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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_622621985#1_993621728 | Title: Spanish American War Facts
Headings: Spanish American War Facts
Spanish American War Facts
Content: The Cubans were being treated horribly by the Spanish, which led to Cuba's desire for independence. Cubans were forced into slavery and thousands of them died from both starvation and disease. The U.S. supported the Cubans both for humanitarian and economic and trade reasons. The U.S. battleship Maine sunk off the coast of Cuba on February 15th, 1898, killing 260 servicemen. It was believed that a submarine mine caused the explosion and sinking of the ship. This incident helped encourage the U.S. to go to war with the Spanish. On April 25th, 1898, the U.S. declared war on Spain, and the first battle occurred on May 1st, 1898 at Manila Bay in the Philippines. The U.S. won. On June 22nd, 1898 U.S. troops landed in Cuba. On July 1st, 1898, the United States defeated the Spanish at the Battle of San Juan Heights, and on July 3rd, 1898, off Santiago Bay, the United States destroyed the Spanish fleet. | http://www.softschools.com/facts/history/spanish_american_war_facts/859/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_623758231#0_995978945 | Title: Heredity Reading Comprehension
Headings: Heredity
Heredity
Content: Heredity Reading Comprehension
Home > Language Arts > Reading Comprehension > Science Reading Comprehension > Heredity
Heredity
Everyone gets certain traits or characteristics from his parents. Heredity is the passing on of these specific characteristics from one generation to the next. These traits are passed on by genes in our DNA. DNA is a material found in chromosomes. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of every cell in the human body. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell. Each child receives one-half of its chromosomes (23) from each parent, for a total of 46. Therefore, each child inherits one-half of its DNA from his father and one-half from his mother. Pieces of information inside a DNA molecule are called genes. A gene gives instructions about making a certain protein to determine a trait for the person, like color of eyes or hair. | http://www.softschools.com/language_arts/reading_comprehension/science/88/heredity/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_630391207#3_1012811289 | Title:
Headings:
Active
Shooter/Killer
Preparedness
Plan
ALICE
Secondary
Issues
Content: In
this
type
of
incident,
your
perception
is
the
reality
and
you
will
be
deciding
what
the
appropriate
action
for
you
to
take
is. Alert-
Is
When
you
first
are
aware
of
a
threat. It
can
be
anything. Hearing
gunfire
Warning
from
witnesses
that
an
active
shooter/killer
is
in
the
area
Regroup
alert
messages
from
the
College
Campus
Sheriff’s
Office
Sooner
you
understand
that
you
and
your
students
are
in
danger
the
sooner
you
can
take
actions
to
save
yourself
and
your
students. Lockdown-
If
EVACUATION
is
not
a
safe
option
then: Lock
the
door. Barricade
the
door
with
anything
available
(desks,
chairs,
etc.) Cover
any
windows
in
the
door
if
possible
Tie
down
the
door,
if
possible,
using
belts,
purse
straps,
shoe
laces,
etc. Look
for
alternate
escape
routes
(windows,
other
doors)
Call
911
Move
out
of
the
doorway
in
case
gunfire
comes
through
it
Silence
all
cell
phones
Once
secured,
do
not
open
the
door
for
anyone. Police
will
enter
the
room
when
the
situation
is
over. | http://www.solano.edu/police/1617/Solano%20Community%20College%20ALICE%20Active%20Shooter%20Plan.pdf |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_635828197#5_1022321635 | Title: How to Put a Picture as a Background in Powerpoint 2010 - Solve Your Tech
Headings: How to Put a Picture as a Background in Powerpoint 2010
How to Put a Picture as a Background in Powerpoint 2010
Last updated: January 3, 2017
How to Set an Image as a Background in Powerpoint 2010
Summary – How to set a picture as a background on Powerpoint
Matthew Burleigh
Content: There are also Scale and Offset options, under the Tiling options section of the window, that you can use to adjust the position and scaling of the background image. If you wish to repeat the image numerous times, instead of having one large copy, you can also check the box to the left of Tile picture as texture. Finally, if you find that you do not like the changes that the background has made to the slide, you can click the Reset Background button at the bottom of the window to return to the original slide background. Summary – How to set a picture as a background on Powerpoint
Open your slideshow, then select the slide where you wish to insert a background picture. Right-click on the slide, then click Format Background. Click Fill in the left column, then click the circle to the left of Picture or texture fill. Click the File button under Insert from. Browse to your picture, select it, then click the Insert button. Adjust the settings for the picture as needed, then click Close if you are done, or click Apply to All if you want to use this background picture for all of your slides. Do you need to make a picture in one of your slides transparent? | http://www.solveyourtech.com/how-to-put-a-picture-as-a-background-in-powerpoint-2010/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_647429391#6_1044626528 | Title: My Girl by The Temptations - Songfacts
Headings: by
The Temptations
by The Temptations
Songfacts®:
Comments: 44
Content: TV appearances of the song included episodes of The Wonder Years, Magnum, P.I. and Cold Case. Some of the many artists who covered this song include Marvin Gaye, Otis Redding, Dolly Parton and The Mamas & The Papas. The Rolling Stones covered the song and released it on their Flowers compilation in June 1967. The Stones also recorded The Temptations' " Ain't Too Proud To Beg " and " Just My Imagination " in 1974 and 1978. >>
Suggestion credit: Bertrand - Paris, France
This song has charted in the US for five different artists, first for Bobby Vee in a medley with "Hey Girl" that went to #35 in 1968; Eddie Floyd's cover reached #116 in 1970; Hall & Oates sang it with David Ruffin and Eddie Kendrick at the Apollo Theater in 1985 in a medley with " The Way You Do The Things You Do ," which reached #20 when it was released as a single. A new-jack cover by Suave went to #20 in 1988. Many female singers have transformed this into "My Guy," but on the 2018 EP Universal Love - Wedding Songs Reimagined, Ben Gibbard of Death Cab for Cutie did a same-sex version of "My Guy," presumably with Smokey Robinson's blessing, as he had to grant the rights. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1225 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_647743714#4_1045227370 | Title: Maggie May by Rod Stewart - Songfacts
Headings: by
Rod Stewart
by Rod Stewart
Songfacts®:
Comments: 54
Content: This song came together when Stewart began working with guitarist Martin Quittenton from the band Steamhammer. They convened at Stewart's house in Muswell Hill, where Quittenton played some chords that caught Rod's ear. As he sussed out a vocal melody, he started singing the words to the folk song "Maggie Mae," which got him thinking about that day 10 years earlier when he had a quick-and-dirty tryst. They made a demo with Stewart singing fractures lines. From there, he got to work on the lyrics, filling a notebook with ideas and arriving at a story about a guy who falls for an older woman and is now both smitten and perplexed. This was the first big hit of the rock era to feature a mandolin, which was mostly heard in folk music. Stewart first used the instrument on "Mandolin Wind," which was one of the first songs he recorded for the album. He liked the results, so he used it on "Maggie" as well. "Maggie May" remains the biggest mondolin-based hit ever recorded, although the theme music for The Godfather, released the following year, may be more recognized. Every Picture Tells A Story was Stewart's third solo album, and the one that made him a superstar. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1304 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_647743714#6_1045230303 | Title: Maggie May by Rod Stewart - Songfacts
Headings: by
Rod Stewart
by Rod Stewart
Songfacts®:
Comments: 54
Content: At the time, he was still lead singer of the Faces, and for this session, which took place at Morgan Sound Studios in Willesden, England, he brought in two of his mates from that group: Ronnie Wood (guitar/bass) and Ian McLagan (organ). The other musicians were drummer Mickey Waller (he forgot to bring his cymbals to the session, so those were overdubbed later), guitarist Martin Quittenton and mandolin player Ray Jackson. The song came together quickly in the studio, helped along by Jackson's mandolin contribution. Jackson had been hired to perform on the song "Mandolin Wind," which is why he was available. Stewart asked him to play something they might use to end the song, which he improvised on the spot. This became a huge hit in Britain and America, topping both the UK and US charts at the same time. Every Picture Tells A Story was also the #1 album on both sides of the Atlantic, making him the first artist to have the #1 song and album in both the US and UK simultaneously. Stewart's success in the UK was expected, as he had a following there as a member of the Faces, but he was little known in America before "Maggie May" took off. There is no real chorus in this song, but plenty of vocal and instrumental changes to keep it interesting. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1304 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_647743714#7_1045231862 | Title: Maggie May by Rod Stewart - Songfacts
Headings: by
Rod Stewart
by Rod Stewart
Songfacts®:
Comments: 54
Content: Stewart asked him to play something they might use to end the song, which he improvised on the spot. This became a huge hit in Britain and America, topping both the UK and US charts at the same time. Every Picture Tells A Story was also the #1 album on both sides of the Atlantic, making him the first artist to have the #1 song and album in both the US and UK simultaneously. Stewart's success in the UK was expected, as he had a following there as a member of the Faces, but he was little known in America before "Maggie May" took off. There is no real chorus in this song, but plenty of vocal and instrumental changes to keep it interesting. Running 5:46, it was considered an oddity with no hit potential and nearly left off the album. Stewart's record company, Mercury, didn't think it was a hit either, so used it as the B-side of the " Reason To Believe " single. Disc jockeys liked "Maggie" better, so they played it instead, forcing Mercury to put it out as a single. The first station to flip the single and play it as the A-side was WOKY in Milwaukee. Ray Jackson, a British musician who played in the band Lindisfarne, played the mandolin on this song and on a few others for Stewart. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1304 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_647743714#8_1045233360 | Title: Maggie May by Rod Stewart - Songfacts
Headings: by
Rod Stewart
by Rod Stewart
Songfacts®:
Comments: 54
Content: Running 5:46, it was considered an oddity with no hit potential and nearly left off the album. Stewart's record company, Mercury, didn't think it was a hit either, so used it as the B-side of the " Reason To Believe " single. Disc jockeys liked "Maggie" better, so they played it instead, forcing Mercury to put it out as a single. The first station to flip the single and play it as the A-side was WOKY in Milwaukee. Ray Jackson, a British musician who played in the band Lindisfarne, played the mandolin on this song and on a few others for Stewart. In 2003, Jackson threatened legal action against Stewart, claiming he deserved a writing credit for his contribution. Jackson, who says he made just the standard £15 session fee for his work, stated: " I am convinced that my contribution to 'Maggie May,' which occurred in the early stages of my career when I was just becoming famous for my work with Lindisfarne, was essential to the success of the record." Stewart employed Jackson on subsequent recordings, but didn't hear about his beef with the composer credit until the '80s. Stewart's retort (through a spokesman): " | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1304 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_649238989#5_1048181818 | Title: Those Were The Days by Mary Hopkin - Songfacts
Headings: by
Mary Hopkin
by Mary Hopkin
Songfacts®:
Comments: 22
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Content: >>
Suggestion credit: Brad Wind - Miami, FL, for all above
Versions of the song were also recorded in Spanish, French, Italian and German by Hopkin and McCartney. John Lennon's first wife, Cynthia, also recorded a version. >>
Suggestion credit: Jes - Mason City, IA
Cream has a song by the same name released in the same year. The 2 songs seem to be completely unrelated. The song was written by Mike Taylor and Cream's drummer, Ginger Baker. >>
Suggestion credit: Ethan - Ridgely, MD
Other artists who have covered this song include the 5th Dimension, Chet Atkins, Carol Burnett, Max Bygraves, Dexter Gordon, Robert Goulet, Engelbert Humperdinck, Wanda Jackson, Johnny Mathis, Jerry Vale, The Ventures and Bobby Vinton. >>
Suggestion credit: | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=1893 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654094111#0_1057579918 | Title: Maybe I'm Amazed by Paul McCartney - Songfacts
Headings: by
Paul McCartney
by Paul McCartney
Songfacts®:
Comments: 64
Content: Maybe I'm Amazed by Paul McCartney - Songfacts
by Paul McCartney
Play Maybe I'm Amazed
Couldn't find anything. May contain affiliate links
Album: McCartney ( 1970)
Charted: 28 10
Get the Sheet Music License This Song
lyrics
artistfacts
Songfacts®: Paul McCartney wrote this song about his wife Linda, who died of breast cancer in 1998. McCartney never wavered in his love for Linda, and even made her part of his band so she could tour with him. "Maybe I'm Amazed" was written in 1969 just after The Beatles broke up. McCartney credits Linda with helping him get through this difficult time. The studio version of this song was never released as a single (no tracks on the album were), but it is one of the most enduring songs on McCartney's first solo album. A concert version was released as a single in 1977 to promote the Wings Over America live album. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=55 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654094111#1_1057581102 | Title: Maybe I'm Amazed by Paul McCartney - Songfacts
Headings: by
Paul McCartney
by Paul McCartney
Songfacts®:
Comments: 64
Content: McCartney never wavered in his love for Linda, and even made her part of his band so she could tour with him. "Maybe I'm Amazed" was written in 1969 just after The Beatles broke up. McCartney credits Linda with helping him get through this difficult time. The studio version of this song was never released as a single (no tracks on the album were), but it is one of the most enduring songs on McCartney's first solo album. A concert version was released as a single in 1977 to promote the Wings Over America live album. Credited to Paul McCartney & Wings, it went to #10 in the US in April 1977. McCartney, an animal rights activist, appeared on The Simpsons episode 3F03, "Lisa The Vegetarian." McCartney helps Lisa become a vegetarian and tells her that if you play this song backwards, you hear a recipe for lentil soup. Over the closing credits of that episode, if you listen carefully, you can hear the backwards message. As an extra feature on The Simpsons DVD, you can hear McCartney read the recipe and say, "There you have it Simpsons lovers, oh and by the way, I'm alive." | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=55 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654094111#4_1057585616 | Title: Maybe I'm Amazed by Paul McCartney - Songfacts
Headings: by
Paul McCartney
by Paul McCartney
Songfacts®:
Comments: 64
Content: Unlike George Harrison, who had three discs worth great songs (mostly rejected by The Beatles) for his first solo effort, Paul had little in the way of leftovers to work with. He worked up the album in his kitchen, and played all of the instruments himself. The only other performer on the album was his wife Linda, who lent backing vocals (she also took the cover photo). Critics derided the album as an unfinished work, usually citing "Maybe I'm Amazed" as the exception. The review in Melody Maker called the other tracks "sheer banality." McCartney was annoyed that he wrote a rebuttal to the paper defending the album. Artists who covered this song include The Faces, Petula Clark, Elkie Brooks, Black Oak Arkansas, Jem, Joe Cocker, and Gov't Mule. The cover by Jem was used in the season finale of the first season in the show The O.C. >>
Suggestion credit: Michael - San Diego, CA
Actor Jamie Dornan, who plays Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades movies, recorded his take of the song for the soundtrack of Fifty Shades Freed. The film involves an impromptu piano and singing performance of "Maybe I'm Amazed" from Christian, which surprises his lover Anastasia, sister, Mia, and brother, Elliot. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=55 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654094111#5_1057587135 | Title: Maybe I'm Amazed by Paul McCartney - Songfacts
Headings: by
Paul McCartney
by Paul McCartney
Songfacts®:
Comments: 64
Content: McCartney was annoyed that he wrote a rebuttal to the paper defending the album. Artists who covered this song include The Faces, Petula Clark, Elkie Brooks, Black Oak Arkansas, Jem, Joe Cocker, and Gov't Mule. The cover by Jem was used in the season finale of the first season in the show The O.C. >>
Suggestion credit: Michael - San Diego, CA
Actor Jamie Dornan, who plays Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades movies, recorded his take of the song for the soundtrack of Fifty Shades Freed. The film involves an impromptu piano and singing performance of "Maybe I'm Amazed" from Christian, which surprises his lover Anastasia, sister, Mia, and brother, Elliot. This was the first song with the word "amazed" in the title to reach the Hot 100. Another didn't appear until 1999 when Lonestar charted with " Amazed ." Your name as you would like it displayed
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Comments: 64
see more comments | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=55 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654595871#0_1058738269 | Title: Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps by Nat King Cole - Songfacts
Headings: by
Nat King Cole
by Nat King Cole
Songfacts®:
Comments
More Songfacts:
Hey Soul Sister Train
That'll Be The Day Buddy Holly
Party Doll Buddy Knox & the Rhythm Orchids
Layla Derek & the Dominos
Open Your Heart Madonna
I Feel For You Chaka Khan
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Content: Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps by Nat King Cole - Songfacts
by Nat King Cole
Play Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps
Couldn't find anything. May contain affiliate links
Album: Cole Espanol ( 1958)
Get the Sheet Music License This Song
lyrics
artistfacts
Songfacts®: This song tells the story of a man wishing that a woman would only tell him if she loves him. The woman never answers definitely, and the man laments his luck. >>
Suggestion credit: Brant - Ocean City, NJ
Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farres wrote this in 1947. The song was in Spanish, with the title "Quizas, Quizas, Quizas." Joe Davis translated the lyrics to English, the song has been recorded by many artists, including Doris Day, Montovani, Cake, Ben E. King and Geri Halliwell. Mari Wilson sings the version used as the theme song for the British TV show Coupling. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6462 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654595871#1_1058739936 | Title: Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps by Nat King Cole - Songfacts
Headings: by
Nat King Cole
by Nat King Cole
Songfacts®:
Comments
More Songfacts:
Hey Soul Sister Train
That'll Be The Day Buddy Holly
Party Doll Buddy Knox & the Rhythm Orchids
Layla Derek & the Dominos
Open Your Heart Madonna
I Feel For You Chaka Khan
Editor's Picks
Cheerleaders In Music Videos Song Writing
Mike Rutherford (Genesis, Mike + The Mechanics) Songwriter Interviews
Is That Song Public Domain? Fact or Fiction
Charlie Daniels Songwriter Interviews
Dino Cazares of Fear Factory Songwriter Interviews
Spot The Real Red Hot Chili Peppers Song Titles Music Quiz
Content: >>
Suggestion credit: Brant - Ocean City, NJ
Cuban songwriter Osvaldo Farres wrote this in 1947. The song was in Spanish, with the title "Quizas, Quizas, Quizas." Joe Davis translated the lyrics to English, the song has been recorded by many artists, including Doris Day, Montovani, Cake, Ben E. King and Geri Halliwell. Mari Wilson sings the version used as the theme song for the British TV show Coupling. The American version of the show used the song performed by Lindsay Price. This was used in the movies Strictly Ballroom and In The Mood For Love. More songs from Nat King Cole
More songs that were also recorded in other languages
More songs about heartache
More TV show theme songs
More songs used in movies
More songs from 1958
Lyrics to Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps
Nat King Cole Artistfacts
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More Songfacts: Hey Soul Sister Train
Train's guitarist had to Google an instructional video to learn how to play the ukulele for "Hey Soul Sister." That'll Be The Day Buddy Holly
Buddy Holly got the title for his hit song "That'll Be The Day" from a phrase John Wayne said in his movie "The Searchers. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6462 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_654595871#2_1058742013 | Title: Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps by Nat King Cole - Songfacts
Headings: by
Nat King Cole
by Nat King Cole
Songfacts®:
Comments
More Songfacts:
Hey Soul Sister Train
That'll Be The Day Buddy Holly
Party Doll Buddy Knox & the Rhythm Orchids
Layla Derek & the Dominos
Open Your Heart Madonna
I Feel For You Chaka Khan
Editor's Picks
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Is That Song Public Domain? Fact or Fiction
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Content: The American version of the show used the song performed by Lindsay Price. This was used in the movies Strictly Ballroom and In The Mood For Love. More songs from Nat King Cole
More songs that were also recorded in other languages
More songs about heartache
More TV show theme songs
More songs used in movies
More songs from 1958
Lyrics to Perhaps Perhaps Perhaps
Nat King Cole Artistfacts
Your name as you would like it displayed
Your Locaton
Your Comment
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Comments
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More Songfacts: Hey Soul Sister Train
Train's guitarist had to Google an instructional video to learn how to play the ukulele for "Hey Soul Sister." That'll Be The Day Buddy Holly
Buddy Holly got the title for his hit song "That'll Be The Day" from a phrase John Wayne said in his movie "The Searchers. Party Doll Buddy Knox & the Rhythm Orchids
The drum sound on Buddy Knox's 1957 US #1 hit "Party Doll" was actually made by a cardboard box filled with cotton. Layla Derek & the Dominos
Eric Clapton wrote "Layla" about his love for Pattie Harrison, who was married to George Harrison at the time. He eventually married Pattie, and managed to stay friends with George. Open Your Heart Madonna
The kid in Madonna's "Open Your Heart" video became a successful songwriter. His songs include Amy Winehouse's "You Sent Me Flying" and James Blunt's "1973." | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=6462 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_655361863#10_1060352502 | Title: Yesterday by The Beatles - Songfacts
Headings: by
The Beatles
by The Beatles
Songfacts®:
Comments: 135
Content: Yoko disagreed. Some of the artists who have covered this song include Boyz II Men, Ray Charles, En Vogue, Marianne Faithfull, Marvin Gaye, Tom Jones, Nana Mouskouri, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, The Supremes, The Toys, Andy Williams, and Tammy Wynette. >>
Suggestion credit: Jerro - New Alexandria, PA
This was featured in the 1997 movie Bean, when the title character (played by Rowan Atkinson) sings it with David Langley (played by Peter MacNicol) as they trot home one night. >>
Suggestion credit: Tiffany - Dover, FL
Paul McCartney's first performance at the Grammys came in 2006. He joined in with Jay-Z and the lead singer of Linkin Park to sing part of the lyrics to this song. Paul also performed "Fine Line" and "Helter Skelter" earlier in the show. >>
Suggestion credit: Patrick - Statesville, NC
When McCartney played this song, he tuned his guitar one tone lower than usual. | http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=82 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_669716060#0_1085959251 | Title: Sonographer Salaries
Headings:
Sonographer Salaries
Content: Sonographer Salaries
Sonographer Salaries
Sonography salaries are among the higher medical technician salaries. A sonographer salary is a function of several factors including: employer
level of training and education
experience
specialization
full or part time employment
geographic location and demand
Median annual sonographer salaries in May 2016 were about $69,700. The lowest 10% earned sonographer pay of about $48,700 and the highest 10% earned a sonographer salary of more than about $99,100. The salary of a sonographer also varies with ex perience. According to Payscale.com, the startin g entry level sonographer salary in 2016 for experience less t han a year was about $51,000. The highest paying skills associated with this job according to Payscale.com are RDCS (Registered Diagnostic Cardiac Sonographer), Vascular, and RVT (Registered Vascular Techologist). Sonographer wages i n top paying industries in May 2016 were: Show Me Schools In My Zip Code! Sonographer salaries by state are shown below in a Bureau of Labor Statistics map. | http://www.sonographycareer.com/sonographer-salaries.php |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_670482651#6_1087401624 | Title: The forgotten sacrifices of Tejanos in Texas' fight
Headings:
Content: Land that had been in Tejano hands for generations was soon transferred to Anglos, often through threat or out right fraud." From 1836 until Texas statehood a decade later, Tejano communities in Victoria, Refugio, Goliad and other places were subjugated by Anglo settlers, Montejano wrote. In 1839, 100 Tejano families were forced to abandon their homes in Nacogdoches and flee south. Land speculators benefitted by making quick, cheap real estate buys from Tejanos driven from their land. According to state land records dating from 1837 to 1842,13 "American" buyers purchased 1.4 million acres of land from 358 Mexican owners, Montejano wrote. Even such heroes of the revolt as Juan Seguin were not exempt. As mayor of San Antonio in 1840, he grieved over the treatment of Tejanos by Anglo newcomers. "Could I leave them defenseless, exposed to the assaults of foreigners, who, on the pretext that they were Mexicans, treated them worse than brutes?" Seguin wrote. In 1842, after numerous death threats, Seguin left his native San Antonio for exile in Mexico. | http://www.sonsofdewittcolony.org/adp/archives/newsarch/tejano.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_679431257#0_1104219744 | Title: Media bias
Headings:
Search SOURCES
Media bias
Contents
[ edit]
Types of bias
[ edit]
Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
[ edit]
Experimenter's bias
[ edit]
Tools for measuring and evaluating media bias
[ edit]
Efforts to correct bias
[ edit]
History of bias in the mass media
[ edit]
Role of language
[ edit]
National and ethnic viewpoint
[ edit]
Anglophone bias in the world media
[ edit]
Religious bias
[ edit]
Other influences
[ edit]
See also
[ edit]
References
[ edit]
Further reading
[ edit]
External links
[ edit]
Impartial organizations monitoring media bias
[ edit]
Conservative organizations monitoring liberal bias
[ edit]
Liberal organizations monitoring conservative bias
[ edit]
Other blogs and websites about media bias
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on specific media organizations
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on media about or in specific regions
[ edit]
Other
Content: Media bias
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Media bias
Media bias refers to the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which events and stories are reported and how they are covered. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative. Since it is impossible to report everything, selectivity is inevitable. Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries. Market forces that result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source, concentration of media ownership, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended audience, and pressure from advertisers. There are a number of national and international watchdog groups that report on bias in the media. Contents
1 Types of bias
2 Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
3 Experimenter's bias
4 Tools for measuring and evaluating media bias
5 Efforts to correct bias
6 History of bias in the mass media
7 Role of language
8 National and ethnic viewpoint
9 Anglophone bias in the world media
10 Religious bias
11 Other influences
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Impartial organizations monitoring media bias
15.2 Conservative organizations monitoring liberal bias
15.3 Liberal organizations monitoring conservative bias
15.4 Other blogs and websites about media bias
15.5 Websites/blogs focused on specific media organizations
15.6 Websites/blogs focused on media about or in specific regions
15.7 Other
[ edit]
Types of bias
The most common forms of bias occur when the media support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology, but other common forms of bias include
Advertising bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media. | http://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/SSRW-Media_Bias.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_679431257#1_1104223829 | Title: Media bias
Headings:
Search SOURCES
Media bias
Contents
[ edit]
Types of bias
[ edit]
Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
[ edit]
Experimenter's bias
[ edit]
Tools for measuring and evaluating media bias
[ edit]
Efforts to correct bias
[ edit]
History of bias in the mass media
[ edit]
Role of language
[ edit]
National and ethnic viewpoint
[ edit]
Anglophone bias in the world media
[ edit]
Religious bias
[ edit]
Other influences
[ edit]
See also
[ edit]
References
[ edit]
Further reading
[ edit]
External links
[ edit]
Impartial organizations monitoring media bias
[ edit]
Conservative organizations monitoring liberal bias
[ edit]
Liberal organizations monitoring conservative bias
[ edit]
Other blogs and websites about media bias
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on specific media organizations
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on media about or in specific regions
[ edit]
Other
Content: Government influence, including overt and covert censorship, biases the media in some countries. Market forces that result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source, concentration of media ownership, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended audience, and pressure from advertisers. There are a number of national and international watchdog groups that report on bias in the media. Contents
1 Types of bias
2 Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
3 Experimenter's bias
4 Tools for measuring and evaluating media bias
5 Efforts to correct bias
6 History of bias in the mass media
7 Role of language
8 National and ethnic viewpoint
9 Anglophone bias in the world media
10 Religious bias
11 Other influences
12 See also
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
15.1 Impartial organizations monitoring media bias
15.2 Conservative organizations monitoring liberal bias
15.3 Liberal organizations monitoring conservative bias
15.4 Other blogs and websites about media bias
15.5 Websites/blogs focused on specific media organizations
15.6 Websites/blogs focused on media about or in specific regions
15.7 Other
[ edit]
Types of bias
The most common forms of bias occur when the media support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology, but other common forms of bias include
Advertising bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers. Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media. Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone. Sensationalism, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as airplane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes. Other forms of bias including reporting that favors or attacks a particular race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, or ethnic group. [ edit]
Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
[I]f the system functions well, it ought to have a liberal bias, or at least appear to. Because if it appears to have a liberal bias, that will serve to bound thought even more effectively. | http://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/SSRW-Media_Bias.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_679431257#6_1104237770 | Title: Media bias
Headings:
Search SOURCES
Media bias
Contents
[ edit]
Types of bias
[ edit]
Scholarly treatment of media bias in the United States and United Kingdom
[ edit]
Experimenter's bias
[ edit]
Tools for measuring and evaluating media bias
[ edit]
Efforts to correct bias
[ edit]
History of bias in the mass media
[ edit]
Role of language
[ edit]
National and ethnic viewpoint
[ edit]
Anglophone bias in the world media
[ edit]
Religious bias
[ edit]
Other influences
[ edit]
See also
[ edit]
References
[ edit]
Further reading
[ edit]
External links
[ edit]
Impartial organizations monitoring media bias
[ edit]
Conservative organizations monitoring liberal bias
[ edit]
Liberal organizations monitoring conservative bias
[ edit]
Other blogs and websites about media bias
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on specific media organizations
[ edit]
Websites/blogs focused on media about or in specific regions
[ edit]
Other
Content: Fox News, CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, "Print sources," or NPR . By cross referencing the responses according to primary news source, the study showed that higher numbers of Fox News watchers held certain misconceptions about the Iraq war. The director of Program on International Policy (PIPA), Stephen Kull said, 'While we cannot assert that these misconceptions created the support for going to war with Iraq, it does appear likely that support for the war would be substantially lower if fewer members of the public had these misperceptions.' "
..."balanced" coverage that plagues American journalism and which leads to utterly spineless reporting with no edge. The idea seems to be that journalists are allowed to go out to report, but when it comes time to write, we are expected to turn our brains off and repeat the spin from both sides. God forbid we should attempt fairly assess what we see with our own eyes. " Balanced" is not fair, it's just an easy way of avoiding real reporting...and shirking our responsibility to inform readers. "
' Ken Silverstein, 2008
The Glasgow Media Group carried out the Bad News Studies, a series of detailed analyses of television broadcasts (and later newspaper coverage) in the United Kingdom. ( Eldridge, 2000). Published between 1976 and 1985, the Bad News Studies used content analysis, interviews and covert participant observation to conclude that news was biased against trade unions, blaming them for breaking wage negotiating guidelines and causing high inflation. | http://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/SSRW-Media_Bias.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_693551060#14_1131993371 | Title: What Makes Earth Special Compared to Other Planets | Space
Headings: What Makes Earth Special Compared to Other Planets
What Makes Earth Special Compared to Other Planets
Water World
Goldilocks planet
A friendly moon
Rare Earth
Not-so-special Earth
Content: "Certainly there will be other planets that support life," he said. " I think life is actually quite common. I think we're going to find there are literally billions of them in the galaxy." 101 Amazing Earth Facts
The Greatest Mysteries in Science
Top 10 Most Intriguing Extrasolar Planets
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected]. | http://www.space.com/5595-earth-special-compared-planets.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_694215800#4_1132967239 | Title: Physics: Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity: WSM in Absolute Space explains Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Headings: Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Introduction
The Particle/Space Duality of Newton's Mechanics (1687)
Sir Isaac Newton Concepts of Time, Particles, and Forces
(Instant Action-at-a-Distance)
a) How does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and move through the Space around it?
b) How do these discrete particles gravitationally act-at-a-distance with other particles separate in Space?
Sir Isaac Newton's Concept of Light as a Particle
Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Inertia F = m.a
Faraday's Electromagnetic Force Field, Particle/Field Duality (1832)
Maxwell's Equations & the Finite Velocity of Light Waves (1876)
Lorentz's Theory of the Electron (1900)
The Lorentz Transformations & How the Electron Changes Ellipsoidal Shape With Motion
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity (1905,1915)
Albert Einstein' Special Relativity (1905)
The Principle of Newtonian Relativity. The laws of Mechanics are the same in all inertial (non-accelerated) reference frames.
Explaining the Two Postulates of Special Relativity (Albert Einstein, 1905)
Albert Einstein's General Relativity
On Accelerated Motion and Gravitation. 1915
On Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
a) Inertial Mass
b) Gravitational Mass
On the Equivalence of Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
Summary of Einstein's Relativity
Explaining and Solving the Problems of Einstein's Relativity
i) Einstein's Relativity is a Theory of a posteriori Effects not a priori Causes, and is founded on Many things (Matter) rather than One thing (Space).
ii) Continuous Fields do Not Explain the Discrete Energy Levels of Matter and Light as Determined by Quantum Theory.
iii) Einstein's 'Fields' require 'Particles'.
iv) Einstein's Continuous Field Theory of Matter gives rise to Singularities and Infinite Fields.
v) Einstein Rejects both 'Particles' and Motion.
vi) Einstein Assumed Matter Caused Space Rather than the Wave-Motion of Space Causing Matter.
vii) Einstein Never United the Electromagnetic & Gravitational Fields into a Unified Field Theory for Matter
viii) Einstein's 'Curvature of the Four Dimensional Space-Time Continuum'
Concluding Remarks
References
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Help Humanity
It is Easy to Help!
Content: So I think it is worth the effort! Geoff Haselhurst
The development during the present century is characterized by two theoretical systems essentially independent of each other: the theory of relativity and the quantum theory. The two systems do not directly contradict each other; but they seem little adapted to fusion into one unified theory. For the time being we have to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis for physics which can be regarded as its logical foundation. ( Albert Einstein, 1940)
As is well known, there are two fundamental theories which are the pillars of modern Physics - Albert Einstein's Special and General Relativity (1905, 1915) and Quantum Theory (1900-1930). Further, Albert Einstein's General Relativity (on Gravitation and accelerated motion) then laid the foundations for modern Cosmology (as gravity is a phenomena that extends across the universe - though we now realise that charge also plays a significant role in the evolution of the universe). Now it is also universally known that Albert Einstein's Relativity Theory is famous for being incomprehensible. And it even seems that some scientists enjoy this incomprehensibility of the universe. | http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-Albert-Einstein-Theory-Relativity.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_694215800#5_1132971341 | Title: Physics: Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity: WSM in Absolute Space explains Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Headings: Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Introduction
The Particle/Space Duality of Newton's Mechanics (1687)
Sir Isaac Newton Concepts of Time, Particles, and Forces
(Instant Action-at-a-Distance)
a) How does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and move through the Space around it?
b) How do these discrete particles gravitationally act-at-a-distance with other particles separate in Space?
Sir Isaac Newton's Concept of Light as a Particle
Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Inertia F = m.a
Faraday's Electromagnetic Force Field, Particle/Field Duality (1832)
Maxwell's Equations & the Finite Velocity of Light Waves (1876)
Lorentz's Theory of the Electron (1900)
The Lorentz Transformations & How the Electron Changes Ellipsoidal Shape With Motion
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity (1905,1915)
Albert Einstein' Special Relativity (1905)
The Principle of Newtonian Relativity. The laws of Mechanics are the same in all inertial (non-accelerated) reference frames.
Explaining the Two Postulates of Special Relativity (Albert Einstein, 1905)
Albert Einstein's General Relativity
On Accelerated Motion and Gravitation. 1915
On Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
a) Inertial Mass
b) Gravitational Mass
On the Equivalence of Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
Summary of Einstein's Relativity
Explaining and Solving the Problems of Einstein's Relativity
i) Einstein's Relativity is a Theory of a posteriori Effects not a priori Causes, and is founded on Many things (Matter) rather than One thing (Space).
ii) Continuous Fields do Not Explain the Discrete Energy Levels of Matter and Light as Determined by Quantum Theory.
iii) Einstein's 'Fields' require 'Particles'.
iv) Einstein's Continuous Field Theory of Matter gives rise to Singularities and Infinite Fields.
v) Einstein Rejects both 'Particles' and Motion.
vi) Einstein Assumed Matter Caused Space Rather than the Wave-Motion of Space Causing Matter.
vii) Einstein Never United the Electromagnetic & Gravitational Fields into a Unified Field Theory for Matter
viii) Einstein's 'Curvature of the Four Dimensional Space-Time Continuum'
Concluding Remarks
References
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Help Humanity
It is Easy to Help!
Content: For the time being we have to admit that we do not possess any general theoretical basis for physics which can be regarded as its logical foundation. ( Albert Einstein, 1940)
As is well known, there are two fundamental theories which are the pillars of modern Physics - Albert Einstein's Special and General Relativity (1905, 1915) and Quantum Theory (1900-1930). Further, Albert Einstein's General Relativity (on Gravitation and accelerated motion) then laid the foundations for modern Cosmology (as gravity is a phenomena that extends across the universe - though we now realise that charge also plays a significant role in the evolution of the universe). Now it is also universally known that Albert Einstein's Relativity Theory is famous for being incomprehensible. And it even seems that some scientists enjoy this incomprehensibility of the universe. However, philosophy teaches us that things become absurd when we have errors in our language and metaphysical foundations. Thus the solution is not to have endless arguments (and amusements) over these absurdities, but rather, to go back to the foundations and ensure that you have not made any errors. Having done this, it is clear that there is in fact a more simple way of describing reality than Einstein's assumption of Continuous Fields in Space-Time. While Einstein was correct in rejecting the 'particle' concept we now realise that the 'continuous field' concept (i.e. Faraday, Maxwell, Lorentz, and which Einstein used in his Theory of Relativity) is also incorrect. Instead, it is simpler (and solves many problems) to describe reality from One thing existing, Space, and its Properties as a Wave Medium for Spherical Waves that form Matter. | http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-Albert-Einstein-Theory-Relativity.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_694215800#10_1132995558 | Title: Physics: Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity: WSM in Absolute Space explains Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Headings: Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Introduction
The Particle/Space Duality of Newton's Mechanics (1687)
Sir Isaac Newton Concepts of Time, Particles, and Forces
(Instant Action-at-a-Distance)
a) How does matter exist as a discrete particle in Space and move through the Space around it?
b) How do these discrete particles gravitationally act-at-a-distance with other particles separate in Space?
Sir Isaac Newton's Concept of Light as a Particle
Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Inertia F = m.a
Faraday's Electromagnetic Force Field, Particle/Field Duality (1832)
Maxwell's Equations & the Finite Velocity of Light Waves (1876)
Lorentz's Theory of the Electron (1900)
The Lorentz Transformations & How the Electron Changes Ellipsoidal Shape With Motion
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity (1905,1915)
Albert Einstein' Special Relativity (1905)
The Principle of Newtonian Relativity. The laws of Mechanics are the same in all inertial (non-accelerated) reference frames.
Explaining the Two Postulates of Special Relativity (Albert Einstein, 1905)
Albert Einstein's General Relativity
On Accelerated Motion and Gravitation. 1915
On Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
a) Inertial Mass
b) Gravitational Mass
On the Equivalence of Inertial Mass and Gravitational Mass
Summary of Einstein's Relativity
Explaining and Solving the Problems of Einstein's Relativity
i) Einstein's Relativity is a Theory of a posteriori Effects not a priori Causes, and is founded on Many things (Matter) rather than One thing (Space).
ii) Continuous Fields do Not Explain the Discrete Energy Levels of Matter and Light as Determined by Quantum Theory.
iii) Einstein's 'Fields' require 'Particles'.
iv) Einstein's Continuous Field Theory of Matter gives rise to Singularities and Infinite Fields.
v) Einstein Rejects both 'Particles' and Motion.
vi) Einstein Assumed Matter Caused Space Rather than the Wave-Motion of Space Causing Matter.
vii) Einstein Never United the Electromagnetic & Gravitational Fields into a Unified Field Theory for Matter
viii) Einstein's 'Curvature of the Four Dimensional Space-Time Continuum'
Concluding Remarks
References
Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Simplifying the Metaphysics of Einstein's Special and General Relativity
Help Humanity
It is Easy to Help!
Content: Atomism arose as an explanatory scheme with the ancient Greeks (around 400BC), Leucippus and Democritus, and Epicurus, and the Roman poet, Lucretius. At the most fundamental level atomism is the belief that all phenomena are explicable in terms of the properties and behaviour of ultimate, elementary, localized entities (or 'fundamental particles'). Thus it prescribes a strategy for the construction of scientific theories in which the behaviour of complex bodies is to be explained in terms of their component parts. That strategy has led to many of the successes of modern physical science, though these do not prove that there actually are 'ultimate entities' of the type postulated by atomism. Their (the atomists) analysis goes 'behind' the appearance of minute, unchangeable and indestructible 'atoms' separated by the emptiness of 'the void'. It is the void which is said to make change and movement possible. All apparent change is simply the result of rearrangements of the atoms as a consequence of collisions between them. This seems to lead to mechanical determinism, though, in an attempt to leave room for freewill, Epicurus and Lucretius postulated that atoms might 'deviate' in their courses. Read the article on Free Will
However if 'what exists' is 'atoms', what of the 'void'? In different ways both Aristotle and Descartes denied that there could be such a thing as literally 'empty space'. | http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Physics-Albert-Einstein-Theory-Relativity.htm |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_695880794#7_1135249310 | Title:
Headings:
Content: Plutonium-238 fuel is used to power a radioisotope thermal generator (RTG), which is the probe's long-life battery. An RTG converts heat from naturally decaying plutonium into electricity. The RTG uses plutonium dioxide ceramic pellets as a heat source and solid-state thermocouples that convert the plutonium's heat energy to electricity. Half of the plutonium for New Horizons was on hand when the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) stopped work at the nuclear weapons plant in July 2004. A total of 36 of the 72 fuel units ordered had been left over from a spare RTG built earlier for NASA's Galileo and Cassini missions. When the lab shut down, it had 18 more units in the works. The launch went ahead with as few as 61 fuel units. More plutonium dioxide ceramic could be made at Los Alamos scientists by converting plutonium bought from Russia into pellets packaged in hockey-puck-sized containers. The Argonne National Laboratory at Idaho Falls could put the pellet containers into an RTG. An RTG with a full load of 72 fuel units can deliver 200 watts of electricity. | http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Pluto/PlutoNewHorizons.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_704794246#0_1155066732 | Title: The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
Headings: The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
Content: The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
The Life Cycle of Plants
All plants undergo a life cycle that takes them through both haploid and diploid generations. The multicellular diploid plant structure is called the sporophyte, which produces spores through meiotic (asexual) division. The multicellular haploid plant structure is called the gametophyte, which is formed from the spore and give rise to the haploid gametes. The fluctuation between these diploid and haploid stages that occurs in plants is called the alternation of generations. The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. | http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/lifecycle/section1.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_704794246#1_1155068343 | Title: The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
Headings: The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
Content: The way in which the alternation of generations occurs in plants depends on the type of plant. In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant. Bryophyte Generations
Bryophytes are nonvascularized plants that are still dependent on a moist environment for survival (see Plant Classification, Bryophytes . Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. | http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/lifecycle/section1.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_704794246#2_1155070020 | Title: The Life Cycle of Plants: Alternation of Generations | SparkNotes
Headings: The Life Cycle of Plants
The Life Cycle of Plants
Bryophyte Generations
Tracheophyte Generations
Content: The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. The mature gametophyte produces both male and female gametes, which join to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into the diploid sporophyte, which extends from the gametophyte and produces haploid spores through meiosis. Once the spores germinate, they produce new gametophyte plants and the cycle continues. Tracheophyte Generations
Tracheophytes are plants that contain vascular tissue; two of the major classes of tracheophytes are gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Tracheophytes, unlike bryophytes, have developed seeds that encase and protect their embryos. The dominant phase in the tracheophyte life cycle is the diploid (sporophyte) stage. The gametophytes are very small and cannot exist independent of the parent plant. | http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/lifecycle/section1.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_704811777#1_1155113503 | Title: Plant Classification: Bryophytes | SparkNotes
Headings: Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
Content: Bryophytes are dependent upon the moisture in their surroundings for both reproduction and fluid transport. The flagellated male gametes of bryophytes, like those of their aquatic ancestors, rely on water to help them move toward female gametes. Additionally, because they lack the efficient system of internal fluid transport found in tracheophytes, bryophytes require environmental moisture to ensure that all parts of the plant remain nourished. Like all plants, the bryophyte life cycle goes through both haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) stages. The haploid gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant. | http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantclassification/section1.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_704811777#2_1155115170 | Title: Plant Classification: Bryophytes | SparkNotes
Headings: Plant Classification
Plant Classification
Bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
Content: The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle. This stands in direct contrast to the tracheophyte life cycle, in which the diploid stage is dominant. For more information about the life cycles of bryophytes and tracheophytes, see Alternation of Generations. Mosses
Together, mosses and liverworts comprise most of the phylum Bryophyta. Each moss sporophyte consists of a foot, stalk, and sporangium-containing capsule that extends outward from the "leafy" gametophyte plant. These sporophytes are somewhat parasitic toward the adult gametophytes to which they are attached, even though these sporophytes are able to produce much of their own food through photosynthesis. Figure %
Liverworts
Liverworts gained their name from the liver-like lobes that characterize some types of these plants. Other types are more moss-like, growing on damp rocks or soil, and others are "leafy" and live on moist tree surfaces. Liverworts, which have a life cycle similar to that of mosses (but with simpler sporophytes), can also reproduce asexually through small structures called gemmae that are formed on the surface of the liverwort leaf. After these gemmae break free from the adult plant, they can give rise to new gametophytes on their own. | http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantclassification/section1.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706639441#0_1159538754 | Title: The Spanish American War (1898-1901): US Goes to War: 1898 | SparkNotes
Headings: The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
US Goes to War: 1898
Summary
Commentary
Content: The Spanish American War (1898-1901): US Goes to War: 1898 | SparkNotes
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After the explosion of the USS Maine, the US public was whipped up into an anti-Spanish hysteria. Despite Spain's desire to avoid war and President William McKinley's distaste for war, the yellow press continued feeding the public's appetite for anti-Spanish news. Hawks like then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt loudly criticized the reluctant McKinley for being weak and afraid. Although he disagreed with the public's demands for war, McKinley finally submitted to the various pressure exerted on him. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/spanishamerican/section4.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706639441#2_1159542127 | Title: The Spanish American War (1898-1901): US Goes to War: 1898 | SparkNotes
Headings: The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
US Goes to War: 1898
Summary
Commentary
Content: The Maine had exploded in Mid-February, and on April 11, 1898, McKinley finally sent a message to Congress giving his support for a declaration of war on Spain. Congress, which now had the President's word that he would not block a war with Spain as Cleveland had threatened to do, was ecstatic. On April 24, 1898 Spain declared war on the US. The next day, on April 25, the US declared war on Spain. The US public was exuberant, and the people celebrated as the country cheerfully went to war. In order to prove the righteousness of the US cause, Congress decided to send a message to the European powers, many of whom believed the American war against Spain to be an imperialistic land-grab, an effort to assume control of Cuba from Spain. Congress passed the Teller Amendment in May 1898, in which the US promised not to annex Cuba, but to liberate it as an independent state. Thus, the US claimed to be fighting the war not for selfish gain, but to liberate an oppressed people and promote justice in the world. Commentary
Even directly before the war, some people on both sides were trying to avoid conflict. Spain wanted to avoid war at all costs, and the Spanish diplomats to Washington promised to end the concentration camps and make peace with the insurrectos. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/spanishamerican/section4.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706639441#3_1159543810 | Title: The Spanish American War (1898-1901): US Goes to War: 1898 | SparkNotes
Headings: The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
US Goes to War: 1898
Summary
Commentary
Content: In order to prove the righteousness of the US cause, Congress decided to send a message to the European powers, many of whom believed the American war against Spain to be an imperialistic land-grab, an effort to assume control of Cuba from Spain. Congress passed the Teller Amendment in May 1898, in which the US promised not to annex Cuba, but to liberate it as an independent state. Thus, the US claimed to be fighting the war not for selfish gain, but to liberate an oppressed people and promote justice in the world. Commentary
Even directly before the war, some people on both sides were trying to avoid conflict. Spain wanted to avoid war at all costs, and the Spanish diplomats to Washington promised to end the concentration camps and make peace with the insurrectos. The US would not have it, demanding only one thing: complete Spanish withdrawal from Cuba and a recognition of Cuban independence. Spain refused. American public opinion now rested decidedly against the Spanish, and because of the way the yellow press had covered the explosion of the USS Maine, most of the country distrusted everything the Spanish said. Oddly enough, President McKinley also opposed the War. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/spanishamerican/section4.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706639441#5_1159546800 | Title: The Spanish American War (1898-1901): US Goes to War: 1898 | SparkNotes
Headings: The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
The Spanish American War (1898-1901)
US Goes to War: 1898
Summary
Commentary
Content: McKinley, who was closely tied to Wall Street and business networks, knew that most businessmen were against going to war. Mark Hanna, wealthy businessman and a leading advisor of McKinley, told McKinley to try and avoid war. Businessmen did not want a war with Spain because they feared that the destabilizing effects of a war might hurt the US economy. So why didn't McKinley use his powers as Commander-and-Chief to prevent the war from being carried out, as President Cleveland had threatened to do a few years earlier? The question was one McKinley wrestled with. A staunch believer in the democratic process, it was McKinley's personal philosophy that the people should get what they wanted, even if he knew that what they wanted would end up being bad for them. McKinley had other concerns behind his decision to go to war. He was constantly being criticized by Theodore Roosevelt and other warmongers for a "lack of backbone". ( Of course, in the hysterical frenzy of 1898, not supporting war was actually a very brave stand.) McKinley also was afraid that not going to war would give the Democrats and his arch-nemesis, William Jennings Bryan, a campaign issue to use against the Republicans in 1900. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/spanishamerican/section4.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#0_1159651929 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
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The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
Study Guide
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Summary
Brief Overview
Overview
Historical Background: 900–1900
Vietnamese Nationalism and the First Indochina War: 1900–1954
U.S. Involvement and the Cold War Context: 1947–1955
Diem and the Republic of Vietnam: 1955–1960
Kennedy and the First U.S. Involvement: 1961–1963
Johnson and Escalation: 1964–1966
Quagmire and the Tet Offensive: | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#1_1159653468 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: 1900–1954
U.S. Involvement and the Cold War Context: 1947–1955
Diem and the Republic of Vietnam: 1955–1960
Kennedy and the First U.S. Involvement: 1961–1963
Johnson and Escalation: 1964–1966
Quagmire and the Tet Offensive: 1966–1968
The U.S. Antiwar Movement: 1960–1970
Nixon and Vietnamization: 1969–1975
The Aftermath of the War
Key People
Key Terms
Further Study
Quiz
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Glossary of Literary Terms
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Summary
The Aftermath of the War
Summary The Aftermath of the War
Page 1 Page 2
Losses
The most immediate effect of the Vietnam War was the staggering death toll. The war killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1. 1 million North Vietnamese troops, 200, 000 South Vietnamese troops, and 58, 000 U.S. troops. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#2_1159654857 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: 1966–1968
The U.S. Antiwar Movement: 1960–1970
Nixon and Vietnamization: 1969–1975
The Aftermath of the War
Key People
Key Terms
Further Study
Quiz
Study Questions
Suggestions for Further Reading
Writing Help
Glossary of Literary Terms
How to Cite This SparkNote
Suggested Essay Topics
Teacher's Handbook
Summary
The Aftermath of the War
Summary The Aftermath of the War
Page 1 Page 2
Losses
The most immediate effect of the Vietnam War was the staggering death toll. The war killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1. 1 million North Vietnamese troops, 200, 000 South Vietnamese troops, and 58, 000 U.S. troops. Those wounded in combat numbered tens of thousands more. The massive U.S. bombing of both North and South Vietnam left the country in ruins, and the U.S. Army’s use of herbicides such as Agent Orange not only devastated Vietnam’s natural environment but also caused widespread health problems that have persisted for decades. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
In July 1976 , the new unified Vietnam was officially reunited as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), with its capital at Hanoi. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City . Even though Vietnam had succeeded in evicting the United States, its military problems were not over. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#3_1159656638 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: Those wounded in combat numbered tens of thousands more. The massive U.S. bombing of both North and South Vietnam left the country in ruins, and the U.S. Army’s use of herbicides such as Agent Orange not only devastated Vietnam’s natural environment but also caused widespread health problems that have persisted for decades. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
In July 1976 , the new unified Vietnam was officially reunited as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), with its capital at Hanoi. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City . Even though Vietnam had succeeded in evicting the United States, its military problems were not over. In neighboring Kampuchea (as Cambodia was now called), Communist dictator Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge forces began a reign of terror in the hope of creating a pre-industrial utopia, murdering around 2 million people in so-called “killing fields.” In 1978 , the SRV invaded Kampuchea to stop the Khmer Rouge. Although Vietnam’s invasion of Kampuchea put an end to the killing fields, China was threatened by Vietnam’s extension of influence in the region and began a border war with Vietnam. After decades of conflict, Vietnam found itself with the world’s fourth-largest army but one of the world’s poorest economies. In the late 1980 s and early 1990 s, it began to turn more toward capitalism and a liberal economy. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#4_1159658508 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: In neighboring Kampuchea (as Cambodia was now called), Communist dictator Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge forces began a reign of terror in the hope of creating a pre-industrial utopia, murdering around 2 million people in so-called “killing fields.” In 1978 , the SRV invaded Kampuchea to stop the Khmer Rouge. Although Vietnam’s invasion of Kampuchea put an end to the killing fields, China was threatened by Vietnam’s extension of influence in the region and began a border war with Vietnam. After decades of conflict, Vietnam found itself with the world’s fourth-largest army but one of the world’s poorest economies. In the late 1980 s and early 1990 s, it began to turn more toward capitalism and a liberal economy. Vietnam and U.S. Society
By 1975 , Vietnam was off the Gallup Poll list of top issues in the United States. Aside from concern for remaining U.S. prisoners of war (POWs) still in Vietnam, Americans became less and less concerned with events within the country. Nonetheless, the war had lasting effects. Combined with the Watergate scandal, it inspired widespread public distrust of the U.S. government and made the military less popular, at least in the short term. The draft has not been used since. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#5_1159660235 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: Vietnam and U.S. Society
By 1975 , Vietnam was off the Gallup Poll list of top issues in the United States. Aside from concern for remaining U.S. prisoners of war (POWs) still in Vietnam, Americans became less and less concerned with events within the country. Nonetheless, the war had lasting effects. Combined with the Watergate scandal, it inspired widespread public distrust of the U.S. government and made the military less popular, at least in the short term. The draft has not been used since. The Vietnam War also has played a large role in American popular culture, especially in film. Prominent films such as Taxi Driver ( 1976 ), Coming Home ( 1978 ), The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ), Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ), Platoon ( 1986 ), Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ), and Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) dealt with topics ranging from the brutality of the war itself to the difficulty of Vietnam veterans’ attempts to readjust to American society and cope with war trauma after returning to the United States. Geopolitical Effects
In 1975 , it appeared that the Vietnam War was a clear loss for the United States. But while much of Indochina did become Communist, validating the domino theory to an extent, the war left mostly psychological scars in the United States. It did not affect the United States’ status as a superpower, and though North Vietnam “won” the war, realizing Ho Chi Minh’s lifelong dream, Vietnam’s postwar period was filled with more fighting, poverty, and suffering for its people. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/vietnamwar/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#6_1159662245 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: The Vietnam War also has played a large role in American popular culture, especially in film. Prominent films such as Taxi Driver ( 1976 ), Coming Home ( 1978 ), The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ), Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ), Platoon ( 1986 ), Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ), and Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) dealt with topics ranging from the brutality of the war itself to the difficulty of Vietnam veterans’ attempts to readjust to American society and cope with war trauma after returning to the United States. Geopolitical Effects
In 1975 , it appeared that the Vietnam War was a clear loss for the United States. But while much of Indochina did become Communist, validating the domino theory to an extent, the war left mostly psychological scars in the United States. It did not affect the United States’ status as a superpower, and though North Vietnam “won” the war, realizing Ho Chi Minh’s lifelong dream, Vietnam’s postwar period was filled with more fighting, poverty, and suffering for its people. Today, as capitalism makes inroads in Vietnam, one would hardly suspect that Communists won the war in 1975. Previous section Nixon and Vietnamization: 1969–1975 Next page The Aftermath of the War page 2
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#7_1159664374 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
Content: Today, as capitalism makes inroads in Vietnam, one would hardly suspect that Communists won the war in 1975. Previous section Nixon and Vietnamization: 1969–1975 Next page The Aftermath of the War page 2
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#8_1159666165 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#10_1159669550 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
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History
The Aftermath of the War
Losses
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Vietnam and U.S. Society
Geopolitical Effects
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706689591#11_1159671717 | Title: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): The Aftermath of the War | SparkNotes
Headings: The Vietnam War (1945–1975)
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706816922#0_1159933767 | Title: Westward Expansion (1807-1912): The Mexican War and Political Aftermath | SparkNotes
Headings: Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
The Mexican War and Political Aftermath
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When the United States admitted Texas to the Union in 1845, the Mexican government was in such turmoil that the nation's new leader would not even meet with the Americans; they were too weak even to negotiate concessions. Both sides awaited the outbreak of violence. On May 9, 1846, President James K. Polk received word that Mexican forces had ambushed two of General Zachary Taylor's companies along the Rio Grande. He immediately demanded that Congress appropriate funds for war, proclaiming that the Mexicans had initiated a full- blown conflict. Somewhat reluctantly, Congress agreed, and the Mexican War began. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/westwardexpansion/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706816922#1_1159936275 | Title: Westward Expansion (1807-1912): The Mexican War and Political Aftermath | SparkNotes
Headings: Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
The Mexican War and Political Aftermath
Summary
Commentary
Content: they were too weak even to negotiate concessions. Both sides awaited the outbreak of violence. On May 9, 1846, President James K. Polk received word that Mexican forces had ambushed two of General Zachary Taylor's companies along the Rio Grande. He immediately demanded that Congress appropriate funds for war, proclaiming that the Mexicans had initiated a full- blown conflict. Somewhat reluctantly, Congress agreed, and the Mexican War began. The Mexican War lasted one and a half years, and ranged all throughout Texas, New Mexico, and California, and even into the Mexican interior. Mexican resistance was stubborn and benefited from greater manpower than US forces, but ultimately proved futile. The US won an easy victory due to superior artillery and leadership. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, ceded Texas, New Mexico, and California to the US, completing American claims to land all the way across the continent. In return, the US assumed all monetary claims of US citizens against the Mexican government and paid Mexico $15 million. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/westwardexpansion/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706816922#2_1159937778 | Title: Westward Expansion (1807-1912): The Mexican War and Political Aftermath | SparkNotes
Headings: Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
The Mexican War and Political Aftermath
Summary
Commentary
Content: The Mexican War lasted one and a half years, and ranged all throughout Texas, New Mexico, and California, and even into the Mexican interior. Mexican resistance was stubborn and benefited from greater manpower than US forces, but ultimately proved futile. The US won an easy victory due to superior artillery and leadership. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February 2, 1848, ceded Texas, New Mexico, and California to the US, completing American claims to land all the way across the continent. In return, the US assumed all monetary claims of US citizens against the Mexican government and paid Mexico $15 million. The West was now officially open and secure to Americans. Despite patriotism engendered by the war, sectional conflict grew more dramatic between 1846 and 1848. Not all of this was due to expansion. Polk created many enemies in the North through his lack of support for tariffs and in the West for his failure to initiate internal improvement. However, expansion and the future of slavery generated far greater conflict during the pre-Civil War era. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/westwardexpansion/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706857456#2_1160028017 | Title: Westward Expansion (1807-1912): Brief Overview | SparkNotes
Headings: Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
Westward Expansion (1807-1912)
Content: The US Army crushed any resistance to removal. With the West cleared of this obstacle, westerners focused on developing new methods of transporting their goods to market. The canal and railroad systems, which grew up in the North, facilitated a much larger volume of trade and manufacturing while reducing costs a great deal. Great cities sprang up throughout the North and Northwest, bolstered by the improvement in transportation. After the Midwest had been substantially developed, the national focus turned toward the far west. The territory of Texas, controlled by the Spanish, was settled by Americans, who eventually undertook the Texas Rebellion in efforts to win independence. When the United States admitted Texas to the Union in 1845, the Mexican government was outraged, and from 1846 to 1848, the two nation's squared off in the Mexican War. With a resounding victory, the United States gained control of Texas, New Mexico, and California. The Oregon territory was annexed in 1846 as well, and the US controlled the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean. As the population of the West soared and the prospects of statehood for western territories appeared clearer and clearer, the nation battled over the future of slavery in the West. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/westwardexpansion/summary.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#0_1160101998 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
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Europe After Napoleon
Metternich and his Congresses (1815-1822)
Battling Ideologies (1815-1830)
Romanticism
Change in the 1830s (1827-1832)
Bourgeoisie and Chartism (1830s and 1840s)
1848 Revolution: Paris
1848 Revolutions: The Austrian Empire
Germany and Prussia in 1848
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Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary Germany and Prussia in 1848
Page 1 Page 2
Summary
Prussia
In Prussia, the old king, Frederick William III, had always been opposed to giving the Prussian people a constitution. Frederick William IV, who was generally as weak and unskilled as his father, similarly feared giving the people a constitution. However, the success of Prussia in the last few decades had been almost entirely due to the skilled group of bureaucrats and administrators serving the government, and all of these administrators were pushing hard for a constitutional monarchy. In March 1848, rioting began in Berlin, as the 1848 revolution fever crossed from Austria into Prussia. Frederick William IV quickly mobilized the disciplined Prussian army to suppress the revolution. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#1_1160104425 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
Commentary
Content: The Austrian Empire
Germany and Prussia in 1848
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Key Terms and Events
Further Study
Review Test
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Glossary of Literary Terms
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Summary
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary Germany and Prussia in 1848
Page 1 Page 2
Summary
Prussia
In Prussia, the old king, Frederick William III, had always been opposed to giving the Prussian people a constitution. Frederick William IV, who was generally as weak and unskilled as his father, similarly feared giving the people a constitution. However, the success of Prussia in the last few decades had been almost entirely due to the skilled group of bureaucrats and administrators serving the government, and all of these administrators were pushing hard for a constitutional monarchy. In March 1848, rioting began in Berlin, as the 1848 revolution fever crossed from Austria into Prussia. Frederick William IV quickly mobilized the disciplined Prussian army to suppress the revolution. However, he surprised everyone by taking a liberal stance and allowing an election to take place to elect a Prussian assembly. The elected radical revolutionaries wanted to unite Prussia with all of Germany to create a force that could challenge Russia. The Assembly also desired to grant the Polish minorities living in eastern Prussia a right of self-government. Deciding that the experiment in democratic government had gone on long enough, Frederick William IV changed his mind and dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Germany
The 1848 revolutions inspired a similar nationalist movement in Germany proper. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#2_1160106452 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
Commentary
Content: However, he surprised everyone by taking a liberal stance and allowing an election to take place to elect a Prussian assembly. The elected radical revolutionaries wanted to unite Prussia with all of Germany to create a force that could challenge Russia. The Assembly also desired to grant the Polish minorities living in eastern Prussia a right of self-government. Deciding that the experiment in democratic government had gone on long enough, Frederick William IV changed his mind and dissolved the Prussian Assembly. Germany
The 1848 revolutions inspired a similar nationalist movement in Germany proper. In May 1848, a group of German nationalists met at the Frankfurt Assembly. The goals of the assembly included creating a unified Germany that was Liberal and constitutionally governed. The Frankfurt assembly argued over various topics, including the question of who (the Prussian or Austrian ruler?) should rule a unified Germany. In December of 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of the German People, based on the Declarations of the Rights of Man in France and the Declaration of Independence in the United States. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1848/section10/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#4_1160109441 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
Commentary
Content: Following the Nationalist rather than Enlightenment ideal, this declaration ignored the universal rights of all mankind and simply proclaimed the rights of Germans. In 1849, the Frankfurt Assembly offered Germany to Frederick William IV. Though he coveted the territory, Frederick William knew that an acceptance would lead to war with Austria and make him into a constitutional monarch, neither of which he desired. He turned the offer down. Thus, all the deliberation of the Frankfurt Assembly resulted in nothing. Germany remained fragmented after 1848, and the small rulers of the various small German states came back to power. Commentary
Wanting to maintain the power they held within the loose confederation of the Bund, the leaders of the small German states staunchly opposed revolution. Furthermore, Prussia and Austria, who combined to dominate Germany, liked a weak Germany, primarily because they feared the possibility of a united, powerful Germany on their borders. Previous section 1848 Revolutions: The Austrian Empire Next page Germany and Prussia in 1848 page 2
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#5_1160111075 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
Commentary
Content: Germany remained fragmented after 1848, and the small rulers of the various small German states came back to power. Commentary
Wanting to maintain the power they held within the loose confederation of the Bund, the leaders of the small German states staunchly opposed revolution. Furthermore, Prussia and Austria, who combined to dominate Germany, liked a weak Germany, primarily because they feared the possibility of a united, powerful Germany on their borders. Previous section 1848 Revolutions: The Austrian Empire Next page Germany and Prussia in 1848 page 2
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#6_1160112737 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706893782#9_1160117661 | Title: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848 | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1815-1848)
Europe (1815-1848)
History
Germany and Prussia in 1848
Summary
Prussia
Germany
Commentary
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_706988251#4_1160314440 | Title: Europe (1848-1871): The Revolutions of 1848 (1848) | SparkNotes
Headings: Europe (1848-1871)
Europe (1848-1871)
The Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
Summary
Content: In March, protests in the German provinces brought swift reform from local princes while Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia yielded to revolts in Berlin by promising to create a Prussian assembly. The collapse of autocracy in Prussia encouraged liberals in the divided Germany provinces to join together at the Frankfurt Assembly to frame a constitution and unite the German nation. Meeting in May 1848, the convention was populated by middle class civil servants, lawyers, and intellectuals dedicated to liberal reform. However, after drawing the boundaries for a German state and offering the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm, the Kaiser refused in March 1849, dooming hopes for a united, liberal Germany. In Austria, students, workers, and middle class liberals revolted in Vienna, setting up a constituent assembly. In Budapest, the Magyars led a movement of national autonomy, led by patriot Lajos Kossuth. Similarly, in Prague, the Czechs revolted in the name of self-government. In Italy, new constitutions were declared in Tuscany and Piedmont, with the goal of overthrowing their Austrian masters. Here, middle class liberals pushed the concept of Italian unification alongside the defeat of the Austrians with the help of the Young Italy movement, founded in 1831 by nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot who favored a democratic revolution to unify the country. In February 1849, Mazzini led a democratic revolt against the Pope in Rome, becoming head of the Republic of Rome later that month. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871/section1.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707101784#2_1160556059 | Title: The French Revolution (1789–1799): The Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction: 1792–1795 | SparkNotes
Headings: The French Revolution (1789–1799)
The French Revolution (1789–1799)
The Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction: 1792–1795
Events
Key People
Louis XVI
Maximilien Robespierre
Lazare Carnot
Georges Danton
The National Convention and the French Republic
The Execution of Louis XVI
The Committee of Public Safety
The Jacobins’ Coup
Content: 1795–1799
Key People
Key Terms
Further Study
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Summary
The Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction: 1792–1795
Summary The Reign of Terror and the Thermidorian Reaction: 1792–1795
Page 1 Page 2 Page 3
Events
September 22, 1792
France is declared a republic
January 21, 1793
Louis XVI is executed
April 6
National Convention creates Committee of Public Safety
June 24
Constitution of 1793 is established
September 5
Reign of Terror begins; lasts more than ten months
September 29
Robespierre’s Maximum implements ceiling on prices
October 16
Marie-Antoinette is executed
July 27, 1794
Robespierre is overthrown
December 24
Maximum is repealed; prices skyrocket
Key People
Louis XVI
French king; executed by new republican government in January 1793
Maximilien Robespierre
Jacobin leader who seized control of National Convention and Committee of Public Safety; later instituted Reign of Terror, targeting those whose philosophies differed from his own
Lazare Carnot
Military strategist who helped reorganize the French war effort and successfully defended the country against foreign invaders
Georges Danton
Longtime Jacobin and close associate of Robespierre who was executed after he began questioning the extremes to which Robespierre was going in the Reign of Terror
The National Convention and the French Republic
In the autumn of 1792, the revolutionary government, having written off the idea of a constitutional monarchy, set about electing a National Convention of delegates to oversee the country. In late September, therefore, the first election took place under the rules of the Constitution of 1791. As it turned out, only a third of the newly elected convention members had sat on a previous assembly, and a great number of new faces belonged to either the Jacobins or the Girondins . The first action of the convention, on September 21, 1792, was to abolish the monarchy. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/section5/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707121865#2_1160606640 | Title: The French Revolution (1789–1799): Key Terms | SparkNotes
Headings: The French Revolution (1789–1799)
The French Revolution (1789–1799)
Key Terms
Terms
August Decrees
Bastille
Bourgeoisie
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Committee of Public Safety
Constitution of 1791
Declaration of Pillnitz
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Directory
Estates-General
Girondins
Great Fear
Jacobins
Limited Monarchy
Monarchy
National Assembly
National Convention
Parlements
Reign of Terror
Sans-culottes
Tennis Court Oath
Thermidorian Reaction
Third Estate
Tuileries
Versailles
Content: Bastille
A large armory and state prison in the center of Paris that a mob of sans-culottes sacked on July 14, 1789, giving the masses arms for insurrection. The storming of the Bastille had little practical consequence, but it was an enormous symbolic act against the ancien régime, inspired the revolutionaries, and is still celebrated today as the French holiday Bastille Day. Bourgeoisie
The middle and upper classes of French society who, as members of the Third Estate, wanted an end to the principle of privilege that governed French society in the late 1700s. The bourgeoisie represented the moderate voices during the French Revolution and were represented by delegates in both the Estates-General and the National Assembly. Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. Committee of Public Safety
A body, chaired by Maximilien Robespierre , to which the National Convention gave dictatorial powers in April 1793 in an attempt to deal with France’s wars abroad and economic problems at home. Although the committee led off its tenure with an impressive war effort and economy-salvaging initiatives, things took a turn for the worse when Robespierre began his violent Reign of Terror in late 1793. Constitution of 1791
The new French constitution that in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, or limited monarchy, with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly. Under the new constitution, King Louis XVI could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly. | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/terms.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707121865#3_1160609280 | Title: The French Revolution (1789–1799): Key Terms | SparkNotes
Headings: The French Revolution (1789–1799)
The French Revolution (1789–1799)
Key Terms
Terms
August Decrees
Bastille
Bourgeoisie
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Committee of Public Safety
Constitution of 1791
Declaration of Pillnitz
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Directory
Estates-General
Girondins
Great Fear
Jacobins
Limited Monarchy
Monarchy
National Assembly
National Convention
Parlements
Reign of Terror
Sans-culottes
Tennis Court Oath
Thermidorian Reaction
Third Estate
Tuileries
Versailles
Content: The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries. Committee of Public Safety
A body, chaired by Maximilien Robespierre , to which the National Convention gave dictatorial powers in April 1793 in an attempt to deal with France’s wars abroad and economic problems at home. Although the committee led off its tenure with an impressive war effort and economy-salvaging initiatives, things took a turn for the worse when Robespierre began his violent Reign of Terror in late 1793. Constitution of 1791
The new French constitution that in 1791 established a constitutional monarchy, or limited monarchy, with all executive power answerable to a legislative assembly. Under the new constitution, King Louis XVI could only temporarily veto legislation passed by the assembly. The constitution restricted voting in the assembly to the upper and middle classes of French society and abolished “nobility” as a legal order. Declaration of Pillnitz
An August 27, 1791, warning from Prussia and Austria announcing that they would intervene militarily in France if any harm came to King Louis XVI, who had just been captured trying to escape with his family from Paris. The declaration prompted then–Legislative Assembly leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot to declare war on Austria and Prussia. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A document, issued by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, that granted sovereignty to all French people. The declaration, which drew from the ideas of some of the Enlightenment ’s greatest thinkers, asserted that liberty is a “natural” and “imprescriptible” right of man and that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.” | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/frenchrev/terms.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707473381#6_1161444990 | Title: World War I (1914–1919): Brief Overview | SparkNotes
Headings: World War I (1914–1919)
World War I (1914–1919)
The Start of the War
The Western and Eastern Fronts
The Ottoman Empire
Trench Warfare
The United States’ Entrance and Russia’s Exit
The End of the War and Armistice
Germany After the War
Content: Germany, under the Treaty of Versailles, was severely punished with hefty economic reparations, territorial losses, and strict limits on its rights to develop militarily. Germany After the War
Many historians, in hindsight, believe that the Allies were excessive in their punishment of Germany and that the harsh Treaty of Versailles actually planted the seeds of World War II, rather than foster peace. The treaty’s declaration that Germany was entirely to blame for the war was a blatant untruth that humiliated the German people. Furthermore, the treaty imposed steep war reparations payments on Germany, meant to force the country to bear the financial burden of the war. Although Germany ended up paying only a small percentage of the reparations it was supposed to make, it was already stretched financially thin by the war, and the additional economic burden caused enormous resentment. Ultimately, extremist groups, such as the Nazi Party, were able to exploit this humiliation and resentment and take political control of the country in the decades following. Next section Overview | http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/ww1/summary.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707593513#10_1161723155 | Title: 1984: Book One: Chapter I | SparkNotes
Headings:
Summary: Chapter I
Analysis: Chapter I
Every Shakespeare Play Summed Up in a Quote from The Office
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1984 SparkNotes Literature Guide
Popular pages: 1984
Character List CHARACTERS
Winston Smith CHARACTERS
Themes MAIN IDEAS
Plot analysis MAIN IDEAS
How Does Mind Control Work? MAIN IDEAS
Manipulation of history QUOTES
Full Book Quiz FURTHER STUDY
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Every Shakespeare Play Summed Up in a Quote from The Office
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Content: Each day citizens are required to attend the Two Minutes Hate, an intense mass rally in which they are primed with fury and hatred for Oceania’s rival nations, venting their own pent-up emotions in the process. The government, meanwhile, expresses its role in an outlandishly dishonest fashion, as seen in the stark contradiction between the name and function of each of its ministries. The net effect of this psychological manipulation is a complete breakdown of the independence of an individual’s mind. Independence and will are replaced by a fear of, and faith in, the Party; indeed, individual thought has become so alien the population accepts that the Party has made it a crime. Previous section What Does the Ending Mean? Next section Book One: Chapters II–III
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Character List CHARACTERS
Winston Smith CHARACTERS
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Plot analysis MAIN IDEAS
How Does Mind Control Work? | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/1984/section1.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707652675#1_1161861857 | Title: 1984: Book Two: Chapters IX–X | SparkNotes
Headings:
Summary: Chapter IX
Summary: Chapter X
Analysis: Chapters IX–X
Every Shakespeare Play Summed Up in a Quote from The Office
Every Marvel Movie Summed Up in a Single Sentence
1984 SparkNotes Literature Guide
Popular pages: 1984
Character List CHARACTERS
Winston Smith CHARACTERS
Themes MAIN IDEAS
Plot analysis MAIN IDEAS
How Does Mind Control Work? MAIN IDEAS
Manipulation of history QUOTES
Full Book Quiz FURTHER STUDY
Take a Study Break
Every Shakespeare Play Summed Up in a Quote from The Office
Every Marvel Movie Summed Up in a Single Sentence
QUIZ: Are You a Hero, a Villain, or an Anti-Hero?
QUIZ: Is This a Mark Twain Quote or a Line from The Office?
QUIZ: Which Greek God Are You?
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Content: At one rally, the speaker is forced to change his speech halfway through to point out that Oceania is not, and has never been, at war with Eurasia. Rather, the speaker says, Oceania is, and always has been, at war with Eastasia. The people become embarrassed about carrying the anti-Eurasia signs and blame Emmanuel Goldstein’s agents for sabotaging them. Nevertheless, they exhibit full-fledged hatred for Eastasia. In the room at Mr. Charrington’s, Winston reads through Goldstein’s The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, given to him by O’Brien. This lengthy book, with chapter titles taken from party slogans such as “WAR IS PEACE” and “IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH,” traces a theory of social classes throughout recent history: High Class, Middle Class, and Low Class—the Inner Party, the Outer Party, and the Proles. According to the manifesto, Eurasia was created when Russia subsumed all of Europe, Oceania was created when the United States absorbed the British Empire, and Eastasia is made up of the remaining nations. These three nations keep their respective populaces preoccupied with a perpetual border war in order to preserve power among the High class. Goldstein writes that the war never advances significantly, as no two allied nations can defeat the third. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/1984/section8.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_707660770#7_1161898847 | Title: 1984: Themes | SparkNotes
Headings:
1984
George Orwell
Themes
The Dangers of Totalitarianism
Psychological Manipulation
Physical Control
Control of Information and History
Technology
Language as Mind Control
Loyalty
Resistance and Revolution
Independence and Identity
Content: As the novel progresses, the timidly rebellious Winston Smith sets out to challenge the limits of the Party’s power, only to discover that its ability to control and enslave its subjects dwarfs even his most paranoid conceptions of its reach. As the reader comes to understand through Winston’s eyes, The Party uses a number of techniques to control its citizens, each of which is an important theme of its own in the novel. These include: Psychological Manipulation
The Party barrages its subjects with psychological stimuli designed to overwhelm the mind’s capacity for independent thought. The giant telescreen in every citizen’s room blasts a constant stream of propaganda designed to make the failures and shortcomings of the Party appear to be triumphant successes. The telescreens also monitor behavior—everywhere they go, citizens are continuously reminded, especially by means of the omnipresent signs reading “BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU,” that the authorities are scrutinizing them. The Party undermines family structure by inducting children into an organization called the Junior Spies, which brainwashes and encourages them to spy on their parents and report any instance of disloyalty to the Party. The Party also forces individuals to suppress their sexual desires, treating sex as merely a procreative duty whose end is the creation of new Party members. The Party then channels people’s pent-up frustration and emotion into intense, ferocious displays of hatred against the Party’s political enemies. Many of these enemies have been invented by the Party expressly for this purpose. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/1984/themes/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709247635#0_1165949161 | Title: Ender's Game: Characters | SparkNotes
Headings: Ender's Game
Ender's Game
Ender
Valentine
Peter
Colonel Graff
Mazer Rackham
Major Anderson
Bean
Alai
Dink Meeker
Petra Arkanian
Bonzo Madrid
Bernard
Stilson
Shen
Crazy Tom
Fly Molo
Han Tzu
Carn Carby
Rose the Nose
General Pace
Dap
Admiral Chamrajnagar
Major Imbu
General Levy
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Content: Ender's Game: Characters | SparkNotes
Ender's Game
Ender
The younger brother of Peter and Valentine, at age six Ender is chosen by Colonel Graff and the International Fleet to help save mankind from the buggers. Ender is afraid of his brother and loves his sister. Wherever he goes, Ender makes things happen, and by age nine he is given his own army to command. Ender is angry at the various people who manipulate him throughout the novel. Read an in-depth analysis of Ender. Valentine
Ender's older sister is the only person in the world who truly loves him. She protects him from Peter, their sadistic older brother. Along with Peter, Valentine takes an active interest in the world's political situation, and writing under the pseudonym Demosthenes begins to exert influence over the growing situation. Valentine also writes a letter to Ender at one point that helps him get control of himself. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/characters.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709247635#1_1165950762 | Title: Ender's Game: Characters | SparkNotes
Headings: Ender's Game
Ender's Game
Ender
Valentine
Peter
Colonel Graff
Mazer Rackham
Major Anderson
Bean
Alai
Dink Meeker
Petra Arkanian
Bonzo Madrid
Bernard
Stilson
Shen
Crazy Tom
Fly Molo
Han Tzu
Carn Carby
Rose the Nose
General Pace
Dap
Admiral Chamrajnagar
Major Imbu
General Levy
Take the Characters Quick Quiz
Answer These 7 Questions and We'll Tell You How You'll Do on Your AP Exams
Every Marvel Movie Summed Up in a Single Sentence
Content: Read an in-depth analysis of Ender. Valentine
Ender's older sister is the only person in the world who truly loves him. She protects him from Peter, their sadistic older brother. Along with Peter, Valentine takes an active interest in the world's political situation, and writing under the pseudonym Demosthenes begins to exert influence over the growing situation. Valentine also writes a letter to Ender at one point that helps him get control of himself. At the end of the book, Valentine convinces Ender to go with her to colonize the bugger worlds, and she works on a history of the world on the way there. Later she travels with Ender as he searches for a new world for the buggers. Read an in-depth analysis of Valentine. Peter
Ender's older brother Peter is a cruel and evil child, gifted in manipulation. He has the same ruthlessness that his siblings contain but without any of their compassion. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/characters.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709247635#2_1165952371 | Title: Ender's Game: Characters | SparkNotes
Headings: Ender's Game
Ender's Game
Ender
Valentine
Peter
Colonel Graff
Mazer Rackham
Major Anderson
Bean
Alai
Dink Meeker
Petra Arkanian
Bonzo Madrid
Bernard
Stilson
Shen
Crazy Tom
Fly Molo
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Content: At the end of the book, Valentine convinces Ender to go with her to colonize the bugger worlds, and she works on a history of the world on the way there. Later she travels with Ender as he searches for a new world for the buggers. Read an in-depth analysis of Valentine. Peter
Ender's older brother Peter is a cruel and evil child, gifted in manipulation. He has the same ruthlessness that his siblings contain but without any of their compassion. Valentine is able to protect Ender as best she can from Peter until Ender goes away. Peter then decides to take an active role in world affairs and convinces Valentine to help him. Under the pseudonym Locke he begins to gather power, working through the communication nets. After Ender's victory Peter obtains total control of earth and becomes Hegemon, the ruler of the world. His ambition is sated and he actually makes for a good ruler, although he is as amoral is he ever was. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/characters.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709247635#3_1165954002 | Title: Ender's Game: Characters | SparkNotes
Headings: Ender's Game
Ender's Game
Ender
Valentine
Peter
Colonel Graff
Mazer Rackham
Major Anderson
Bean
Alai
Dink Meeker
Petra Arkanian
Bonzo Madrid
Bernard
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Content: Valentine is able to protect Ender as best she can from Peter until Ender goes away. Peter then decides to take an active role in world affairs and convinces Valentine to help him. Under the pseudonym Locke he begins to gather power, working through the communication nets. After Ender's victory Peter obtains total control of earth and becomes Hegemon, the ruler of the world. His ambition is sated and he actually makes for a good ruler, although he is as amoral is he ever was. Read an in-depth analysis of Peter. Colonel Graff
Graff has unerring faith in Ender and, although he manipulates Ender, he also loves him. Graff is the head of the Battle School until Ender leaves, at which time he accompanies him until he passes off the training of Ender to Mazer Rackham. He is one of the few characters who at various times allows Ender to act like the child he is, although Graff also demands much of Ender. He is put on trial after the war because of the deaths of Stilson and Bonzo but acquitted. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/characters.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709255606#2_1165976340 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 9: Locke and Demosthenes | SparkNotes
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Content: She celebrated his eigth birthday on her own, but what worries her is Peter. He is outwardly normal, but she knows he is still evil inside. What she counts on is that he acts out of nothing but pure self-interest, and there is a certain comfort in that. Valentine knows Peter will never do anything that is not a calculated move designed to help him. Peter has figured out that Russia is preparing for land war. The Warsaw Pact, which joined the nations together under the threat of the bugger wars. He realizes that something big is happening in space and that the nations of earth are preparing for its aftermath. Valentine knows that Peter can find peoples fears and manipulate them and that she can persuade people to do what she wants them to do, and realizes that there is much of Peter in her—they both manipulate in their own ways. He has a plan to take over the world. As he explains to her, he will gain power, one way or another. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709255606#3_1165978135 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 9: Locke and Demosthenes | SparkNotes
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Content: The Warsaw Pact, which joined the nations together under the threat of the bugger wars. He realizes that something big is happening in space and that the nations of earth are preparing for its aftermath. Valentine knows that Peter can find peoples fears and manipulate them and that she can persuade people to do what she wants them to do, and realizes that there is much of Peter in her—they both manipulate in their own ways. He has a plan to take over the world. As he explains to her, he will gain power, one way or another. It is in his nature to control. With her help he can rule over something worthwhile. They begin to use the nets to communicate political ideas, Valentine as the radical Demosthenes and Peter as the moderate Locke. Their ideas begin to spread, and Peter has lots of patience. Back at Battle School nine year old Ender is the top ranked soldier and a platoon leader in Phoenix Army with Petra as commander, but he hates his life. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709255606#7_1165985354 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 9: Locke and Demosthenes | SparkNotes
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Content: Ender is happy that Valentine will always be with him. Analysis
This chapter deals with the relationships between the siblings. At the same time that Graff is freaking out because of Ender's computerized similarity to Peter, Valentine realizes that there is much of Peter in her as well. Valentine and Peter's actions demonstrate that on earth just as in space it will be the Wiggin children who hold the power. Although they have not yet started to exert real influence, it seems clear that Peter will get what he wants. Peter is scary because his intellect is matched only by his ambition, and there is no doubt that he can manipulate almost everyone. The only question is whether or not Valentine can temper his actions. Although she is going along with him, her motivations are different. Valentine enjoys having power but does not thirst after it the same way that Peter does. She also knows that Peter is right, that things are changing, and that they can make a difference. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section10.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709268308#10_1166028379 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 12: Bonzo | SparkNotes
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Content: Bonzo
Summary Chapter 12: Bonzo
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Summary
The chapter begins with a heated argument between Colonel Graff and General Pace, the chief of the I.F. military police. Dap has filed a report regarding the possible conspiracy to harm Ender among some of the students at the school. Pace wants Graff to take some action and Graff insists that Ender must handle this on his own. There will be no one to save Ender when he is the commander in the war against the buggers and so he must rely only on himself and his fellow schoolmates. This is the only way that Graff believes Ender will be able to reach his fullest abilities. Graff refuses to back down, and Pace can only threaten action if Graff's plans do not work. Meanwhile Ender trains his men, working on some new techniques that Bean has come up with. Petra attempts to warn Ender that he is in danger, and he already knows this. His toon leaders escort him to his room, where Dink has left him a message of warning. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section13/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709268308#11_1166030367 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 12: Bonzo | SparkNotes
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Content: This is the only way that Graff believes Ender will be able to reach his fullest abilities. Graff refuses to back down, and Pace can only threaten action if Graff's plans do not work. Meanwhile Ender trains his men, working on some new techniques that Bean has come up with. Petra attempts to warn Ender that he is in danger, and he already knows this. His toon leaders escort him to his room, where Dink has left him a message of warning. Ender is only able to sleep when he thinks that surely the teachers will keep him safe outside of the battleroom. After winning their battle the next day, Ender falls asleep before showering and wakes up just before lunchtime. Without thinking, he heads to the showers and soon finds himself surrounded by seven boys, with Bonzo at the lead. Ender quickly realizes that Bernard and the other boys pose no true threat—it is Bonzo who wants to kill him. He is able to use Bonzo's honor to convince his enemy to face him alone, and Bonzo strips to face Ender on equal terms. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section13/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709268308#12_1166032390 | Title: Ender's Game: Chapter 12: Bonzo | SparkNotes
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Content: Ender is only able to sleep when he thinks that surely the teachers will keep him safe outside of the battleroom. After winning their battle the next day, Ender falls asleep before showering and wakes up just before lunchtime. Without thinking, he heads to the showers and soon finds himself surrounded by seven boys, with Bonzo at the lead. Ender quickly realizes that Bernard and the other boys pose no true threat—it is Bonzo who wants to kill him. He is able to use Bonzo's honor to convince his enemy to face him alone, and Bonzo strips to face Ender on equal terms. Dink rushes in to try to convince Bonzo not to fight but he is pushed outside by the other kids. Ender asks Bonzo not to hurt him in order to provoke an attack, and Bonzo jumps at him. Ender avoids the attack and hits Bonzo in the face with the top of his head. He has injured Bonzo and knows he might be able to walk away, but he does not want to have to fight the battle again. Ender realizes he must make Bonzo fear him enough never to fight him again. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/section13/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709279735#0_1166055424 | Title: Ender's Game: Summary | SparkNotes
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Content: Ender's Game: Summary | SparkNotes
Ender's Game
Ender Wiggin, the third in a family of child geniuses, is selected by international military forces to save the world from destruction. Before being chosen Ender wears a unique monitor that allows the heads of the military to see things as Ender does. Ender's brother Peter and his sister Valentine also wore this monitor, although neither was selected, nor did they have it for as long as Ender, and Peter will never forgive Ender for this. Peter hates Ender, and even when the monitor is taken out it does nothing to decrease Peter's anger. The same is true of Ender's schoolmates, and he is forced into brutally beating the leader of a gang of bullies in order to protect himself. Although Valentine tries to protect Ender from Peter, he is only saved from his brother when Colonel Graff of the International Fleet comes to take Ender away to Battle School. Ender leaves behind Valentine, who loves him, in order to help save the world from the buggers. Battle School is located on a ship far from earth. On the flight there Ender demonstrates his ability to brilliantly visualize gravitational effects, and Graff begins to isolate him from his fellow classmates. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/summary/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709279735#8_1166069749 | Title: Ender's Game: Summary | SparkNotes
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Content: The authorities figured out Valentine and Peter's actions but have decided to leave them alone. Valentine visits Ender while he is given a brief vacation, and it is clear that things have changed between them. Graff takes Ender to Eros, the planet that holds the International Fleet command, and there Ender is introduced to Mazer Rackham, the hero of the second bugger invasion, who saved mankind. Rackham runs Ender through a series of simulated battles, where he now commands an entire fleet. Ender learns that the buggers are like highly evolved insects and they communicate instantaneously—their queen thinks for all of them. Ender begins having strange dreams about the buggers. He fights more and more difficult battles and one day fights a huge battle against impossible odds with many officers watching. Ender wins, at great cost, and it becomes apparent that it was a real battle, as were all of his supposedly simulated battles, and that he completely destroyed the buggers. Ender was used, and he knows it, as do his teachers, but they explain that they needed him, a child, to have the compassion to understand the enemy. At the same time they needed him to think it was a game in order to be able to win with such great loss of life. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/summary/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_709279735#9_1166071801 | Title: Ender's Game: Summary | SparkNotes
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Ender's Game
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Content: Ender begins having strange dreams about the buggers. He fights more and more difficult battles and one day fights a huge battle against impossible odds with many officers watching. Ender wins, at great cost, and it becomes apparent that it was a real battle, as were all of his supposedly simulated battles, and that he completely destroyed the buggers. Ender was used, and he knows it, as do his teachers, but they explain that they needed him, a child, to have the compassion to understand the enemy. At the same time they needed him to think it was a game in order to be able to win with such great loss of life. Peter has taken over control of the world and Valentine convinces Ender to set off with her on a colonization mission to populate the worlds left behind by the buggers. Before he goes Ender learns that he did killed Bonzo as well as the bully back in school. On the new planet Ender finds an area that he realizes looks just like the mind game and he realizes that the buggers had prepared for his coming—they had looked into his mind and knew he would defeat them. He finds a queen pupa, left behind for him to find a place for the buggers to live again. Ender can think to the queen, and sees that the buggers did not truly wish to fight the humans and feels their sorrow for all that happens. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/endersgame/summary/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_711223133#0_1171034622 | Title: Gregor Samsa Character Analysis in The Metamorphosis | SparkNotes
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Content: Gregor Samsa Character Analysis in The Metamorphosis | SparkNotes
The Metamorphosis
Despite his complete physical transformation into an insect at the beginning of the story, Gregor changes very little as a character over the course of The Metamorphosis. Most notably, both as a man and as an insect Gregor patiently accepts the hardships he faces without complaint. When his father’s business failed, he readily accepted his new role as the money-earner in the family without question, even though it meant taking a job he disliked as a traveling salesman. Similarly, when he first realizes he has transformed into an insect, he does not bemoan his condition, wonder about its cause, or attempt to rectify it in any way. On the contrary, he quickly accepts that he has become a bug and tries to go about his life as best he can in his new condition. The narration in the story mirrors Gregor’s calm forbearance by never questioning or explaining how or why this odd transformation occurred or remarking on its strangeness. Instead, the story, much like Gregor, moves on quickly from the metamorphosis itself and focuses on the consequences of Gregor’s change. For Gregor, that primarily means becoming accustomed to his new body. In fact reconciling his human thoughts and feelings with his new, insect body is the chief conflict Gregor faces in the story. Despite having changed into an insect, Gregor initially still wants to go to work so that he can provide for his family. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/metamorph/canalysis.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_711223133#1_1171036913 | Title: Gregor Samsa Character Analysis in The Metamorphosis | SparkNotes
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Content: The narration in the story mirrors Gregor’s calm forbearance by never questioning or explaining how or why this odd transformation occurred or remarking on its strangeness. Instead, the story, much like Gregor, moves on quickly from the metamorphosis itself and focuses on the consequences of Gregor’s change. For Gregor, that primarily means becoming accustomed to his new body. In fact reconciling his human thoughts and feelings with his new, insect body is the chief conflict Gregor faces in the story. Despite having changed into an insect, Gregor initially still wants to go to work so that he can provide for his family. It takes him time to realize that he can no longer play that role in his family and that he can’t even go outside in his current state. As the story continues, Gregor’s insect body has an increasing influence on his psychology. He finds that he is at ease hiding in the dark under the sofa in his room, like a bug would, even though his body won’t fit comfortably. He also discovers that he enjoys crawling on the walls and ceiling. But Gregor’s humanity never disappears entirely. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/metamorph/canalysis.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_711223133#2_1171038850 | Title: Gregor Samsa Character Analysis in The Metamorphosis | SparkNotes
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Content: It takes him time to realize that he can no longer play that role in his family and that he can’t even go outside in his current state. As the story continues, Gregor’s insect body has an increasing influence on his psychology. He finds that he is at ease hiding in the dark under the sofa in his room, like a bug would, even though his body won’t fit comfortably. He also discovers that he enjoys crawling on the walls and ceiling. But Gregor’s humanity never disappears entirely. He still feels human emotions and has strong memories of his human life. As a result, even though he knows he would feel more physically comfortable if his room were emptied of furniture, allowing him to crawl anywhere he pleased, Gregor panics when Grete and his mother are taking out the furniture, such as the writing desk he remembers doing all his assignments at as a boy. In a desperate attempt to hold onto the few reminders he has of his humanity, he clings to the picture of the woman muffled in fur so that no one will take it away. Ultimately he’s unable to fully adapt to his new body or to find a new role within his family, which is disgusted by him and ashamed of his presence in the house. Toward the end of the story, he even feels haunted by the thought that he might be able to take control of the family’s affairs again and resume his role as the family’s money-earner. | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/metamorph/canalysis.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_715460969#8_1181423225 | Title: Personality: Personality Traits | SparkNotes
Headings: Personality
Personality
Psychology
Personality Traits
Traits vs. States
Ancient Greek Ideas
Cattell’s Sixteen Traits
The Big Five Traits
Criticisms of the Big Five Model
Content: Some psychologists have questioned the research supporting the stability of the Big Five traits across cultures. They argue that the research could be biased because the use of Western tests is more likely to uncover cultural similarities than differences. Previous section Introduction Next section Psychodynamic Theories
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717123544#6_1185431925 | Title: Interest Groups: The Inside Game: Lobbying | SparkNotes
Headings: Interest Groups
Interest Groups
The Inside Game: Lobbying
The Origin of Lobbying
Successful Lobbying
Targets of Lobbying
Lobbying the Legislative Branch
Lobbying the Executive Branch
Lobbying the Judicial Branch
Content: Lobbying the Judicial Branch
Interest groups work to influence the courts in a number of ways. Interest groups often file amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs, presenting an argument in favor of a particular issue. Sometimes interest groups file lawsuits against the government or other parties. For example, the NAACP worked for years to bring civil rights cases to the Supreme Court. The American Civil Liberties Union also makes extensive use of the courts. Previous section Strategies Used by Interest Groups Next section The Outside Game: Public Pressure and Electoral Influence
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717287424#4_1185800661 | Title: The Presidency: The History of the Presidency | SparkNotes
Headings: The Presidency
The Presidency
The History of the Presidency
The Framers’ Views of the Presidency (1789)
King Caucus (1789–1830s)
Clerk in Chief (1840s–1900)
Assertive Early Presidents
Content: For most of the nineteenth century, political leaders believed that political power should center on Congress and that the president’s job should be to execute decisions made by Congress. Some scholars have referred to the presidency during this era as a “clerk in chief” because the president was not expected to initiate or guide national policy. Many nineteenth-century presidents acted more like clerks in chief, exercising little initiative or independent power. Assertive Early Presidents
Despite the general trend of weak presidents, several early presidents stand out for their assertiveness and importance. George Washington (president from 1775 to 1783) established the character of the office that nearly all his successors would emulate. Washington carried himself in a statesmanlike manner and set the standard of serving no more than two terms. He also created an indelible image of what a president should be: strong, capable, honorable, and above partisanship. Thomas Jefferson (president from 1801 to 1809), in contrast, acted without congressional approval a number of times, such as when he made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Andrew Jackson (president from 1829 to 1837) was another assertive president and was the first to appeal directly to the average voter as a means of building support. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/the-presidency/section1/page/2/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717314476#0_1185849742 | Title: The Presidency: The President and the Public | SparkNotes
Headings: The Presidency
The Presidency
The President and the Public
The President’s Constituents
Presidential Approval
The Permanent Campaign
The President and the Media
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Content: The Presidency: The President and the Public | SparkNotes
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The President and the Public
Summary The President and the Public
Theodore Roosevelt changed the public’s perception of the presidency by asserting the centrality of the office in American government. The president is chosen by the whole nation, not just a district or state, and therefore the office of the president is the most important office in the federal government. Roosevelt’s stewardship theory of the presidency claimed that the president has the right to do whatever the nation needs, within the limits of the law. The President’s Constituents
The president has a number of different constituencies. The most obvious constituency is the citizens of the United States: He or she is the president of all people in the United States, not just those who voted for him or her. But the president also has constituents in the political party, members of the opposing party whose cooperation the president needs, as well as interest groups. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/american-government/the-presidency/section5.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#0_1186156605 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
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Terrorism
Summary Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of violence (often against civilian targets) to instill fear, generate publicity, and sometimes destabilize governments. Generally speaking, small groups fighting against powerful states practice terrorism, but governments also have the ability to practice terrorism. Throughout history, terrorism has taken many forms. Just in the last two centuries, for example, terrorism has been used by Russian nihilists, nationalists in Israel, Nazi forces, environmentalists worldwide, left-wing guerrillas in Europe, discontented radicals in the United States, Latin American death squads, and Islamic fundamentalists. Terrorism is not tied to any one particular ideology or group. Types of Terrorism
Scholars generally classify terrorism into two types: terrorism practiced by governments and terrorism practiced by groups not affiliated with a government. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#1_1186158924 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: Throughout history, terrorism has taken many forms. Just in the last two centuries, for example, terrorism has been used by Russian nihilists, nationalists in Israel, Nazi forces, environmentalists worldwide, left-wing guerrillas in Europe, discontented radicals in the United States, Latin American death squads, and Islamic fundamentalists. Terrorism is not tied to any one particular ideology or group. Types of Terrorism
Scholars generally classify terrorism into two types: terrorism practiced by governments and terrorism practiced by groups not affiliated with a government. Ideological terrorism aims to promote a particular belief system through acts of violence; it may be practiced by both governments and groups. TYPES OF TERRORISM
Terrorism Practiced by Governments
State terrorism: A government commits acts of terror against its own citizens. International terrorism (also known as state-sponsored terrorism ): A government supplies and trains terrorists to make attacks in other countries. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#2_1186160356 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: Ideological terrorism aims to promote a particular belief system through acts of violence; it may be practiced by both governments and groups. TYPES OF TERRORISM
Terrorism Practiced by Governments
State terrorism: A government commits acts of terror against its own citizens. International terrorism (also known as state-sponsored terrorism ): A government supplies and trains terrorists to make attacks in other countries. Terrorism Practiced by Groups
Antistate terrorism: Any terrorist act not committed by a government
Domestic terrorism: A group with no ties to another country or government commits terrorist acts within its own country. Some types of terrorism fit into more than one of these categories. Suicide bombings in Israel, for example, are ideological (promoting a Palestinian state and sometimes also promoting Islamic fundamentalism), state-sponsored (a number of Arab governments fund the bombers), and domestic (many are carried out by Arabs living in Israel). | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#3_1186161764 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: Terrorism Practiced by Groups
Antistate terrorism: Any terrorist act not committed by a government
Domestic terrorism: A group with no ties to another country or government commits terrorist acts within its own country. Some types of terrorism fit into more than one of these categories. Suicide bombings in Israel, for example, are ideological (promoting a Palestinian state and sometimes also promoting Islamic fundamentalism), state-sponsored (a number of Arab governments fund the bombers), and domestic (many are carried out by Arabs living in Israel). Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Although guerrillas have been known to practice terrorism, guerrillas are not terrorists. Guerrillas fight against their governments, particularly against the military, in order to provoke a regime change. Terrorists, in contrast, target civilians and members of the military in order to create a social and political crisis of international proportions. Of course, those fighting a guerrilla group might label their opponents terrorists, and some terrorists may see themselves as guerrillas. The Purpose of Terrorism
Terrorist acts ultimately aim to undermine governments and disrupt societies. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#4_1186163376 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Although guerrillas have been known to practice terrorism, guerrillas are not terrorists. Guerrillas fight against their governments, particularly against the military, in order to provoke a regime change. Terrorists, in contrast, target civilians and members of the military in order to create a social and political crisis of international proportions. Of course, those fighting a guerrilla group might label their opponents terrorists, and some terrorists may see themselves as guerrillas. The Purpose of Terrorism
Terrorist acts ultimately aim to undermine governments and disrupt societies. Many terrorists are young, frustrated men who feel that they have been treated unjustly. Sometimes terrorists try to destabilize a government directly, via assassinations, kidnappings, and the bombing of government buildings. Terrorists can also work to undermine governments indirectly by showing people that their leaders are too weak to prevent the attacks and that an active resistance movement exists. Sometimes, terrorists attack in order to provoke a strong response from the government, hoping that the response will alienate more people from the government and foster even more political discord. Example: | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_717415652#5_1186165044 | Title: International Politics: Terrorism | SparkNotes
Headings: International Politics
International Politics
Terrorism
Types of Terrorism
Guerrillas Versus Terrorists
Content: Many terrorists are young, frustrated men who feel that they have been treated unjustly. Sometimes terrorists try to destabilize a government directly, via assassinations, kidnappings, and the bombing of government buildings. Terrorists can also work to undermine governments indirectly by showing people that their leaders are too weak to prevent the attacks and that an active resistance movement exists. Sometimes, terrorists attack in order to provoke a strong response from the government, hoping that the response will alienate more people from the government and foster even more political discord. Example: Many scholars and political analysts have argued that President George W. Bush played into al Qaeda’s hands by passing the Patriot Act in 2001 and by invading Iraq in 2003. The Patriot Act gave the federal government more power to detain and question suspected terrorists—often without trial—and to monitor suspicious activity. The Iraq War, meanwhile, deeply divided Americans when it became clear that Saddam Hussein had no connection with al Qaeda and was not harboring weapons of mass destruction. The federal government’s suspension of some civil liberties along with the specter of deceit has shattered much of the unity Americans felt in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks. Previous section Revolution
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When you visit any website, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. | http://www.sparknotes.com/us-government-and-politics/political-science/international-politics/section7.rhtml |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_749669079#1_1263855303 | Title:
Headings:
Content: The shape of the eyes can be more or less almond-shaped but, the truth is that it is a distinctive fact of people who reside in countries such as Thailand, China, Japan, Mongolia, etc. Why is this happening? In this article, we will tell you why do Asians have slanted eyes, discovering the three main theories about this distinctive fact and highlighting the one that, for the experts, is the most convincing. So, you know, if you’ve ever wondered about the origin of Asian eyes, here is the answer! Why do Asians have slanted eyes? The correct name for Asian slanted eyes is “Mongolian bridle,” “epicanthic fold,” or “epicanthus.” It is different from a Westerner’s eye because, in the upper eyelid, there is a fold that covers the inner corner of the eye, causing the caruncle of the lacrimal to be covered and to descend to the bottom to finish joining with the skin of the face. To know why Asians have slanted eyes, there have been many theories and, the first of them believed that it was due to the bone structure of the people in this part of the world. It was believed that Asians had the hole where the eyeball is installed in almond shape and, therefore, externally, the eyes were seen with this peculiar shape. However, this theory was discarded as soon as it was discovered that the ocular structure is exactly the same in all humans: | http://www.speakymagazine.com/why-do-asians-have-slanted-eyes/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_749669079#2_1263856903 | Title:
Headings:
Content: The correct name for Asian slanted eyes is “Mongolian bridle,” “epicanthic fold,” or “epicanthus.” It is different from a Westerner’s eye because, in the upper eyelid, there is a fold that covers the inner corner of the eye, causing the caruncle of the lacrimal to be covered and to descend to the bottom to finish joining with the skin of the face. To know why Asians have slanted eyes, there have been many theories and, the first of them believed that it was due to the bone structure of the people in this part of the world. It was believed that Asians had the hole where the eyeball is installed in almond shape and, therefore, externally, the eyes were seen with this peculiar shape. However, this theory was discarded as soon as it was discovered that the ocular structure is exactly the same in all humans: Eastern or Western. The most compelling explanation
There is another theory that, so far, is the most accepted by the scientific community. Asians are believed to have slanted eyes out of a need to adapt to the environment in which they settled. When groups of humans arrived in the Asian part of the world, there were strong climatological contrasts with periods of intense luminosity and, others, with extreme cold that led to very strong winds and storms. Therefore, it is considered that genetics evolved to allow these Homo sapiens to live better in their environment and survive. | http://www.speakymagazine.com/why-do-asians-have-slanted-eyes/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_750808139#0_1265412053 | Title: Special Education Guide | Resources for Parents and Instructors
Headings: The Special Education Process Explained
The Special Education Process Explained
Featured Programs:
Bring in the Experts
The Special Education Process Explained
What’s Inclusion? Theory and Practice
Understanding the Components of RTI
Learning is Power
Celebrate the Individual
Content: Special Education Guide | Resources for Parents and Instructors
The Special Education Process Explained
What is Special Education? – Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), qualified children are entitled to special education accommodations and individualized education programs (IEPs) to give them the same educational opportunities as their peers. Through services in schools and at private providers, special education gives students with special needs the kind of attention and tools they need to succeed in learning. The purpose of special education is to “level the playing field” by providing specialized services to students with disabilities so that they can succeed academically. Read more
Parents and educators know that children with special needs have gifts and talents—it’s just a matter of unleashing their full potential, and making sure that their parents and teachers have the right information, tools and support to help them. That’s where Special Education Guide comes in. We are your go-to resource for mastering the terminology, procedures and best practices in special education. Masters Degrees
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Featured Program: B.S. in Elementary Education / Special Education and M.Ed. | http://www.specialeducationguide.com/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_750808139#5_1265421410 | Title: Special Education Guide | Resources for Parents and Instructors
Headings: The Special Education Process Explained
The Special Education Process Explained
Featured Programs:
Bring in the Experts
The Special Education Process Explained
What’s Inclusion? Theory and Practice
Understanding the Components of RTI
Learning is Power
Celebrate the Individual
Content: Your active participation in the identification and assessment process is key. Parents and teachers of children age 3 to 18 can go to our Pre-K to 12 section to learn what to expect, with a review of the special education process and detailed accounts of how schools develop individualized education programs (IEP) and response to intervention (RTI) plans for students. We also help parents and educators use assessments and observations to develop effective action plans to use at home, addressing topics such as behavior and classroom management and how parents and teachers can work together . In addition, you can discover the power of effective inclusion and how accommodations and modifications can produce measurable results. Celebrate the Individual
Addressing a child’s educational and behavioral needs is not a cookie-cutter process. You need ongoing support, resources and tools that keep you informed and assist you along the way. Special Education Guide will help you navigate the process of educating children with special needs, honoring their unique gifts and potential. | http://www.specialeducationguide.com/ |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_757202158#0_1275961353 | Title: How To Become An IT Auditor - Becoming An IT Auditor
Headings: How To Become An IT Auditor
How To Become An IT Auditor
Becoming An IT Auditor
Requirements
Eligibility
Skills Required
Roles And Responsibilities
Career Prospects
More in Career Planning
» How To Become A Preschool Teacher
» How To Become A Criminal Investigator
» How to Become A Professional Musician
» How To Become A Medical Coder
Content: How To Become An IT Auditor - Becoming An IT Auditor
Career Advice & Tips: Career Planning
How To Become An IT Auditor
If you want to become an auditor and if you are a techie at heart, IT auditing would be worthy career for you. IT auditors inspect the Information Technology (IT) infrastructure and, based on the evidences obtained through such inspections, arrive at conclusions about the safeguarding of assets and data integrity to make sure that the organization is working effectively to reach its goals and objectives. Auditing Information Security (AIS) is considered as the primary purpose of this job. One has to think a lot before taking a decision of becoming an IT auditor because, unless you have a strong passion for this career, you would never find it impressive. You may also know that this profession demands maintaining confidential information and has serious and steady work atmosphere. It is not considered a ‘glamorous’ career rather it is a ‘serious’ career. More about this career, including the requirements and career prospects, is discussed in the following section. Becoming An IT Auditor
Requirements
Eligibility
First step to get into this career is to complete a graduate degree with finance, business accounting etc. Some organizations also prefer a master degree, preferably an MBA. | http://www.speedupcareer.com/articles/how-to-become-an-it-auditor.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_757202158#1_1275963334 | Title: How To Become An IT Auditor - Becoming An IT Auditor
Headings: How To Become An IT Auditor
How To Become An IT Auditor
Becoming An IT Auditor
Requirements
Eligibility
Skills Required
Roles And Responsibilities
Career Prospects
More in Career Planning
» How To Become A Preschool Teacher
» How To Become A Criminal Investigator
» How to Become A Professional Musician
» How To Become A Medical Coder
Content: You may also know that this profession demands maintaining confidential information and has serious and steady work atmosphere. It is not considered a ‘glamorous’ career rather it is a ‘serious’ career. More about this career, including the requirements and career prospects, is discussed in the following section. Becoming An IT Auditor
Requirements
Eligibility
First step to get into this career is to complete a graduate degree with finance, business accounting etc. Some organizations also prefer a master degree, preferably an MBA. Professional certification like Certified Internal Systems Auditor (CISA), Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) etc. would complete the eligibility criteria. One also has to pass examinations, satisfy some touchstones like minimum work experience etc. to get certified. Certain courses like Master’s in Information Security or Information Technology can substitute for the work experience at times. | http://www.speedupcareer.com/articles/how-to-become-an-it-auditor.html |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_09_757202158#5_1275971702 | Title: How To Become An IT Auditor - Becoming An IT Auditor
Headings: How To Become An IT Auditor
How To Become An IT Auditor
Becoming An IT Auditor
Requirements
Eligibility
Skills Required
Roles And Responsibilities
Career Prospects
More in Career Planning
» How To Become A Preschool Teacher
» How To Become A Criminal Investigator
» How to Become A Professional Musician
» How To Become A Medical Coder
Content: Explaining effective steps to resolve discrepancies found during audit. Explaining risk management issues to companies. Preforming annual audit for electronic data processing systems. Rating the processes of systems like transaction processes, networks, data security files etc. Dividing audit teams into various groups according to the size of the organization, communicating the audit plans to the subordinate level and controlling the overall audit procedure. Arranging meetings with staffs and executives. Providing training to junior auditors. Updating the checklist and audit software in compliance with the industry standards. Checking whether the company’s IT fund is invested as per promised. Career Prospects
IT auditor is one of the fastest growing careers with a considerable increase in the number of job openings. | http://www.speedupcareer.com/articles/how-to-become-an-it-auditor.html |
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