § 7(f) of the statute. Indeed, the plan fails to meet the requirements of § 7(f) in a number of particulars. First, the duties of these employees do not necessitate irregular hours of work. Second, the guaranteed plan is intended to include overtime compensation but does not compensate hours in excess of 40 at one and one-half times a specified regular rate. Under a § 7(f) plan the regular rate is not a variable one, as it may be when the agreed plan does not compensate overtime, but otherwise contemplates a fixed wage for irregular hours. See Yadav v. Coleman Oldsmobile, Inc., 538 F.2d 1206 (5th Cir. 1976). Cf. Walling v. A. H. Belo Corp., 316 U.S. 624, 631-32, 62 S.Ct. 1223, 86 L.Ed. 1716 (1942). 12 We are unable to agree with the district court's conclusion that the compensation plan is valid under 29 C.F.R. § 778.114, as a fixed salary for fluctuating hours. It is apparent that § 778.114 is not intended to validate a plan implementing a fixed guaranteed income which includes overtime pay. By the express language of § 778.114 the fixed salary contemplated by that section does not include any overtime premium, as does the guaranteed compensation in this case. To hold otherwise would allow the strict terms of § 7(f), which afford only a limited exemption from the requirements of § 7(a), to be easily circumvented by contracts similar to the one proposed here. 13 In the present case the employee's guaranteed pay for 45, 48 or 50 hours, rather than the "weekly salary" specified in the contract but never actually paid because of the guaranty, should be considered his fixed wage. Because the employer has failed to comply with § 7(f) of the Act, all of the guaranteed salary must be included in the regular compensation for each employee and all overtime hours must be compensated at one and one-half times the regular rate. See 29 C.F.R. § 778.403. In accordance with § 7(a) of the Act, the regular rate is to be determined by dividing the regular weekly compensation by the number of hours actually worked in each week. See Overnight Motor Transportation Co. v. Missel, supra, 316 U.S. at 580, 62 S.Ct. 1216; Mumbower v. Callicott, 526 F.2d 1183, 1187 (8th Cir. 1975). Additional compensation at one-half the regular rate should then be added to the weekly salary for all hours worked in excess of 40 each week. See Yadav v. Coleman Oldsmobile, Inc., supra, 538 F.2d at 1207 n. 2. 14 The judgment of the district court is reversed and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. * William C. Hanson, Senior District Judge, Northern and Southern Districts of Iowa, sitting by designation 1 A typical agreement as set forth in the district court opinion appears as follows: FIXED SALARY AGREEMENT DATE July 3, 1971 I. I, Ruben Ethridge, an employee of Hamburg Shirt Corporation have entered into an agreement with my employer (Hamburg Shirt Corporation) to be paid in accordance with the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended and described in the Interpretative Bulletin of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, part 778, section 778.114 entitled "Fixed Salary for Fluctuating Hours". II. It is our understanding that my weekly salary of 118.40 per week is to cover what ever hours I work in any one work week and that all hours over 40 in any one work week will be computed as extra half time and that I will be guaranteed no less than 45 hours in any one work week. III. Example of computing extra half time for overtime: Salary $100.00 Hours worked 50 ------ -- 50 hours 100.00 = Hourly rate of $2.00 1/2 of hourly rate of $2.00 = $1.00 extra half time. Salary for 40 hours $100.00 10 extra half time hours at $1.00/hr. 10.00 ------- Total gross wage $110.00 /S/ Ruben Ethridge /S/ J. McNeely ------------------ -------------- Employee For Hamburg Shirt Corporation 2.63 --------- 45/118.40 1/2 of 2.63 = 1.32 118.40 5 6.60 ---- ------ 6.60 125.00 2 The bulletin provides in part: (a) An employee employed on a salary basis may have hours of work which fluctuate from week to week and the salary may be paid him pursuant to an understanding with his employer that he will receive such fixed amount as straight time pay for whatever hours he is called upon to work in a workweek, whether few or many. Where there is a clear mutual understanding of the parties that the fixed salary is compensation (apart from overtime premiums) for the hours worked each workweek, whatever their number, rather than for working 40 hours or some other fixed weekly work period, such a salary arrangement is permitted by the Act if the amount of the salary is sufficient to provide compensation to the employee at a rate not less than the applicable minimum wage rate for every hour worked in those workweeks in which the number of hours he works is greatest, and if he receives extra compensation, in addition to such salary, for all overtime hours worked at a rate not less than one-half his regular rate of pay. Since the salary in such a situation is intended to compensate the employee at straight time rates for whatever hours are worked in the workweek, the regular rate of the employee will vary from week to week and is determined by dividing the number of hours worked in the workweek into the amount of the salary to obtain the applicable hourly rate for the week. Payment for overtime hours at one-half such rate in addition to the salary satisfies the overtime pay requirement because such hours have already been compensated at the straight time regular rate, under the salary arrangement. 29 C.F.R. § 778.114 | Low | [
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O Princípio da Não-Contradição no livro Gama da Metafísica de Aristóteles: duas interpretações Lukasiewcz e Tomás de Aquino Jeferson da Costa Valadares (Mestrando UFF/Capes) A presente comunicação é parte do trabalho monográfico, isto é, o centro da pesquisa, sobre o PNC no livro Gama da Metafísica de Aristóteles. Começa-se perguntado se há uma relação entre metafísica e lógica, se há, qual a sua importância e relevância na investigação filosófica. Enunciado o PNC no livro Gama, passa-se, como ponto de apoio, aos dois grandes comentadores e intérpretes de Aristóteles: Jean Lukasiewicz e Tomás de Aquino. No primeiro, tentar-se-á mostrar a sua releitura do PNC, como sendo lógico, ontológico e psicológico. Quanto ao segundo, o interesse reside em saber: como a metafísica foi recebida na universidade medieval, sobretudo pelos "realistas", e, em que consiste o processo de comentário elaborado por Tomás de Aquino, como leitor que fez avançar o pensamento de Aristóteles, assim como Lukasiewcz ao pensar a possibilidade de uma lógica que admite a contradição, isto é, trivalente. Ambas, questões emblemáticas e sem solução, quer dizer que estão em aberto no trabalho aqui exposto. Palavras-chave: PNC, lógica, metafísica, Aristóteles, Tomás de Aquino, comentário 1. A investigação filosófica (metafísica) e a lógica É possível uma investigação filosófica sem a lógica? Segundo Aristóteles, é natural ao filósofo, isto é, àquele que estuda qualquer essência, investigar, também a respeito dos silogismos. Por silogismos, entenda-se o pensamento, baseado em princípios, tais como os clássicos: Princípio da Não-Contradição, o Princípio da Identidade e o Terceiro Excluído. Poder-se-ia, portanto, e de fato, há investigação filosófica sem o auxílio da lógica, no entanto, concordando com Aristóteles, conclui-se que, a lógica é parte integrante da investigação filosófica, sobretudo, em se tratando dos entes, que ora, são discutidos dentro do debate metafísico e são intimamente ligados à lógica. Assim é evidente que compete ao filósofo, isto é, àquele que estuda como naturalmente se apresenta qualquer essência, investigar também a respeito dos princípios silogísticos. E convém que aquele que mais conhece a respeito de cada gênero seja capaz de enunciar os princípios 2 mais firmes do assunto, de modo que também aquele que conhece a respeito dos entes enquanto são entes é capaz de enunciar os princípios mais firmes de todas as coisas. Este é o filósofo. 1 De acordo com William Kneale e Martha Kneale, em seu extenso estudo sobre "O desenvolvimento da lógica", a investigação lógica se diferencia dos outros modos de investigar pelo seu rigor e exigência de material argumentativo, fato, por exemplo, que a linguagem literária não forneceria de maneira suficiente. Eles insistem no seguinte pensamento: Uma vez que a lógica não é apenas argumento válido mas também reflexão sobre princípios da validade, esta só aparecerá naturalmente quando já existe à disposição um corpo considerável de inferências ou argumentos. A investigação lógica, a de pura narrativa, não suscitada por qualquer tipo de linguagem. A linguagem literária, por exemplo, não fornece suficiente material de argumentos e inferências. As investigações em que se pretende ou procura uma demonstração é que naturalmente dão origem à reflexão lógica, uma vez que demonstrar uma proposição é inferi-la validamente de premissas verdadeiras. 2 Para tratar propriamente do Princípio da Não-Contradição no livro Gama da Metafísica, e introduzir questões sobre as duas possíveis leituras (Jan Lukasiewicz e Tomás de Aquino) do Livro Gama, que tocam no referido problema, toma-se como pressuposto as palavras de Barbara Cassin ao falar de Gama: Em primeiro lugar, Aristóteles fala de "querer dizer qualquer coisa". Isto é, querer dizer qualquer coisa, legein ti sēmainein ti, tal é a decisão que Aristóteles exige a todos os homens, se for ser um homem. É essa decisão de sentido que constitui o coração do que se costuma chamar o princípio da não-contradição. 3 Boa parte do trabalho de Aristóteles em lógica surgiu da prática e das discussões na Academia, durante a vida de Platão. Este é um lugar-comum4, segundo Owen. No entanto, quando Aristóteles escreve Metafísica IV, isto é, Gama, assim como escrevera o Protréptico e a Ética Eudêmia, ele ainda podia ver-se como inovador na filosofia de Platão (com a exceção de que, agora, ele havia reformado sua herança a ponto de descartar as Formas transcendentes, deixando apenas Deus como objeto de estudo). 1 Met. Γ, 3, 1005 b 5s. 2 KNEALE, W; KNEALE, M. O desenvolvimento da lógica. 3. ed. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian: Lisboa, 1968. p. 3. 3 CASSIN, Bárbara; NARCY, Michel. La décision du sens; le livre Gamma e la Métaphysique d`Aristote. Introduction, texte, traduction et commenataire. J. Vrin: Paris, 1989. p. 09. 4OWEN, L. E. G. Lógica e metafísica em algumas obras iniciais de Aristóteles. In: ZINGANO, Marco. Sobre a Metafísica de Aristóteles, textos selecionados. (Org.) Odysseus: São Paulo, 2005. p.177. 3 Mas – de acordo com esta mesma explicação – em Metafísica IV um novo interesse infiltrou por trás do interesse antigo. Pois agora Aristóteles tenta encontrar um lugar para uma segunda investigação, uma investigação bastante diferente, sob a velha rubrica de "Filosofia Primeira", uma investigação que não é "platônica", mas essencialmente aristotélica: o estudo geral do ser, tou ontos hêi on. Aristóteles em dado período, dedicou-se e confinou seus interesses às ciências especiais (uma das quais é a teologia). Visto por esta perspectiva, o tipo de investigação que é introduzido no quarto livro da Metafísica parece mais uma revitalização da simpatia com os objetivos de Platão (ou como aquilo que Aristóteles tomava por estes objetivos) do que um novo distanciamento deles. 5 Resume-se essa relação entre investigação filosófica (metafísica) e a lógica, tendo por base, que, Aristóteles já tinha chegado à sua análise da prioridade lógica da substância, a análise que é proposta em Metafísica IV e que depende diretamente do reconhecimento do sentido focal de "ser". Afinal, prioridade lógica – prioridade em logos ou definição – é apenas um dos tipos de primazias atribuídas às substâncias. 6 2. A interpretação de Jan Lukasiewicz Sobre esta primazia lógica na discussão do PNC que toca na investigação das substâncias – aristotelicamente falando – é o que não parece estar muito definido e claro em Aristóteles. Pois, o PNC, segundo Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) é formulado por Aristóteles de três maneiras: 1) formulação ontológica; 2) formulação lógica e 3) formulação psicológica. Lukasiewicz faz uma releitura do PNC em Aristóteles no seu clássico artigo intitulado Über den Satz des Widerspruchs bei Aristoteles7 – Sobre a lei da Contradição em Aristóteles. Possibilitando, portanto, uma leitura "analítica" do Estagirita. Lukasiewicz, ao que parece, relê Aristóteles, de modo equilibrado e respeitoso. Não se afasta jamais de seu pensamento ao propor a revisão do PNC, mas, ao contrário, pontua as limitações da lógica bivalente, que opera com basicamente duas ideias: verdadeiro e falso; demonstrada e sustentada por toda escola peripatética posterior. Essa sua revisão do PNC, deu origem a seu sistema de lógica trivalente, que é mencionado no capítulo sobre Lição de despedida pronunciada pelo professor Jan Lukasiewicz na Aula Magna na Universidade 5 Ibid., p. 178. 6 Ibid., p. 182. 7 Publicado originalmente no Bulletin International de l`Academie des Sciences de Cracovie, classe d`histoire et philosophie, 1910. Tradução de Raphael Zillig. Cf. ZINGANO, Marco. Sobre a metafísica de Aristóteles, textos selecionados. (Org.). Odysseus: São Paulo, 2005. (Créditos). 4 de Varsóvia em 07 de março de 1918 – na sua obra Estudos de lógica e filosofia. Ele mesmo diz o seguinte: Em 1910 publiquei um livro sobre o princípio de contradição na obra de Aristóteles, no qual tencionava demonstrar que esse princípio não é tão evidente como se acreditava. Já então aspirava construir uma lógica não aristotélica. O estudo deste tema foi objeto das minhas últimas aulas. Demonstrei que, além de proposições verdadeiras e falsas, há proposições possíveis, às que corresponde à possibilidade objetiva como um terceiro valor além do ser e do não-ser. Isto deu origem a meu sistema de lógica trivalente, que desenvolvi detalhadamente durante o verão passado. Esse sistema é tão coerente e consistente como a lógica de Aristóteles, e, resulta muito mais rico em leis e fórmulas. 8 O mesmo Lukasiewicz insiste em que, ainda que os princípios aristotélicos da lógica comprovem-se válidos para todo o sempre, eles não deixam de apresentar ao pesquisador moderno uma abundância de problemas não resolvidos. 9 Suas observações sobre a lei da contradição estão, por diversas razões, vinculadas ao pensamento de Aristóteles, não se tratando de uma crítica superficial e um embate vão e fantasioso. Tratase de observações críticas ao pensamento do Estagirita, respeitando, assim, suas intuições a respeito da lei da contradição, que são, em grande medida, usadas ainda hoje. Lukasiewicz lança mão ao analisar a contradição, primeiro, tendo à mão o próprio texto de Aristóteles, centrado, sobretudo, nos resultados da lógica simbólica, isso deixa claro, ao iniciar seu trabalho de investigação e crítica ao supracitado princípio. Como mencionado anteriormente, Aristóteles, formula a lei da contradição – segundo Lukasiewicz – de três maneiras, como uma lei ontológica, lógica e psicológica. Ao mesmo tempo em que analisa e critica esses conceitos polivalentes do PNC, toma partido em defesa e sustenta que não se restringe somente a lei lógica, mas, curiosamente, preconiza-o como sendo um princípio ético-prático, pois, é consciente de que o PNC é uma arma contra o erro, o engano e a mentira, no contraponto do discurso dos partidários de Protágoras, os Sofistas... Sobre a formulação ontológica, apresentada em Met. Γ 3, 1005 b 19-20: "É impossível que o mesmo simultaneamente pertença e não pertença ao mesmo sob o mesmo aspecto". 8 LUKASIEWICZ, Jan. Estúdios de lógica y filosofia. (Edicción y selección a cargo de Alfredo Deaño) Edicción electrónica de www.philosophia.cl/escuela de Filosofía Universidad ARCIS. p. 16. 9 LUKASIEWICZ, Jan. Sobre a lei da contradição em Aristóteles. In: ZINGANO, Marco. Sobre a metafísica de Aristóteles, textos selecionados. (Org.). Odysseus: São Paulo, 2005. p.1. 5 Sobre a formulação lógica, apresentada em Met. Γ 6, 1011 b 13-14: "O mais seguro de todos os princípios básicos é que asserções contraditórias não podem ser simultaneamente verdadeiras". Sobre a formulação psicológica, apresenta em Met. Γ 3, 1005 b 23-24: "Não se pode crer que o mesmo [simultaneamente] seja e não seja". Segue-se aí, um desdobramento analítico e conciso de Lukasiewicz, no mencionado texto, em que os argumentos vão se desdobrando e atingindo graus de dificuldade, que, manifesta-se inteligível ao se aplicar em uma leitura detalhada. Na segunda parte, portanto, disseca as três leis da contradição, mais precisamente. Para a formulação ontológica, isto é, formulação "objeto-teorética": A nenhum objeto a mesma propriedade pode simultaneamente pertencer e não pertencer. – Por "objeto", diz Lukasiewicz, entendo, com Meinog, tudo o que seja "algo" e não "nada"; com "propriedade", designo tudo o que pode ser atribuído a um objeto. Na formulação lógica propõe que as duas asserções contraditórias não podem ser simultaneamente verdadeiras. – Por "asserção" compreendo – diz o autor – uma sequência de palavras ou outros símbolos perceptíveis pela sensação cujo significado consiste em afirmar ou negar uma propriedade qualquer a um objeto. A formulação psicológica – novidade teórica, talvez – diz que dois atos de crença correspondendo a duas asserções contraditórias não podem existir simultaneamente na mesma consciência. – Por "ato de crença" entendo, diz o autor, uma função psíquica sui generis que pode também ser designada com as palavras "convicção", "assentimento", belief [crença] etc. e que não pode ser explicada com maior precisão, devendo ser vivenciada. Disto, conclui-se que, como sustenta Lukasiewicz, deve-se estabelecer que, para Aristóteles, a lei da contradição não deve ser compreendida como uma lei ontológica-geral, mas como uma lei metafísica, a qual, em primeiro lugar, deve valer para substâncias e com respeito à qual é no mínimo questionável se o seu domínio de validade estende-se também a aparências. 10 10 Cf. Nota do próprio Lukasiewicz; minha interpretação da lei aristotélica da contradição é, assim, essencialmente distinta da de Maier. Todavia, o fato que Aristóteles ocasionalmente comete inconsistências e, de um modo geral, nem sempre tem clareza nesta questão que é muito mais difícil do que normalmente se 6 3. Tomás de Aquino e o Comentário ao Livro Gama Pode parecer demasiado anacrônico ou sem sentido tratar em um mesmo assunto autores tão distintos, de universos diferentes como Jan Lukasiewicz (1878-1956) e Tomás de Aquino (1224/1225-1274). Entre eles não há nenhuma relação temporal. O que se pode perceber, no entanto, é o pensamento de Aristóteles, que por ambos, foi muito bem compreendido e assimilado. Lukasiewicz não é um comentador de Aristóteles como Tomás de Aquino o foi – auctoritas – como o grande Filósofo de seu tempo, sobretudo no que se pode falar do seu pensamento metafísico. Tomás de Aquino, além de ser encarado posteriormente como filósofo, era essencialmente teólogo. Lukasiewcz relê Aristóteles à luz de seus princípios, isto é, de maneira analítica e, em especial, o Aristóteles da Lógica. Tem um intuito claro de revisar, por exemplo, o PNC, com sua interpretação tripartite do mencionado princípio. Ambos, no entanto, são aristotélicos e fizeram "avançar", isto é, tentaram ir além de Aristóteles. De acordo com Marie-Dominique Chenu, o leitor, ao ler os comentários de Tomás de Aquino, sobre o De Anima ou à Metafísica, sendo, pois, este gênero literário propriamente medieval é precisamente uma sutil interferência de uma dupla preocupação: ler autenticamente Aristóteles, e, no entanto, conseguir ir além dele, na verdade filosófica11. Segundo Carlos Arthur Ribeiro do Nascimento, o comentário de Tomás de Aquino à Metafísica data da época de sua segunda estadia em Paris (1268-1272), não se descartando uma redação final em Nápoles (1272-1273)12. Tomás de Aquino ao comentar a Metafísica, logo no Proêmio, denomina que a Metafísica tem um caráter tríptico, isto é, primeiro é denominada como ciência divina ou teologia, metafísica e filosofia primeira, como já explicitado antes. O Comentário à Metafísica, de acordo com José de C. Sola, é, com respeito às obras filosóficas e teológicas de Tomás de Aquino, do período de maturidade, ao contrário dos demais Comentários supõe e que foi proposta pela primeira vez por ele pode, até certa medida, explicar interpretações do seu pensamento que sejam distintas e discordantes umas das outras. 11 CHENU, Marie-Dominique. Introduction a l`étude de Saint Thomas D`Aquin. J. Vrin: Paris, 1954.p. 27. 12 RIBEIRO, Carlos Arthur. Tomás de Aquino a metafísica e a teologia. In: Frutos de gratidão a Francisco Catão. Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo (Org.). Unisal: São Paulo, 2007. p. 115-145. 7 filosóficos, sendo o primeiro, após a Ética13. Em primeiro lugar, deve ocupar um lugar de honra para que se fixe o pensamento de Tomás na Metafísica e na Filosofia, em geral. Em um segundo momento, se impõe o valor prevalente que o atribuía Tomás no cerne da problemática do Aristotelismo que quis resolver. Vale ressaltar, também, que o Comentário foi escrito sem interrupções muito grandes, tendo início em Santa Sabina (Roma), ou melhor, em Orvieto (Cúria de Urbano IV), continuando em Viterbo, muito provavelmente, novamente Cúria de Urbano IV, também. O finaliza em Paris, ou talvez quando volta à Itália em 1272 quando chega a Nápoles. Ainda sobre o Comentário e o ensino, acredita-se que pelo menos na parte que foi escrita em Santa Sabina, tal comentário são suas aulas. Há seus reparos, o que ainda só tivesse sido longe de Paris que Tomás ensinasse, mesmo que fosse aos Dominicanos, os livros que estavam várias vezes proibidos. Seguramente, a parte produzida em Paris não é efeito das lições, pois nem se quer ensinava Filosofia. Além disso, ali, portanto, que não se podia ensinar, a não ser que, como se supõem alguns tivesse sido aos alunos dominicanos. O que era proibido era o ensino oficial, público ou secreto. Em seu estudo sobre as concepções da metafísica na escolástica medieval, B. Carlos Bazán, afirma que a metafísica aristotélica se move, pois, estritamente no nível predicamental: o ser como tal não tem sentido fora das categorias que o articulam; como tal "ente" é um "simples predicado", que não agrega nada ao sentido das categorias14. A assimilação da Metafísica de Aristóteles, definida como ciência do ente enquanto ente, dentro da classificação das ciências especulativas estabelecida por Boécio (480-526). Esta nova literatura filosófica [metafísica], portanto, teve um impacto claro sobre as jovens universidades, particularmente sobre a de Paris. E a reação das autoridades eclesiásticas não demorou muito a manifestar-se contrariamente a tal pensamento provindo, sobretudo das traduções de Aristóteles elaboradas pelos pensadores árabes e judeus. 13 SOLA, C. José de. Comentario de Sto. Tomás al Libro Gamma de la Metafísica. Imprenta de la Facultad de Teologia, S.J: Burgos, 1958. p. CIV-CXIII. 14 BAZÁN, Carlos B. Las concepciones de la metafísica en la escolástica medieval. In: GARCÍA, Jorge J. de. Concepciones de la metafísica. (Org) Trotta: Madrid, 1998. p. 69-99. 8 Tomás considera, portanto, a metafísica como uma ciência universal. Identificando os universais às substâncias separadas, ele, a faz ciência das substâncias separadas.15 Em seu Comentário à Metafísica, deixa claro a distinção da concepção da dita disciplina. Na lição IV do seu Comentário à Metafísica mostra que cabe principalmente ao filósofo em primeiro lugar considerar acerca do primeiro princípio da demonstração. Tomás a este respeito faz duas considerações: primeiro mostra que cabe ao filósofo considerar acerca dele; em segundo lugar, tratar dele. Segue um esquema que quanto à primeira consideração, se desdobra em três maneiras: primeiro, mostra que, cabe a esta ciência considerar acerca do primeiro princípio da demonstração. Em segundo lugar, mostra o que ele é, isto é, "o mais firme de todos os princípios". Em terceiro lugar, exclui certos erros a respeito do mesmo princípio. E estabelece que para um verdadeiro conhecimento é necessário o conhecimento dos princípios, em outras palavras: "em todo o gênero é cognoscitivo ao máximo o que os princípios mais certos, pois a certeza do conhecimento depende da certeza dos princípios".16 Na sequência do comentário, Tomás considera o filósofo como sendo o primeiro como o que pode conhecer mais, dito de outra maneira, o filósofo primeiro é cognoscitivo ao máximo e o mais certo em seu conhecimento. E relaciona este ao sábio, que conhece pelas causas. A condição do sábio é que fosse o mais certo conhecedor das causas, cabendo ao filósofo considerar os princípios mais certos e mais firmes a respeito dos entes, acerca dos quais, ele considera como acerca do gênero a si propriamente sujeito. Na mesma lição, no no 597, considera, de acordo com Aristóteles, que há um princípio que é o mais firme, ou o mais certo. Faz duas considerações e em seguida, estabelece três condições do princípio mais firme. Aqui mostra – diz Tomás, ao comentar Aristóteles – o que é o princípio mais firme ou mais certo. A este respeito faz duas considerações. Primeiramente diz quais são as condições do princípio mais certo. Depois, adapta-as a um princípio. Estabelece, pois, três condições do princípio mais firme. 15 NEF, Frédéric. Qùest-ce que la métaphysique? Paris: Gallimard, 2004. p. 285. 16 AQUINATIS, S. Thomae. In: Duodecim Libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis expositio, Proemium S. Thomae. Marietti: Roma, 1950. p. 1-2. (tradução de Francisco Benjamim de Souza Neto e Carlos Arthur Ribeiro do Nascimento). Cf. Lição IV, no 596. 9 Sendo a primeira a respeito disso que alguém não possa mentir ou errar. Isto é patente, pois, visto os humanos não se enganarem senão a respeito do que ignoram, assim, é preciso que aquilo a respeito do que alguém não pode se enganar seja o mais conhecido. A segunda, é que ele seja "não-condicional", isto é, que não seja aceito por causa de uma mera suposição, ou, por sustentação a partir de uma certa convenção. A terceira condição, no entanto, é a de que não seja adquirido por demonstração ou por outro modo semelhante, mas que seja conhecido por natureza e não por aquisição. Em outras palavras, os primeiros princípios se tornam conhecidos pela própria luz do intelecto, que é natural deste, e não são adquiridos por raciocínios, mas pelo simples fato se seus termos se tornarem conhecidos. Conclui: "é, portanto, manifesto que o princípio mais certo ou mais firme deve ser tal que a respeito dele não se possa errar, que não seja suposto e que surja naturalmente". O no 600, da Lição IV, trata mais explicitamente do princípio da não contradição, de modo a mostrar que há um princípio determinado que seja impossível ser e não ser simultaneamente. Tomás diz que Aristóteles mostra a qual princípio a determinação precedente convém a este princípio "que é impossível o mesmo inerir e não inerir simultaneamente ao mesmo". Sendo este o mais firme dos princípios, deve-se acrescentar – de acordo com o mesmo e há ainda outras determinações que devem ser feitas acerca deste principio, cabendo, sejam quais forem, ser determinadas, [nas dificuldades lógicas], sem as quais parece uma contradição, quando não é. No no 603, Tomás comenta a passagem na qual Aristóteles entende que há uma impossibilidade de opiniões contrárias e estabelece que naturalmente o princípio no qual se entende é o princípio e o axioma de todos os axiomas. Se alguém opinasse que duas contraditórias são simultaneamente verdadeiras, opinado que o mesmo é e não é simultaneamente, teria simultaneamente opiniões contrárias e, assim, os contrários seriam inerentes ao mesmo simultaneamente, o que é impossível. Não ocorre, portanto, que alguém minta interiormente a este respeito e que opine que o mesmo é e não é simultaneamente. Por isso, todas as demonstrações reduzem suas proposições a esta proposição, como sendo a última opinião comum a todas. Ela naturalmente é o princípio e o axioma de todos os axiomas. 10 Por fim, Tomás fala de uma dupla operação do intelecto. A primeira operação que o intelecto opera é por onde conhece o que algo é que é denominada inteligência dos indivisíveis; na segunda operação é a que compõe e que divide. Sendo que em ambas, há algo de primeiro. Ele expressa da seguinte maneira: De fato, na primeira operação há algo de primeiro, que apresenta-se à concepção do intelecto, isto é, que chamo de ente. Algo não pode ser concebido pela mente, através desta operação, a não ser que se intelija o ente. Ora, posto que este princípio "é impossível ser e não ser simultaneamente" depende da intelecção do ente, assim como este princípio "todo todo é maior que sua parte" [depende] da intelecção de todo e de parte, então este é também um princípio naturalmente primeiro na segunda operação do intelecto, isto é, do [intelecto] que compõe e divide. Alguém não pode inteligir algo, de acordo com esta operação, a não ser que tenha sido inteligido este princípio. Com efeito, assim como o todo e as partes não são inteligidos a não ser que tenha sido inteligido o ente, igualmente este princípio "todo todo é maior que sua parte" não [é inteligido] a não ser que tenha sido inteligido o supracitado princípio que é o mais firme. 17 O Comentário à Metafísica de Tomás de Aquino, portanto, é uma forma de ler Aristóteles, sobretudo, considerando o fato de que o dito comentário amplia e alarga o campo de entendimento sobre o assunto tratado pelo Estagirita, mesmo sendo a linguagem de ambos, densa e marcadamente analítica. O que resta, então, é saber se o princípio da não-contradição é unívoco, isto é, lógico, ou, se comporta os três aspectos simultaneamente: lógico, semântico e ontológico, eis a questão do próximo capítulo a ser discutido. Referências bibliográficas ARISTÓTELES. Metafísica, livros IV e VI. (Tradução, introdução e notas Lucas Angioni) Clássicos da Filosofia: Cadernos de Tradução no 14, IFCH/UNICAMP, 2007. ARISTÓTELES.Metafísica. Ensaio introdutório, texto grego com tradução e comentário de Giovanni Reale. vol. II. Texto grego com tradução ao lado. Loyola: São Paulo, 2005. ARISTÓTELES.Metafísica. Ensaio introdutório, texto grego com tradução e comentário de Giovanni Reale. vol. II. Texto grego com tradução ao lado. Loyola: São Paulo, 2005. _______________________. Ensaio introdutório. vol. I. Loyola: São Paulo, 2005. ARISTÓTELES. Metafísica. Traducción directa del griego, introducción, exposiciones sistemáticas e índices de Hernán Zucchi. (Ensayo). Debolsillo: Buenos Aires, 2004. 17 AQUINATIS, S. Thomae. p. 15. Lição IV, no 605. 11 CASSIN, Bárbara; NARCY, Michel. La décision du sens; le livre Gamma e la Métaphysique d`Aristote. Introduction, texte, traduction et commenataire. J. Vrin: Paris, 1989. GÓMEZ-LOBO, Alfonso. Aristoteles y el aristotelismo antiguo. In: GARCÍA E.J., Jorge (Org.). Concepciones de la metafísica. Editorial Trotta: Madrid, 1998. ANGIONI, Lucas. Introdução à teoria da predicação em Aristóteles. Unicamp: São Paulo, 2009. AUBENQUE, Pierre. Le problème de l`être chez Aristote, essai sur la problématique Aristotélicienne. Press Universitaires de France: Paris, 1962. MANSION, Suzanne. Le jugement d`existence chez Aristote. Desclée de Brouwer: Paris, 1946. JAEGER, Werner. Aristoteles, bases para la historia de su desarollo intelectual. Fondo de Cultura Económica: México, 1995. ZINGANO, Marco. Sobre a metafísica de Aristóteles, textos selecionados. (Org.). Odysseus: São Paulo, 2005. NEF, F. Qùest-ce que la métaphysique? Paris: Gallimard, 2004. DURING, Élie. La métaphysique, textes choisis & presentés. Flammarion: Paris, 1998. KNEALE, W; KNEALE, M. O desenvolvimento da lógica. 3. ed. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian: Lisboa, 1968. GILSON, Etienne. A filosofia na Idade média. M. Fontes: São Paulo, 2001. _______________ . La philosophie au moyen age. 3. ed. Paris: Payot, 1947. HIRSCHBERGER, Johannes. História da filosofia na idade média. São Paulo: Herder, 1966. WULF, Maurizio De. Storia della filosofia medievale. Nuova versione italiana dalla 6. ed. Francese di V. Miano. 3 vol. V. 1. Firenze: EDITRICE, 1944. NASCIMENTO, Carlos Arthur. O que é filosofia medieval. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 2004. ______________________________. Tomás de Aquino a metafísica e a teologia. In: Frutos de gratidão a Francisco Catão. Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo (Org.). Unisal: São Paulo, 2007. p. 115-145. ______________________________. Tomás de Aquino, sentença do livro da Física, III, lição 5o, no 600-631. Extrato do Boletim do CPA, Campinas, no 5/6, jan./dez. 1998, p. 261-279. AQUINO, Tomás. Exposição sobre a Metafísica de Aristóteles., Ed. M.-R. Cathala, Marietti:Turim, 1935. (Tradução prof. Carlos Arthur Ribeiro do Nascimento). _______________. Expositio sobre os doze livros da Metafísica de Aristóteles. Ed. Raimundo M. Spiazzi,Marietti: Turim, 1950. AQUINATIS, S. Thomae. In: Duodecim Libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis expositio, Proemium S. Thomae. (tradução particular de Francisco Benjamim de Souza Neto e Carlos Arthur Ribeiro do Nascimento). 12 LIBERA, Alain De. A filosofia medieval. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1990. VIGNAUX, Paul. A filosofia na idade média. 2. ed. Coimbra: Arménio Amado, Editor, Suc. , 1959. CHENU, Marie-Dominique. Introduction a l`étude de Saint Thomas D`Aquin. J. Vrin: Paris, 1954. TORREL, Jean-Pierre. Iniciação a Santo Tomás de Aquino, sua pessoa e sua obra. Loyola: São Paulo, 2004. HADOT, Pierre. O que é a filosofia antiga? 2. ed. Loyola: São Paulo, 2004. LUKASIEWICZ, Jan. Estúdios de lógica y filosofia. (Edicción y selección a cargo de Alfredo Deaño) Edicción electrónica de www.philosophia.cl/ Escuela de Filosofía Universidad ARCIS. LUKASIEWICZ, Jan. Sobre a lei da contradição em Aristóteles. In: ZINGANO, Marco. Sobre a metafísica de Aristóteles, textos selecionados. (Org.). Odysseus: São Paulo, 2005. BAZÁN, Carlos B. Las concepciones de la metafísica en la escolástica medieval. In: GARCÍA, Jorge J. de. Concepciones de la metafísica. (Org) Trotta: Madrid, 1998. ALMEIDA de, Nazareno Eduardo. Os princípios de verdade no Livro IV da Metafísica de Aristóteles. Princípios: Natal, v.15, n. 23, jan./jun. 2008. FREGE, Gottlob. In: Enciclopedia Garzanti di filosofia ecc. Italia: Garzanti Editore, 1981. | Low | [
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Iran moves to end death penalty for some drug crimes Updated 9:45 am, Sunday, August 13, 2017 TEHRAN, Iran (AP) — Iran's parliament has voted to end the death penalty for certain drug violations in a move that could prevent some 5,000 convicted smugglers from being executed. The semi-official ISNA news agency says a majority of lawmakers voted Sunday to amend the law so that only drug kingpins, armed dealers and those convicted of smuggling more than 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of opium or two kilograms of heroin would face the death penalty. Lesser violations would be punishable by up to 30 years in prison. The president and a constitutional watchdog are expected to sign the changes into law. The law previously prescribed the death penalty for smuggling 20 kilograms of opium or 30 grams of heroin. Iran is among the world's leading executioners, and has faced criticism from rights groups. | Mid | [
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# Copyright (C) 2016-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Limited # # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and # limitations under the License. # ============================================================================== import xdl import tensorflow as tf import time ''' local run: python estimator_tf_test.py --run_mode=local --ckpt_dir=./ckpt --task_type=train|eval|predict|train_and_eval ''' def input_fn(): dense = xdl.mock_dense_op(shape=[1, 16], value=0.01) labels = xdl.mock_dense_op(shape=[1, 1], value=1.0) ids, values, segments = xdl.mock_sparse_op(dense_shape=[1, 16]) sparse = xdl.SparseTensor(ids, values, segments) emb = xdl.embedding("sparse", sparse, xdl.Ones(), 1, 16, 'sum') dense.set_shape([None, 16]) labels.set_shape([None, 1]) return [dense, emb], labels def eval_input_fn(): dense = xdl.mock_dense_op(shape=[1, 16], value=0.01) labels = xdl.mock_dense_op(shape=[1, 1], value=1.0) ids, values, segments = xdl.mock_sparse_op(dense_shape=[1, 16]) sparse = xdl.SparseTensor(ids, values, segments) emb = xdl.embedding("sparse", sparse, xdl.Ones(), 1, 16, 'sum') dense.set_shape([None, 16]) labels.set_shape([None, 1]) return [dense, emb], labels @xdl.tf_wrapper(is_training=True) def model_fn(inputs, labels): dense = inputs[0] emb = inputs[1] with tf.variable_scope(name_or_scope='', reuse=tf.AUTO_REUSE): fc2 = fc(dense, [16, 1], [1]) logits = fc2 + emb cross_entropy = tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits( labels=labels, logits=logits, name='xentropy') return tf.reduce_mean(cross_entropy, name='xentropy_mean'), logits def fc(inputs, w_shape, b_shape): w = tf.get_variable( "weights", w_shape, initializer=tf.truncated_normal_initializer(dtype=tf.float32, stddev=0.36), regularizer=tf.nn.l2_loss) b = tf.get_variable( "bias", b_shape, initializer=tf.uniform_unit_scaling_initializer(factor=0.1, seed=10, dtype=tf.float32)) return tf.matmul(inputs, w) def train(): estimator = xdl.Estimator( model_fn=model_fn, optimizer=xdl.SGD(0.5)) estimator.train(input_fn, max_step=2000, checkpoint_interval=1000) def evaluate(): estimator = xdl.Estimator( model_fn=model_fn, optimizer=xdl.SGD(0.5)) estimator.evaluate(input_fn, checkpoint_version="", max_step=2000) def predict(): estimator = xdl.Estimator( model_fn=model_fn, optimizer=xdl.SGD(0.5)) estimator.predict(input_fn, checkpoint_version="", max_step=2000) def train_and_evaluate(): estimator = xdl.Estimator( model_fn=model_fn, optimizer=xdl.SGD(0.5)) estimator.train_and_evaluate(train_input_fn=input_fn, eval_input_fn=eval_input_fn, eval_interval=1000, eval_steps=200, checkpoint_interval=1000, max_step=5000) task_type = xdl.get_task_type() if task_type == None: task_type = 'train' if task_type == 'train': train() elif task_type == 'eval': evaluate() elif task_type == 'predict': predict() elif task_type == 'train_and_eval': train_and_evaluate() else: raise Exception("unsupported type") | Low | [
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Still he kept going. Until today. “His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh has decided that he will no longer carry out public engagements from the autumn of this year,” Buckingham Palace announced. Why did Prince Philip announce his retirement now? The reason for the timing likely has to do with the pattern of his work schedule in 2017: January: 0 engagements February: 7 engagements March: 21 engagements April: 12 engagements The contrast between March and April is particularly striking. Prince Philip was ramping up his workload in March, undertaking more and more engagements. Then, in April, a sharp drop off in the middle of the month, with only three engagements after Easter Sunday. Prince Philip’s retirement may have jolted royal watchers, but it was long telegraphed. | Low | [
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Q: What is the best way for IPC in java? I am using Netbeans for developing two separate application. I need to communicate between two jar what is the best IPC Communication. A: There is never a best way to solve a problem. There is only the way which works best for you. When you have two separate processes running on different hosts, you need to communicate via network sockets. You could use an existing protocol standard like SOAP. When you are sure that none of the two applications will ever be rewritten in a different programming language, you could also use ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream connected to network sockets and exchange Java objects directly between the two programs. Or you could design your own protocol from scratch which is optimized for your application. When the processes run on the same host, communicating via network is often still a good option. But there are others like communicating via writing and reading temporary files. You could also go the UNIX way, and have one application write to System.out and pipe its output to the other program which reads it with System.in. | Mid | [
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Defence21 wrote:Raffi Torres! Pleasssse, Mr. Shero, find a way to do it! ...i'm not bashing torres, but his career high in goals is 27, same as malone i believe...he has re-gressed the past two seasons, and i don't think he kills penalties...so not sure what all the fuss is about... How does he know it is a low ball offer? Because he didn't sign? I think Malone was going to see what was out there anyway. He very well might sign with the Pens again after seeing that the offers are close. There is no way for him to know that at this point he is being "low-balled" as he can't speak to anyone about contract yet other than the Pens. I know Ryan is somewhat of a hot commodity these days and granted he did have a great year but COME ON! Most rumors I wouldnt put much stock into anyway but damn, people act like the guy is a franchise wing! If other teams value him that much I think its great from a Pen's perspective but I can't see teams giving up much for a guy who will be a UFA in two weeks. crzymike wrote:I know Ryan is somewhat of a hot commodity these days and granted he did have a great year but COME ON! Most rumors I wouldnt put much stock into anyway but damn, people act like the guy is a franchise wing! If other teams value him that much I think its great from a Pen's perspective but I can't see teams giving up much for a guy who will be a UFA in two weeks. Last year's Philly/Nashville deal with Hartnell and Timmonen started something new in this league. Don't be shocked if you see more of these deals in the coming years. I'd rather take any draft pick compensation than a guy who's pretty much a bust. I'd say that the ideal situation would be for the Pens to get Hossa signed before the draft and then trade Malone's rights for a third or fourth rounder. Extend that further, get Orpik signed and trade Sydor for a similar draft pick and the hit they had taken from trading picks at the last two deadlines wouldn't be as bad, plus they'd still have Hossa anyway. crzymike wrote:I know Ryan is somewhat of a hot commodity these days and granted he did have a great year but COME ON! Most rumors I wouldnt put much stock into anyway but damn, people act like the guy is a franchise wing! If other teams value him that much I think its great from a Pen's perspective but I can't see teams giving up much for a guy who will be a UFA in two weeks. Last year's Philly/Nashville deal with Hartnell and Timmonen started something new in this league. Don't be shocked if you see more of these deals in the coming years. That's not really a new thing. I remember UFAs being traded more frequently in the late 90's or so. The Philly deal was a little different because that clearly seemed like something that the two teams had planned in advance with the Forsberg trade. Usually impending free agents got traded for low round draft picks. Kicksave wrote:Would anybody be interested in Marc-Andre Pouliot in exchange for the rights to Malone? Classic underachiever. You could be close to calling him a bust IMO. Brodziak wouldn't be bad I guess. I wonder if Robbie Schrempf is available. I just don't think the Pens are going to get as much as we think we they can get for RM's rights. If you can get a pick and Pouliot, I think that'd be a decent deal. The guy has some pedigree. He's RHed and worked well with Sid in the juniors IIRC. At worst, we get a good 3rd liner to replace what we've lost. A couple examples of this sort of thing happening before... in 2002 the Rangers traded Richter's rights to Edmonton (he ended up signing with NY anyway). A year later they traded Messier's rights to San Jose (again, signed with NY). Both were traded for future considerations... was there free agent compensation in those days or was that just in baseball? crzymike wrote:I know Ryan is somewhat of a hot commodity these days and granted he did have a great year but COME ON! Most rumors I wouldnt put much stock into anyway but damn, people act like the guy is a franchise wing! If other teams value him that much I think its great from a Pen's perspective but I can't see teams giving up much for a guy who will be a UFA in two weeks. Last year's Philly/Nashville deal with Hartnell and Timmonen started something new in this league. Don't be shocked if you see more of these deals in the coming years. That's not really a new thing. I remember UFAs being traded more frequently in the late 90's or so. The Philly deal was a little different because that clearly seemed like something that the two teams had planned in advance with the Forsberg trade. Usually impending free agents got traded for low round draft picks. I think Holmgren did that deal with Nashville to KEEP either Timmonen or Hartnell, or both away from Pittsburgh. It was no secrete both of those guys were linked to the Pens crzymike wrote:I know Ryan is somewhat of a hot commodity these days and granted he did have a great year but COME ON! Most rumors I wouldnt put much stock into anyway but damn, people act like the guy is a franchise wing! If other teams value him that much I think its great from a Pen's perspective but I can't see teams giving up much for a guy who will be a UFA in two weeks. Last year's Philly/Nashville deal with Hartnell and Timmonen started something new in this league. Don't be shocked if you see more of these deals in the coming years. I am fully aware of that trade but it involved Timonen AND Hartnell. All Philly gave up was what they got from Nashville in the first place. Malone is good but if someone like Columbus throws 5 million a year for 5 years at him (again im not sold on those rumors) thay have got to be out of their minds. Henry Hank wrote:A couple examples of this sort of thing happening before... in 2002 the Rangers traded Richter's rights to Edmonton (he ended up signing with NY anyway). A year later they traded Messier's rights to San Jose (again, signed with NY). Both were traded for future considerations... was there free agent compensation in those days or was that just in baseball? Kicksave wrote:I just don't think the Pens are going to get as much as we think we they can get for RM's rights. If you can get a pick and Pouliot, I think that'd be a decent deal. The guy has some pedigree. He's RHed and worked well with Sid in the juniors IIRC. At worst, we get a good 3rd liner to replace what we've lost. I don't see us getting any player from any NHL roster for just the "chance" of signing Malone. The Jackets or the Oilers would be low on Malone's list of options on July 1st, and they would have to go on a full-scale recruiting campaign to get him signed. The reason this talk is heating up now is the fact that the draft is next weekend, which indicates that a draft pick is the bait. That is still something in return for nothing if we know we can't afford his asking price. If Malone really is asking for $5M from the Pens, then he certainly is looking for every penny and isn't putting being a Penguin first. If he doesn't want to give us some form of discount off of this hypothetical market value, then I agree with letting him walk. The only concern is that I wouldn't want him to end up in the Atlantic division. If he goes UFA, we have no control over that. I would almost rather sign him and try to trade him. | Low | [
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Belgian authorities have confirmed the arrest of key Paris attacks suspect Mohamed Abrini along with four other people, including a man they believe may have helped the Brussels bombers. The prosecutors said on Friday they were also looking into whether Abrini is the "man in the hat", the surviving third suspect seen on CCTV images next to the two suicide bombers who blew themselves up at the Brussels airport on March 22. "We are investigating if Abrini can be identified as the third person at the Brussels national airport, the so-called man with the hat," said prosecutor Eric Van der Sypt. Abrini, a 31-year-old Belgian, has been on Europe's most wanted list since the November 13 Paris attacks, in which 130 people were killed. He was last seen two days before the attacks in a motorway service station CCTV video driving with another Paris attacks suspect - Salah Abdeslam, who was arrested last month - towards the French capital from Belgium. The car they drove was used in the attacks, in which Abdeslam's elder brother was a suicide bomber. Second metro bomber? Another man arrested on Friday, identified as Osama K, may have been present at the suicide bomb attack in the Brussels underground station of Maelbeek, prosecutors said. The man was seen in the company of Khalid el-Bakraoui before he blew himself up in the metro, and was also filmed buying the bags used in deadly attacks that same day on the Brussels airport. OPINION: The slaughter of the innocent in Brussels "The investigators are now verifying whether Osama K can be positively identified as being the second person present at the time of the attack in the Maelbeek subway station," Van der Sypt said. Al Jazeera's Natacha Butler, reporting from Paris, said if the metro link is confirmed, that would signal a "big scoop" for authorities. "We know that this man was seen by the bags that the Belgian airport bombers used in their attack - they hid their explosives in luggage - so this is someone that they've also been looking for extremely intensively over the last few weeks," Butler said. Media had previously mentioned a second underground attacker, but officials had not confirmed that. Coordinated attacks The attacks on Brussels airport and a metro train last month killed 32 people and wounded hundreds in the worst such incident in Belgian history. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, also known as ISIS), which claimed responsibility for the Brussels bombings, also took credit for coordinated attacks in Paris in November . Friday's arrest of five suspects came a day after Belgian authorities released photos and video of the "man in the hat" airport suspect. Five hours after the initial detentions, authorities were still carrying out a raid in the same Anderlecht area of Brussels. The government and top security officials gathered in a national security council meeting after Friday's detention to assess the consequences of the operation. | Mid | [
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Q: Linux command line/app to compare sets of folders against one another I have many photos organised in folders. I also have an "Uncategorised" folder for photos before they are organised. I've found that many (but not all) photos in Uncategorised have now been organised away, but not removed from Uncategorised. I would like, via command line or otherwise, to find all files in Uncategorised that are duplicated within other folders (so I know which are safe to delete). Ideally the solution will use MD5 (or similar) to ensure true duplication. However, file name -only is a good start. Can anyone provide some hint of how to accomplish this on the command line? Or alternatively suggest some software that could help? Thanks! A: You can use: find -not -empty -type f -printf "%s\n" | sort -rn | uniq -d | xargs -I{} -n1 find -type f -size {}c -print0 | xargs -0 md5sum | sort | uniq -w32 --all-repeated=separate (replace md5sum with sha512sum to avoid collisions) or a "lint" tool like fslint, fdupes | High | [
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[24 hour esophageal pH monitoring in patients with cardiac cancer postoperatively]. Twenty-four-hour esophageal pH monitoring was performed in thirty patients with cardiac cancer on the 13rd to 18th postoperative day in order to understand the condition of gastroesophageal reflux (GER), the value of commonly used operative procedures and the effect of patients sleeping position for preventing GER. GER parameters were higher than those of normal subjects (P < 0.001), but there were only 60% patients who had typical GER symptoms. No significant differences were found between anastomoses in abdomen and chest, encasing-in style, and "scarf" style (P > 0.05). Patients sleeping with upper body raised for 30 degrees had much lower GER parameters than those of controls. Manual anastomosis often used now couldn't decrease GER. All patients with cardiac cancer have postoperative GER though they had no typical symptoms of GER, but GER was avoided during sleeping with upper body erected. | Mid | [
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I'm just wondering. I've got a senegal bichir who really seems to like people. He follows you around when you're around the tank and swims around your fingers when you put your hand in the tank, and he lets you pet him. Just wondering if all bichirs are like this, because this is the friendliest fish I've ever had, I think. Seems to me that slithery type fish seem to have more personality than others, in my experience. I know that's not always true but it's funny. Our big dojo loach has tons of personality, similar to your bichir. He also likes nibbling on our fingers. I'm just wondering. I've got a senegal bichir who really seems to like people. He follows you around when you're around the tank and swims around your fingers when you put your hand in the tank, and he lets you pet him. Just wondering if all bichirs are like this, because this is the friendliest fish I've ever had, I think. Just be careful with those because they will eat fish that are larger than their mouths. I had a Senegal Bichir and he ate all 8 of my Rosy Barbs in a week and they were as big as he was. I promptly gave him away. I would keep them fed, you'll have no problem if you feed them a decent meal once a month or so, prawn is the best food I found. I've kept a pair over 20" with a school of silver dollars for years with no problems. The silver dollars were brought up with the bichirs from 1", the bichirs were 16" when the dollars were that size. | Mid | [
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[Ion transport in nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa in mucoviscidosis and chronic sinusitis]. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most commonly inherited disease in Caucasians and is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding a membrane transport protein. This cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is thought to be an apical Cl- channel activated by intracellular cAMP. Most recent findings suggest that CFTR is more than a pure Cl- channel and might be involved in the regulation of other transport systems. In the present study we show that CFTR as a Cl- channel plays only a minor role in primary cultured human nasal epithelium derived from non-CF and CF patients. These findings are especially of interest for non-CF human nasal epithelia in which CFTR is correctly inserted. In both tissues Cl- secretion is negligible as compared with Na+ absorption. We confirm and expand our previous observations that Na+ absorption in human nasal epithelium is the dominant ion transport process and that Cl- secretion is detectable in both CF and non-CF tissue. Moreover, we show that cAMP and ATP were not able to stimulate any silent Cl- channels in CF or non-CF human nasal epithelial cells. We further give evidence that in human nasal CF and non-CF epithelium Na+ absorption is mediated by epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) that are either different from those of other epithelia or which exhibit altered regulation. These differences between Na+ channels of human nasal epithelium and "classical" epithelial Na+ channels include lack of activation by the intracellular second messenger cAMP and the steroid hormone aldosterone. We show further that human nasal Na+ channels are inhibited by Cl- channel blockers and exhibit a different pharmacology towards common Na+ channel blockers. | High | [
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Husky Coca-Cola 48L Freestanding Mini Fridge EL196 Overview The EL196 Coca Cola mini fridge features an adjustable thermostat that keeps your food and drinks chilled compactly. The mini fridge is capable of holding 40 cans of your favourite drink, but is also food and dairy safe for making it ideal for students or anyone living in a smaller space. Product Videos Key Features Overview The EL196 Coca Cola mini fridge features an adjustable thermostat that keeps your food and drinks chilled compactly. The mini fridge is capable of holding 40 cans of your favourite drink, but is also food and dairy safe for making it ideal for students or anyone living in a smaller space. Features Energy Rating A+ Frost Free No Width 440mm Height 525mm Depth 490mm Fit Type Tabletop Brand Husky Colour Red Coca Cola Theme Warranty 1 Year Number of Shelves 1 Product Type Drinks chiller - tabletop Weight 15kg Capacity 48L Reviews Review Snapshot Average Customer Review Overall Product Videos The EL196 Coca Cola mini fridge features an adjustable thermostat that keeps your food and drinks chilled compactly. The mini fridge is capable of holding 40 cans of your favourite drink, but is also food and dairy safe for making it ideal for students or anyone living in a smaller space. | High | [
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Q: In base 10, $101 \times 12 = 1212,$ $1001\times 326 = 326326$ Does these numbers have a name in any base? Someone asked a question earlier today about $1001\times \text{(any two digit number)}$ . But then deleted their question right away. Motivated me to ask: Observation: Over $\mathbb{N}.$ In base-$10.$ Multiplying any two digit number $k_1k_0$ (where $0 \le k_0 \le 9,$ $1 \le k_1 \le 9$) by $101$ always yields $k_1k_0k_1k_0,$ a number which has two copies of the digits of $k_1k_0.$ For example $12\times101 = 1212.$ It's not hard to prove, e.g., by expanding $101k = (100+1)(10k_1 + k_0).$ Similar action happens for multiplying any $3$ digit number by $1001.$ My question: In any base $b,$ are numbers such as $1001$ known with a name? If so, then I'd like to look up some of their interesting properties, but, obviously, need a name for that. A: The numbers of the form $b^n \pm 1$ are called the Cunningham Numbers, after a nineteenth century mathematician who worked on their factorizations. The factorization work is continuing collaboratively as the Cunningham Project. I do not know of a separate name for the Cunningham numbers of the shape $b^n+1$. | High | [
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# @vuepress/plugin-search > header-based search plugin for vuepress See [documentation](https://vuepress.vuejs.org/plugin/official/plugin-search.html). | Mid | [
0.549295774647887,
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Induction and reversal of long-term potentiation by repeated high-frequency stimulation in rat hippocampal slices. Field potential recordings were made from area CA1 of hippocampal slices from young adult rats to study the effects of repeated tetanic stimulation on the development of LTP. Stimulation was applied to the Schaffer collateral afferents, and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in stratum radiatum. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) resulted in variable amounts of long-term potentiation (LTP), depending on how many trains of stimulation were delivered. Peak amounts of LTP occurred after 8-16 trains of TBS, but virtually no LTP occurred after 24 or 32 trains of TBS. There was thus an inverted U-shaped relation between the amount of TBS and the degree of LTP. The temporal spacing of TBS trains was important for observing the lack of LTP after 32 trains ("over-stimulation"). If the trains were grouped into blocks of 8, with 10 min between blocks, LTP occurred normally. This finding suggests that a time-dependent LTP reversal process was occurring during the massed presentation of TBS trains. Over-stimulation inhibited for 60-90 min the subsequent induction of LTP by a normally efficient LTP-inducing protocol. This effect was input specific and dependent on activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Lowering extracellular [Ca2+] from 2.5 to 2.0 mM, or adding the L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine, had only a small protective effect on the lack of LTP induced by 32 trains of TBS. Addition of an NMDA receptor antagonist to the bath solution shortly after the beginning of the over-stimulation protocol gave significantly more protection. Administration of an adenosine (A1) receptor antagonist during over-stimulation permitted robust LTP to occur, indicating that A1 receptor activation during TBS contributes to the depotentiation process. These findings confirm previous findings in the dentate gyrus that repeated afferent tetanization within a narrow time frame can lead to a loss or reversal of LTP. Activation of adenosine receptors appears to trigger this effect. | High | [
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#include <cstdio> using namespace std; int main(){ int n; while(scanf("%d",&n)==1){ n &= 7; if(n==2 || n==6) puts("yes"); else puts("no"); } return 0; } | Low | [
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Q: How to put a title that covers a specific range of columns? Hello everyone I am creating a table on latex, I would like to add it a title I tried: \multicolumn{12}{|c|}{\cellcolor[HTML]{C0C0C0}{\color[HTML]{000000} Training Test}} \\\hline the complete code looks as follows: \begin{table}[H] \begin{adjustbox}{max width=\textwidth} \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline \multicolumn{12}{|c|}{\cellcolor[HTML]{C0C0C0}{\color[HTML]{000000} Training Test}} \\\hline &EN&ES&IT&DU&EN&IT&DU&EN&ES&IT&DU\\\hline Users&152&110&38&34&42&12&10&142&88&36&32\\\hline 18-24&58&22&&&16&&&56&18&&\\ 25-34&60&56&&&16&&&58&44&&\\ 35-49&22&22&&&6&&&20&18&&\\ 50+&12&10&&&4&&&8&8&&\\\hline Male&76&55&19&17&21&6&5&71&44&18&16\\ Female&76&55&19&17&21&6&5&71&44&18&16\\\hline \end{tabular} \end{adjustbox} \caption{} \label{} \end{table} I failed with this approach since I want that the title only cover a specific range of columns, I want that the word Training appears from the column 2 to 5 and the word Test appears from the column 9 to 12, and with my approach the title appears centered in the table, I would like to appreciate any suggestion to achieve this. A: Again, I've quit the color[HTML] thing: as you didn't show your preamble, we don't know what package you used for it. That said, if you change \multicolumn{12}{|c|}{\cellcolor[HTML]{C0C0C0}{\color[HTML]{000000} Training Test}}\\\hline or \multicolumn{12}{|c|}{Training Test}\\\hline to \multicolumn{1}{|c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Training} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{Test}\\\hline you should get what you want. | Mid | [
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[Craniotomy and the temporal branch of the facial nerve]. The surgical anatomy of the temporal branch of the facial nerve was studied in the anatomical laboratory. The temporal branch divides into an anterior, middle (frontal), and a posterior ramus after it pierces the parotid fascia. The anterior ramus innervates orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii muscles; the middle branch is for the ipsilateral frontalis muscle. The posterior branch innervates the anterior and superior auricular and tragus muscles. Below the zygomatic arch, the temporal branch of the facial nerve is located in the subcutaneous tissue. Above the arch, it continues in the subgaleal space with the superficial temporal fascia deeply. The terminal twigs of the temporal branch penetrate the galea to reach their target muscles that are all located superficial to the galea. There is a significant variability in the course of the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Occasionally, the terminal twigs of the middle ramus may penetrate superficial layer of superficial temporal fascia and run in the intrafascial fat pad before entering the frontalis muscle. There are four available operative techniques in this anatomical location. The subgaleal dissection of a temporofrontal scalp flap is associated with a high incidence of postoperative palsy of the temporal branch of the facial nerve and cosmetically bothersome results. Reflecting the scalp and temporalis muscle together as a single layer is the safest procedure. Unfortunately, this technique can not be used for the transzygomatic approaches and the bulky temporalis muscle may compromise basal exposure in the pterional route. Third technique was described and propagated by Yasargil. He proposed a subgaleal dissection up to the anterior one-fourth of the temporalis muscle where the dissection has to be deepened between the two layers of the superficial temporal fascia (in the interfascial fat pad). This approach may also infrequently injure the temporal branch in case of anatomical variation. The last available operative technique raises the superficial temporal fascia together with the scalp. | High | [
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Q: Getting wrong clientHeight of a ref inside componentDidMount so when i try to get the clientheight of the image div im getting the wrong value.Instead if i set a height to imgdiv im getting that value. React: constructor(props) { super(props); this.imgref = React.createRef(); } componentDidMount(){ console.log(this.centerref.current.clientHeight); } render(){ return ( <div className="wrapper"> <div className="imgdiv" ref={this.imgref}><img src="" } /></div> </div> ); } CSS: .wrapper{ display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1; height: 100%; } .imgdiv{ flex: 0 0 auto; } .imgdiv img{ width: 100%; height: 100%; } A: It's because your image is taking some time to render that's why you are not getting the actual image size but the size of the container. You can update your image tag like this <img src="" alt="hello" onLoad={this.onImageLoad} /> and create a onImageLoad handler onImageLoad = () => { console.log(this.imgref.current.clientHeight); // actual image size }; check this codesand box | Low | [
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If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. "I'll tell you what pressure is. Pressure is a Messerschmitt up your @r5e. Playing cricket is not" Age 37 Posts 23,058 [IMG]http://i42.*******.com/339odx5.jpg[/IMG] HOW Hans Fleer was not awarded the Victoria Cross still puzzles his mates. They talk in whispers about the day when the 20-year-old corporal, with his patrol pinned down by 600 Viet Cong near Nui Dat, earned his nickname "The Ice Man". When Viet Cong machine guns unexpectedly raked his patrol on a hot afternoon in February 1970, nine of Fleer's mates fell, including the commander and the signaller. The young infantryman didn't blink but instead took control. The Ice Man directed the remaining Diggers to cover him while he ran into machine-gun fire on what looked like a suicide mission to rescue his injured mates. As his unit citation says: "With complete disregard for his own safety, Hans Fleer moved out under covering fire from his section to initiate the recovery of wounded men." To this day, no one knows how the hail of bullets missed Fleer, who - after bringing the wounded Diggers to safety - then directed the safe withdrawal of his winged platoon. For his courage, Fleer was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal, second only to the Victoria Cross. But when he returned to Australia, Fleer, a modest man, rarely spoke about that day again, even to his family and even though he would go on to join the SAS for a further 20 years. This month, when Fleer died suddenly, aged 63, his children knew little more than that their beloved dad had been a good soldier. What happened next took their breath away. "The surprise came in the days after his death," his daughter, Melanie, said yesterday. "We were contacted by so many army guys who were floored by Dad's passing: I think everyone considered him invincible." At his funeral last week, they came from all over Australia - soldiers young and old - to pay their final respects in Melbourne to a man who fellow soldier Rick O'Haire said was "an icon of the SAS". "There must have been 200 soldiers and former soldiers at his funeral - there were people from his old patrol, from the SAS, commandos and even generals - it was incredible," said Fleer's son, Michael. Even the head of the Australian Defence Force, General David Hurley, has paid homage to Fleer. "I served with Hans in 1RAR in the mid-70s," General Hurley said yesterday. "He was measured and unflappable by nature, a very professional soldier and officer, and a tremendous role model for junior officers." Martin Hamilton-Smith, a former SAS colleague of Fleer and now a Liberal opposition frontbencher in South Australia, was at his funeral last week. "Hans grew from a brave young soldier into a father figure in Australian Special Forces," Mr Hamilton-Smith said. "He helped take young soldiers from the jungles of Vietnam, through counter-terrorism, on to the deserts of Iraq and Afghanistan. "Hans brought together the soldierly qualities of moral courage, mental toughness, a dry wit and a sense of mateship. Everyone he touched was better for having walked beside him." At their dad's service and at his wake, Michael and Melanie learned more about his wartime exploits than during his lifetime. "They also called him Major Fear," Melanie said. "He was a Clint Eastwood type with a steely stare and a dark sense of humour. He had a very stoic face which you couldn't read and he would just look into you." At his funeral, Fleer's mates told his kids how he should have received the Victoria Cross rather than the DCM for his actions that day near Nui Dat. "Some of the old guys reckoned that decision (not to give him a VC) was political bull****," Michael said. "They told me that if you had to pick a man to go to war with, it was my father." "It has been almost surreal because he never really talked about the army and what he did. "And now we are hearing from so many SAS guys saying he was instrumental in their career and lives." O'Haire, who served with Fleer for 40 years, said simply: "Hans was the bloke you wanted by your side on a cold, dark, windy night. We will never see his likes again." Rest Ye, Oh warrior, you'll battle no more, no Longer To Live The Horrors Of War Your Duty Was Done With Honour And Pride Farewell Oh Brother [*******#333333][FONT=Helvetica Neue]Recondo Platoon who were in HHC 2nd Bn 502inf 1st Bde 101st Airborne Division. They were authorized by the unit to wear the Black Berets with the 101st Recondo Patch on it[/FONT][/COLOR] Thanks for clearing that up digrar. I almost googled the name. Would've been clearer with a bit more info. Sorry I had no captions or info when I posted the picture. I thought he was calling the guy. My fault sorry guys. This one recounts what happened from stepping off the chopper at the LZ to firefights in the jungles of Cambodia and Laos, hearing Russian speakers in one of them, and some fatalities on missions. He also mentions four German nurses, POWs, who he was unable to rescue and I have tried - and failed - to find any more information on them. Does anyone else know anything? | Mid | [
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Q: Maven learning curve & overhead for small/medium projects? what would be (rough estimation, average, of course) the initial learning and setup curve and subsequent overhead for using Maven for C++/Eclipse/Linux project of small to medium size? We are 4 developers at the beginning of the way. We currently have ~20 native eclipse C++ (CDT) "projects", which we compile interactively. We would like to have an automated checkout & build script. It seems a bit overkill at this stage, but perhaps we should adopt it sooner then later, provided that it does not incur an overhead. We don't have bandwidth for extensive configuration management right now. Thanks a lot! EDITED / DETAILED: I realize I haven't described my needs well enough. Having read the references provided below, I see that CI tool seems an overkill for us at the moment. What I'd like to have is a build tool that is well integrated with eclipse on one hand, and allows offline, non-interactive builds on the other. I enjoy the simplicity of working with eclipse projects: you just add files, add references to internal components and 3rd part libs as they add up, and that's it. You don't need to manually maintain makefiles or the like. The trouble with it, as with MSVS a few years ago when I worked with it, is that it does not give you an option of non-interactive builds. So, does such tool exist? A: First, while Maven has some support to build C++ projects with the maven-native-plugin or, if you already are using Make, with the maven-make-plugin from the c-builds suite, this is not a common use case and there aren't widely used. So while it should be possible, you won't get support and find resources easily (just Google a bit or browse the maven users list to get an idea). Second, if you add to this that you'll have to learn Maven in the same time, then it seems reasonable to say that you are not taking the easiest path. So, instead, I'd stick with more traditional tools and/or Ant. For the continuous integration itself, I've seen several references mentioning the use of CruseControl to build a C++ project. Refer to What continuous integration tool is best for a C++ project? or UsingCruiseControlWithCplusPlus for example. But I guess the principles are transposable to another CI engine (like Hudson that I find much more easy to use than CruiseControl). | Low | [
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--- abstract: 'We present the analysis of the inclusive $K^{0}$ production in p+p and p+Nb collisions measured with the HADES detector at a beam kinetic energy of 3.5 GeV. Data are compared to the GiBUU transport model. The data suggest the presence of a repulsive momentum-dependent kaon potential as predicted by the Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT). For the kaon at rest and at normal nuclear density, the ChPT potential amounts to $\approx 35$ MeV. A detailed tuning of the kaon production cross sections implemented in the model has been carried out to reproduce the experimental data measured in p+p collisions. The uncertainties in the parameters of the model were examined with respect to the sensitivity of the experimental results from p+Nb collisions to the in-medium kaon potential.' author: - 'G. Agakishiev$^{7}$, O. Arnold$^{10,9}$, D. Belver$^{18}$, A. Belyaev$^{7}$, J.C. Berger-Chen$^{10,9}$, A. Blanco$^{2}$, M. Böhmer$^{10}$, J. L. Boyard$^{16}$, P. Cabanelas$^{18}$, S. Chernenko$^{7}$, A. Dybczak$^{3}$, E. Epple$^{10,9}$, L. Fabbietti$^{10,9}$, O. Fateev$^{7}$, P. Finocchiaro$^{1}$, P. Fonte$^{2,b}$, J. Friese$^{10}$, I. Fröhlich$^{8}$, T. Galatyuk$^{5,c}$, J. A. Garzón$^{18}$, R. Gernhäuser$^{10}$, K. Göbel$^{8}$, M. Golubeva$^{13}$, D. González-Díaz$^{5}$, F. Guber$^{13}$, M. Gumberidze$^{5,c}$, T. Heinz$^{4}$, T. Hennino$^{16}$, R. Holzmann$^{4}$, A. Ierusalimov$^{7}$, I. Iori$^{12,e}$, A. Ivashkin$^{13}$, M. Jurkovic$^{10}$, B. Kämpfer$^{6,d}$, T. Karavicheva$^{13}$, I. Koenig$^{4}$, W. Koenig$^{4}$, B. W. Kolb$^{4}$, G. Korcyl$^{3}$, G. Kornakov$^{5}$, R. Kotte$^{6}$, A. Krása$^{17}$, F. Krizek$^{17}$, R. Krücken$^{10}$, H. Kuc$^{3,16}$, W. Kühn$^{11}$, A. Kugler$^{17}$, T. Kunz$^{10}$, A. Kurepin$^{13}$, V. Ladygin$^{7}$, R. Lalik$^{10,9}$, K. Lapidus$^{10,9,\ast}$, A. Lebedev$^{14}$, L. Lopes$^{2}$, M. Lorenz$^{8}$, L. Maier$^{10}$, A. Mangiarotti$^{2}$, J. Markert$^{8}$, V. Metag$^{11}$, J. Michel$^{8}$, C. Müntz$^{8}$, R. Münzer$^{10,9}$, L. Naumann$^{6}$, Y. C. Pachmayer$^{8}$, M. Palka$^{3}$, Y. Parpottas$^{15,f}$, V. Pechenov$^{4}$, O. Pechenova$^{8}$, J. Pietraszko$^{4}$, W. Przygoda$^{3}$, B. Ramstein$^{16}$, A. Reshetin$^{13}$, A. Rustamov$^{8}$, A. Sadovsky$^{13}$, P. Salabura$^{3}$, A. Schmah$^{a}$, E. Schwab$^{4}$, J. Siebenson$^{10,9}$, Yu.G. Sobolev$^{17}$, B. Spruck$^{11}$, H. Ströbele$^{8}$, J. Stroth$^{8,4}$, C. Sturm$^{4}$, A. Tarantola$^{8}$, K. Teilab$^{8}$, P. Tlusty$^{17}$, M. Traxler$^{4}$, H. Tsertos$^{15}$, T. Vasiliev$^{7}$, V. Wagner$^{17}$, M. Weber$^{10}$, C. Wendisch$^{6,d}$, J. Wüstenfeld$^{6}$, S. Yurevich$^{4}$, Y. Zanevsky$^{7}$' - 'T. Gaitanos$^{19}$, J. Weil$^{20}$\' bibliography: - 'K0\_pp\_pNb.bib' title: 'Medium effects in proton-induced $K^{0}$ production at 3.5 GeV' --- Introduction ============ Properties of hadrons immersed in a strongly interacting environment were the subject of intense theoretical and experimental studies over the last decades [@Tolos:2013qv]. At non-zero baryonic densities gradual restoration of the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry is expected [@Klimt:1990ws], characterized by the melting of the quark condensate and leading to the modification of hadron spectral functions. Measurements of light vector mesons in the nuclear medium are a well known example of searches in this direction [@Leupold:2009kz]. In the pseudoscalar sector a particular attention is attracted to (anti)kaons that appear as the Goldstone bosons of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry [@Fuchs:2005zg]. A large number of experiments searched for nuclear matter effects in collisions of heavy ions, where baryonic densities $\rho_{B}$ considerably exceeding normal nuclear density can be achieved [@Klimt:1990ws]. However, already at normal nuclear density $\rho_{0}$, that can be probed in proton-nucleus collisions, effects of the nuclear environment are expected to take place [@Post:2003hu]. An advantage of such an approach is a fixed density profile of the target nucleus that does not evolve in the course of the collision, contrary to the case of heavy-ion collisions. The kaons ($K^{+}, K^{0}$) are peculiar probes of the nuclear matter effects: since they contain an anti-strange valence quark, they do not form baryon resonances when interacting with nucleons and propagate in nuclear matter relatively freely with a mean free path of $\lambda\approx5$ fm for kaon momenta $p_K<900$ MeV$/c$. The low-density theorem relates the kaon self energy in a nuclear environment with free kaon-nucleon scattering amplitudes. Application of the low density theorem yields a repulsive kaon-nucleus potential of $\sim$20–30 MeV at normal nuclear density for kaons at rest. (These values come from earlier estimates, e. g. in [@Kolomeitsev:1995xz].) A theoretical calculation performed in [@Korpa:2004ae] gives, within the low-density theorem, a potential of 25 MeV and a larger value of 35 MeV when using a more involved self-consistent approach. Another important theoretical finding is that the kaon spectral function remains narrow at moderate nuclear densities, making the in-medium kaon a well-defined quasi-particle that can be propagated in the transport-model approach. Several recent experiments addressed the issue of the kaon-nucleus potential. Kaon production on different nuclear targets in pion- and proton-induced reactions was studied by the FOPI [@Benabderrahmane:2008qs] ($\pi^{-} A$) and ANKE [@Buescher:2004vn] ($pA$) collaborations. From comparisons with transport-model simulations an average repulsive potential of 20$\pm$5 MeV was inferred. The HADES collaboration reported on a measurement of $K^{0}_{S}$ in a medium-sized colliding system, Ar+KCl, at a beam energy of 1.76 GeV/nucleon [@Agakishiev:2010zw] (see also [@Agakishiev:2009ar] for the $K^{+}$ data). An average potential value of $39^{+8}_{-2}$ MeV was inferred from these data. These deviating values (both quoted for $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$ and $p_{K} = 0$) call for a further experimental effort. We note that both analyses employed a simple parameterization of the potential; this issue is discussed further in Section \[sec:pNb\]. For results obtained by the KaoS and the FOPI collaborations in analyses of the azimuthal anisotropy of the (anti)kaon emission and its sensitivity to the in-medium potentials we refer to [@Shin:1998hm; @Uhlig:2004ue; @Crochet:2000fz]. The kaon, produced inside a nucleus, is not influenced solely by a mean-field potential, but also undergoes scattering on individual nucleons. As mentioned above, for $p_{K} < 900$ MeV/c the kaon-nucleon interaction is rather weak ($\sigma_{KN} \approx 12.5$ mb) and is limited to the elastic scattering $KN \to KN$, including the charge-exchange process, and the first inelastic channel $KN \to KN\pi$. Transport models are incorporating free kaon-nucleon cross sections, which are known well in a broad energy range. However, there are claims for an in-medium modification of the kaon-nucleon cross sections: experiments with a kaon beam interacting with nuclear targets revealed that the usage of the free kaon-nucleon scattering amplitudes leads to an underestimation of the $K^{+}$-nucleus reaction cross sections at the level of 15-20% [@Friedman:2007zza]. A number of mechanisms was proposed to explain this difference: swelling of nucleons in nuclear matter [@Siegel:1985hp], in-medium modification of exchanged vector mesons [@Brown:1988gu], contribution of meson exchange-current diagrams [@Jiang:1992wn], formation of a pentaquark state [@Gal:2004cx; @Tolos:2005jg], etc. As discussed in [@Sood:2011qj], both the kaon-nucleus potential and the in-medium kaon-nucleon scattering affect the final state phase-space distributions of kaons. An ambiguity in the strengths of these two contributions hampers an interpretation of results obtained in heavy-ion collisions. Thus, new experimental data that allow to constrain the two effects is of high importance. In our study of the $K^{0}$ production on a Nb target bombarded by a proton beam with a kinetic beam energy of 3.5 GeV we address the issue of the in-medium potential and check whether the usage of the free KN interaction cross sections allows for a good description of the experimental data. As a reference system, which allows to constrain production cross sections, we use the inclusive measurement of $K^{0}$’s in p+p collisions at the same beam energy. Together with an analysis of the exclusive $K^{0}$ production in proton-proton reactions [@Agakishiev:2013yyy], the present data provide a baseline for measurements of strangeness production in nuclear collisions at beam energies of 2-8 GeV/nucleon available at the future FAIR facility. The paper is organized as follows. Section \[sec:exp\] gives a brief information about the detector system. The analysis procedure is described in Section \[sec:dat\_an\]. Sections \[sec:pp\] and \[sec:pNb\] contain experimental results and their interpretation within the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) transport model [@Buss:2011mx]. Section \[sec:sum\] concludes the paper with a summary of main findings. the Experiment \[sec:exp\] ========================== Data for the analysis were collected with the [**H**]{}igh-[**A**]{}cceptance [**D**]{}i-[**E**]{}lectron [**S**]{}pectrometer (HADES). It is a versatile charged-particle detector currently operating at the SIS18 synchrotron (GSI Helmholtzzentrum, Darmstadt) in the region of beam kinetic energies of 1–2 GeV/nucleon for nucleus-nucleus collisions, up to 3.5 GeV in proton-induced reactions. The detector covers polar angles from 18$^{\circ}$ to 85$^{\circ}$ degrees and a large portion of the azimuthal angle; the momentum resolution of the spectrometer is $ \Delta p/p\approx3\%$. The main components of the experimental setup are a superconducting magnet, four planes of Multiwire Drift Chambers (MDC) used for the tracking of charged particles, a Time-of-Flight wall and a hadron-blind Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector; a detailed description of the detector ensemble can be found in [@Agakishiev:2009am]. In 2007 a measurement of proton-proton collisions at a kinetic beam energy of 3.5 GeV was performed: the beam with an average intensity $\sim 1\times10^{7}$ particles/s was incident on a liquid hydrogen target with a density of 0.35 g$/$cm$^{2}$ and a total interaction probability of $\sim 0.7 \%$. In total, $1.2 \times 10^{9}$ events were collected. In 2008 the proton beam with the same characteristics was directed onto a segmented $^{93}$Nb target. Overall, $4 \times 10^{9}$ events had been taken. In both runs, the first-level trigger (LVL1) required at least three hits (M3) in the Time-of-Flight wall. Data Analysis \[sec:dat\_an\] ============================= Kaon identification ------------------- The $K^{0}$ is identified by its short-lived component (50%) $K^{0}_{S}$ ($c\tau\simeq2.68$ cm) that decays weakly into a $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ pair with a branching ratio of 69.2%. Charged pions are identified with the help of two-dimensional cuts in the $(dE/dx)_{MDC}$ vs momentum plane, where $(dE/dx)_{MDC}$ is the measured particle’s energy loss in the Multiwire Drift Chambers (Fig. \[fig:pNb\_dEdx\]). This is the only information used for particle identification in this analysis. All intersections and points of closest approach of oppositely charged pion tracks are considered as candidates for secondary vertices where the $K^{0}_S$ decays into a pair of charged pions. In order to suppress the combinatorial background the following topological cuts are applied: i) a cut on the distance between the primary to the secondary vertex $d(K^{0}_S - V)>25$ mm, ii) a cut on the distance of closest approach between two pion tracks $d_{\pi^{+}-\pi^{-}}<7$ mm, and iii) a cut on the distance of closest approach between either of the extrapolated pion tracks and the primary vertex $DCA_{\pi}>7$ mm. The values of the applied cuts were optimized in order to provide the best compromise between the $K^{0}_S$ signal strength and the signal-to-background ratio. ![\[fig:pNb\_dEdx\] (Color online) Total specific energy loss in the MDCs versus momentum of the particle. Charged pions are selected with the help of two-dimensional dE/dx cuts (shown by dotted curves).](pics/dEdx_pNb_pi_cuts_140114_2.eps){width="50.00000%"} The resulting $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ invariant mass spectrum for p+Nb collisions is presented in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_signal\]. A clear high-statistic signal corresponding to the $K^{0}_{S}$ is visible on top of a combinatorial background. In order to extract the $K^{0}_{S}$ signal, a simultaneous two-component (signal + background) fit is performed, which models the background as a sum of a Landau and a polynomial function, and the signal as a sum of two Gaussian functions. The 3-dimensional kaon phase space can be fully described by employing, for example, the following variables: transverse momentum $p_{t}$, rapidity $y$ and azimuthal angle $\varphi$. The further analysis is performed in a 2-dimensional phase space; all distributions are integrated over the azimuthal angle, since both colliding systems (p+p and p+Nb) possess rotational symmetry with respect to the beam axis (neither target nor beam is polarised). ![\[fig:pNb\_signal\] (Color online) Invariant mass distribution of $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ pairs in p+Nb collisions after topological cuts showing a $K^{0}_{S}$ signal, characterised by a (extracted by a fit) mass of $M_{K^0_S} = 495.2 \pm 0.02$ MeV/c$^{2}$ and a width of $\sigma_{K^0_S} = 7.29 \pm 0.05$ MeV/c$^{2}$. The number of reconstructed $K^0_S$ amounts to $N_{K^{0}_{S}} = \left(325.0 \pm 0.7\right) \times 10^{3}$.](pics/K0_peak_pNb_140114){width="40.00000%"} Efficiency correction --------------------- Extracted doubly differential yields of the $K^{0}_{S}$ have to be corrected for the finite efficiency of the analysis procedure that includes track reconstruction, pion identification and topological cuts. For this purpose, dedicated simulations have been carried out. For the p+p case a cocktail of the $K^{0}$ production channels based on the available world data was simulated with the Monte Carlo event generator Pluto [@Frohlich:2007bi]. In the next step, a high statistics sample of simulated data was used as input for the [geant3]{} package, which models the response of the experimental apparatus. Finally, the simulated events went through the very same analysis chain as the experimental ones. This procedure allowed to calculate losses due to finite acceptance and efficiency and correct for them. The efficiency in a particular element of the kaon phase space (including the acceptance losses) is given by the ratio $$\label{eq:eff_acc} \epsilon\left(p_{t},y\right) = \frac{f_{out}\left(p_{t},y\right)}{f_{in}\left(p_{t},y\right)},$$ where $f_{in}\left(p_{t},y\right)$ is the generated and $f_{out}\left(p_{t},y\right)$ is the reconstructed phase space population of kaons. A typical reconstruction efficiency results in $\epsilon\left(p_{t}, y\right) = 4-8$%. It was checked that the resulting efficiency correction matrix is not sensitive to the changes in strengths of different contributing reactions. Note, moreover, that the acceptance losses are corrected for only in the region of the phase space where experimental data are available, i.e. no extrapolation into the unmeasured kinematical region takes place at this stage. The case of p+Nb reactions was treated analogously, but the UrQMD transport code [@Bass:1998ca] was used to generate events containing kaons and a background of charged particles. Absolute normalization ---------------------- Differential kaon yields measured in p+p reactions are normalized absolutely using the factor obtained from the analysis of the elastic p+p scattering in the HADES acceptance [@HADES:2011ab]. For the p+Nb case the total reaction cross section $\sigma_{pNb} = 848 \pm 127$ mb is provided by the analysis of the charged pion production [@Tlusty2010; @Agakishiev:2012vj]. The first-level multiplicity trigger M3 slightly enhances the average centrality of p+Nb collisions and introduces a bias on the measured $K^{0}_{S}$ multiplicity. This bias has been evaluated using the UrQMD transport model [@Bass:1998ca] and the data were corrected. Thus, the presented p+Nb measurements correspond to all inelastic collisions. Elementary proton-proton reactions \[sec:pp\] ============================================= Efficiency-corrected and absolutely normalized transverse momentum distributions of $K^{0}_{S}$’s reconstructed in p+p collisions in six rapidity bins ($y_{CM}\in(-0.65, 0.55)$, $\Delta y_{CM} = 0.2$), where $y_{CM}$ is the rapidity in the nucleon-nucleon center of mass reference frame, are shown in Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\]. The systematic uncertainties due to the acceptance and efficiency correction procedure were evaluated by varying by $\pm 20\%$ all topological cuts described above. They are shown as shaded boxes on Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\]. Larger systematic uncertainties are typical for the data points with low statistics due to the worse stability of the signal extraction by a fit. Another source of systematic uncertainties is the absolute normalization to the number of elastic proton-proton collisions; these uncertainties are indicated in Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\] by red dashes. {width="85.00000%"} The GiBUU transport model (version 1.6) [@Buss:2011mx] simulations are shown on Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\] as well. In this model kaon production in baryon-baryon collisions is treated either in the resonance model, developed in [@Tsushima:1998jz], or in the [pythia]{} string fragmentation framework; details can be found in [@Buss:2011mx]. The strangeness sector of the GiBUU resonance model is given by the Tsushima model [@Tsushima:1998jz], in which the elementary kaon production channels $NN \to BYK$ (with $B = N, \Delta$ and $Y = \Lambda, \Sigma$) are assumed to proceed via the formation and decay of various $N^{*}$ and $\Delta^{*}$ resonances. The corresponding cross sections are calculated in an effective-Lagrangian approach. The GiBUU implementation uses the final cross-section parameterizations from [@Tsushima:1998jz] and does not explicitly produce and propagate the intermediate resonances; a 3-body ($BYK$) production always takes place. It should be noted that the non-strange part of the GiBUU resonance model [@Buss:2011mx; @Weil:2012ji] uses a different set of resonances than considered in [@Tsushima:1998jz] (without strange decay modes). Therefore, the strangeness sector of the resonance model is disconnected from the non-strange part. Calculations of the kaon production in proton-proton collisions based on the resonance model are shown on Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\] by the dashed curves. Apparently, the resonance model significantly overestimates the inclusive production of $K^{0}$ mesons. This observation is consistent with the fact that the strengths of a number of exclusive kaon production channels are overestimated in this model [@Tsushima:1998jz]. First of all, the contribution of the channel $p + p \to p + \pi^{+} + \Lambda + K^{0}$ is strongly overestimated (in the resonance model it goes exclusively through the reaction $p + p \to \Delta^{++}(1232) + \Lambda + K^{0}$) both at beam energies lower [@Nekipelov:2006if] and higher [@Bierman:1966zz; @Alexander:1967zz; @Klein:1970ri] than studied in our analysis. In order to fit our inclusive spectra and, at the same time be consistent with reported measurements at other energies, the cross section of this channel and the channel $p + p \to \Delta^{++}(1232) + \Sigma^{0} + K^{0}$ should be scaled by factors of 0.42 and 0.72, respectively. Similarly, the parameterizations given by the resonance model overestimate the data for the 3-body channel $p + p \to \Sigma^{+} + p + K^{0}$ in the region $\sqrt{s}=2.57-2.83$ GeV [@AbdelBary:2012vw] by a factor of $\approx1.5$. The cross section of this channel has been scaled down accordingly. It should be stressed that the adjusted cross sections are consistent with the results of the exclusive analysis of kaon production in the 4-body channels $p + p \to p + \pi^{+} + Y + K^{0}$ [@Agakishiev:2013yyy]. For all 3-body reactions $N + N \to N + Y + K$ we use a modified phase-space distribution following suggestions made in [@Larionov:2005eb; @Zheng:2002mj; @Li:1997zb]. These modifications account for the observed angular anisotropy of kaons in the $NYK$ final state and soften their momentum spectra. At the beam energy of 3.5 GeV, corresponding to $\sqrt{s} = 3.18$ GeV, phase space opens for the kaon production channels with 5-body final states. For example, this energy is well above the threshold for the channel $p + p \to p + \pi^{+} + \Sigma^{+} + \pi^{-} + K^{0}$ with $\sqrt{s_{thr.}} \approx 2.9$ GeV. Such channels with two pions in the final state are not considered in the original resonance model [@Tsushima:1998jz]. In order to include the contribution by the 5-body channels, the reactions $p + p \to \Delta(1232) + Y^{*} + K^{0}$ have been added, where $Y^{*}$ stays for the $\Sigma(1385)$ or the $\Lambda(1405)$ hyperon, which decay mainly in $\Lambda \pi$ and $\Sigma \pi$ pairs, respectively. Cross sections for these channels were tuned such as to reproduce the low-$p_{t}$ component of the measured inclusive spectra; an additional constraint was set that the cross sections for these channels should be lower than those for the $p + p \to N + Y^{*} + K$ reactions, reported in [@Agakishiev:2011qw; @Agakishiev:2012qx; @Agakishiev:2012xk]. The latter reactions are not included in the model explicitly, since they result in a 4-body final state already populated by reactions $p + p \to \Delta(1232) + Y + K$. All modifications of the production cross sections are summarized in Table \[table:tableK1\]. The exact parameterization for the channels $p + p \to \Delta(1232) + Y^{*} + K^{0}$ as a function of the nucleon-nucleon collision energy $s$ is given by the following formula: $$\sigma(p + p \to \Delta + Y^{*} + K^{0}) = a \left(\frac{s}{s_0} - 1 \right)^{b} \left( \frac{s_{0}}{s} \right)^{c},$$ where $a = \left(8.5, 3.1\right)$ \[mb\], $b = (2.842, 2.874)$, $c = (1.960, 2.543)$, $s_{0} = (9.356, 8.889)$ \[GeV$^{2}$\] for the $\Lambda(1405)$ and $\Sigma(1385)$ channel, respectively. ------------------------------------------ ---------- -------------- Reaction, $p + p\to$ Tsushima Present work $p+ \Sigma^{+} + K^{0}$ 37.8 26.5 (0.70) $p + \pi^{+} + \Lambda + K^{0}$ 75.9 31.9 (0.42) $p + \pi^{+} + \Sigma^{0} + K^{0}$ 24.6 17.7 (0.72) $p + \pi^{0} + \Sigma^{+} + K^{0}$ 10.9 7.8 (0.72) $n + \pi^{+} + \Sigma^{+} + K^{0}$ 5.5 3.9 (0.72) $\Delta^{++} + \Lambda(1405) + K^{0}$ n/a 5.3 $\Delta^{++} + \Sigma(1385)^{0} + K^{0}$ n/a 3.5 $\Delta^{+} + \Sigma(1385)^{+} + K^{0}$ n/a 2.3 ------------------------------------------ ---------- -------------- : \[table:tableK1\]Cross sections for $K^{0}$ production channels in p+p collisions at $E_{beam}^{kin.} = 3.5$ GeV. All values are in $\mu$b. The numbers in brackets are scaling factors that were applied to the values given by the resonance model [@Tsushima:1998jz] (Tsushima *et al.*). The last three reactions channels are not considered in the original model. Calculations with the modified resonance model are shown in Fig. \[fig:pp\_pt\_gibuu\] (solid lines). The modified model describes the experimental spectra well. Thus, the kaon production in proton-proton collisions is fixed in the model by tuning the corresponding cross sections such that they reproduce our measurement. The measured transverse momentum spectra allow the reconstruction of the rapidity density in the covered phase space. The integrated yield per rapidity bin is calculated in the following way: the sum of all measured data points is taken and for the extrapolation to the unmeasured region of high $p_{t}$-values a Boltzmann fit is used. The resulting $dN/dy$ spectrum is shown in Fig. \[fig:pp\_y\_Pluto\] together with the calculations according to the original (dashed line) and modified (solid line) resonance models. The modified version of the resonance model reproduces very well both the shape of the rapidity distribution and the total yield of kaons. The rapidity distribution is symmetric with respect to mid-rapidity $y_{CM} = 0$: a fit with a Gaussian function delivers mean value of $M = -0.03$ and $\chi^{2}/NDF = 4.3/3$; this is an important check of the validity of the acceptance and efficiency corrections applied to the data. ![\[fig:pp\_y\_Pluto\] (Color online) $K^{0}_S$ rapidity distribution in p+p collisions (black circles) and GiBUU transport model simulations (dashed curve — original resonance model [@Tsushima:1998jz], solid curve — modified resonance model, see text).](pics/pp_dNdy_gibuu_100213_G){height="35.00000%"} Summation over the measured data points in the rapidity spectrum, extrapolation into the unmeasured region with a Gaussian fit and multiplication by a factor of 2 (for taking into account the 50% branching of $K^{0}$ into $K^{0}_S$) delivers the total cross section of the inclusive $K^{0}$ production in proton-proton collisions: $$\sigma(p+p \to K^{0}+X ) = 112.7 \pm 2.3 _{-1.0}^{+4.5} \pm 7.9~\mu \text{b}.$$ The first quoted uncertainty has statistical origin, the second (asymmetric) is the systematic uncertainty originating from the variation of topological cuts, and the third one is the systematic uncertainty stemming from the absolute normalization. An assumption is made that the contribution of the $\bar{K}^{0}$’s to the $K^{0}_S$ yield is negligible. This assumption is justified by the estimate of the antikaon yield performed by the KaoS collaboration in p+Au collisions at the same beam energy of 3.5 GeV: $Y_{K^{-}}/Y_{K^{+}} = 2.3\%$ [@Scheinast:2005xs]. Note that this value should be considered as an upper limit for the relative yield of antikaons for both p+p and p+Nb reactions, where in-medium effects, possibly enhancing the antikaon production, are either absent (p+p) or less pronounced (p+Nb) in comparison to p+Au reactions. The excitation function of the inclusive kaon production cross section in proton-proton collisions is shown in Fig. \[fig:pp\_cs\_tot\]. The HADES measurement fits well into the trend set by the world data, confirming the validity of the analysis procedure up to the absolute normalization. We note that the available measurements of the $K^{0}_S$ yield at higher energies ($\sqrt{s} > 3.7$ GeV, not shown here) do not allow to deduce the $K^{0}$ production cross section unambiguously, since the $\bar{K}^{0}$ contribution starts to be significant. At $\sqrt{s} = 3.18$ in proton-proton collisions (pure isospin-one initial state: $I = 1$, $I_{z} = +1$) the extracted $K^{0}$ ($I_{z} = - 1/2$) yield is $30\%$ lower than the $K^{+}$ ($I_{z} = + 1/2$) yield estimated by an interpolation of two neighbouring measurements. ![\[fig:pp\_cs\_tot\] (Color online) Energy dependence of the total cross section of inclusive kaon production (squares – $K^{+}$ [@Reed:1968zza], triangles – $K^{0}$ [@Eisner:1976np]) in proton-proton collisions.](pics/Kp_K0_prod_pp_tot_v4){height="35.00000%"} proton-niobium reactions \[sec:pNb\] ==================================== Kaon phase space \[subsec:pNb\_pt\] ----------------------------------- Transverse momentum spectra of $K^{0}$’s produced in p+Nb collisions are shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_gibuu\] along with GiBUU simulations (with and without repulsive kaon potential, discussed below). {width="85.00000%"} For the treatment of the $K^{+}$ production and the neutron-proton channel in simulations, the isospin interrelations between different reaction channels as given by the resonance model [@Tsushima:1998jz] are used. It should be stressed that the experimental data on kaon production in neutron-proton collisions are extremely scarce; reported measurements were done with a non-monoenergetic neutron beam [@Ansorge:1974ez]. Additionally to the changes in the model described above, we adopt a scaling factor of 0.5 for all three-body processes in the neutron-proton channel, $ n + p \to N + Y + K$. (Further we vary the strengths of these channels before making any interpretation of experimental results.) The resonance model, modified in this way, gives a good description of the experimental data. Contributions of various secondary processes, as implemented in the GiBUU model, are shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_gibuu\] as well. We note that the spectra shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_gibuu\] might be reasonably approximated by a Boltzmann fit with reduced $\chi^{2}$ values varying from 3 to 5 in different rapidity bins. The extracted slope parameter $T_B(y)$ amounts to 85 MeV at backward rapidity ($y_{CM} \approx -0.8$) and exhibits a maximum of 100 MeV at $y_{CM} \approx -0.2$. The GiBUU simulations incorporate the repulsive kaon potential resulting from the Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) [@Kaplan:1986yq; @Nelson:1987dg; @Politzer:1991ev; @Brown:1992ib; @Li:1995as; @Schaffner:1996kv]. The ChPT model is governed by the $\Sigma_{\text{KN}}$ term appearing in the scalar sector of the in-medium kaon interaction and by the pion decay constant $f_{\pi}$ entering into the vector part. A range of $\Sigma_{\text{KN}} = 450 \pm 30$ MeV is given in [@Brown:1995qt]; we use a value of 450 MeV. For the pion decay constant a reduced in-medium value $f^{*}_{\pi} = \sqrt{0.6}f_{\pi}$ is adopted [@Fuchs:2005zg] according to studies of Brown and Rho [@Brown:1995qt]. Note that such an in-medium reduction of the pion decay constant is supported from precision spectroscopy of pionic atoms [@Suzuki:2002ae]. The ChPT in-medium kaon potential shows a non-linear density dependence, resulting from the corresponding density dependence of the effective kaon mass [@Schaffner:1996kv; @Prassa:2007zw; @Prassa:2009xi]. Note that the ChPT in-medium kaon potential features an explicit momentum dependence. It differs, therefore, from the customary linear parameterization of the potential in terms of the kaon in-medium mass $m^{*}_K = m^{0}_K \left( 1 - \alpha \times \rho_{B}/\rho_{0} \right)$, where $\alpha$ is a parameter (negative for kaons) that governs the strength of the potential. The latter parameterization was used by the IQMD [@Hartnack:2010be] and HSD [@Cassing:1999es] transport models for the interpretation of heavy-ion [@Agakishiev:2010zw] and pion-induced data [@Benabderrahmane:2008qs], respectively. A non-linear density and momentum dependence of the in-medium kaon interaction is obtained also by other approaches. Indeed, within a One-Boson-Exchange formulation and using the relativistic mean-field approximation, the in-medium kaon energy slightly grows with baryon density, in a similar way as the ChPT results but with a different curvature [@Schaffner:1996kv]. At normal nuclear density and for the kaon at rest, the ChPT potential results in a magnitude of $\approx 35$ MeV, set by the numerical values of the parameters $\Sigma_{\text{KN}}$ and $f^{*}_{\pi}$. Figure \[fig:U\_ChPT\_rho\_p\] illustrates the deviation of the kaon in-medium energy $E^{*}$ from the vacuum energy given by a standard dispersion relation $E = \sqrt{p^{2} + m^{2}}$ as a function of the baryonic density $\rho$ and the kaon momentum $p$. This figure results from GiBUU calculations and shows the approximate region of baryonic densities and momenta probed by kaons in pNb reactions at 3.5 GeV. We note that the potential is significant already in a dilute systems ($\rho \sim \rho_{0}/2$). At higher densities ($\rho \sim \rho_{0}$) a strong momentum dependence resulting from the functional form of the in-medium kaon dispersion relation [@Fuchs:2005zg] is visible. ![\[fig:U\_ChPT\_rho\_p\] (Color online) In-medium ChPT kaon potential $U = E^{*} - E$ (in MeV) as a function of the baryonic density and the kaon momentum.](pics/pot_040314_contour.eps){width="45.00000%"} The in-medium potential leads to a rapidity-dependent modification of the simulated $p_{t}$ spectra (Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_gibuu\]). According to the GiBUU model, the apparent effect of the repulsive potential felt by kaons inside the nuclear environment is moderate, which can be attributed to the high beam energy, far above the kaon production threshold, used in this experiment. In order to quantify the agreement between the experimental data and the simulations including or excluding the in-medium kaon potential, we perform a $\chi^{2}$-analysis. A covariance matrix is employed where the diagonal entries are statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature and the off-diagonal entries are governed by the global multiplicative normalization uncertainty of 15%. The $\chi^{2}$ values obtained for the simulations with (filled circles) and without (empty circles) potential are shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\] as a function of the parameter set number. A significantly lower $\chi^{2}$ value is achieved by the simulations including the in-medium ChPT potential. Furthermore, the strength of the potential has been varied by the choice of the pion decay constant that governs the repulsive vector part of the potential. The $\chi^{2}$ values obtained with a less repulsive version of the potential ($\approx 25$ MeV for the kaon at rest and at normal nuclear density) are indicated by crosses, and those obtained with a more repulsive version ($\approx 45$ MeV) — by triangles. The data systematically disfavour the weaker potential of $\approx 25$ MeV, whereas the more repulsive potential can not be excluded. ![\[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\] (Color online) $\chi^{2}$ values for different variations of the parameters entering the model. Empty circles — simulations without potential, filled circles — simulations with potential ($\approx 35$ MeV at $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$). Crosses correspond to the less repulsive potential ($\approx 25$ MeV) and triangles to the more repulsive one ($\approx 45$ MeV). See text and Table \[table:pNb\_pt\_chi2\_var\] for the description of different parameter sets.](pics/chi2_240414.eps){width="50.00000%"} The model includes a number of poorly constrained parameters (mostly kaon production cross sections for the channels that are hard or impossible to measure, such as $np \to NYK$, $\Delta N \to NYK$, etc.). Therefore, it is necessary to study the stability of the results by varying the parameters of the model. We performed systematic checks, results of which are shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\]. The parameter set 1 corresponds to the standard choice of all parameters, as explained above. All other variations are described in Table \[table:pNb\_pt\_chi2\_var\]. Each row in this table corresponds to a 25% variation of a particular channel’s strength with respect to the standard values. An exception is the parameter set 10, for which strengths of two channels were varied simultaneously. ----- --------------------------------------- -------------- Set Channel Variation, % 2 $\sigma(\Delta N \to K X)$ +25 3 $\sigma(\Delta N \to K X)$ $-$25 4 $\sigma(\pi N \to K X)$ +25 5 $\sigma(\pi N \to K X)$ $-$25 6 $\sigma(n p \to N Y K)$ +25 7 $\sigma(n p \to N Y K)$ $-$25 8 $\sigma(K N \to K X)$ +25 9 $\sigma(K N \to K X)$ $-$25 10 $\sigma(n p \to N Y K)$ & +30 $\sigma(NN \to \Delta(1232) Y^{*} K)$ $-$30 ----- --------------------------------------- -------------- : \[table:pNb\_pt\_chi2\_var\]Variations of the model parameters As follows from Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\], for all these variations of the input parameters, simulations with the in-medium potential constantly deliver lower $\chi^{2}$ values than simulations without the potential. The rapidity distribution of kaons detected in p+Nb collisions is shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_y\_gibuu\]. Contrary to the symmetric bell-shaped spectrum in proton-proton reactions, we observe a strong shift of the distribution towards target rapidity. Integration of the simulated distribution, justified by the fact that the experimental data are described well, allows to estimate the inclusive production cross section of neutral kaons: $$\sigma(p + \text{Nb} \to K^{0}+X ) = 8.3 \pm 1.2~\text{mb},$$ where the quoted error represent the dominating absolute normalization uncertainty. ![\[fig:pNb\_y\_gibuu\] (Color online) $K^{0}_{S}$ rapidity distribution in the nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass reference frame for $p$+Nb collisions (filled circles) and GiBUU transport model simulations with (cyan) and without (blue) the in-medium ChPT KN potential. The long-dashed curve shows the total contribution of all $K^{0}$ production channels excluding $pp$ and $np$ collisions. Major secondary processes are: $\Delta N$- (dotted curve), $\pi N$-reactions (hatched area) and the contribution from the charge-exchange reactions $K^{+}N \to K^{0}N(\pi)$ (dash-dotted curve).](pics/dN_dy_121113_G){width="50.00000%"} The rapidity distribution is well described by the GiBUU simulations. According to the model, the shape of the distribution is strongly influenced by the re-scattering of the kaons on target nucleons; the rapidity distribution is, therefore, sensitive to the kaon-nucleon scattering cross section. We note that the usage of the vacuum KN scattering cross sections allows for a good description of the rapidity distribution. Indeed, as follows from Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\], a 25% variation of these parameters (parameter sets 8 and 9) does not improve the description of the kaon phase space. The contribution from the charged kaons involved in charge-exchange reactions $K^{+}n \to K^{0}p$, $K^{+}N \to K^{0}N\pi$ is moderate (10% percent of the observed yield); the model is, therefore, not required to describe the charged kaon yield with a high accuracy. The influence of the KN in-medium potential on the rapidity spectrum, at least in the experimentally accessible kinematical region, is negligible. Comparison of kaon emission in different colliding systems ---------------------------------------------------------- A direct comparison of the p+Nb and p+p measurements has been done for the momentum spectra (in the laboratory reference frame) employing the nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p)$, defined as $$R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p) = \frac{d\sigma^{K^{0}}_{pNb}/dp}{d\sigma^{K^{0}}_{pp}/dp} \times \frac{N^{pp}_{part}}{N^{pNb}_{part}} \times \frac{\sigma^{pp}_{tot}}{\sigma^{pNb}_{tot}},$$ where $d\sigma/dp$ is the differential cross section of $K^{0}$ production in p+Nb and p+p collisions, $N_{part}$ is the number of participants ($N^{pp}_{part} = 2$, $N^{pNb}_{part} = 2.5$) and $\sigma_{tot}$ is the total reaction cross section ($\sigma^{pp}_{tot} = 43.3$ mb [@Baldini:1988ti], $\sigma^{pNb}_{tot} = 848$ mb [@Tlusty2010]). The ratio in terms of $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p)$ has already been used in the comparative analysis of the electron-positron pair production in p+p and p+Nb collisions [@Agakishiev:2012vj]. There, it was shown that for identified $\omega$ mesons the $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p)$ is below unity for all momenta; this observation was interpreted as a hint for absorption of $\omega$ mesons in the nucleus. Since there is no conventional mechanism for kaon absorption in nucleonic environment, the $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p)$ for kaons is expected to be mostly sensitive to production mechanisms, including secondary reactions (mostly $\pi N$ and $\Delta N$ collisions), and scattering of kaons. The nuclear modification factor obtained for $K^{0}$ meson is presented in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pp\] for five bins of the kaon polar angle in the laboratory reference frame ($R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p) = f \left(p, \theta \right)$) along with the corresponding GiBUU simulations. At forward angles ($0^{\circ}<\theta<30^{\circ}$) in the region $p_{K^{0}}>800$ MeV$/c$ a fall of the kaon yield in p+Nb collisions, caused by the scattering on nucleons, is visible. The rapid rise of the nuclear modification factor at larger angles ($30^{\circ}<\theta<40^{\circ}$) is explained by the Fermi motion and other nuclear effects (such as neutron-proton collisions and secondary reactions), which allow production of more energetic kaons in p+Nb collisions relative to the p+p case. ![\[fig:pNb\_pp\] (Color online) Momentum dependence of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p) \propto \sigma^{K^{0}}_{p\text{Nb}}/\sigma^{K^{0}}_{pp}$. Symbols correspond to the experimental data and bands to GiBUU simulations. Only statistical uncertainties are shown.](pics/R_pA_pNb_pp_exp_vs_sim_090113){width="45.00000%"} A comparison of the HADES p+Nb results with the data on $K^{+}$ production in p+$^{197}$Au and p+$^{12}$C collisions reported by the KaoS collaboration at the same beam kinetic energy of 3.5 GeV [@Scheinast:2005xs] was made in terms of $R_{\text{Au}/\text{Nb}}(p)$ and $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{C}}(p)$ (defined in full analogy to $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{p}}(p)$). All relevant quantities are listed in Table \[table:Rpa\]. --------------------- -------------- ------------------------ -------------------- Experiment/Particle System $N^{min. bias}_{part}$ $\sigma_{tot}$, mb KaoS/$K^{+}$ p+$^{197}$Au 3.1 1616 KaoS/$K^{+}$ p+$^{12}$C 2.1 243.4 HADES/$K^{0}$ p+$^{93}$Nb 2.5 848 HADES/$K^{0}$ p+p 2 43.3 --------------------- -------------- ------------------------ -------------------- : \[table:Rpa\]Information about kaon measurements in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions ($E^{p}_{kin}=3.5$ GeV) performed by the KaoS [@Scheinast:2005xs] and the HADES collaborations. The number of participants is estimated by a geometrical overlap model [@Eskola:1988yh]; the total reaction cross sections for the p+Au and p+C collisions are estimates using the parameterization from [@Tripathi:1996jn]. Figure \[fig:RpA\_pAu\_pNb\] shows a comparison of $K^{+}$ momentum spectra measured in p+Au collisions (KaoS data) with $K^{0}$ spectra in p+Nb (HADES data). For all angular bins the nuclear modification factor shows the same trend: it is close to unity, which is a good benchmark for the analysis and normalization procedures. The comparison between p+Nb ($K^{0}$’s) and p+C data ($K^{+}$’s) is shown in Fig. \[fig:RpA\_pNb\_pC\]. In this case a systematic behavior of $R_{\text{Nb}/\text{C}}(p)$ is observed—it grows with an increase of the polar angle. This effect originates mostly from neutron-proton reactions, more probable on niobium than on carbon target, reinforced by the scattering of forward kaons to larger polar angles. A large ratio of the radii of the $^{93}$Nb and $^{12}$C targets ($r_{\text{Nb}}/r_{\text{C}}\sim(93/12)^{1/3}\approx2$) explains why this effect is more pronounced than in the Au/Nb case ($r_{\text{Au}}/r_{\text{Nb}}\sim(197/93)^{1/3}\approx1.3$). ![\[fig:RpA\_pAu\_pNb\] (Color online) Nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{Au/Nb}} \propto \sigma^{K^{+}}_{p\text{Au}}/\sigma^{K^{0}}_{p\text{Nb}}$. Only statistical uncertainties (originating from both HADES and KaoS measurements) are shown.](pics/rpA_Au_Nb_090113){width="45.00000%"} ![\[fig:RpA\_pNb\_pC\] (Color online) Nuclear modification factor $R_{\text{Nb/C}}(p) \propto \sigma^{K^{0}}_{p\text{Nb}}/\sigma^{K^{+}}_{p\text{C}}$.](pics/rpA_Nb_C_090113){width="45.00000%"} Effect of the potential on the ratio of momentum spectra -------------------------------------------------------- As shown above the action of the potential is visible in the $p_{t}$-$y$ phase space. To support this statement we consider another (but not independent) observable. This is the ratio $\mathcal{R}$ of $K^{0}$ momentum spectra measured in p+Nb collisions in two adjacent bins of the polar angle (both the momentum and the polar angle are in the laboratory reference frame): $$\mathcal{R} = \frac{d\sigma/dp\left(10^{\circ} < \theta < 20^{\circ}\right)}{d\sigma/dp\left(20^{\circ} < \theta < 30^{\circ}\right)}.$$ It is shown in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_ratio\_pot\_gibuu\] along with GiBUU simulations. According to the GiBUU model, the effect of the repulsive potential is maximal for the forward kaons (which travel, on average, a longer path in the nucleus), whereas for the kaons emitted at larger polar angles ($\theta > 20^{\circ}$) the influence of the potential is much smaller. This observation explains the choice of the polar angle bins used for the ratio. An important feature of this ratio is that it is by construction free from the systematic uncertainty originating from the absolute normalization. Moreover, it is expected to be less sensitive to the ambiguities in the kaon production and interaction cross sections implemented in the transport model. The GiBUU simulation including ChPT kaon potential gives a better description of the experimental data in this representation as well. ![\[fig:pNb\_ratio\_pot\_gibuu\] (Color online) Ratio of $K^{0}$ momentum spectra reconstructed in two bins of the polar angle (black circles) and GiBUU transport model simulations with (cyan) and without (blue) repulsive kaon potential.](pics/ratio_pNb_290114_G){width="50.00000%"} We repeat the very same variations of the model parameters as for the $p_{t}$-$y$ data (cf. Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\]). In this case, however, due to the strong asymmetry of the systematic uncertainties, we employ a pull value $P$ defined as: $$\label{eq:pull} P = \sum_{i} \frac {| r_{i}^{\text{exp}} - r_i^{\text{sim}} |} {\sigma_{i}^{\pm}},$$ where the upper experimental uncertainty $\sigma_{i}^{+}$ is taken if the simulated data point $r_{i}^{\text{sim}}$ lies above the experimental one, and the lower uncertainty $\sigma^{-}$ is taken in the opposite case. The results of this analysis are summarized in Fig. \[fig:pNb\_p\_ratio\_pull\]. Again (cf. Fig. \[fig:pNb\_pt\_chi2\]), the simulations with the in-medium potential always provide lower pull values as compared to the no-potential case, confirming the observation of the potential effect. The pull values, however, exhibit a larger scattering of statistical origin. Finally, the weaker potential ($\approx 25$ MeV) delivers worse pull values in comparison to the standard one used in this analysis ($\approx 35$ MeV), whereas the stronger potential ($\approx 45$ MeV) describes the data almost equally well. ![\[fig:pNb\_p\_ratio\_pull\] (Color online) Pull values (defined by (Eq. \[eq:pull\])) for different variations of the parameters entering the model. Empty circles — simulations without potential, filled circles — simulations with potential ($\approx 35$ MeV at $\rho_{B} = \rho_{0}$). Crosses correspond to the less repulsive potential ($\approx 25$ MeV) and triangles to the more repulsive one ($\approx 45$ MeV). See text and Table \[table:pNb\_pt\_chi2\_var\] for the description of different parameter sets.](pics/p_ratio_pull_240414.eps){width="50.00000%"} Summary and conclusions \[sec:sum\] =================================== The experimental results obtained from p+Nb collisions at $E_{beam}=3.5$ GeV, both the phase-space distributions and the ratio of momentum spectra, strongly support the ChPT prediction of a repulsive potential, the effect of which is evaluated by the GiBUU transport model. For the kaon at rest and at normal nuclear density, the ChPT potential amounts to $\approx 35$ MeV, consistent with the result reported by the HADES collaboration in the analysis of heavy-ion reactions [@Agakishiev:2010zw]. This statement remains stable under systematic variations of those model parameters that are not known precisely. Our analysis, furthermore, demonstrates the importance of the momentum dependence of the in-medium potential on the treatment of fast kaons. In order to validate the simulation model, the results on the inclusive production of $K^0$ mesons in proton-proton collisions were examined in a broad region of the phase space. It was shown that the resonance model for kaon production in baryon-baryon collisions [@Tsushima:1998jz] significantly overestimates the inclusive production of $K^{0}$ mesons in proton-proton collisions. The reason is that the model overestimates cross sections for a number of individual channels, for example the reaction $p + p \to p + \pi^{+} + \Lambda + K^{0}$. The new data demand that the $K^{0}$ production channels with 5-body final states must be included at this energy. The corresponding cross sections have been tuned in the GiBUU transport model such as to reproduce the experimental p+p data. The GiBUU simulations with the modified model are able to reproduce the data obtained in proton-niobium collisions. A strong shift of the rapidity distribution towards target rapidity was observed in proton-niobium reactions. According to the GiBUU model, this shift is mainly caused by the kaon-nucleon scattering together with secondary $\pi N$ and $\Delta N$ reactions. The GiBUU simulations employing vacuum KN scattering cross sections describe the rapidity distribution very well. The developed simulation model implemented in the GiBUU code can be used for a further, refined analysis of neutral kaon production in heavy ion collisions characterized by high baryonic densities. The HADES collaboration gratefully acknowledges the support by the grants LIP Coimbra, Coimbra (Portugal) PTDC/FIS/113339/2009, SIP JUC Cracow, Cracow6 (Poland): N N202 286038 28-JAN-2010 NN202198639 01-OCT-2010, HZ Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden (Germany) BMBF 06DR9059D, TU München, Garching (Germany) MLL München: DFG EClust 153, VH-NG-330 BMBF 06MT9156 TP5 GSI TMKrue 1012 NPI AS CR, Rez, Rez (Czech Republic) MSMT LC07050 GAASCR IAA100480803, USC - S. de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (Spain) CPAN:CSD2007-00042, Goethe University, Frankfurt (Germany): HA216/EMMI HIC for FAIR (LOEWE) BMBF:06FY9100I GSI F&E EU Contract No. HP3-283286. | Mid | [
0.6236080178173721,
35,
21.125
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//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ /* This file is part of rippled: https://github.com/ripple/rippled Copyright 2014 Ripple Labs Inc. Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL , DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. */ //============================================================================== #include <BeastConfig.h> #include <ripple/basics/make_SSLContext.h> #include <ripple/beast/core/CurrentThreadName.h> #include <ripple/beast/unit_test.h> #include <boost/asio.hpp> #include <boost/asio/ssl.hpp> #include <boost/optional.hpp> #include <boost/utility/in_place_factory.hpp> #include <cassert> #include <condition_variable> #include <functional> #include <memory> #include <thread> #include <utility> namespace ripple { /* Findings from the test: If the remote host calls async_shutdown then the local host's async_read will complete with eof. If both hosts call async_shutdown then the calls to async_shutdown will complete with eof. */ class short_read_test : public beast::unit_test::suite { private: using io_service_type = boost::asio::io_service; using strand_type = io_service_type::strand; using timer_type = boost::asio::basic_waitable_timer< std::chrono::steady_clock>; using acceptor_type = boost::asio::ip::tcp::acceptor; using socket_type = boost::asio::ip::tcp::socket; using stream_type = boost::asio::ssl::stream<socket_type&>; using error_code = boost::system::error_code; using endpoint_type = boost::asio::ip::tcp::endpoint; using address_type = boost::asio::ip::address; io_service_type io_service_; boost::optional<io_service_type::work> work_; std::thread thread_; std::shared_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::context> context_; static endpoint_type endpoint() { return endpoint_type(address_type::from_string("127.0.0.1"), 9000); } template <class Streambuf> static void write(Streambuf& sb, std::string const& s) { using boost::asio::buffer; using boost::asio::buffer_copy; using boost::asio::buffer_size; boost::asio::const_buffers_1 buf(s.data(), s.size()); sb.commit(buffer_copy(sb.prepare(buffer_size(buf)), buf)); } //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- class Base { protected: class Child { private: Base& base_; public: Child(Base& base) : base_(base) { } virtual ~Child() { base_.remove(this); } virtual void close() = 0; }; private: std::mutex mutex_; std::condition_variable cond_; std::map<Child*, std::weak_ptr<Child>> list_; bool closed_ = false; public: ~Base() { // Derived class must call wait() in the destructor assert(list_.empty()); } void add (std::shared_ptr<Child> const& child) { std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_); list_.emplace(child.get(), child); } void remove (Child* child) { std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_); list_.erase(child); if (list_.empty()) cond_.notify_one(); } void close() { std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Child>> v; { std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_); v.reserve(list_.size()); if (closed_) return; closed_ = true; for(auto const& c : list_) { if(auto p = c.second.lock()) { p->close(); // Must destroy shared_ptr outside the // lock otherwise deadlock from the // managed object's destructor. v.emplace_back(std::move(p)); } } } } void wait() { std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mutex_); while(! list_.empty()) cond_.wait(lock); } }; //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- class Server : public Base { private: short_read_test& test_; struct Acceptor : Child, std::enable_shared_from_this<Acceptor> { Server& server_; short_read_test& test_; acceptor_type acceptor_; socket_type socket_; strand_type strand_; Acceptor(Server& server) : Child(server) , server_(server) , test_(server_.test_) , acceptor_(test_.io_service_, endpoint()) , socket_(test_.io_service_) , strand_(socket_.get_io_service()) { acceptor_.listen(); } void close() override { if(! strand_.running_in_this_thread()) return strand_.post(std::bind(&Acceptor::close, shared_from_this())); acceptor_.close(); } void run() { acceptor_.async_accept(socket_, strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Acceptor::on_accept, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void fail (std::string const& what, error_code ec) { if (acceptor_.is_open()) { if (ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) test_.log << what << ": " << ec.message() << std::endl; acceptor_.close(); } } void on_accept(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail ("accept", ec); auto const p = std::make_shared<Connection>( server_, std::move(socket_)); server_.add(p); p->run(); acceptor_.async_accept(socket_, strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Acceptor::on_accept, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } }; struct Connection : Child, std::enable_shared_from_this<Connection> { Server& server_; short_read_test& test_; socket_type socket_; stream_type stream_; strand_type strand_; timer_type timer_; boost::asio::streambuf buf_; Connection (Server& server, socket_type&& socket) : Child(server) , server_(server) , test_(server_.test_) , socket_(std::move(socket)) , stream_(socket_, *test_.context_) , strand_(socket_.get_io_service()) , timer_(socket_.get_io_service()) { } void close() override { if(! strand_.running_in_this_thread()) return strand_.post(std::bind(&Connection::close, shared_from_this())); if (socket_.is_open()) { socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } } void run() { timer_.expires_from_now(std::chrono::seconds(3)); timer_.async_wait(strand_.wrap(std::bind(&Connection::on_timer, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); stream_.async_handshake(stream_type::server, strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_handshake, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void fail (std::string const& what, error_code ec) { if (socket_.is_open()) { if (ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) test_.log << "[server] " << what << ": " << ec.message() << std::endl; socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } } void on_timer(error_code ec) { if (ec == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) return; if (ec) return fail("timer", ec); test_.log << "[server] timeout" << std::endl; socket_.close(); } void on_handshake(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail("handshake", ec); #if 1 boost::asio::async_read_until(stream_, buf_, "\n", strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_read, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2))); #else close(); #endif } void on_read(error_code ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) { if (ec == boost::asio::error::eof) { server_.test_.log << "[server] read: EOF" << std::endl; return stream_.async_shutdown(strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_shutdown, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } if (ec) return fail("read", ec); buf_.commit(bytes_transferred); buf_.consume(bytes_transferred); write(buf_, "BYE\n"); boost::asio::async_write(stream_, buf_.data(), strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_write, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2))); } void on_write(error_code ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) { buf_.consume(bytes_transferred); if (ec) return fail("write", ec); stream_.async_shutdown(strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_shutdown, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void on_shutdown(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail("shutdown", ec); socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } }; public: Server(short_read_test& test) : test_(test) { auto const p = std::make_shared<Acceptor>(*this); add(p); p->run(); } ~Server() { close(); wait(); } }; //-------------------------------------------------------------------------- class Client : public Base { private: short_read_test& test_; struct Connection : Child, std::enable_shared_from_this<Connection> { Client& client_; short_read_test& test_; socket_type socket_; stream_type stream_; strand_type strand_; timer_type timer_; boost::asio::streambuf buf_; Connection (Client& client) : Child(client) , client_(client) , test_(client_.test_) , socket_(test_.io_service_) , stream_(socket_, *test_.context_) , strand_(socket_.get_io_service()) , timer_(socket_.get_io_service()) { } void close() override { if(! strand_.running_in_this_thread()) return strand_.post(std::bind(&Connection::close, shared_from_this())); if (socket_.is_open()) { socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } } void run() { timer_.expires_from_now(std::chrono::seconds(3)); timer_.async_wait(strand_.wrap(std::bind(&Connection::on_timer, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); socket_.async_connect(endpoint(), strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_connect, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void fail (std::string const& what, error_code ec) { if (socket_.is_open()) { if (ec != boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) test_.log << "[client] " << what << ": " << ec.message() << std::endl; socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } } void on_timer(error_code ec) { if (ec == boost::asio::error::operation_aborted) return; if (ec) return fail("timer", ec); test_.log << "[client] timeout"; socket_.close(); } void on_connect(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail("connect", ec); stream_.async_handshake(stream_type::client, strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_handshake, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void on_handshake(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail("handshake", ec); write(buf_, "HELLO\n"); #if 1 boost::asio::async_write(stream_, buf_.data(), strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_write, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2))); #else stream_.async_shutdown(strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_shutdown, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); #endif } void on_write(error_code ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) { buf_.consume(bytes_transferred); if (ec) return fail("write", ec); #if 1 boost::asio::async_read_until(stream_, buf_, "\n", strand_.wrap( std::bind(&Connection::on_read, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2))); #else stream_.async_shutdown(strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_shutdown, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); #endif } void on_read(error_code ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) { if (ec) return fail("read", ec); buf_.commit(bytes_transferred); stream_.async_shutdown(strand_.wrap(std::bind( &Connection::on_shutdown, shared_from_this(), std::placeholders::_1))); } void on_shutdown(error_code ec) { if (ec) return fail("shutdown", ec); socket_.close(); timer_.cancel(); } }; public: Client(short_read_test& test) : test_(test) { auto const p = std::make_shared<Connection>(*this); add(p); p->run(); } ~Client() { close(); wait(); } }; public: short_read_test() : work_(boost::in_place(std::ref(io_service_))) , thread_(std::thread([this]() { beast::setCurrentThreadName("io_service"); this->io_service_.run(); })) , context_(make_SSLContext("")) { } ~short_read_test() { work_ = boost::none; thread_.join(); } void run() override { Server s(*this); Client c(*this); c.wait(); pass(); } }; BEAST_DEFINE_TESTSUITE(short_read,overlay,ripple); } | Low | [
0.50313152400835,
30.125,
29.75
] |
Q: Excel: Copy URLs to Name List without using Formulas I have two columns, one containing names (A) and other containing URLs (B). I need the names from A to be hyperlinked to the corresponding URLs from B. I can use the Formula =HYPERLINK(B,A) but, the resulting column has a formula and I can't get rid of the parent (A, B) columns other than hiding them. Is there another way to do this, or is hiding columns the only way to do it? A: If i'm understanding your question correctly, try using the following steps: 1 Starting in column c1, use the formula: ="x=hyperlink("""&B1&""","""&A1&""")" 2 Fill down for all the links that you need. 3 Copy the cells in Column C and paste value into Column D. 4 Then use find/replace to change "x=" to "=". This should get you the formulas that you want. Be sure that your urls are in 'http://' format, or excel will not recognize the web address. | Low | [
0.5270270270270271,
24.375,
21.875
] |
Q: Show full results for Spark streaming batch using console output format For a spark structured streaming read process : sdf.writeStream .outputMode(outputMode) .format("console") .trigger(Trigger.ProcessingTime("2 seconds")) .start()) The format(console) is correctly writing its output as shown: Batch: 3 +----------+------+-------+-----------------+ |OnTimeRank|Origin|Carrier| OnTimePct| +----------+------+-------+-----------------+ | 1| BWI| EV| 90.0| | 2| BWI| US|88.54072251715655| | 3| BWI| CO|88.52097130242826| | 4| BWI| YV| 87.2168284789644| | 5| BWI| DL|86.21888471700737| | 6| BWI| NW|86.04866030181707| | 7| BWI| 9E|85.83545377438507| | 8| BWI| AA|85.71428571428571| | 9| BWI| FL|83.25366684127816| | 10| BWI| UA|81.32427843803056| | 1| CMI| MQ|81.92159607980399| | 1| IAH| NW| 91.6242895602752| | 2| IAH| F9|88.62350722815839| | 3| IAH| US|87.54764930114358| | 4| IAH| 9E|84.33613445378151| | 5| IAH| OO| 84.2836946277097| | 6| IAH| DL|83.46420323325636| | 7| IAH| UA|83.40671436433682| | 8| IAH| XE|81.35189010909355| | 9| IAH| OH|80.61558611656844| +----------+------+-------+-----------------+ However this is only a portion of the results. Is there an equivalent to the dataframe.show(NumRows, truncate) via an option setting - along the lines of .option("maxRows",1000) : sdf.writeStream .outputMode(outputMode) .format("console") .option("maxRows",1000) // This is what I want but not sure how to do .trigger(Trigger.ProcessingTime("2 seconds")) .start()) A: The option is called numRows e.g. .option("numRows",1000) Source https://github.com/apache/spark/blob/2a80a4cd39c7bcee44b6f6432769ca9fdba137e4/sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/streaming/sources/ConsoleWrite.scala#L33 | Mid | [
0.605633802816901,
32.25,
21
] |
Q: Loading data asynchronously but populating a view in order I have a use case where I am loading some data using several datasources asynchronously. So, each datasource has a complete method and my view controller implements a protocol with that method defined. For ex, one of my datasources is fetchApples, which returns an array of Fruit objects to my controller and another datasource is fetchOranges etc. In my viewController, I want to have apples show up first, then oranges, then grapes (I populate a uiview with custom cells for rendering the fruits). If there are no apples, oranges should show up first etc. How can I map this order when my datasources are being returned asynchronously. ie. when oranges return, I dont know if i will have apples and thus I cannot populate the uiview with them yet? A: Use a dispatch_group. Each server call will populate its own array of items and you can either add it to one master array (datasource) OR use them separately.. When all the server calls are complete, you'll get notified and you can then reload your table using whichever datasource you want in whatever order you want.. Example (Using dispatch_group and UITableView): // // ViewController.m // StackOverflowExample // // Created by Brandon Anthony on 2016-07-16. // Copyright © 2016 XIO. All rights reserved. // #import "ViewController.h" typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, Fruit) { Apples, Oranges, Grapes }; #define kImageCellIdentifier @"kImageCellIdentifier" @interface ViewController () <UITableViewDelegate, UITableViewDataSource> @property (nonatomic, strong) UIButton *testButton; @property (nonatomic, strong) UITableView *tableView; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *apples; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *oranges; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *grapes; @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; _apples = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; _oranges = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; _grapes = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [self initControls]; [self setTheme]; [self registerClasses]; [self doLayout]; [self loadData]; } - (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning { [super didReceiveMemoryWarning]; } - (void)initControls { _testButton = [[UIButton alloc] init]; _tableView = [[UITableView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectZero style:UITableViewStyleGrouped]; } - (void)setTheme { [_testButton setTitle:@"Test Again" forState:UIControlStateNormal]; [_testButton setBackgroundColor:[UIColor lightGrayColor]]; [_testButton setTitleColor:[UIColor whiteColor] forState:UIControlStateNormal]; [[_testButton layer] setCornerRadius:5.0f]; [_testButton addTarget:self action:@selector(loadData) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside]; [_tableView setDelegate:self]; [_tableView setDataSource:self]; } - (void)registerClasses { [_tableView registerClass:[UITableViewCell class] forCellReuseIdentifier:kImageCellIdentifier]; } - (void)doLayout { [self.view addSubview:_testButton]; [self.view addSubview:_tableView]; NSDictionary *views = @{@"testButton":_testButton, @"tableView":_tableView}; NSMutableArray *constraints = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init]; [constraints addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"H:[testButton(%d)]-%d-|", 150, 15]]; [constraints addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"H:|-%d-[tableView]-%d-|", 0, 0]]; [constraints addObject:[NSString stringWithFormat:@"V:|-%d-[testButton(%d)]-%d-[tableView]-%d-|", 25, 44, 10, 0]]; for (NSString *constraint in constraints) { [self.view addConstraints:[NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:constraint options:0 metrics:nil views:views]]; } for (UIView *view in self.view.subviews) { [view setTranslatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints:NO]; } } - (NSInteger)numberOfSectionsInTableView:(UITableView *)tableView { NSInteger sectionCount = _apples.count ? 1 : 0; sectionCount += _oranges.count ? 1 : 0; sectionCount += _grapes.count ? 1 : 0; return sectionCount ? sectionCount : 1; } - (NSInteger)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView numberOfRowsInSection:(NSInteger)section { if (section == 0) { return _apples.count ?: _oranges.count ?: _grapes.count ?: 0; } if (section == 1) { return _oranges.count ?: _grapes.count ?: 0; } return _grapes.count; } - (NSString *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView titleForHeaderInSection:(NSInteger)section { if (section == 0) { return _apples.count ? @"Apples" : (_oranges.count ? @"Oranges" : (_grapes.count ? @"Grapes" : @"No Fruits")); } if (section == 1) { if (_apples.count) { return _oranges.count ? @"Oranges" : (_grapes.count ? @"Grapes" : @"No Fruits"); } } return @"Grapes"; } - (CGFloat)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView heightForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { return 60.0f; } - (UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { if (indexPath.section == 0) { Fruit fruit = _apples.count ? Apples : (_oranges.count ? Oranges : (_grapes.count ? Grapes : 0)); return [self cellForFruit:fruit tableView:tableView indexPath:indexPath]; } if (indexPath.section == 1) { if (_apples.count) { Fruit fruit = _oranges.count ? Oranges : (_grapes.count ? Grapes : 0); return [self cellForFruit:fruit tableView:tableView indexPath:indexPath]; } } return [self cellForFruit:Grapes tableView:tableView indexPath:indexPath]; } - (UITableViewCell *)cellForFruit:(Fruit)kind tableView:(UITableView *)tableView indexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath { UITableViewCell *cell = [_tableView dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:kImageCellIdentifier forIndexPath:indexPath]; switch (kind) { case Apples: { NSString *kind = [_apples objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; [[cell imageView] setImage:nil]; //Some Image.. [[cell textLabel] setText:kind]; } break; case Oranges: { NSString *kind = [_oranges objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; [[cell imageView] setImage:nil]; //Some Image.. [[cell textLabel] setText:kind]; } break; case Grapes: { NSString *kind = [_grapes objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]; [[cell imageView] setImage:nil]; //Some Image.. [[cell textLabel] setText:kind]; } break; default: break; } return cell; } - (void)loadData { [_apples removeAllObjects]; [_oranges removeAllObjects]; [_grapes removeAllObjects]; dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create(); dispatch_group_enter(group); [self getApples:^(NSArray *apples) { if (apples.count) { @synchronized (self.apples) { [_apples addObjectsFromArray:apples]; } } dispatch_group_leave(group); }]; dispatch_group_enter(group); [self getOranges:^(NSArray *oranges) { if (oranges.count) { @synchronized (self.oranges) { [_oranges addObjectsFromArray:oranges]; } } dispatch_group_leave(group); }]; dispatch_group_enter(group); [self getGrapes:^(NSArray *grapes) { if (grapes.count) { @synchronized (self.grapes) { [_grapes addObjectsFromArray:grapes]; } } dispatch_group_leave(group); }]; dispatch_group_notify(group, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{ [self.tableView reloadData]; }); } //Simulating server calls.. - (void)getApples:(void(^)(NSArray *apples))completion { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ NSArray *apples = @[@"Red Apple", @"Sweet Apple", @"Sour Apple"]; bool error = arc4random_uniform(100) <= 50; if (error) { completion(nil); } else { completion(apples); } }); } - (void)getOranges:(void(^)(NSArray *oranges))completion { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ NSArray *apples = @[@"Tiny Orange", @"Bruised Orange", @"Red Orange"]; bool error = arc4random_uniform(100) <= 50; if (error) { completion(nil); } else { completion(apples); } }); } - (void)getGrapes:(void(^)(NSArray *grapes))completion { dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{ NSArray *apples = @[@"Baby Grapes", @"Green Grapes", @"I ran out of ideas for names.. Grapes"]; bool error = arc4random_uniform(100) <= 50; if (error) { completion(nil); } else { completion(apples); } }); } @end http://i.imgur.com/S1DiqGW.png | Mid | [
0.5912806539509531,
27.125,
18.75
] |
.foo { margin: 0 0 15px; padding: 10px; margin: 0; } // excluded display will still fail here due to it not // following the previous display declaration .bar { display: block; width: 100%; display: none; // excluded display will still fail here due to it not // following the previous display declaration .baz { display: block; width: 50%; display: none; } } .qux { background: rgb(200, 54, 54); background: rgba(200, 54, 54, 0.5); } .break { background: rgb(200, 54, 54); content: 'dec between background'; background: rgba(200, 54, 54, 0.5); } .display { content: 'display'; display: flex; display: inline-block; } // issue #907 - interpolation/variable in property names $paint-border-1: top; $paint-border-2: left; .test { border: $size solid transparent; border-#{$paint-border-1}: $size solid $color; border-#{$paint-border-2}: $size solid $color; border-#{$paint-border-2}: $size solid $color; } // issue #935 - ignore variables @mixin foo { $i: 0; $i: 1; } | Low | [
0.412820512820512,
20.125,
28.625
] |
Silver and silver alloy have been in use for a long time as noble metals by utilizing their excellent optical and electrochemical properties for ornaments, coins, tableware, electronic materials, lighting devices, and dental materials. There have recently been rapidly increasing demands for them as reflecting materials for light-emitting diodes (LED). The light-emitting diodes have been in use as light sources replacing fluorescent lamps or incandescent light bulbs for lighting devices, automobile lights, and the like, while these light-emitting devices provide a substrate with a light-reflecting layer such as a silver-plated layer, so as to improve light extraction efficiency. However, silver and silver alloy are chemically so unstable that they tend to react easily with oxygen in the air, moisture, hydrogen sulfide, sulfurous acid gas, and the like, thereby producing silver oxide and silver sulfide, which blacken the silver surface by discoloring (corroding). As a method for preventing silver from discoloring (corroding) as such, organic corrosion inhibitors, for example, have been proposed (see, for example, Patent Literatures 1 and 2). However, these organic corrosion inhibitors have a drawback that they are less resistant to ultraviolet rays and likely to discolor when exposed to the ultraviolet rays for a long period of time. The light-emitting diodes used for lighting devices and automobiles employ near-ultraviolet rays, which make it difficult to apply the organic corrosion inhibitors. As a material replacing the organic corrosion inhibitors, a modified silicone material having high gas sealability and ultraviolet resistance has been proposed to be applied as a sealing material for light-emitting diodes (see, for example, Patent Literature 3). | High | [
0.682539682539682,
32.25,
15
] |
Liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a leading cause of death in HIV-infected persons, and is of particular importance among injection drug users (IDUs). Several cofactors worsen HCV progression, including HIV, age, and enhanced HCV replication. Since HIV and aging impact on each other and on HCV replication, demonstrating their independent contributions to liver disease progression has been challenging up till now. This proposal is conceived to investigate the role and mechanism(s) underlying liver disease progression in HCV-infected IDUs using innovative and complementary tools in the clinic and lab. In the first aim, the effect of HIV on aging in the liver will be studed using structured longitudinal measurements of liver stiffness in a cohort of HIV-infected and - uninfected persons, and especially on the effect of suppressive HAART on fibrosis progression rates. Nested mechanistic studies are planned to understand how HIV contributes to the aging liver. The second aim, focused on HCV replication, leverages advances in tissue imaging and specimen collection to study single hepatocytes from archived HCV-infected human biopsies. Absent a representative model of human HCV infection, molecular signatures of HCV- infected hepatocytes will be compared within the same person to those of uninfected hepatocytes, identifying potential therapeutic targets for HCV control. The third aim is centered on understanding HCV replication in the context of the transition of HCV infection from treatment-responsive during acute infection to treatment-resistant during chronic infection, extending the observation that the IL28B gene locus strongly predicts treatment responsiveness in chronic infection. Persons with favorable and unfavorable IL28B genotypes will be followed during acute infection and early chronic infection with structured measurements of immune activation and tolerance in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and liver tissue to target mechanisms underlying treatment resistance. The proposed studies will define key pathways of liver disease progression in HCV-infected IDUs. The overall long-term public health impact of a successful proposal is to a) attenuate the progression of liver disease in IDUs and b) to identify relevant molecular targets for HCV control. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Hepatitis C infection is rampant in injecting drug users, and is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the United States. Hepatitis C is made worse by HIV, advancing age, and in certain people with a genetic polymorphism that render them resistant to treatment. The aim of this proposal is to understand how the progression of Hepatitis C infection is worsened by age, HIV, and immune-related genes with the hopes of identifying pathways that can be reversed. | High | [
0.717277486910994,
34.25,
13.5
] |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!-- Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. --> <resources xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:xliff="urn:oasis:names:tc:xliff:document:1.2"> <string name="email" msgid="5568050657313893478">"E-mail"</string> <string name="email_desc" msgid="6941280589171810022">"E-mail küldése a kiválasztott címre"</string> <string name="dial" msgid="7317293545368448453">"Hívás"</string> <string name="dial_desc" msgid="5129451396208040332">"Kiválasztott telefonszám hívása"</string> <string name="browse" msgid="3733970143542020945">"Megnyitás"</string> <string name="browse_desc" msgid="3898254913938219011">"Kiválasztott URL megnyitása"</string> <string name="sms" msgid="5495416906312064886">"Üzenet"</string> <string name="sms_desc" msgid="8293660783374489324">"Üzenet küldése a kiválasztott telefonszámra"</string> <string name="add_contact" msgid="9005634177208282449">"Hozzáadás"</string> <string name="add_contact_desc" msgid="2475604767309086575">"Névjegyekhez"</string> <string name="floating_toolbar_open_overflow_description" msgid="1187148927509077545">"További lehetőségek"</string> <string name="floating_toolbar_close_overflow_description" msgid="6243666280435354232">"További elemeket tartalmazó eszköztár bezárása"</string> <string name="abc_share" msgid="7091841667818715717">"Megosztás"</string> </resources> | Low | [
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Mechanism and mapping of atrial arrhythmia in the modified Fontan circulation. The Fontan circulation has been a major success in the management of patients with functionally single-ventricle cardiac lesions, although arrhythmia remains one of the major complications in the long term and historically has been difficult to treat. The electrophysiologic substrate within the right atrium is complex, with areas of scarring and/or anatomic structures acting as central barriers to conduction in reentrant circuits, which may be mechanistically and anatomically different from typical atrial flutter. Developments in three-dimensional mapping have improved our understanding of different arrhythmia mechanisms, which is fundamental to developing a better strategy for arrhythmia ablation using percutaneous techniques. | High | [
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31.25,
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Mehdi Messaoudi Mehdi Messaoudi (; born 8 March 1989) is a French-Moroccan professional footballer who plays for Athlético Marseille. His first name is often misspelled as Medhi. Football career Messaoudi was born in Nice, France. He joined AS Saint-Étienne in 2004. After spending nearly four years in their youth system, he began training with the senior squad for the 2008–09 season. However, he was officially promoted to the senior squad, along with Yoann Andreu and Lounis Lanseur, following the firing of Laurent Roussey and the hiring of new manager Alain Perrin who was looking to reshuffle Saint-Étienne's defense and fill the squad, which was decimated with injuries. He was assigned the number 31 shirt. Messaoudi made his professional debut on 20 December 2008 coming on as a substitute playing 35 minutes in a 2–0 victory over Auxerre. References External links Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:Association football defenders Category:French footballers Category:French people of Moroccan descent Category:AS Saint-Étienne players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Morocco under-20 international footballers Category:Gap FC players Category:Moroccan footballers Category:Grenoble Foot 38 players Category:FC Aurillac Arpajon Cantal Auvergne players | Mid | [
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Q: React-Redux TypeError: this.props.getAnimals is not a function When using react, redux and thunk to fetch some data from an API, I am experiencing an error TypeError: this.props.getAnimals is not a function\ which is triggered by the line this.props.getAnimals(); Using Redux Tools, we can see that this.props.getAnimals function was successfully executed, showing the actions animals_are_loading, get_animals and animals_are_loading again, and the states are being updated correctly, as is what you will expect to see when this.props.getAnimals() has called the function getAnimals. Any idea what is happening? containers/Animals.js import React, { Component } from 'react'; import { connect } from 'react-redux'; import { getAnimals } from '../../actions'; class Animals extends Component { componentDidMount() { this.props.getAnimals(); } renderAnimalsList() { return ... } renderLoading() { return ... } render() { return ( <div> <h1>Animals</h1> { (this.props.animalsAreLoading) ? this.renderLoading() : this.renderAnimalsList() } </div> ) } } function mapStateToProps(state) { return { animals: state.animals.animals, animalsAreLoading: state.animals.isLoading } } function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) { return { getAnimals } } export default connect(mapStateToProps, getAnimals)(Animals) actions/index.js import axios from 'axios'; import { GET_ANIMALS_SUCCESS, ANIMALS_ARE_LOADING } from './types'; export function getAnimals() { return function(dispatch) { dispatch(animalsAreLoading(true)) // ACTION SEEN IN REDUX TOOLS axios .get(`${ROOT_URL}/animals`, { headers: {authorization: localStorage.getItem('token')} }) .then(response => { console.log(response.data.animals) // THIS RETURNS DATA! // ACTION SEEN IN REDUX TOOLS dispatch(getAnimalsSuccess(response.data.animals)) // ACTION SEEN IN REDUX TOOLS dispatch(animalsAreLoading(false)) return response }) } } export function animalsAreLoading(bool) { return { type: ANIMALS_ARE_LOADING, payload: bool } } export function getAnimalsSuccess(animals) { return { type: GET_ANIMALS_SUCCESS, payload: animals } } A: Try this: just replace these line of codes with yours function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) { return ({ getAnimals: () => dispatch(getAnimals()) }) } The error: TypeError: this.props.getAnimals is not a function That's pretty clear! Because after merging the return object of the mapDispatchToProps() function to the props object of the React component. The getAnimals property is actually not a function. function mapDispatchToProps(dispatch) { return { getAnimals // this property is properly not a function } } What I did to fix the error is setting the value to the getAnimals property: getAnimals: () => dispatch(getAnimals()) make its value become a function which dispatches an action creator. | Mid | [
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Overall Vision Vision Originality Originality Technique Technique Impact Impact This would've gotten five stars from me if the crossover made sense, but even if I did give it five it would still probably be biased. I love to play Space Ace and watch Frozen from time to time, both being close to my heart, but seeing both of them combined into one doesn't make much sense to me. If you keep making more of these, which I'd be fine with, Borf would probably be Hans or the Duke, but still, why Space Ace. I know it's like one of the best arcade games of all time, but why? Wouldn't it make more sense if it was Wreck-It-Ralph themed? | Low | [
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Secondary product formation by cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. 'Hairy root' cultures of Beta vulgaris and Nicotiana rustica were established after roots were induced on plants following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The transformed cultures of B. vulgaris and N. rustica synthesised their characteristic secondary products, the betalain pigments and nicotine alkaloids respectively, at levels comparable with those of in vivo roots from the same variety. Betalains were entirely retained inside the root tissue. In contrast, a proportion of the nicotine alkaloids was secreted into the medium. The potential of this type of 'in vitro' plant tissue culture for the production of valuable plant secondary products is identified and confirmed. | High | [
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Amazon: Earth’s Best Formula Deal This post may contain links that compensate me. Please read the disclosure. Amazon currently has a great price on Earth’s Best formula. You can get a can of this organic formula for just $25.21 right now on Amazon. Compare this to the retail price of $31.99 in-stores and that’s a huge savings, especially if you are going through one a week. If you prefer Earth’s Best soy formula, you can get that for just $25.11 a can. Go here to check this deal out. Get FREE shipping through Prime or save even more and get FREE shipping by choosing Subscribe and Save. And if you are an Amazon Mom member, choose Subscribe and Save and order 5 or more, you’ll bring the price down to $20.17 each plus FREE shipping! Otherwise, order 2 for FREE shipping. Check out my post here on how Subscribe and Save and Prime can save you money. Looking for more natural and organic deals? Go here. Don’t miss any natural and organic deals, follow me on Facebook and Twitter! | Mid | [
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Q: Group which "resembles" the free product of a cyclic group of order two and a cyclic group of order three, but isn't. Can someone give an explicit example of a group with two generators $a$, $b$, such that $a^2 = b^3 = 1$ and $a b$ has infinite order, but which is not isomorphic to the free product of $\mathbb{Z}_2$ and $\mathbb{Z}_3$? A: The free product $\mathbb Z_2$ and $\mathbb Z_3$ (i.e. PSL(2, $\mathbb Z$)) is Gromov-hyperbolic (as every virtually free group) and non-virtually cyclic. Therefore by a result of Olshanskii, "SQ-universality of hyperbolic groups". (Russian) Mat. Sb. 186 (1995), no. 8, 119--132; translation in Sb. Math. 186 (1995), no. 8, 1199–1211, it is SQ-universal, that is every countable group embeds into a factor group of PSL(2, $\mathbb Z$). In "most" of these groups (by construction) $ab$ will have infinite order. Thus, in particular, there are uncountably many groups of the type you want. Update 1: An explicit example would be this. Take $G=PSL(2,\mathbb Z)$, and any word $w(a,b)$ satisfying very small cancelation (that it no subword of length, say, $\frac{1}{10000}|w|$ occurs twice in $w$ (considered as a cyclic word). Then consider the group $G/\langle\langle w\rangle\rangle$. It is what you want. Geometrically, you just kill the large loop in the standard $K(\pi,1)$ for $PSL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ of course. Another example, as far as I remember, is the R. Thompson group $V$ (it is generated by an element $a$ of order 2 and an element $b$ of order 3 such that $ab$ has infinite order (Mason?). It should be written in the Cannon-Floyd-Parry's survey on Thompson groups, but I do not have it with me. Update 2: I cannot find the reference to the result about $V$. It is not in Cannon-Floyd-Parry. But here is a paper where it is proved that $SL(n,{\mathbb Z})$ is generated by an element of order 2 and an element of order 3, provided $n\ge 13$: Sanchini, Paolo; Tamburini, M. Chiara, Constructive $(2,3)$-generation: a permutational approach. Rend. Sem. Mat. Fis. Milano 64 (1994), 141–158 (1996). Update 3: The paper cited in Update 2 follows this paper: Tamburini, M. Chiara; Wilson, John S.; Gavioli, Norberto On the $(2,3)$-generation of some classical groups. I. J. Algebra 168 (1994), no. 1, 353–370. The result there is quite general (and nice), the generating matrices are explicitly given. To check that $ab$ has infinite order, one just needs to find the characteristic polynomial of $ab$ and show that some roots are not roots of unity. That should be straightforward (using any CAS). A: It is straightforward to calculate that the commutator subgroup $G' = D$ of $G = \langle a,b \mid a^2, b^3 \rangle$ is a free group on the generators $x=bab^{-1}a$, $y=b^{-1}aba$, where $|G:D|=6$. Now $(ab)^6$ is equal to the commutator $x^{-1}yxy^{-1}$, which lies in $D'$ but not in $D''$, so if we add any nontrivial element of $D''$ as an extra relator of $G$, then we will get an example with the required property. A: I don't know an explicit example off hand, but I would recommend looking at the generalized triangle groups $\langle a,b \ | \ a^2 = b^3 = 1 = w^k \rangle$ where $w$ is a word in $a$ and $b$. Baumslag, Morgan, and Shalen given conditions on when this virtually surjects $\mathbb{Z}$ or a free group of rank two. I would suspect that it wouldn't be too tough to find an explicit example where $ab$ has infinite order. See Baumslag, Morgan, Shalen, "Generalized triangle groups" Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. (1987) 102, page 25 and Fine, Rosenberger, "A note on generalized triangle groups" ABHANDLUNGEN AUS DEM MATHEMATISCHEN SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG Volume 56, Number 1, 233-244 | Mid | [
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Problems&Exercises A beam of 168-MeV nitrogen nuclei is used for cancer therapy. If this beam is directed onto a 0.200-kg tumor and gives it a 2.00-Sv dose, how many nitrogen nuclei were stopped? (Use an RBE of 20 for heavy ions.) (a) If the average molecular mass of compounds in food is 50.0 g, how many molecules are there in 1.00 kg of food? (b) How many ion pairs are created in 1.00 kg of food, if it is exposed to 1000 Sv and it takes 32.0 eV to create an ion pair? (c) Find the ratio of ion pairs to molecules. (d) If these ion pairs recombine into a distribution of 2000 new compounds, how many parts per billion is each? Calculate the dose in Sv to the chest of a patient given an x-ray under the following conditions. The x-ray beam intensity is 1.50 W/m2 , the area of the chest exposed is 0.0750m2 , 35.0% of the x-rays are absorbed in 20.0 kg of tissue, and the exposure time is 0.250 s. (a) A cancer patient is exposed to γ rays from a 5000-Ci 60Co transillumination unit for 32.0 s. The γ rays are collimated in such a manner that only 1.00% of them strike the patient. Of those, 20.0% are absorbed in a tumor having a mass of 1.50 kg. What is the dose in rem to the tumor, if the average γ energy per decay is 1.25 MeV? None of the βsize 12{β} {} s from the decay reach the patient. (b) Is the dose consistent with stated therapeutic doses? Large amounts of 65Zn are produced in copper exposed to accelerator beams. While machining contaminated copper, a physicist ingests 50.0 μCi of 65Zn . Each 65Zn decay emits an average γ -ray energy of 0.550 MeV, 40.0% of which is absorbed in the scientist’s 75.0-kg body. What dose in mSv is caused by this in one day? Naturally occurring 40K is listed as responsible for 16 mrem/y of background radiation. Calculate the mass of 40K that must be inside the 55-kg body of a woman to produce this dose. Each 40K decay emits a 1.32-MeV β , and 50% of the energy is absorbed inside the body. (a) Background radiation due to 226Ra averages only 0.01 mSv/y, but it can range upward depending on where a person lives. Find the mass of 226Ra in the 80.0-kg body of a man who receives a dose of 2.50-mSv/y from it, noting that each 226Ra decay emits a 4.80-MeV α particle. You may neglect dose due to daughters and assume a constant amount, evenly distributed due to balanced ingestion and bodily elimination. (b) Is it surprising that such a small mass could cause a measurable radiation dose? Explain. The annual radiation dose from 14C in our bodies is 0.01 mSv/y. Each 14C decay emits a β– averaging 0.0750 MeV. Taking the fraction of 14C to be 1.3×10–12N of normal 12C , and assuming the body is 13% carbon, estimate the fraction of the decay energy absorbed. (The rest escapes, exposing those close to you.) If everyone in Australia received an extra 0.05 mSv per year of radiation, what would be the increase in the number of cancer deaths per year? (Assume that time had elapsed for the effects to become apparent.) Assume that there are 200×10−4size 12{"200" times "10" rSup { size 8{ - 4} } } {} deaths per Sv of radiation per year. What percent of the actual number of cancer deaths recorded is this? acleration is vectr quatity it is found in a spefied direction and it is product of displcemnt bhat its a scalar quantity Paul velocity is speed and direction. since velocity is a part of acceleration that makes acceleration a vector quantity. an example of this is centripetal acceleration. when you're moving in a circular patter at a constant speed, you are still accelerating because your direction is constantly changing. Josh acceleration is a vector quantity. As explained by Josh Thompson, even in circular motion, bodies undergoing circular motion only accelerate because on the constantly changing direction of their constant speed. also retardation and acceleration are differentiated by virtue of their direction in fitzgerald respect to prevailing force fitzgerald What is the difference between impulse and momentum? Manyo Momentum is the product of the mass of a body and the change in velocity of its motion. ie P=m(v-u)/t (SI unit is kgm/s). it is literally the impact of collision from a moving body. While Impulse is the product of momentum and time. I = Pt (SI unit is kgm) or it is literally the change in momentum fitzgerald Or I = m(v-u) fitzgerald the tendency of a body to maintain it's inertia motion is called momentum( I believe you know what inertia means) so for a body to be in momentum it will be really hard to stop such body or object..... this is where impulse comes in.. the force applied to stop the momentum of such body is impulse.. what impulse is given to an a-particle of mass 6.7*10^-27 kg if it is ejected from a stationary nucleus at a speed of 3.2*10^-6ms²? what average force is needed if it is ejected in approximately 10^-8 s? | Mid | [
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Influx of extracellular Zn(2+) into the hippocampal CA1 neurons is required for cognitive performance via long-term potentiation. Physiological significance of synaptic Zn(2+) signaling was examined in the CA1 of young rats. In vivo CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced using a recording electrode attached to a microdialysis probe and the recording region was locally perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) via the microdialysis probe. In vivo CA1 LTP was inhibited under perfusion with CaEDTA and ZnAF-2DA, extracellular and intracellular Zn(2+) chelators, respectively, suggesting that the influx of extracellular Zn(2+) is required for in vivo CA1 LTP induction. The increase in intracellular Zn(2+) was chelated with intracellular ZnAF-2 in the CA1 1h after local injection of ZnAF-2DA into the CA1, suggesting that intracellular Zn(2+) signaling induced during learning is blocked with intracellular ZnAF-2 when the learning was performed 1h after ZnAF-2DA injection. Object recognition was affected when training of object recognition test was performed 1h after ZnAF-2DA injection. These data suggest that intracellular Zn(2+) signaling in the CA1 is required for object recognition memory via LTP. Surprisingly, in vivo CA1 LTP was affected under perfusion with 0.1-1μM ZnCl2, unlike the previous data that in vitro CA1 LTP was enhanced in the presence of 1-5μM ZnCl2. The influx of extracellular Zn(2+) into CA1 pyramidal cells has bidirectional action in CA1 LTP. The present study indicates that the degree of extracellular Zn(2+) influx into CA1 neurons is critical for LTP and cognitive performance. | High | [
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Q: how to get user-based recommendation with graphaware neo4j-reco I need to get user-based recommendations with graphaware and I don't know how to do that. As far as I can see, all I seem to get from graphaware's neo4j-reco are item-similarities as in 'people who bought a also bought b'. But what I'm interested in is user-based recommendations like 'recommended for you, based on your previous purchases'. Any idea how to do that? A: GraphAware-Reco is mainly a skeleton helping you build enterprise-grade recommendation engines atop a neo4j database. This means that it provides base classes and an architecture that you need to extend yourself with your own logic. If you take your requirements, here purchase history, a very naive approach to get started with is for example to find the characteristics of the products purchased. Lets say user 1 purchased an iphone and an ipad, that can have those characteristics : iphone brand : apple, category: electronics ipad brand: apple, category: electronics You can create a first engine that will match potential candidates based on those characteristics, this engine will extend the CypherEngine with the following query : MATCH (n:User {id: 111})-[:PURCHASED]->(product) WITH distinct product MATCH (product)-[:HAS_CHARACTERISTIC]->(c)<-[:HAS_CHARACTERISTIC]-(reco) RETURN reco, count(*) AS score Another approach you can combine with this one is to find people having bought the same items as the user and find what they also bought, you will then create another engine with the following query : MATCH (n:User {id: 111})-[:PURCHASED]->(product) WITH distinct product, user MATCH (product)<-[:PURCHASED]-(collab) WHERE collab <> user MATCH (collab)-[:PURCHASED]->(reco) RETURN reco, count(*) AS score When using those two engines, GraphAware Reco will automatically combine the scores from each engine into one. You can find an example of a CypherEngine in the tests : https://github.com/graphaware/neo4j-reco/blob/master/src/test/java/com/graphaware/reco/neo4j/engine/CypherEngineTest.java You can also add a blacklist for not recommending items the user already bought. As I said, this is a first step, if you have a big catalog with lot of purchases, you might consider doing background computations (for eg, similarity between products and only relate top k-nn products between them and same for purchases and related similar users between them) GraphAware-Reco offers you facilities for having background computation jobs and GraphAware-Reco-Enterprise comes with pre-defined algorithms for the similarity computations between items as well as an Apache Spark integration for moving the similarity computation process outside of the neo4j jvm and write back the results/relationships to neo4j (not open-sourced) | High | [
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Q: What is wrong with this code that calculates areas, please? (Python) Hello, I am new to python. And I do not know why this code does not work: def area_finder_rectangle (height,width): area = height*width print("The area of your polygon is %.2f" % area) def area_finder_triangle (height,width): area = (height*width)*0.5 print("The area of your polygon is %.2f" % area) while True: print ("Choose the polygon that you want to calculate the area from.") print ("Polygons supported: rectangle, triangle") value = str(input("Your polygon is a: ")) print ("Be sure to include decimals even if you are going to input an integer") if value == "rectangle" or "Rectangle": heightt = float(input("Enter height: ")) widthh = float(input("Enter width: ")) area_finder_rectangle (height = heightt,width = widthh) elif value == "triangle" or "Triangle": heightt = float(input("Enter height: ")) widthh = float(input("Enter width: ")) area_finder_triangle (height = heightt,width = widthh) print ("") When you choose rectangle is just fine, but when you choose triangle, this happens: >>> Choose the polygon that you want to calculate the area from. Polygons supported: rectangle, triangle Your polygon is a: triangle Be sure to include decimals even if you are going to input an integer Enter height: 10 Enter width: 10 The area of your polygon is 100.00 A: if value == "rectangle" or "Rectangle": is not what you think it is. It will compare value with the complete result of the expression "rectangle" or "Rectangle" which will always evaluate to True. It should be like this: if value == "rectangle" or value == "Rectangle": But a better option is if value.lower() == "rectangle": Or even better, convert to lowercase directly at the input. value = str(input("Your polygon is a: ")).lower() Sidenote: If you want to compare a value with several values, you can do like this: if value in ["rectangle", "Rectangle", "RECTANGLE"]: But in this case that's not an optimal option. Just convert to lowercase before comparing. Here is complete code: def area_finder_rectangle (height,width): area = height*width print("The area of your polygon is %.2f" % area) def area_finder_triangle (height,width): area = (height*width)*0.5 print("The area of your polygon is %.2f" % area) while True: print ("Choose the polygon that you want to calculate the area from.") print ("Polygons supported: rectangle, triangle") value = str(input("Your polygon is a: ")).lower() print ("Be sure to include decimals even if you are going to input an integer") if value == "rectangle": heightt = float(input("Enter height: ")) widthh = float(input("Enter width: ")) area_finder_rectangle (height = heightt,width = widthh) elif value == "triangle": heightt = float(input("Enter height: ")) widthh = float(input("Enter width: ")) area_finder_triangle (height = heightt,width = widthh) print ("") And a testrun: [klutt@klutt-sandbox tmp]# python3 polygon.py Choose the polygon that you want to calculate the area from. Polygons supported: rectangle, triangle Your polygon is a: rectangle Be sure to include decimals even if you are going to input an integer Enter height: 10.0 Enter width: 10.0 The area of your polygon is 100.00 Choose the polygon that you want to calculate the area from. Polygons supported: rectangle, triangle Your polygon is a: triangle Be sure to include decimals even if you are going to input an integer Enter height: 10.0 Enter width: 10.0 The area of your polygon is 50.00 One thing you should consider, which in this case would have made it easier for you to discover the problem, is to always add an else in case of non-valid input. if value == "rectangle": <do something> elif value == "triangle": <do something> else: print("Unknown polygon") A: Your branch if value == "rectangle" or "Rectangle:" will always be taken and you will always calculate a rectangle. Why it does this makes more sense if you put in parentheses. if (value == "rectangle") or ("Rectangle"): If value is 'triangle' the first part evaluates to False but the second part of the or-condition evaluates to True since in Python a non-empty string in a boolean context is considered True. To get the effect you want you need to say if (value == "rectangle") or (value == "Rectangle"): | Mid | [
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Fractionation of plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases on tRNA-Sepharose columns. It has been shown that tRNA-Sepharose, a chromatographic adsorbent containing unfractionated tRNA bound to a Sepharose matrix, is a useful, group-specific adsorbent for fractionation of the plant aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Conditions are described in which Val-, Trp-, Phe-, Leu- and Ile-tRNA synthetases from yellow lupin seeds can be separated from each other on the tRNA-Sepharose columns. Factors affecting affinity chromatography on the t-RNA-Sepharose columns are discussed. The affinity chromatography procedure for the purification of lupin Ser-tRNA synthetase to homogenity is described. | High | [
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/* * Copyright (c) 2016, Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co.,Ltd. * All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation * and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ #ifndef TEE_SUPP_RK_FS_H #define TEE_SUPP_RK_FS_H /* * Operations and defines shared with TEE. */ #define OPTEE_MRF_OPEN 0 #define OPTEE_MRF_CREATE 1 #define OPTEE_MRF_CLOSE 2 #define OPTEE_MRF_READ 3 #define OPTEE_MRF_WRITE 4 #define OPTEE_MRF_TRUNCATE 5 #define OPTEE_MRF_REMOVE 6 #define OPTEE_MRF_RENAME 7 #define OPTEE_MRF_OPENDIR 8 #define OPTEE_MRF_CLOSEDIR 9 #define OPTEE_MRF_READDIR 10 /* * Open flags, defines shared with TEE. */ #define TEE_FS_O_RDONLY 0x1 #define TEE_FS_O_WRONLY 0x2 #define TEE_FS_O_RDWR 0x4 #define TEE_FS_O_CREAT 0x8 #define TEE_FS_O_EXCL 0x10 #define TEE_FS_O_APPEND 0x20 /* * Seek flags, defines shared with TEE. */ #define TEE_FS_SEEK_SET 0x1 #define TEE_FS_SEEK_END 0x2 #define TEE_FS_SEEK_CUR 0x4 /* * Mkdir flags, defines shared with TEE. */ #define TEE_FS_S_IWUSR 0x1 #define TEE_FS_S_IRUSR 0x2 /* * Access flags, X_OK not supported, defines shared with TEE. */ #define TEE_FS_R_OK 0x1 #define TEE_FS_W_OK 0x2 #define TEE_FS_F_OK 0x4 #define RK_FS_R 0x1 #define RK_FS_W 0x2 #define RK_FS_D 0x8 #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_MASK 0xff #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_VALUE_INPUT 1 #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_VALUE_OUTPUT 2 #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_VALUE_INOUT 3 /* input and output */ #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_MEMREF_INPUT 5 #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_MEMREF_OUTPUT 6 #define TEE_IOCTL_PARAM_ATTR_TYPE_MEMREF_INOUT 7 /* input and output */ struct tee_ioctl_param_memref { uint64_t shm_offs; uint64_t size; int64_t shm_id; }; struct tee_ioctl_param_value { uint64_t a; uint64_t b; uint64_t c; }; struct tee_ioctl_param { uint64_t attr; union { struct tee_ioctl_param_memref memref; struct tee_ioctl_param_value value; } u; }; /* Function Defines */ #define UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(P) (P = P) #define CHECKFLAG(flags, flag) (flags & flag) #define ADDFLAG(flags, flag) (flags | flag) #define RKSS_VERSION_V1 1 #define RKSS_VERSION_V2 2 #define RKSS_VERSION_ERR 100 int tee_supp_rk_fs_init_v1(void); int tee_supp_rk_fs_process_v1(size_t num_params, struct tee_ioctl_param *params); int tee_supp_rk_fs_init_v2(void); int tee_supp_rk_fs_process_v2(size_t num_params, struct tee_ioctl_param *params); int OpteeClientRkFsInit(void); int OpteeClientRkFsProcess(size_t num_params, struct tee_ioctl_param *params); #endif | Low | [
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About Lincoln Lincoln is located in the heart of Niagara region, with one of the most diverse economies in Niagara. Serving the communities of Beamsville, Vineland, Jordan, Campden, Tintern, and Rockway. Our towns and villages are filled with over 50 wineries, fresh fruit, vegetables, and flowers, heritage sites, and natural attractions such as the Niagara Escarpment and Lake Ontario. | Low | [
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# This file is just a pointer to the file # # "Library/Dartmouth/setMTWCh5S2/problem_4.pg" # # You may want to change your problem set to use that problem # directly, especially if you want to make a copy of the problem # for modification. DOCUMENT(); includePGproblem("Library/Dartmouth/setMTWCh5S2/problem_4.pg"); ENDDOCUMENT(); ## These tags keep this problem from being added to the NPL database ## ## DBsubject('ZZZ-Inserted Text') ## DBchapter('ZZZ-Inserted Text') ## DBsection('ZZZ-Inserted Text') | Low | [
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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relate to an ink jet recording medium (hereinafter sometimes referred simply to as a "recording medium"). More particularly it relates to an ink jet recording medium comprising a base having on one side thereof a recording layer, on which ink (mostly an aqueous ink) is jetted in dots to form an image. In particular, the invention relates to an ink jet recording medium suitable for formation of a full color image of high resolving power. 2. Description of the Prior Art An ink jet recording system comprises jetting ink droplets onto a recording medium to form a dot image (inclusive of letters). The system is less noisy than a dot impact type recording system, can be applied to full color printing with ease, and makes high-speed printing possible. The recent advancement of the ink jetting technique has achieved further improvements of recording characteristics, particularly resolving power. Recording media to be used in the ink jet recording system include plain paper and coated paper. Coated paper is generally composed of a paper base and a porous ink receiving layer. The ink receiving layer comprises a pigment, a binder, and additives. Pigments having porosity and a low refractive index are used for assuring high ink absorbing properties and a high color density, and amorphous silica is of the most frequent use. Water-soluble resins having satisfactory film forming properties are used as binder for assuring fixing strength and ink absorbing properties, and polyvinyl alcohol (hereinafter abbreviated as PVA) and polymer latices are frequently used. The additives used include cationic resins for improvement of water resistance, photo stabilizers for improvement of light resistance, and fluorescent brightening agents for improvement of whiteness. Such coated paper provides images with a higher color density and a clearer hue, i.e., higher color reproducibility, than plain paper. Further, a so-called feathering phenomenon (dendrical runs of ink along cellulose fibers) is inhibited to improve dot roundness. Furthermore, the dot diameter can be controlled by selecting the components of the ink receiving layer to further increase the resolving power. Therefore coated paper is suitable for obtaining color images of high resolving power. However, the ink receiving layer of coated paper tends to cause spreading of jetted ink droplets because of its high water absorbing properties, which has been a limit in further improving the resolving power. In order to suppress ink's spreading in the ink receiving layer to further improve the resolving power, a recording medium having an ink receiving layer covered with a water-repellent layer has been proposed as disclosed in JP-A-61-89082 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"). JP-A-6-55830 discloses a method for improving running properties of a recording medium by coating the back side of a paper base with an aqueous high polymeric resin containing 0.1 to 10% by weight of an aliphatic hydrocarbon lubricant or a metal soap lubricant to a coating weight of 0.4 to 6 g/m.sup.2. The publication has a mention that use of the lubricant in an amount exceeding 10% by weight excessively decreases the coefficient of friction to cause slippage, another running trouble. Coated paper, when piled up, tends to adhere to each other on account of the smooth surface as compared with plain paper. Ink jet recording apparatus are often equipped with a paper feed tray in which a large number of recording media are put in a pile and from which each recording medium is fed by means of a feed roll. If coated paper is set in a pile in the tray, there is a fear of double feeding (two or more sheets of paper are fed at a time) due to the adhesion or frictional force. The above-mentioned recording medium having an ink receiving layer covered with a water-repellent layer is apt to gather moisture on the water-repellent layer on being exposed in a high humidity environment and tends to cause blocking (adhesion) when piled up due to adsorbing action of the moisture. Therefore, when the recording media of this type are set in a paper feed tray in a pile, there is a fear of double feeding. | Mid | [
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Structure from motion (SfM) is a range imaging technique for estimating three-dimensional (3D) structures from two-dimensional (2D) image sequences from a single camera. Because it can recover 3D information from a single, inexpensive camera, it can be a cost-effective solution as compared to stereo imaging systems or range sensors like lidar or automotive radar. SfM can also increase the robustness of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) while working in tandem with other sensors, such as radar, to provide automatic emergency braking (AEB). However, when a camera used as part of a structure-from-motion system is stationary, the captured 2D image sequences can appear the same, and thus may fail to provide information regarding 3D structure. Under such conditions, SfM fails to recover 3D range information, generally described by of a set of points in 3D space, from the 2D image sequences. Consequently, in automotive scenario having an outward-looking camera placed inside the vehicle, SfM may not be useful when the vehicle is not moving. Prior approaches for obtaining SfM in stationary scenarios carry forward the point cloud generated when the camera was moving. Such approaches sometimes account for objects moving into and out of a stationary-camera scene by applying background subtraction or other segmentation techniques to preserve the 3D points pertaining to the background. Although such techniques may be able to handle cases involving the removal of 3D points where a new object has come in the scene, they may not be able to handle cases requiring the addition of 3D points in regions of the scene where objects have moved out of the scene. | Mid | [
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Q: Updating checkbox into mysql database How do i update checkbox value into database $fmcourse = $_POST['fm_courses']; foreach($fmcourse as $fmc) { $studentid = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, $_POST["id"]); $sql = "UPDATE enrollments SET course_fk='$fmc' WHERE student_fk = '$studentid'"; } var_dump(fmc) output this string(2) "18" string(2) "20" string(2) "22" string(2) "24" string(2) "26" When i update the course_fk repeats the same id on all the rows +-----+------------+-----------+ | eid | student_fk | course_fk | +-----+------------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | 17 | | 2 | 1 | 17 | | 3 | 1 | 17 | +-----+------------+-----------+ I am looking for this +-----+------------+-----------+ | eid | student_fk | course_fk | +-----+------------+-----------+ | 1 | 1 | 17 | | 2 | 1 | 20 | | 3 | 1 | 22 | +-----+------------+-----------+ A: The code below checks, using the function record_exists(), if the record has duplicates in enrollments table, if it has, then the code just updates the duplicates accordingly. If no duplicates, then it creates a new enrollment record for a student. Updated Code. $fmcourse = $_POST['fm_courses']; $student_id = $_POST["id"]; $batch_id = $_POST["name"]; delete_enrollments( $student_id, $batch_id ); foreach($fmcourse as $fmc) { $course_id = $fmc; if( record_exists( $student_id, $course_id, $batch_id ) == FALSE ) { $stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, "INSERT INTO enrollments (enrollment_id, student_id, course_id, batch_id, is_deleted, joining_date) VALUES( NULL, ?, ?, ?, 0, NOW() );"); $is_binded = mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iii", $student_id, $course_id, $batch_id); $is_exec = mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt); mysqli_stmt_close($stmt); } else { undelete_enrollment($student_id, $course_id, $batch_id); } } function undelete_enrollment($student_id, $course_id, $batch_id) { global $conn; $stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, "UPDATE enrollments SET is_deleted = 0, joining_date = NOW() WHERE student_id= ? AND course_id = ? AND batch_id = ?"); $is_binded = mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iii", $student_id, $course_id,$batch_id); $is_exec = mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt); mysqli_stmt_close($stmt); return $is_exec; } function record_exists( $student_id, $course_id, $batch_id ) { global $conn; $stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, "SELECT COUNT(enrollment_id) as total FROM enrollments WHERE student_id= ? AND course_id = ? AND batch_id = ?"); $is_binded = mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "iii", $student_id, $course_id, $batch_id); $is_exec = mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt); $result = mysqli_stmt_get_result($stmt); $record = mysqli_fetch_assoc($result); mysqli_stmt_close($stmt); return ( isset( $record['total'] ) AND $record['total'] > 0 ); } function delete_enrollments( $student_id, $batch_id ) { global $conn; $stmt = mysqli_prepare($conn, "UPDATE enrollments SET is_deleted = 1 WHERE student_id = ? AND batch_id =?;"); $is_binded = mysqli_stmt_bind_param($stmt, "ii", $student_id, $batch_id); $is_exec = mysqli_stmt_execute($stmt); mysqli_stmt_close($stmt); return $is_exec; } | Mid | [
0.595628415300546,
27.25,
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Democratic Sen. Patrick Leahy calls for both parties to set aside politics Justice John Paul Stevens announced plans to retire Friday Washington (CNN) -- Two leading senators on the Judiciary Committee, which will consider President Obama's upcoming Supreme Court nominee, signaled Sunday that a bruising fight is likely. Committee chairman Sen. Pat Leahy, D-Vermont, called the current conservative-leaning Supreme Court the most activist he had seen, while ranking Republican Sen. Jeff Sessions of Alabama wouldn't rule out a filibuster if Obama nominates what the GOP perceives to be a liberal activist. Appearing on the NBC program "Meet the Press" on Sunday, Leahy said Obama wants the replacement for retiring Justice John Paul Stevens to represent all Americans rather than any particular ideology. Stevens, who will turn 90 on April 20 and has served nearly 35 years on the court, announced his resignation on Friday. "This is a very, very activist court, the most activist court in my lifetime," Leahy said, citing the recent Supreme Court ruling that lifted restrictions on corporate spending on elections. Leahy called for both parties to set aside politics and "stop listening to single-interest groups on the far right and left" in order to avoid a bitter confirmation process. Sessions responded that the current Supreme Court was not activist, but instead had "faithfully" tried to follow the Constitution. Asked about a possible filibuster, Sessions said it would depend on the nominee. "If it's somebody ... clearly outside the mainstream, then I think every power should be utilized to protect the Constitution," Sessions said. Leahy said he doubted a GOP filibuster would occur, calling such a move the "lazy" way out of having to vote yes or no on a nominee. Asked about a timetable, Leahy said he expected the confirmation process to be concluded by the end of summer and the new justice to be installed in time for the Supreme Court's new session next fall. Other senators interviewed Sunday echoed Leahy's assessment that a filibuster was unlikely. On the ABC program "This Week," Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-New York, said Obama was likely to select a strong candidate without any clear ideological ties. "What you want is somebody who will follow the law, not make the law, not impose their ideology, if they're far right, far left, on the law itself," Schumer said. "If they're in the mainstream, you don't have to agree with all of their views to vote for them." Sen. Jon Kyl, R-Arizona, told the same program that he agreed with Schumer's assessment, saying: "What I object to and I think my colleagues would object to is somebody that comes in with preconceived notions about how particular cases should be decided." "That's why I think both Chuck and I would agree that it is unlikely that there would be a filibuster, except if there is an extraordinary circumstance," Kyl said, but added in reference to a filibuster: "I'm never going to take it off the table." | Mid | [
0.593607305936073,
32.5,
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Q: Preserve indentation in C++ comments Is it possible to configure vim and cindent to not alter indentation in c++ comments when reindenting the file (gg=G) ? I have some formated lists in comments aligned with 4 spaces but vim interpret this as bad indent and realign everything. For example: /** my list: * item 1 * item 2 */ becomes: /** my list: * item 1 * item 2 */ I want a way to tell vim: "Don't touch to comments content but indent everything else." It is important because our project use doxygen with a markdown like parser to generate documentation and indentation is used by list levels. A: I don't believe it's possible to achieve this with 'cinoptions'. The correct solution is probably to write a new indentexpr that applies C-indenting (accessible via the cindent() function) only to lines that aren't within comments. However, here's a couple of quick and dirty solutions: Using a Macro First, turn off 'wrapscan', so searches end when no more matches are found. :set nows Move the cursor to any position where it's not within a comment, and then record a recursive macro: qqqqq=/\/\*\*\|\%$/-<CR>n/\*\//+<CR>@qq Then you can jump to the start of the file and run the macro. gg@q (N.B. If the very first line of your file is a comment, you'll need to skip past this before running the macro, e.g. by doing this instead: gg/\*\/<CR>+@q) Broken down: qqqqq: Clear out the q register and start recording a macro. =/\/\*\*\|\%$/-<CR>: Indent up to the beginning of the first comment or to the end of the file. n/\*\/+<CR>: Jump to the end of the comment. @q: Playback the q macro. Currently this is empty (we cleared it in the first step) so nothing happens, but when we run this macro for the first time, this will cause the macro to repeat as many times as necessary. q: Complete the recording. The first regular expression used is broken down thus: /: start of expression \/\*\*: the start of comment (literal /**) \|: or \%$: the end of the file /: end of expression -: offset up one line (so the line itself is not indented). Using a Function function! IndentIgnoringComments() let in_comment = 0 for i in range(1, line('$')) if !in_comment " Check if this line starts a comment if getline(i) =~# '^\s*/\*\*' let in_comment = 1 else " Indent line 'i' execute i . "normal ==" endif else " Check if this line ends the comment if getline(i) =~# '\*\/\s*$' let in_comment = 0 endif endif endfor endfunction You can run this with :call IndentIgnoringComments() or you could set up a command or a mapping. e.g.: nnoremap <leader>= :call IndentIgnoringComments()<CR> | Mid | [
0.6394230769230761,
33.25,
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1. "Online Implementation of Problem-Solving Skills Training for Mothers of Newly Diagnosed Childhood Cancer Patients". The goal of this project is to develop and test a web-based version of our highly effective in-person intervention for mothers of newly diagnosed childhood cancer patients. 2. "Pain Education". The goal of this project is to develop five (5) web-based interprofessional education teaching modules focused on pain management. 3. Research aims to identify specific coping strategies that would facilitate the adjustment of caregivers learning their child had been diagnosed with cancer. | High | [
0.6876640419947501,
32.75,
14.875
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A self-regulatory approach to understanding boredom proneness. We investigated the relationship between self-regulation and two types of boredom proneness (perceived lack of internal stimulation, perceived lack of external stimulation) using a variety of measures of self-regulation. These included a general measure of self-control, measures of both regulatory focus (i.e., promotion or a sensitivity to gains/non-gains vs. prevention or a sensitivity to losses/non-losses) and regulatory mode (i.e., assessment or the tendency to compare means and goals vs. locomotion or the tendency to initiate and maintain commitment to action), and measures of cognitive flexibility (i.e., a perceived sense of control and the tendency to seek alternative solutions). Results identified a unique set of factors related to each boredom proneness component. Trait self-control and prevention focus were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of external stimulation. Locomotion and the tendency to seek alternatives were associated with lower boredom propensity due to a lack of internal stimulation. These findings suggest that effective goal pursuit is associated with reduced likelihood of experiencing boredom. | Mid | [
0.6522781774580331,
34,
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Abstract The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous, meiosis-specific structure that is highly conserved in evolution. During meiosis, the SC mediates synapsis of homologous chromosomes. It is essential for proper recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes, and therefore for genome haploidization. Mutations in human SC genes can cause infertility. In order to gain a better understanding of the process of SC assembly in a model system that would be relevant for humans, we are investigating meiosis in mice. Here, we report on a newly identified component of the murine SC, which we named SYCE3. SYCE3 is strongly conserved among mammals and localizes to the central element (CE) of the SC. By generating a Syce3 knockout mouse, we found that SYCE3 is required for fertility in both sexes. Loss of SYCE3 blocks synapsis initiation and results in meiotic arrest. In the absence of SYCE3, initiation of meiotic recombination appears to be normal, but its progression is severely impaired resulting in complete absence of MLH1 foci, which are presumed markers of crossovers in wild-type meiocytes. In the process of SC assembly, SYCE3 is required downstream of transverse filament protein SYCP1, but upstream of the other previously described CE-specific proteins. We conclude that SYCE3 enables chromosome loading of the other CE-specific proteins, which in turn would promote synapsis between homologous chromosomes. | High | [
0.6737400530503971,
31.75,
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The idothyronine derivatives 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are important for metabolic regulation. Although the relationships between thyrominetic activity and drug structure have been extensively studied, there is still a wide gap in our knowledge of the equilibrium conformations of these materials and how conformation is related to activity. A similar situation exists with the beta-adrenergic agents. Nuclear magnetic resonance - lanthanide shift reagent (NMR-LSR) technique to determine the solution conformations of analogs of the thyrominetic and adrenergic agents, and these data will be studied to identify possible structure-conformation activity relationships. The NMR-LSR method has a great potential for conformational analysis, but is generally usable only when the target molecule possesses a single LSR complexation site. Our investigation of the thyronine analogs utilizes a conformationally flexible substituent linked to a (2.2.1)-bicyclic amide, which contains only one LSR site. However, for molecules with several potential binding sites, new techniques employing a series of "super complexing agents" will be developed for the determination of the solution conformations of these materials, and the methods will be used to study the adrenergic analogs. | Mid | [
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36.75,
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Saturday, December 29, 2012 Since it is always a little melancholy to dismantle the holiday decor, having something new brings a fresh batch of cheer. It measures about 36" from "nail to nail", and about 12" at the longest "drop" point. To request a detailed list of the shapes used, size modifications, embellishment suggestions, etc., email Jodi at hearthsewnpatterns(at)yahoo(dot)com. Here you can see more detail. The WINTER layered tags(in 3 sets) plus "winter" phrase are from Snapdragon Snippets designer Kenzie Daley, as well as the 3d drop ornament "icicles" and jingle bells. Other 3d embellishments include the 3d snowflake at the center (converted by me into a "slice form", front half only), and the pinecone that was recently offered as a free shape from Silhouette America. I couldn't resist adding here a few photos to show more details. Lots of ribbons, surface textures, glitter, and interesting added findings (fancy word for things that I have in my studio waiting to be used). Here you can see the paper rosette, wood bead bauble, and slice-form-ized 3d snowflake.Ribbon textures add so much: silver bead cord, woven "tape" cord, metalics, twill, shimmer sheers, brown jute. Never can add too much ribbon, do you think?! A closeup of the W end shows off the shiny cardstock used to cut the letters, along with a snowflake row that I sized, duplicated, overlapped the arms and then welded into a shape just for this project. A bookmark shape was also drawn and cut to place behind the rosette for a hang-hole and another tassel.You can also see the jingle bell and pinecone better. Here you can see the wonderful 3d drop ornament that made me think "icicle" the first time I saw it in the online store. To reinforce that notion, I created my own icicle shapes to hang along side. First I glued a miniature wood spindle shape to a round bead, attached a tassel in the bead end hole, and painted. Then I wrapped silver jewelry wire around the spindle, through a drill hole at the top and shaped it into a loop. You can see how "new" and interesting my paper and ribbon swag makes my usual "January" decorations seem. I love the red & green of the Christmas season. But having this much fun with aqua, milk chocolate & gray makes me want to re-decorate through the entire house!You may think this a little bit "over the top" with so many details and embellishments. Just scale your own creation back and leave out elements you consider "extra". Wednesday, December 19, 2012 Just a week 'til Christmas, and I am still finding time to have some paper crafting fun. This post is sharing three different stockings with lots of fun details and embellishments.Cut files for the complete stockings are now (or soon) available as purchased downloadsfrom SnapDragonSnippets.com, SVG Attic, or Silhouette America, All stocking designs have a main base shape, a larger scalloped edge base shape with lacing holes. A template is included so that the back layer can be cut from wool felt. An eyelet hole is punched through layers that corresponds to the hanging "loop" shape which can be folded over and attached. The first one is "Teddy & Train". You can find a closeup of the teddy in a later photo in this post. It has the most shapes and the most detail. The locomotive is assembled on a whole base, with details and button embellishments on wheels, etc. Bear tucks into a pocket that has punch holes for optional eyelets, needle holes that align with holes in the next layer base to attach pocket with twine or thick thread like perle cotton. Here is the second stocking, "Reindeer & Holly". Hopefully you can tell that the card stock and printed paper layers are adhered and laced to a backing of cream wool felt. This makes it possible to actually put something inside, though not quite as comfortably as could be done if they were all fabric. The third is "Cardinal & Christmas Birdhouse". Here you can see some of the details of the teddy bear. He is made of 5 layers of lightweight card stock so he can be "played with". A short length of chain attaches him to the paper pocket, so he won't get lost. Saturday, December 8, 2012 Here is a fun re-styling of a previous Halloween project using one of Kenzie Daley's 3d designs (Snapdragon Snippets) from Silhouette America. She originally created it as a Witch's Boot, and it was wonderfully inspiring that way. I am always trying to find ways to work Santa's "better half" into the Christmas picture, so I started mentally playing with the idea that the boot could easily be red & green and terrific that way, too. Here it is, with customized green front lacing placket and painted green bead lace ends. The ankle opening has fur trim glued at the edge, and the pointy toe holds a paper "3d jingle bell" and holly with berry detail. I made a shiny black heel piece (filled with doll pellets for some added weight), and glittered designs on boot uppers (double sided adhesive paper is so much fun to cut and embellish with). Here you can see the back and the glitter designs. I also glued red/green stripe narrow ribbon down the center of the fur trimming.My boot is shown here with Christmas candy, tinsel shreds and green shiny metallic and clear cello paper with "pic'd" candy peppermints, chocolate squares, marshmallow sants, etc., as prepared by a local candy bouquet basket business.You could fill it with salt water taffy, peppermint swirls, favorite cookies, wrapped chocolates, etc. Or even put it on that prominent office desk edge with a tent sign inviting pocket-change donations from all who pass, to be directed to the local charity drive at Christmas.Just in case you are thinking about it, this boot was enlarged at 150% to begin with. That is about as large as I can make it and still have it fit on my screen.Happy holiday crafting, & Merry Christmas to all. Thursday, December 6, 2012 A vinyl stenciling inspiration was offered recently on the Silhouette blog. After seeing that, I was hoping to recreate instead the rustic feed sack Pottery Barn look for myself. As I searched my Silhouette library, suddenly it clicked that by combining a couple of designs, I could stencil something that would be "practically perfect". Taped-up design, adhesive-sprayed and positioned Designs I selected are "reindeer" by Snapdragon Snippets and "olive branch wreath" (can't find the designer to give attribution). Text was created with the text tool, then I stencil-ized the words by erasing parts. Next, I manipulated the designs on my Studio screen by enlarging, reversing the image, rearranging, etc. Since I am still working on the smaller mat Silhouette-1 machine, I could NOT assemble the complete layout on-screen. Also, I could only cut part of the wreath design in the scale I wanted to fit around the reindeer. So instead of cutting a vinyl stencil, I cut card stock parts, played around with the "cutouts" until I got the arrangement I wanted, then laid the stencil "negative" areas back over the cutouts and taped them together well. I sprayed adhesive on the backside, then positioned and "rolled" it well to make sure all edges were sealed down. I also masked off the entire piece of fabric so that there would be no over-spray paint where it wasn't wanted. Next I sprayed with acrylic brown paint. Because I want the "worn" look, I used light but even coverage.(You may notice that I used a small cut circle, temp-glued in place for the reindeer eye.) When the paint was dry, I peeled away the stencil. Being a card stock stencil, it was still in great shape and I used it to stencil more pillow fronts. This is something that a stencil cut from vinyl can't accomplish very well. Here is the completed pillow front (though in this shot, I have not yet removed the eye "dot"). Tuesday, December 4, 2012 This one is for Christmas, with a religious theme and more elegant, vintage color scheme. Besides the Letter Boxes from Snapdragon Snippets with Silhouette America, the display is embellished with 3d angel, flourished star, 3d star ornament, 3d jingle bells, and 3d manger. The lower case 'e' was not available when this project was envisioned, so I modified the 'O' shape on the grid design mat, then drafted a custom "bridge" piece. If you decide you want to try this project, I will send you the bridge and modified 'e' fronts. A details list page is also available, both by emailing a request to Jodi at [email protected] . A tutorial for creating the 'e' is also available on this blog. Here is a closeup of the Angel (and the holly cluster) that I changed and embellished. The original paper halo and wings were trimmed away, substituted with paper pleated rosette and shaped jute string loops. The Baby Jesus is a piece of dowel with wooden bead, painted and burlap-wrapped. This is a closeup of the jingle bell balls representing the "umlaute" which is the name of the two dots that go above the 'e' in 'Noel'. Those silly little dots are intended to help us know that there is a distinctive pronunciation between the 'o' and 'eh' vowel sounds.(Did you know those dots were called "umlaute"?) Hope you have fun with this project. Or perhaps you've seen something that'll give you inspiration for your own creative fun. Please watch for more 3d letter box ensemble projects in the coming months. Already in the planning stages are: SNOW, LOVE, LUCKY, SPRING, USA. And I'm just getting started! (If you have a great idea, and would like me to develop it into a project, If you're hoping to construct the NoeL 3d Letter Box Ensemble, this tutorial will help with the customized 'e'. For other tutorials on the boxes construction, visit 3under3andmore.Here is the finished letter box. It begins life as 'O'. OVERVIEW of the construction steps:1. Boxing sections are cut as they appear in the original file, then extra length trimmed away. 2. A LID and a BASE are each created, then base inserted behind lid and glued. 3. A custom bridge box (created by Jodi) is glued into place.STEP 1. Cut the letter O Lid & Base face and boxing shapes as usual, enlarged to 125%. (The hand-written instructions indicate a different ratio of "135%"). Use the modified O shape (now it looks like 'C') from the attachment obtained by emailing Jodi at [email protected] to mark the LID shape. STEP 2. Rotary cut or scissor cut the new shape. Also in this image you can see the shapes required for the O or new 'e'. There is a LID face shape (being trimmed), a BASE O shape (under the cutting template shape), 3 BASE boxing strips and 3 LID boxing shapes. The boxing strips have cut "notations" to show which 2 ends will join together for the outer curve. Inner curve requires only one strip alone.Trim LID boxing strips to 1 1/2" wide and BASE boxing strips to 1 3/8" wide. STEP 3. Use the newly cut LID shape, layered on top of the BASE 'O' shape to cut the new BASE shape. Trim the upper and lower cut edges 1/16" shorter so BASE will fit into LID. STEP 4. Bend the flanges back into position as they will be used to glue to LID or BASE face backside surfaces.Curl the boxing shapes into roughly the curves that will be needed. This imitates the curling of ribbon, only use the roundness of a forefinger as the strip is drawn slowly and gently, but with enough pressure to create the curve.Outer boxing strips curl as shown.Inner boxing strips curl opposite, with flanges extending upward. STEP 5. Identify the inner curve boxing strip. Glue flanges to backside of inner edge of face shape, beginning at one short cut edge. Apply glue to only 2-3 notches at a time, shape and position fold edge at face edge and hold in place until dry. Continue around until entire inner edge is glued in place. Carefully trim away excess boxing, taking care that cut is PERPENDICULAR and squared up. STEP 6. Follow the same process for the LID outer curve edge. Glue in place one boxing section. When it is secure, join the other box strip end by under-lapping the flange, then continue attaching. As with inner edge, trim excess boxing strip even with face shape cut edge, taking care to make perpendicular squared cut. STEP 7. Fold and glue the lower "end" piece into place. STEP 8. Repeat the boxing construction process for the BASE shapes. When completed, insert the BASE into the LID shape. Glue to secure (use hot glue, if necessary). STEP 9. Fold the provided custom "bridge" box into its rectangular, thin form. Only one side has a boxing tab. Glue both ends.NOTE that there is a top layer boxing tab on the right end and an upper right extending tab. Fold the side tab into position and glue.DO NOT bend the tabs over; they need to remain extended upward to fit into the 'e' opening. STEP 10. Apply glue to the tab extensions. STEP 11. Slide the tabs into place under the front and side edges respectively until it is as far as it can go. Bridge's horizontal top edge should be snug against straight cut edge of LID face. Hold securely until glue is dried.Also note how the opposite short end of the bridge is now flush with the inside curve of the LID boxing. STEP 12. Flex the bridge slightly to expose the inside edge. Apply hot glue carefully, then un-flex and reposition.Make SURE that the LID face and BRIDGE face edges present a flat and continuous surface on the front, and that the bridge is parallel across the opening. Hold until glue cools.Take care not to apply too much glue causing it to show to the front of the letter in an unsightly manner. FINISHED! And here it is, shown again, ready to decorate and fit into the ensemble! Saturday, November 24, 2012 The main players are enlarged 3d letter boxes from Snapdragon Snippets and designer Kenzie Daley. (You may note that I "created" a different 'J' than Kenzie's so that I would have a base "stage" for the slice form Christmas tree. My 'J' began life as 'U'.) Other elements include the 3d star, intricate Christmas wreath sized to fit the 'O', plus berry buttons, 3d box with 3d bow, 3d star ornaments that are sized small and end-glued to bring to mind fairy light bulbs. The elf hat is stitched from fabric with a wool felt pointy brim. Following you will find a brief tutorial for modifying the 'U' unto the 'J'. If you would like to receive details about which design files were used along with the size modifications I used, email me with that request: hearthsewnpatterns(at)yahoo(dot)com. TUTORIAL This image shows the original U cutout enlarged at the prescribed 200%. In red is the 'J' that has the left arm trimmed 4 1/2" shorter. Modifying the J shapes for Lid and Base by marking, cutting 1. Cut the full 'U' Lid and Base shapes. 2. Use a measuring tool to mark the trimming position on the arm to be modified. Make sure trim line is perpendicular to upright edges. Also make sure that BASE is reversed from LID. 3. Use rotary cutting tools or scissors to trim to size.. Modify the J shapes for Lid and Base by adjusting points 1. Open the 3d letter box 'U'. 2. Select and ungroup all shapes. (This may require two 'ungroup' steps.) 3. Delete all accent shapes. 4. Move all parts away from design canvas. 5. Select 'grid tool', select 'show grid' and 'snap to' boxes. 6. Move 'J' shape onto canvas in upright position with the LEFT vertical boundary line of the left "arm" and the top straight edge ON a grid lines. Zoom in to see better. 7. Select the 'J' shape, then click until the Edit Points mode appears. 8. Use the pointer tool to select the upper left arm corner point. 9. While selected, pull/drag it downward to re-position it 4 1/2" shorter; you will also need to remove an extra point. Release point. (Use the grid to determine this position. As the change is made, the shape will distort as shown below.) 10. Repeat step 6A, except place the right line of the left "arm" on a grid line. 11. Repeat steps 7 through 9 to grab, drag the upper right corner point down to the 4 1/2" shorter position. Save your work. Cut-out shapes for Lid MODIFYING THE BOXING SHAPES FOR THE NEW 'J' You can easily identify the 'J' LID shape and the two small boxingENDS. Boxing OUTER EDGE (to be glued to right edge) will be cut out in two pieces, upper shape without notches for the curve, and the lower shape with the notch cutout "teeth". Boxing INNER EDGE (to be glued to the left edge) already includes un-notched portion. When enlarged at 200%, the boxing side strips will be too long to fit on the cutting area. Modify these either by changing the design file, or by strategic positioning on the mat when preparing to cut. UNDERSTANDING THE SHAPES A. For both the INNER and OUTER edges, the plain section without the tab "teeth" that correspond to the eliminated part of the left "arm" can be eliminated as well. B. For the INNER EDGE piece, the plain section at top remains in place as part of boxing shape. C. For the OUTER EDGE piece, the plain section at top must be cut separately, then joined. D. Make sure you can identify the design file shapes that appear on the screen. The INNER EDGE boxing piece is the shorter of the two. CHOICE 1: STRATEGIC POSITIONING WHEN CUTTING A. Arrange the long boxing shapes to be able to cut the pieces needed. When the cutting operation is complete, carefully remove the incompletely cut shape from cutting mat, then cut straight end edges needed using rotary tools or a traced line and scissors. B. When boxing plain and "teeth" sections need to be joined, allow length on one piece to act as a tab to over- or under-lap and glue in place. (Perforations are not needed.) C. Rotate and position INNER edge so that the shape remains on the mat to be cut, with the unneededportion off the mat. INNER strip will be cut as shown in one section. D. Rotate and position OUTER edge to cut the center "teeth" section. E. Re-position OUTER edge to cut just the upper "plain" section. NOTE that OUTER boxing will be cut as 2 sections that will need to be glue-joined. CHOICE 2: MODIFYING THE DESIGN FILE Prepare the Inner Edge Boxing Step 1. Drag a box around the Inner boxing to select it and un-group. Step 2. Double click to make the design point squares appear. Step 3. Point and drag the left end corner point inward to align opposite the last "tooth" of the tab cutouts. Release. Step 4. Point and drag the other left end points inward to create the remainder of this new cutting edge. You may need to eliminate a couple of the extra points and some of the perforation line segments that are left hanging in space. Step 5. Once the desired new shape is achieved, drag a box around everything to re-group and SAVE the changes. Use the text tool to identify this shape as the Inner Edge Boxing. Prepare the Outer Edge Boxing Step 1. Drag a box around the Outer boxing to select it. Copy one shape. Designate original as the lower portion and the copy as the upper portion. Step 2. Drag a box around each to un-group. Step 3. Repeat Steps 2-5 of the original, selecting and moving or eliminating the points at both ends so just the "teeth" portion remains. Identify this shape as Outer Edge Boxing 1. Step 4. Refer to the screen shot above step E, then repeat Steps 2-5 on the copy, selecting and moving or eliminating the points at one end so that just the upper end "plain" section remains. Identify this shape as the Outer Edge Boxing 2. While you are at it. . .The 'JOY' Ensemble project requires a 1/4" hole (or custom-cut to your stem wire size) punched or cut in the center of the upper end boxing piece. As you are re-designing the pieces on screen, you can use the 'draw a circle' tool to add one to both Lid and Base pieces in corresponding position. Base Modifications Follow the preparation method selected previously to repeat the process for the Base J boxing sections. This image shows the shapes for the J Base. Note that they are reversed from the Lid layout, with the INNER edge boxing now shown on the right, and the OUTER edge boxing now shown on the left. CONTINUE THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS With the enlargement, the tabs sections of the boxing pieces are too long. Trim them by scissors or rotary cutter to 1/2" beyond the perforations, as shown. JOINING THE BOXING TO FRONT & BACK: TRIMMING TO LENGTH Follow the prescribed process (demonstrated in tutorials at www.3under3andmore.blogspot.com ) to join the inner, then outer, then end pieces. Trim away excess notched tab portions of boxing even with the newly-cut edge. Use ruler or other tool to make sure this cut is perpendicular. 'JOY ENSEMBLE' DETAIL: Elf Hat Brim template shape You can prepare your own pattern and cut it as a template to trace by drawing on the Studio page with the "show grid" and "snap to" grid features ON. | Mid | [
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Meta Remote Support When and Why You Should Use Remote Support If you’ve ever had a sudden computer problem, you know it can be very stressful. So much of our day-to-day life requires having access to a working computer. Homework, budgeting, bills, even browsing dinner recipes all have a degree of urgency that mean dealing with a broken computer isn’t comfortable for long. Your computer technician offers two options: remote repair or bring it in. Which is the best choice for you? Benefits of Remote Support Speed: If remote repair is a possibility, your technician can connect via the Internet and have you operational in no time. You might also choose to just leave it turned on in the morning and go to work as normal, while the tech logs in to conduct the repair, ready for your return. Without this option, you’d need to juggle time in your diary to drop the system off as most in-store techs only work 9-5. Many large-scale remote support services are even available 24/7, eliminating all unnecessary delays. Convenience: You get to skip the unpleasant tasks of unplugging the PC, untangling the cables and carting it into the repair store. Even then, once repaired, you’d still be privileged with carrying it back home and playing a game of which-plug-goes-where. Computers may be getting smaller, but their still heavy and fiddly! Laptops are designed to be moved around often and it may not be a problem to stop at the repair store, but traveling with a desktop PC requires a little more effort and a lot more inconvenience. Negatives of Remote Support Limited repair options: A remote connection can only repair certain software problems, not hardware problems. Its impossible for the technician to swap out a failed part remotely, and unless you are confident in your own repair skills, guided physical repair isn’t viable either. Occasionally the problem will also be outside the computer, perhaps a troublesome peripheral or connection. Your technician may be able to walk you through correcting some of these minor problems yourself, but most invariably require a physical call-out or taking your computer in-store. Connection speed: A slow or unstable connection will make a remote repair take longer and increase the difficulty of the task. The extended time impacts the cost for the call, and in extreme cases, can negate any benefits of skipping the physical inspection. Your connection needs to allow the technician to see real-time responses as if they were sitting there in person. Accessibility: If your computer won’t start or can’t connect to the Internet at all, your technician can’t log in. This includes seeing a blue screen of death, boot failure and Windows load failure. As much as they’d like to help you, being able to log in to your system is a vital step in the remote repair process. Remote support and repair is the ideal situation, purely for speed and convenience. As a bonus, in the event the remote repair is unsuccessful, it also means your tech now has a better idea of the problem and can speed up any on-site or in-store repairs. Remote support is the best option for many repairs and gets your computer working again with minimal disruption and lowest cost. | Mid | [
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As a method of peptide synthesis, besides a solid phase method and a liquid phase method, a production method using a protecting group (hereinafter to be also referred to as anchor), comprising performing a reaction in a homogeneous liquid phase, changing the solvent composition after the reaction, and isolating and purifying the reaction mixture only by filtration and washing has recently been proposed. Patent document 1 and non-patent document 1 each disclose a method comprising using a 3,4,5-tris(n-octadecyloxy)benzyl alcohol type compound as a protecting reagent of a carboxyl group and the like. However, an alkylation suppressive effect on removal of the protecting group is not described at all. Patent documents 2-4 each disclose protecting reagents such as a 3,5-di(docosyloxy)benzyl alcohol type compound, a 2,4-di(docosyloxy)benzyl alcohol type compound and the like. However, an alkylation suppressive effect on removal of the protecting group is not described at all. Patent document 4 also discloses a protecting reagent of a trityl type. However, the protecting group is not entirely satisfactory as an anchor since a side reaction such as dissociation thereof even in methanol and the like occur. | Mid | [
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Actual Advice Mallard if you want to vote for donald trump because you want to see the system burn be careful what you wish for, you might just get it. | Low | [
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Epidemiologic characteristics of congenital inguinal hernia. 957 of all the liveborn children in Budapest from 1962 to 1966 were operated for isolated congenital inguinal hernia until the age of 3 years, giving a point prevalence of 11.04 per 1000 livebirths. The sex ratio was 0.8892. 57% hernias occurred on the right, 26% on the left, and 17% on both sides. The occurrence of congenital inguinal hernia was significantly higher in infants born in colder winter months and in twinbirths. Babies with hernias had lower birthweights and shorter gestational ages. The role of potential teratogens could not be proved. | Mid | [
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Introduction {#Sec1} ============ *Mycoplasma ovis* (previously known as *Eperythrozoon ovis*) was first reported by Neitz et al. ([@CR92]) who described the appearance of ring, ovoid, round, dumbbell and comma-shaped bodies (0.5--1 μm) attached to the surface of erythrocytes or lying extracellularly in sheep blood. Neimark et al. ([@CR88]) using electron microscope later described *M. ovis* as round or oval bodies (0.3--0.4 μm) surround by 20--30 nm electron-dense layer on the surface of the red blood cell membrane. *Eperythrozoon ovis* was formally classified as Rickettsia in the family Anaplasmataceae along with *Haemobartonella* and *Anaplasma* (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}) based on their biological and morphological characteristics (Neimark et al. [@CR90]).Table 1Morphological relationships with the principal genera of Anaplasmataceae (Neitz et al. [@CR92])S/NGenusMorphologyPositionOrganisms/cell1.AnaplasmaRound, oval, irregularIntracellular1--2, rarely 3--42.HaemobartonellaHighly pleomorphic cocci, ovoid, rod, ring, dumbbell, comma and irregular forms 0.6 μmIntracellularLarge numbers within one cell3.Eperythrozoon (now Mycoplasma)less pleomorphic rings and rods predominate 0.5-1 μmEpicellular/ free in the bloodOccur in large numbers or cluster (3--8 per cell) and affecting up to 100% of cells4.GrahamellaRegular rodsIntracellularOccur in large numbers (8--20) within one cell Recent molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of *E. ovis* revealed striking similarities to the *Mycoplasma* genus (class Mollicutes). Consequently, Neimark et al. ([@CR90]) proposed the transfer of Eperythrozoon as a subgroup (haemotropic mycoplasma or haemoplasma) in the genus *Mycoplasma* to reflect their phylogenetic affiliation. As a result, *Eperythrozoon ovis* was renamed *Mycoplasma ovis* comb. nov., which has a single circular chromosome (approximately 702,511 bp) containing two copies of the 16S rRNA gene corresponding to *M. ovis* and "*Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemovis" (Deshuillers et al. [@CR21]). Both genotypes of *Mycoplasma ovis* are morphologically indistinguishable (Tagawa et al. [@CR127]) haemotropic bacteria of sheep and goats (Neimark et al. [@CR88]; Hornok et al. [@CR47]; Wang et al. [@CR136]) which also infect deer, reindeer (Grazziotin et al., [@CR33]; Grazziotin et al., [@CR34]; Stoffregen et al., [@CR120]) and humans (Sykes et al., [@CR125]). Generally, haemoplasma infection in small ruminants is associated with anaemia and various degrees of morbidity (Hornok et al. [@CR46]). *M. ovis* infection in ewes is also associated with decreased production outcomes in terms of milk, weight gain, abortion, and increased lamb mortality (Urie et al., [@CR132]). Similarly, poor reproductive performance and lowered milk yield have been associated with haemoplasma infection in dairy cows (Smith et al. [@CR112]; Messick [@CR81]). Recent molecular studies also detected "*Ca.* M. haemobos" and *M. wenyonii* in calves and aborted foetuses of infected cows (Hornok et al. [@CR46]; Girotto-Soares et al. [@CR32]). Based on cumulative evidence obtained from previous studies, the involvement of reproductive tissues is an aspect of haemoplasma infection requiring further investigations to elucidate the physiological and molecular mechanisms. So far, infections of *M. ovis* occurred in Malaysia (Fatimah et al. [@CR26]; Jesse et al. [@CR59], [@CR58], [@CR57]), Japan (Tagawa et al. [@CR127]), China (Wang et al. [@CR136]; Shi et al. [@CR110]) and most recently in the Philippines (Galon et al., [@CR31]). However, the unavailability of quantitative data on production losses presents difficulty in assessing the economic impact of *M. ovis* on the small ruminant industry in the far eastern territories. Despite the prevalence, potential economic and zoonotic implications of haemotropic *M. ovis* in the region, there is a dearth of published information on its epidemiology in Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this review is to present current research information on the clinical aspects, epidemiology, diagnosis and directions for future research on haemotropic mycoplasmosis among small ruminants in the tropics focusing on Malaysia. Clinicopathological aspects of *Mycoplasma ovis* infection in small ruminants {#Sec2} ============================================================================= Pathogenesis and pathology of *Mycoplasma ovis* {#Sec3} ----------------------------------------------- After mechanical or iatrogenic transmission, the bone marrow is the primary site of *Mycoplasma ovis* multiplication before the appearance of parasitaemia after a variable incubation period (Kanabathy and Nachiar [@CR65]). Neitz et al. ([@CR92]) observed parasitaemia within 5--7 days in most experimentally infected sheep, while Littlejohns ([@CR71]) reported an incubation period of 12 days post-infection (pi) in sheep. Additionally, Norris et al. ([@CR94]) observed peak levels of parasitaemia and anaemia at 8--15 and 20--30 days pi in experimentally infected sheep. It appears that the incubation period of *M. ovis* in experimentally infected sheep is inversely proportional to the size of the infecting dose (Sutton and Jolly [@CR123]). Foogie and Nisbet ([@CR30]) observed shorter incubation periods in sheep experimentally infected with heavily parasitised blood, while Mason and Statham ([@CR78]) observed more extended incubation periods after inoculating low doses of *M. ovis* in sheep. The parasitaemia which develops in the course of natural or experimental *M. ovis* infection in small ruminant can be described as mild (1 to 29% infected cells), moderate (30 to 59% infected cells) or severe (60% or more infected cells) depending on the percentage of parasitised erythrocytes (Gulland et al. [@CR36]; Hampel et al., [@CR38]). The clinical course of haemoplasma infection may vary considerably depending on the species of parasite, the host animal and the presence of concurrent infection (Reagan et al. [@CR101]). Uncomplicated *Mycoplasma ovis* infection in sheep is typically asymptomatic because of its low pathogenic potential (Porter and Kaplan [@CR98]). Therefore, chronic infections with mild parasitaemia and regenerative anaemia are the characteristic features of disease under field conditions (Gulland et al. [@CR37]). However, severe haemolytic anaemia and concurrent infections may occur during acute field outbreaks (Jesse et al. [@CR58]) and immunocompromised states (Boes and Durham, [@CR10]). Also, acute infection of small ruminants causes severe haemolytic anaemia, weakness, decreased exercise tolerance and concurrent chronic infections (Fitzpatrick et al. [@CR28]). Abed and Alsaad ([@CR1]) observed anaemia and anorexia in more than 80%, respiratory distress and lymphadenopathy in less than 80%, haemoglobinuria in 42% and decreased milk production in 39% of acutely infected sheep under field conditions. Generally, mild anaemia, ill thrift, reduced weight gain, jaundice, exercise intolerance, decreased wool and milk production are the main features of chronic *M. ovis* infection in sheep and goats (Fitzpatrick et al. [@CR28]; Hornok et al. [@CR47]; Machado et al. [@CR73]). The severity of anaemia in acute disease varies among susceptible individuals in a flock depending on their age, reproductive status, immunological status, nutritional state and the presence of concurrent infections (Hornok et al. [@CR47]; Jesse et al. [@CR58]). Although the infection may occur in all age groups of small ruminants, profound haemolytic anaemia, icterus, haemoglobinuria, reduced weight gain and mortality are frequently encountered in weaner sheep (Campbell et al. [@CR13]; John and Invermay [@CR60]; Neimark et al. [@CR88]; Robson and Kemp [@CR104]). On the other hand, infection is usually present as mild bacteraemia and less severe anaemia in older sheep and goats (Gulland et al. [@CR36]) due to the presence of acquired immunity (Hornok et al. [@CR47]). However, adult sheep may occasionally succumb to acute infection and develop haemolytic anaemia due to stress form pregnancy, parturition, handling, malnutrition and concurrent parasitic, viral or bacterial infections and other immunosuppressive conditions (Gulland et al. [@CR37]; Fitzpatrick et al. [@CR28]; Hornok et al. [@CR47]; Sykes et al., [@CR125]). Associated changes in the blood due to deformation of erythrocyte membrane (Gulland et al. [@CR36]), increased membrane fragility (Norris et al. [@CR94]) and erythrophagocytosis (Philbey et al. [@CR97]) result in anaemia characterised by a significant decrease in the numbers of circulating erythrocytes, haematocrit and haemoglobin and the deposition of haemosiderin in tissues (Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). Although the pathogenic mechanisms of anaemia in *Mycoplasma ovis* infection are not entirely understood, there are strong indications that host immune reactions play an essential role in the development of acute and chronic infections (Messick [@CR81]). Humoral immunity in sheep leads to the production of antierythrocyte antibody, agglutination of red blood cells and phagocytosis by Kupffer cells in the liver and reticular cells in lymphoid tissues (Kanabathy and Nachiar [@CR65]). Additionally, direct injury to the red blood cell and innocent bystander effect due to the presence of *M. ovis* cells on erythrocytes are also involved in the development of haemolytic anaemia (Boes and Durham, [@CR10]). Furthermore, oxidative injury, disruption of cell functions, immune evasion and secretion of lytic enzymes by haemoplasmas contribute to the development of haemolytic anaemia (Theiss et al. [@CR130]). A poor condition characterised by stunted growth, delayed attainment of sexual maturity, decreased exercise tolerance, pot-belly, emaciation and pallor are consistent features of the disease in lambs (Kanabathy and Nachiar [@CR65]). The pathological features *of Mycoplasma ovis* infection in sheep vary considerably depending on the degree of infection severity. At post-mortem, the carcase appears pale and wet with a gelatinous epicardial fat on the heart and moderate non-suppurative pneumonia in the lungs (Fitzpatrick et al. [@CR28]). The spleen is markedly enlarged (splenomegaly), congested and soft with a prominent white pulp. The kidneys are also enlarged and have a distinctive rust-brown discolouration due to deposition of haemosiderin (Kanabathy and Nachiar, [@CR65]). Additionally, the gallbladder is distended with bile (cholecystitis), and evidence of vasculitides such as oedema and exudates are present in body tissues or cavities. The common histological lesions associated with *M. ovis* infection include enlargement of the Malpighian corpuscles, haemosiderosis of the spleen and kidneys, moderate periacinar necrosis in the liver, depletion of lymphoid tissues in the spleen and lymph nodes and lymphoid hyperplasia in the haemal nodes (John and Invermay [@CR60]; Philbey et al. [@CR97]). Co-infections of *Mycoplasma ovis* {#Sec4} ---------------------------------- Co-infection of red blood cells with multiple species of vector-borne haemoprotozoa or bacteria is a common finding in farm animals (Ait Lbacha et al., [@CR3]). Co-infection of *Ehrlichia ewingii* and haemotropic *Mycoplasma* in a goat resulted in macrocytic hypochromic anaemia with anisocytosis, macrocytosis and basophilic stippling as well as increased AST, CK, GGT and decreased ALP activities (Meichner et al., [@CR80]). Likewise, co-infections of erythrocytes with haemotropic *Mycoplasma* and *Anaplasma* species in sheep and goats were also reported in Morocco (Ait Lbacha et al., [@CR3]). Similarly, Aktas and Ozubek ([@CR4]) reported a significant association between haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* infection and the presence of *Babesia* and *Theileria* infection among sheep flocks in Turkey. Furthermore, co-infections of sheep with haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* and *Anaplasma*/*Babesia* species are associated with increased severity of anaemia in chronic disease (Neimark and Kocan [@CR91]). Also, persistent co-infection of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* and *Bartonella henselae* has been reported in a Veterinarian with a history of protracted illness and nonspecific signs (Sykes et al., [@CR125]). Concurrent infection with tick-borne haemopathogens such as *Theileria*, *Babesia*, *Anaplasma* and *Ehrlichia* increase the susceptibility of animals to haemotropic mycoplasmosis (Varanat et al., [@CR133]) because the presence of multiple co-infecting pathogens provokes a complex divergent or similar responses that allow synergy and more successful colonisation in the host (Baneth, [@CR8]). Interestingly, all the vector-borne haemopathogens involved in co-infections of haemotropic mycoplasmosis cause haemolytic anaemia (Jabbar et al., [@CR54]). Similarly, concurrent parasitic gastroenteritis due to *Haemonchus contortus* and other pathogenic Strongyles increased the severity of anaemia and pathology of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in sheep and goats (Jesse et al. [@CR59], [@CR58], [@CR57]). Both parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) and haemotropic mycoplasmosis are associated with anaemia, bottle jaw and weight loss in small ruminants, and there is a consensus that haemoplasmas can act synergistically with highly pathogenic nematodes such as *Haemonchus contortus* and contribute to the severity of disease in a concurrently infected flock (Souza et al., [@CR117]). Although the exact mechanism by which co-infecting parasites contributes to the severity of haemotropic mycoplasmosis is not fully understood, other immunosuppressive conditions such as pregnancy, lactation, parturition and malnutrition also increase the severity of disease in small ruminants (Philbey et al. [@CR97]). Moreover, the clinical signs of experimental haemoplasma infection are enhanced by splenectomy or daily administration of dexamethasone in animal models (Neitz et al. [@CR92]; Yuan et al. [@CR146]). It is, therefore, logical to conclude that the immunosuppressive effects of concurrent infections enhance the severity of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in small ruminants (Sykes et al., [@CR125]). Immune response of small ruminants to *Mycoplasma ovis* infection {#Sec5} ----------------------------------------------------------------- The pioneer experimental works of Neitz et al. ([@CR92]) revealed that previously infected small ruminants were resistant to subsequent challenge by *Mycoplasma ovis*. In [@CR95], Ohder and co-workers demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies which conferred resistance and inhibited reinfection in sheep. Hung and Lloyd ([@CR50]) further demonstrated that specific antibody response results from *M. ovis* infection in sheep. Nicholls and Veale ([@CR93]) detected specific antibody which suppressed parasitaemia and prolonged the prepatent period of infection in passively immunised sheep. The resultant degree of immunity depended on the persistence of infection and duration of parasitaemia and anaemia in experimentally infected sheep (Gulland et al. [@CR37]). The onset of humoral immunity to *M. ovis* is within 1 to 2 weeks post-infection, and the spleen is actively involved in the development and maintenance of resistance in sheep because splenectomised animals become susceptible to infection (Kanabathy and Nachiar [@CR65]; Cebra and Cebra [@CR14]). It is also known that pitting process by pseudopodia in macrophage, and reticular cells of the spleen are responsible for the clearance of parasitaemia by physical detachment from the erythrocyte membrane in the spleen (Hung and Lloyd [@CR49]). Epidemiology of *Mycoplasma ovis* in small ruminants {#Sec6} ==================================================== Life cycle and transmission of *Mycoplasma ovis* {#Sec7} ------------------------------------------------ Haemotropic mycoplasmas are obligate epicellular bacteria known to be mechanically transmitted by various species of haematophagous arthropods such as *Stomoxys calcitrans*, *Haematobia irritans*, *Tabanus bovinus*, *T. bromius*, *Melophagus ovinus*, midges and mosquitoes (Hornok et al. [@CR47], [@CR46]; Sykes et al. [@CR125]). Recent molecular studies also provide evidence of mechanical transmission by various tick species such as *Amblyomma*, *Hyalomma*, R. (*Boophilus*), *Rhipicephalus* and *Haemaphysalis* (Aktas and Ozubek [@CR4]; Mohd Hassan et al. [@CR39]; Machado et al. [@CR73]; Shi et al. [@CR110]) and lice (Neimark et al. [@CR90]). The preponderance of arthropod vectors is therefore considered an essential factor in the epidemiology of haemoplasmas. In the past, seasonal changes in arthropod density and distribution influenced the prevalence of *Mycoplasma ovis* infection among sheep in Australia (Daddow, [@CR20]). Likewise, the presence of ticks on small ruminants is associated with haemoplasma-positive status and disease severity (Aktas and Ozubek [@CR4]). High biting activity is also known to be essential for natural vector-borne transmission under field conditions where low levels of parasitaemia subsist because the minimum infective dose of *M. ovis* is one parasitised erythrocyte (Mason and Statham [@CR78]). However, it is not clear if the mechanism of natural arthropod-borne transmission is merely mechanical or involves a cyclical transovarial process. It is also possible that heavy blood-feeding by arthropods, apart from contributing to the mechanical transmission of *M. ovis* and other vector-borne pathogens, may cause significant blood losses and increase the severity of anaemia. Tropical temperatures, rainfall and humidity are favourable for the propagation of haematophagous arthropods and account for the high prevalence of vector-borne diseases in tropics and subtropics (Jongejan and Uilenberg [@CR62]). Tick vectors such as *Boophilus*, *Dermacentor*, *Ixodes*, *Haemaphysalis* and *Rhipicephalus* species (Khadijah et al. [@CR66]); biting flies such as *Tabanus*, *Stomoxys* and *Haematobia* (Chin et al. [@CR16]; Erwanas et al. [@CR24]); and mosquitoes such as *Aedes albopictus*, *Aedes aegypti*, and *Culex quinquefasciatus* (Saleeza et al. [@CR105]) are prevalent in Malaysia. However, their role in the transmission of *Mycoplasma ovis* in small ruminant flocks is unknown in Malaysia. There is also molecular evidence supporting the possibility of transplacental transmission of haemoplasma infection in cattle (Hornok et al. [@CR46]). Nevertheless, it is not clear whether *M. ovis* and "*Ca.* M. haemovis" infect reproductive tissues and undergo transplacental transmission during pregnancy in small ruminants. Iatrogenic transmission through contaminated needles, ear tag applicators and wool shearing or mulesing equipment also plays a significant role in the epidemiology of *M. ovis* in small ruminant flocks (Campbell et al. [@CR13]). Global distribution, prevalence and zoonotic potential of *Mycoplasma ovis* {#Sec8} --------------------------------------------------------------------------- *M. ovis* and the related haemoplasmas represent a phylogenetic cluster of cell-wall deficient uncultivated epierythrocytic parasitic bacteria which are currently recognised as emerging or re-emerging zoonotic pathogens causing substantial economic losses and public health problems worldwide (Hornok et al. [@CR47]; Huang et al. [@CR48]; Jesse et al. [@CR58]; Machado et al. [@CR73]; Wang et al. [@CR136]). Haemotropic mycoplasmas have been reported in a wide range of domestic mammals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, dogs, cats), wild mammals (bear, racoon, opossums), camelids (alpaca), primates (monkey), rodents (rats, mice) bats and man (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}). Wild animals have been recognised as reservoirs hosts that play a central role in the epidemiology of various species of vector-borne infections (Baneth, [@CR8]).Table 2Reported species and host tropisms of haemotropic mycoplasmasS/NSpeciesHost rangeReferences1.*Mycoplasma ovis*Goats, sheep, deer, reindeer, humanNeimark et al. ([@CR88]); Stoffregen et al. ([@CR119]); Hornok et al. ([@CR47])2.*Candidatus* M. haemovisGoats, sheepSuzuki et al. ([@CR124]); Hornok et al. ([@CR45]); Wang et al. ([@CR136])3.*M. wenyonii*Cattle, buffalo, sheepSmith et al. ([@CR112]); Neimark and Kocan ([@CR91]); Scott ([@CR106]); Mohd Hassan et al. ([@CR39]); Aktas and Ozubek ([@CR4])4.*M. haemobos*Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goatsSu et al. ([@CR121]); Hoelzle et al. ([@CR43]); Hornok et al. ([@CR46]); Mohd Hassan et al. ([@CR39]); Shi et al. ([@CR110])5.*M. haemosuis*Pigs, humanMessick et al. ([@CR83]); Neimark et al. ([@CR89]); Yuan et al. ([@CR144]); Song et al. ([@CR113])6.*M. haemofelis*Cat, human, racoonNeimark et al. ([@CR89]); Lobetti and Tasker ([@CR72]); Vergara et al. ([@CR134]); Volokhov et al. ([@CR135])7.*Candidatus* M. haemominutumCatFoley and Pedersen ([@CR29]); Lobetti and Tasker ([@CR72]); Vergara et al. ([@CR134])8.*Candidatus* M. turicensisCatLobetti and Tasker ([@CR72]); Vergara et al. ([@CR134])9.*M. haemocanis*Dog, bear, racoonNeimark et al. ([@CR89]); Biondo et al. ([@CR9]); Kaewmongkol et al. ([@CR64]); Volokhov et al. ([@CR135]); Westmoreland et al. ([@CR139])10.*Candidatus* M. haemoparvumDog, human, bearKaewmongkol et al. ([@CR64]); Westmoreland et al. ([@CR139]); Aktas and Ozubek ([@CR5])11.*Candidatus* M. haemolamaeAlpaca, deer, reindeer, racoonMessick et al. ([@CR82]); Stoffregen et al. ([@CR119]); Grazziotin et al. ([@CR33]); Boes et al. ([@CR11])12.*M. haemomacaque*MonkeyMaggi et al. ([@CR74])13.*M. erythrocervae*Deer, reindeerGrazziotin et al. ([@CR34]); Tagawa et al. ([@CR126])14.*Ca.* M. haemocervaeSika deerTagawa et al. ([@CR126])15.*Candidatus* M. haemotarandirangiferisDwarf brocket deer, red brocket deer, marsh deer, white-tailed deerGrazziotin et al. ([@CR34])16*Candidatus* M. haemodidelphidisOpossumsMessick et al. ([@CR82])17*Mycoplasma haemomuris*Rats, miceRikihisa et al. ([@CR102]); Mascarelli et al. ([@CR76])18*Candidatus* M. haemohominisHuman, batsSteer et al. ([@CR118]); Mascarelli et al. ([@CR76]); Millán et al. ([@CR85])19*Candidatus* M. kahaneiMonkeysCubilla et al. ([@CR18]) *Mycoplasma ovis* occurs in the sheep and goat producing areas in the tropics and subtropics (Neimark et al. [@CR88]). The prevalence of *Mycoplasma ovis* and the nature of the diagnostic tests vary considerably in different parts of the world (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Historically, Ilemobade and Blotkamp ([@CR52]) detected 36% seropositivity among sheep in Nigeria using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Mason et al. ([@CR79]) later detected 49% seroprevalence among sheep in Australia using IFAT. While using ELISA for the first time in a field survey, Kabay and co-workers (Kabay et al. [@CR63]) detected 4.5% seroprevalence of *M. ovis* among sheep in Australia. To date, however, the highest seroprevalence of *Mycoplasma ovis* is from Iraq, where 100% of sheep tested positive to indirect ELISA (Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). The molecular prevalence of *Mycoplasma ovis* based on PCR and sequencing reveals between 6.3 and 100% infection rates in small ruminants worldwide. PCR results revealed a prevalence of 6.3% in Tunisia (Rjeibi et al. [@CR103]), 9% in Turkey (Aktas and Ozubek [@CR4]), 14.1% in the USA (Hampel et al. [@CR38]), 17.5% in Iraq (Kshash [@CR69]), 18% in North America (Johnson et al. [@CR61]), 39.3% in Brazil (Machado et al. [@CR73]), 44.7% in China (Wang et al. [@CR136]), 50% in Japan (Tagawa et al. [@CR127]), 51.5% in Hungary (Hornok et al. [@CR47]) and 100% in Mexico (Martínez-Hernández et al., [@CR75]). In the past, outbreaks of disease also occurred in Australia (Campbell et al. [@CR13]), Germany (Neimark et al. [@CR88]), Hungary (Hornok et al. [@CR47]), Argentina (Aguirre et al. [@CR2]), Japan (Tagawa et al. [@CR127]), Malaysia (Jesse et al. [@CR59], [@CR58], [@CR57]), Tunisia (Rjeibi et al. [@CR103]), Turkey (Aktas and Ozubek [@CR4]), China (Wang et al. [@CR136]) and most recently in Mexico (Martínez-Hernández et al. [@CR75]). On the other hand, only sporadic clinical cases have been reported in Scotland (Fitzpatrick et al. [@CR28]), the USA (Boes et al. [@CR11]; Sykes et al. [@CR125]) and North America (Johnson et al. [@CR61]).Table 3Prevalence, host range and diagnosis of *Mycoplasma ovis* infection in different parts of the worldCountryStudy populationPrevalenceDiagnostic techniqueReferenceAustraliaSheepCase reportBlood smear examinationCampbell et al. ([@CR13])AustraliaSheep, goats44.9%FATMason et al. ([@CR79])AustraliaSheep4.5%ELISAKabay et al. ([@CR63])BrazilCaptive deer87%Conventional PCR (16S and 23S rRNA genes)Grazziotin et al. ([@CR34])BrazilFree-ranging deer58%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Grazziotin et al. ([@CR33])BrazilGoats39.3%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Machado et al. ([@CR73])BrazilSheep78.8%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Souza et al. ([@CR117])ChinaHumanCase reportBlood smear examination, PCR (16S rRNA gene)Yuan et al. ([@CR145], [@CR146])ChinaGoats41%Semi-nested PCR (16S rRNA gene)Song et al. ([@CR113], [@CR114])ChinaSheep and goats44.7%Nested PCR, (16S rRNA gene)Wang et al. ([@CR136])HungarySheep51.5%TaqMan PCR, conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Hornok et al. ([@CR47])HungaryGoats20%Real-time PCR (16S rRNA gene)Hornok et al. ([@CR45])IraqSheep100%Blood smear, ELISAAbed and Alsaad ([@CR1])IraqSheep17.5%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Kshash ([@CR69])JapanSheepCase reportBlood smear examination, PCR (16S rRNA gene)Suzuki et al. ([@CR124])JapanSheep50%Blood smear, PCR (16S rRNA gene)Tagawa et al. ([@CR127], b)MalaysiaGoatCase reportBlood smear examinationJesse et al. ([@CR59])MalaysiaGoats94%Blood smear examinationJesse et al. ([@CR58])MalaysiaSheepCase reportBlood smear examinationJesse et al. ([@CR57])MexicoSheep100%Blood smear examination, PCR (16S rRNA gene)Martínez-Hernández et al. ([@CR75])New ZealandSheepCase reportBlood smear examinationJohn and Invermay ([@CR60])NigeriaSheep36%IFAT, blood smear examinationIlemobade and Blotkamp ([@CR52])North AmericaGoats18.0%Real-time PCR (16S rRNA gene)Johnson et al. ([@CR61])PhilippinesGoats36.3%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Galon et al. ([@CR31]).ScotlandSheepCase reportBlood smear examinationFitzpatrick et al. ([@CR28])TurkeySheep9%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Aktas and Ozubek ([@CR4])TunisiaSheep and goats6.3%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Rjeibi et al. ([@CR103])USAHumanCase reportConventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Sykes et al. ([@CR125])USADeerCase reportConventional PCR (16S and 18S rDNA genes)Boes et al. ([@CR11])USAHuman4.7%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Mascarelli et al. ([@CR77])USASheep14.1%Blood smear examination, PCR (16S rRNA gene)Hampel et al. ([@CR38])USASheep73.3%Conventional PCR (16S rRNA gene)Urie et al. ([@CR132]) Records of human haemotropic mycoplasma infection are poorly documented in the past due to underdiagnosis and the absence of justification for epidemiological significance (Biondo et al. [@CR9]). Nonetheless, Yang and co-workers (Yang et al. [@CR141]) reported 35.3% prevalence of human haemotropic mycoplasma infection with 57% and 100% infection rates in women and their new-born babies in inner Mongolia. Furthermore, recent molecular studies reported *M. ovis*-like, *M. haemofelis*-like, *M. haemominutum*, *M*. *haematoparvum* and *Ca.* M. haemohominis infection in humans (Chu et al. [@CR17]; Sykes et al. [@CR125]; Steer et al. [@CR118]; Mascarelli et al. [@CR77]). As more human infections are diagnosed, haemotropic mycoplasmosis is currently emerging as a zoonotic concern and occupational hazard, especially in veterinarians, veterinary workers, veterinary students, herdsmen, wildlife workers and pastoral communities which have frequent exposure to animals and the arthropod vectors of haemoplasma (Yang et al. [@CR141]; Huang et al. [@CR48]; Mascarelli et al. [@CR77]). Moreover, the risk of human haemotropic mycoplasmosis is also being recognised among HIV patients due to their poor immunological status (dos Santos et al. [@CR22]; Sykes et al. [@CR125]; Mascarelli et al. [@CR77]). Haemotropic mycoplasmosis in East Asia {#Sec9} -------------------------------------- Few countries in East Asia have documented specific reports on haemotropic mycoplasmosis in small ruminants. The pioneer studies conducted in China have documented 16.1% prevalence of *M. ovis* among goats in Chongqing (Zuo-yong et al. [@CR147]) and 41.0% prevalence among sheep and goats in Hubei Province (Song et al. [@CR114]). Besides, recent molecular studies have reported 44.7% prevalence of *M. ovis* and *Ca.* M. haemovis in goats (Wang et al. [@CR136]) and 53% prevalence of "*Ca.* M. haemobos" in *Boophilus microplus* ticks collected from sheep and goat in China (Shi et al. [@CR110]). Moreover, there are also reports on other haemoplasmas such as *Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemobos in bovine species (Song et al. [@CR115]) and zoonotic *M. suis* in pig and humans (Yang et al., [@CR141]; Yuan et al., [@CR144]). The first report on haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* in Japan was in free-living Japanese serows (Ohtake et al. [@CR96]). Later, Tagawa et al. ([@CR127]) reported an outbreak involving haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* and "*Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemovis", where 50% of sheep imported from Australia experienced severe anaemia (PCV 14%). Also, there are reports on other related haemoplasma species such as *M. wenyonii* and *Ca.* M. haemobos detected in cattle (Tagawa et al. [@CR128]), the novel "*Candidatus* Mycoplasma erythrocervae" and "*Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemocervae" in the sika deer (Watanabe et al., [@CR137]; Tagawa et al. [@CR126]). To date, there is no report on *Mycoplasma ovis* in small ruminants in North and South Korea. However, there are few reports on other haemotropic mycoplasmas such as "*Candidatus* M. haematoparvum", *Mycoplasma haemocanis* in dogs (Suh et al., [@CR122]), *M. suis*, *M. parvum* and the novel *Candidatus* M. haemosuis in pigs (Seo et al., [@CR108]). So far, there is a single report that shows 36.3% prevalence of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis*, *Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemobos, *Candidatus* Mycoplasma haemominutum and three unidentified haemoplasma species among goats in the Philippines (Galon et al., [@CR31]). Also, there are reports on other haemoplasmas, including *Mycoplasma* species and *M. wenyonii* among cattle in the Philippines (Ybañez et al. [@CR143], [@CR142]). Several studies have documented various aspects of haemoplasma infection of small ruminants in Malaysia. Clinical cases of haemotropic mycoplasmosis were well recognised in Malaysia sheep and goats since the early 1990s. The earliest report was documented by Fatimah et al. ([@CR25]) who reported the first clinical case of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in a sheep which concurrently suffered copper toxicity. The first report was deficient in lacking necessary clinical data to support the diagnosis of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in sheep. Nearly two decades after the first report, a more comprehensive report which provided clinical details supporting the diagnosis of haemotropic mycoplasmosis was published. Based on this report, a young buck was presented to the large animal clinic of the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Veterinary Hospital with a complaint of diarrhoea and weakness for 1 week. The clinical details include an extended capillary refill time, pale mucous membranes, nasal discharge, 5% dehydration and mild diarrhoea. Further laboratory examinations yielded normocytic normochromic anaemia (PCV 14%), hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia, presence of haemotropic *Mycoplasma* species in thin blood film and 13,900 Trichostrongylid egg per gram of faeces, indicating a diagnosis of co-infection with parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) and haemotropic mycoplasmosis (Jesse et al., [@CR59]). The second report was also deficient in failing to identify the haemotropic mycoplasms species explicitly involved. In the next year, a rare case of haemotropic mycoplasmosis involving unidentified species of haemoplasma in a captive Malaysian pangolin was published (Jamnah et al. [@CR56]). The presence of *Mycoplasma* species in wild animals raised serious questions among veterinarians as to the potential role of wild mammals as a reservoir in the epidemiology of haemotropic mycoplasmosis. The recent and most comprehensive case of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in Malaysia involved an adult ewe presented to the large animal clinical of the UPM Veterinary Hospital with a complaint of diarrhoea. Clinical examinations revealed pale mucous membrane, extended capillary refill time, fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea. Laboratory examinations revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia (PCV = 14%), neutrophilic left shift, uraemia, low creatinine, hyperbilirubinemia, presence of *Mycoplasma ovis* in blood smear and severe strongyle infection (3000 epg), indicating co-infection of haemotropic mycoplasmosis and severe worm burden (Jesse et al., [@CR57]). In addition to clinical case reports, there are also reports on field and laboratory investigation on the prevalence, severity, host responses and diagnosis of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in Malaysia. For instance, Fatimah et al. ([@CR26]) conducted the first field survey that documented the prevalence of *Mycoplasma ovis* in different geographical locations and further described the trends in parasitaemia and infection severity in sheep flocks. Further studies conducted by Ershaduazzaman and Iskandar ([@CR23]) described the detailed morphology, biochemistry and cultural behaviour of *M. ovis* isolated from Malaysian sheep flocks using scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescent antibody, immunoblot and in vitro culture techniques. While studying immune mechanisms to *M. ovis* in naturally infected sheep flocks in Malaysia, Kanabathy and Nachiar ([@CR65]) observed that early peripheral blood response was dominated by neutrophils, lymphocytes and thrombocytes and the late response involved monocytes. The most recent field survey of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* sampled goats in selected small ruminant flocks in Selangor and detected 94.0% prevalence of mild (93.6%) and moderate (6.4%) infections. Results of this study further revealed that *M. ovis* parasitaemia was associated with the nematode worm burden in goats (Jesse et al., [@CR58]). Apart from *M. ovis*, other haemoplasmas such as *Mycoplasma wenyonii* and *Candidatus* M. haemobos were detected in 69.0% of blood and 30% of tick samples obtained from cattle by conventional PCR of the 16S rRNA gene in Malaysia (Mohd Hassan et al., [@CR39]). Lack of epidemiological data on haemotropic mycoplasmosis in many countries in East Asia is not a justification for the complete absence of disease. Also, regardless of available data on the prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasmosis due to *M. ovis* and *Ca.* M. haemovis in some countries, it appears that their actual host and geographic range are poorly defined in the region. Moreover, *Mycoplasma ovis* was previously thought to be specific to sheep and goats, but current literature has revealed a broader host range including deer, reindeer, wild animals and humans. Furthermore, there is no specific information on the risk factors associated with the prevalence of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in the affected countries. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct comprehensive field surveys to elucidate prevalence, risk factors and severity of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* in different host species in the region, especially in Malaysia where the small ruminant industry is currently evolving. Future studies using advanced molecular diagnostic techniques may likely reveal additional mammalian hosts and geographical distribution of *M. ovis* in the Far East. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma ovis {#Sec10} ============================ In vitro culture {#Sec11} ---------------- Since its first discovery, attempts to cultivate *M. ovis* on laboratory media under different conditions have failed (Neitz et al., [@CR92]). *Mycoplasma ovis* being an obligate epicellular bacterium is unstable in vitro, unable to grow on cell-free media and is readily destroyed by drying or exposure to disinfectants (Baker et al., [@CR7]). Therefore, *M. ovis* is dependent on the host's microenvironment and complex culture medium for growth (Rani et al., [@CR99]). "Sheep kidney culture" and "mixed hamster kidney-bovine lymphatic tissue culture" media were both unsuccessful in cultivating *M. ovis*. However, Seamer ([@CR107]), successfully passaged *Eperythrozoon coccoides* 14 times by yolk sac inoculation and 16 times by intravenous injection of the chick embryo. Ershaduazzaman and Iskandar ([@CR23]), using embryonated chicken eggs, successfully passaged *M. ovis* through the yolk sac and maintained its attachment to the red blood cell in heparinised samples by incubation in Eagle's medium supplemented with inosine and bovine foetal serum under 5% CO~2~. Additionally, infected blood stored for 5 weeks at − 20 °C produced clinical infection in susceptible sheep. Despite all these attempts, to date, there is no suitable method for in vitro cultivation of haemotropic mycoplasmas in the laboratory. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis of *Mycoplasma ovis* is presently relying on detailed history supported by clinical evidence, laboratory analyses and post-mortem examination (Jain et al., [@CR55]). Microscopic evaluation of stained blood smear, haematobiochemical analyses, serologic detection of antibodies and polymerase chain reaction detection of DNA are used so far in the diagnosis of *Mycoplasma ovis* infection in small ruminants (Neimark et al., [@CR88]; Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). Despite the current advances in genotyping and molecular proteomics of various parasitic pathogens and the global emergence of haemotropic mycoplasmosis as an economic concern to small ruminant producers, there is still no comprehensive report on the genomic characteristics of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis*. Microscopic evaluation of blood smear {#Sec12} ------------------------------------- Microscopic examination of blood smears stained with Romanowsky dyes was the earliest method used for the detection of haemoplasmas (Gulland et al., [@CR36]) and is still the first line in current laboratory diagnosis of *M. ovis* because it is fast cheap and easy to perform (Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). Under the light microscope, haemoplasmas may be bound to the surface of mammalian erythrocytes or found lying loosely in the plasma due to detachment from the cells, especially after prolonged storage of blood samples (Biondo et al., [@CR9]). When detected on routine blood smear evaluation, *M. ovis* is present as basophilic pleomorphic (coccoid, coco-bacillary, ring, dumb-bell or horseshoe-shaped) bodies measuring approximately 0.3--1 μm in diameter, either singly or in short chains on the erythrocytes or as free bodies in the plasma (Littlejohns, [@CR71]; Hampel et al., [@CR38]). However, it is challenging to differentiate *M. ovis* from stain deposit, cell fragments or other artefacts on Giemsa-stained preparations, presenting challenges to microscopic diagnosis (Gulland et al., [@CR36]; Neel, [@CR87]). Nevertheless, acridine orange staining is significantly more effective than Giemsa for detection of low infections with less than 30% infected erythrocytes which may be the case in most field infections (Brun-Hansen et al., [@CR12]). Moreover, light microscopy has limited sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of haemoplasma because of cyclic parasitemia and the prevalence of mild infections with low parasitaemia (Biondo et al., [@CR9]). Therefore, the application of advanced microscopic techniques such as the fluorescent, confocal and scanning electron microscopes affords more excellent morphological details, yielding higher sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of *M. ovis* (Reagan et al., [@CR101]; Neimark et al., [@CR90], [@CR88]; Hoelzle et al., [@CR43]). Even so, microscopy is far less specific than molecular detection methods which yield greater than 90% diagnostic specificity (Hampel et al., [@CR38]). Blood and serum analysis {#Sec13} ------------------------ ### Haematological examination {#Sec14} The determination of blood count is widely used to support the clinical diagnosis of haemotropic mycoplasmosis in small ruminant practice (Hampel et al. [@CR38]). The red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), erythrocyte indices (PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC) and differential leucocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils) are routinely evaluated as an adjunct to the microscopic examination of the stained blood smear (Welle et al. [@CR138]). The main characteristics of haemogram in acute haemoplasma infection of small ruminant are anaemia, neutrophilic left shift, monocytosis and lymphocytosis (Jesse et al. [@CR59]). The primary biochemical changes accompanying *M. ovis* infection include hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinaemia and a concomitant increase in serum creatinine, indirect bilirubin, GGT, AST, ALP and BUN (Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). ### Acute phase protein assay {#Sec15} The non-specific pathophysiological responses to diseases, inflammation or injury, which regulates tissue damage and repair process, are often referred to as the acute phase reactions (APRs) (Jain et al., [@CR55]). Neoplasia, bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, burns, surgical procedures and immunological disturbances are common triggers for non-specific responses such as pyrexia, leucocytosis, hormonal alterations and muscle protein depletion which constitute the APR (Gruys et al., [@CR35]). The APR cascade initiates the synthesis of Acute Phase glycoproteins (APP) by the hepatocytes of the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) released by the leucocytes (Horadagoda et al., [@CR44]; Iliev & Georgieva, [@CR53]). Increased hepatic production of the positive APPs such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) during the APR (Heinrich et al., [@CR40]) decreases the concentration of negative plasma proteins like transthyretin (TTR), retinol-binding protein (RBP), cortisol binding globulin, transferrin and albumin (Gruys et al., [@CR35]). Positive acute response prevents microbial growth and maintains homeostasis by opsonising complement, scavenging cellular remnants and free radicals, neutralising proteolytic enzymes and modulating the immune response of the host (Gruys et al., [@CR35]; Jain et al., [@CR55]). Serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (HP) are major APPs whose concentrations may be increased up to 10- and 100-fold, respectively, during APR in small ruminants (Jain et al., [@CR55]; Iliev & Georgieva, [@CR53]). Haptoglobin (HP) is a positive plasma protein synthesised by the liver in response to growth hormone, insulin, bacterial endotoxin, prostaglandin, IL-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (Raynes, [@CR100]). HP binds to free haemoglobin to form an HP-Hb complex which prevents the formation of oxygen radicals and the oxidative tissue damage accompanying haemolysis (Smith & Roberts, [@CR111]). Consequently, serum HP level decreases during haemolytic episodes and is therefore used as a reliable indicator of intravascular haemolysis (Jain et al., [@CR55]). The HP-Hb complex also exerts bacteriostatic effects by making iron unavailable for bacterial cell metabolism (Ceciliani et al., [@CR15]). Additionally, HP exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory roles by inhibiting Th2 response and mast cell proliferation (Murata et al., [@CR86]). On the other hand, SAA participates in opsonisation, prevention of cholesterol aggregation at the site of inflammation and modulating the innate immune response during the APR (Jain et al., [@CR55]; Iliev & Georgieva, [@CR53]). Even though APPS are non-specific biomarkers, they represent appropriate analytes for the assessment of animal health and nutritional state (Gruys et al., [@CR35]). The assay of APPs provides a medium for detecting tissue injury, inflammation and assessment of prognosis and progress of treatment in the clinical environment (Thompson et al., [@CR131]). Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin are, therefore, useful clinical tools for discriminating between acute and chronic inflammatory processes (Horadagoda et al., [@CR44]). The APPs have so far been used as an aid to the diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bronchopneumonia, *Streptococcus suis* infection and neoplastic conditions (Jain et al., [@CR55]). Elevated concentration of SAA is also associated with the diagnosis of clinical mastitis in dairy cows (Hirvonen et al., [@CR42]; Hirvonen and Pyörälä, [@CR41]). Both serum amyloid-A and haptoglobin are relevant nonspecific biomarkers used to support haemoplasma diagnosis (Murata et al., [@CR86]; Korman et al., [@CR67]). Diminished serum haptoglobin level coincided with a severe haemolytic episode during an outbreak of natural *M. ovis* infection in sheep flocks in Basra region of Iraq (Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]), which provides a piece of evidence for the involvement of APPs in the pathogenesis of *M. ovis* infection in small ruminants. Since decreased levels of Hp supports the diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia (Jain et al., [@CR55]), it is likely to analyse serum haptoglobin as a marker of *M. ovis* severity in small ruminants. However, despite considerable research efforts, many characteristics of APPs in small ruminant haemotropic mycoplasmosis have yet to be expounded. Serological detection of antibodies {#Sec16} ----------------------------------- Concerted efforts were made in the development of serological tests to complement microscopy in the clinical diagnosis of haemotropic mycoplasmas in the late nineteenth century. Sheriff and Geering ([@CR109]) developed the popular Coomb's test (modified antiglobulin test), which relies on serum agglutination for detection of *M. ovis* antibodies in sheep blood. However, the antiglobulin test was short-lived due to poor specificity and high frequency of false-positive results. Kreier and Ristic ([@CR68]) developed an easy and specific indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), which was superior to Coomb's antiglobulin test in the detection of ovine and bovine haemoplasmas. Ilemobade and Blotkamp ([@CR51]) evaluated the specificity of IFAT for detection of *Mycoplasma ovis* in sheep while Nicholls and Veale ([@CR93]) later evaluated its reliability on experimentally infected sheep and recommended its application in serodiagnosis. Kabay et al. ([@CR63]) used IFAT on a large scale for the serological survey of *E. ovis* among weaner sheep in Australia. Daddow ([@CR19]) developed a complement fixation test (CFT) using antigens prepared from lysed red blood cells for serological detection of *E. ovis* in sheep, but the application of CFT was limited to the detection of only new infections. Lang et al. ([@CR70]) developed the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum antibody to *E ovis* in sheep and is still in current use as a confirmatory test for diagnosis of *M. ovis* infection in small ruminants (Alleman et al. [@CR6]; Abed and Alsaad [@CR1]). Compared to CFT and IFAT, the ELISA is the preferred test for serodiagnosis and epidemiological survey of small ruminant flocks (Kanabathy and Nachiar [@CR65]). Notwithstanding the merits of ELISA and other serological tests, their application is limited in the diagnosis because antibodies to *M. ovis* are transient (Hornok et al. [@CR47]). Molecular detection of antigen {#Sec17} ------------------------------ Current diagnosis of *M. ovis* relies on the applications of more sensitive and specific methods based on nucleic acid amplification and sequencing. Advanced molecular approaches using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene are now widely used to detect and characterise haemotropic mycoplasmas in animal and human infections (Sykes et al., [@CR125]; Mohd Hassan et al., [@CR39]; Wang et al., [@CR136]). The evolution of PCR assays enhanced the efficiency of laboratory diagnosis and elucidated species diversity and host range of haemotropic mycoplasmas (Messick [@CR81]). By using PCR, Neimark et al. ([@CR88]) analysed the 16S rRNA sequence of *E. ovis* and confirmed phylogenetic relationships with genus *Mycoplasma* (class Mollicutes), which led to the emergence of a new classification for the present-day haemotropic mycoplasmas. PCR and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of haemoplasma also helped to unravel novel species and host adaptations (Sykes et al., [@CR125]). As a result, Messick et al. ([@CR82]) announced the discovery of new sequences corresponding to "*Ca.* M. haemolamae" in Alpaca and "*Ca.* M. haemodidelphidis" in the Opossum. Also came along the reports of *M. ovis* genome from captive cervids and free-ranging deer in Brazil (Grazziotin et al., [@CR33], [@CR34]). Furthermore, Hornok et al. ([@CR45]), using PCR and sequencing during an investigation of haemolytic outbreak in Hungary, provided the first molecular evidence of *Candidatus* M. haemovis in goats. Similarly, Wang et al. ([@CR136]) reported the first occurrence of *Candidatus* M. haemovis among sheep and goats while Shi et al. ([@CR110]) provided the first evidence of "*Ca.* M. haemobos" infection in goat and sheep in China. Furthermore, *M. haemofelis*, *M. suis* and *M. ovis* (Mascarelli et al., [@CR77]) and *Ca.* M. haemohominis (Steer et al., [@CR118]) were also detected in humans while "*Ca.* M. haemomacaque" was detected in Cynomolgus monkeys using PCR technology (Maggi et al., [@CR74]). PCR was also used in regular surveys and outbreaks to investigate the molecular epidemiology of haemotropic mycoplasmas in different parts of the world. Hornok et al. ([@CR47]) identified different strains of *M. ovis* in Northeast Hungary. *M. wenyonii* and "*Ca.* M. haemobos" were also detected by PCR in cattle and buffaloes in China, Germany and Malaysia (Su et al., [@CR121]; Hoelzle et al., [@CR43]; Mohd Hassan et al., [@CR39]); *M. haemocanis* and "*Ca.* M. haematoparvum" were detected in dogs (Soto et al., [@CR116]; Kaewmongkol et al., [@CR64]; Aktas and Ozubek [@CR5]) while *M. haemofelis*, "*Ca.* M. haemominutum" and "*Ca.* M. turicensis" were detected in cats (Vergara et al., [@CR134]). Additionally, Song et al. ([@CR114]) developed a more sensitive semi-nested PCR assay for the detection of *M. ovis* in China. Before the development of quantitative real-time PCR assays, parasitaemia in haemoplasma infection was conservatively estimated using blood smear examination, which is subjective, cumbersome and requires a high level of expertise (Hampel et al., [@CR38]). Real-time PCR assays are now available for evaluating the significance of a positive PCR result and monitoring the course of treatment. Real-time PCR has been used for the direct quantification of haemoplasma DNA (Tasker et al., [@CR129]; Lobetti and Tasker [@CR72]), and a universal assay with 98.2% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity was later developed for screening haemoplasma infections (Willi et al., [@CR140]). So far, the qPCR assay has been used to study the transplacental and vector-borne transmission of bovine haemoplasmas (Hornok et al., [@CR46]) and, in regular surveys, to determine the prevalence and risk factors of haemoplasmas among companion animals (Vergara et al., [@CR134]; Soto et al., [@CR116]). The introduction of qPCR in haemoplasma diagnosis, therefore, provides a more suitable alternative quantification technique. Although the identification of nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows the rapid detection of unculturable haemoplasmas, most of the PCR assays in current diagnosis of *M. ovis* targets the universal 16S rRNA gene which provides limited information on emerging or existing species (Fenollar & Raoult, [@CR27]). Therefore, further studies are required to explore the genetic sequences of the 16S rRNA gene in order to identify the molecular basis for observed variations in the pathogenicity and virulence of field strains of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* in small ruminants. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rRNA amplicons was used in differentiating related haemoplasmas in small animals (Messick et al., [@CR84]). However, this technique is yet to be implemented in studying the genotypes of *M. ovis* circulating among small ruminants. Additionally, comparative genomic analyses are widely employed to explain the genetic basis of virulence and predict potential virulence factors of many parasites. However, to date, there is no published information on the molecular basis of virulence in haemotropic *M. ovis* infection. Summary of findings and future perspectives {#Sec18} =========================================== *Mycoplasma ovis* is presently recognised as a haemotropic Mycoplasma (haemoplasma) in the Genus *Mycoplasma* (class Mollicutes). Haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* is an emerging pathogen affecting a wide range of mammalian hosts including sheep, goats, deer and man. Mechanical transmission is thought to occur through the bites of haematophagous arthropods and occasionally by contaminated sharp instruments. Healthy and well-nourished infected adult small ruminants usually resist infection and suppress parasitaemia to become persistent carriers, but younger naive animals become anaemic, unthrifty and stunted. Stressful conditions such as pregnancy, parturition, lactation, malnutrition, concurrent disease and handling increase susceptibility to acute infection. Haemolysis in acute disease is caused by direct damage to the erythrocyte membrane, increased RBC membrane fragility and erythrophagocytosis in the spleen and liver. *Mycoplasma ovis* infection has been reported in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America. In the Far East, only China, Japan, Malaysia and the Philippines have reported haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* in sheep, goats and deer. Microscopic examination of blood smear was the earliest method of antigen detection and characterisation of *M. ovis* parasitaemia in sheep and goats but various PCR assays (including real-time PCR) are now widely used for the direct detection, characterisation and quantification of haemoplasma infection. Notwithstanding the recent advancements in molecular diagnosis of haemoplasma infection, there is a dearth of information on the molecular epidemiology of haemotropic *Mycoplasma ovis* in East Asia, especially in Malaysia. Also, the efficiency of arthropod vectors in transmission and the effects of haemoplasma infection on productivity of small ruminants are essential aspects of epidemiology that warrants further investigation in Malaysia. Therefore, an extensive survey of small ruminant flocks and suspected arthropod vectors is necessary to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of *M. ovis* and chart a clear path towards the formulation of suitable interventions to mitigate its economic and public health consequences in Malaysia. Electronic supplementary material ================================= {#Sec19} ESM 1(DOCX 29 kb) **Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Special thanks to colleagues and staff in the Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, for their support in this project. FFAJ conceptualised the idea of this review; BPT conducted the literature search, analysis of data and preparation of drafts. All other authors have contributed equally in the critical revisions leading to the final draft of this manuscript. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. | Mid | [
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95 F.3d 1028 In re Edward ENGLANDER and Phyllis S. Englander, Debtors.Edward ENGLANDER; Phyllis S. Englander, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.George E. MILLS; First Union National Bank of Florida;Transamerica Commercial Finance Corporation,Defendants-Appellees,Charles W. Broun, Trustee. No. 94-2823. United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit. Sept. 19, 1996. Robert Augustus Harper, Tallahassee, FL, for Appellants. David E. Peterson, Lowndes, Drosdick, Doster, Kantor & Reed, P.A., Orlando, FL, for First Union National Bank. Samuel J. Zusmann, Jr., Maguire, Voorhis & Wells, P.A., Orlando, FL, for Transamerica Commercial. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. Before TJOFLAT, Chief Judge, COX, Circuit Judge, and CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge. PER CURIAM: 1 In this bankruptcy appeal, appellants Edward and Phyllis S. Englander ("Debtors") contest the district court's affirmance of the bankruptcy court's denial of their claim of homestead exemption and order of a sale of the property and allocation of the proceeds so that the Bankruptcy Estate could realize the value of its interest in the non-exempt portion of the property. FACTS 2 On September 27, 1990, Edward and Phyllis S. Englander ("Debtors") filed a joint petition under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Debtors claimed their entire residence and lot at 440 Henkel Circle, Winter Park, Florida as their homestead exemption. The property lies within the city limits of Winter Park, Florida, and is located on a lake front lot which exceeds one-half acre. The parties agree that the property cannot be subdivided due to local zoning and building regulations. 3 The creditors and trustee objected to the claim of exemption for this property because the acreage exceeded the allowable amount under Florida law.1 The Debtors admitted that the property was 1.05 acres and attempted to clarify the size of the claimed exempt and non-exempt property. A landowner can designate a portion of their property as their homestead, subjecting only the remainder to sale. Fla.Stat.Ann. § 222.02 (1989). The Debtors' designated portion of non-exempt property had no access to roads, utilities or lake frontage and was completely surrounded by the claimed exempted .5 acres of land. The bankruptcy court granted the creditors' and trustee's motion for summary judgment, noting that the Debtors' "attempt at homestead exemption 'gerrymandering' was clearly made in bad faith."2 In lieu of granting the exemption, the bankruptcy court gave the Debtors an exemption in a portion of the proceeds to be derived from the sale of the property. The parties subsequently filed a stipulation and briefs on the issue of allocation, and the Debtors again attempted to amend the description of their claimed exempt property. The bankruptcy court denied the Debtors' amendment to their homestead exemption, and ordered the property sold and the proceeds allocated.3 4 The district court affirmed the decision of the bankruptcy court relating to the claim of homestead exemption.4 JURISDICTION AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW 5 This Court has jurisdiction to review the district court's order under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d). In reviewing a bankruptcy court judgment as an appellate court, the district court reviews the bankruptcy court's legal conclusions de novo.5 The district court must accept the bankruptcy court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous, and give due regard to the bankruptcy court's opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses.6 This Court reviews factual findings for clear error, and the district court's determinations of law de novo.7 Neither the district court nor this court may make independent factual findings.8 DISCUSSION 6 The issue on appeal is whether the bankruptcy court can order the sale of a claimed homestead property, which exceeds the area limitation under the homestead provision and cannot be practically or legally subdivided, and then order an apportionment of the proceeds. 7 A bankruptcy estate consists of all property that the debtor owned at the time of the filing of the bankruptcy petition.9 Although the Bankruptcy Codes provides for exemption of property which would otherwise be subject to the administration of the bankruptcy estate, Florida has opted out of the federal exemption scheme and makes its state statutory scheme available to its residents.10 8 The Florida law provides for a homestead exemption as follows: Homesteads--exemptions 9 (a) There shall be exempt from forced sale under process of any court, and no judgment, decree or execution shall be a lien thereon, except for the payment of taxes and assessments thereon, obligations contracted for the purchase, improvement or repair thereof, or obligations contracted for house, field or other labor performed on the realty, the following property owned by a natural person: 10 (1) a homestead, if located outside a municipality, to the extent of one hundred sixty acres of contiguous land and improvements thereon, which shall not be reduced without the owner's consent by reason of subsequent inclusion in a municipality; or if located within a municipality, to the extent of one-half acre of contiguous land, upon which the exemption shall be limited to the residence of the owner or his family....11 11 Although the Florida Constitution does not define the term "homestead," it does provide various limitations and requirements which include an acreage limitation, an ownership requirement, and a residency limitation. The issue in this case involves the acreage limitation. 12 The Florida Constitution provides exemption protection to real property which is located within a municipality only so long as the property is limited to one-half acre of contiguous land. There are no limitations upon the cost, size, or construction of the residence.12 13 In order to be exempt the property must meet all of the requirements of the constitution for exemption.13 It must not exceed the half of one acre in an incorporated town.14 Florida courts have denied the exemption to property that exceeds the allowed limitations of residency by dividing the property, and allowing the non-exempt property to be sold for payment of the owner's debts.15 Because the only exceptions to homestead exemption are those specifically enumerated in the Florida Constitution, courts have refused to create new ones.16 The Florida homestead exemption laws do not contemplate the cutting up and division of an entire indivisible building situated on exempt real estate.17 No Florida state court has considered the precise issue before us. 14 Florida case law dictates that the homestead exemption laws be liberally applied to the end that the family shall have shelter and shall not be reduced to absolute destitution.18 However, the homestead exemption law is intended to be a shield, not a sword, and should not be applied as to make it an instrument of fraud or as an imposition upon creditors.19 The Florida Supreme Court in a case where the land was owned by tenants in common following a divorce stated that, although the purpose of the homestead exemption is to protect the family home from forced sale for the debts of the owner and head of the family, it had "never held that the homestead provision precludes a common owner of property from suing for partition and obtaining a forced sale in order to obtain the beneficial enjoyment of her interest in the property."20 Further, "(h)omestead interests should be protected from forced sale whenever possible, but not at the expense of others owning interests in the property."21 15 In considering the residence limitation, although one Florida bankruptcy court has held that a debtor was entitled to a homestead exemption in the entire property, the majority of Florida bankruptcy courts have held such debtors were not entitled to the homestead exemption. In finding the debtor entitled to the homestead exemption, the court noted that the debtor used only one side of a duplex as a residence and used the other side as rental property, but utilized a new divisibility test which considered whether the property was divisible and lawfully conveyable.22 The court found that the debtor was entitled to the exemption because, although the property was divisible, portions were not salable under the existing zoning laws.23 Other Florida bankruptcy courts have denied exemptions to debtors where the debtors used a building on the property in which they claimed homestead exemption as both their residence and as rental property, reasoning that "the mere fact that the claimant occupies part of the property as a residence is not enough to entitle him to an exemption in the whole."24 16 The majority of Florida bankruptcy courts that have denied a homestead in the entire property have ruled that where the property is not divisible, the trustee could sell the property and the court would apportion the proceeds.25 In In re Baxt, the court held that because the Florida homestead exemption is for "one-half acre," not "one-half acre if you live in Parkland (where the property is not divisible)," allowance of a homestead exemption on a 2.5 acre in a municipality would be a contravention of the divisibility test.26 Florida courts have extended the homestead exception to include the proceeds of a voluntary sale when it is intended in good faith that such proceeds are to be reinvested in a new homestead and only as to the amount of the proceeds which are intended to be reinvested in another homestead.27 17 Bankruptcy courts in other states have similarly ordered the sale and apportionment of proceeds. In In re Evans, the Vermont bankruptcy court found the sale and apportionment of the proceeds "an equitable solution of the existing problem" to a homestead exemption claim where the property exceeded the state's $30,000 limitation on a homestead.28 The Eighth Circuit affirmed a bankruptcy court's order of the sale of a property and apportionment of the proceeds in a situation where the property exceeded the state homestead limitation on area, finding that the apportionment allowed an appropriate recognition of the debtor's homestead exemption and yet afforded the creditors some satisfaction of their rightful claims.29 CONCLUSION 18 Here, the debtors' claimed homestead property exceeds the limitation on area set by the Florida constitution and is indivisible. A sale and apportionment of the proceeds is an equitable solution, allows for an appropriate recognition of the debtors' homestead exemption, and will afford the creditors some satisfaction of their rightful claims. Therefore, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 1 Although the creditors and trustees also objected to other claimed exemptions and to this claim on other grounds, only the acreage limitation is considered by this appeal 2 R1-1, Exhibit 2-20; In re Englander, 156 B.R. 862, 864 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1992) 3 R1-1, Exhibit 3-26 4 R1-14 at 19. The district court also affirmed in part and vacated in part the bankruptcy court's order as to the allocation of the proceeds of the sale, and remanded for further proceedings. However, those rulings were not appealed 5 In re JLJ Inc., 988 F.2d 1112, 1116 (11th Cir.1993), citing In re Goerg, 930 F.2d 1563, 1566 (11th Cir.1991); Bankruptcy Rule 8013, 11 U.S.C. (1988) 6 Id.; Bankruptcy Rule 8013, 11 U.S.C. (1988) 7 In re Sublett, 895 F.2d 1381, 1383 (11th Cir.1990) 8 In re JLJ, Inc., 988 F.2d at 1116 9 11 U.S.C. § 541 10 11 U.S.C. § 522(b); Fla.Stat. § 222.20 11 Fla. Const. art. X, § 4(a)(1) 12 Smith v. Guckenheimer, 42 Fla. 1, 37, 27 So. 900, 911 (1900) 13 Smith, 42 Fla. at 17, 27 So. at 915 14 See Id., 42 Fla. at 17, 27 So. at 915 15 Id., 42 Fla. at 19, 27 So. at 916 16 In re Baxt, 188 B.R. 322, 324 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1995); Bank Leumi Trust Co. of N.Y. v. Lang, 898 F.Supp. 883, 887 (S.D.Fla.1995); Butterworth v. Caggiano, 605 So.2d 56, 60 (Fla.1992); Smith, 42 Fla. at 36-40, 27 So. at 911-912 17 Smith v. Guckenheimer, 42 Fla. 1, 53, 27 So. 900, 905 (Fla.1900) 18 Orange Brevard Plumbing & Heating Company v. La Croix, 137 So.2d 201, 203 (Fla.1962); Smith, 42 Fla. at 41, 27 So. at 912 19 Palm Beach Savings & Loan Association, F.S.A. v. Fishbein, 619 So.2d 267 (Fla.1993); Orange Brevard Plumbing & Heating Company, 137 So.2d at 203; Hillsborough Inv. Co. v. Wilcox, 152 Fla. 889, 891, 13 So.2d 448, 450 (1943) 20 Tullis v. Tullis, 360 So.2d 375, 377 (Fla.1978) 21 Id., 360 So.2d at 378 22 In re Kuver, 70 B.R. 190, 192-193 (Bank.S.D.Fla.1986); In re Makarewicz, 126 B.R. 127, 128 (Bank.S.D.Fla.1991) 23 In re Kuver, 70 B.R. at 192 24 In re Aliotta, 68 B.R. 281, 282 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1986); In re Rodriguez, 55 B.R. 519 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1985) 25 In re Wierschem, 152 B.R. 345, 347 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1993) (holding that rural property that exceeded the residency limitation was subject to the same administration as In re Englander, 156 B.R. 862 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1992)); In re Baxt, 188 B.R. 322, 323-324 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1995) (finding appropriate the sale of an urban indivisible 2.5 acre lot, and apportionment of the proceeds) 26 188 B.R. at 323-324 27 Orange Brevard Plumbing & Heating Company, 137 So.2d at 206 28 51 B.R. 47, 50 (Bankr.D.Vt.1985) 29 O'Brien v. Heggen, 705 F.2d 1001, 1004 (8th Cir.1983) | Low | [
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package hclog import ( "regexp" "strings" ) // ExcludeByMessage provides a simple way to build a list of log messages that // can be queried and matched. This is meant to be used with the Exclude // option on Options to suppress log messages. This does not hold any mutexs // within itself, so normal usage would be to Add entries at setup and none after // Exclude is going to be called. Exclude is called with a mutex held within // the Logger, so that doesn't need to use a mutex. Example usage: // // f := new(ExcludeByMessage) // f.Add("Noisy log message text") // appLogger.Exclude = f.Exclude type ExcludeByMessage struct { messages map[string]struct{} } // Add a message to be filtered. Do not call this after Exclude is to be called // due to concurrency issues. func (f *ExcludeByMessage) Add(msg string) { if f.messages == nil { f.messages = make(map[string]struct{}) } f.messages[msg] = struct{}{} } // Return true if the given message should be included func (f *ExcludeByMessage) Exclude(level Level, msg string, args ...interface{}) bool { _, ok := f.messages[msg] return ok } // ExcludeByPrefix is a simple type to match a message string that has a common prefix. type ExcludeByPrefix string // Matches an message that starts with the prefix. func (p ExcludeByPrefix) Exclude(level Level, msg string, args ...interface{}) bool { return strings.HasPrefix(msg, string(p)) } // ExcludeByRegexp takes a regexp and uses it to match a log message string. If it matches // the log entry is excluded. type ExcludeByRegexp struct { Regexp *regexp.Regexp } // Exclude the log message if the message string matches the regexp func (e ExcludeByRegexp) Exclude(level Level, msg string, args ...interface{}) bool { return e.Regexp.MatchString(msg) } // ExcludeFuncs is a slice of functions that will called to see if a log entry // should be filtered or not. It stops calling functions once at least one returns // true. type ExcludeFuncs []func(level Level, msg string, args ...interface{}) bool // Calls each function until one of them returns true func (ff ExcludeFuncs) Exclude(level Level, msg string, args ...interface{}) bool { for _, f := range ff { if f(level, msg, args...) { return true } } return false } | Low | [
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Meyers Leonard Joins Courtside Over the Phone Power forward Meyers Leonard joins Brian Wheeler and Michael Holton to talk about his summer so far. | Low | [
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“Do you own a scarce Olympic 50p?” UPDATE: Triathlon kicks Football off Olympic 50p top spot In August last year, we reported the Football 50p to be the scarcest of the Olympic 50p designs according to our Olympic 50p Swap Centre data. So how have things changed over the last 6 months? Triathlon is now the most in demand Olympic 50p Well the news is that Triathlon has kicked Football off the top-spot with the latest information revealing the following are the top 5 most requested designs: Triathlon Wresting Judo Football Rowing The Brownlee Effect? Of course you might be forgiven for thinking that Brownlee brothers’ success at the Olympics boosted demand and perhaps it played a small part. However, the biggest influence is how the Royal Mint has released the coins into circulation. Unfortunately, we are unlikely to know the final figures of how many of each coin was distributed for another 3 and a half years, when the Royal Mint releases mintage information but I am pretty sure top 5 most wanted will be amongst the lowest mintage numbers. Of course, in the meantime, if you are looking to complete your Olympic 50p Collection you can register to find other collectors to swap with absolutely FREE at the Olympic 50p Swap Centre. Sorry I must have read your repay two my last massage my regards huw but i do have 50p two pounds coins two sell I’m not subsidiing he’s my list if eny one is interesting 50p coins triathlon tennis football boxing garden wheelchair rugby and mot of other 50p and two pounds rare coins meny thanks ask eny questions meny thanks huw s coins | Low | [
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Q: Can't make width greater than 200px I have a textbox and textarea that I want to encrease the width on. I can't make the width larger than the default, but I can make it less. The default width is around 200px Here is the code for the control: @foreach (var item in Model) { <tr> ... <td> @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.NoteTextViewModels.First().ContextIdentifier, new { @class = "timeAndNote" }) </td> ... And the css: .timeAndNote{ width: 500px; } I am using JQuery dialog to show the data: <div id="noteDialogDiv" style="display: none;"></div> And JS function: function showDetailedImage(divId, dialogTitle) { var target = '#' + divId; $(target).attr("title", dialogTitle); var dialog = $(target).dialog({ show: "clip", hide: "clip", height: $(window).height() / 3, width: $(window).width() / 3 , title: dialogTitle, modal:true, buttons: { Ok: function () { $(this).dialog("close"); } } }); dialog.dialog('open'); } Is there something I don't know of, that prevents a user from encreasing the width on some controls in some occassions? I have added an image, where there are 2 arrows pointing at the controls I want to make wider: A: If I had to guess, I'd say that the max-width is actually 280px. I can guess that because the Site.css file generated by the default MVC project template has the following style definition: /* Set width on the form input elements since they're 100% wide by default */ input, select, textarea { max-width: 280px; } Remove that, and you should be good. Whoever did the sample template for MVC 5 got lazy and took a shortcut to make the default forms look good, instead of actually using the Bootstrap grid as you're supposed to. | Mid | [
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Q: Mongodb- embedded vs Indexes My question is pretty simple. I am building my first application with mongodb. Up until now, i have always used sql. I have read a lot of information about embedding documents versus linked documents. My question to the mongodb veterans is: Is there a huge difference in speed/performance if I used indexed links/queries apposed to embedded docs? If there is a huge difference can you please explain why? Thank you. Again, i am new to mongodb and just don't want to get off on the wrong foot. thank you. A: Yes, there is an enormous difference between references and embedded docs. An embedded document is stored in the document in the same disk location as the rest of the doc's fields, so there's no additional network round-trips or disk seeks to retrieve the embedded document when you query the document as a whole. DBRefs, on the other hand, are simply the _id of a document in another collection. It will take an additional roundtrip and additional disk seeks to get the "linked" document. See the spec for DBRefs here: http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Database+References#DatabaseReferences-DBRef You should try to optimize your most common query by including in a single document all the info needed to satisfy that query. | High | [
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David Mark Berger David Mark Berger (May 24, 1944 – September 6, 1972) was an American and Israeli Olympic weightlifter, and one of the eleven Israeli Olympians taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian group Black September during the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Born and raised in the United States, Berger was a lawyer by education and had emigrated to Israel after taking part in the 1969 Maccabiah Games. Early life and athletic success David Mark Berger was born in Cleveland, Ohio on May 24, 1944. His mother was Dorothy Berger, (née Davidson), and his father was Benjamin Berger, who was a well known physician. A high school honors student as well as an athlete, Berger graduated from Shaker Heights High School in 1962. He attended Tulane University in New Orleans from 1962 to 1966 where he was an honors student. While studying at Tulane, he continued weightlifting training at the New Orleans Athletic Club. As a junior at Tulane, he won the NCAA weightlifting title in the 148-pound class. Berger earned a bachelor's degree in psychology from Tulane in 1966. He went on to enroll in a combined MBA-law degree program at Columbia University in New York, from which he graduated in 1969. While working toward his degrees, Berger continued to devote time to weightlifting, training at the McBurney YMCA in Midtown Manhattan. During his time in New York, Berger competed in the middleweight division. In 1968, competing as a middleweight, he finished fourth in the U.S. Olympic trials. His father, Benjamin, was once quoted as saying, "I used to tell him ‘You may not be the best weightlifter in the world, but you’re certainly the smartest!’" After winning a gold medal in the middleweight weight-lifting contest in the 1969 Maccabiah Games, Berger emigrated to Israel, intending to open a law office in Tel Aviv after completing his compulsory military service. Berger continued competing in weightlifting, but moved up in body weight to the lightheavy class. He won a silver medal at the 1971 Asian Weightlifting Championships, and achieved a long time dream when he was chosen to represent Israel as a member of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team. In late August of that year, Berger flew to Munich with his teammates. On September 2, 1972, Berger competed, but was eliminated in an early round. He died in the Munich massacre four days later when Palestinian terrorists invaded the Olympic village and held the Israeli team hostage. Death Early on the morning of September 5, 1972, Palestinian terrorists took Berger and his five roommates hostage, after having earlier seized six officials in another apartment as well as wounding wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg in the face. While the athletes were being moved to the first apartment, Weinberg grappled with the intruders, allowing flyweight wrestler Gad Tsobari to escape but resulting in Weinberg’s death by gunfire. As the remaining hostages and terrorists entered the officials’ apartment, weightlifter Yossef Romano also attempted to overpower the intruders. Romano was cut nearly in half by automatic fire (his corpse was left all day at the feet of the hostages, who were tied to beds), and Berger was shot in his left shoulder, a wound seen by German officials later in the day. It is believed that Berger, being physically one of the largest of the hostages, was also beaten in order to intimidate the other hostages. After all-day negotiations, the terrorists and their tied-up hostages were transferred from the Olympic Village via helicopter to Fürstenfeldbruck airbase outside of Munich, where the terrorists believed they would be flown to a friendly Arab nation. Instead, the German border guards and Munich police attempted to ambush the terrorists and free the hostages. After a two-hour gunfight, one of the terrorists turned on the helicopter in which Berger was sitting and sprayed it with machine-gun fire. The other three hostages in the helicopter were killed instantly, but somehow Berger only received two non-lethal wounds in his legs. However, the terrorist then detonated a hand grenade inside the helicopter, causing a huge explosion and fire. An autopsy found that Berger had died of smoke inhalation. The five hostages in the other helicopter were all shot to death by another terrorist. While the 10 other Israeli Olympians were flown to and buried in Israel, David Berger's body was returned to the United States on an Air Force jet personally ordered by President Richard Nixon. Berger is buried at the Mayfield Cemetery in his hometown of Cleveland. Memorials David Berger National Memorial in Beachwood, Ohio, honors the memory of Berger and his fallen teammates. In 2002, New Orleans renamed "Avenger Field," located in Audubon Park, "David Berger - Avenger Field" in memory of Berger and the other victims of terrorism." Berger, along with the other ten members of the 1972 Israeli Olympic team killed in Munich, was inducted into the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. The Shaker Heights High School weight room is named after Berger. The David Berger Memorial Weightlifting Tournament is held every year at the Lost Battalion Hall in Rego Park, Queens, NY. David Berger AZA #1823 is a BBYO chapter in Cleveland, Ohio, named in honor of him. David Berger AZA #2059 is a BBYO chapter named for him in Dallas, Texas. David Berger is also the name of a street in Ashkelon, Israel. David Berger mural of the Shaker Heights High School See also List of select Jewish weightlifters References External links David Berger AZA website David Mark Berger website Category:1944 births Category:1972 deaths Category:Columbia Business School alumni Category:Columbia Law School alumni Category:Israeli male weightlifters Category:American male weightlifters Category:American terrorism victims Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in weightlifting Category:Competitors at the 1969 Maccabiah Games Category:Deaths by smoke inhalation Category:Jewish American sportspeople Category:Jewish Israeli sportspeople Category:Jewish weightlifters Category:American people murdered abroad Category:Murdered American Jews Category:Murdered sportspeople Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland Category:Tulane University alumni Category:Weightlifters at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:American emigrants to Israel Category:Olympic weightlifters of Israel Category:Sportspeople from Shaker Heights, Ohio Category:Victims of the Munich massacre Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for the United States Category:Burials at Mayfield Cemetery Category:Naturalized citizens of Israel | Mid | [
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Two held at gunpoint in Holden home HOLDEN, Maine — An unknown man entered a mobile home on Christmas night and threatened the people inside with a gun in an apparent attempt to collect a debt, Holden Police Chief Gene Worcester said Friday. Because the robbery case is still under investigation, few details could be released, but the police chief wanted to reassure residents in the Cedar Haven Mobile Home Park, where the incident occurred. “I would like the people to know that it seems to be an isolated incident,” he said. “It appears to be an attempt to collect a debt.” A man and a woman were inside the trailer, which is located in a mobile home park located just off U.S. Route 1A, when the suspect entered the home around 6:30 p.m. Thursday. “They were held by gunpoint with a handgun,” Worcester said. No one was injured, and it’s not clear whether the suspect was attempting to collect money owed him or if he was collecting money for someone else. The names of the victims and the home number are being withheld, but the police chief did say the male victim was a resident of the mobile home, and the woman was a former resident who had gone there to pick up some belongings. What, if anything, was taken is not being released because of the ongoing investigation. Brewer police and Maine State Police responded to the call to assist Holden officers. “We’re working pretty hard on the investigation,” Worcester said. Those who have information about the armed robbery can call Holden Police Department at 843-5442. | Low | [
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“We Can Do Better: Welcoming Others into the Fold,” Ensign, September 2017 Here are four ways you can help new and returning members feel like they belong. Note: No matter how strong someone’s belief in the gospel of Jesus Christ, staying faithful can be difficult for new and returning members if they feel like they don’t belong. In this article we examine what members who are already in the fold can do to welcome others in. In the December issue we will look at what those who feel they’re on the outside can do to find their place. Within a month of Melissa’s (all names have been changed) baptism in the midwestern United States, she offered the opening prayer in sacrament meeting. She was nervous about praying publicly but “felt every confidence in my ability to speak to my Heavenly Father,” she recalls. “After all, I had been praying for years, especially while investigating the Church, and could feel the Holy Ghost helping me.” So it was with surprise that she received an email from a ward member who described “in great detail” all of the ways her prayer was wrong. Shame, embarrassment, and an onslaught of doubt raced through Melissa until she felt prompted to call the returned missionary who had taught her. “He quickly assured me that it was totally inappropriate for this member to criticize me in such a way,” she says. “He also told me the bishopric would never ask another member, as I had assumed, to give me this kind of feedback.” Reassured, Melissa remained active in the ward, accepted callings, and went on to flourish in her faith. But it took several months to get over the pain and lost confidence from receiving that discouraging email. Unfortunately, Melissa’s story is not unique. Many new and returning members face significant, but often avoidable, challenges from feeling like they don’t belong. Sometimes even those with strong testimonies struggle to remain faithful when they feel excluded. In a recent video series titled Unity in Diversity, Church leaders address this issue, encouraging members to be more sensitive, inclusive, and loving in our interactions. The following stories help to illustrate how we as members can apply these principles and offer genuine friendship and emotional support to those who hunger for heartfelt acceptance in the Lord’s Church. Be a Friend in the Faith “When anyone’s shadow darkens the door of a chapel, they ought to feel immediately embraced and loved and lifted and inspired … to go and be better because they know the Lord loves them and because they have friends in their faith.” —Carol F. McConkie, First Counselor in the Young Women General Presidency Melissa needed genuine friends, especially in her ward, she could approach when she needed advice or help. Her husband and daughter hadn’t joined the Church with her. “Coming to church and seeing all the families made me feel deeply alone,” she says. Everyone was friendly, but even their happiness made her feel as though “I would never attain that Mormon glow because I was the only one with problems.” In addition to the returned missionary who had taught her, Melissa was blessed with Cindy, an online friend who had first introduced her to the Church. “It was hard to watch Melissa struggling in her local area as I looked on helplessly,” Cindy explains. “So I created a private Facebook group with a few incredibly grounded, loving, diverse members who helped and befriended her in ways I could never do alone.” The group not only offered a sense of inclusion for Melissa while she found her place in her ward but also responded to questions about lifestyle and cultural concerns. “I was raised in tank tops and short shorts,” Melissa says. She appreciated online friends who responded with photos of outfits she could check out in local stores. This encouraged her to ask sisters in her ward for movie recommendations after she no longer felt comfortable with some selections in her collection. An important aspect of friendshipping, Melissa points out, is that she sought the advice. Unsolicited advice feels like intrusion rather than inclusion, an invasion of privacy that can be hurtful to those who aren’t prepared for it. Eventually, Melissa was called to teach in Relief Society. Her calling provided opportunities to interact with others in the ward. Melissa shared with the sisters her difficulties not only in adjusting as a new member but also in dealing with an autistic child, some personal health issues, and “Oh, and my dog is dying.” The experience of having other sisters listen and respond with their own difficulties in class and in private conversations proved deeply healing. These connections helped Melissa feel that she finally had true friends in the faith. Include Everyone “The Savior commanded His followers to ‘love one another; as I have loved you’ (John 13:34; emphasis added). So we look at how He loved us. … If we make Him our role model, we should always be trying to reach out to include everyone.” —Elder Dallin H. Oaks of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Robert, an investigator in Canada, has attended a variety of LDS meetings and activities. He has researched various religions but continues studying the Church because of the inspiration he has found in its doctrine and the Book of Mormon. He attends institute to learn more and finds the social environment “refreshingly wholesome, friendly, with a really good vibe,” he says. “Mormons are the nicest people in the world.” A self-described introvert, Robert wants to interact but says, “I tend to hug the walls, unsure of how to be part of the groups, some of them long-term LDS friends who don’t seem to need anyone else.” But it doesn’t take much to ease this sense of isolation. During an activity, he recalls, “someone came up to me after dinner and encouraged me to stay for the movie; otherwise, I would have left, but instead I had a great time. I just needed to know that someone wanted me there.” Like Melissa, he appreciates LDS friends who explain doctrine but don’t get too specific about how to live it. Friends who listen more than they admonish are like “someone who walks beside you, as opposed to pushing from behind to make you go faster. Most of the time, you just trip and stumble.” Robert has struggled to give up smoking. His discomfort illustrates how those who are new are deeply aware of their differences. “Not one member has ever said anything to me about smelling like smoke,” he says. “Yet if my clothes aren’t fresh out of the laundry, I will stay home from institute or church.” We can create a greater sense of belonging as we reassure and include those who are new to the Church. Elder D. Todd Christofferson of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles says, “It breaks my heart if someone comes and is very vulnerable and says … , ‘I want to be here,’ and then gets a cold shoulder or a lack of interest. That’s tragic. … We have to be better than that” (“Is There a Place for Me?” [video], lds.org/media-library). Put Yourself Out There “When you choose to put yourself out there, you are blessing someone else’s life. … Can you look for the person who is sitting on the outside, sitting on the fringe? … When you’ve opened your heart to other people, you see that we all belong.” —Jean B. Bingham, Relief Society General President After Elsa joined the Church in the Netherlands, she experienced a genuine connection with a loving Heavenly Father. But as a young single adult, she also dealt with loneliness when family members and friends felt uncomfortable with her new religious beliefs and habits. “The best thing members have done for me,” she said, “is to willingly befriend me outside of church. Some go to the temple to do baptisms with me even though they have been endowed. I need to interact with members beyond Sunday to get strength and endure to the end.” Elsa feels like her biggest challenge as a recent convert is “the expectation to suddenly understand everything,” she says. “All the acronyms, events, callings. It can be a little mind-blowing, and I sometimes worry people are judging me for not learning faster.” Additionally, like many others, she experiences social anxiety that “keeps me comfortable sitting toward the back of the chapel, rarely interacting.” Large groups are daunting, and she wonders if others judge her for her lack of participation. “It’s not that I don’t want to take part in the lessons or sing hymns openly or say a public prayer,” she explains. “It’s just that I’m afraid I might actually burst out crying in front of these people I don’t really know yet.” Sister McConkie says: “I know people who come to church every Sunday so that they can be inspired and uplifted and who just simply walk away feeling judged and unloved—unneeded, like there is no place for them at church. We need to do this differently.” Members who are nonjudgmental, Elsa says, help her the most. “They listen to my dilemmas and don’t intrude into my personal space. They act with sincerity and patience while I learn for myself what being a member is all about.” In spite of her anxiety, she accompanies the missionaries and looks out for new members and investigators. “I know how it feels to be new,” she explains, “and want to make sure no one turns away from the gifts of the gospel that saved me from despair.” | Mid | [
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barite deep process product - YouTube Baryte - Wikipedia Baryte or barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate The baryte group consists of , Baryte that is used as an aggregate in a "heavy" cement is crushed and screened to a uniform size Most baryte is ground to a small, uniform size. | Mid | [
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Q: Difference between regular clustering and k-means clustering I have a set of N values and I perform the following two operations on them 1) Sort and iterate and partition the values into k buckets. 2) Run the Lloyd's algorithm (as given here) and get k means. Can someone please explain the physical significance and difference between the two results? A: In #2 k means establishes a Voronoi diagram which provides partitions for classifying instances. You can think of each partition as a "bucket" for #1. Your description of #1 doesn't really describe an algorithm so in a vague way there isn't a difference between the two descriptions. | Mid | [
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The clinical and economic burden of cytomegalovirus management post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Japan - a retrospective database study. Introduction: Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major threat and it causes significant morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). There remains, however, a paucity of evidence regarding the economic burden of current CMV management in Japan. The aim of this study is to characterize the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and cost incurred for CMV management post allo-HSCT, using a Japanese hospital claims database.Methods: Patients who underwent allo-HSCT between April 2010 and March 2018 were identified and followed up for 180 days.Results: In total, 916 patients were included for analysis and categorized into CMV (-) group and CMV (+) group based on the presence of a CMV episode within 100 days post allo-HSCT. A CMV episode was defined as evidence of receiving at least one dose of the following anti-CMV drugs, ganciclovir, foscarnet, or valganciclovir. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) total length of stay was 93.6 (± 43.7) days in the CMV (+) group, which was significantly longer than 55.9 (±40.6) days in the CMV (-) group, and this trend was more pronounced in patients with multiple CMV episodes. The mean (±SD) total medical cost within 180 days post allo-HSCT was US$122,328 (±56,977) in the CMV (+) group, while the mean total medical cost was US$75,344 (±43,821) in the CMV (-) group. Moreover, transfusion and antimicrobial use was observed as the major medication cost component, which is suggestive of the indirect effect of CMV episodes.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CMV episodes post allo-HSCT were associated with increased HCRU and cost. | High | [
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I spoke to my contacts at CFE and had a hard time getting concrete answers out of them regarding transmission availability from Rosarita to Tijuana. My recommendation is for the developers to talk directly with CFE to try to get the info. THe two contacts are as follows: Marcos Valenzuela 011-5265-58-15-13 Abelardo Borquez 011-5265-58-15-14 The questions I tried to get answered were: Is there available transmission in the term market? Can I buy it for a 3-5 year period? Is there a published rate? Marcos seemed to indicate he thought it would be available but it was unclear as to whether it would be sold term or what the price was - he made it seem like it was a case by case basis. I could not provide answers concerning timetable and speicifc location for the plant. Stewart | Low | [
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Q: P tag inside div: Setting margin-top to p tag pushes parent div down too I have been trying to figure out why setting margin-top: 100px on the p tag brings its parent element down with it. I can't figure it out. Anyone got any ideas? http://jsfiddle.net/HU4pR/ HTML: <div id="Sections"> <section id="Biography"> <div class="InnerLeftSection"> <p class="SectionTitle">Bio<br /><small>About Me</small></p> </div> <div class="InnerRightSection"> </div> </section> <section id="Blah"> <div class="InnerLeftSection"> <p class="SectionTitle">Blah<br /><small>Blah blah</small></p> </div> <div class="InnerRightSection"> </div> </section> </div> CSS: #Sections { width: 100%; height: auto; margin: -30px auto; } #Sections section { width: 200px; height: 468px; float: left; margin-right: 15px; opacity: 0.9; } #Sections #Biography .InnerLeftSection { background-image: url('/Shared/Assets/Images/BioTile.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; text-align: center; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: blue; } #Sections #Biography .InnerLeftSection p { font-weight: bold; } #Sections #Biography .InnerLeftSection p small { font-weight: normal; font-size:0.65em; } #Sections #Blah .InnerLeftSection { background-image: url('/Shared/Assets/Images/BlahTile.png'); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 100%; height: 100%; text-align: center; background-color: green; } #Sections #Blah .InnerLeftSection p { font-weight: bold; margin-top: 100px; } #Sections #Blah .InnerLeftSection p small { font-weight: normal; font-size:0.65em; } A: That's because of the collapsing margins of CSS Box model definition: CSS 2.1 8.3.1 Collapsing margins In CSS, the adjoining margins of two or more boxes (which might or might not be siblings) can combine to form a single margin. Margins that combine this way are said to collapse, and the resulting combined margin is called a collapsed margin. From the definition: Margins of inline-block boxes do not collapse (not even with their in-flow children). So change the display of p to inline-block to avoid this behavior. Demo: http://jsfiddle.net/HU4pR/4/ | Low | [
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Trousdale Turner Correctional Center The Trousdale Turner Correctional Center is a private prison for men, located in Hartsville, Trousdale County, Tennessee, owned and operated by CoreCivic (formerly Corrections Corporation of America) under contract with the Tennessee Department of Correction. The facility opened in 2016, and holds a maximum of 2552 male inmates at medium security. There are seven housing units on the compound each housing different number of inmates. The following, three-pod, housing units each house a maximum of 360 inmates: D, C, F, B and E. Housing unit W contains four pods, each holding a maximum of 128 inmates, for a total of 512. The segregation unit, A, contains five pods with a maximum capacity of 360. Between its opening in January 2016 and May, an inmate was stabbed on February 26 when an officer left a housing unit unattended, the facility's newly-appointed warden resigned by early March without explanation, a TDOC official formally complained that CCA officers had no control over the prisoners, the entire facility unexpectedly halted taking new state inmates because of these "growing pains", and an officer was assaulted. On September 6, 2017 an officer was assaulted in E Unit by an inmate high on methamphetamine. The inmate used a homemade weapon to stab the officer multiple times. The officer was unable to escape the attack, which resulted in the inmates in his pod to come to his aid. On June 15, 2019 at approximately 3:00 P.M. CDT an inmate was found deceased in his cell during count. Further investigation revealed the inmate had been in an altercation with another inmate. On August 30, 2019 an inmate in W unit attacked and sexually assaulted a mental health staff member. The staff member was flown to Vanderbilt Medical Center for treatment, however, the attack resulted in a loss of vision for that staff memeber. The matter is currently under investigation. On January 25, 2020 in inmate in protective custody was fatally attacked by another inmate at the entrance to a housing unit. As of 2016, Tennessee houses state inmates in four private prisons. The state's Private Prison Contracting Act of 1986, however, authorizes one single private prison for state inmates. As of 2016 Tennessee technically contracts directly with CoreCivic for inmates held at South Central Correctional Facility. For Trousdale and the two others, the state circumvents the statute by contracting with the local county. In turn the county signs an agreement with CoreCivic. References Category:Prisons in Tennessee Category:Buildings and structures in Trousdale County, Tennessee Category:CoreCivic Category:2016 establishments in Tennessee | Low | [
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All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Introduction {#sec001} ============ The brain size of humans has increased dramatically during the evolution of *Homo sapiens*, along with the acquisition of uniquely human features, such as language, memory, self-awareness, creativity, and social communication \[[@pone.0179624.ref001]--[@pone.0179624.ref005]\]. Elucidating the similarities and differences in the ontogeny of brain structures between humans and our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees, is important to understand the unique features of the human brain. The corpus callosum (CC) is the major commissural white matter bundle that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and provides interhemispheric integration, which is related to sensory, motor, and higher-order cognitive functions \[[@pone.0179624.ref006], [@pone.0179624.ref007]\]. The CC is present in all primates and has evolved with the neocortex \[[@pone.0179624.ref008], [@pone.0179624.ref009]\]. The CC exhibits a topographic pattern of the different cortical areas \[[@pone.0179624.ref007], [@pone.0179624.ref010], [@pone.0179624.ref011]\], which is associated with different regions: the rostrum; genu; rostral body; and the anterior midbody connect regions of the prefrontal and frontal cortex; the posterior midbody connects the region of the somatosensory cortex; the isthmus connects regions of the parietal and superior temporal cortex; and the splenium connects the occipital, inferior temporal, and parietal regions \[[@pone.0179624.ref012]--[@pone.0179624.ref017]\]. This topographic relationship is similar in humans and chimpanzees \[[@pone.0179624.ref018]\]. The midsagittal area of the CC has been commonly used as a sensitive marker of brain development and maturation \[[@pone.0179624.ref019]--[@pone.0179624.ref023]\], since the CC area is related to number of axons and morphology, such as axon diameter and myelination \[[@pone.0179624.ref024]--[@pone.0179624.ref028]\]. In humans, midsagittal CC areas increase rapidly during the first two to three years of life (corresponds to infancy: note that the anthropological definition \[[@pone.0179624.ref029]--[@pone.0179624.ref036]\], which is different from the medical definition, is adopted in this report. See the Section "Definitions of developmental stages" for details) \[[@pone.0179624.ref037], [@pone.0179624.ref038]\] and continue to increase slowly during the juvenile stage, adolescence \[[@pone.0179624.ref021]--[@pone.0179624.ref023], [@pone.0179624.ref038]--[@pone.0179624.ref040]\], and young adulthood, until the third decade of life \[[@pone.0179624.ref019], [@pone.0179624.ref021], [@pone.0179624.ref041], [@pone.0179624.ref042]\]. In chimpanzees, a cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the ages from 6 to 54 years (corresponds to the end of the juvenile stage to old age) indicated a gradual increase in the CC areas during this age-range, which was similar to that seen in humans. The only exception was found in the rostrum subdivision of the CC, with no significant increase during this age range \[[@pone.0179624.ref043]\]. Since the study did not include chimpanzees that were less than six years of age \[[@pone.0179624.ref043]\], whether there is a rapid increase in CC areas during infancy in chimpanzees, such as that seen in humans, is still unknown. How the rostrum develops during infancy is of particular interest, since the developmental trajectory after the juvenile stage in chimpanzees is different from that seen in humans. To investigate the developmental changes during infancy and the juvenile stage of the chimpanzee CC, we longitudinally quantified areas of the midsagittal total CC and the CC subdivisions of four chimpanzees from 1.8 months to six years of age (infancy to the juvenile stage), using MRI, and compared the results with those of humans. Materials and methods {#sec002} ===================== Participants {#sec003} ------------ ### Chimpanzees {#sec004} Four chimpanzees (one male and three females), whose ages ranged from 1.8 to 72 months, were longitudinally evaluated during development from infancy to the juvenile stage ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In addition, ten adult chimpanzees were cross-sectionally evaluated as references ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Adult chimpanzee characteristics were as follows: mean (s.d.) age, 31.2 (5.8) years; female/male ratio 30 percent male. All subjects lived within a social group of 14 individuals in an enriched environment with a 700-m^2^ outdoor compound enhanced by 15-m-high climbing frames and about 500 planted trees of approximately 60 species \[[@pone.0179624.ref044]\], as well as an attached indoor residence at the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University (KUPRI) \[[@pone.0179624.ref045], [@pone.0179624.ref046]\]. Access to the outdoor compound was available to all chimpanzees every other day during the day. Daily meals included a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables fed throughout the day, supplemented with nutritionally balanced biscuits (fed twice daily) and water available *ad libitum*. The treatment of the chimpanzees was in accordance with the 2002 and 2010 version of the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Primates issued by KUPRI. All care and experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Welfare and Animal Care Committee of the KUPRI. Of note, one of the longitudinally-followed chimpanzees had spinal cord compression due to osteogenesis imperfecta at the T8-T11 level of the thoracic vertebrae and had paraplegia and chronic renal dysfunction. She died from pneumonia at the age of two years. The disabled infant chimpanzee was raised by her biological mother in the social group. The caretakers and veterinarians closely monitored the mother and the infant, and provided the necessary care and treatments to minimize the suffering of the chimpanzee, in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Primates of the KUPRI. There were neither any symptoms suggesting brain abnormality nor noticeable MRI abnormalities of the brain. ### Humans {#sec005} We used part of the previously published numerical dataset from a human cross-sectional MRI study about midsagittal CC areas. Seventy-two healthy children (40 males, 32 females), whose ages ranged from one month to 126 months (see details in \[[@pone.0179624.ref038]\]), were analyzed ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The comparison with human adult CC areas was based on the data from 14 healthy adults who served as controls \[[@pone.0179624.ref038]\]. Adult participant characteristics were as follows: mean (s.d.) age, 19.9 (1.9) years; female/male ratio, 50 percent male ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). All parents and adult participants gave written, informed consent for participation after the nature and possible consequences of the study were explained. All the protocols of the study were approved by the Committee on Medical Ethics of Toyama University (\#165). Image acquisition {#sec006} ----------------- ### Chimpanzees {#sec007} Three-dimensional, T1-weighted, whole-brain images were acquired with a 0.2 Tesla MR imager (Signa Profile; General Electric). The image data from three longitudinally evaluated chimpanzees (Ayumu, Cleo, and Pal) were acquired at the following time points: 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 months. Another longitudinally evaluated chimpanzee (Pico) was scanned at the following time points: 1.8, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 24 months. The chimpanzees were anesthetized with ketamine (3.5 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.035 mg/kg), and remained anesthetized with additional ketamine (1.75 mg/kg) and/or inhalation of isoflurane or sevoflurane as needed during the scans (total time anesthetized, approximately two hours). After the scans, they were reversed with atipamezole (0.175 mg/kg) and temporarily housed in a single home cage for recovery. During the scans, the chimpanzees were placed in the scanner chamber in a supine position with their heads fitted inside either the extremity coil (for the longitudinally evaluated chimpanzees) or the head coil (for the adult chimpanzees). For the four longitudinally-evaluated chimpanzees and four of the adult chimpanzees, a three-dimensional spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in steady state (SPGR) sequence was obtained with the following acquisition parameters: repetition time (TR), 46 ms; echo time (TE), 10 ms; flip angle, 60°; slice thickness. 1.0--2.0 mm; field of view, 20--24 cm; matrix size, 256 × 256; number of excitations, two. For the other adult chimpanzees, a three-dimensional fast gradient echo with inversion recovery prep (FGRE-IrP) sequence was obtained with the following acquisition parameters: repetition time (TR), 32.3 ms; echo time (TE), 8.5 ms; flip angle, 40°; slice thickness, 1.5 mm; field of view, 24 cm; matrix size, 256 × 256; number of excitations, two. ### Humans {#sec008} The acquisition sequence and scan procedures of the human scan have been detailed in a previous publication \[[@pone.0179624.ref038]\]. Briefly, three-dimensional, T1-weighted, whole human-brain images were acquired with a 1.5 Tesla MR imager (Magnetom Vision; Siemens) using the fast low angle shot three-dimensional gradient refocused (GRE) sequence. The acquisition parameters were: repetition time (TR), 35 ms; echo time (TE), 6 ms; flip angle, 35°; slice thickness, 1.5 mm; field of view, 25.6 cm; matrix size, 256 × 256; number of excitations, one. Image processing {#sec009} ---------------- ### Total CC and CC subdivisions {#sec010} The midsagittal CC areas of the MRI for each individual were analyzed using Analyze 9.0 software (Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) in the following series of semi-manual procedures. (i) All images were converted into cubic voxel dimensions of 0.55 mm using a cubic spline interpolation algorithm. (ii) Brain image volumes were realigned to a standard anatomical orientation, with the transaxial plane parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line and perpendicular to the interhemispheric fissure. (iii) The midsagittal CC area measurements were obtained from the midsagittal slice in accordance with a method described by Witelson's studies \[[@pone.0179624.ref047], [@pone.0179624.ref048]\] and previous neuroimaging studies \[[@pone.0179624.ref022], [@pone.0179624.ref038], [@pone.0179624.ref043]\]. (iv) This method divides the total midsagittal CC area into the subdivisions of rostrum, genu, rostral body, anterior midbody, posterior midbody, isthmus, and splenium ([Fig 1](#pone.0179624.g001){ref-type="fig"}). To subdivide the total midsagittal CC area, the entire length of the total midsagittal CC area was first measured, and then divided into thirds. The anterior third was further divided into three regions by tracing a vertical line through the point where the anterior CC area began to curve back slightly. This resulted in three subdivisions: the rostrum; the genu; and the rostrum body. The middle third of the overall CC area was subdivided into equal sections, resulting in the anterior midbody and posterior midbody. Finally, the posterior third of the overall CC area was subdivided into the isthmus and splenium. The splenium was defined as the posterior fifth of the entire CC area; the remaining area within the posterior third was defined as the isthmus. Using the tracing tool, the area of the CC lying within each outlined region was measured in each individual. {#pone.0179624.g001} Two evaluators (T.S. and K.O.), who were blinded to the sex and age of the subjects, semi-manually traced and measured the midsagittal CC areas. The intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility of the CC measurements used in this study were evaluated. Ten brain scans were randomly selected for analysis. An analysis of intra-rater reproducibility was conducted using two sets of the brain measurements obtained by T.S. The inter-rater reproducibility was analyzed by comparing brain measurements obtained by T.S. and K.O. The Pearson's correlation coefficients for the comparisons of the results were r = 0.98 (intra-rater) and r = 0.97 (inter-rater), which indicated good reliability of the manual quantification. ### Normalization of the total CC and the CC subdivisions relative to adult areas {#sec011} To account for differences in the CC areas between adult chimpanzees and adult humans, the total CC and the CC subdivisions were normalized based on the average CC area of adult brains, and demonstrated as a percentage of adult areas (normalized area, hereafter). Since the ages of the adult chimpanzees tended to be older than that of adult humans, we investigated the effects of age on areas of total CC and the CC subdivisions in these two adult groups using a linear regression model. Total CC and the CC subdivisions served as the dependent variables. Age was introduced as an independent variable. There were no significant age-dependent changes in total CC or the CC subdivisions in either species ([S2 Table](#pone.0179624.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Therefore, we concluded that the adult chimpanzees and adult humans were comparable to serve as the adult control groups, given that their callosal measures were stable with respect to age. Definitions of developmental stages {#sec012} ----------------------------------- In chimpanzees, the developmental stages were defined as follows: "infancy" corresponded to \~12 months of age, and the "juvenile stage" corresponded to \~84 months of age; in humans, these designations corresponded to \~24 months of age and \~144 months of age, respectively. The developmental stages were applied based on previous publications that used the first eruption of the first deciduous tooth \[[@pone.0179624.ref031], [@pone.0179624.ref032]\], weight increase \[[@pone.0179624.ref029], [@pone.0179624.ref034]\], and sexual maturation (menarche, first ejaculation) \[[@pone.0179624.ref030], [@pone.0179624.ref033], [@pone.0179624.ref035], [@pone.0179624.ref036]\]. The longitudinally evaluated chimpanzees of this study were observed to undergo sexual maturation at the age of seven years. Statistical analysis {#sec013} -------------------- We investigated subdivision-specific developmental trajectories in each species. For the chimpanzee study, the MRIs were obtained longitudinally from four young chimpanzees from 1.8 to 72 months of age. For the human study, MRIs were obtained from 72 children between the ages of one month and 126 months, using a cross-sectional design. These differences in study design and number of participants made the cross-species statistical comparison difficult. Therefore, we decided to remain descriptive in highlighting the similarities and differences between chimpanzees and humans, as previously reported \[[@pone.0179624.ref049]--[@pone.0179624.ref051]\]. ### Developmental trajectories of the total CC and the subdivisions {#sec014} The relationships between the age and the CC areas were investigated by polynomial regression analyses. *F*-tests were used to determine whether the order of a developmental model was cubic, quadratic, or linear. First, linear, quadratic, or cubic polynomial regression models were fitted by age using R.v. 3.2.2 software to identify the developmental patterns in the total CC and the CC subdivisions. If a cubic model did not yield significant results, a quadratic model was tested; if a quadratic model did not yield significant results, a linear model was tested. Thus, a growth model was polynomial/nonlinear if either the cubic or quadratic term significantly contributed to the regression equation. The Akaike information (a log-likelihood function) \[[@pone.0179624.ref052]\] was used to ensure effective model selection. Second, using R.v. 3.2.2 software, the data that showed nonlinear trajectories were fitted by locally weighted polynomial regression (LOESS) \[[@pone.0179624.ref053]\]. In this way, even with relatively few data points, the age-related area size changes could be delineated by applying the curve-fitting suggested by previous human studies \[[@pone.0179624.ref054], [@pone.0179624.ref055]\] and chimpanzee studies \[[@pone.0179624.ref049]--[@pone.0179624.ref051]\], without enforcing a common parametric function on the dataset, as is the case with linear polynomial models. For the fit at age X, the fit is made using values in the neighborhood of X, each weighted by the distance from X. The size of the neighborhood is defined by alpha. Data were fitted in four interactions with alpha = 0.70, in accordance with previous MRI studies \[[@pone.0179624.ref049]--[@pone.0179624.ref051], [@pone.0179624.ref055]\]. The observed and fitted values of the total CC and the CC subdivisions were plotted as a function of age to display the age-related change. The analysis was performed on the original CC areas as well as on the normalized CC areas (% of adult area, as described in the Section "Normalization of the total CC and the CC subdivisions relative to adult areas"). ### Difference in normalized areas among CC subdivisions {#sec015} We investigated the differences between the normalized areas among the CC subdivisions. This was motivated by a previous chimpanzee MRI study that indicated that there was no increase in the rostrum area in chimpanzees after the juvenile stage, while other subdivisions still developed \[[@pone.0179624.ref043]\]. This suggested that each subdivision has specific developmental features, and the features are potentially species-specific. Since the study design (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional) and the number of participants (four chimpanzees vs. 72 humans) were different between the two species, we applied different statistical methods for each species. For the longitudinal dataset of the young chimpanzees, the nonparametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures (Friedman test) (*η* ^*2*^ and *p* values) was applied to investigate within-group differences among the seven CC subdivisions. The CC subdivisions served as the test variables. When the Friedman test yielded a significant effect (p \< 0.05), a post hoc analysis was performed using a Dunn\'s test for nonparametric pairwise comparisons between assessments, with a Bonferroni correction applied, resulting in a significance level set at *p* \< 0.05. For the cross-sectional dataset of the young humans, the parametric one-way ANOVA with repeated measures (*F* and *p* values) was applied to investigate within-group differences among the seven CC subdivisions. The CC subdivisions served as the within-subjects variables. Age was a covariate. When the parametric one-way ANOVA with repeated measures yielded a significant effect (*p* \< 0.05), a post hoc analysis was performed using a paired t-test for parametric pairwise comparisons between assessments, with a Bonferroni correction applied, resulting in a significance level set at *p* \< 0.05. Results {#sec016} ======= Evaluation of the developmental trajectory of the total CC and the subdivisions {#sec017} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Chimpanzees {#sec018} Overall, the results of the total CC and the CC subdivisions revealed noteworthy developmental changes in chimpanzees throughout the study period (1.8 to 72 months) ([Fig 2](#pone.0179624.g002){ref-type="fig"}, Tables [1](#pone.0179624.t001){ref-type="table"}, [2](#pone.0179624.t002){ref-type="table"} and [3](#pone.0179624.t003){ref-type="table"}, and [S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The total CC followed a nonlinear developmental trajectory (*F* = 50.99, cubic effect, *p* = 2.55×10^−10^) ([Table 3](#pone.0179624.t003){ref-type="table"}). All of the CC subdivisions also increased nonlinearly (rostrum, *F* = 23.39, cubic effect, *p* = 3.58×10^−7^; genu, *F* = 57.56, cubic effect, *p* = 7.56×10^−11^; rostral body, *F* = 11.73, cubic effect, *p* = 7.31×10^−5^; anterior midbody, *F* = 25.51, cubic effect, *p* = 1.69×10^−7^; posterior midbody, *F* = 22.02, cubic effect, *p* = 5.98×10^−7^; isthmus, *F* = 25.29, cubic effect, *p* = 1.83×10^−7^; splenium, *F* = 27.31, quadratic effect, *p* = 3.17×10^−6^) ([Table 3](#pone.0179624.t003){ref-type="table"}). LOESS scatter plots for the area of the total CC and the subdivisions (in mm^2^) are demonstrated in [Fig 3](#pone.0179624.g003){ref-type="fig"}, and the normalized total CC and the subdivisions (in %) are demonstrated in [Fig 4](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}. {#pone.0179624.g002} {#pone.0179624.g003} {#pone.0179624.g004} 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t001 ###### Sample characteristics of the corpus callosum areas in chimpanzees. {#pone.0179624.t001g} ---------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------- Infants (age≤12 mons) (Number of scans = 11) Region Median IQR Total CC 134.60 55.02 Rostrum 4.79 2.99 Genu 22.43 13.75 Rostral body 23.93 8.37 Anterior midbody 18.54 5.69 Posterior midbody 14.95 3.89 Isthmus 11.07 3.89 Splenium 33.20 17.64 Juveniles (12 mons \<age≤84 mons) (Number of scans = 16) Region Median IQR Total CC 204.72 45.23 Rostrum 7.18 2.31 Genu 48.30 2.99 Rostral body 32.45 10.54 Anterior midbody 23.33 4.49 Posterior midbody 21.39 6.06 Isthmus 16.45 5.01 Splenium 50.55 18.99 ---------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------- Month, mon; interquartile range, IQR. Area size characteristics of the sample classified into subgroups according to developmental stage. In chimpanzee scans (Longitudinal scan, n = 4), values represent median and IQR measured area (mm^2^). 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t002 ###### Sample characteristics of the corpus callosum areas relative to adult areas (normalized areas) in chimpanzees. {#pone.0179624.t002g} ---------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------- Infants (age≤12 mons) (Number of scans = 11) Region Median IQR Total CC 40.70 16.64 Rostrum 46.97 29.32 Genu 31.70 19.43 Rostral body 43.35 15.16 Anterior midbody 42.55 13.06 Posterior midbody 37.62 9.78 Isthmus 39.13 13.74 Splenium 40.02 21.27 Juveniles (12 mons \<age≤84 mons) (Number of scans = 16) Areas Median IQR Total CC 61.90 13.67 Rostrum 70.41 22.70 Genu 68.26 4.23 Rostral body 58.78 19.08 Anterior midbody 53.54 10.30 Posterior midbody 58.14 17.69 Isthmus 60.93 22.90 Splenium 61.90 13.67 ---------------------------------------------------------- -------- ------- Month, mon; interquartile range, IQR. Area size characteristics of the sample classified into subgroups according to developmental stage. In chimpanzee scans (Longitudinal scan, n = 4), values represent median and IQR normalized area of the adult area (%). 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t003 ###### Results of polynomial regression modeling of the developmental trajectories of the corpus callosum areas. {#pone.0179624.t003g} Species Region Best fitting model *F* *R*^*2*^ sig ------------------- ----------- -------------------- ------- ---------------- ---------------- Chimpanzees Total CC Cubic 50.99 0.85 2.55×10^−10^ Rostrum Cubic 23.39 0.72 3.58×10^−7^ Genu Cubic 57.56 0.87 7.56×10^−11^ Rostral body Cubic 11.73 0.55 7.31×10^−5^ Anterior midbody Cubic 25.51 0.74 1.69×10^−7^ Posterior midbody Cubic 22.02 0.71 5.98×10^−7^ Isthmus Cubic 25.29 0.74 1.83×10^−7^ Splenium Quadratic 27.31 0.67 3.17×10^−6^ Humans Total Cubic 86.42 0.78 \<2.20×10^−16^ Rostrum Cubic 7.50 0.22 2.08×10^−4^ Genu Cubic 73.64 0.75 \<2.20×10^−16^ Rostral body Cubic 25.94 0.51 2.67×10^−11^ Anterior midbody Cubic 69.56 0.74 \<2.20×10^−16^ Posterior midbody Cubic 59.62 0.71 \<2.20×10^−16^ Isthmus Cubic 36.71 0.60 3.18×10^−14^ Splenium Cubic 52.42 0.68 \<2.20×10^−16^ Age-related changes in the total CC and the CC subdivisions in chimpanzees (n = 4) and in humans (n = 72). *F* = *F* value, *R*^*2*^ = adjusted *R*^*2*^ value. "Best fitting model," "*F*," "*R*^*2*^," and "sig" indicate the results of the statistical analysis of the age-related changes in the total CC and the CC subdivisions with a polynomial regression model. The best-fitting model represents the best-fitting model of the linear, quadratic, and cubic regression models. ### Humans {#sec019} As observed in chimpanzees, the results of the total CC and the CC subdivisions revealed noteworthy developmental changes in humans through the study period (one month to 126 months) ([Fig 2](#pone.0179624.g002){ref-type="fig"}, Tables [3](#pone.0179624.t003){ref-type="table"}, [4](#pone.0179624.t004){ref-type="table"} and [5](#pone.0179624.t005){ref-type="table"}, and [S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The total CC followed a nonlinear developmental trajectory (*F* = 86.42, cubic effect, *p* \< 2.20×10^−16^) ([Table 5](#pone.0179624.t005){ref-type="table"}). All of the CC subdivisions also increased nonlinearly (rostrum, *F* = 7.50, cubic effect, *p* = 2.08×10^−4^; genu, *F* = 73.64, cubic effect, *p* \< 2.20×10^−16^; rostral body, *F* = 25.94, cubic effect, *p* \< 2.67×10^−11^; anterior midbody, *F* = 69.56, cubic effect, *p* \< 2.20×10^−16^; posterior midbody, *F* = 59.62, cubic effect, *p* \< 2.20×10^−16^; isthmus, *F* = 36.71, cubic effect, *p* = 3.18×10^−14^; and splenium, *F* = 52.42, quadratic effect, *p* \< 2.20×10^−16^) ([Table 5](#pone.0179624.t005){ref-type="table"}). LOESS scatter plots for the area of the total CC and the subdivisions (in mm^2^) are demonstrated in [Fig 3](#pone.0179624.g003){ref-type="fig"}, and the normalized total CC and the subdivisions (in %) are demonstrated in [Fig 4](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}. 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t004 ###### Sample characteristics of the corpus callosum areas in humans. {#pone.0179624.t004g} ----------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- Infants (age≤24 mons) (Number of scans = 36) Region Mean SD Total CC 309.64 109.87 Rostrum 10.084 5.32 Genu 67.53 32.06 Rostral body 53.83 16.91 Anterior midbody 34.28 13.24 Posterior midbody 30.64 10.56 Isthmus 21.75 7.87 Splenium 91.53 33.98 Juveniles (24 mons \<age≤144 mons) (Number of scans = 36) Region Mean SD Total CC 481.11 92.75 Rostrum 14.75 5.08 Genu 111.7 16.95 Rostral body 71.14 13.38 Anterior midbody 53.06 10.50 Posterior midbody 48.92 8.75 Isthmus 38.17 8.08 Splenium 143.42 28.50 ----------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------- Month, mon; standard deviation, SD. Area size characteristics of the sample classified into subgroups according to developmental stage. In human scans (Cross-sectional scan, n = 72), values represent mean and SD normalized area of the adult area (%). 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t005 ###### Sample characteristics of the corpus callosum areas relative to adult areas (normalized areas) in humans. {#pone.0179624.t005g} ----------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- Infants (age≤24 mons) (Number of scans = 36) Region Mean SD Total CC 51.83 18.39 Rostrum 47.05 24.80 Genu 49.45 23.49 Rostral body 62.70 19.69 Anterior midbody 51.60 30.48 Posterior midbody 49.88 17.19 Isthmus 44.32 16.03 Splenium 51.82 19.24 Juveniles (24 mons \<age≤144 mons) (Number of scans = 36) Region Mean SD Total CC 80.53 8.94 Rostrum 68.83 23.70 Genu 81.76 12.41 Rostral body 82.86 15.59 Anterior midbody 79.87 10.62 Posterior midbody 79.63 11.30 Isthmus 77.78 16.46 Splenium 81.19 11.35 ----------------------------------------------------------- ------- ------- Month, mon; standard deviation, SD. Area size characteristics of the sample classified into subgroups according to developmental stage. In human scans (Cross-sectional scan, n = 72), values represent mean and SD measured area (mm^2^). Evaluation of regional variation in normalized areas among CC subdivisions {#sec020} -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Chimpanzees {#sec021} The nonparametric Friedman test indicated a significant main effect of the normalized subdivision areas (*η* ^*2*^ = 25.94, *P* = 2.29×10^−4^). Post hoc tests using a Dunn\'s test showed that the area of the rostrum differed significantly from that of the anterior midbody (*P* = 0.003), the posterior midbody (*P* = 0.002), and the isthmus (*P* = 0.007) ([Table 6](#pone.0179624.t006){ref-type="table"}). The LOESS curves of the normalized CC subdivisions indicated that the increase was most rapid in the rostrum, compared to the other CC subdivisions, and the area reached close to 100% of the adult area by the end of the juvenile stage ([Fig 4B--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t006 ###### Differences in normalized areas among CC subdivisions in chimpanzees. {#pone.0179624.t006g} ------------------- ----------------- ------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------- --------- ---------- Rostrum Genu Rostral body Anterior midbody Posterior midbody Isthmus Splenium Rostrum Genu 1.000 Rostral body 1.000 1.000 Anterior midbody [**.003**]{.ul} 1.000 .294 Posterior midbody [**.002**]{.ul} 1.000 .247 1.000 Isthmus [**.007**]{.ul} 1.000 .557 1.000 1.000 Splenium .064 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ------------------- ----------------- ------- -------------- ------------------ ------------------- --------- ---------- Values present Bonferroni-corrected *P* values. Underlined bold characters indicate a significant difference between CC subdivisions. ### Humans {#sec022} The parametric one-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of subdivisions (*F* = 6.98, *P* = 4.4E-07). There was a significant interaction for age-by-subdivisions (*F* = 3.77, *P* = 0.001). Post hoc tests using a paired t-test showed that the area of the rostral body differed significantly from that of the rostrum (*P* = 7.0E-07), the genu (*P* = 0.004), the anterior midbody (*P* = 2.0E-04), the posterior midbody (*P* = 4.1E-04), the isthmus (*P* = 2.6E-06), and the splenium (*P* = 1.4E-03) ([Table 7](#pone.0179624.t007){ref-type="table"}). The LOESS curves of the normalized CC subdivisions indicated that the area of the rostral body was greater than that of the other CC subdivisions at the onset of infancy, and the area reached more than 80% of the adult area by the end of infancy ([Fig 4B--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0179624.t007 ###### Differences in normalized areas among CC subdivisions in humans. {#pone.0179624.t007g} ------------------- -------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------- --------- ---------- Rostrum Genu Rostral body Anterior midbody Posterior midbody Isthmus Splenium Rostrum Genu .286 Rostral body [**7.0E-07**]{.ul} [**.004**]{.ul} Anterior midbody .164 1.000 [**2.0E-04**]{.ul} Posterior midbody .500 1.000 [**4.1E-04**]{.ul} 1.000 Isthmus 1.000 .582 [**2.6E-06**]{.ul} .168 .560 Splenium .077 1.000 [**1.4E-03**]{.ul} 1.000 1.000 .050 ------------------- -------------------- ----------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------------------- --------- ---------- Values present Bonferroni-corrected *P* values. Underlined bold characters indicate a significant difference between CC subdivisions. Descriptive comparison of developmental trajectories of the total CC between chimpanzees and humans {#sec023} --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Similarities between chimpanzees and humans {#sec024} There were two noticeable similarities. First, the total CC increased rapidly during infancy and continued to increase slowly during the juvenile stage in both species ([Fig 4A](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Second, the normalized total CC at the beginning of infancy was similarly small in both species. It was 25% in chimpanzees and 31% in humans ([Fig 4A](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). ### Differences between chimpanzees and humans {#sec025} There were two noticeable differences between chimpanzees and humans. First, although the total CC increased rapidly during infancy in both species, the slope was steeper in humans than in chimpanzees. The total CC of the chimpanzees increased 220% during infancy, while the increase was 238% in humans ([Fig 3A](#pone.0179624.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Second, at the end of the juvenile stage, the normalized total CC of humans was greater than that of chimpanzees. In humans, the normalized area reached 85% at the end of the juvenile stage, while it remained at 71% in chimpanzees ([Fig 4A](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Descriptive comparison of developmental trajectories of the CC subdivisions between chimpanzees and humans {#sec026} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### Similarities between chimpanzees and humans {#sec027} There were three noticeable similarities between chimpanzees and humans. First, the proportion of each CC subdivision was similar between the two species. In adult chimpanzees, the areas of the rostrum, genu, rostral body, anterior midbody, posterior midbody, isthmus, and the splenium were 3, 21, 17, 13, 12, 9, and 25% of the total CC, respectively ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The corresponding values for humans were 4, 23, 14, 11, 10, 8, and 30% of the total, respectively ([S1 Table](#pone.0179624.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Second, the relative area of the CC subdivisions at the beginning of infancy was similar in both species, except for the rostral body (detailed in the Section "Differences between chimpanzees and humans"). In chimpanzees, the normalized CC subdivision areas at the beginning of infancy were 31% in the rostrum, 19% in the genu, 29% in the anterior midbody, 27% in the posterior midbody, 27% in the isthmus, and 25% in the splenium ([Fig 4B, 4C and 4E--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). The values in humans were 31% in the rostrum, 22% in the genu, 30% in the anterior midbody, 33% in the posterior midbody, 30% in the isthmus, and 33% in the splenium ([Fig 4B, 4C and 4E--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, areas of the CC subdivisions increased rapidly during infancy and continued to increase slowly during the juvenile stage in both species ([Fig 4C--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). The only exception was the rostrum of chimpanzees, which is detailed in in the Section "Differences between chimpanzees and humans". ### Differences between chimpanzees and humans {#sec028} There were four noticeable differences between the two species. First, at the beginning of infancy, the normalized rostral body area of humans was greater than that of other CC subdivisions, and, by the end of infancy, it had already reached 83% of that of the adult. This prominence of the rostral body was not seen in chimpanzees. In humans, the normalized rostral body area expands from 43% to 83% during infancy, while this expansion ranged from 26% to 60% in chimpanzees ([Fig 4D](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Second, although areas of the CC subdivisions increased rapidly during infancy in both species, the slope was steeper in humans than in chimpanzees. In chimpanzees, the normalized areas of the CC subdivisions expanded during infancy from 19 to 61% in the genu, from 26 to 60% in the rostral body, from 29 to 51% in the anterior midbody, from 27 to 48% in the posterior midbody, from 27 to 50% in the isthmus, and from 25 to 51% in the splenium ([Fig 4C--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). In humans, the corresponding values were: from 22% to 80% in the genu; from 43% to 83% in the rostral body; from 30% to 74% in the anterior midbody; from 33% to 69% in the posterior midbody; from 30% to 65% in the isthmus; and from 33% to 72% in the splenium ([Fig 4C--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Third, the normalized areas and the CC subdivisions of humans were greater than that of chimpanzees, except for the rostrum, at the end of the juvenile stage. In chimpanzees, the normalized areas were: 75% in the genu; 73% in the rostral body; 64% in the anterior midbody; 67% in the posterior midbody; 68% in the isthmus; and 72% in the splenium at the end of juvenile stage ([Fig 4C--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). In humans, the corresponding values were: 85% in the genu; 89% in the rostral body; 84% in the anterior midbody; 81% in the posterior midbody; 82% in the isthmus; and 88% in the splenium ([Fig 4C--4H](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, the area of the rostrum of the chimpanzees increased more rapidly during the juvenile stage than that of the humans, and the area at the end of the juvenile stage was close to that of adults. In chimpanzees, the normalized area of the rostrum increased from 64% to 94% during juvenile stage ([Fig 4B](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}), while, in humans, the increase was from 66% to 72% ([Fig 4B](#pone.0179624.g004){ref-type="fig"}). Discussion {#sec029} ========== General inter-species similarities and differences in the developmental trajectories {#sec030} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The major finding in this study was the identification, in chimpanzees, of a rapid increase in the total CC and the subdivisions during infancy, followed by a gradual increase during the juvenile stage. This developmental trajectory was similar to that reported in humans, and the increase was attributed to the formation of myelin sheaths around the axons that pass through the CC \[[@pone.0179624.ref019], [@pone.0179624.ref020], [@pone.0179624.ref024], [@pone.0179624.ref037], [@pone.0179624.ref038], [@pone.0179624.ref041], [@pone.0179624.ref056]\]. Accordingly, diffusion tensor imaging studies of human brains have shown that the fractional anisotropy---a measure that reflects axonal alignment, density, and myelination---increases during development \[[@pone.0179624.ref037], [@pone.0179624.ref041], [@pone.0179624.ref057]--[@pone.0179624.ref060]\], with a reduction in radial diffusion \[[@pone.0179624.ref061]\], indicating that myelination is the major cause of the volume increase. The major differences between humans and chimpanzees were the slope of the developmental curve during infancy, which was steeper in humans than in chimpanzees, and the normalized CC areas during the juvenile stage, both of which were greater in humans than in chimpanzees (inter-species differences in the rostral body and the rostrum are discussed in the Sections "Development of the rostral body" and "Development of the rostrum"). These findings are congruent with a previous volumetric study, which indicated that cerebral volume and the substructures increased more rapidly in humans than in chimpanzees \[[@pone.0179624.ref050]\]. Since early infancy is critical for postnatal brain development in humans, in terms of volume increase \[[@pone.0179624.ref062], [@pone.0179624.ref063]\], synaptic elaboration, myelination \[[@pone.0179624.ref064]\], and the establishment of a default mode network \[[@pone.0179624.ref065]\], inter-species differences during this period might be related to the functional differences between humans and chimpanzees. Whether the emergence of the rapid increase during infancy is a marker of hominoids needs to be elucidated. Development of the rostral body {#sec031} ------------------------------- The development of the human rostral body was characterized by a greater normalized area than other CC subdivisions and a rapid increase during infancy than that of chimpanzees. This early maturation might indicate evolutional changes in brain anatomy and functions. The rostral body carries fibers between the medial prefrontal and premotor cortices \[[@pone.0179624.ref066]\]. These cortical regions play an important role in behavior planning and control, such as response preparation, selection, and response control \[[@pone.0179624.ref067]--[@pone.0179624.ref069]\]. A DTI study of pediatric human traumatic brain injury suggested that the degree of damage in the rostral body is related to verbal working memory and mathematical concepts. A reduction in the area was also related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder \[[@pone.0179624.ref070]\]. Since the functions related to the rostral body, which can be summarized as "executive functions," are highly specialized in humans, one might argue that the early maturation seen in humans is related to cognitive and behavioral differences between humans and other hominoids. This concept must be further investigated. Development of the rostrum {#sec032} -------------------------- The development of the chimpanzee rostrum was characterized by a faster increase during the juvenile stage than that of humans. The size of the area at the end of the juvenile stage was close to that of an adult. This explained why the increase in the rostrum area was not observed in the previous study that targeted chimpanzees older than our study population \[[@pone.0179624.ref043]\]. A histological evaluation of the primate brain showed that the rostrum carries fibers between the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices \[[@pone.0179624.ref007]\]. These regions are important for different processes of attention: the orbitofrontal cortex controls emotional motivation behavior, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex monitors cognition to develop efficient control of interfering sensory stimuli \[[@pone.0179624.ref071]\]. Accordingly, the rostrum is involved in the development of attention and inhibitory control \[[@pone.0179624.ref072]--[@pone.0179624.ref074]\], and the transfer of information between prefrontal cortices \[[@pone.0179624.ref075]\]. In chimpanzees, inhibitory control of saccades was weaker than that of humans, which led to frequent saccades and short fixations of eye movement \[[@pone.0179624.ref076]--[@pone.0179624.ref078]\]. Taken together, the development of the rostrum in chimpanzees might be related to inter-species differences in attention and inhibitory control. The scientific environment in chimpanzee research and the use of legacy data {#sec033} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the USA, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has ceased all invasive biomedical studies on chimpanzees \[[@pone.0179624.ref079]--[@pone.0179624.ref081]\]. In 2013, the NIH had decided to retire more than 300 chimpanzees, leaving 50 chimpanzees for research in case of a public-health emergency. In 2015, the NIH made the decision that they would send this remaining population to sanctuaries in subsequent years. Thus, there was a push to repurpose legacy chimpanzee brain data. After the NIH decision in 2015, a biobank of chimpanzee brains, including MRI data, was developed through NIH funding for public use (<http://www.chimpanzeebrain.org/>). In Japan, our longitudinal MRI study of chimpanzee infants began in KUPRI in 2000 \[[@pone.0179624.ref049], [@pone.0179624.ref050]\], and terminated in 2012. Despite the relatively small sample size, which makes statistical analysis difficult, this longitudinally evaluated cohort is still precious and might contribute to the research community, since such a longitudinal dataset does not exist in the biobank in the USA, and it is difficult to collect new data for use now and in the future. Chimpanzees are among the endangered species and must be protected. Limitations {#sec034} ----------- There are several limitations to our study. First, one of the chimpanzees in the present study, Pico, died at the age of two years, and had complications from spinal cord compression with paraplegia. Although there was no noticeable abnormality on the brain MRI, the existence of a subtle abnormality was difficult to detect during routine radiological evaluation. Therefore, we also analyzed the developmental trajectories without Pico's data. We found that the results without Pico's data did not change our conclusion obtained from the full dataset ([S1](#pone.0179624.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [S2](#pone.0179624.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"} Figs; [S3 Table](#pone.0179624.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}; [S1 File](#pone.0179624.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Second, in our study, the adult chimpanzees (used as references to normalize areas of the CC and the subdivisions) were scanned using two different protocols (SPGR or FGRE-IrP). To investigate the effect of scan protocol on image quantification, we compared the midsagittal CC area in a brain sample from an adult chimpanzee, scanned with SPGR and FGRE-IrP ([S2 File](#pone.0179624.s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We found that the CC area, as measured by the two MRI sequences, are indeed close (0.2% difference) and comparable to the intra-rater difference for the manual delineation (1.7%). Therefore, we assumed that the difference in the scan protocol had little effect on the quantification of the CC area ([S2 File](#pone.0179624.s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Since chimpanzee brain MRIs available for research purposes are limited, it is common to combine MRIs scanned with different scanners and acquisition sequences \[[@pone.0179624.ref043]\]. We recognize that the issue related to the heterogeneity of MRIs is one of the limitations generally seen in the field of chimpanzee neuroimaging studies. Third, the prenatal period was not included in the present study. The inclusion of prenatal development is important since neuronal maturation at birth varies across species \[[@pone.0179624.ref082]\]. One possibility to enable the evaluation of prenatal development is to utilize longitudinally-acquired, legacy sonography data \[[@pone.0179624.ref051]\], which might make for an interesting future study. Fourth, we defined developmental stages based on physical milestones, such as dental eruption, weight increase, and sexual maturation for the interspecies comparison, since this anthropological definition is a valid approach by which to compare the development among different primates \[[@pone.0179624.ref049], [@pone.0179624.ref050], [@pone.0179624.ref083]\]. However, the relationship between physical and neuronal development is not fully understood. The appropriateness of developmental staging based on neuronal milestones has yet to be investigated. Finally, the method used to draw the boundaries of the seven CC subdivisions on T1-weighted MRI was based on the studies about the topographical organization of the white matter fibers of the adult human brain. The applicability of the MRI-based anatomical definition throughout different developmental stages has not been fully validated. Cross-species longitudinal evaluation of the topological organization of CC fibers during development is essential for validation. In summary, our results suggest that CC development in chimpanzees and humans is characterized by a rapid increase during infancy, followed by a relatively slow increase during the juvenile stage. The differences between the two species include a tendency toward a greater increase in the human CC areas, especially in the rostral body, during infancy, compared to that observed in chimpanzees. A tendency toward a greater increase in the rostrum during the juvenile stage in chimpanzees, compared to that observed in humans, was also observed. The interspecies differences in the developmental trajectories of the rostral body and the rostrum might underpin evolutional changes in the executive functions related to these areas. Supporting information {#sec035} ====================== ###### Evaluation of the rostrum and genu during development in young chimpanzee data with and without Pico's data. Age-related changes in the rostrum and genu during infancy and the juvenile stage (6 to 72 months) are shown for chimpanzees with and without Pico's data (n = 4; n = 3). (A) rostrum, (B) genu. The bar below the graphs indicates the developmental stage. The indicated developmental stages are infancy (open bar) and the juvenile stage (hatched bar). (PDF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Evaluation of the normalized rostrum and genu during development in chimpanzee data with and without Pico's data. Age-related changes in the rostrum and genu, relative to the adult areas, during infancy and the juvenile stage (6 to 72 months) are shown for chimpanzees with and without Pico's data (n = 4; n = 3). (A) rostrum, (B) genu. The bar below the graphs indicates the developmental stage. The indicated developmental stages are infancy (open bar) and the juvenile stage (hatched bar). (PDF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Age, total CC, and CC subdivisions in chimpanzees and humans during the developmental course of the study period. (PDF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Results of the linear regression model of age-related changes in the corpus callosum areas during the adult stage. Age-related changes in the total CC and the CC subdivisions during the adult stage (n = 10; mean (s.d.) age, 31.2 (5.8) years). *F* = *F* value, *R*^*2*^ = adjusted *R*^*2*^ value. "*F*," "*R*^*2*^," and "sig" indicate the results of the statistical analysis for the age-related changes in the total CC and the CC subdivisions with a linear regression model. "n.s." indicates "not significant." (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Results of polynomial regression modeling of the developmental trajectories of the rostrum and genu in chimpanzees with and without Pico's data. Age-related changes in the rostrum and genu in chimpanzees with and without Pico's data (n = 4; n = 3). *F* = *F* value, *R*^*2*^ = adjusted *R*^*2*^ value. "Best fitting model," "*F*" "*R*^*2*^," and "sig" indicate the results of the statistical analysis for the age-related changes in the rostrum and genu with a polynomial regression model. The best-fitting model represents the best-fitting model of the linear, quadratic, and cubic regression models. (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Comparison of the developmental trajectories of the rostrum and genu in young chimpanzees with and without Pico's data. (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Comparison of the measurements of the chimpanzee CC area acquired with different MRI sequences. (DOCX) ###### Click here for additional data file. We thank T. Nishimura, A. Watanabe, A. Kaneko, S. Goto, S. Watanabe, K. Kumazaki, N. Maeda, M. Tanaka, M. Hayashi, T. Imura, and K. Matsubayashi for assisting with the care of chimpanzees during scanning. We also thank the personnel at the Centre for Human Evolution Modelling Research at KUPRI for daily care of the chimpanzees. We also thank S. Mori for helpful comments, and M. McAllister for help with manuscript editing. We would like to acknowledge partial support for the statistical analysis from the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health, and the statistician of the Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center, A. Sanyal and C. Thompson. [^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [^2]: **Conceptualization:** TS.**Data curation:** TS MM.**Formal analysis:** TS KO.**Funding acquisition:** TS MM.**Investigation:** TS AM JS TM-N YH MT TM.**Methodology:** TS AM YH KO.**Project administration:** TS AM TM HO.**Resources:** TS AM JS MM TM-N YH MT TM.**Software:** TS.**Validation:** TS KO.**Visualization:** TS.**Writing -- original draft:** TS KO.**Writing -- review & editing:** TS AM JS TM-N YH HO KO. | Mid | [
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Kase is a true playmaker, but also plays a feisty game, and isa battler (Photo Credit: Pirati Chumotov) Player Overview Kase started off the season picking up six points in 31 games in the highest league before being loaned to SK Kadan, where he has picked up four points in his first five games. Coming from a hockey family, his younger brother is currently playing at the U20 level while his father, a former player, coaches in the Czech Republic. Offensively, Kase has a wide range of weapons that help to make him an effective weapon. He may not be the fastest guy on the ice, but rather he is a slick, slippery winger, frustrating opposing defenders using his agility, creativity and puck skills. And while he has a good wrist shot, Kase is really effective at utilizing his teammates. With great vision and hockey sense, he displays great awareness and ability in passing the puck. Despite his smaller size, Kase isn’t afraid to go toe-to-toe with bigger players though, refusing to back down. He plays with a ton of energy and has a great willingness to battle. The natural playmaker has done well at the second level of hockey in the Czech Republic, scoring at almost a point per game clip. His offensive potential and his willingness to battle are a very intriguing combination. | Mid | [
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--- title: "discrete_distribution Class" ms.date: "11/04/2016" f1_keywords: ["random/std::discrete_distribution", "random/std::discrete_distribution::reset", "random/std::discrete_distribution::probabilities", "random/std::discrete_distribution::param", "random/std::discrete_distribution::min", "random/std::discrete_distribution::max", "random/std::discrete_distribution::operator()", "random/std::discrete_distribution::param_type", "random/std::discrete_distribution::param_type::probabilities", "random/std::discrete_distribution::param_type::operator==", "random/std::discrete_distribution::param_type::operator!="] helpviewer_keywords: ["std::discrete_distribution [C++]", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], reset", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], probabilities", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], param", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], min", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], max", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], param_type", "std::discrete_distribution [C++], param_type"] ms.assetid: 8c8ba8f8-c06f-4f07-b354-f53950142fcf --- # discrete_distribution Class Generates a discrete integer distribution that has uniform-width intervals with uniform probability in each interval. ## Syntax ```cpp template<class IntType = int> class discrete_distribution { public: // types typedef IntType result_type; struct param_type; // constructor and reset functions discrete_distribution(); template <class InputIterator> discrete_distribution(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW); discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> weightlist); template <class UnaryOperation> discrete_distribution(size_t count, double xmin, double xmax, UnaryOperation funcweight); explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& parm); void reset(); // generating functions template <class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& gen); template <class URNG> result_type operator()(URNG& gen, const param_type& parm); // property functions vector<double> probabilities() const; param_type param() const; void param(const param_type& parm); result_type min() const; result_type max() const; }; ``` ### Parameters *IntType*\ The integer result type, defaults to **`int`**. For possible types, see [\<random>](../standard-library/random.md). ## Remarks This sampling distribution has uniform-width intervals with uniform probability in each interval. For information about other sampling distributions, see [piecewise_linear_distribution Class](../standard-library/piecewise-linear-distribution-class.md) and [piecewise_constant_distribution Class](../standard-library/piecewise-constant-distribution-class.md). The following table links to articles about individual members: [discrete_distribution](#discrete_distribution)\ [param_type](#param_type) The property function `vector<double> probabilities()` returns the individual probabilities for each integer generated. For more information about distribution classes and their members, see [\<random>](../standard-library/random.md). ## Example ```cpp // compile with: /EHsc /W4 #include <random> #include <iostream> #include <iomanip> #include <string> #include <map> using namespace std; void test(const int s) { // uncomment to use a non-deterministic generator // random_device rd; // mt19937 gen(rd()); mt19937 gen(1701); discrete_distribution<> distr({ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }); cout << endl; cout << "min() == " << distr.min() << endl; cout << "max() == " << distr.max() << endl; cout << "probabilities (value: probability):" << endl; vector<double> p = distr.probabilities(); int counter = 0; for (const auto& n : p) { cout << fixed << setw(11) << counter << ": " << setw(14) << setprecision(10) << n << endl; ++counter; } cout << endl; // generate the distribution as a histogram map<int, int> histogram; for (int i = 0; i < s; ++i) { ++histogram[distr(gen)]; } // print results cout << "Distribution for " << s << " samples:" << endl; for (const auto& elem : histogram) { cout << setw(5) << elem.first << ' ' << string(elem.second, ':') << endl; } cout << endl; } int main() { int samples = 100; cout << "Use CTRL-Z to bypass data entry and run using default values." << endl; cout << "Enter an integer value for the sample count: "; cin >> samples; test(samples); } ``` ```Output Use CTRL-Z to bypass data entry and run using default values. Enter an integer value for the sample count: 100 min() == 0 max() == 4 probabilities (value: probability): 0: 0.0666666667 1: 0.1333333333 2: 0.2000000000 3: 0.2666666667 4: 0.3333333333 Distribution for 100 samples: 0 ::: 1 :::::::::::::: 2 :::::::::::::::::: 3 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ``` ## Requirements **Header:** \<random> **Namespace:** std ## <a name="discrete_distribution"></a> discrete_distribution::discrete_distribution Constructs the distribution. ```cpp // default constructor discrete_distribution(); // construct using a range of weights, [firstW, lastW) template <class InputIterator> discrete_distribution(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW); // construct using an initializer list for range of weights discrete_distribution(initializer_list<double> weightlist); // construct using unary operation function template <class UnaryOperation> discrete_distribution(size_t count, double low, double high, UnaryOperation weightfunc); // construct from an existing param_type structure explicit discrete_distribution(const param_type& parm); ``` ### Parameters *firstW*\ The first iterator in the list from which to construct the distribution. *lastW*\ The last iterator in the list from which to construct the distribution (non-inclusive because iterators use an empty element for the end). *weightlist*\ The [initializer_list](../cpp/initializers.md) from which to construct the distribution. *count*\ The number of elements in the distribution range. If `count==0`, equivalent to the default constructor (always generates zero). *low*\ The lowest value in the distribution range. *high*\ The highest value in the distribution range. *weightfunc*\ The object representing the probability function for the distribution. Both the parameter and the return value must be convertible to **`double`**. *parm*\ The `param_type` structure used to construct the distribution. ### Remarks The default constructor constructs an object whose stored probability value has one element with value 1. This will result in a distribution that always generates a zero. The iterator range constructor that has parameters *firstW* and *lastW* constructs a distribution object by using weight values taken from the iterators over the interval sequence [*firstW*, *lastW*). The initializer list constructor that has a *weightlist* parameter constructs a distribution object with weights from the initializer list *weightlist*. The constructor that has *count*, *low*, *high*, and *weightfunc* parameters constructs a distribution object initialized based on these rules: - If *count* < 1, **n** = 1, and as such is equivalent to the default constructor, always generating zero. - If *count* > 0, **n** = *count*. Provided **d** = (*high* - *low*) / **n** is greater than zero, using **d** uniform subranges, each weight is assigned as follows: `weight[k] = weightfunc(x)`, where **x** = *low* + **k** * **d** + **d** / 2, for **k** = 0, ..., **n** - 1. The constructor that has a `param_type` parameter *parm* constructs a distribution object using *parm* as the stored parameter structure. ## <a name="param_type"></a> discrete_distribution::param_type Stores all the parameters of the distribution. ```cpp struct param_type { typedef discrete_distribution<result_type> distribution_type; param_type(); // construct using a range of weights, [firstW, lastW) template <class InputIterator> param_type(InputIterator firstW, InputIterator lastW); // construct using an initializer list for range of weights param_type(initializer_list<double> weightlist); // construct using unary operation function template <class UnaryOperation> param_type(size_t count, double low, double high, UnaryOperation weightfunc); std::vector<double> probabilities() const; bool operator==(const param_type& right) const; bool operator!=(const param_type& right) const; }; ``` ### Parameters *firstW*\ The first iterator in the list from which to construct the distribution. *lastW*\ The last iterator in the list from which to construct the distribution (non-inclusive because iterators use an empty element for the end). *weightlist*\ The [initializer_list](../cpp/initializers.md) from which to construct the distribution. *count*\ The number of elements in the distribution range. If *count* is 0, this is equivalent to the default constructor (always generates zero). *low*\ The lowest value in the distribution range. *high*\ The highest value in the distribution range. *weightfunc*\ The object representing the probability function for the distribution. Both the parameter and the return value must be convertible to **`double`**. *right*\ The `param_type` object to compare to this. ### Remarks This parameter package can be passed to `operator()` to generate the return value. ## See also [\<random>](../standard-library/random.md) | Mid | [
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It says a lot about Leonard Nimoy that everything he did in relation to his beloved Spock — the TV shows, the movies, the animated series — barely scratches the surface of what he accomplished throughout his decades-long career. The late actor spent much of his time playing the half-Vulcan, yes, but he also had memorable roles in dozens of other TV shows and films over the years, as well as side gigs as a director, poet, singer and photographer. It seemed that there was nothing the man couldn't do — including being a proud supporter of feminism. Although it might come as a surprise to some, Nimoy was actually a staunch feminist during his life, standing up for women's rights through both his artistic pursuits and his actions as a human being. His work on the matter was remarkable, especially considering the times he lived in; when Nimoy grew famous, feminism and equal rights were hugely controversial topics. For an actor as famous as Nimoy to stand up for what he believed in, despite the potential for criticism, was extraordinary. In celebration of the actor's incredible life, let's take a look back at his biggest achievements for feminism: The Full Body Project In 2007, Nimoy published a book of photographs called The Full Body Project , filled with provocative (and often nude) images of plus-size women. According to the author, the aim of the book was to showcase the average American a woman, someone who “weighs 25 percent more than the models selling the clothes," and to go against Hollywood's "fantasy" ideal of what females should look like. The collection received rave reviews, with critics applauding Nimoy's respectful approach to the photographs and his sincere attempt in demanding change within the industry. Shekhina Five years earlier, Nimoy published Shekhina , a book of photographs that focused on femininity within Judaism. Although reactions were mixed — some readers felt that the photos, many showing religious Jewish women in the nude, were immodest — Nimoy stood by his work, saying that he was "saddened" by the critics' "attempt to control thought." His Fight For His Co-Star's Equal Pay MARK RALSTON/AFP/Getty Images In an interview last year, Nimoy confirmed a report that he'd been responsible for helping get Nichelle Nichols of Star Trek equal pay as her male co-stars. When he was told by fellow cast member Walter Koenig that Nichols wasn't receiving the same salary as the others, Nimoy took the issue to the people in charge and ensured that she was paid fairly. A bold move for any actor, but especially one in the 1960s. Three Men and a Baby Although some critics saw Three Men and a Baby, the Nimoy-directed 1987 hit, as an example of Hollywood's backlash to feminism, others viewed it as the exact opposite. I tend to side with the latter; the movie's main point — that men, too, could be attentive parents — is entirely supportive of the movement's goal of equality. Yes, it was about men, but that doesn't mean it didn't contain a wonderfully feminist message. Image: Buena Vista | High | [
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>> BILL CLINTON Latest News WASHINGTON -- On Tuesday, Indiana Gov. Mike Pence (R) repeatedly compared the controversial religious freedom law he signed last week to an existing federal law backed by Democrats, despite the fact that the Indiana law has additional language that facilitates discrimination against LGBT citizens, critics say. The federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act, signed by former President Bill Clinton in 1993, ... Former President Bill Clinton told "House of Cards" star Kevin Spacey the D.C. drama is a lot closer to fact than fiction. "He tells me, 'I love that 'House of Cards,''" Spacey said in an interview with Gotham Magazine about the Netflix series. Spacey went into an impression of the former president when describing Clinton's review of the show. "Kevin, ... (Above: Official White House Photo by Sharon Farmer) MARCH 31, 2015 Sitting in her favorite threadbare chair in her cozy sitting room, Sharon Farmer may not look like your idea of an official White House photographer, or the director of the commander-in-chief’s photography office. For one thing, she’s a woman. For another, she’s black. But in 1993, Farmer became ... | Low | [
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Non-linear enhancement of mRNA delivery efficiencies by influenza A derived NS1 protein engendering host gene inhibition property. Nucleic acid induced immunogenicity remains a significant impediment in biomedical therapeutics because the innate immune system is a complex network overlaid with functional redundancies. Herein we report that non-structural protein 1 (NS1), an immune evasion protein derived from influenza A virus, when co-delivered in mRNA format is a potent mRNA transfection enhancer without toxicity. Transfection enhancement is mediated by NS1's effector domain through inhibition of IRF3 and PKR, activators of early anti-viral responses as well as CPSF30, a non immunostimulating protein. Importantly, host gene inhibition mediated via CPSF30 inhibition is a highly effective immune evasion mechanism because it blocks de novo gene expression non-specifically and inhibits global anti-viral responses during mRNA transfection. We show that only NS1 with CPSF30 inhibition property can enhance modified mRNA transfections. Furthermore, transfection efficiency of unmodified mRNA, if co-delivered with NS1-TX91 mRNA, can exceed that of modified mRNA in HepG2, RAW 264.7 and HeLa cells. The novel impact of NS1-TX91 lays the foundation of a virus inspired immune evasion genes co-delivery approach that can address problems arising from RNA immunogenicity for non-vaccine mRNA therapeutics in an affordable and scalable way. It is also transferable to applications that benefits from active inhibition of material-induced immunogenicity. | High | [
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