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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#5_2267274248
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, IB Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. Do Not Sell My Personal Information
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Landlords are not automatically liable for all injuries tenants suffer at their rentals. In general, landlords are responsible for tenants’ injuries only when the landlord’s action (or inaction) was careless and caused or contributed to the injury. ( Sometimes landlords are also liable for injuries to guests or other people visiting the rental.) When a Landlord is Negligent
Under the legal concept of negligence, when a landlord’s behavior is the proximate cause of a tenant’s injury, a court can hold the landlord liable to the tenant—even if the landlord didn’t intend any harm. An act (or failure to act) is the proximate cause when an ordinary person could reasonably foresee that it would cause the injury in question. In a personal injury lawsuit, the court will evaluate the following factors to determine if a landlord was negligent. Control over dangerous condition. In most cases, landlords will be responsible for tenant injuries when they are legally obligated to maintain and repair the injury-causing factor. For example, if a tenant is injured after falling on a broken stair in a common area that’s supposed to be maintained by the landlord, the landlord is likely liable.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#6_2267276739
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: An act (or failure to act) is the proximate cause when an ordinary person could reasonably foresee that it would cause the injury in question. In a personal injury lawsuit, the court will evaluate the following factors to determine if a landlord was negligent. Control over dangerous condition. In most cases, landlords will be responsible for tenant injuries when they are legally obligated to maintain and repair the injury-causing factor. For example, if a tenant is injured after falling on a broken stair in a common area that’s supposed to be maintained by the landlord, the landlord is likely liable. Knowledge of a hidden danger. Landlords must notify tenants about dangerous conditions that aren’t obvious or are hidden, such as an uneven floor or a basement access door located under a rug. Foreseeability of accident. When a reasonable person could’ve foreseen that something could cause injury, such as a loose handrail on a stairway under the landlord’s control, the landlord must take measures to prevent injuries (for example, direct tenants to use an alternate staircase pending repairs). However, landlords won’t be held responsible for freak accidents.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#7_2267278951
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Knowledge of a hidden danger. Landlords must notify tenants about dangerous conditions that aren’t obvious or are hidden, such as an uneven floor or a basement access door located under a rug. Foreseeability of accident. When a reasonable person could’ve foreseen that something could cause injury, such as a loose handrail on a stairway under the landlord’s control, the landlord must take measures to prevent injuries (for example, direct tenants to use an alternate staircase pending repairs). However, landlords won’t be held responsible for freak accidents. For example, it’s unlikely that disrepair such as peeling wallpaper would cause injury, but if it did, chances are that the landlord won’t be responsible. Cost and feasibility of reducing danger. Courts are likely to hold landlords responsible for tenant injuries when a simple, reasonably priced precaution could’ve eliminated the dangerous condition. For example, painting a bright stripe on an unexpected step up to a patio is a simple measure a landlord could take to prevent a tenant from tripping. A court could find that the landlord was negligent because the risk of harm so greatly outweighed the burden of mitigation.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#8_2267281193
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: For example, it’s unlikely that disrepair such as peeling wallpaper would cause injury, but if it did, chances are that the landlord won’t be responsible. Cost and feasibility of reducing danger. Courts are likely to hold landlords responsible for tenant injuries when a simple, reasonably priced precaution could’ve eliminated the dangerous condition. For example, painting a bright stripe on an unexpected step up to a patio is a simple measure a landlord could take to prevent a tenant from tripping. A court could find that the landlord was negligent because the risk of harm so greatly outweighed the burden of mitigation. Likelihood of serious injury. When there’s a great risk of serious injury, it’s likely that a court would require a landlord to fix the situation as soon as possible, no matter the difficulty of the repair. For example, a raised deck with rotten support beams must be removed, replaced, or at least marked “off limits”—regardless of the cost—because the rot creates a high likelihood of collapse that could lead to catastrophic injuries. Failure to take reasonable steps to prevent accident. The law doesn’t require landlords to take drastic measures to protect tenants from every condition that possibly poses a risk.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#9_2267283506
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Likelihood of serious injury. When there’s a great risk of serious injury, it’s likely that a court would require a landlord to fix the situation as soon as possible, no matter the difficulty of the repair. For example, a raised deck with rotten support beams must be removed, replaced, or at least marked “off limits”—regardless of the cost—because the rot creates a high likelihood of collapse that could lead to catastrophic injuries. Failure to take reasonable steps to prevent accident. The law doesn’t require landlords to take drastic measures to protect tenants from every condition that possibly poses a risk. Rather, landlords should exercise reasonable care to prevent tenant injuries (except when dealing with tenants who are minors—see sidebar). Reasonable care is the amount of care an average, competent landlord would use when faced with similar circumstances. For example, a landlord who ignores a broken step for months is likely not taking reasonable measures to prevent injury to tenants. However, a landlord who routinely checks staircases and hasn’t seen or been notified of the broken step might successfully argue that his inspection met his duty of keeping the staircases safe. Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
In most cases, landlords owe tenants who are children a duty that goes beyond "reasonable care."
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#10_2267285931
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Rather, landlords should exercise reasonable care to prevent tenant injuries (except when dealing with tenants who are minors—see sidebar). Reasonable care is the amount of care an average, competent landlord would use when faced with similar circumstances. For example, a landlord who ignores a broken step for months is likely not taking reasonable measures to prevent injury to tenants. However, a landlord who routinely checks staircases and hasn’t seen or been notified of the broken step might successfully argue that his inspection met his duty of keeping the staircases safe. Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
In most cases, landlords owe tenants who are children a duty that goes beyond "reasonable care." Because children are less able to appreciate risks and avoid danger, the law requires landlords to actively watch for real and potential dangers on the rental premises and take measures to protect children from those dangers. In some states, landlords must also take safety measures that account for the fact that children—even those who aren’t tenants—have a tendency to “trespass” and gravitate toward certain attractive features. For example, landlords with pools or playgrounds on their premises should anticipate that non-tenant children might sneak in to use these areas, and should take measures to protect both tenant- and non-tenant-minors alike. Of course, landlords can’t foresee all possible dangers; whether a landlord is liable for a minor’s injuries will depend on the facts of the case and whether a competent landlord would’ve anticipated the possibility of a child being harmed.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#11_2267288640
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Because children are less able to appreciate risks and avoid danger, the law requires landlords to actively watch for real and potential dangers on the rental premises and take measures to protect children from those dangers. In some states, landlords must also take safety measures that account for the fact that children—even those who aren’t tenants—have a tendency to “trespass” and gravitate toward certain attractive features. For example, landlords with pools or playgrounds on their premises should anticipate that non-tenant children might sneak in to use these areas, and should take measures to protect both tenant- and non-tenant-minors alike. Of course, landlords can’t foresee all possible dangers; whether a landlord is liable for a minor’s injuries will depend on the facts of the case and whether a competent landlord would’ve anticipated the possibility of a child being harmed. Actual cause of injury. Tenants must demonstrate that their injuries resulted from the landlord’s carelessness, not some other reason. Sometimes, the link between the landlord’s actions and the injury is obvious, such as when a perfectly healthy tenant slips and breaks her leg on a freshly waxed floor. Other times, the connection isn’t so clear, such as when a soccer player returning to his rental from a rough game stumbles slightly on a broken stair and claims the landlord’s failure to fix the step caused his sprained ankle. The landlord might argue that the rough soccer game was the proximate cause of the tenant’s sprain, even though the tenant claims it was the step.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1385929624#12_2267291298
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Title: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries | AllLaw
Headings: When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
When a Landlord Can Be Held Liable for Tenant Injuries
In order for a tenant’s personal injury suit against a landlord to be successful, the tenant must show that the landlord’s action (or inaction) naturally and foreseeably caused the injury.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
When a Landlord is Negligent
Landlords’ Duty of Care When Dealing With Minor Tenants
Comparative and Contributory Fault
When a Landlord’s Behavior is Negligent Per Se
When a Landlord Doesn’t Provide a Fit and Habitable Rental
A Landlord Might Be Liable for Criminal Acts
Content: Actual cause of injury. Tenants must demonstrate that their injuries resulted from the landlord’s carelessness, not some other reason. Sometimes, the link between the landlord’s actions and the injury is obvious, such as when a perfectly healthy tenant slips and breaks her leg on a freshly waxed floor. Other times, the connection isn’t so clear, such as when a soccer player returning to his rental from a rough game stumbles slightly on a broken stair and claims the landlord’s failure to fix the step caused his sprained ankle. The landlord might argue that the rough soccer game was the proximate cause of the tenant’s sprain, even though the tenant claims it was the step. Comparative and Contr
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/landlord-liable-tenant-injuries.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1386200216#8_2267931528
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Title: Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury | AllLaw
Headings: Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury
Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury
Most often, the occupier (tenant or occupying owner) will be held responsible for unsafe property conditions.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
Liability of the Person/Business Occupying the Property
Owner Liability for Injuries on the Property
Examples of Owner vs. Occupier Liabilty
Content: For example, common areas used by multiple tenants are legally considered under the control of the owner. To illustrate, if a tenant or other person invited onto the property is injured in a common area like a hallway or staircase, the owner (not the tenant) will probably be held liable. An owner can also be held liable if he or she rents out the property in a dangerous condition without warning the tenant. In that case, even if the tenant is in total control of the property, any injuries stemming from the previously existing dangerous condition will be the owner's responsibility. Note that if the owner tells the tenant about the dangerous condition and notifies the tenant that he or she must repair the condition as part of the lease, responsibility shifts back to the tenant. Finally, if a lease or ordinance doesn't make an owner responsible for dangerous conditions that occur while the tenant is in control of the property, the tenant will be held responsible for any injuries caused by the condition. However, if a lease, ordinance or other regulation requires the owner to repair certain conditions, or if the owner otherwise promises to fix a condition, but the condition causes an injury anyway, the owner will be liable for any injuries despite the tenant's control of the property. Learn more about a landlord's liability for a tenant's injuries. Examples of Owner vs. Occupier Liabilty
Example A: A tenant invites a guest to her apartment.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/property-owner-vs-occupier-liability.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1386200216#9_2267933783
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Title: Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury | AllLaw
Headings: Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury
Property Owner vs. Occupier Liability for Personal Injury
Most often, the occupier (tenant or occupying owner) will be held responsible for unsafe property conditions.
Free Case Evaluation
"In Nolo you can trust."
— The New York Times
Why You Can Trust Us
Featured In
Liability of the Person/Business Occupying the Property
Owner Liability for Injuries on the Property
Examples of Owner vs. Occupier Liabilty
Content: Finally, if a lease or ordinance doesn't make an owner responsible for dangerous conditions that occur while the tenant is in control of the property, the tenant will be held responsible for any injuries caused by the condition. However, if a lease, ordinance or other regulation requires the owner to repair certain conditions, or if the owner otherwise promises to fix a condition, but the condition causes an injury anyway, the owner will be liable for any injuries despite the tenant's control of the property. Learn more about a landlord's liability for a tenant's injuries. Examples of Owner vs. Occupier Liabilty
Example A: A tenant invites a guest to her apartment. A puddle has formed inside the tenant's apartment next to the tenant's umbrella stand. The guest slips and falls because of the puddle, and is injured. Because the injury occurred in the tenant's apartment and the puddle was caused by the tenant's own umbrella stand (which the tenant controls), the tenant will be liable to the guest. Example B: A tenant invites a guest to her apartment.
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http://www.alllaw.com/articles/nolo/personal-injury/property-owner-vs-occupier-liability.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1388561742#0_2273847764
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Title: What is a Deposit Bond?
Headings: What is a Deposit Bond?
What is a Deposit Bond?
Content: What is a Deposit Bond? Staff Profile
Non-Resident Loans
Why Choose Us? Testimonials
Articles: 10 Steps to Home Ownership
Investment Loans
Deposit Bonds
Moving Tips
Related Sites
Lender Information
Self Managed Super Fund
Newsletter
Blog Posts
Home / Investment Loans - Refinance & Debt Consolidation - Bridging Finance - Personal Loans - Car / Boat Loans - Commercial Loans - Plant & Equipment Finance - Debtor Finance
What is a Deposit Bond? In Australia when a person or entity enters into a contract to purchase residential property, it is common practice for the purchaser to lodge a cash deposit of up to 10% of the purchase price with the vendor's solicitor as security for the purchaser's obligations. The deposit gives the vendor (the seller) a fund against which they can claim if you fail to complete the transaction. A Deposit Bond is an instrument that, by agreement with the vendor, can replace the need for a cash deposit. It is a convenient way of purchasing a property without the need to arrange a large cash deposit or immediately cashing in or selling an investment that may mature at some point in the future. The Deposit Bond is issued by an insurer to the vendor for all or part of the deposit required. If the purchaser fails to complete the purchase of the property and has used a Deposit Bond, the vendor or the holder of the Deposit Bond has the right to present the Deposit Bond to the Insurer and claim the full amount of the Deposit Bond.
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http://www.allmortgagefinance.com.au/depositbonds.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1396420004#1_2287168367
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Title: 2016 Salary & Guide for a Civil Engineer
Headings: Civil Engineer Salary Guide
Civil Engineer Salary Guide
Civil Engineer Salary By Experience
Overview: The Civil Engineer Salary
Civil Engineer Salary By Employer Type
Civil Engineer Certification
Civil Engineer Employment Prospects
Career Pathways & Related Occupations
In Summary
Content: The Civil Engineer Salary
A civil engineer is a professional qualified to practice civil engineering, one of the oldest professions in human history. The origins of civil engineers dates back to ancient civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) as humans began to shift from living in nomadic societies and started living in man-made structures. The ancient Great Pyramids of Egypt, the Coliseum and the Appian Way of the Ancient Roman Empire, and the Great Wall of China are considered to be some of the wonders of early civil engineering. Today, civil engineers still retain the core responsibilities that molded their job description - to design, build, and maintain infrastructures designed to benefit communities. These infrastructures include residential and commercial buildings, roads, bridges, harbors, airports, and dams to name a few. With new technology and scientific discoveries, modern civil engineers are now capable of building better structures. Here are some of the common tasks performed by civil engineers: Gather analyze and examine survey charts maps and other sources of useful information in preparation for a project
Outline the planning stages by estimating the initial costs of the projects checking the government regulations regarding land use and zoning schemes and look for potential environmental hazards
Conduct soil tests to determine the strength and adequacy of the soil foundations
Test building materials like cement asphalt and steel
Oversee the construction project
Provide progress reports on regular basis
Make request for materials manpower transportation and other essential requirements in line with the construction and completion of the project
Because the civil engineering profession is applicable in almost every private and public sector such as residential housing, business, government, and international relations, it is natural for civil engineers to work with almost every other specialists and professionals. Civil engineers often team up with land surveyors, geographers, marine engineers, architects, construction professionals, government officials, real estate and land developers, urban planners, soil scientists, and environmentalists. In most cases, civil engineers also work with engineers from other distinct engineering fields in complex projects.
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http://www.allp.com/civil-engineer-salary/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399347512#1_2292393022
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Title: Loss of a Mother or Father - Dealing With the Loss of a Parent
Headings: Loss of a Parent
Loss of a Parent
Adult Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Children’s Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Behavioral Grief Symptoms in Children Include:
Content: No other bond exists like the one with a parent. “You are now forced to cope with the loss of parental love and attention that was given uniquely to you, and that you depended on, possibly even took for granted.” says Carol Staudacher, grief educator, consultant, and author of the book “Beyond Grief.” As young people, we depend on our parents. Parents are caretakers. They typically provide us with information about the world and moral support. They also shape our perceptions about ourselves. The circumstances of a parent’s death affect the intensity of a person’s grief. These factors include the current and past relationship with the parent, and the individual’s age at the time of the parent’s death. The timing of the death also affects survivors’ reactions.
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/loss-of-a-parent.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399347512#2_2292394274
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Title: Loss of a Mother or Father - Dealing With the Loss of a Parent
Headings: Loss of a Parent
Loss of a Parent
Adult Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Children’s Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Behavioral Grief Symptoms in Children Include:
Content: They typically provide us with information about the world and moral support. They also shape our perceptions about ourselves. The circumstances of a parent’s death affect the intensity of a person’s grief. These factors include the current and past relationship with the parent, and the individual’s age at the time of the parent’s death. The timing of the death also affects survivors’ reactions. Was the death sudden? Was there long-term suffering involved? Adult Grief Over Loss of a Parent
When a parent dies, whether through old age, unexpectedly, or from disease, children are left with a range of emotions ranging from emptiness and loneliness to guilt and anger. The most common emotions and normal reactions include: Confusion
Anxiety
Remorse
Fear
Frustration
Yearning
Depression
After learning of a parent’s passing, an individual will begin showing symptoms of the five stages of grief.
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/loss-of-a-parent.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399347512#8_2292404284
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Title: Loss of a Mother or Father - Dealing With the Loss of a Parent
Headings: Loss of a Parent
Loss of a Parent
Adult Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Children’s Grief Over Loss of a Parent
Behavioral Grief Symptoms in Children Include:
Content: The loss affects adult personality development, a sense of security, and relationships with the surviving parent and significant others. Loss of a parent at an early age has been shown to lead to long-term psychological damage in children, especially when the parent lost is the mother. To prevent this, psychologists suggest grief therapy for the child, allowing the child to express his or her feelings and providing feedback and activities to pursue when grief resurfaces. According to Psychologist J.W. Worden, and the Harvard Child Bereavement Study (HCBS), children have four “tasks” of mourning they must accomplish in order to process the death of a parent: They must accept the reality of the parent’s death. They must experience the grieving and emotional pain of the loss. They must adjust to the world in which the deceased is no longer there. They must find ways to memorialize the deceased, and relocate the lost parent within his or her life in a different way. In a 1999 study in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence entitled “Children's Psychological Distress Following the Death of a Parent,” girls were more likely to experience depressive symptoms after the loss of a parent than boys. Additionally, younger children were more at risk for depressive symptoms than older children.
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/loss-of-a-parent.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399466730#1_2292653877
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Title: What is Social Gerontology?
Headings: What is Social Gerontology?
What is Social Gerontology?
Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice
In the Workforce
In the Media
In Healthcare
How do I Get Involved?
Myths Associated with Aging
Aging means Alzheimer's
Aging means no contribution to society
Aging means physical inactivity
Aging means the end of learning
Aging means loneliness and depression
Content: Most people do not have regular interactions with older adults outside of their families. They assemble their knowledge about aging from media portrayals and brief encounters with older adults. This has led to more and more people making assumptions on aging, and perpetuating stereotypes and misconceptions about the reality of living as an older adult. Part of the difficulty of integrating younger generations and older generations is that the nature of society separates us by age. From birth, we are put into schools and clubs that track us by age. Additionally, children are perhaps the most susceptible to negative media portrayals. In“The Development of Children's Prejudice Against the Aged,” Leora W. Isaacs and David J. Bearison found that by the time children enter middle school, they have already developed negative opinions of older adults. This has added to a lack of knowledge on aging, and the development of aging myths. Social gerontology seeks to dispel these myths, advocating equal treatment of older adults through speeches, presentations, and public education programs. Ageism:
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/social-gerontology.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399466730#2_2292655595
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Title: What is Social Gerontology?
Headings: What is Social Gerontology?
What is Social Gerontology?
Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice
In the Workforce
In the Media
In Healthcare
How do I Get Involved?
Myths Associated with Aging
Aging means Alzheimer's
Aging means no contribution to society
Aging means physical inactivity
Aging means the end of learning
Aging means loneliness and depression
Content: Additionally, children are perhaps the most susceptible to negative media portrayals. In“The Development of Children's Prejudice Against the Aged,” Leora W. Isaacs and David J. Bearison found that by the time children enter middle school, they have already developed negative opinions of older adults. This has added to a lack of knowledge on aging, and the development of aging myths. Social gerontology seeks to dispel these myths, advocating equal treatment of older adults through speeches, presentations, and public education programs. Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice
In the book “Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons,” Todd Nelson writes that age prejudice is “the most socially condoned, institutionalized form of prejudice in the world – especially the United States.” Ageism is perpetrated through institutional policies that perpetuate stereotypes through discriminatory practices toward older adults – meaning that older adults find themselves discriminated against in the workforce, in the media, and in the health care system. In the Workforce
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prevents employers from laying off anyone over 40 based on age, but age discrimination is still widespread in the workplace. Nelson cites jokes, expressed ageist attitudes, and discriminatory attitudes in regard to hiring, firing, and decision making as forms of discrimination still practiced in the workplace.
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/social-gerontology.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1399466730#3_2292657683
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Title: What is Social Gerontology?
Headings: What is Social Gerontology?
What is Social Gerontology?
Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice
In the Workforce
In the Media
In Healthcare
How do I Get Involved?
Myths Associated with Aging
Aging means Alzheimer's
Aging means no contribution to society
Aging means physical inactivity
Aging means the end of learning
Aging means loneliness and depression
Content: Stereotyping and Prejudice
In the book “Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons,” Todd Nelson writes that age prejudice is “the most socially condoned, institutionalized form of prejudice in the world – especially the United States.” Ageism is perpetrated through institutional policies that perpetuate stereotypes through discriminatory practices toward older adults – meaning that older adults find themselves discriminated against in the workforce, in the media, and in the health care system. In the Workforce
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prevents employers from laying off anyone over 40 based on age, but age discrimination is still widespread in the workplace. Nelson cites jokes, expressed ageist attitudes, and discriminatory attitudes in regard to hiring, firing, and decision making as forms of discrimination still practiced in the workplace. The assumption that older adults are incapable of performing their jobs contributes to negative feelings about aging, and causes others to view older adults as a burden. These feelings are likely to change in time, however. According to statistics from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of people in the workforce aged 55 and older is expected to increase by 43% between 2008 and 2018 to nearly a quarter of the total working population. As more older adults continue with their careers, societal perceptions of older age will likely change, reducing age discrimination in the workplace. In the Media
In “Understanding Communication and Aging,” author Jake Harwood writes that older adults represented only 3% of characters in major prime-time shows in 1999, despite making up nearly 15% of the real world population.
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http://www.allpsychologycareers.com/topics/social-gerontology.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1408596393#5_2312063164
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Title: Saint Gotthard pass, European Alps road, connection between Andermatt and Airolo in Ticino
Headings: St. Gotthardpass
Content: After the first street tunnel was built in the seventies through the Gotthard, which quickly became one of the most busy traffic South tangents, the Gotthard is drilled again. The transalpine route is built. A gigantic tunnel work with several starting points. It is worth to take a stop at the individual stations, turn off the motorbike and sift the facts and billboards in the exhibition buildings. A gigantic project created by humans, which still will take another few years for the construction. Most motorbike riders, once over in the south, turn in Airolo either to the right on to the Nufenen pass road or continue on the motorway towards Bellinzona. Unfortunately they then miss an important piece of the old Gotthard road. The old road runs parallel to the motorway and rail down to Biasca, where you can then easily turn left to Lukmanier pass. ( Exit GPS N46°21'38" E008°57'22"). Well, in additon, parallel to the old pass road, there is the newer one, that does not play a big role any more since the tunnel is open.
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http://www.alpentourer.com/alpine_passes/gotthard_region/st_gotthardpass/st_gotthardpass.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1408596393#7_2312065821
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Title: Saint Gotthard pass, European Alps road, connection between Andermatt and Airolo in Ticino
Headings: St. Gotthardpass
Content: But when there is a jam, it gets back to life again. Then lots of car drivers use that way across the pass. For motorbike riders however, coming from the south, the new pass road is the first choice. Well developed, first class pavement, excellent neutral curves, great views. Once at the top at the pass, the view opens up to a high plateau with the hospice and a museum. You also will find a famous biker meeting point up here, since in summer one of the pubs do open a small beer garden in front of the lake. From there on the road leads down on the new pass road towards Andermatt, as the old pass road does exist up here only in fragments. Passing by Andermatt, down into the Devil's Canyon the route becomes interesting again. Serpentine by serpentine the road winds down, accompanied by rushing waters and the railway, which sticks like a licorice stick on a slope. In Wassen you then have reached the northern end of the Saint Gotthard pass road.
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http://www.alpentourer.com/alpine_passes/gotthard_region/st_gotthardpass/st_gotthardpass.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1410578218#1_2315603779
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Title: Phellodendron Bark Benefits for Reducing Anxiety
Headings: Phellodendron Bark
Phellodendron Bark
Phellodendron Bark Benefits
Phellodendron Bark and Magnolia Bark
Phellodendron Bark Side Effects
Final Word on Phellodendron Bark
Content: Phellodendron Bark Benefits
For years, top medical experts have studied the benefits of phellodendron bark. Throughout the world, this bark is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, swollen limbs, jaundice, and anxiety. In a way, phellodendron bark acts as a supplement for overall mental and physical well-being. Phellodendron Bark and Magnolia Bark
Phellodendron bark is commonly combined with other supplements to create a potent healing formula. Most notably, phellodendron and magnolia bark work together to reduce anxiety and to help people lose weight safely. Each of these ingredients has its own unique properties which contribute to making people feel better, look younger, sleep easier, and be happier. Phellodendron Bark Side Effects
The majority of subjects taking phellodendron bark experience no side effects. However, there are some potential complications that rarely occur from excessive use of this supplement. They include stomach and/or spleen problems, nausea, and vomiting. Women who are pregnant or nursing should not take phellodendron bark.
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http://www.alprazolam.org/natural-cures/phellodendron-bark.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1422204857#6_2337728132
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Title: Queen Liliʻuokalani, first and last queen regnant of Hawaii | Amazing Women In History
Headings:
Content: She started writing a new constitution that would restore the veto power to the monarchy, and voting rights to economically disenfranchised native Hawaiians and Asians. When they heard of Queen Liliʻuokalani’s new constitution, American and European businessmen and residents started organizing to depose her. They wanted Hawaii annexed to the United States so that their businesses could have the same sugar bounties as domestic producers. In 1893, they formed a “Committee of Safety” to accomplish their goals of overthrowing the Hawaiian Kingdom and deposing the Queen, and the annexation of Hawaiʻi to the United States. On January 16th in 1893, sailors and marines aboard the USS Boston in Honolulu Harbor came ashore under orders of neutrality. The presence of these troops, ostensibly to enforce neutrality and prevent violence, were effectively a threat to Queen Liliʻuokalani and made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself. Liliʻuokalani believed in peaceful resistance. She did not want the blood of Hawaiian people to be shed. Hoping that the US would eventually restore Hawaii’s sovereignty to the rightful holder, the Queen temporarily relinquished her throne to the superior military forces of the United States: I, Lili’uokalani, by the Grace of God and under the constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of and for this Kingdom.
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http://www.amazingwomeninhistory.com/queen-liliuokalani-first-and-last-queen-regnant-of-hawaii/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1426446137#5_2345500063
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Title: Henry Clay and the American System for kids ***
Headings: The American System
The American System
Content: The chartering of the Second Bank of the United States on April 10, 1816 was badly managed at first and the Panic of 1819 occurred when the Second Bank of the United States tightened its loan policy.) The Significance of the American System: What was the significance of the American System? ● New industries were established
● Factories were built
● America reduced their dependence on foreign goods
● Americans prospered and felt confident in making homes in the new lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and in Florida
● Roads and canals were built that enabled Americans to travel and the Cumberland Road, the Erie Canal were constructed
● General Survey Act of 1824 was passed, authorizing the president to have surveys made of important transportation routes by the Corps of Engineers
● The American System helped to fuel the belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States
For additional information of transportation systems of the 1800's refer to Railroads in the 1800s, Steamboats of the 1800's and the History of Turnpikes. The American System for kids: Who was Henry Clay? Who was Henry Clay? ● Henry Clay was a strong supporter of the American System
● He was a lawyer, statesman and excellent orator
● Henry Clay was born on April 12, 1777 in Virginia, married Lucretia Hart Clay and had eleven children
● He owned a plantation and law firm in Kentucky
● Henry Clay started his political career as a State Legislator for Kentucky in 1803
● He was elected to the Senate in 1806 and 1810
● In 1811 Henry Clay was elected to the House of Representatives and chosen Speaker of the House
● He was one of the 'War Hawks' who advocated war with the British in the War of 1812
● Henry Clay was a strong supporter of the economic policies of Alexander Hamilton (who had been killed in 1804 in the Aaron Burr duel)
● It was Henry Clay who named the national economic plan to build US industry, the 'American System'
● Henry Clay, together with John. C. Calhoun (a politician, political theorist and proponent of a protective tariffs), helped to push through the Protective Tariff of 1816
● The 'American System' was implemented during the Era of Good Feelings
● The Tariff of 1828 aka the "Tariff of Abominations" raised tariffs considerably in an attempt to protect new factories
● Henry Clay's American System eventually ran out of steam during the administration of President Jackson
Protective Tariffs
For additional facts and a timeline refer to Protectionism and Tariffs. American System for kids - President James Monroe Video
The article on the American System provides an overview of one of the Important events in his presidential term in office.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1801-1828-evolution/american-system.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1426584190#2_2345784692
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Title: Panic of 1819 for kids ***
Headings: Panic of 1819
Panic of 1819
Content: The government introduced an economic plan aimed at improving the economy of the US. The nation's economic plan was based on a new national bank to provide credit to Americans, taxing foreign goods to raise income and creating a subsidized transportation infrastructure of new roads and canals to enable Westward Expansion to new lands with more settlers becoming farmers. The plan was initiated by Henry Clay and was called the 'American System'. The establishment of the Second Bank of the United States was part of the economic plan to reach these goals. President James Madison, with the approval of Congress, granted a charter to the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 which was a privately held banking corporation. 1801-1828: Evolution Era
US American History
What were the Causes of the Panic of 1819? There were many causes of the Panic of 1819 including those are detailed in the following fact sheet. What were the Causes of the Panic of 1819? Panic of 1819 Causes:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1801-1828-evolution/panic-of-1819.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1427059199#7_2346719209
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Title: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for kids ***
Headings: 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Content: ● The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846–48)
● Article V of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo dealt with the Mexican Cession and included present-day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. In Article V Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States
● Articles VIII and IX of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo included provisions for the protection of property and civil rights of Mexican nationals living within the new boundaries of the United States. U.S. citizenship was granted to Mexicans living in the territory ceded by Mexico to the United States and guaranteed Mexican Americans "the right to their property, language, and culture." ● Article X of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had guaranteed the protection of Mexican land grants but this was deleted on March 10, 1848 by the US Senate during the ratification process
● Article XI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo included the promise of the United States to police its boundaries
● Article XII of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo agreed that the United States would pay Mexico $15,000,000 "in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States"
● Article XV of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo agreed to pay American citizens debts owed to them by the Mexican government
● Article XXI of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo agreed to the compulsory arbitration of future disputes between the two countries
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Significance
The significance of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was: ● Zachary Taylor was heralded as a national hero during the Mexican-American War and became a future president of the United States
● The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the land that makes up all, or parts of, present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming
● The California Gold Rush started with the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Lumber Mill in Coloma on January 24, 1848, before the treaty was even signed
● Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as America’s southern boundary
● The Gadsden Purchase was agreed in 1853
● The treaty increased the popular belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States of America
● The Abolitionist Movement in the north opposed the annexation of Mexican territory
● The acquisition of the new lands in the of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ignited the slavery debate which would lead to the American Civil war (1861-1865)
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for kids
The info about the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provides interesting facts and important information about this important event that occured during the presidency of the 11th President of the United States of America. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Map
The United States Territorial Expansion Map provides an over view of the treaties made in order to achieve the expansion of the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted all land from Texas to California, minus the Gadsden Purchase. The Gadsden Purchase: The Boundary Line
The Mexican and American commissioners failed to agree on the boundary line.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1841-1850-westward-expansion/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1427648938#12_2347849387
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Title: Rise of Big Business: US History for kids ***
Headings: Rise of Big Business
Rise of Big Business
Content: A Holding Company owned the stock of companies but did not produce anything themselves. The establishment of a Holding Company allowed for all of its companies to be merged into one massive organization. By the beginning of the 1900's the United States had over 300 holding companies. Ordinary Americans started to clamor for reforms during the Progressive Movement and Progressive Reforms were made at city, state and federal levels. The Rise of Big Business and Corporations in America
The Rise of Big Business and corporations therefore continued into the 20th century. the major sectors of the nation's economy were dominated by a small number of massive corporations. Big Business and Corporations had control over the railroads, banking, steel, oil refining, meat packing and manufacturing. The number of millionaires in America exceeded 4000. The Rise of Big Business had brought positive benefits to the economy of the nation and helped to improve the lifestyles of many Americans but their power also led to the abuse of workers and the corruption of the political system. For additional facts and information refer to Industrialization in America.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1866-1881-reconstruction-era/rise-of-big-business.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#0_2349208076
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Urbanization in America
Definition and Summary of Urbanization
Summary and Definition: Urbanization means the redistribution of populations from rural (farming or country life) to urban (town and city) life. Urbanization in America saw the emergence of many new towns and cities which became even larger as more and more people, attracted by employment possibilities, begin living and working in towns and cities. Urbanization in America in the late 1800's
This article contains interesting facts and information about Urbanization in America in the late 1800's which was fueled by the Industrial Revolution and Industrialization. During this period in American history workers moved towards manufacturing centers in cities and towns seeking jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became less common. Urbanization in America in the late 1800's was also driven by the massive influx of unskilled immigrants who also flocked to the industrial cities to start their new life in America, the land of opportunity. 1881-1913: Maturation Era
US American History
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Causes of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and causes of Urbanization in America.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#1_2349209776
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: During this period in American history workers moved towards manufacturing centers in cities and towns seeking jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became less common. Urbanization in America in the late 1800's was also driven by the massive influx of unskilled immigrants who also flocked to the industrial cities to start their new life in America, the land of opportunity. 1881-1913: Maturation Era
US American History
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Causes of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and causes of Urbanization in America. Each of these elements are detailed in this article. Causes of Urbanization in America
Causes of Urbanization in America: The entrepreneurs, inventions and new technologies of the Industrial Revolution
Causes of Urbanization in America: The rural populations were displaced by increasing agricultural efficiency prompting a move from rural areas to the towns and cities. This led to the Great Migration of African Americans in WW1
Causes of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#3_2349212734
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: The Industrialization of America that led to the mechanization of industries and the emergence of Factories and the Factory System
Causes of Urbanization in America: Increased immigration levels from Europe and the massive influx of immigrants to the cities
Causes of Urbanization in America: The industrial focus of the American economy that gave rise to Big Business and Corporations who had money to invest in new industries
Causes of Urbanization in America: New technologies in construction, particularly the use of steel during the Urbanization in America
Causes of Urbanization in America: New Technologies in Transportation and Communications
Urbanization in America: Causes of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Effects of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and effects of Urbanization in America: Effects of Urbanization in America
Effects of Urbanization in America: Cheap accommodation was developed as tall, narrow tenement buildings in dark, crowded, unpleasant and unhealthy living conditions
Effects of Urbanization in America: Massive rises in the population of cities during the Urbanization in America
Effects of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#4_2349214352
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Causes of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Effects of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and effects of Urbanization in America: Effects of Urbanization in America
Effects of Urbanization in America: Cheap accommodation was developed as tall, narrow tenement buildings in dark, crowded, unpleasant and unhealthy living conditions
Effects of Urbanization in America: Massive rises in the population of cities during the Urbanization in America
Effects of Urbanization in America: Rapid growth and lack of planning led to inadequate basic facilities and services
Effects of Urbanization in America: Pollution and poor sanitation led to deadly epidemics in the towns an cities. A major reason for the rise of the Conservation Movement. Effects of Urbanization in America: Separation by class and neighborhoods
Effects of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#5_2349215655
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Rapid growth and lack of planning led to inadequate basic facilities and services
Effects of Urbanization in America: Pollution and poor sanitation led to deadly epidemics in the towns an cities. A major reason for the rise of the Conservation Movement. Effects of Urbanization in America: Separation by class and neighborhoods
Effects of Urbanization in America: High levels of congestion alleviated by new transportation systems
Effects of Urbanization in America: Urban sprawl - the movement to more rural areas outside the central city areas
Effects of Urbanization in America: Rise in crime due to poverty and lack of control
Effects of Urbanization in America: Machine Politics in cities based on bribery, corruption and unfair business practices
Effects of Urbanization in America: Rise in Nativism in America (anti-immigration) and resentment towards immigrants
Effects of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#6_2349216917
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: High levels of congestion alleviated by new transportation systems
Effects of Urbanization in America: Urban sprawl - the movement to more rural areas outside the central city areas
Effects of Urbanization in America: Rise in crime due to poverty and lack of control
Effects of Urbanization in America: Machine Politics in cities based on bribery, corruption and unfair business practices
Effects of Urbanization in America: Rise in Nativism in America (anti-immigration) and resentment towards immigrants
Effects of Urbanization in America: Social unrest - Poor living conditions led to riots and strikes by workers
Urbanization in America: Effects of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Benefits of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and benefits of Urbanization in America: Benefits of Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: New public transport systems were developed
Benefits of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#7_2349218308
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Social unrest - Poor living conditions led to riots and strikes by workers
Urbanization in America: Effects of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: Benefits of Urbanization in America
The following table provides f ast facts and a brief overview about the history and benefits of Urbanization in America: Benefits of Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: New public transport systems were developed
Benefits of Urbanization in America: New styles of buildings (skyscrapers) were introduced made possible by cheap steel and the invention of elevators. Benefits of Urbanization in America: New roads and bridges were built during the Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Increased employment opportunities
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Cultural advances with the establishment of museums and libraries
Benefits of Urbanization in America:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#8_2349219587
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: New styles of buildings (skyscrapers) were introduced made possible by cheap steel and the invention of elevators. Benefits of Urbanization in America: New roads and bridges were built during the Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Increased employment opportunities
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Cultural advances with the establishment of museums and libraries
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Recreational resources and parks were established during the Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Easy access to goods and services - convenience and variety
Urbanization in America: Benefits of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: History of Urbanization in America
The history of U rbanization in America is inextricably linked to Industrialization and Immigration. The incredible inventions of the First Industrial Revolution, that centered on textiles, agriculture, iron, and steam engine technology, provided farmers with the McCormick Reaper, the Cotton Gin and Cotton Spinning Machinery and revolutionized farming methods in the United States and led to the expansion of the mills.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#9_2349221119
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Recreational resources and parks were established during the Urbanization in America
Benefits of Urbanization in America: Easy access to goods and services - convenience and variety
Urbanization in America: Benefits of Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America in the late 1800's: History of Urbanization in America
The history of U rbanization in America is inextricably linked to Industrialization and Immigration. The incredible inventions of the First Industrial Revolution, that centered on textiles, agriculture, iron, and steam engine technology, provided farmers with the McCormick Reaper, the Cotton Gin and Cotton Spinning Machinery and revolutionized farming methods in the United States and led to the expansion of the mills. Steam power then led to the invention of railroads and the Grain Elevators, the "Prairie Skyscrapers" that enabled the fast transit of wheat and other grains to market. Increased agricultural efficiency resulted in fewer jobs in the farming areas and the rural population started looking to the cities and towns for employment beginning urbanization in America. The Second Industrial Revolution moved America from the Age of Iron into the Age of Steel and replaced steam power with electric power. Great factories were built, there were further advancements in mechanization and transportation systems and these were all based in the emerging towns and cities and the urbanization in America increased at an incredibly rapid rate. For additional facts refer to Industrial Revolution Inventions.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#10_2349223013
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: Steam power then led to the invention of railroads and the Grain Elevators, the "Prairie Skyscrapers" that enabled the fast transit of wheat and other grains to market. Increased agricultural efficiency resulted in fewer jobs in the farming areas and the rural population started looking to the cities and towns for employment beginning urbanization in America. The Second Industrial Revolution moved America from the Age of Iron into the Age of Steel and replaced steam power with electric power. Great factories were built, there were further advancements in mechanization and transportation systems and these were all based in the emerging towns and cities and the urbanization in America increased at an incredibly rapid rate. For additional facts refer to Industrial Revolution Inventions. History of Urbanization in America for kids: Growth Rate in the Cities
The history of U rbanization in America can be seen in the growth rate of city populations. In 1840 the United States had only 131 cities by
1900 that number had risen to over 1,700. People in rural areas moved to the towns and cities. Immigrants flocked to the towns and cities.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#11_2349224513
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: History of Urbanization in America for kids: Growth Rate in the Cities
The history of U rbanization in America can be seen in the growth rate of city populations. In 1840 the United States had only 131 cities by
1900 that number had risen to over 1,700. People in rural areas moved to the towns and cities. Immigrants flocked to the towns and cities. As a result, in just a few years the United States transformed from an agrarian to an urban nation, and the demographics of the country shifted dramatically. The following table provides facts and statistics on the numbers of the populations in the towns and cities between 1870 and 1920. NAME OF CITY - POPULATION IN 1870 - POPULATION IN 1900 - POPULATION IN 1920
Boston: 250,525 - 560,892 - 748,060
Chicago: 298,977 - 1,698,575 - 2,701,705
Los Angeles:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#13_2349226696
|
Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: 5,728 - 102,479 - 576,673
New York: 1,478,103 - 3,437,202 - 5,620,048
Philadelphia: 1,293,687 - 1,350,000 - 1,823,779
Pittsburgh: 86,075 - 321,616 - 588,343
San Francisco: 149,473 - 342,782 - 506,676
Seattle: 1,107 - 237,194 - 315,312
NAME OF CITY - POPULATION IN 1870 - POPULATION IN 1900 - POPULATION IN 1920
Urbanization in America for kids: Effects of Urbanization in America - The Tenement Buildings
The manufacturing centers of Business and industrialization were centered in the towns and cities where the factories and factory system attracted ever increasing numbers of both American and immigrant workers. The workers had to be housed and the price of real estate was becoming expensive. Existing buildings, that had once been single-family dwellings, were increasingly divided into cramped, multiple living housing to accommodate the growing population - the tenement building was created. Additional floors were added and the open areas, that once were the backyards, were also built on.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#14_2349228058
|
Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: 1,107 - 237,194 - 315,312
NAME OF CITY - POPULATION IN 1870 - POPULATION IN 1900 - POPULATION IN 1920
Urbanization in America for kids: Effects of Urbanization in America - The Tenement Buildings
The manufacturing centers of Business and industrialization were centered in the towns and cities where the factories and factory system attracted ever increasing numbers of both American and immigrant workers. The workers had to be housed and the price of real estate was becoming expensive. Existing buildings, that had once been single-family dwellings, were increasingly divided into cramped, multiple living housing to accommodate the growing population - the tenement building was created. Additional floors were added and the open areas, that once were the backyards, were also built on. The space in existing tenements eventually ran out. A new form of cheap tenement housing developed in which these new buildings grew upward, rather than outward. The typical tenement was usually built on a lot that was 25 feet wide and 100 feet long, with less than 1 foot between the tenements. The long, narrow tenement buildings were typically 4 - 6 stories high and divided into small apartments. It was not unusual to find a whole family living in one small room often accommodating more than ten people.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#15_2349229716
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: The space in existing tenements eventually ran out. A new form of cheap tenement housing developed in which these new buildings grew upward, rather than outward. The typical tenement was usually built on a lot that was 25 feet wide and 100 feet long, with less than 1 foot between the tenements. The long, narrow tenement buildings were typically 4 - 6 stories high and divided into small apartments. It was not unusual to find a whole family living in one small room often accommodating more than ten people. They lived in unsanitary conditions, without fire escapes or access to light - health and safety hazards and at risk from lethal cholera epidemics. The rise of the tenements were one of the Effects of Urbanization in America. Urbanization in America for kids: Effects of Urbanization in America - The Neighborhoods
The cities evolved into areas that contained the poor, the middle class and the wealthy. Class separation evolved, based on the neighborhoods where people lived and the houses they lived in.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#16_2349231083
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: They lived in unsanitary conditions, without fire escapes or access to light - health and safety hazards and at risk from lethal cholera epidemics. The rise of the tenements were one of the Effects of Urbanization in America. Urbanization in America for kids: Effects of Urbanization in America - The Neighborhoods
The cities evolved into areas that contained the poor, the middle class and the wealthy. Class separation evolved, based on the neighborhoods where people lived and the houses they lived in. The small percentage of wealthy people occupied the prime locations in the center of the cities, near their businesses and banks. The wealthy lived in massive, opulent houses, with stunning architecture, designed to look like a chateau, villa or manor house. The wages of the middle class were more than double those of the poor and lived in comfortable 6-8 roomed houses. The poor lived in crowded tenements in deplorable living conditions densely populated and highly congested neighborhoods. Poor immigrants formed ethnic enclaves in America's cities where members of minority groups lived - referred to as ghettos.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1428368400#17_2349232559
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Title: Urbanization in America for kids: Causes, Effects and Benefits ***
Headings: Urbanization in America
Urbanization in America
Content: The small percentage of wealthy people occupied the prime locations in the center of the cities, near their businesses and banks. The wealthy lived in massive, opulent houses, with stunning architecture, designed to look like a chateau, villa or manor house. The wages of the middle class were more than double those of the poor and lived in comfortable 6-8 roomed houses. The poor lived in crowded tenements in deplorable living conditions densely populated and highly congested neighborhoods. Poor immigrants formed ethnic enclaves in America's cities where members of minority groups lived - referred to as ghettos. Separation by class and stark contrasts between the resulting neighborhoods fostered resentment and discontent and was one of the
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http://www.american-historama.org/1881-1913-maturation-era/urbanization-in-america.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1429668010#2_2351733969
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Title: FDR New Deal Programs: US History for Kids ***
Headings: New Deal Programs
New Deal Programs
Content: Fast Fact Sheet
Fast, fun facts and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's) about the FDR New Deal Programs. What were the New Deal Programs? The FDR New Deal Programs were established to provide immediate action, temporary measures or permanent reforms to alleviate the effects of the Great Depression. What were the New Deal Programs? The majority of the New Deal Programs are detailed in this article, a fast overview can be obtained from the opposite list. What problems did the FDR New Deal Programs address? The FDR New Deal Programs addressed: ● Immediate relief for the unemployed and the homeless
● The regulation of the banks and the stock market
● Providing debt relief
● Addressing the management of farms with New Deal programs to tackle the consequences of the Dust Bowl that had destroyed over 100 million acres of farming land
● Aiding industrial recovery
● Initiating numerous public works construction projects to provide jobs for the unemployed
New Deal Programs: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal Program
The FDR New Deal Programs were initiated between 1933 and 1938. The first New Deal Programs were established as soon as President Roosevelt assumed office and these immediate measures are referred to as the First Hundred Days ( March 9,1933 and June 16, 1933) or the First New Deal.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1929-1945-depression-ww2-era/fdr-new-deal-programs.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1429949419#6_2352274191
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Title: New Deal Coalition: US History for Kids ***
Headings: New Deal Coalition
New Deal Coalition
Content: The influence of Eleanor Roosevelt had an enormous impact on American women
New Deal Coalition Fact 8: Much of FDR's New Deal was designed to help farmers such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and addressed problems in rural areas by establishing the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
New Deal Coalition Fact 9: New Deal legislation had gained support of the labor Unions. The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) had given workers the right to organize and bargain collectively and established codes to address many issues including minimum wages, working hours and productivity. New Deal Coalition Fact 10: The Unemployed, Senior citizens and the disabled gave FDR support due to the prospect of Social insurance which would establish a national pension fund and an unemployment insurance system. Their confidence in the president was well placed when the Social Security Act of 1935 was passed. New Deal Coalition Fact 11: Religious minorities gave the president support as the FDR administration staffed new agencies with talented Jews and Roman Catholics
New Deal Coalition Fact 12: Ethnic minorities, many from new immigrant groups, derived benefits from the New Deal Programs as President Roosevelt displayed a sensitivity to life in urban American
New Deal Coalition Fact 13:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1929-1945-depression-ww2-era/new-deal-coalition.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1429956156#4_2352283902
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Title: New Deal Summary and Facts for Kids ***
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
Content: What was the New Deal Coalition?: The New Deal Coalition was the alliance of voters from different walks of life and ethnic groups with differing needs who supported FDR's New Deal programs. Was the New Deal successful? The FDR's New Deal was successful in many ways: ● President Roosevelt inspired a new level of confidence in Americans. FDR kept the nation informed of important events with his series of radio broadcasts called Fireside Chats. He was a reassuring and powerful leader whose fearless approach provided the psychological support that helped Americans get through the Great Depression
● The banking system was stabilized and the Stock Market and banks were regulated
● The New Deal programs created millions of jobs and government sponsored public works projects rebuilt the infrastructure of the US
● ● The PWA completed 34,000 heavy construction projects, improving the infrastructure of America, building highways, airports, bridges, dams, irrigation and sewage systems
● ● The WPA became the nation's biggest employer and provided light construction jobs for millions of unskilled workers who built schools, hospitals, libraries, post offices and houses
● ● The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed young men who produced impressive conservation achievements planting over three billion trees, building 97,000 miles of forest trails and roads, stocking rivers with nearly a billion fish which resulted in an increase of wildlife population
● ● The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) rejuvenated the region bringing cheap, hydroelectric power (electricity) into rural areas
● Workers were guaranteed the right to organize Unions and to collective bargaining for the negotiation of wages, hours and working conditions in the Wagner Act
● The Fair Labor Standards Act abolished child labor and limited working hours for employees
● The Social Security Act established an unemployment insurance system, a national pension fund and benefits for victims of industrial accidents
● The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) was established to supply electricity to rural agricultural communities and resulted in 98% of American farms being equipped with electricity
What were the Failures of the New Deal? The failures of the New Deal included: ● The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) adopted the policy of the destruction of crops and livestock that resulted in the increase of food prices of up to 50%
● The 1937-1938 'Roosevelt Recession', triggered by significant federal government spending cuts during the period of the Second New Deal, resulted in a massive surge in unemployment. The 'Roosevelt Recession' also saw Industrial production decline by 33% and wages drop by 35%
● The business world viewed the New Deal as hostile to business interests by encouraging strikes and the power of unions
● Large scale unemployment continued throughout the Great Depression.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1929-1945-depression-ww2-era/new-deal.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1429956156#14_2352301508
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Title: New Deal Summary and Facts for Kids ***
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
Content: At the start of 1934 there was still over 11 million people out of work. The period known as the First New Deal dealt with emergency measures but many Americans believed that progress was too slow. The 1936 presidential election was on the horizon and the New Deal began to change direction and entered the period known as the Second New Deal. New Deal Fact 16: The Second New Deal Programs focused on social reform together with policies to speed up the nation's recovery. New Deal Fact 17: Major programs included the
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http://www.american-historama.org/1929-1945-depression-ww2-era/new-deal.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1431185499#13_2354696419
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Title: Clean Air Act: US History for Kids ***
Headings: Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990
Clean Air Act of 1963, 1970 and 1990
Content: Sulfur dioxide is a waste gas produced by burning coal and oil and by many industrial processes, such as smelting. It is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system. Sulfur dioxide is a hazardous air pollutant and a major contributor to acid rain. Clean Air Act Facts - 21: Particulate matter: Particulate matter are tiny, fine particles suspended in air many of which are hazardous to the environment. Particulate matter is a complex mixture of extremely small particles in soot, smoke, pollen dirt and liquid droplets with an aerodynamic size less than 10 micrometers. Clean Air Act Facts - 22: Amendments to the Clean Air Act in 1990 focused on further reducing air pollutant emissions and air pollution. In the 1990 law US Congress also recognized that Native American Indian Tribes have the authority to implement air pollution control programs.
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http://www.american-historama.org/1990-present-modern-era/clean-air-act.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1431360950#5_2355002427
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Title: War on Terror: US History for Kids ***
Headings: War on Terror
War on Terror
Content: State-Sponsored Terrorists
In the 1970's several countries in the Middle East realized that they could intimidate and disrupt the United States and their western allies by secretly providing terrorist organizations with money, training and weapons. ' State-Sponsored terrorism' is the term that is used to describe a government that secretly supports terrorist groups. The Middle Eastern countries of Iraq, Iran, Libya and Syria have all sponsored terrorist groups in 'State-Sponsored terrorism'. War on Terror Timeline
The US War on Terror timeline provides dates and facts with details of important events and terrorist attacks of Domestic and International terrorism that charts the on-going War on Terror and its effects and repercussions in the United States and other countries. The history timeline of the War on Terror is told in a factual timeline sequence consisting of a series of short facts providing a simple method of relating the relevant, significant acts of terrorism in the modern era. War on Terror for kids: War on Terror for kids: History Timeline
The main events and dates of the War on Terror can be seen in the short, history War on Terror Timeline for kids. Terror Attacks leading to the War on Terror for kids: History Timeline
War on Terror Timeline:
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http://www.american-historama.org/1990-present-modern-era/war-on-terror.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1434279911#3_2360109200
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Title: What do Anthropologists do? - Advance Your Career
Headings: What do Anthropologists do?
What do Anthropologists do?
To determine if a career as an anthropologist is for you, think about the following questions:
Content: Anthropologists work in practically every environment and setting imaginable. They can be found working in large corporations such as Intel and GM or studying primates in Africa. Anthropologists work in deserts, cities, schools, even in underwater archaeological sites. From the Greek anthropos (human) and logia (study), the word anthropology itself tells us it is the field that seeks to understand humankind, from the beginnings millions of years ago up to the present day. Anthropology considers how people's behaviors changes over time, and how people and seemingly dissimilar cultures are different and the same. There are many areas of anthropological study....
Sociocultural Anthropology - Seeks to understand the internal logic of societies through ethnography
Archaeology - Retrieves artifacts from the past and places them in context to understand our history and its relevance for today
Biological Anthropology - Studies human and non-human primates past and present from ecological and evolutionary perspectives, addressing the intersection of behavior, culture and biology and how these systems impact health and well-being
Linguistic Anthropology - Seeks to explain the very nature of language and its use by humans
Medical Anthropology - Seeks to better understand factors that influence peoples' health and well being
Forensic Anthropology - Seeks to identify skeletal, or otherwise decomposed, human remains
Business Anthropology - Helps businesses gain a better understanding of their activities and customers
Visual Anthropology - Documents everyday life through filmmaking
Environmental Anthropology - Believes that the well-being of the environment goes hand in hand with the well-being of people
Museum Anthropology - Interprets ethnographic and archaeological collections to the general public
Return to Careers in Anthropology
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http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2148
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1434646393#1_2360570176
|
Title: Compassion Fatigue
Headings: Compassion Fatigue
Compassion Fatigue
What is Compassion Fatigue?
Symptoms of Compassion Fatigue
Treatment of Compassion Fatigue
How Compassion Fatigue Affects Lawyers
How to Help a Colleague Affected by Compassion Fatigue
Content: Compassion fatigue is also known as vicarious trauma, secondary traumatic stress, second hand shock and secondary stress reaction. Regardless of the term used, compassion fatigue affects those in the helping professions, including the legal profession, and is treatable. Treatment of compassion fatigue may prevent the development of a more serious disorder. Symptoms of Compassion Fatigue
Perceiving the resources and support available for work as chronically outweighed by the demands
Having client/work demands regularly encroach on personal time
Feeling overwhelmed and physically and emotionally exhausted
Having disturbing images from cases intrude into thoughts and dreams
Becoming pessimistic, cynical, irritable, and prone to anger
Viewing the world as inherently dangerous, and becoming increasingly vigilant about personal and family safety
Becoming emotionally detached and numb in professional and personal life; experiencing increased problems in personal relationships
Withdrawing socially and becoming emotionally disconnected from others
Becoming demoralized and questioning one’s professional competence and effectiveness
Secretive self-medication/addiction (alcohol, drugs, work, sex, food, gambling, etc.) Becoming less productive and effective professionally and personally
Treatment of Compassion Fatigue
There are ways to mitigate compassion fatigue. Awareness. Understand what compassion fatigue is and periodically self-assess for it. Debriefing. Talk regularly with another practitioner who understands and is supportive.
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http://www.americanbar.org/groups/lawyer_assistance/resources/compassion_fatigue.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435007121#4_2361253009
|
Title:
Headings: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Pillar
One:
Building
Trust
and
Legitimacy
Pillar
Two:
Policy
and
Oversight
Pillar
Three:
Technology
&
Social
Media
Pillar
Four:
Community
Policing
&
Crime
Reduction
Pillar
Five:
Training
&
Education
Pillar
Six:
Ocer
Wellness
&
Safety
Implementation
Recommendations
Conclusion
Content: Toward
that
end,
law
enforcement
agencies
should
adopt
procedural
justice
as
the
guiding
principle
for
internal
and
external
policies
and
practices
to
guide
their
interactions
with
rank
and
file
ocers
and
with
the
citizens
they
serve. Law
enforcement
agencies
should
also
establish
a
culture
of
transparency
and
accountability
to
build
public
trust
and
legitimacy. This
is
critical
to
ensuring
decision
making
is
understood
and
in
accord
with
stated
policy. Law
enforcement
agencies
should
also
proactively
promote
public
trust
by
initiating
positive
non-
enforcement
activities
to
engage
communities
that
typically
have
high
rates
of
investigative
and
enforcement
involvement
with
government
agen-
cies. Law
enforcement
agencies
should
also
track
and
analyze
the
level
of
trust
communities
have
in
police
just
as
they
measure
changes
in
crime. This
can
be
accomplished
through
consistent
annual
community
surveys. Finally,
law
enforcement
should
strive
to
create
a
workforce
that
encompasses
a
broad
range
of
diversity
including
race,
gender,
language,
life
experience,
and
cul-
tural
background
to
improve
understanding
and
effectiveness
in
dealing
with
all
communities. Pillar
Two: Policy
and
Oversight
Pillar
two
emphasizes
that
if
police
are
to
carry
out
their
responsibilities
according
to
established
poli-
cies,
those
policies
must
reflect
community
values. Law
enforcement
agencies
should
collaborate
with
community
members,
especially
in
communities
and
neighborhoods
disproportionately
affected
by
crime,
to
develop
policies
and
strategies
for
deploying
resources
that
aim
to
reduce
crime
by
improving
relationships,
increasing
community
engagement,
and
fostering
cooperation.
|
http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/uploads/cms/documents/executive_summary_policing_task_force.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435007121#5_2361256307
|
Title:
Headings: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Pillar
One:
Building
Trust
and
Legitimacy
Pillar
Two:
Policy
and
Oversight
Pillar
Three:
Technology
&
Social
Media
Pillar
Four:
Community
Policing
&
Crime
Reduction
Pillar
Five:
Training
&
Education
Pillar
Six:
Ocer
Wellness
&
Safety
Implementation
Recommendations
Conclusion
Content: This
can
be
accomplished
through
consistent
annual
community
surveys. Finally,
law
enforcement
should
strive
to
create
a
workforce
that
encompasses
a
broad
range
of
diversity
including
race,
gender,
language,
life
experience,
and
cul-
tural
background
to
improve
understanding
and
effectiveness
in
dealing
with
all
communities. Pillar
Two: Policy
and
Oversight
Pillar
two
emphasizes
that
if
police
are
to
carry
out
their
responsibilities
according
to
established
poli-
cies,
those
policies
must
reflect
community
values. Law
enforcement
agencies
should
collaborate
with
community
members,
especially
in
communities
and
neighborhoods
disproportionately
affected
by
crime,
to
develop
policies
and
strategies
for
deploying
resources
that
aim
to
reduce
crime
by
improving
relationships,
increasing
community
engagement,
and
fostering
cooperation. To
achieve
this
end,
law
enforcement
agencies
should
have
clear
and
comprehensive
policies
on
the
use
of
force
(including
training
on
the
im-
portance
of
de-escalation),
mass
demonstrations
(including
the
appropriate
use
of
equipment,
particularly
rifles
and
armored
personnel
carriers),
consent
before
searches,
gender
identification,
racial
profiling,
and
performance
measures—
among
others
such
as
external
and
independent
investigations
and
prosecutions
of
ocer-involved
shootings
and
other
use
of
force
situations
and
in-custody
deaths. These
policies
should
also
in-
clude
provisions
for
the
collection
of
demographic
data
on
all
parties
involved. All
policies
and
aggregate
data
should
be
made
publicly
available
to
ensure
transparency. To
ensure
policies
are
maintained
and
current,
law
enforcement
agencies
are
encouraged
to
periodically
review
policies
and
procedures,
conduct
nonpunitive
peer
reviews
of
critical
incidents
separate
from
criminal
and
administra-
tive
investigations,
and
establish
civilian
oversight
mechanisms
with
their
communities. Finally,
to
assist
law
enforcement
and
the
com-
munity
achieve
the
elements
of
pillar
two,
the
U.S.
Department
of
Justice,
through
the
Oce
of
Community
Oriented
Policing
Services
(COPS
Oce)
and
Oce
of
Justice
Programs
(OJP),
should
provide
technical
assistance
and
incentive
funding
to
jurisdictions
with
small
police
agencies
that
take
steps
toward
interagency
collaboration,
shared
services,
and
regional
training.
|
http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/uploads/cms/documents/executive_summary_policing_task_force.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435007121#6_2361260547
|
Title:
Headings: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Pillar
One:
Building
Trust
and
Legitimacy
Pillar
Two:
Policy
and
Oversight
Pillar
Three:
Technology
&
Social
Media
Pillar
Four:
Community
Policing
&
Crime
Reduction
Pillar
Five:
Training
&
Education
Pillar
Six:
Ocer
Wellness
&
Safety
Implementation
Recommendations
Conclusion
Content: To
achieve
this
end,
law
enforcement
agencies
should
have
clear
and
comprehensive
policies
on
the
use
of
force
(including
training
on
the
im-
portance
of
de-escalation),
mass
demonstrations
(including
the
appropriate
use
of
equipment,
particularly
rifles
and
armored
personnel
carriers),
consent
before
searches,
gender
identification,
racial
profiling,
and
performance
measures—
among
others
such
as
external
and
independent
investigations
and
prosecutions
of
ocer-involved
shootings
and
other
use
of
force
situations
and
in-custody
deaths. These
policies
should
also
in-
clude
provisions
for
the
collection
of
demographic
data
on
all
parties
involved. All
policies
and
aggregate
data
should
be
made
publicly
available
to
ensure
transparency. To
ensure
policies
are
maintained
and
current,
law
enforcement
agencies
are
encouraged
to
periodically
review
policies
and
procedures,
conduct
nonpunitive
peer
reviews
of
critical
incidents
separate
from
criminal
and
administra-
tive
investigations,
and
establish
civilian
oversight
mechanisms
with
their
communities. Finally,
to
assist
law
enforcement
and
the
com-
munity
achieve
the
elements
of
pillar
two,
the
U.S.
Department
of
Justice,
through
the
Oce
of
Community
Oriented
Policing
Services
(COPS
Oce)
and
Oce
of
Justice
Programs
(OJP),
should
provide
technical
assistance
and
incentive
funding
to
jurisdictions
with
small
police
agencies
that
take
steps
toward
interagency
collaboration,
shared
services,
and
regional
training. They
should
also
partner
with
the
International
Association
of
Direc-
tors
of
Law
Enforcement
Standards
and
Training
(IADLEST)
to
expand
its
National
Decertification
Index
to
serve
as
the
National
Register
of
Decerti-
fied
Ocers
with
the
goal
of
covering
all
agencies
within
the
United
States
and
its
territories. Pillar
Three: Technology
&
Social
Media
The
use
of
technology
can
improve
policing
practic-
es
and
build
community
trust
and
legitimacy,
but
its
implementation
must
be
built
on
a
defined
policy
framework
with
its
purposes
and
goals
clearly
de-
lineated. Implementing
new
technologies
can
give
police
departments
an
opportunity
to
fully
engage
and
educate
communities
in
a
dialogue
about
their
expectations
for
transparency,
accountability,
and
privacy. But
technology
changes
quickly
in
terms
of
new
hardware,
software,
and
other
options.
|
http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/uploads/cms/documents/executive_summary_policing_task_force.pdf
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435644166#0_2362509406
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Title: Men's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Men's Clothing from 1700
Men's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shirt
Stockings
Garters
Foundation Garments
Breeches
Waistcoat
Shoes
Kerchief
Hair
Daily Garments
Hat
Coat
Outer Garments
Great Coat
See Also...
Content: Men's Clothing from 1700
Men's Clothing from 1700
Many men in the early 1700's did not own more than about 2-4 outfits. Their clothing would usually be made of wool or linen and would all be hand sewn, either by a woman they knew or if they lived in or near a city and had some money, by a tailor. Standards of cleanliness were very different from today as germs had not been discovered yet and the links between dirt, infection and disease had not been made. This meant that clothing was not washed often and some items that did not touch the skin, such as a waistcoat, might never be washed! Go to interactive Flash version
Undergarments
Shirt
A man's shirt would be made of linen and would serve as a nightshirt as well. He might only own two or three. He would wear his shirt night and day, often for weeks or more at a time especially in winter, without laundering. Underpants did not exist yet and before a man put on his breeches he tucked his shirt up around his legs somewhat like a diaper. Stockings
Everyone wore socks called "stockings" that came up over the knee. They were commonly hand-knitted of wool or linen.
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_man.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#0_2362518983
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Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Many women in the early 1700's did not own more than about 2-4 outfits. Their clothing would usually be made of wool or linen and would all be hand sewn. The styles of the times dictated that elbows and knees be covered at all times! Standards of cleanliness were very different from today as germs had not been discovered yet and the links between dirt, infection and disease had not been made. This meant that clothing was not washed often and some items that did not touch the skin, such as a gown, might never be washed! Go to interactive Flash version
Undergarments
Shift
A shift would be made of linen and would serve as both nightgown and slip. A woman might only own two or three. She would wear her shift night and day, often for weeks or more at a time especially in winter, without laundering. Underpants did not exist yet so a woman would wear absolutely nothing under her shift! Stockings
Everyone wore socks called "stockings" that came up over the knee.
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#1_2362520557
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: Go to interactive Flash version
Undergarments
Shift
A shift would be made of linen and would serve as both nightgown and slip. A woman might only own two or three. She would wear her shift night and day, often for weeks or more at a time especially in winter, without laundering. Underpants did not exist yet so a woman would wear absolutely nothing under her shift! Stockings
Everyone wore socks called "stockings" that came up over the knee. They were commonly hand-knitted of wool or linen. Elastic had not been invented yet, so stockings were held up with garters. These garters could be made of ribbon, knitted or leather strips and might tie or buckle on above or below the knee. This woman wears garters made of cloth tape, that tie on. Foundation Garments
Hair
People did not wash their hair as often as we do today.
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#2_2362521933
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: They were commonly hand-knitted of wool or linen. Elastic had not been invented yet, so stockings were held up with garters. These garters could be made of ribbon, knitted or leather strips and might tie or buckle on above or below the knee. This woman wears garters made of cloth tape, that tie on. Foundation Garments
Hair
People did not wash their hair as often as we do today. One might not wash their hair all winter long! This is one reason why a woman wore her hair up in a bun and away from her face. Kerchief
For modesty sake, a woman wore a kerchief of silk, linen or cotton. Only for a formal occasion such as a party or ball would she not wear one. Shoes
A common woman would have one or two pairs of shoes.
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#3_2362523201
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: One might not wash their hair all winter long! This is one reason why a woman wore her hair up in a bun and away from her face. Kerchief
For modesty sake, a woman wore a kerchief of silk, linen or cotton. Only for a formal occasion such as a party or ball would she not wear one. Shoes
A common woman would have one or two pairs of shoes. They were hand sewn by "cordwainers", or shoemakers, and had no rights or lefts. Pockets
Women's clothing did not have attached pockets. A pocket or two would be tied on around a woman's waist before she put on her final layer. Gowns and petticoats had slits in the sides for access to pockets. Pockets were not meant to show, as they contained personal and sometimes valuable items.
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#4_2362524473
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: They were hand sewn by "cordwainers", or shoemakers, and had no rights or lefts. Pockets
Women's clothing did not have attached pockets. A pocket or two would be tied on around a woman's waist before she put on her final layer. Gowns and petticoats had slits in the sides for access to pockets. Pockets were not meant to show, as they contained personal and sometimes valuable items. Stays
Stays are a support garment stiffened with whalebone, wood or reed; that provides good posture and the ice cream cone-shaped silhouette that was popular throughout most of the 18th century. A woman might start wearing stays as a toddler! If she did not have the skill to make her own, she could purchase stays that had been imported from England. However, there was no guarantee that they would fit!
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http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#5_2362525811
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: Stays
Stays are a support garment stiffened with whalebone, wood or reed; that provides good posture and the ice cream cone-shaped silhouette that was popular throughout most of the 18th century. A woman might start wearing stays as a toddler! If she did not have the skill to make her own, she could purchase stays that had been imported from England. However, there was no guarantee that they would fit! The woman shown here made an extra piece to slip under the front lacing to provide a better fit. Daily Garments
Petticoats
This woman wears two petticoats. Today we call them skirts. A woman would wear up to four of five petticoats, depending upon the weather. Stomacher
Gowns and jackets in the early 18th century had gaps in the front.
|
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#6_2362527103
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: The woman shown here made an extra piece to slip under the front lacing to provide a better fit. Daily Garments
Petticoats
This woman wears two petticoats. Today we call them skirts. A woman would wear up to four of five petticoats, depending upon the weather. Stomacher
Gowns and jackets in the early 18th century had gaps in the front. A stomacher was a decorative piece, often of nice fabric, that a woman would pin to the front of her stays to hide them and make her outfit a little fancier. Cap
It was both practical and stylish for a woman to wear a cap. It covered dirty, possibly lice-infested hair and kept it away from the fire. A woman would wear a cap both indoors and out. When outside she might put on another hat over her cap.
|
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#7_2362528393
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: A stomacher was a decorative piece, often of nice fabric, that a woman would pin to the front of her stays to hide them and make her outfit a little fancier. Cap
It was both practical and stylish for a woman to wear a cap. It covered dirty, possibly lice-infested hair and kept it away from the fire. A woman would wear a cap both indoors and out. When outside she might put on another hat over her cap. A "frontage" was one of several styles popular in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Gown
This style of gown is known as a "mantua". It was very popular from the late 17th century through the first half of the 18th century. It laces up the front. It was worn with the skirts hanging down or hooked up in the back.
|
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#9_2362530904
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: Belt
Belts were optional for women's clothing. They were made of leather with brass or silver buckles. Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Some women kept their sewing equipment handy by using a scissors clip that hooked onto a belt or apron strings. Any number of items could be attached to it by chain or ribbon. This woman has scissors and a ball for holding pins and needles. Outer Garments
Cape
Women did not wear coats in winter. They wore woolen capes that could be short, as shown here, or long. Hood
If a cape did not have an attached hood, a woman would have a separate one. She would wear it over her cap. Mittens
Mittens were homemade from wool yarn spun and knitted by a female family member.
|
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435648027#10_2362532148
|
Title: Women's Clothing from 1700
Headings: Women's Clothing from 1700
Women's Clothing from 1700
Undergarments
Shift
Stockings
Foundation Garments
Hair
Kerchief
Shoes
Pockets
Stays
Daily Garments
Petticoats
Stomacher
Cap
Gown
Belt
Pin Ball & Scissor Clip
Outer Garments
Cape
Hood
Mittens
Basket
See Also...
Content: Outer Garments
Cape
Women did not wear coats in winter. They wore woolen capes that could be short, as shown here, or long. Hood
If a cape did not have an attached hood, a woman would have a separate one. She would wear it over her cap. Mittens
Mittens were homemade from wool yarn spun and knitted by a female family member. Basket
Baskets served many functions. This one is being used as a purse. See Also...
Child's Stays
Embroidered Pocket
Elizabeth Amsden Inventory
top of page
|
http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/notflash/1700_woman.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1435913547#3_2363042107
|
Title: Emancipation Proclamation
Headings: Emancipation Proclamation Top Ten Facts
Emancipation Proclamation Top Ten Facts
Transcript of the Preliminary Proclamation
The Transcript of the Emancipation Proclamation
Check out my book for even more amazing Civil War Stories!
Content: Also, they "... may voluntarily adopt, immediate or gradual abolishment of slavery within their respective limits ..." So, this document provided for the abolition of slavery, but did not give any timetable for its accomplishment. The official Emancipation Proclamation (transcript below) was issued on January 1, 1863, in which slaves held within the Confederacy were declared to be "... then, thenceforward, and forever free ..."
Slave holding states within the Union (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia - when it became a state in June 1863), as well as certain counties in Louisiana and Virginia which were under Union control were not included in the Emancipation Proclamation. These areas were addressed thus, "... which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were not issued ." These slaves were not freed until the 13th Amendment was ratified in December 1865. Therefore, the Emancipation Proclamation didn't actually free any slaves. The slaves in the Confederacy weren't actually under Lincoln's control, and the slaves within the Union were specifically kept in slavery. The only freedom provided, was to those slaves within the Confederacy who could make their way across the Union lines, but there were other major impacts of the Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation made the abolition of slavery, at least within the Confederacy, a definite goal of the war. This was a shift from the previous official position that the war was to "Preserve the Union." Within the Emancipation Proclamation was a provision which allowed African-Americans to serve in the Union Army, "... such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States ..." Obviously, with the abolition of slavery becoming an official goal of the war, there was a great incentive for African-Americans to join the Union Army.
|
http://www.americancivilwarstory.com/emancipation-proclamation.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1437784176#4_2365862120
|
Title: Genealogy of the term - Cold War Origins
Headings: Cold War Origins - Genealogy of the term
Cold War Origins - Genealogy of the term
Content: Three such Cold War power configurations would emerge: the United States, the Soviet Union, and, potentially, China–East Asia. Highly suggestive, Orwell's grim scenario thus reserved "cold war" for the relationship between the powerful and the weak, probably an extrapolation from fascist examples of intimidation and expansion during the 1930s. His use of the term had little effect; but the notion of three global hegemons would reappear three years later in his classic novel of dystopian drabness, 1984, where Oceania, Eastasia, and Eurasia engage in seemingly useless wars on the periphery in the name of meaningless propagandistic slogans, language having been reduced to a political instrument of pure manipulation. Orwell's geopolitical vision was a postwar version of an idiosyncratic work that appeared in the United States in 1941, James Burnham's The Managerial Revolution. Here, another tripartite division of superstates, each impossible to conquer, is envisaged (Japan, Germany, and the United States). Enduring in its fundamentals, the system would nevertheless feature a myriad of diffuse conflicts, hard to get a grip on because they would be undeclared, their origins, beginnings, and endings forever mired in obscurity. Orwell's peace that is no peace, already discernible in this account, will become more explicit once Burnham had moved from renegade Trotskyist to relentless cold warrior. By 1947 he was arguing that a sort of World War III had broken out even before the second one was over, a conflict triggered in April 1944 by the outbreak of civil war in Greece.
|
http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Cold-War-Origins-Genealogy-of-the-term.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1437799774#11_2365920107
|
Title: Critics of cultural imperialism theory - Cultural Imperialism
Headings: Cultural Imperialism - Critics of cultural imperialism theory
Cultural Imperialism - Critics of cultural imperialism theory
User Contributions:
Content: The response theorists concluded that the model of a unilateral attempt to force consumer products and ideas on foreign nations is fundamentally flawed: resistance and cultural identity played a powerful role in the perception of American culture abroad. U.S. officials, in turn, were uncertain of the scope and nature of cultural exports. Their actions, furthermore, were quite comparable to the efforts of cultural diplomats of other countries. As Will Hermes concluded in the periodical Utne Reader, "American pop culture isn't conquering the world." Perhaps, he wondered, American cultural imperialism is "just part of the mix." Informed by the poststructuralist approach, scholars from a variety of disciplines suggested in the late twentieth century that the term "cultural imperialism" be replaced with another term that seeks to circumvent the simplistic active-passive, dominator-victim dualism. For example, musicologists and anthropologists developed a variety of concepts seeking to broaden our understanding of global music interaction. Their suggestions, including "artistic sharing" and "transculturation," could easily be translated into other fields as well. "Cultural transmission," for e
|
http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/A-D/Cultural-Imperialism-Critics-of-cultural-imperialism-theory.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1441538307#7_2372360112
|
Title: Colonial Clothing - Revolution and the New Republic 1775-1800
Headings:
AmericanRevolution.org
Content: It was impossible for the new Republic to disavow, much less to hide, its ancestry. The upheavals of the late eighteenth century finally reached the field of dress. The weight, expanse, and
cumbersomeness of the costume had attained such dimensions that nothing short of a reaction could suffice. High head-dresses, hoops, voluminous skirts, powder and patches, high-heeled shoes, and large broad-brimmed hats were discarded. In their place, through the closing years of the century, came the grace and simplicity of the Empire style - lower coiffures, the straight, clinging lines of the gowns, the low-heeled shoes and sandals, the turban head-dresses, and the use of thin, semi-transparent materials. For the women, the new fashion was just another swing of the pendulum. Presently they would go back to hoops, full skirts, and tight bodices. The men committed themselves, however, to a type of dress that leads down to modern times in a straight line. Their trousers were reaching to the middle of the calf, and on their way to the shoe-top. Wigs had vanished and color was going.
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http://www.americanrevolution.org/clothing/colonial7.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1441538307#8_2372361488
|
Title: Colonial Clothing - Revolution and the New Republic 1775-1800
Headings:
AmericanRevolution.org
Content: For the women, the new fashion was just another swing of the pendulum. Presently they would go back to hoops, full skirts, and tight bodices. The men committed themselves, however, to a type of dress that leads down to modern times in a straight line. Their trousers were reaching to the middle of the calf, and on their way to the shoe-top. Wigs had vanished and color was going. Male costume had turned another comer and was on its way to the drab present. I. COSTUME OF THE MEN
1775-1800
One is apt to suppose that during the years just previous to the Revolution, and the actual years of fighting that followed, men would have had little chance to think of dress. Probably for a time uniforms were given more special attention than the cut of a coat. Men in civilian life, however, dressed, if not always in the finest stuffs, yet with all the nicety of detail they had previously observed. BODY GARMENTS AND BREECHES. -
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http://www.americanrevolution.org/clothing/colonial7.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1441538307#12_2372366316
|
Title: Colonial Clothing - Revolution and the New Republic 1775-1800
Headings:
AmericanRevolution.org
Content: The coat for more dress occasions was the one just described. The new coat gradually grew in favor, until in the early nineties it was worn for all occasions. The new-fashioned coat (Fig. 69 A) was made in a high-waisted, double- breasted style, with a deep cut-out in front from a little above the waistline; from there it fell away in the back to a longtailed skirt. A characteristic detail in the nineties was the high collar and broad lapels ( Plate XLI A B). The sleeves were close and extended to the wrist with a small cuff. Small lace ruffles might (Fig. 69 B) or might not (Fig. 69 A) appear at the wrist.
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http://www.americanrevolution.org/clothing/colonial7.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1441538307#18_2372371832
|
Title: Colonial Clothing - Revolution and the New Republic 1775-1800
Headings:
AmericanRevolution.org
Content: It was left open and the revers were buttoned back. The skirts of the coat were full and long; the sleeves closed with small cuffs. Two small capes encircled the neck. In the nineties one meets with a riding-coat with an extremely smart cut (Fig. 70 A). The collar is carried high up about the neck in the fashion of these years. When buttoned, it was made to fit slightly in at the waist, the skirts hanging a little full from the waist down. Banyans and morning gowns were fashionable to the end of the century (Plates XXXIII , XXXIV ). LINEN. -
|
http://www.americanrevolution.org/clothing/colonial7.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1441538307#19_2372372671
|
Title: Colonial Clothing - Revolution and the New Republic 1775-1800
Headings:
AmericanRevolution.org
Content: 70 A). The collar is carried high up about the neck in the fashion of these years. When buttoned, it was made to fit slightly in at the waist, the skirts hanging a little full from the waist down. Banyans and morning gowns were fashionable to the end of the century (Plates XXXIII , XXXIV ). LINEN. - Ruffles of lawn or lace still appeared from under the coat-sleeve at the wrist (Plates XXXVIII , XXXIX , XL ), gradually, however, growing less in evidence, until by the nineties they had generally disappeared (Plate XLI A. Fig. 69 A). The plain folded stock, buckled in the back with a frill of lace, the jabot decorating the opening of the waistcoat at the throat, was worn throughout the period (Plates XL , XLI A). At times the jabot was quite small and almost hidden by the waistcoat, which was buttoned almost to the throat (Plate XXXIX ). From the beginning
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http://www.americanrevolution.org/clothing/colonial7.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#3_2375298732
|
Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: The AARP America Doesn't Know" to address the reality that AARP has violated their 501 (c) (4) tax-exempt status. As to why it took this long for people to wake up to this fact, who knows? But as least some have seen the light. The report points out that AARP makes its money primarily from insurance industry royalties, which accounted for nearly 46% of their revenue in 2009, whereas membership dues accounted for a measly 17%. It is highly unlikely that AARP would be such a political behemoth (and bully) if not for these royalties. What many AARP members don't know is that their money is often being spent on lobbying and political contributions, primarily on Democratic causes. AARP claims that they do "not endorse candidates for public office or make contributions to either political campaigns or candidates." Of course, because that would be illegal. But its employees do make such contributions. According to Open Secrets, from 2007-2008, AARP employees contributed to twenty federal candidates, 16 of whom were Democrats.
|
http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#4_2375300169
|
Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: What many AARP members don't know is that their money is often being spent on lobbying and political contributions, primarily on Democratic causes. AARP claims that they do "not endorse candidates for public office or make contributions to either political campaigns or candidates." Of course, because that would be illegal. But its employees do make such contributions. According to Open Secrets, from 2007-2008, AARP employees contributed to twenty federal candidates, 16 of whom were Democrats. Only $550 went to Republican presidential nominee John McCain, while Barack Obama received $30,901. AARP employees also contributed $496,169 to state candidates in 2008. In addition, in 2009 and 2010, the years in which the roiling debate over health care took place, AARP spent over $43 million on lobbying. In 2010, it directly employed sixty-five lobbyists (and six indirectly) through firms including Quinn Gillespie & Assoc and Williams & Jensen. AARP is a political juggernaut, and it knows how to toss its weight around.
|
http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#5_2375301596
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: Only $550 went to Republican presidential nominee John McCain, while Barack Obama received $30,901. AARP employees also contributed $496,169 to state candidates in 2008. In addition, in 2009 and 2010, the years in which the roiling debate over health care took place, AARP spent over $43 million on lobbying. In 2010, it directly employed sixty-five lobbyists (and six indirectly) through firms including Quinn Gillespie & Assoc and Williams & Jensen. AARP is a political juggernaut, and it knows how to toss its weight around. As a result, few dare to challenge the organization. That is why AARP has been allowed to masquerade as a non-profit organization for so long, dodging taxes and hiding its true purpose: to sell insurance. AARP's political clout helped get Obamacare signed into law. Though initially somewhat quiet, at least publicly, AARP's spokespeople ended up strongly and vocally backing the legislation.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#10_2375308791
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: How does it help AARP? These seniors who need insurance will have to turn to the only other available option: Medigap, a private supplemental health insurance plan you can buy from AARP. It's a good thing they're looking out for you, seniors! That is only one of the ways in which AARP benefits while seniors suffer from Obamacare. The report details several others. This chicanery says nothing of the scare tactics and propaganda that AARP is pushing on seniors against the Republican budget authored by Rep. Paul Ryan. In one shameful television ad, AARP impliess that Republicans want to cut Social Security and Medicare. " You've worked hard your entire life," the ad says as melancholy music plays in the background. " Paid your dues, raised a family.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#11_2375309951
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: The report details several others. This chicanery says nothing of the scare tactics and propaganda that AARP is pushing on seniors against the Republican budget authored by Rep. Paul Ryan. In one shameful television ad, AARP impliess that Republicans want to cut Social Security and Medicare. " You've worked hard your entire life," the ad says as melancholy music plays in the background. " Paid your dues, raised a family. You've earned a little peace of mind. Now, some in Congress want to make harmful cuts to Medicare and Social Security, cutting your benefits so Washington can pay its bills." The voiceover goes on as seniors look forlornly into the camera. It is obvious that AARP is referring to the Paul Ryan budget, since that is the only high-profile plan yet that attempts to reform Medicare. After all, the Democrats haven't passed a budget at all for nearly two years.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#12_2375311239
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: You've earned a little peace of mind. Now, some in Congress want to make harmful cuts to Medicare and Social Security, cutting your benefits so Washington can pay its bills." The voiceover goes on as seniors look forlornly into the camera. It is obvious that AARP is referring to the Paul Ryan budget, since that is the only high-profile plan yet that attempts to reform Medicare. After all, the Democrats haven't passed a budget at all for nearly two years. Unlike the ObamaCare plan, which AARP supported, Paul Ryan's budget, The Path to Prosperity, does not cut change Medicare at all for people over fifty-five. It does not even touch Social Security. So it the AARP ad on is entirely misleading. What the Paul Ryan plan does is reform Medicare (which otherwise will be bankrupt in thirteen years) so that future generations won't have to worry about whether or not they will be receiving health care benefits for a program they will be paying taxes for. It helps make the program solvent once again.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#13_2375312645
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: Unlike the ObamaCare plan, which AARP supported, Paul Ryan's budget, The Path to Prosperity, does not cut change Medicare at all for people over fifty-five. It does not even touch Social Security. So it the AARP ad on is entirely misleading. What the Paul Ryan plan does is reform Medicare (which otherwise will be bankrupt in thirteen years) so that future generations won't have to worry about whether or not they will be receiving health care benefits for a program they will be paying taxes for. It helps make the program solvent once again. Those are the dirty little secrets of AARP, an organization with a penchant for liberalism and a strong tendency to gravitate toward profits instead of the well-being of seniors. Of course, a profit motive is fine so long as AARP pays taxes befitting its true nature -- i.e., not as a non-profit senior advocacy group, but as a corporation bent on churning up big profits. R ussel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
We've all heard of AARP: that friendly, non-profit organization that just wants to help our seniors? Wrong.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#15_2375315507
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: While AARP, formerly known as the American Association of Retired Persons, is technically considered a private not-for-profit organization, they were founded in 1958 with a primary mission to sell seniors health insurance. That's right, sell. As in to make money. Obviously, I have no problem with people or businesses selling things; the more products and services on the market, the more selection and the more competition. The free-market system has allowed us to become one of the greatest nations in the history of mankind. But when an organization's primary mission is to sell a product (in this case health care insurance) and spends tons of money on lobbying and political contributions, it should not be eligible for tax-exempt status. Many Republicans in the 112th Congress recognize this. In fact, in April, Reps. Wally Herger and Dave Reichert released a report entitled "Behind the Veil:
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#17_2375318223
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: The AARP America Doesn't Know" to address the reality that AARP has violated their 501 (c) (4) tax-exempt status. As to why it took this long for people to wake up to this fact, who knows? But as least some have seen the light. The report points out that AARP makes its money primarily from insurance industry royalties, which accounted for nearly 46% of their revenue in 2009, whereas membership dues accounted for a measly 17%. It is highly unlikely that AARP would be such a political behemoth (and bully) if not for these royalties. What many AARP members don't know is that their money is often being spent on lobbying and political contributions, primarily on Democratic causes. AARP claims that they do "not endorse candidates for public office or make contributions to either political campaigns or candidates." Of course, because that would be illegal. But its employees do make such contributions. According to Open Secrets, from 2007-2008, AARP employees contributed to twenty federal candidates, 16 of whom were Democrats.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#18_2375319661
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: What many AARP members don't know is that their money is often being spent on lobbying and political contributions, primarily on Democratic causes. AARP claims that they do "not endorse candidates for public office or make contributions to either political campaigns or candidates." Of course, because that would be illegal. But its employees do make such contributions. According to Open Secrets, from 2007-2008, AARP employees contributed to twenty federal candidates, 16 of whom were Democrats. Only $550 went to Republican presidential nominee John McCain, while Barack Obama received $30,901. AARP employees also contributed $496,169 to state candidates in 2008. In addition, in 2009 and 2010, the years in which the roiling debate over health care took place, AARP spent over $43 million on lobbying. In 2010, it directly employed sixty-five lobbyists (and six indirectly) through firms including Quinn Gillespie & Assoc and Williams & Jensen. AARP is a political juggernaut, and it knows how to toss its weight around.
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1443266275#19_2375321089
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Title: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Headings: AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
AARP: Money First, Seniors Second
Russel Hanson is the pen name of a writer in Washington, D.C.
Content: Only $550 went to Republican presidential nominee John McCain, while Barack Obama received $30,901. AARP employees also contributed $496,169 to state candidates in 2008. In addition, in 2009 and 2010, the years in which the roiling debate over health care took place, AARP spent over $43 million on lobbying. In 2010, it directly employed sixty-five lobbyists (and six indirectly) through firms including Quinn Gillespie & Assoc and Williams & Jensen. AARP is a political juggernaut, and it knows how to toss its weight around. As a result, few dare to challenge the organization. That is why AARP has been allowed to masquerade as a non-profit organization for so long, dodging taxes and hiding its true purpose: to sell insurance. AARP's political clout helped get Obamacare signed into law. Though initially somewhat quiet, at least publicly, AARP's spokespeople ended up strongly and vocally ba
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http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2011/06/aarp_money_first_seniors_second.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1445228996#0_2379580929
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Title: WWII: The Japanese American Experience | American Veterans Center
Headings:
Content: WWII: The Japanese American Experience | American Veterans Center
WWII: The Japanese American Experience
“Go For Broke.†That was the motto of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which served as a reminder of how each man in the all-Japanese American outfit had to prove himself on the battlefield in order to prove his loyalty to his own country. While the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II is an example of an unfortunate mistake made by a great country, the fact that a great many Japanese Americans fought so hard for the U.S. despite such treatment is a testament to America’s goodness. At the 10th Annual Conference, several Japanese American veterans of World War II gathered to tell their stories. For Joe Ichiuji, Grant Hirabayashi, Grant Ichikawa, Kelly Kuwayama, and Medal of Honor recipient George Joe Sakato, World War II provided the stage to show that they, too, belonged among the Greatest Generation. The panel was moderated by Terry Shima, veteran of the 442nd RCT and Executive Director of the Japanese American Veterans Association. Terry Shima: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 changed the lives of Japanese Americans forever. They were tarred by their own government and the American people with the same brush that was used to condemn the Imperial Japanese.
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http://www.americanveteranscenter.org/avc-media/magazine/avq/avq-issue-ii/wwii-the-japanese-american-experience/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1445943099#4_2380650846
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Title: 4. Colonial Society | THE AMERICAN YAWP
Headings: 4. Colonial Society
4. Colonial Society
I. Introduction
II. Consumption and Trade in the British Atlantic
III. Slavery, Anti-Slavery and Atlantic Exchange
IV. Pursuing Political, Religious and Individual Freedom
V. Seven Years’ War
VI. Pontiac’s War
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Primary Sources
IX. Reference Material
Notes
Post navigation
Content: This two-way relationship reinforced the colonial feeling of commonality with British culture. It was not until trade relations, disturbed by political changes and the demands of warfare, became strained in the 1760s that colonists began to question these ties. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, improvements in manufacturing, transportation, and the availability of credit increased the opportunity for colonists to purchase consumer goods. Instead of making their own tools, clothes, and utensils, colonists increasingly purchased luxury items made by specialized artisans and manufacturers. As the incomes of Americans rose and the prices of these commodities fell, these items shifted from luxuries to common goods. The average person’s ability to spend money on consumer goods became a sign of their respectability. Historians have called this process the “consumer revolution.” 1
Joseph Highmore, The Harlowe Family, from Samuel Richardson’s “Clarissa,” 1745–1747. Wikimedia. Britain relied on the colonies as a source of raw materials, such as lumber and tobacco.
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http://www.americanyawp.com/text/04-colonial-society/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1446670335#2_2380951723
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Title: 14. The Civil War | THE AMERICAN YAWP
Headings: 14. The Civil War
14. The Civil War
I. Introduction
II. The Election of 1860 and Secession
III. A War for Union 1861-1863
IV. War for Emancipation 1863-1865
V. Conclusion
VI. Primary Sources
VII. Reference Material
Post navigation
Content: A War for Union 1861-1863
IV. War for Emancipation 1863-1865
V. Conclusion
VI. Primary Sources
VII. Reference Material
I. Introduction
The American Civil War, the bloodiest in the nation’s history, resulted in approximately 750,000 deaths. 1 The war touched the life of nearly every American as military mobilization reached levels never seen before or since. Most northern soldiers went to war to preserve the Union, but the war ultimately transformed into a struggle to eradicate slavery. African Americans, both enslaved and free, pressed the issue of emancipation and nurtured this transformation. Simultaneously, women thrust themselves into critical wartime roles while navigating a world without many men of military age. The Civil War was a defining event in the history of the United States and, for the Americans thrust into it, a wrenching one. II.
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http://www.americanyawp.com/text/14-the-civil-war/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1448199758#0_2382482724
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Title: Andrew Carnegie, Philanthropist
Headings:
Content: Andrew Carnegie, Philanthropist
Andrew Carnegie made millions -- then made that money work for the good of other people. Andrew Carnegie, Philanthropist
Can you imagine becoming the richest person in the world and then giving your money away? That's exactly what Andrew Carnegie did. After retiring in 1901 at the age of 66 as the world's richest man, Andrew Carnegie wanted to become a philanthropist, a person who gives money to good causes. He believed in the "Gospel of Wealth," which meant that wealthy people were morally obligated to give their money back to others in society. Carnegie had made some charitable donations before 1901, but after that time, giving his money away became his new occupation. In 1902 he founded the Carnegie Institution to fund scientific research and established a pension fund for teachers with a $10 million donation. Do you know of any other causes that Carnegie funded? page 1 of 3
Library Of Congress | Legal Notices | Privacy | Site Map | Contact Us
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http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/carnegie/aa_carnegie_phil_1.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1448568970#0_2382925813
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Title: Minnesota Became the 32nd State
Headings:
Content: Minnesota Became the 32nd State
Western Expansion & Reform (1829-1859)
Advertisement for steamship travel to St. Paul, Minnesota
Minnesota Became the 32nd State
May 11, 1858
Despite the convenient access to the state, immigration was slow until the second half of the 19th century, when people in the east started to hear about Minnesota's woodlands and fertile prairie. Between 1850 and 1857, the state population skyrocketed from 6,077 to more than 150,000. Long before that, the Ojibwa (Chippewa) and Dakota (Sioux) tribes made the land their home. For them state borders were nonexistent, so their territory extended well beyond what is today Minnesota. The French claimed the territory in the mid-1600s. It became U.S. territory through the Treaty of Paris (1783) and the Louisiana Purchase (1803). page 2 of 3
Library Of Congress | Legal Notices | Privacy | Site Map | Contact Us
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http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/reform/jb_reform_minnesota_2.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1453252416#1_2391945078
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Title: AmosWEB is Economics: Encyclonomic WEB*pedia
Headings:
An Involuntary Exchange
Content: The process of unwillingly trading one valuable commodity (good, service, or resource) for another, usually prompted by the coercive powers of government. The key term is "unwillingly," which distinguishes involuntary exchanges from voluntary exchanges, such as those that are the foundation of market transactions. Involuntary exchanges are resource allocation activities imposed on the economy by government taxes, laws, and regulations. Unlike a voluntary market exchange, the "buyers" and "sellers" have little or no influence over the allocation decision. They pay the price, produce the good, or use the resources according to government mandates. An Involuntary Exchange
Suppose, for example, that the Shady Valley City Commission imposes a 1 cent sales tax on all jogging shoes sold in the city. When Roland Nottingham buys a pair of jogging shoes for $75, the city collects 75 cents in sales taxes. The Shady Valley City Commission then decides to use this tax revenue, along with that collected from other jogging shoe sales, to erect a statue memorializing the career of former Mayor, Sylvester J. Peabody. Roland is thus involuntarily forced to exchange his 75 cents for a portion of the Sylvester J. Peabody statue. This is a resource allocation decision that Roland would not have undertaken voluntarily.
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http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=involuntary+exchange
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455555963#0_2396729068
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Title: AMS :: Feature Column from the AMS
Headings: The Process of Electing a President
The Process of Electing a President
Posted April 2008.
The Electoral College
Mathematical insights into elections and voting
Ballots
Decision methods
Axiomatic approaches to fairness
Manipulation of voting systems
Who studies fairness, voting and elections?
References:
Content: AMS :: Feature Column from the AMS
The Process of Electing a President
Posted April 2008. The issue of how to equalize the influence of people in different parts of the country in the selection of party candidates is a complex one, which scholars in many disciplines are addressing, using mathematical methods...
Joseph Malkevitch
York College (CUNY)
malkevitch at york.cuny.edu
Mail to a friend
Print this article
Every four years Americans elect a president. Voting and elections are essential for an effective democracy. The people who make up a society get to choose their representatives to govern them and these representatives vote on or administer the laws that affect citizen quality of life on a daily basis. This year, Mathematics Awareness Month calls attention to the role that mathematics and statistics have in understanding the phenomena of voting and elections. The process by which America's president is elected is amazingly complex. Almost as soon as a new president is elected, the "campaign" for the next election begins. Candidates position themselves for support, attempt to raise money for their campaigns, and carry out these campaigns over an extensive period of time. There are caucuses, primaries, debates, and many other steps to wind up on the ballot for being chosen to be president.
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http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-elections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455555963#2_2396733240
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Title: AMS :: Feature Column from the AMS
Headings: The Process of Electing a President
The Process of Electing a President
Posted April 2008.
The Electoral College
Mathematical insights into elections and voting
Ballots
Decision methods
Axiomatic approaches to fairness
Manipulation of voting systems
Who studies fairness, voting and elections?
References:
Content: Here are the results of three Presidential elections, showing only the results for major parties and other candidates getting a significant number of votes. 2000
George W. Bush
50,456,062
Albert Gore, Jr.
50,996,582
Ralph Nader
2,858,843
1992
William J. Clinton
44,909,326
George Bush
39,103,882
H. Ross Perot
19,742,240
1968
Richard M. Nixon
31,785,148
Hubert H. Humphrey
31,274,503
George Wallace
9,906,473
One interesting question is whether or not these numbers are as precise as they appear when reported because most of us, if asked to count many seemingly well-determined numbers, would not get the exact right answer. ( Usually this would be because to carry out any large count takes sufficiently long that our attention flags and we would probably make some error.) The issue of accuracy in vote counts was brought to the fore by the now famous "hanging chads" issues involved in counting votes in Florida for the 2000 presidential election. If you look at different information sources, you will find differing totals for the number of votes that Bush and Gore got in the 2000 election. Whereas many people think in terms of tabulating paper ballots because often day-to-day votes are done with these, the issue of how to vote online, or using electronic/mechanical voting machines, raises many questions about the accuracy of vote counts. Mathematicians and computer scientists are looking into issues related to the security of voting and the accuracy of vote counts. In particular, suppose we have partial results from an election and the accuracy of vote for some specific districts of known size is available, can we determine if the outcome of the election might be affected by the results of these disputed votes? Noteworthy here is the fact that in 2000 the candidate who had the largest popular vote did not become president. Since ballots for president only allow a voter to vote for one candidate, it is not easy to know the consequences of having the election between only the two top vote-getters instead of the many candidates who typically appear on a presidential ballot.
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http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-elections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455555963#3_2396735921
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Title: AMS :: Feature Column from the AMS
Headings: The Process of Electing a President
The Process of Electing a President
Posted April 2008.
The Electoral College
Mathematical insights into elections and voting
Ballots
Decision methods
Axiomatic approaches to fairness
Manipulation of voting systems
Who studies fairness, voting and elections?
References:
Content: Whereas many people think in terms of tabulating paper ballots because often day-to-day votes are done with these, the issue of how to vote online, or using electronic/mechanical voting machines, raises many questions about the accuracy of vote counts. Mathematicians and computer scientists are looking into issues related to the security of voting and the accuracy of vote counts. In particular, suppose we have partial results from an election and the accuracy of vote for some specific districts of known size is available, can we determine if the outcome of the election might be affected by the results of these disputed votes? Noteworthy here is the fact that in 2000 the candidate who had the largest popular vote did not become president. Since ballots for president only allow a voter to vote for one candidate, it is not easy to know the consequences of having the election between only the two top vote-getters instead of the many candidates who typically appear on a presidential ballot. Furthermore, we can not be sure if the candidate a voter voted for is that voter's "favorite" candidate. For example, in the 2000 election it is possible that some voters for Gore or Bush would have preferred Nader but voted for the person they did because they felt that, given the way the votes were going to be counted (e.g. plurality voting), they did not want to "throw away" their vote and, hence, voted for someone other than their first choice. The Electoral College
The reason Gore did not win the election in 2000 is that the president is not elected on the basis of the popular vote but on the vote in the Electoral College. The essence (there are technical details) of the way that the Electoral College works is that each of the 50 states casts a block of votes which represents the total number of Senators (always 2) and the number of members that the state has in the House of Representatives. In the Electoral College the District of Columbia also casts 3 votes.
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http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-elections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455555963#7_2396745362
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Title: AMS :: Feature Column from the AMS
Headings: The Process of Electing a President
The Process of Electing a President
Posted April 2008.
The Electoral College
Mathematical insights into elections and voting
Ballots
Decision methods
Axiomatic approaches to fairness
Manipulation of voting systems
Who studies fairness, voting and elections?
References:
Content: Others say that, as observed above, close votes in the popular vote are often translated into big victories in the Electoral College and that this gives added stability to American democracy. There is another layer of complication in becoming the president, getting the endorsement of one of the two major parties (Democratic or Republican). The candidate selected to run for president by the major parties is done through a complex system of caucuses and primaries. A good example of this is the concern during the 2008 election that relatively small states were having a disproportional effect on who was selected as a candidate because these small states had their primaries early compared with larger states. This resulted in the decision of Michigan and Florida to reschedule their primaries to earlier than in the past. However, the Democratic Party decided that it would not allow the delegates elected in these rescheduled primaries to be "seated" at the party convention. The issue of how to equalize the influence of people in different parts of the country in the selection of party candidates is a complex one, which scholars in many disciplines are addressing, using mathematical methods. Mathematical insights into elections and voting
Not only do Americans vote for president but we also vote for the representatives who create the laws which form the basis of our daily lives. These representatives use votes to create these laws. Elections and voting behavior are ingrained in democracies.
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http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-elections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455905544#1_2397253689
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Title: The ethics of euthanasia | Australian Medical Student Journal
Headings: The ethics of euthanasia
The ethics of euthanasia
Nargus Ebrahimi
Introduction
Defining euthanasia
Legal situation of active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide
Arguments for and against euthanasia
For
Against
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
Correspondence
References
Content: Advocates of euthanasia argue that people have a right to make their own decisions regarding death, and that euthanasia is intended to alleviate pain and suffering, hence being ascribed the term “mercy killing.” They hold the view that active euthanasia is not morally worse than the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatment, and erroneously describe this practice as “passive euthanasia.” Such views are contested by opponents of euthanasia who raise the argument of the sanctity of human life and that euthanasia is equal to murder, and moreover, abuses autonomy and human rights. Furthermore, it is said that good palliative care can provide relief from suffering to patients and unlike euthanasia, should be the answer in modern medicine. This article will define several terms relating to euthanasia in order to frame the key arguments used by proponents and opponents of euthanasia. It will also outline the legal situation of euthanasia in Australia and countries abroad. Defining euthanasia
The term “euthanasia” is derived from Greek, literally meaning “good death”. [ 1] Taken in its common usage however, euthanasia refers to the termination of a person’s life, to end their suffering, usually from an incurable or terminal condition. [ 1] It is for this reason that euthanasia was also coined the name “mercy killing”. Various types of euthanasia are recognised.
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http://www.amsj.org/archives/2066
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455905544#9_2397270100
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Title: The ethics of euthanasia | Australian Medical Student Journal
Headings: The ethics of euthanasia
The ethics of euthanasia
Nargus Ebrahimi
Introduction
Defining euthanasia
Legal situation of active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide
Arguments for and against euthanasia
For
Against
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
Correspondence
References
Content: For
Rights-based argument
Advocates of euthanasia argue that a patient has the right to make the decision about when and how they should die, based on the principles of autonomy and self-determination. [ 1, 5] Autonomy is the concept that a patient has the right to make decisions relating to their life so long as it causes no harm to others. [ 4] They relate the notion of autonomy to the right of an individual to control their own body, and should have the right to make their own decisions concerning how and when they will die. Furthermore, it is argued that as part of our human rights, there is a right to make our own decisions and a right to a dignified death. [ 1]
Beneficence
It is said that relieving a patient from their pain and suffering by performing euthanasia will do more good than harm. [ 4] Advocates of euthanasia express the view that the fundamental moral values of society, compassion and mercy, require that no patient be allowed to suffer unbearably, and mercy killing should be permissible. [ 4]
The difference between active euthanasia and passive euthanasia
Supporters of euthanasia claim that active euthanasia is not morally worse than passive euthanasia – the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatments that result in a patient’s death. In line with this view, it is argued that active euthanasia should be permitted just as passive euthanasia is allowed. James Rachels [12] is a well-known proponent of euthanasia who advocates this view. He states that there is no moral difference between killing and letting die, as the intention is usually similar based on a utilitarian argument.
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http://www.amsj.org/archives/2066
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1455905544#10_2397272272
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Title: The ethics of euthanasia | Australian Medical Student Journal
Headings: The ethics of euthanasia
The ethics of euthanasia
Nargus Ebrahimi
Introduction
Defining euthanasia
Legal situation of active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide
Arguments for and against euthanasia
For
Against
Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
Correspondence
References
Content: 4] Advocates of euthanasia express the view that the fundamental moral values of society, compassion and mercy, require that no patient be allowed to suffer unbearably, and mercy killing should be permissible. [ 4]
The difference between active euthanasia and passive euthanasia
Supporters of euthanasia claim that active euthanasia is not morally worse than passive euthanasia – the withdrawal or withholding of medical treatments that result in a patient’s death. In line with this view, it is argued that active euthanasia should be permitted just as passive euthanasia is allowed. James Rachels [12] is a well-known proponent of euthanasia who advocates this view. He states that there is no moral difference between killing and letting die, as the intention is usually similar based on a utilitarian argument. He illustrates this argument by making use of two hypothetical scenarios. In the first scenario, Smith anticipates an inheritance should anything happen to his six-year-old cousin, and ventures to drown the child while he takes his bath. In a similar scenario, Jones stands to inherit a fortune should anything happen to his six-year-old cousin, and upon intending to drown his cousin, he witnesses his cousin drown on his own by accident and lets him die. Callahan [9] highlights the fact that Rachels uses a hypothetical case where both parties are morally culpable, which fails to support Rachels’ argument. Another of his arguments is that active euthanasia is more humane than passive euthanasia as it is “a quick and painless” lethal injection whereas the latter can result in “a relatively slow and painful death.” [
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http://www.amsj.org/archives/2066
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1456447552#5_2398248841
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Title: Short history of Netherlands | Amsterdam.info
Headings:
Short history of Netherlands
Ancient times
Early Middle Ages
Economical growth in the Middle Ages
Renaissance and fight for independence
The discoveries era
18th and 19th Century
Time of peace and prosperity
World War II
Last decades
Curiosity
Content: An important economical factor has also been the fall of Poland, which lost Ukraine to Russia and was not able anymore to supply grain to the Netherlands. Growth of the liberal and republican ideas all over the world and resistance to these ideas by the people who ruled the Dutch Republic, lead at the end of the 18th century to the creation of The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which after the fall of Napoleon included also the territories of the today’s Belgium and Luxemburg. Belgium provinces revolted in 1830 and separated into the Kingdom of Belgium. Luxemburg although independent, has been united with the Netherlands by a person of a monarch. Luxemburg finally separated from The Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1890, when Dutch King William III died not leaving a male heir, which was a condition to rule the Duchy of Luxemburg. Time of peace and prosperity
In the second half of the 19 century, through slow but constant economical growth and important constitutional reforms, the Netherlands became a liberal and modern state. During the WWI, the Netherlands remained neutral. World War II
During World War II (1939-1945), the Netherlands was invaded and occupied by the Germans (1940). After two years of relative prosperity, when only the Jewish population has been prosecuted, the whole country began to suffer the burden of war and increasing German terror. The Dutch resisted against attempts of the Nazi Germany to incorporate Netherlands into the Third Reich during the WWII, and the leadership of the Royal Family in the struggle with the occupants, are still alive in the Dutch people memory.
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http://www.amsterdam.info/netherlands/history/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1456746762#13_2398988300
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Title: How To Buy Dutch Train Tickets | NS Rail Fares in Netherlands
Headings: How To Buy Dutch Train Tickets
How To Buy Dutch Train Tickets
Rail Ticket Formats in the Netherlands
1. Single-use tickets
2. Personal or anonymous OV-chip cards
• If you fail to check-out you will lose the €20 deposit!
3. E-Tickets / Mobile Tickets
Train Fares in the Netherlands
The following fare types are available for train travel in the Netherlands:
Single ( Enkele reis)
Day Return ( Dagretour)
Children’s Ticket ( Railrunner)
Holland Travel Ticket
Train Fare Supplements
NS Discount ( Korting) Cards
How to Refund an Anonymous OV-Chip Card
Other Dutch Rail Tickets
How to Buy Rail Tickets at the Station
International Train Tickets
Content: The standard fare covers travel in 2nd class carriages. A 1st class ticket costs 63% more than the equivalent 2nd class fare. All Dutch rail tickets include a VAT ( BTW) charge of 9%. With a valid train ticket (checked-in OV-chip card or e-ticket) you can jump onboard any standard service to your destination and just find a free seat in your class. There are no seating reservations required on standard trains. Don’t board a train without a valid ticket as if you get caught you may have to pay a penalty of €50. Fares and timetables can be found at ns.nl
For more info/photos on Dutch trains see train types in the Netherlands
The following fare types are available for train travel in the Netherlands: Single ( Enkele reis)
The single covers travel between 2 specified Dutch stations (eg – Schiphol Airport to Amsterdam Central, €4.60). The single fare will be deducted from a personal or anonymous OV-chip card after check-in and check-out. E-ticket singles can also be purchased at the standard fare.
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http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/train-tickets-in-netherlands.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1456795500#7_2399045898
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Title: How To Travel Amsterdam to Antwerp by Train and Coach
Headings: How To Travel Amsterdam to Antwerp
How To Travel Amsterdam to Antwerp
1. Amsterdam-Antwerp by Train
2. Flights Amsterdam-Antwerp
3. Amsterdam-Antwerp by Coach
Hotels/Activities
Content: Intercity Brussels train at Amsterdam Central
Early bird one-way fares start at €20 (2nd class) and €28 (1st class) Mon-Thu and €26 (2nd class) and €37 (1st class) each way Fri-Sun. Early bird fares are valid on any service on the ticket day. Holders of Dutch Railways NS discount cards receive a slight fare reduction off the standard fare for the Netherlands segment of travel. As Belgium and the Netherlands are members of the Schengen Zone agreement you do not need to go through a passport control check when travelling between Amsterdam and Antwerp. How to book train tickets online: Amsterdam-Antwerp rail tickets can be easily booked at the Thalys site (Thalys only) or at the NS International site (Thalys and Intercity). For more info see our International trains to/from Amsterdam page. 2. Flights Amsterdam-Antwerp
There are currently no flights between Amsterdam Schiphol (AMS) and Antwerp airport (ANR). KLM fares originating from Antwerp via Amsterdam include a ticket for travel on the Thalys train to/from Schiphol.
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http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/travel-amsterdam-to-antwerp.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1476278952#8_2438950486
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Title: Constantinople - World History Encyclopedia
Headings: Constantinople
Constantinople
Definition
Foundation by Constantine (284 - 337 CE)
Constantius to Theodosius (337 - 526 CE)
Justinian & the Nika Revolt (527 - 565 CE)
Medieval Constantinople (until 1453 CE)
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About the Author
Donald L. Wasson
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Content: New Rome would boast temples to pagan deities (he had kept the old acropolis) and several Christian churches; Hagia Irene was one of the first churches commissioned by Constantine. It would perish during the Nika Revolts under Justinian in 532 CE. In 330 CE, Constantine consecrated the Empire's new capital, a city which would one day bear the emperor's name. Constantinople would become the economic and cultural hub of the east and the center of both Greek classics and Christian ideals. Its importance would take on new meaning with Alaric 's invasion of Rome in 410 CE and the eventual fall of the city to Odoacer in 476 CE. During the Middle Ages, the city would become a refuge for ancient Greek and Roman texts. Remove Ads
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Constantius to Theodosius (337 - 526 CE)
In 337 CE Constantine died, leaving his successors and the empire in turmoil. Constantius II defeated his brothers (and any other challengers) and became the empire's sole emperor. The only individual he spared was his cousin Julian, only five years old at the time and not considered a viable threat;
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http://www.ancient.eu/Constantinople/
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