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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#2_1877541364
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: The Guttmacher Institute puts that number at 28%, based on voluntary 2014 survey data from 8,380 respondents. 5 The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) places the number at 38%, based on actual counts of every 2016 abortion performed in the 30 states/districts that collect and report abortion data by race. 6 By comparison, non-Hispanic white women make up 60% of the population but account for only 35-39% of all abortions. 7
Among black women, the current abortion ratio is 401. 8 That means there are 401 abortions for every 1,000 live births. Statistically, 29% of black pregnancies end in abortion (excluding miscarriages). Among white women, the abortion ratio is 109—which means less than 10% of white pregnancies end in abortion. 9 The current abortion rate among black women, which is the number of abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age is 25.1. 10 That means that in 2016, 2.5% of black women, aged 15-44, had an abortion. By comparison, only 0.67% of white women of reproductive age had an abortion that year.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#3_1877542796
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: Statistically, 29% of black pregnancies end in abortion (excluding miscarriages). Among white women, the abortion ratio is 109—which means less than 10% of white pregnancies end in abortion. 9 The current abortion rate among black women, which is the number of abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age is 25.1. 10 That means that in 2016, 2.5% of black women, aged 15-44, had an abortion. By comparison, only 0.67% of white women of reproductive age had an abortion that year. 11
In 2018, approximately 2,400 human beings lost their lives to abortion each day in the United States. 12 On average, 19% were Hispanic, 38% were black, and 35% were white. 13 That translates to approximately 456 Hispanic children, 912 black children, and 840 white children. Though the white population in the U.S. outnumbers the black population by more than four to one, 14 abortion kills more black children each day than it does white children. In fact, abortion claims virtually the same number of black lives each year in the United States as all other causes combined.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#4_1877544261
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: 11
In 2018, approximately 2,400 human beings lost their lives to abortion each day in the United States. 12 On average, 19% were Hispanic, 38% were black, and 35% were white. 13 That translates to approximately 456 Hispanic children, 912 black children, and 840 white children. Though the white population in the U.S. outnumbers the black population by more than four to one, 14 abortion kills more black children each day than it does white children. In fact, abortion claims virtually the same number of black lives each year in the United States as all other causes combined. 15
Though the black population in America grew by 12% between 2000 and 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that the black population "grew at a slower rate than most other major race and ethnic groups in the country." 16 CBS News reported in 2009 that "Hispanics have surpassed blacks as the nation's largest minority group." 17 Can there be any doubt that abortion has significantly impacted this demographic shift? Despite similar population numbers, Hispanic women account for approximately 19% of U.S. abortions whereas African-American women account for up to 38%. The CDC reports that during the 1970's, roughly 24% of all U.S. abortions were performed on black women.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#5_1877545920
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: 15
Though the black population in America grew by 12% between 2000 and 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau reports that the black population "grew at a slower rate than most other major race and ethnic groups in the country." 16 CBS News reported in 2009 that "Hispanics have surpassed blacks as the nation's largest minority group." 17 Can there be any doubt that abortion has significantly impacted this demographic shift? Despite similar population numbers, Hispanic women account for approximately 19% of U.S. abortions whereas African-American women account for up to 38%. The CDC reports that during the 1970's, roughly 24% of all U.S. abortions were performed on black women. 18 That percentage rose to 30% in the 1980's, 34% in the 1990's, 36% throughout the 2000's and now sits at 38%. 19 That means that roughly 32% of all U.S. abortions since 1973 have been performed on African American women. Based on the January 2020 estimate that there have been 61.6 million abortions in the United States since 1973, 20 we can deduce that almost 20 million of them were performed on black babies. As of July 2019, the black population in the U.S. stood somewhere around 44 million, 21 which means that abortion has reduced the size of the black community by more than 30%—and that doesn't include the children and grandchildren that would have been born to those aborted more than a generation ago. Recognizing that abortion disproportionately impacts minorities is one thing.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#6_1877547799
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: 18 That percentage rose to 30% in the 1980's, 34% in the 1990's, 36% throughout the 2000's and now sits at 38%. 19 That means that roughly 32% of all U.S. abortions since 1973 have been performed on African American women. Based on the January 2020 estimate that there have been 61.6 million abortions in the United States since 1973, 20 we can deduce that almost 20 million of them were performed on black babies. As of July 2019, the black population in the U.S. stood somewhere around 44 million, 21 which means that abortion has reduced the size of the black community by more than 30%—and that doesn't include the children and grandchildren that would have been born to those aborted more than a generation ago. Recognizing that abortion disproportionately impacts minorities is one thing. Understanding why is quite another. According to a 2017 Pew Research survey, there is not much of an ideological divide between blacks and whites when it comes to abortion. Though a black woman is up to five times more likely to have an abortion than a white woman, she is only .002 times more likely to support abortion as a matter of public policy. 22 And though black women are more than twice as likely to live in poverty than white women, their poverty levels are relatively comparable to Hispanic women. 23 In both cases, the disparity in income doesn’t match the disparity in abortions—which tells us that something beyond ideology and economics is at work here.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#7_1877549677
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: Understanding why is quite another. According to a 2017 Pew Research survey, there is not much of an ideological divide between blacks and whites when it comes to abortion. Though a black woman is up to five times more likely to have an abortion than a white woman, she is only .002 times more likely to support abortion as a matter of public policy. 22 And though black women are more than twice as likely to live in poverty than white women, their poverty levels are relatively comparable to Hispanic women. 23 In both cases, the disparity in income doesn’t match the disparity in abortions—which tells us that something beyond ideology and economics is at work here. Some suggest that the reason black women have a much higher rate of abortion is because the abortion industry has strategically targeted them. Life Issues Institute reports that a majority of Planned Parenthood’s abortion clinics are within walking distance of minority communities. 24 The Guttmacher Institute insists that most of Planned Parenthood’s abortion clinics are in neighborhoods with a white majority. 25 Since each is saying a slightly different thing, it’s fair to say that the data is inconclusive. That being said, successful businesses place their products within easy reach of their primary customers, and Planned Parenthood runs the most successful abortion business in the country.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#8_1877551472
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: Some suggest that the reason black women have a much higher rate of abortion is because the abortion industry has strategically targeted them. Life Issues Institute reports that a majority of Planned Parenthood’s abortion clinics are within walking distance of minority communities. 24 The Guttmacher Institute insists that most of Planned Parenthood’s abortion clinics are in neighborhoods with a white majority. 25 Since each is saying a slightly different thing, it’s fair to say that the data is inconclusive. That being said, successful businesses place their products within easy reach of their primary customers, and Planned Parenthood runs the most successful abortion business in the country. We can argue as to whether their geographic placement creates the demand for abortion, or whether the demand for abortion determines their geographic placement, but it’s almost certainly a little of both. That’s how businesses operate in the real world. John Piper, a white pastor with a heart for racial justice, recognizes that the rationale for placement is less important than the result: The de facto effect—I don’t call it the main cause, but net effect—of putting abortion clinics in the urban centers is that the abortion of Hispanic and Black babies is more than double their percentage of the population... Call this what you will—when the slaughter has an ethnic face and the percentages are double that of the white community and the killers are almost all white, something is going on here that ought to make the lovers of racial equality and racial harmony wake up. 26
The fact that black leaders like former President Barack Obama support abortion does not change the reality of what is happening.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105082858#9_1877553631
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Title: The Case Against Abortion: Abortion and Race
Headings: Abortion and Race
Abortion and Race
Page Summary:
Footnotes
Continue to the next page: Abortion and Gendercide
For Further Study:
Website Feedback:
Content: We can argue as to whether their geographic placement creates the demand for abortion, or whether the demand for abortion determines their geographic placement, but it’s almost certainly a little of both. That’s how businesses operate in the real world. John Piper, a white pastor with a heart for racial justice, recognizes that the rationale for placement is less important than the result: The de facto effect—I don’t call it the main cause, but net effect—of putting abortion clinics in the urban centers is that the abortion of Hispanic and Black babies is more than double their percentage of the population... Call this what you will—when the slaughter has an ethnic face and the percentages are double that of the white community and the killers are almost all white, something is going on here that ought to make the lovers of racial equality and racial harmony wake up. 26
The fact that black leaders like former President Barack Obama support abortion does not change the reality of what is happening. How many candidates for public office have abandoned a prior conviction so as to be consistent with a party platform? This is perhaps nowhere more evident than in Reverend Jesse Jackson's flip-flop on abortion. Prior to having ambitions as a Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party, he was an eloquent and outspoken opponent of abortion. Though his public stance on abortion has reversed, his earlier remarks remain as applicable as ever, and show that there is more than mere numbers at stake. The following remarks come from his 1977 article for the National Right to Life News:
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion/abortion_and_race/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1105181111#9_1877779426
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Title: Facts About Abortion: U.S. Abortion Statistics
Headings: U.S. Abortion Statistics
U.S. Abortion Statistics
ANNUAL ABORTION STATISTICS
WHO HAS ABORTIONS?
WHY DO ABORTIONS OCCUR?
WHEN DO ABORTIONS OCCUR?
HOW DOES ABORTION TAKE PLACE?
WHO IS DOING THE ABORTIONS?
ABORTION FATALITY
THE COST OF ABORTION
ABORTION AND CONTRACEPTION
ABORTION AND MINORS
ABORTION AND PUBLIC FUNDS
Content: Among women who obtained abortions in 2018, 41% had no prior live births; 45% had one or two prior live births, and 14% had three or more prior live births (CDC). Among white women, 10% of 2018 pregnancies (excluding spontaneous miscarriages) ended in abortion. Among black women, 25% ended in abortion (CDC). Black women were more than 3.4 times more likely to have an abortion in 2018 than white women (CDC). The abortion rate of non-metropolitan women is about half that of women who live in metropolitan counties (NAF). The abortion rate of women with Medicaid coverage is three times as high as that of other women (NAF). In 2014, 30% of aborting women identified themselves as Protestant and 24% identified themselves as Catholic (AGI). WHY DO ABORTIONS OCCUR? In 2004, the Guttmacher Institute anonymously surveyed 1,209 post-abortive women from nine different abortion clinics across the country.
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http://www.abort73.com/abortion_facts/us_abortion_statistics/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106394934#10_1880446951
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Title: Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Headings: Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Animal Testing on Cosmetics
What Happens During Cosmetics Testing?
Types of Animal Testing for Cosmetics
Controversy of Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Marketing of Cosmetics
What Else Can Cosmetics Companies Do?
Find Out More
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Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: Random User - 27-Mar-19 @ 4:16 AM
Does anyone know that calling someone a fool is damning them to hell. :) none - 8-Mar-19 @ 6:05 PM
People saying that these animals are saved due to the fact that they'll be left in shelter etc are wrong... These animal are bred for these purposes animals commonly used for testing are hamsters, guinea pigs, mice, rats and those who say how will we know drugs will work? Give them to people with these terminal illnesses which they actually do Btw ... We are different species and drugs react differently to an animal than they would human ... Fools
Lauren - 5-Feb-19 @ 2:17 PM
it is not all cruelty. some animals are save due to the tests. they could be sitting in an animal shelter unneeded, unwanted and unloved
john - 31-Jan-19 @ 3:54 PM
if they do not test the drugs how will we know that it will work. how will we know that it might make your illness worse. we have to test it out to see if it will work or not. to not test things is like giving up on some things that you have on tried to make once
lisa - 31-Jan-19 @ 3:51 PM
SEE ALL THIS IS RIGHT BUT NOW ONLY PLAY PUBG
DP - 26-Dec-18 @ 12:39 PM
I think animal testing should be banned on anything except medicine. da docta - 16-Nov-18 @ 12:48 PM
I wish all testing could stop on animals and humans, I don't understand how someone can just sit there and watch someone or some animal suffer like for example Jacqueline Traide that volunteered for Lush and she would not stop for anything, great people out there but also bad ones love you Jacqueline you were great strong role model...
Ash - 9-Jun-18 @ 6:42 AM
I wish the people who tested on animals got tested on themselves! apple - 28-Mar-18 @ 2:28 AM
I am exteremely dissapointed that the world can do this to people, no one should get away with this!
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-cosmetics.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106394934#14_1880454725
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Title: Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Headings: Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Animal Testing on Cosmetics
What Happens During Cosmetics Testing?
Types of Animal Testing for Cosmetics
Controversy of Animal Testing on Cosmetics
Marketing of Cosmetics
What Else Can Cosmetics Companies Do?
Find Out More
You might also like...
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: Beth - 25-Sep-16 @ 8:55 PM
I came here looking for benefits, but then I remembered there aren't any. Alayna_Lee - 26-Apr-16 @ 2:26 PM
Okay listen here buckwheat, I am very disturbed by animal testing. I summon you to stop, before I open up a can of A double rattlesnakes. harrytub - 24-Feb-16 @ 7:04 PM
WHY IS THIS HAPPENING, WHY GOD WHY???? women - 8-Jan-16 @ 9:50 AM
It makes me cry to my mum and pet worm. bigboy - 8-Jan-16 @ 9:48 AM
OMG!! I had to research this as a homework project and it SO depressing! I absolutely hate the people that torture these cute, defenceless creatures! STOP IT NOW
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-cosmetics.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106407015#8_1880469803
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Title: Animal Testing in the United States
Headings: Animal Testing in the United States
Animal Testing in the United States
Regulations for Animal Testing in the United States
University Research
Role of Animal Welfare Groups
Next Page
Animal Testing in Europe
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: The placebo effect people ! You can heal yourself. Your mind, body and emotions are all connected. Anyway back to the wonderful animals. I fear the only time the animals and earth will know peace is when humans are extinct. Trinity - 23-Sep-19 @ 8:22 AM
If there are laws against suffering and abuse on animal testing then why are the tech labs and colleges still being able to do it??WTF??? Anna - 22-Aug-19 @ 5:36 PM
IfThere is loss for suffering and abuse and lots of food and why is it still going on how come the people who are doing it I still doing it
Anna - 22-Aug-19 @ 5:34 PM
How can we make it stop because animals surely don't deserve this and we have no right to treat them like objects. Developed countries like USA, UK doing such things is really disappointing. They are setting a bad example for others. Animallover - 24-Jul-19 @ 4:31 AM
I have degrees in chemistry and physics and have done cancer research before in the U.S. but stopped because drugs require animal testing despite the lack of scientific value most of these tests provide.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-united-states.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106407015#9_1880471391
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Title: Animal Testing in the United States
Headings: Animal Testing in the United States
Animal Testing in the United States
Regulations for Animal Testing in the United States
University Research
Role of Animal Welfare Groups
Next Page
Animal Testing in Europe
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: Trinity - 23-Sep-19 @ 8:22 AM
If there are laws against suffering and abuse on animal testing then why are the tech labs and colleges still being able to do it??WTF??? Anna - 22-Aug-19 @ 5:36 PM
IfThere is loss for suffering and abuse and lots of food and why is it still going on how come the people who are doing it I still doing it
Anna - 22-Aug-19 @ 5:34 PM
How can we make it stop because animals surely don't deserve this and we have no right to treat them like objects. Developed countries like USA, UK doing such things is really disappointing. They are setting a bad example for others. Animallover - 24-Jul-19 @ 4:31 AM
I have degrees in chemistry and physics and have done cancer research before in the U.S. but stopped because drugs require animal testing despite the lack of scientific value most of these tests provide. There are people dying every day and yet animal testing is required to ensure safety? Give me a break. Many diseases present differently in animals, especially cancers. My research was focused on nanobots that would exploit the unique chemical environment inside cancer cells, which varies between different cancers and certainly between different species. Most research is done on animals simply because it is an easy way to protect against liability lawsuits.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-united-states.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106407015#12_1880475504
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Title: Animal Testing in the United States
Headings: Animal Testing in the United States
Animal Testing in the United States
Regulations for Animal Testing in the United States
University Research
Role of Animal Welfare Groups
Next Page
Animal Testing in Europe
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: I don’t want to know another suffered. Stop. Change the law to not use any animals & people for their sick minded people Save them. . None - 2-Jun-19 @ 1:25 AM
Hello, I would like some information about the issue with animal testing. I am doing a project for my school about this subject. If you can please answer a few questions for me that would be great. 1. How can we help the issue with animal testing? 2. Who is able to help make the change?
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-united-states.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106407015#14_1880477252
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Title: Animal Testing in the United States
Headings: Animal Testing in the United States
Animal Testing in the United States
Regulations for Animal Testing in the United States
University Research
Role of Animal Welfare Groups
Next Page
Animal Testing in Europe
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: 3. When will we have an impact? 4. Is the government doing anything about this? 5. Could we stop the animal testing completely? Thank you for your time, Kerstyn Craft
Kerstyn - 15-Apr-19 @ 3:33 PM
Animal cruelty is so controversial! In some aspects, I do understand why it’s used, however I am an avid animal lover and cannot bring myself to justify what they do. Although animals can react very similarly to humans, it isn’t exact, and the way that technology and medicine is advancing, unknown problems can arise- causing large problems. How do we know that there aren't certain responses from animals that we aren’t accustomed to?
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/animal-testing-united-states.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#0_1880502317
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
By: Ian Murnaghan BSc (hons), MSc - Updated: 2 Dec 2020 | *Discuss
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Animal protests have a long and turbulent history, from their emergence in the twentieth century to the last decade. Since the 1960s and 1970s, protests increased a great deal although they have fizzled out somewhat over the last several years. This is due, in part, to the fact that many of the more aggressive protesters have been arrested and several are behind bars. Extremists have unfortunately put a poor spin on animal testing protests through their dangerous and irrational actions. Fortunately, however, improved laws and regulation have helped to address the most volatile extremists in the area of animal testing protests. Cosmetics Testing
The mid-twentieth century through to the 1980s saw a strong focus on protests against cosmetics testing. Large companies such as Revlon and Avon were targeted, with both eventually abandoning animal testing and adopting strong anti-animal testing policies. The abundance of media attention and protests also led up to the banning of animal testing for cosmetics purposes in several countries, including the United Kingdom (UK).
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#1_1880504031
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: Extremists have unfortunately put a poor spin on animal testing protests through their dangerous and irrational actions. Fortunately, however, improved laws and regulation have helped to address the most volatile extremists in the area of animal testing protests. Cosmetics Testing
The mid-twentieth century through to the 1980s saw a strong focus on protests against cosmetics testing. Large companies such as Revlon and Avon were targeted, with both eventually abandoning animal testing and adopting strong anti-animal testing policies. The abundance of media attention and protests also led up to the banning of animal testing for cosmetics purposes in several countries, including the United Kingdom (UK). In fact, the European Union is now poised for a near-full ban on animal testing for cosmetics by 2009, although there is opposition from a small number of countries such as France. Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) does strongly support illegal activism although they cite that it should be non-violent. Despite this stance, they have taken responsibility for literally several dozen attacks and hundreds of thousands in damages to facilities across North America. One reason for the extremism is that numerous animal welfare groups, particularly ones such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) believe that the use of force is appropriate because the 'ends justifies the means.' They cite that animal suffering is equivalent to human suffering, which means that a rat is no different that a person.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#2_1880506076
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: In fact, the European Union is now poised for a near-full ban on animal testing for cosmetics by 2009, although there is opposition from a small number of countries such as France. Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) does strongly support illegal activism although they cite that it should be non-violent. Despite this stance, they have taken responsibility for literally several dozen attacks and hundreds of thousands in damages to facilities across North America. One reason for the extremism is that numerous animal welfare groups, particularly ones such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) believe that the use of force is appropriate because the 'ends justifies the means.' They cite that animal suffering is equivalent to human suffering, which means that a rat is no different that a person. Huntingdon Life Sciences has been targeted quite frequently by animal rights activists over the years. Because Huntingdon uses a large number of animals each year, with many killed, they have been particularly vulnerable to protests and pickets. In 1997, protests by Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty occurred quite regularly. Pickets and threats to researchers were done to try to stop animal testing in the facilities. The group targeted not only the scientists and animal technicians, but also shareholders and others affiliated with the animal testing.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#3_1880507965
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: Huntingdon Life Sciences has been targeted quite frequently by animal rights activists over the years. Because Huntingdon uses a large number of animals each year, with many killed, they have been particularly vulnerable to protests and pickets. In 1997, protests by Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty occurred quite regularly. Pickets and threats to researchers were done to try to stop animal testing in the facilities. The group targeted not only the scientists and animal technicians, but also shareholders and others affiliated with the animal testing. Because so much of medicine relies on animal testing, however, to actually be consistent in one's approach to animal protests would ultimately mean shunning most medical treatment today. This type of consistency would be difficult to maintain for even the most adamant animal rights activist. Preventing Research
Protests against animal testing have actually kept companies from conducting research in the UK. Fear of threats, intimidation and disruption to the research has had an enormous impact on those who conduct animal testing, historically causing some to withdraw from the experiment and effectively 'give in' to the threats. Other firms have outsourced their animal testing to areas such as China, where animal testing regulations are poor and minimally - if at all - enforced.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#5_1880511932
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: While animal welfare groups may consider this impact a victory, others cite that it only makes animal testing more poorly regulated because the testing will simply occur elsewhere. With the UK having some of the most - if not the most - stringent animal testing regulations in the world, the question of protests preventing testing from occurring in the UK is a crucial one. Right to Protest
It is more likely those protests that involve intimidation and threats to the safety of researchers that ultimately prevent research from occurring on UK grounds. Hopefully, the public can continue to exercise their right to protest against animal testing but do so respectfully and peacefully. This should allow researchers to still feel some impact from the protests but not to the extent that they look to conduct research elsewhere under less rigid animal testing laws and regulations. It's important for the public to be able to challenge animal testing and draw attention to areas of weakness, while still allowing researchers to reflect on their actions without fear of continuing their research in the UK or elsewhere. ABOUT ANIMAL TESTING IS FOR SALE: This website is for sale [more info] . Previous Page
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Threats to Researchers who Use Animals for Testing
Leading Animal Testing and Research Organisations
Controversy of Animal Testing
Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Cons
Allegations of Abuse in Animal Testing
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
[Add a Comment]
Yo animal testing is not important focus on mr beast that meat canyon
et - 2-Dec-20 @ 3:14 PM
Testing on animals is vital for humans since humans will die if put on market before testing on animals.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#7_1880516537
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: ???? - 16-Aug-19 @ 12:32 AM
i think that any sort of animal harming is digusting and is a disgrace to humans, i think that we should let ou vices be heard and stand up i have one exeption for animals and its in the comments, and its testing for medicine, but for one reason and that is that its gonna save countless lives for taking 3-4
fanny fart pussy tar - 10-Jun-19 @ 11:18 AM
Over 100 million animals are killed annually for humans, it is unjust
Grey - 29-May-19 @ 12:43 AM
I believe that animal testing is okay if its being done for scientific purposes because it will benefit millions of generations after us. Although, if they are using animals to test makeup, cleaning products, food, or anything else other then science, I find it to be a disgrace. Person - 6-May-19 @ 10:07 PM
I think animal testing is a disgrace to the human race
King Heiny :D - 26-Jun-18 @ 1:59 AM
Testing on highly evolved species at best is still questionable. Viewing undercover footage of torture and flat out animal abuse in Canada at ITR Laboratories is quite another. Protests should happen in the name of swiftly bringing this operation to a cease and desist. ANIMAL ABUSE behind public view. Kiki - 15-Mar-17 @ 2:01 AM
you guys are right on animal testing. its so cruel and inhuman for the animals
becky - 13-Dec-16 @ 3:08 PM
I believe that hypocrisy should stop. The worst enemy is our ignorance as human beings.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#8_1880518428
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: Protests should happen in the name of swiftly bringing this operation to a cease and desist. ANIMAL ABUSE behind public view. Kiki - 15-Mar-17 @ 2:01 AM
you guys are right on animal testing. its so cruel and inhuman for the animals
becky - 13-Dec-16 @ 3:08 PM
I believe that hypocrisy should stop. The worst enemy is our ignorance as human beings. People should be toöd and shown how their cosmetics get in store and their food on the table. It s our right to know. Once we see what s behind the scenes, then it is up to each individual s conscience if and how to take action. We need to stop closing one eye because it s more comfortable. At the end it s about protecting the innocent and, like children, animals are also innocent beings.... Protect them!
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106424298#9_1880519669
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Title: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Headings: History of Protests Against Animal Tests
History of Protests Against Animal Tests
Cosmetics Testing
Leading Groups in Animal Testing Protests
Preventing Research
Right to Protest
You might also like...
Content: People should be toöd and shown how their cosmetics get in store and their food on the table. It s our right to know. Once we see what s behind the scenes, then it is up to each individual s conscience if and how to take action. We need to stop closing one eye because it s more comfortable. At the end it s about protecting the innocent and, like children, animals are also innocent beings.... Protect them! Dr. Zak - 3-Aug-16 @ 4:57 PM
I am against animal testing. Just look up the statistics and some pictures and you'll see why. C - 23-Sep-15 @ 3:45 PM
we are doing a an argument and persuasion essay and discussion in class about this very topic, so all this information is very useful. Thank you
silver - 14-Nov-14 @ 7:40 PM
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice...
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Firstname:
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/history-protests-against-animal-tests.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1106472305#9_1880563409
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Title: What is Animal Testing?
Headings: What is Animal Testing?
What is Animal Testing?
Understanding Animal Testing
Using Animal Testing
Animal Testing for Medical Treatments
Continued Debate
Find out More
Previous Page
You might also like...
Animal Testing Timeline
Share Your Story, Join the Discussion or Seek Advice..
Content: Sandy - 7-Nov-20 @ 4:59 PM
why don't people stop this!?!?!?! I hate everyone who tests on animals. BTW it really helped with my assignment thanks! Animal Luver - 28-Jan-20 @ 3:37 AM
i find thid controvertisty interesting it hs really helped my project and i am all the way against this matter it must BE STOPPED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! bob - 6-Jan-20 @ 2:26 PM
I HATE EVERYONE THAT TESTS ON ANIMALS!!!! AnimalTestingIsWrong - 12-Dec-19 @ 2:21 PM
I think that animal testing is very wrong, if you are one that hurts innocent animals then shame on you because it's disgusting!!!! Boobear18 - 21-Nov-19 @ 2:14 PM
This really helped me with my assignment/speech! thanks so much guys. Also comments gave me helpful ideas. You guys are the best.
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http://www.aboutanimaltesting.co.uk/what-animal-testing.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1108035355#6_1883364458
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Title: Holy Orders: A Special Priesthood - About Catholics
Headings: Holy Orders: A Special Priesthood
Holy Orders: A Special Priesthood
Why is the sacrament called “orders?”
Who can be ordained? Why aren’t there female priests?
What are the effects of this sacrament?
Who can confer Holy Orders?
What are the form and matter of this sacrament?
What are the “degrees” of Holy Orders?
Who are the two participants in the one priesthood of Christ?
Content: Who can be ordained? Why aren’t there female priests? At this time, only baptized men can receive this sacrament. The Vatican has determined that the Church has no right to ordain women because Jesus did not
appoint females to the position of apostles. This is considered part of the deposit of faith that has been handed on and that no one can change. Another
argument against female ordination is that since Jesus was male, he is best represented by males. Both of these arguments against women priests are highly
contentious. The Church maintains the position that: “Only a baptized man validly receives sacred ordination. The Lord Jesus chose men to form the college of the twelve apostles, and the apostles did the same when they chose collaborators to succeed them in their ministry.
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http://www.aboutcatholics.com/beliefs/holy-orders-a-special-priesthood/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1112174304#5_1888575053
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Title: AboutKidsHealth
Headings:
Content: The detector measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. This way of checking oxygen is called pulse oximetry. </p><h2>How else can oxygen in the blood be measured?</h2><p>Another way to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood is with a test called an arterial blood gas. Blood is drawn from an artery and tested to see how much oxygen is in it. It's like having blood drawn regularly, except that in this case, the blood is not taken from a vein. The doctor may decide to use pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas, or both, to evaluate the amount of oxygen in your child’s blood. </p><h2>Will the monitor or probe hurt your child?</h2><p>No. The monitor and the probe are completely safe. The probe will be applied securely but not tightly to your child's finger or toe. This does not hurt.
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http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/CongenitalHeartConditions/UnderstandingDiagnosis/DiagnosticProcedures/Pages/Oxygen-Saturation-Monitoring.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1112174304#6_1888576175
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Title: AboutKidsHealth
Headings:
Content: The doctor may decide to use pulse oximetry or arterial blood gas, or both, to evaluate the amount of oxygen in your child’s blood. </p><h2>Will the monitor or probe hurt your child?</h2><p>No. The monitor and the probe are completely safe. The probe will be applied securely but not tightly to your child's finger or toe. This does not hurt. The nurse will probably move the probe to a different finger or toe about every 8 hours. This will help make sure that the probe is still working properly. It also gives a rest to your child's finger or toe. </p><h2>Who should touch your child's monitor?</h2><p>Only your child's nurse or doctor should touch the monitor and the stickers or probes attached to your child. Do not change the alarm settings or turn the monitor off.
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http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/CongenitalHeartConditions/UnderstandingDiagnosis/DiagnosticProcedures/Pages/Oxygen-Saturation-Monitoring.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1112857541#6_1889600581
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Title: AboutKidsHealth
Headings:
Content: </li><li>the pregnant mother’s lifestyle: smoking cigarettes, taking drugs, and consuming alcohol during pregnancy are also risk factors for SGA births.<br></li></ul><p>Although most babies are born with a weight that is considered appropriate for their gestational age (AGA), medical professionals are always on the lookout for SGA babies because they generally will require more interventions and a longer stay in the hospital’s neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The SGA condition, especially combined with extreme prematurity, makes babies more at risk for certain medical conditions, especially neurological problems such as <a href="/Article?contentid=847&language=English">cerebral palsy</a>. </p><h2>What causes premature birth?</h2><p>There are a number of known reasons why some babies are born premature. Some have to do with the condition of the mother, others with the condition of the fetus. </p><p>Maternal causes, or causes having to do with the general condition of the mother, include:</p><ul><li>high blood pressure </li><li>infection </li><li>substance abuse </li><li>trauma </li><li>chronic illness </li></ul><p>Premature birth can also come as a result of complications with either the uterus or the placenta. These include:</p><ul><li>cervical incompetence, or an early opening of the cervix </li><li>malformation of the uterus </li><li>an excess of amniotic fluid, which can cause pressure in the uterus, resulting in early contractions and birth </li><li>malformations or early detachment of the placenta </li></ul><p>Premature birth can also be the result of fetal causes, which include:</p><ul><li>infection </li><li>fetal malform
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http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/PrematureBabies/AboutPrematureBabies/Pages/default.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1112872106#2_1889610587
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Title: AboutKidsHealth
Headings:
Content: Depending on the causes of the birth and how premature the baby is, it may also be an emergency. This section explores the causes of premature birth, the signs of premature birth, and strategies to delay premature birth. In many cases, premature birth cannot be avoided.</p>
<h2>Key points</h2> <ul><li>Some premature births can be caused by problems with the fetus, the mother or both.</li> <li>Certain events can stimulate the onset of premature labour including placental abruption, incompetent cervix, hormonal changes or infection.</li> <li>There are multiple risk factors for premature birth including having a previous premature birth, pregnancy with multiple babies, infection, drug or alcohol use, and age.</li> <li>While some risk factors cannot be changed, there are a few general ways to reduce the odds of having a premature birth.</li></ul>
<p>Premature birth can have many causes which include problems with the fetus, the mother, or both. However, about fifty percent of the time, the cause or causes of a premature birth are unknown. </p><p>When the cause is known, premature birth most frequently comes as a result of a premature rupture of the fetal membranes which initiates labour. </p><p>Certain events can stimulate the onset of premature labour. These include:</p><ul><li> <a href="/Article?contentid=354&language=English">placental abruption</a>, where the placenta separates from the uterus during pregnancy</li><li>incompetent cervix, where the cervix painlessly and gradually opens before the time it is supposed to </li><li>hormonal changes, which can cause stress in the unborn baby or mother </li><li>infection </li></ul> <figure class="asset-c-80"> <span class="asset-image-title">Placental abruption</span> <img src="https://assets.aboutkidshealth.ca/AKHAssets/Placental_abruption_MED_ILL_EN.png" alt="Fetus in a uterus with a normal placenta and fetus in a uterus with placental abruption" /> <figcaption class="asset-image-caption">The placenta is normally implanted into the wall of the uterus where there are many blood vessels that supply the baby with oxygen and nutrients. With placental abruption, the placenta becomes detached from the uterus, and bleeding may occur.</figcaption> </figure> <h2>Risk factors for premature labour</h2><p>There are a number of factors that can put a pregnant woman at higher risk for having a premature labour and delivery. If you had a previous premature labour, your chance of having another premature labour increases two and a half times. That rate jumps to 10 times if your previous premature labour occurred before the 28th week of pregnancy.
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http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/PrematureBabies/AboutPrematureBabies/PrematureLabourandBirth/Pages/Causes-and-Prevention-of-Premature-Birth.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1118328286#6_1898458910
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Title: 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003
Headings:
1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2003
Content: During the first half of the 20th century, most tourist activity was inshore and close to regional centres, being limited by vessel technology and poor transport links to southern capitals. During the 1960s and 1970s there was steady growth in visitor numbers, particularly at Green Island and in the Whitsundays. By the end of the 1970s new, faster vessels extended the range of a day trip to the Reef to between 15 and 20 nautical miles. Reef tourism grew rapidly in the 1980s and early 1990s, assisted by improved air access to a number of regional centres (including an international airport in Cairns) and improved road transport links. In the early 1980s visitor numbers to the Marine Park were increasing by about 30% per year. There was also a steady growth in the number of operations over this time, and the capacity, range and diversity of products offered expanded markedly. High-speed modern vessels extended the range of a day trip to the reef to over 50 nautical miles. Tourism today
Tourism is now the largest commercial activity in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Generating over $1b per annum, the marine tourism industry is a major contributor to the local and Australian economies. About 1.6 million tourists now visit the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park each year.
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http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/90a12181d877a6a6ca2568b5007b861c/b1a5050a50698219ca256cae00161aeb!OpenDocument
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#0_1903154984
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: AbuseWatch. NET
Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Versión española
Version française
Parent or caregiver factors
Family factors
Child factors
Environmental factors
Risk factors by type of abuse
Research has recognized a number of risk factors or attributes commonly associated with maltreatment. Children in families and environments where these factors exist have a higher probability of experiencing maltreatment. A greater understanding of risk factors can help professionals working with children and families identify maltreatment and high-risk situations so they can intervene appropriately. It must be emphasized, however, that while certain factors often are present among families where maltreatment occurs, this does not mean that the presence of these factors will always result in child abuse and neglect. Factors associated with increased risk of child maltreatment are often grouped according to the following categories: Parent or caregiver factors
Family factors
Child factors
Environmental factors
Risk factors by type of abuse
1. Parent or caregiver factors
Personality Characteristics/Mental Health
No consistent set of characteristics or personality traits has been associated with parents or caregivers who maltreat. However, some characteristics identified in those who are physically abusive or neglectful may include low self-esteem, belief that events are determined by chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control, poor impulse control, depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior. History of Abuse
While the estimated number varies, child maltreatment literature indicates that some maltreating parents or caregivers were victims of child abuse and neglect themselves.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#1_1903157027
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: Factors associated with increased risk of child maltreatment are often grouped according to the following categories: Parent or caregiver factors
Family factors
Child factors
Environmental factors
Risk factors by type of abuse
1. Parent or caregiver factors
Personality Characteristics/Mental Health
No consistent set of characteristics or personality traits has been associated with parents or caregivers who maltreat. However, some characteristics identified in those who are physically abusive or neglectful may include low self-esteem, belief that events are determined by chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control, poor impulse control, depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior. History of Abuse
While the estimated number varies, child maltreatment literature indicates that some maltreating parents or caregivers were victims of child abuse and neglect themselves. Research suggests that about one-third of all individuals who are maltreated as children will subject their children to maltreatment, further contributing to the cycle of abuse. Children who either experience maltreatment or witness violence between their parents or caregivers may learn violent behavior and may also learn to justify that behavior. Substance Abuse
Research indicates there can be a link between substance abuse and child maltreatment. Substance abuse may be a contributing factor for between one-third and two-thirds of maltreated children in the child welfare system. The number and complexity of co-occurring family problems often make it difficult to understand the full impact of substance abuse on child maltreatment.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#3_1903160792
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: During the past decade, prenatal exposure of children to drugs and alcohol during their mother's pregnancy, and its potentially negative developmental consequences, has been an issue of particular concern. In the United States, the number of children born each year exposed to drugs or alcohol is estimated to be between 550,000 and 750,000. Child-Rearing Approaches
Negative attitudes about a child's behavior and inaccurate knowledge about child development may play a contributing role in child maltreatment. Some studies have found that mothers who physically abuse their children have both more negative and higher than normal expectations of their children, as well as less understanding of appropriate developmental norms. A parent's lack of knowledge about normal child development may result in unrealistic expectations and culminate in inappropriate punishment. Research on maltreating parents found that they were more likely to use harsh discipline strategies and less likely to use positive parenting strategies such as time outs, reasoning, and recognizing and encouraging the child's successes. Teen Parents
Some studies of physical abuse, in particular, have found that teenage mothers tend to exhibit higher rates of child abuse than did older mothers. Other factors, such as lower economic status, lack of social support, and high stress levels, may contribute to the link between adolescent mothers or young parents and child abuse. 2. Family Factors
Specific life situations of some families, such as single parenting, domestic violence, and stressful life events, can contribute to the likelihood of maltreatment.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#6_1903166128
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: Children in violent homes may witness parental violence, be victims of physical abuse themselves, and be neglected by parents who are focused on their partners or unresponsive to their children due to their own fears. Even if children are not maltreated, they may experience harmful emotional consequences from the violence they witness. Stressful Life Events
Stress is thought to play a significant role in family functioning, although its exact relationship with maltreatment is not fully understood. In various studies, physical abuse has been associated with stressful life events, parenting stress, and emotional distress. Similarly, some studies have found that neglectful families report more day-to-day stress than non-neglectful families. It is not clear, however, whether maltreating parents actually experience more life stress or, rather, perceive more events and life experiences as being stressful. In addition, specific stressful situations (e.g., losing a job, physical illness, marital problems, or the death of a family member) may exacerbate certain characteristics of the family members affected, such as hostility, anxiety, or depression, and that may aggravate the level of family conflict and maltreatment. 3. Child Factors
Factors such as a child's age and physical, mental, emotional, or social development may increase the child's vulnerability to maltreatment. Birth to age 3
The rate of documented maltreatment is highest for children between birth and 3 years of age.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#7_1903167884
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: It is not clear, however, whether maltreating parents actually experience more life stress or, rather, perceive more events and life experiences as being stressful. In addition, specific stressful situations (e.g., losing a job, physical illness, marital problems, or the death of a family member) may exacerbate certain characteristics of the family members affected, such as hostility, anxiety, or depression, and that may aggravate the level of family conflict and maltreatment. 3. Child Factors
Factors such as a child's age and physical, mental, emotional, or social development may increase the child's vulnerability to maltreatment. Birth to age 3
The rate of documented maltreatment is highest for children between birth and 3 years of age. It declines as age increases. Infants and young children, due to their small physical size, early developmental status, and need for constant care, can be particularly vulnerable to certain forms of maltreatment, such as Shaken Baby Syndrome and physical neglect. Disabilities
Children with physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities are 1.7 times more likely to be maltreated than children without disabilities. Children who are perceived by their parents as "different" or those with special needs, chronic illnesses, or difficult temperaments may be at greater risk of maltreatment. The demands of caring for these children may overwhelm their parents.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#8_1903169555
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: It declines as age increases. Infants and young children, due to their small physical size, early developmental status, and need for constant care, can be particularly vulnerable to certain forms of maltreatment, such as Shaken Baby Syndrome and physical neglect. Disabilities
Children with physical, cognitive, and emotional disabilities are 1.7 times more likely to be maltreated than children without disabilities. Children who are perceived by their parents as "different" or those with special needs, chronic illnesses, or difficult temperaments may be at greater risk of maltreatment. The demands of caring for these children may overwhelm their parents. Disruptions may occur in bonding or attachment processes, particularly if children are unresponsive to affection or separated from parents by frequent hospitalizations. Children with disabilities also may be vulnerable to repeated maltreatment because they may not understand that the abusive behaviors are inappropriate, and they may be unable to escape or defend themselves in abusive situations. 4. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors such as poverty and unemployment, social isolation, and community characteristics may enhance the risk of child maltreatment. The following environmental factors may contribute to an increased risk of maltreatment:
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#9_1903171137
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: Disruptions may occur in bonding or attachment processes, particularly if children are unresponsive to affection or separated from parents by frequent hospitalizations. Children with disabilities also may be vulnerable to repeated maltreatment because they may not understand that the abusive behaviors are inappropriate, and they may be unable to escape or defend themselves in abusive situations. 4. Environmental Factors
Environmental factors such as poverty and unemployment, social isolation, and community characteristics may enhance the risk of child maltreatment. The following environmental factors may contribute to an increased risk of maltreatment: Poverty and Unemployment
While most poor people do not maltreat their children, poverty can increase the likelihood of maltreatment, particularly when poverty interacts with other risk factors such as depression, substance abuse, and social isolation. Social Isolation and Social Support
Compared to other parents, parents who maltreat their children report experiencing greater isolation, more loneliness, and less social support. Violence in Communities
Children living in dangerous neighborhoods have been found to be at higher risk for neglect, physical abuse, and sexual victimization. Furthermore, societal attitudes and the promotion of violence in cultural norms and the media have been suggested as risk factors for physical abuse. 5.
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1121643118#10_1903172802
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Title: AbuseWatch.NET
Headings: Factors that Contribute to Child Abuse and Neglect
Content: Poverty and Unemployment
While most poor people do not maltreat their children, poverty can increase the likelihood of maltreatment, particularly when poverty interacts with other risk factors such as depression, substance abuse, and social isolation. Social Isolation and Social Support
Compared to other parents, parents who maltreat their children report experiencing greater isolation, more loneliness, and less social support. Violence in Communities
Children living in dangerous neighborhoods have been found to be at higher risk for neglect, physical abuse, and sexual victimization. Furthermore, societal attitudes and the promotion of violence in cultural norms and the media have been suggested as risk factors for physical abuse. 5. Risk Factors by Type of Abuse
Certain risk factors are commonly related to certain types of abuse. Child neglect
Sexual abuse
Physical abuse
Emotional abuse
For more information ( click)
Child Welfare Information Gateway
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http://www.abusewatch.net/res_factors.php
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#0_1904907133
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
READ PAPER
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
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Download Free PDF
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
G. Pellegrino
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
G. Pellegrino
1 Individual Responsibility for Climate Change Gianfranco Pellegrino Luiss Guido Carli (Very early draft. Do not quote) 1. Preliminary remarks Are we individually responsible of global anthropogenic climate change? Do we have individual duties to act in order to mitigate the dangerous effects of climate change? Both in scientific and philosophical debates, conventional wisdom answers in the negative. The majority of authors writing on this topic seem to agree upon the idea that obligations to mitigate present and future climate changes concern governments and collective groups, not individuals, because there is no direct responsibility of individuals in intending and causing climate change. As individuals, we have the duty to prompt our governments to act against climate change, but we have no obligation to substitute governmental action with ours.1 The clearest recent statement of this view has been given by Walter Sinnott- Armstrong: ' Global warming and climate change occur on such a massive scale that my individual [action] makes no difference to the welfare of anyone. '2 A more moderate position is put forward by Dale Jamieson, who claims that we have various kinds of responsibility for future climate changes, but our responsibility is of a new kind, different from traditional sorts of moral and political responsibility.3 In this paper, I'll do two things. First, I'll provide a detailed analysis of the kind of causality involved in anthropogenic climate change and of the role this sort of causation has in views denying individual moral responsibility for future climate alterations (§ 3).
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#1_1904909666
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
READ PAPER
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: The majority of authors writing on this topic seem to agree upon the idea that obligations to mitigate present and future climate changes concern governments and collective groups, not individuals, because there is no direct responsibility of individuals in intending and causing climate change. As individuals, we have the duty to prompt our governments to act against climate change, but we have no obligation to substitute governmental action with ours.1 The clearest recent statement of this view has been given by Walter Sinnott- Armstrong: ' Global warming and climate change occur on such a massive scale that my individual [action] makes no difference to the welfare of anyone. '2 A more moderate position is put forward by Dale Jamieson, who claims that we have various kinds of responsibility for future climate changes, but our responsibility is of a new kind, different from traditional sorts of moral and political responsibility.3 In this paper, I'll do two things. First, I'll provide a detailed analysis of the kind of causality involved in anthropogenic climate change and of the role this sort of causation has in views denying individual moral responsibility for future climate alterations (§ 3). Second, I'll challenge the standard story, by claiming that individuals have full responsibility for climate change, and that the common-sense conception of moral responsibility can be extended to increasing-temperatures conducts (§ 4). This claim will rely on a thicker or more moralized conception of responsibility. As I shall claim in § 1, The main motivations behind this attempt are the following ones. First, obscure view of causality and wrong view of responsibility moral shortcomings of collective responsibility – non-democratic, …. Three preliminary caveats might be helpful.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#2_1904911962
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
READ PAPER
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: Second, I'll challenge the standard story, by claiming that individuals have full responsibility for climate change, and that the common-sense conception of moral responsibility can be extended to increasing-temperatures conducts (§ 4). This claim will rely on a thicker or more moralized conception of responsibility. As I shall claim in § 1, The main motivations behind this attempt are the following ones. First, obscure view of causality and wrong view of responsibility moral shortcomings of collective responsibility – non-democratic, …. Three preliminary caveats might be helpful. 1. Absence of individual responsibility for climate changes is often cited as a ground to explain the motivational difficulty of the morality of climate change. Here is a statement of this view: ' Because we tend not to see climate change as a moral problem, it does not motivate us to act with the urgency characteristic of our responses to moral challenges. '4 The kind of conduct needed to abate emissions and to mitigate future climate changes runs contrary to entrenched human motivations.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#3_1904913532
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: 1. Absence of individual responsibility for climate changes is often cited as a ground to explain the motivational difficulty of the morality of climate change. Here is a statement of this view: ' Because we tend not to see climate change as a moral problem, it does not motivate us to act with the urgency characteristic of our responses to moral challenges. '4 The kind of conduct needed to abate emissions and to mitigate future climate changes runs contrary to entrenched human motivations. The austere, self-denying and extremely cautious management of resources and lifestyles needed to abate current GHG emissions is easily perceived as strikingly severe and over-demanding. A common explanation of this perception appeals to the distance in time and space of the effects of our current consumption. We fail to fully appreciate the scope and the remote consequences of our behaviour. This 1 See Vanderheiden 2008: 160-1, 167-80.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#5_1904915934
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: 2 Sinnott-Armstrong 2010: 337; see also ibid.: 339. 3 See Jamieson 2009, §§ 2-5. 4 Jamieson 2007: 477. G. Pellegrino – Individual Responsibility for Climate Change f2 failure may cause our resistance to substantial changes of our habits and explain our impervious reactions to any appeal to the moral salience of what we produce through our consumption styles. A ground of this lukewarm moral reaction to the alleged harm we are causing to distant and future people may be the fact that we are not able to see that we are causing those harms in a direct way through our individual action. The claim that climate change is not a matter of individual responsibility may explain motivational resistance to appeals to direct action in this field.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#6_1904917160
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: 4 Jamieson 2007: 477. G. Pellegrino – Individual Responsibility for Climate Change f2 failure may cause our resistance to substantial changes of our habits and explain our impervious reactions to any appeal to the moral salience of what we produce through our consumption styles. A ground of this lukewarm moral reaction to the alleged harm we are causing to distant and future people may be the fact that we are not able to see that we are causing those harms in a direct way through our individual action. The claim that climate change is not a matter of individual responsibility may explain motivational resistance to appeals to direct action in this field. Here, I won't deny this explanation. I won't deny the fact that climate change may appear as somewhat disconnected from individual action. Rather, I am going to deny that climate change is truly disconnected from individual agency. The common sense perception of our not being responsible of long-distance effects may well be the right explanation of the widespread motivational resistance to the demands of the morality of climate change. However, this perception is mistaken, and current motivations running contrary to the morality of climate change should be revised.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#7_1904918865
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
READ PAPER
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: Here, I won't deny this explanation. I won't deny the fact that climate change may appear as somewhat disconnected from individual action. Rather, I am going to deny that climate change is truly disconnected from individual agency. The common sense perception of our not being responsible of long-distance effects may well be the right explanation of the widespread motivational resistance to the demands of the morality of climate change. However, this perception is mistaken, and current motivations running contrary to the morality of climate change should be revised. 2. The concern for individual responsibility underlying this paper gets its point from a specific conception of what grounds our obligations. I am here assuming that we have obligations to act only if, and in so far as, our action makes some difference to the state of the world. In this kind of views, any action having no influence at all in producing or preventing some state of affairs is morally indifferent. Differently put, only the moral quality of states of affairs knowingly and reliably produced through action provides a standard of judgement for human conduct.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#8_1904920475
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: 2. The concern for individual responsibility underlying this paper gets its point from a specific conception of what grounds our obligations. I am here assuming that we have obligations to act only if, and in so far as, our action makes some difference to the state of the world. In this kind of views, any action having no influence at all in producing or preventing some state of affairs is morally indifferent. Differently put, only the moral quality of states of affairs knowingly and reliably produced through action provides a standard of judgement for human conduct. But bringing about a state of affairs in a knowing and reliable way through one's own action means being responsible of it. Accordingly, responsibility is a necessary condition for moral judgment and for the very existence of obligations. This view is usually connected to consequentialist approaches, even though it is obviously not all of the story about consequentialism.5 (Here, I'll not consider whether there are kinds of consequentialism not endorsing this view, nor whether non-consequentialist approaches might endorse it.) Applied to the morality of climate change, this view implies that only if individuals are responsible of it, they can be demanded to do something in order to prevent future climate alterations. Consequently, claiming that global climate change is not a matter of individual responsibility would amount to declare impossible a consequentialist morality of climate change.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#9_1904922417
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: But bringing about a state of affairs in a knowing and reliable way through one's own action means being responsible of it. Accordingly, responsibility is a necessary condition for moral judgment and for the very existence of obligations. This view is usually connected to consequentialist approaches, even though it is obviously not all of the story about consequentialism.5 (Here, I'll not consider whether there are kinds of consequentialism not endorsing this view, nor whether non-consequentialist approaches might endorse it.) Applied to the morality of climate change, this view implies that only if individuals are responsible of it, they can be demanded to do something in order to prevent future climate alterations. Consequently, claiming that global climate change is not a matter of individual responsibility would amount to declare impossible a consequentialist morality of climate change. This result might be regarded as not very significant. After all, if a consequentialist approach to the morality of climate change turns out to be conceptually impossible, so much the worse for consequentialists. However, this is a hasty conclusion. Any conceptual assumption that narrows down the realm of ethical options that can be employed to deal with a specific issue is a suspicious starting point. The best way to conceptualize an issue in moral philosophy is one that allows every substantive stance.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#10_1904924295
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: This result might be regarded as not very significant. After all, if a consequentialist approach to the morality of climate change turns out to be conceptually impossible, so much the worse for consequentialists. However, this is a hasty conclusion. Any conceptual assumption that narrows down the realm of ethical options that can be employed to deal with a specific issue is a suspicious starting point. The best way to conceptualize an issue in moral philosophy is one that allows every substantive stance. Arguments against a given approach should concern the content of the theory considered, not its conceptual assumptions. Assumptions able to exclude from the outset a given substantive solution should be avoided. Assuming that climate change does never involve individual responsibilities rules out consequentialism from the realm of the options that can be employed in the morality of climate change. This consequence of the assumption may well provide an argument against it, in the light of the considerations contained in the 5 See G. Pellegrino – Individual Responsibility for Climate Change f3 previous paragraph. However, here I'll not pursue this line of argument.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#11_1904925951
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: Arguments against a given approach should concern the content of the theory considered, not its conceptual assumptions. Assumptions able to exclude from the outset a given substantive solution should be avoided. Assuming that climate change does never involve individual responsibilities rules out consequentialism from the realm of the options that can be employed in the morality of climate change. This consequence of the assumption may well provide an argument against it, in the light of the considerations contained in the 5 See G. Pellegrino – Individual Responsibility for Climate Change f3 previous paragraph. However, here I'll not pursue this line of argument. I'll rather start from the idea that the issue of our individual responsibility for climate change needs further examination. But I cannot deny that the source of my concerns in this paper lies in my preference for a consequentialist approach to the morality of climate change. 3. This paper might be read as running contrary to the idea that abatement of emissions is a collective action and a matter of collective responsibility. This would be a wrong reading.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#12_1904927560
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: I'll rather start from the idea that the issue of our individual responsibility for climate change needs further examination. But I cannot deny that the source of my concerns in this paper lies in my preference for a consequentialist approach to the morality of climate change. 3. This paper might be read as running contrary to the idea that abatement of emissions is a collective action and a matter of collective responsibility. This would be a wrong reading. What I contend here is that our responsibility for mitigating climate change is not only collective, but also individual – or better, it is collective because it is individual. To put it differently, the main idea of this paper is that, due to certain features of the causal chains involved in climate change and of the actions needed to abate emissions, our collective responsibility for mitigating climate change distributes onto individual responsibility. How and why this is the case it should be clearer in the following sections. However, it should be clear from the outset that my target here is not any claim to the effect that we have collective responsibilities, as members of relevant groups, for the abatement of emissions creating climate change. Rather, the focus of the argument here is a much limited and precise view, to the effect that responsibility for coping with climate change belongs only to collectives, and never to individuals.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#13_1904929448
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
READ PAPER
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: What I contend here is that our responsibility for mitigating climate change is not only collective, but also individual – or better, it is collective because it is individual. To put it differently, the main idea of this paper is that, due to certain features of the causal chains involved in climate change and of the actions needed to abate emissions, our collective responsibility for mitigating climate change distributes onto individual responsibility. How and why this is the case it should be clearer in the following sections. However, it should be clear from the outset that my target here is not any claim to the effect that we have collective responsibilities, as members of relevant groups, for the abatement of emissions creating climate change. Rather, the focus of the argument here is a much limited and precise view, to the effect that responsibility for coping with climate change belongs only to collectives, and never to individuals. 2. Moral responsibility for climate change: the standard story The claim that we have no individual responsibility for climate change is usually grounded on the following remarks. In many accounts,6 moral responsibility ascriptions depend on the following three conditions: a. intentionality:
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#14_1904931167
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: 2. Moral responsibility for climate change: the standard story The claim that we have no individual responsibility for climate change is usually grounded on the following remarks. In many accounts,6 moral responsibility ascriptions depend on the following three conditions: a. intentionality: the outcome produced is intended – i.e. wished, wanted, or desired – by the agent; b. causality: the agent's action makes a difference7 for the outcome produced; c. control: ceteris paribus, the agent is able to control the outcomes of her action, i.e. she is able to prevent their occurrence.8 The dynamics of anthropogenic climate change is such that no single action can make a difference in current climatic trends, even though climate change is the product of several individual actions.
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1124516300#15_1904932430
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Title: (PDF) Individual Responsibility for Climate Change | Gianfranco Pellegrino - Academia.edu
Headings: Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
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Individual Responsibility for Climate Change
Content: the outcome produced is intended – i.e. wished, wanted, or desired – by the agent; b. causality: the agent's action makes a difference7 for the outcome produced; c. control: ceteris paribus, the agent is able to control the outcomes of her action, i.e. she is able to prevent their occurrence.8 The dynamics of anthropogenic climate change is such that no single action can make a difference in current climatic trends, even though climate change is the product of several individual actions. Moreover, occurrence of climate change cannot be prevented by the effort of individuals. Individual acts can at most contribute to climate change, they can be parts of complex causal chains producing dangerous warming, b
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http://www.academia.edu/1215814/Individual_Responsibility_for_Climate_Change
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1125712870#2_1905529753
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Title: (DOC) Can education change society? | Lloyd Gray - Academia.edu
Headings: Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Content: It continues to argue that individuals need to change their own behaviour or circumstances to adapt to the changes, advocating the adoption of µkey transferable skills and attributes ¶ such as initiative and enterprise to secure employment, taking advantage of the wide range of educational resources µto which new technologies have yielded ¶, and contributing more to the communities around us through µactive citizenship ¶ (DfES, 2003:1). To assist individuals, personal and social development programmes are viewed as necessary to instil µresilience ¶ and µcoping strategies ¶ in individuals at risk of poor outcomes in education, employment, health and offending to recognise µthat there are options available ¶ to them (DfES, 2003:3).The idea that individuals, through supplementary education and training, are in a position to negotiate and choose their identities is problematic and will be explored in detail later in this article, however, it demonstrates how significant the idea of individual autonomy over their circumstances has become and the role education plays in that. To understand the birth of this apparent liberalisation and choice, Michel Foucault ¶s notion of µgovernmentality ¶ is useful in describing how governments of nation states construct and justify particular rationalities about how society should be structured and the way its citizens should respond (Fimyar, 2008:3).Foucault ¶s ideas originate from developments in Western European societies from the 18 th century onwards, in response to the rapid social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, such as the large movement of people from rural areas to congested urban cities and the new economic opportunities and risks available in business and factories (Jardine, 2003). Foucault argues that these societal changes reconfigured the relationship between the state and the citizen as they occurred through the development of new technologies, trade routes and exchanges, challenging µthe idea of the State ¶s capacity to know all ¶ (Burchell, 1993:269) and do all. Classic liberalism rose as a critique of excessive government, suggesting that the state is seen to run more effectively when government governs less, with individuals understood to be in a better position to exercise rational choices among the µeconomic networks in which they are enmeshed ¶ (Bansel, 2007:285).The subsequent response by governments, eager to legitimise their existence, was to think of new ways in which power could be exercised, using µthe capacities of free acting subjects ¶ as a means of governing them and society at large (Besley & Peters, 2007:132). The idea that people no longer bound together in feudal communities, brought into being the idea of a population of individuals as living, working and social beings, each with their µown customs, habits, histories and forms of labour and leisure ¶ (Dean, 1999:107). If the economic and social development of this new population was to be maintained, however, it was important that the welfare, health and efficiency of individuals were protected. Therefore, the management of the population became the perceived role of government as it was the basis for the state ¶s future prosperity (Fimyar, 2008). µGovernmentality ¶ examines the way in which governments went about formulating this new society, based on the idea that certain µtruths ¶, or knowledge, in social, cultural and political spheres is used as the justification of such action (Fimyar, 2008:4). Firstly, through political reasoning, ideologies and discourses provided in response to social dilemmas, the idea of social welfare and improvement of the individual through education and health were proclaimed.
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http://www.academia.edu/1410953/Can_education_change_society
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1125712870#3_1905533981
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Title: (DOC) Can education change society? | Lloyd Gray - Academia.edu
Headings: Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Content: The idea that people no longer bound together in feudal communities, brought into being the idea of a population of individuals as living, working and social beings, each with their µown customs, habits, histories and forms of labour and leisure ¶ (Dean, 1999:107). If the economic and social development of this new population was to be maintained, however, it was important that the welfare, health and efficiency of individuals were protected. Therefore, the management of the population became the perceived role of government as it was the basis for the state ¶s future prosperity (Fimyar, 2008). µGovernmentality ¶ examines the way in which governments went about formulating this new society, based on the idea that certain µtruths ¶, or knowledge, in social, cultural and political spheres is used as the justification of such action (Fimyar, 2008:4). Firstly, through political reasoning, ideologies and discourses provided in response to social dilemmas, the idea of social welfare and improvement of the individual through education and health were proclaimed. Secondly, the instrumental approaches, such as institutions, or policies used by governments in response to these dilemmas were enacted. Finally, a third element of µbiopolitics ¶ centres on the relation between forms of governance and the processes of µsubjectivation ¶ ± the relation between the objectives of the government to how individuals govern themselves (Fimyar, 2008:5). Through the uses of µtechniques of power ¶, systems employed by the government to monitor, control and coordinate the actions of individuals, such as schools or police, governments went about creating governable subjects, hoping to control and normalise people ¶s conduct to the benefit of society in terms of the economy (Fimyar, 2008:5).For Foucault, the ways in which external authority shapes the structure of the mind was important in understanding how power operates and he questioned the role of knowledge, produced through scientific reasoning about the biological and psychological traits of humans, had in justifying these institutions and the way they organise and intervene in whose lives they are responding to. This knowledge was also a way of classifying the varying forms of individuals within a society deemed as µeither contributing to the collective prosperity or constraining ¶ its efficiency, thus possible to split populations into sub groups, such as children, elderly, criminal and different workforces, for example, (Fimyar, 2008:6).³Truth is centred on the form of scientific discourse and the institutions which produce it; it is subject to constant economic and political incitement´ (Foucault, 1980:131-132 in Jardine, 2008 The DfES report, referred to earlier in this article, regarding personal and social education is important at this stage to demonstrate further the ideas of µbio-power ¶ as it makes recommendations about particular populations needing intervention based on the inability to make rational choices and not in a position to contribute to society.
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http://www.academia.edu/1410953/Can_education_change_society
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1125712870#4_1905537502
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Title: (DOC) Can education change society? | Lloyd Gray - Academia.edu
Headings: Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Can education change society?
Content: Secondly, the instrumental approaches, such as institutions, or policies used by governments in response to these dilemmas were enacted. Finally, a third element of µbiopolitics ¶ centres on the relation between forms of governance and the processes of µsubjectivation ¶ ± the relation between the objectives of the government to how individuals govern themselves (Fimyar, 2008:5). Through the uses of µtechniques of power ¶, systems employed by the government to monitor, control and coordinate the actions of individuals, such as schools or police, governments went about creating governable subjects, hoping to control and normalise people ¶s conduct to the benefit of society in terms of the economy (Fimyar, 2008:5).For Foucault, the ways in which external authority shapes the structure of the mind was important in understanding how power operates and he questioned the role of knowledge, produced through scientific reasoning about the biological and psychological traits of humans, had in justifying these institutions and the way they organise and intervene in whose lives they are responding to. This knowledge was also a way of classifying the varying forms of individuals within a society deemed as µeither contributing to the collective prosperity or constraining ¶ its efficiency, thus possible to split populations into sub groups, such as children, elderly, criminal and different workforces, for example, (Fimyar, 2008:6).³Truth is centred on the form of scientific discourse and the institutions which produce it; it is subject to constant economic and political incitement´ (Foucault, 1980:131-132 in Jardine, 2008 The DfES report, referred to earlier in this article, regarding personal and social education is important at this stage to demonstrate further the ideas of µbio-power ¶ as it makes recommendations about particular populations needing intervention based on the inability to make rational choices and not in a position to contribute to society. Central to the report is that some communities or populations of people, mainly those in de-industrialised and urban housing estates, are less prepared than others for change and a future of uncertainty and µbleakness ¶ will follow (DfES, 2003:3). The report appears to place full responsibility on individuals in making the wrong choices in life, stating that µthose who do not have the personal skills to chart their path effectively often choose alternative sources of satisfaction and identities ¶ (DfES, 2003:3).This example raises a few questions in relation to whether individuals have autonomy over their lives, namely the assumption that individuals seek alternative identities out of choice. In the context of current debates around liberalism, it demonstrates the extent to which the idea of choice has reached. This form of educational intervention suggests a response to the notion of µneo-liberalism ¶, a critique of classical liberalism which has historically seen as problematic as markets and economies have gradually been regarded as intertwined with society, rather than external to it, through political, legal and social conditions (Burchell (1993:270). Neo-liberalism, on the other hand, attempts to create µa State on the basis of an economic freedom ¶ (Burchell, 1993:270) and as a result, as Bansel (2007:285) argues, greater levels of what is considered social is being opened up and framed in terms of economics and µof the individual crafting ¶ itself.
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http://www.academia.edu/1410953/Can_education_change_society
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#0_1905863192
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
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feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: (DOC) feminist literary criticism: an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
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Azhariah Rachman
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feminist literary criticism: an introduction
Azhariah Rachman
INTRODUCTIONIt is broadly acknowledged that feminism is one of the theories used in social and cultural science. For a scope of perception, feminism can be defined more than a theory; it is a way of life, a politics, a struggle, and an idea. It is not easy to define what feminism is. The definition could be changeable in certain condition and certain time. In the west, feminism is translated as the situation conditioned which surrounds it, so as in the east.
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#2_1905866088
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
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feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: This definition is based upon cultural reality and the truth of history, in a level of consciousness, perception and action in each person who has been through it (Bhasin, 1999:4). So, the term feminism in 17 th century when the first time to word used, is not the same as used in 1980's. The different perception, action and consciousness are applied in one type of feminism but in different person. Furthermore, it is not awkward to say that in one type of feminism we could find different arguments and opinions, including the root of problem, the patriarchal system, and men's domination to women. Beside that, the aim of the struggle is also different from one another, especially in creating a society without oppression and classes. Moreover, the aim is free from gender bias. Bowles and Klein define feminism as "a movement or even a consciousness departed from the perception that there is a discrimination of women all over the world, and an action in order to discharge the imbalance situation both by men or women" (Bowles and Klein in Herminingrum, 1994:8) Feminist theory has been developed from the theory into particular of feminist study through literary works. Feminist studies and Women's studies, "both challenge male intellectual hegemony" (Bowles and Klein, in Herminingrum, 1994:8).Women's issues are addressed to every women problems and cases that relate to personal freedom and women's prosperousness (Culler, in Tome, 1992:14). Many women writers have poured their expression about women and specially reflected themselves as a representative of women's voice. Women with this various problems in men's view are needed to love and to be loved (Marianne in Culler, 1983:44).Most women consider that the feminist perspectives come from different perceptions which are dominant and institutionally applied to woman characters.
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#3_1905868396
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
READ PAPER
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: Moreover, the aim is free from gender bias. Bowles and Klein define feminism as "a movement or even a consciousness departed from the perception that there is a discrimination of women all over the world, and an action in order to discharge the imbalance situation both by men or women" (Bowles and Klein in Herminingrum, 1994:8) Feminist theory has been developed from the theory into particular of feminist study through literary works. Feminist studies and Women's studies, "both challenge male intellectual hegemony" (Bowles and Klein, in Herminingrum, 1994:8).Women's issues are addressed to every women problems and cases that relate to personal freedom and women's prosperousness (Culler, in Tome, 1992:14). Many women writers have poured their expression about women and specially reflected themselves as a representative of women's voice. Women with this various problems in men's view are needed to love and to be loved (Marianne in Culler, 1983:44).Most women consider that the feminist perspectives come from different perceptions which are dominant and institutionally applied to woman characters. These are applied also in their social functions which are; the description of jobs, family structure, work and politics, health and social prosperity. Due to the perception of woman as a social group, they can produce ways to see the matter to understand women's condition, which support them to struggle for their equality. However, it is rather difficult to define feminism. However, after sorting all the various perspectives about feminism offered by feminist theorists, it can be discovered that there is a core of characteristics that make it exists, "Feminism is a perspective that views gender as one of the most important bases of the structure and organization of the social world.
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#7_1905876633
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
READ PAPER
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: This because women as a group are blocked by informal and formal discrimination and ideology which people learn through socialization that views women very differently than men (Sapiro, 1986:442). But the basic assumption of this type is freedom and equality has its root in rationality. So the basic struggle of liberal feminist is to demand same possibility and rights for every person including women. On the other hand, socialist feminism, which developed from Marxist thought, criticizes the liberal followers which stated that women have the same opportunities as men within given social institutions, but we have to look more deeply at the structure and relationship of those social institution themselves (Sapiro, 1986:443). As a matter of fact, the socialist feminism is a synthesis between Marxism class theory and "a person is political" from radical feminism (Jaggar, 1990:89). For the socialist feminists, female oppressions are found in every class. Radical feminism stated that sexual relations and sexuality are the center of their feminist framework. They defined that men are the problem and women are the solution. Societies in which currently arranged are patriarchal. They are run, organized, and defined by men for their own benefit (Sapiro, 1986, 445).
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#10_1905881325
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
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feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: In progress, Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva (1993) succeeded in doing the reconstruction of this type (Fakih, 1996:43).Supposing feminism is politics of "equality of men's and women's right", feminism is also a theory as mentioned. Feminism is a scope of theory and each feminist politics implies a special way to comprehend patriarchal system. Feminist perspective concerns patriarchal system will be coping various assumptions about sex, gender, femininity, masculinity, identity, stereotype and change. If feminism is concerned with issues effecting women, for the sake of criticism the existence of it remains analogizing the politics again. Yet, the movement has got to do with the social matter. And the class of society fought the issues of women can also be classified as feminists. The reason is because the consequences of their activities; not just for women themselves or the ones who campaign for emancipation and liberation. In a fair perception it can be said that a feminist is not only addressed to women who campaign or running any movement of feminism only, but males who have the perspectives of feminism can also be called a feminist. So at present, feminists are imagined as confined to the narrow world of women.
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#12_1905884746
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
READ PAPER
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: It becomes the marginal world of only women's issues, cut off from the general field of human endeavor (which to some extent is called class politics). Fear of separation and marginalization still has a strong inhibitory power by them. The issue of separatism, the creation of a female culture and community, is at the heart of an unfinished debate within feminism and between feminism (Herrmann, 1994:19).When the women's liberation movement came into existence in the late 1960's, it emerged into a social order already marked by an assimilation of other feminism. Feminism was already a part of the political and social fabric. It does not present as a dominant force;feminists are, after all, the representatives of a subordinate group. But the logic of mainstream feminism-that there could be a politics directed towards women-had been assimilated. Even if women had not normally acted as a unified political constituency, and if 'women's politics' had, by the 1960's become stereotyped (Herrmann, 1994:18).Then the definition arrives in opinion, that feminism is a theory applied into all aspects of life in which women issues appear as the major issues. This is the women consciousness of equality among men-women relationship as human being that have rights to be treated equally. Moreover, a woman is a woman herself. And for certain reasons, it is impossible to change into a man.
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1126224810#14_1905888266
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Title: (DOC) feminist literary criticism:an introduction | Azhariah Rachman - Academia.edu
Headings: feminist literary criticism:an introduction
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
READ PAPER
feminist literary criticism:an introduction
Content: She cannot transfigure herself in other process unless the process of herself, phase by phase. In contrast, the opinion about feminism above does not represent one another. This because each has its own characteristics, which is independent, not supported each other regarding the understanding of feminism. Opinions, arguments and perceptions about feminism are translated only as a justification and a legitimation to legalize women towards their position in society. The perception attempts to equalize men and women in all aspects of life, including in literature. Hence, feminism specifically leads to a literary study that focuses on the analysis towards women. In the history of literature, men
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http://www.academia.edu/1505934/feminist_literary_criticism_an_introduction
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1127876794#0_1906547738
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Title: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
Headings: Feminist Film Theory
Feminist Film Theory
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Feminist Film Theory
Content: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
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Feminist Film Theory
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Feminist Film Theory
Anneke Smelik
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Feminist Film Theory
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Feminist Film Theory
Anneke Smelik
FEMINIST FILM THEORY ANNEXE SMELIK Feminism is a social movement that has had an enormous impact on film theory and criticism. Cinema is taken by femi- nists to be a cultural practice representing myths about women and femininity, as well as about men and masculinity. Issues of representation and spectatorship are central to feminist film theory and criticism. Early feminist criticism was directed at stereotypes of women, mostly in Hollywood films (Haskell, 1973; Rosen, 1973). Such fixed and endlessly repeated images of women were considered to be objectionable distortions that would have a negative impact on the female spectator. Hence, the call for positive images of women in cinema. Soon, how- ever, the insight dawned that positive images were not enough to change underlying structures in film. Feminist critics tried to understand the all-pervasive power of patriarchal imagery with the help of structuralist theoretical frameworks such as semiotics and psychoanalysis. These theoretical discourses have proved very productive in analysing the ways in which sexual difference is encoded in classical narrative.
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http://www.academia.edu/1648199/Feminist_Film_Theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1127876794#1_1906549584
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Title: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
Headings: Feminist Film Theory
Feminist Film Theory
Download PDF
READ PAPER
Feminist Film Theory
Content: Such fixed and endlessly repeated images of women were considered to be objectionable distortions that would have a negative impact on the female spectator. Hence, the call for positive images of women in cinema. Soon, how- ever, the insight dawned that positive images were not enough to change underlying structures in film. Feminist critics tried to understand the all-pervasive power of patriarchal imagery with the help of structuralist theoretical frameworks such as semiotics and psychoanalysis. These theoretical discourses have proved very productive in analysing the ways in which sexual difference is encoded in classical narrative. For over a decade, psychoanalysis was to be the dominant paradigm in feminist film theory. More recently, there has been a move away from a binary understanding of sexual difference to multiple perspectives, identities and possible spectatorships. This open- ing up has resulted in an increasing concern with questions of ethnicity, masculinity and hybrid sexualities. Classic film narrative Claire Johnston was among the first feminist critics to offer a sustained critique of stereotypes from a semiotic point of view. She put forward a view of how classic cinema constructs the ideological image of woman.
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http://www.academia.edu/1648199/Feminist_Film_Theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1127876794#2_1906551186
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Title: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
Headings: Feminist Film Theory
Feminist Film Theory
Download PDF
READ PAPER
Feminist Film Theory
Content: For over a decade, psychoanalysis was to be the dominant paradigm in feminist film theory. More recently, there has been a move away from a binary understanding of sexual difference to multiple perspectives, identities and possible spectatorships. This open- ing up has resulted in an increasing concern with questions of ethnicity, masculinity and hybrid sexualities. Classic film narrative Claire Johnston was among the first feminist critics to offer a sustained critique of stereotypes from a semiotic point of view. She put forward a view of how classic cinema constructs the ideological image of woman. Drawing on Roland Barthes's notion of myth, Johnston investigated the myth of'woman' in classic cinema. The sign 'woman' can be analysed as a structure, a code or convention. It represents the ideological meaning that 'woman' has for men. In relation to herself, she means no-thing (Johnston, 1991, p. 25): women are negatively represented as 'not-man'.
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http://www.academia.edu/1648199/Feminist_Film_Theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1127876794#3_1906552500
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Title: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
Headings: Feminist Film Theory
Feminist Film Theory
Download PDF
READ PAPER
Feminist Film Theory
Content: Drawing on Roland Barthes's notion of myth, Johnston investigated the myth of'woman' in classic cinema. The sign 'woman' can be analysed as a structure, a code or convention. It represents the ideological meaning that 'woman' has for men. In relation to herself, she means no-thing (Johnston, 1991, p. 25): women are negatively represented as 'not-man'. The 'woman-as-woman' is absent from the text of the film (Johnston, 1991, p. 26). The important theoretical shift here is from an understand- ing of cinema as reflecting reality, to a view of cinema as constructing a particular, ideological, view of reality. Classic cinema never shows its means of production and is hence char- acterised by veiling over its ideological construction. Thus, classic film narrative can present the constructed images of 'woman' as natural, realistic and attractive. This is the illusion- ism of classic cinema.
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http://www.academia.edu/1648199/Feminist_Film_Theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1127876794#14_1906569798
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Title: (PDF) Feminist Film Theory | Anneke Smelik - Academia.edu
Headings: Feminist Film Theory
Feminist Film Theory
Download PDF
READ PAPER
Feminist Film Theory
Content: Because the structures of Hollywood cinema are analysed as fundamentally patriar- chal, early feminists declared that a woman's film should shun traditional narrative and cinematic techniques and engage in experimental practice: thus, women's cinema should be a counter-cinema. ■ A feminist counter-cinema What should a feminist counter-cinema look like? For Mulvey, feminist cinema was to be an avant-garde film practice that would 'free the look of the camera into its materiality in time and space and the look of the audience into dialectics and pas- sionate detachment' (Mulvey, 1989, p. 26). That such a counter-cinema would destroy the visual pleasure of the spec- tator was no problem for women; according to Mulvey, they would view the decline of classic film narrative with nothing more than 'sentimental regret' (Mulvey, 1989, p. 26). Feminist counter-cinema took its inspiration from the avant- garde in cinema and theatre, such as the montage techniques of Sergei Eisenstein, the notion of Verfremdung (distanciation) of Bertolt Brecht and the modernist aesthetic of Jean-Luc Godard. As such, it was very much part of 1970s political film-making. FEMINIST FILM THEORY 493 The privileged examples of feminist counter-cinema are Chan- talAkerman'sJeanne Dielman 23, Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975), Laura Mulvey and Peter Wollen's Riddles o/the Sphinx
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http://www.academia.edu/1648199/Feminist_Film_Theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1128485733#8_1907086114
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Title: (PDF) Neoliberalism and Education Reform | E. Wayne Ross - Academia.edu
Headings: Neoliberalism and Education Reform
Neoliberalism and Education Reform
E. Wayne Ross
Neoliberalism and Education Reform
Content: NEOLIBERALISM AND EDUCATIONAL REFORMPublic education is under attack in North America and across the globe as a result of neoliberal government policies. 1 Education is a key target of the neoliberal project because of market size (e.g., global spending on education is more than $1 trillion 2 ), education's centrality to the economy, and its "potential to challenge corporate globalization if education succeeds in producing critical citizens for a democratic society" (Kuehn, 1999).Governments have introduced curricular reforms, via legislation such as the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act in the United States (which is extensively discussed in this volume), which commodify public education by reducing learning to bits of information and skill to be taught and tested and marketize education through programs that promote privatization and user fees in place of free, public education. Neoliberal educational reforms (aimed at K-12 schools and universities) emphasize opening up the educational services market to for-profit educational management organizations (such as Edison Schools) and via international trade and investment agreements such as GATS (see Rikowski,Chapter 6,this volume), which in turn affects the scope of collect agreements (e.g., establishing working conditions, rates of pay, teacher autonomy, etc. ) .Relatedly, efforts are made to reduce educational costs, often through economies of scale. Closing school libraries, reducing the number of special needs teachers, increasing class size, expanding online learning programs are examples. These actions intensify the work of teachers and isolate them from decision making and from one another. Third, neoliberal educational reform policies focus on creation of curriculum standards (where the state defines the knowledge to be taught) and "accountability." The specification of curriculum standards is nearly always accompanied by accountability strategies. As Mathison (2004) pointed out, it does no good to establish expectations if one does not ensure they are met and, if they are not met that there is a planned remedy. The dominant approach to educational accountability is an "outcomes-based bureaucratic" one (i.e., most often mandated testing).Whether the stakes are high or low and whether the locus of control is local, state, or national, this strategy is one where a distant authority sets ROSS & GIBSONperformance goals for students, schools, or school systems;
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http://www.academia.edu/179166/Neoliberalism_and_Education_Reform
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1135480680#8_1911312854
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Title: (PDF) Causes of Civil War in Africa | Raymond Gavin - Academia.edu
Headings: Causes of Civil War in Africa
Causes of Civil War in Africa
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Causes of Civil War in Africa
Content: The role of the Cold War: The Cold War has had a significant part in provoking civil war in Africa, firstly by militarizing states that were unable to maintain a monopoly on power and secondly by undermining the political legitimacy of African governments. The civil wars in Angola and Mozambique perhaps provide the clearest examples of this (Hyden, 2006). Neither superpower had colonial ambitions in Africa, and instead saw Africa as a proxy battlefield that they could not afford to directly wage war in. This led both sides to rapidly militarize regimes that were chosen for expediency rather than legitimacy, and whose internal rule was not held to account. Regimes such as those in Somalia, Ethiopia and Zaire became heavily dependent on Cold War aid to prop themselves up through patriarchy and military dominance, provoking a scramble for power as they eventually became unsustainable (Cramer, 2006; Ndikumana & Emizet, 2005). Both sides actively participated in “kingmaking” during the Cold War, fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of democratic governments. Neither the West nor the Soviet Union displayed much real ideological investment or capacity building in their new allies, or the desire to hold regimes accountable for their internal abuses of power. Foreign policy analysis from the time reveals that the American government was willing to continue funding the UNITA and FRELIMO movements despite the obvious superficiality of their ideologies, demonstrating that pragmatism was a more important determiner of military funding than commitment to political principles (Carpenter, 1986).
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http://www.academia.edu/3372289/Causes_of_Civil_War_in_Africa
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1139848663#7_1914486042
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Title: Participatory Action Research and Archaeology | Fred McGhee - Academia.edu
Headings: Participatory Action Research and Archaeology
Participatory Action Research and Archaeology
Participatory Action Research and Archaeology
Content: This spotlight on the individual has led to a literature littered with statements about why the individual matters . . . Although the goal of post-processualist archaeology is to empower people in the present through critique and the provision of space for multiple interpretations, post-processualists’ focus on individuals seems to deny these abilities. He also observes (McGuire 2008: 61): . . . the post-processualists underestimate the complexity of the craft of archaeology and overestimate the ability of individuals not trained in that craft to make sense of the representations that archaeologists produce. Their theoretical focus on the individual does not lead to effective action, and it unwittingly reinforces the dominant ideology of twenty-first century capitalism. Radical relativism and multivocality give little guidance on how to decide between competing voices . . . in the absence of relational criteria to distinguish one voice from another, multivocality may be harmful, because it leaves the stage open for oppressive voices. There is no magic bullet for the issues McGuire raises.
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http://www.academia.edu/4323448/Participatory_Action_Research_and_Archaeology
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1151168816#2_1921869065
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Title: (DOC) Common Theories, Models of Practice and Frames of Reference Used in Occupational Therapy | Beka Brown - Academia.edu
Headings: Common Theories, Models of Practice and Frames of Reference Used in Occupational Therapy
Common Theories, Models of Practice and Frames of Reference Used in Occupational Therapy
Beka Brown
Common Theories, Models of Practice and Frames of Reference Used in Occupational Therapy
Content: Environment in itself influences occupation, be it physical, social or societal. MOHO is a client-centered and holistic model, which focuses on the idea that through participation in occupations humans can increase in their adaptive response. The goal therefore, is to "engage people in occupations that restore, reorganize or maintain their motivation, patterning and performance capacity, therefore their occupational lives" by providing opportunities for the person to themselves accomplish their own change. To apply MOHO in a school district setting it is all about looking at the aspects of occupation and then applying them in interventions through a frame of reference. Volition would be a child's favorite thing to talk about, how much self-confidence they have and/or any cultural factors involved. Habituation would involve observing or reviewing reports of their emotional response to situations, and applying the rules and expectations of what it means to interact in a classroom with classmates. Performance would be what skills are needed to act within a classroom, such as social skills and handwriting. The environments include the classroom, the playground, the gym, and the lunchroom, with both the physical and the behavioral expectations included in each one. Occupational AdaptationOccupational adaptation is sometimes seen as a frame of reference but is better used as a model of practice or a theory because of its large concepts and versatility in application. The focus of occupational adaptation is on the person, the environment and their interaction with each other and the assumption that within occupational adaptation "occupation is used to promote adaptation and adaptation is accomplished to perform occupation" (Dirette, 2005), or, that adaptation will lead to further adaptation.
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http://www.academia.edu/9129736/Common_Theories_Models_of_Practice_and_Frames_of_Reference_Used_in_Occupational_Therapy
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1152954978#3_1923570929
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Title: Health Science Degree Programs
Headings: Health Sciences Degrees: Studying Biomedical Systems
Health Sciences Degrees: Studying Biomedical Systems
Health Science Degree Information
Coursework
Earning a Degree Online
Bachelor Of Science In Health Sciences
Master Of Health Science
Master In Health Administration Or Public Health
Career Opportunities
Earning Potential
Online Health Science Degree FAQs
Are Online Health Science Programs Available?
Which Online Health Science Program Should I Choose?
What Can I Do With a Health Science Degree?
The Health Science Curriculum
Related Sections
More Schools and Programs
Content: For example, many programs have a track that a student follows for a career in something specific within the realm of health care, such as public health administration or physical therapy. Earning a Degree Online
While earning a health degree online is not impossible, it is difficult because it requires an interactive learning experience in labs. Health administration degrees are more feasible and are available at a number of online educational institutions. Online degrees allow students the flexibility of studying on their own time and from any location with an Internet connection. Check with the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools to make sure the online programs are accredited. Also, look into community colleges that offer an associate's degree in two years that can be transferred to another school. Bachelor Of Science In Health Sciences
The Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences is designed to prepare students who are interested in furthering careers in medicine, public health or biomedical research. Courses will include basic sciences along with molecular, cellular and developmental biology. Some universities offering undergraduate programs in health science include Stony Brook University, University of Colorado, University of California Santa Cruz, Ohio State University and Marquette University. This kind of program encompasses more specialties compared to other majors, since the field of health care is much broader.
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http://www.academicinfo.net/med.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1152954978#4_1923573198
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Title: Health Science Degree Programs
Headings: Health Sciences Degrees: Studying Biomedical Systems
Health Sciences Degrees: Studying Biomedical Systems
Health Science Degree Information
Coursework
Earning a Degree Online
Bachelor Of Science In Health Sciences
Master Of Health Science
Master In Health Administration Or Public Health
Career Opportunities
Earning Potential
Online Health Science Degree FAQs
Are Online Health Science Programs Available?
Which Online Health Science Program Should I Choose?
What Can I Do With a Health Science Degree?
The Health Science Curriculum
Related Sections
More Schools and Programs
Content: Also, look into community colleges that offer an associate's degree in two years that can be transferred to another school. Bachelor Of Science In Health Sciences
The Bachelor of Science in Health Sciences is designed to prepare students who are interested in furthering careers in medicine, public health or biomedical research. Courses will include basic sciences along with molecular, cellular and developmental biology. Some universities offering undergraduate programs in health science include Stony Brook University, University of Colorado, University of California Santa Cruz, Ohio State University and Marquette University. This kind of program encompasses more specialties compared to other majors, since the field of health care is much broader. Many students will find schools that offer concentrations or tracks that segue into other aspects of health care, such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, radiology, pharmacology, physiology and more. Master Of Health Science
The Masterís in Health Science (MHS) degree is for students who want to advance a career in the field of health care, particularly as a senior health policy executive. These programs, which can last up to three years, allow students to work closely with doctors, nurses, surgeons and public settings like hospitals and clinics to learn more about health sciences and organization of a medical business. Coursework may include advanced levels of human anatomy, kinesiology, physiology, occupational biomechanics, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Master In Health Administration Or Public Health
The Master in Health Administration (MHA) or Public Health is a graduate degree designed for students that want to advance their careers into a senior managerial position within a hospital, non-profit or health service organization.
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http://www.academicinfo.net/med.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1154188308#0_1926243171
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Title: New Deal - Academic Kids
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
From Academic Kids
Relief, recovery, and reform
The Origins of the New Deal
The First Hundred Days
The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
The Economy Act
The Farm Programs
Other initiatives
Reform: (NIRA)
Business, labor, and government cooperation
The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
Second New Deal
Legislative successes and failures
Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
Attacks Right and Left
The New Deal and the "broker state"
Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
African Americans
The recession of 1937 and recovery
World War II and the end of the Great Depression
Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
Depression Statistics
Relief Statistics
Families on Relief 1936-41 <ref>Donald S. Howard, WPA and Federal Relief Policy. 1943 p 34.</ref>
Spending to Recovery?
Fiscal Conservatism
New Deal and statism
New Deal arts and culture
The legacies of the New Deal
"New Deal" as Political Metaphor
Notable New Deal programs
See also
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Primary sources
External links
Content: New Deal - Academic Kids
New Deal
From Academic Kids
The New Deal is the name given to the series of programs implemented between 1933-37 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt with the goal of relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy during the Great Depression. Dozens of "alphabet reform" agencies were created. Historians distinguish the "First New Deal" of 1933 that had something for almost every group, and the "Second New Deal" (1935-37) that introduced an element of class conflict. The opponents of the New Deal, complaining of the cost and the shift of power to Washington, stopped its expansion after Roosevelt was reelected in 1936, and managed to abolish many of its programs by 1943. The main programs still important today are Social Security and the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as the TVA. Contents [ show hide]
1 Relief, recovery, and reform
2 The Origins of the New Deal
3 The First Hundred Days
3.1 The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
3.2 The Economy Act
3.3 The Farm Programs
3.4 Other initiatives
4 Reform: ( NIRA)
4.1 Business, labor, and government cooperation
4.2 The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
5 Second New Deal
5.1 Legislative successes and failures
5.2 Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
5.3 Attacks Right and Left
6 The New Deal and the "broker state"
6.1 Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
6.2 African Americans
7 The recession of 1937 and recovery
8 World War II and the end of the Great Depression
9 Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
9.1 Depression Statistics
9.2 Relief Statistics
9.3 Spending to Recovery? 9.4 Fiscal Conservatism
9.5 New Deal and statism
10 New Deal arts and culture
11 The legacies of the New Deal
11.1 "New Deal" as Political Metaphor
12 Notable New Deal programs
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
15.1 Secondary sources
15.2 Primary sources
16 External links
Relief, recovery, and reform
The New Deal had three components:
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http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/New_Deal
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1154188308#1_1926246562
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Title: New Deal - Academic Kids
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
From Academic Kids
Relief, recovery, and reform
The Origins of the New Deal
The First Hundred Days
The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
The Economy Act
The Farm Programs
Other initiatives
Reform: (NIRA)
Business, labor, and government cooperation
The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
Second New Deal
Legislative successes and failures
Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
Attacks Right and Left
The New Deal and the "broker state"
Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
African Americans
The recession of 1937 and recovery
World War II and the end of the Great Depression
Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
Depression Statistics
Relief Statistics
Families on Relief 1936-41 <ref>Donald S. Howard, WPA and Federal Relief Policy. 1943 p 34.</ref>
Spending to Recovery?
Fiscal Conservatism
New Deal and statism
New Deal arts and culture
The legacies of the New Deal
"New Deal" as Political Metaphor
Notable New Deal programs
See also
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Primary sources
External links
Content: Contents [ show hide]
1 Relief, recovery, and reform
2 The Origins of the New Deal
3 The First Hundred Days
3.1 The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
3.2 The Economy Act
3.3 The Farm Programs
3.4 Other initiatives
4 Reform: ( NIRA)
4.1 Business, labor, and government cooperation
4.2 The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
5 Second New Deal
5.1 Legislative successes and failures
5.2 Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
5.3 Attacks Right and Left
6 The New Deal and the "broker state"
6.1 Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
6.2 African Americans
7 The recession of 1937 and recovery
8 World War II and the end of the Great Depression
9 Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
9.1 Depression Statistics
9.2 Relief Statistics
9.3 Spending to Recovery? 9.4 Fiscal Conservatism
9.5 New Deal and statism
10 New Deal arts and culture
11 The legacies of the New Deal
11.1 "New Deal" as Political Metaphor
12 Notable New Deal programs
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
15.1 Secondary sources
15.2 Primary sources
16 External links
Relief, recovery, and reform
The New Deal had three components: direct relief, economic recovery, and financial reform; this was also called the 'Three Rs'. Relief was the immediate effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression. Roosevelt expanded Hoover's Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) work relief program, and added the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Public Works Administration (PWA), and (starting in 1935) the Works Progress Administration (WPA). In 1935 the social security and unemployment insurance programs were added.
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http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/New_Deal
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1154188308#3_1926252238
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Title: New Deal - Academic Kids
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
From Academic Kids
Relief, recovery, and reform
The Origins of the New Deal
The First Hundred Days
The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
The Economy Act
The Farm Programs
Other initiatives
Reform: (NIRA)
Business, labor, and government cooperation
The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
Second New Deal
Legislative successes and failures
Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
Attacks Right and Left
The New Deal and the "broker state"
Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
African Americans
The recession of 1937 and recovery
World War II and the end of the Great Depression
Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
Depression Statistics
Relief Statistics
Families on Relief 1936-41 <ref>Donald S. Howard, WPA and Federal Relief Policy. 1943 p 34.</ref>
Spending to Recovery?
Fiscal Conservatism
New Deal and statism
New Deal arts and culture
The legacies of the New Deal
"New Deal" as Political Metaphor
Notable New Deal programs
See also
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Primary sources
External links
Content: Separate programs were set up for relief in rural America, such as the Resettlement Administration (RA) and Farm Security Administration (FSA). These work relief programs have been praised by most economists in retrospect, including Milton Friedman who called them "appropriate responses to the critical situation. "<ref>Parker 2002, Friedman, Two Lucky People (1998) p. 59.</ref>
Recovery was the goal of restoring the economy to pre-depression levels. ( That did not necessarily mean 1929, which many economists considered an artificially inflated bubble.) It involved "pump priming" ( deficit spending ), dropping the gold standard, efforts to re-inflate farm prices that were too low, and efforts to increase foreign trade. Much of the New Deal's efforts to help corporate America were channeled through a Hoover program, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy, and to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. It included the National Recovery Administration (1933), regulation of Wall Street ( SEC, 1933), the Agricultural Adjustment Act farm programs (1933 and later), insurance of bank deposits ( Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1933) and the Wagner Act encouraging labor unions (1935). Despite urgings by some New Dealers, there was no major anti-trust program. Roosevelt said that he opposed socialism (in the sense of state ownership of factories), and only one major program, the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933), involved government ownership of the means of production.
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http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/New_Deal
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1154188308#4_1926255302
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Title: New Deal - Academic Kids
Headings: New Deal
New Deal
From Academic Kids
Relief, recovery, and reform
The Origins of the New Deal
The First Hundred Days
The "Bank Holiday" and the Emergency Banking Act
The Economy Act
The Farm Programs
Other initiatives
Reform: (NIRA)
Business, labor, and government cooperation
The NRA "Blue Eagle" campaign
Second New Deal
Legislative successes and failures
Defeat: Court Packing and Executive Reorganization
Attacks Right and Left
The New Deal and the "broker state"
Government Role: balance labor, business and farming
African Americans
The recession of 1937 and recovery
World War II and the end of the Great Depression
Conflicting interpretation of the New Deal economic policies
Depression Statistics
Relief Statistics
Families on Relief 1936-41 <ref>Donald S. Howard, WPA and Federal Relief Policy. 1943 p 34.</ref>
Spending to Recovery?
Fiscal Conservatism
New Deal and statism
New Deal arts and culture
The legacies of the New Deal
"New Deal" as Political Metaphor
Notable New Deal programs
See also
Notes
References
Secondary sources
Primary sources
External links
Content: Much of the New Deal's efforts to help corporate America were channeled through a Hoover program, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy, and to balance the interests of farmers, business and labor. It included the National Recovery Administration (1933), regulation of Wall Street ( SEC, 1933), the Agricultural Adjustment Act farm programs (1933 and later), insurance of bank deposits ( Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 1933) and the Wagner Act encouraging labor unions (1935). Despite urgings by some New Dealers, there was no major anti-trust program. Roosevelt said that he opposed socialism (in the sense of state ownership of factories), and only one major program, the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933), involved government ownership of the means of production. Milton Friedman is typical of a majority of economists who have criticized the NRA and AAA for setting prices and wages, which distorted the market.<ref>Parker 2002, Friedman, Two Lucky People (1998) p. 59.</ref> Sixty years later Friedman continued to attack the NRA and the labor unions, saying, "Roosevelt's policies were very destructive. Roosevelt's policies made the depression longer and worse than it otherwise would have been. What pulled us out of the depression was the natural resilience of the economy and WW2." <ref>Friedman, Milton. Interview with John Hawkins.
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http://www.academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/New_Deal
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1161429131#6_1937511917
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Title: Learning Disabilities and Vocational Rehabilitation Implications | Adult Career and Continuing Education Services | NYS Education Department
Headings: Learning Disabilities and Vocational Rehabilitation Implications
Learning Disabilities and Vocational Rehabilitation Implications
Contents
Introduction
Key Point Summaries
Section I Key Points
Section II Key Points: Implications for Vocational Rehabilitation Services for Individuals with Learning Disabilities
Section I: Learning Disabilities and Vocational Rehabilitation Implications
What is a Learning Disability
Impact of Learning Disabilities on Employment
Learning Disabilities and Functional Limitations
Section II: Implications for Vocational Rehabilitation
Significance of Disability
Assessment for Eligibility
Information for Service Planning
Typical Questions That Can Be Asked When Making a Referral for an Assessment
Psychological, Psychoeducational and Neuropsychological Assessment
Identifying and Selecting the Appropriate Testing Approach; Evaluating Assessments
Community-based Situational Assessments
LD and school referrals
Support Services, Compensatory Strategies and Technical Aids
Related Training/Supports to be considered:
Resource Links
Other Resources
Related Topics in VR Policy and Procedures
Content: aptitude, measures of academic achievement, measures of processing ability and a comprehensive diagnostic summary. Community-based situational assessments often work well and are particularly relevant for some individuals with learning disabilities. Some individuals with LD may need to visit or try out a job situation before considering other employment options. Learning Disability and School Referral
A student with a learning disability in school must have received an individual evaluation in order to receive either 504 accommodations or be eligible for special education programs and services. An individual evaluation means any procedures, tests, or assessments used selectively with an individual student to determine whether a disability exists. Components of an individual evaluation must include a variety of assessment tools and strategies, including information provided by the parent to gather functional and developmental information about the student. Compensatory Strategies, Support Services and Technical Aids
Compensatory strategies, environmental modifications or other workplace accommodations need to be developed on an individual's needs basis in a particular training or work setting. They need to be practical and consistently available to enhance performance on essential tasks. There are many ways of providing compensatory strategies. This TAB offers a few examples of those strategies.
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http://www.acces.nysed.gov/vr/learning-disabilities-and-vocational-rehabilitation-implications
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1169869537#0_1954692559
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Title: How to account for leasehold improvements — AccountingTools
Headings: How to account for leasehold improvements
How to account for leasehold improvements
Example of the Accounting for Leasehold Improvements
Content: How to account for leasehold improvements — AccountingTools
April 10, 2021
How to account for leasehold improvements
April 10, 2021
/ Steven Bragg
Leasehold improvements are defined as the enhancements paid for by a tenant to leased space. Examples of leasehold improvements are: Interior walls and ceilings
Electrical and plumbing additions
Built-in cabinetry
Carpeting and tiles
Leasehold improvements generally revert to the ownership of the landlord upon termination of the lease, unless the tenant can remove them without damaging the leased property. An example of leasehold improvements is offices constructed in unfinished office space. When you pay for leasehold improvements, capitalize them if they exceed the corporate capitalization limit. If not, charge them to expense in the period incurred. If you capitalize these expenditures, then amortize them over the shorter of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. The remaining term of the lease for amortization purposes can be extended into additional lease renewal periods if the renewal is reasonably assured (such as when there is a bargain renewal option ). If you subsequently purchase the building, the lease is presumably dissolved, so you can then amortize over the estimated remaining useful life of the building, which is likely to be a much longer period than the term of the original lease, resulting in a significantly smaller monthly charge. Technically, you are amortizing leasehold improvements rather than depreciating them.
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http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/how-do-i-account-for-leasehold-improvements.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1190700333#8_1984147806
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Title: 25 Reasons to Read – Across the Page
Headings: 25 Reasons to Read
25 Reasons to Read
Content: They raise us to a new level if we’re willing to work. To learn to listen. Reading, submitting to the text for the purpose of understanding it on its own terms, calls forth our better faculties, our better selves. To rehearse new cognitive pathways — to break out of our habitual thinking by following someone else’s from the first page to the last. To amuse yourself (or others). To escape yourself (or others). To pass the time. To make yourself sleepy at night. To create memories by reading aloud — to children, or whole families. To gain power, subversive or otherwise.
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http://www.acrossthepage.net/why-read/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1193953488#4_1988811847
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Title: Factors that Affect Crime Rates | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: Factors that Affect Crime Rates
Factors that Affect Crime Rates
Content: Not everyone shares the view that murder and theft are wrong. Different cultures seems to view a variety of crimes differently. Social tolerance of crime
The social tolerance of crime could be a factor that influences the crime rate. In many cultures there is a high level of tolerance – people do not act as tale-bearers against others. In other societies, the slightest transgression is reported by a neighbour. Where there is a strong organised crime syndicate in existence, there may be fear of reprisals. Victims and others are afraid to speak out for fear of reprisals. A criminal class
In some communities there is a criminal class in addition to the working class and middle class. The children are born into a life of crime and become quite skilled at their selected profession. Some become pick-pockets, others bank robbers.
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/factors-that-affect-crime-rates/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195200414#2_1991640860
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Title: The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique
The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique
Content: This emphasis also makes anthropology unique among the social sciences. Unlike sociologists, psychologists, economists and political scientists, anthropologists look beyond the confines of our own society and compare it to the beliefs and practices of other societies, past and present. Where a sociologist, for example, may attempt to explain social organization with reference only to their own society, an anthropologist would almost invariably go on to compare and contrast our own patterns of social organization with other societies. This comparative emphasis is important. It helps anthropologists to avoid equating “human nature,” for example, with the peculiarities of our own contemporary society. Quite simply, just because we all take some belief or style of behavior for granted in the present, does not mean human beings everywhere, or throughout human history, would have agreed. As John Bodley (1999) puts it, an examination of the wide diversity of other societies encourages anthropologists “to view their own culture through an outsider’s eyes.” In other words, studying other cultures with very different understandings of the world, very different customs and styles of life, leads to what anthropologists refer to as “defamiliarization.” Defamiliarization refers to the process through which you develop an ability to look at our own culture as though it were a foreign culture through the study of other societies. That is, extensive cross-cultural study allows one to think more critically about one’s own culture, and to understand that many aspects of one’s own beliefs or ways of doing things, which we all take for granted on a daily basis, are actually not only completely arbitrary, but also far from universal throughout human history, or even in the present day in many cases.
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-anthropological-perspective-what-makes-it-unique/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195200414#3_1991643126
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Title: The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique
The Anthropological Perspective what Makes it Unique
Content: Quite simply, just because we all take some belief or style of behavior for granted in the present, does not mean human beings everywhere, or throughout human history, would have agreed. As John Bodley (1999) puts it, an examination of the wide diversity of other societies encourages anthropologists “to view their own culture through an outsider’s eyes.” In other words, studying other cultures with very different understandings of the world, very different customs and styles of life, leads to what anthropologists refer to as “defamiliarization.” Defamiliarization refers to the process through which you develop an ability to look at our own culture as though it were a foreign culture through the study of other societies. That is, extensive cross-cultural study allows one to think more critically about one’s own culture, and to understand that many aspects of one’s own beliefs or ways of doing things, which we all take for granted on a daily basis, are actually not only completely arbitrary, but also far from universal throughout human history, or even in the present day in many cases. Many others of our practices or beliefs are actually very recent phenomena. This is something which is reemphasized by anthropology’s second emphasis. 2. The second major emphasis which is distinctive of anthropology as a social science is its evolutionary/historical approach. This approach, coming from archeology and physical anthropology, focuses upon both the biological and cultural evolution of human beings and of human societies.
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-anthropological-perspective-what-makes-it-unique/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195406766#0_1992091577
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Title: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
Content: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life | Actforlibraries.org
The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
Earth Science
Sea level has been rising at an average rate of approximately 1.8 mm a year for the past 100 years. Sea level rise has been attributed mainly to an increase in global temperatures and the subsequent thermal expansion, which causes the upper 500 meters (1640 ft.) of the surface of the ocean to expand, with a fraction of this attributed to the melting of ice sheets and glaciers due to global warming. While sea level rise affects both humans and animals, it may have a profound effect on certain animal species which rely on the coastal ecosystems, which are most affected by sea level rise, for breeding and feeding. Coastal habitat
Increasing sea levels causes flooding on the coastal ecosystem. The depth of flooding depends on the elevation of the coastal habitat, for example, estuaries, bogs, swamps, mangroves, marshes, mud flats and beaches are the first habitats to be flooded. Many coastal animals are resilient to saltwater inundation, but others require freshwater to survive. Sea level rise threatens to flood many coastal wetlands. Wetlands are biologically diverse ecosystems, hosting a variety of plant and animal species. It has been estimated that sea level rise could exceed one meter (3.2 ft.)
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-impact-of-rising-sea-levels-on-animal-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195406766#6_1992100838
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Title: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
Content: Corals live in a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae need the sunlight in order to produce the nutrients necessary for the coral. Sea level rise may cause a decrease in solar radiation at the sea surface level, affecting the ability of photosynthetic zooxanthellae to produce nutrients for the coral, whereas, a sudden exposure of the coral reef to the atmosphere due to a low tide event may induce coral bleaching. Sea level rise is predicted to significantly impact the coastal environment in the coming century. Rising sea levels will cause flooding in lowlands; increase the saline content of ground water; and increase erosion of land. It will also intensify storms which are related to warmer ocean water. This will affect animal species thriving in the coastal ecosystem, which will have to migrate. According to the IPCC, rising sea level will have a number of impacts in the coastal environment, including wetland and coastal flooding, erosion, salinization of soil and aquifers and the loss of fish, birds and a wide variety of other animal’s habitats.
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-impact-of-rising-sea-levels-on-animal-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195406766#7_1992102331
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Title: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
The Impact of Rising Sea Levels on Animal Life
Content: increase the saline content of ground water; and increase erosion of land. It will also intensify storms which are related to warmer ocean water. This will affect animal species thriving in the coastal ecosystem, which will have to migrate. According to the IPCC, rising sea level will have a number of impacts in the coastal environment, including wetland and coastal flooding, erosion, salinization of soil and aquifers and the loss of fish, birds and a wide variety of other animal’s habitats. Tweet
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-impact-of-rising-sea-levels-on-animal-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1195496977#2_1992290874
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Title: The Rise of Suburbia | Actforlibraries.org
Headings: The Rise of Suburbia
The Rise of Suburbia
Content: Inextricably linked to the rise of suburbia was the rise of the automobile. Cars had been around for decades but now were being mass produced so efficiently they became an affordable option for the middle and lower middles classes. They enabled people to living in suburban developments and commute easily to work in the inner city. Suburbs were designed with the automobile in mind, and even today it is extremely difficult to live in the suburbs without driving. Playing a less obvious but also playing a key part in suburban growth was the image of suburban homes being a way for normal people to get a dream lifestyle. This was certainly encouraged by the government, but depictions of suburban living as a very positive thing were found throughout popular culture. The image of suburbia might be very different now, with people viewing it in a variety of less than positive ways, ranging from bleak and soulless, to conformist and stifling. Back in the 1950s it was seen, with fairly good reason, as a way for young families to move up in the world and enjoy a far greater standard of living. The downside to the rapid rise of suburbia became evident not long afterwards. The white flight from the inner city led to a segregated society of a white middle class suburbia with the inner cities mainly populated by minorities.
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http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-rise-of-suburbia/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1196689983#1_1994887896
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Title: Sugars and type 2 diabetes - Action on Sugar
Headings: Sugars and type 2 diabetes
Sugars and type 2 diabetes
What is type 2 diabetes?
What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes?
How does sugar contribute to the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Complications associated with type 2 diabetes:
Current sugar intake and advice on how to prevent type 2 diabetes:
Content: Type 2 diabetes can occur either as a result of insulin receptors becoming desensitised and as a result no longer responding to insulin; or, due to the beta cells of the pancreas no longer producing insulin. Often it is a combination of these two factors that leads to this condition known as type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common type – of all the adults who have diabetes, 90% of them have type 2. Diabetes is an increasing health problem in the UK with 3.2million people diagnosed with diabetes and a further 850,000 estimated to be undiagnosed [1]. Diabetes is a growing health burden and it is estimated that by 2025, 5 million people will have been diagnosed in the UK [2]. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the UK and the disease’s complications cause more than 100 amputations to take place each week. Each year, 24 000 people die early from diabetes-associated complications [3]. Its total cost is estimated at £13.8billion each year [4]. It is predicted that the annual NHS cost of the direct treatment of diabetes in the UK will increase to £16.9 billion over the next 25 years, which is 17 per cent of the NHS budget [5], believed to potentially bankrupt the NHS
What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes?
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http://www.actiononsugar.org/sugar-and-health/sugars-and-type-2-diabetes/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1196689983#2_1994889728
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Title: Sugars and type 2 diabetes - Action on Sugar
Headings: Sugars and type 2 diabetes
Sugars and type 2 diabetes
What is type 2 diabetes?
What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes?
How does sugar contribute to the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Complications associated with type 2 diabetes:
Current sugar intake and advice on how to prevent type 2 diabetes:
Content: Diabetes is a growing health burden and it is estimated that by 2025, 5 million people will have been diagnosed in the UK [2]. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in the UK and the disease’s complications cause more than 100 amputations to take place each week. Each year, 24 000 people die early from diabetes-associated complications [3]. Its total cost is estimated at £13.8billion each year [4]. It is predicted that the annual NHS cost of the direct treatment of diabetes in the UK will increase to £16.9 billion over the next 25 years, which is 17 per cent of the NHS budget [5], believed to potentially bankrupt the NHS
What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes? There is a complex combination of genetic and environmental risk factors that play a part in the development of diabetes – it tends to cluster in families, but there is also a strong link to environmental risk factors. Ethnicity also plays a major role in its development, with people of South Asian descent being six times more likely to contract the disease [1]. Obesity is the most potent risk factor, accounting for 80-85% of the total risk of developing type 2 diabetes [5]. Given that almost 2 in 3 people in the UK are obese or overweight; their chances of developing Type 2 diabetes at some point are high unless they take evasive action [6].
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http://www.actiononsugar.org/sugar-and-health/sugars-and-type-2-diabetes/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1196689983#3_1994891637
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Title: Sugars and type 2 diabetes - Action on Sugar
Headings: Sugars and type 2 diabetes
Sugars and type 2 diabetes
What is type 2 diabetes?
What are the causes of Type 2 diabetes?
How does sugar contribute to the risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Complications associated with type 2 diabetes:
Current sugar intake and advice on how to prevent type 2 diabetes:
Content: There is a complex combination of genetic and environmental risk factors that play a part in the development of diabetes – it tends to cluster in families, but there is also a strong link to environmental risk factors. Ethnicity also plays a major role in its development, with people of South Asian descent being six times more likely to contract the disease [1]. Obesity is the most potent risk factor, accounting for 80-85% of the total risk of developing type 2 diabetes [5]. Given that almost 2 in 3 people in the UK are obese or overweight; their chances of developing Type 2 diabetes at some point are high unless they take evasive action [6]. Other risk groups include [1]: People over the age of 40
People with cardiovascular disease
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
People who are taking medication for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
How does sugar contribute to the risk of Type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of a lack of insulin production or an increased resistance to insulin [1]. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows for the regulation of the uptake of glucose. It is released in response to increased glucose levels in the blood and allows for individual cells to take up glucose from the blood to metabolise it.
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http://www.actiononsugar.org/sugar-and-health/sugars-and-type-2-diabetes/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1198605824#1_1999084784
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Title: 10 Things to Know About White Blood Cell Count - ActiveBeat
Headings: 10 Things to Know About White Blood Cell Count
10 Things to Know About White Blood Cell Count
1. Average WBC Count
2. Increased WBC Count
3. How WBCs Function
4. Determining High WBC Count
5. Another Reason to Butt Out
6. Stressed Out?
7. Exercise Beneficial for WBCs
8. Diet and WBC Count
9. Vitamin C +
10. Excess Weight Impairs WBCs
Emily Lockhart
Content: Increased WBC Count
If a person’s white blood cell count is too high, it’s not necessarily a good thing. It often signifies an underlying health problem—such as inflammation, trauma, allergy, or diseases (i.e., Leukemia). 3. How WBCs Function
There are several different types of WBCs, and they respond differently to infection—for instance, some attack and destroy the foreign germs, others attack the cells that are infected, and others respond and protect against allergic reaction. 4. Determining High WBC Count
The only way to find out if your levels are elevated is to get a blood test by a doctor or lab. 5. Another Reason to Butt Out
Smoking blocks proper airflow because it inflames the lungs and air passages—and can eventually lead to or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, or emphysema—which in turn produces dangerously high levels of white blood cells. 6. Stressed Out?
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http://www.activebeat.co/your-health/10-things-to-know-about-white-blood-cell-count/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#0_2005114161
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Home Activism
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
TOPICS: Bees Finance Food GMO Oil Weather
January 8, 2011
Activist Post
Food inflation is here and it’s here to stay. We can see it getting worse every time we buy groceries. Basic food commodities like wheat, corn, soybeans, and rice have been skyrocketing since July, 2010 to record highs. These sustained price increases are only expected to continue as food production shortfalls really begin to take their toll this year and beyond. This summer Russia banned exports of wheat to ensure their nation’s supply, which sparked complaints of protectionism. The U.S. agriculture community is already talking about rationing corn over ethanol mandates versus supply concerns. We’ve seen nothing yet in terms of food protectionism. Global food shortages have forced emergency meetings at the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization where they claim “urgent action” is needed. They point to extreme weather as the main contributing factor to the growing food shortages.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#1_2005115956
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: This summer Russia banned exports of wheat to ensure their nation’s supply, which sparked complaints of protectionism. The U.S. agriculture community is already talking about rationing corn over ethanol mandates versus supply concerns. We’ve seen nothing yet in terms of food protectionism. Global food shortages have forced emergency meetings at the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization where they claim “urgent action” is needed. They point to extreme weather as the main contributing factor to the growing food shortages. However, commodity speculation has also been targeted as one of the culprits. It seems that the crisis would also present the perfect opportunity and the justification for the large GMO food companies to force their products into skeptical markets like in Europe and Japan, as recently leaked cables suggest. One thing is for sure; food shortages will likely continue to get worse and eventually become a full-scale global food crisis. Here are seven reasons why food shortages are here to stay on a worldwide scale:
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#2_2005117685
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: However, commodity speculation has also been targeted as one of the culprits. It seems that the crisis would also present the perfect opportunity and the justification for the large GMO food companies to force their products into skeptical markets like in Europe and Japan, as recently leaked cables suggest. One thing is for sure; food shortages will likely continue to get worse and eventually become a full-scale global food crisis. Here are seven reasons why food shortages are here to stay on a worldwide scale: 1. Extreme Weather: Extreme weather has been a major problem for global food; from summer droughts and heat waves that devastated Russia’s wheat crop to the ongoing catastrophes from ‘biblical flooding’ in Australia and Pakistan. And it doesn’t end there.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#3_2005119144
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: 1. Extreme Weather: Extreme weather has been a major problem for global food; from summer droughts and heat waves that devastated Russia’s wheat crop to the ongoing catastrophes from ‘biblical flooding’ in Australia and Pakistan. And it doesn’t end there. An extreme winter cold snap and snow has struck the whole of Europe and the United States. Staple crops are failing in all of these regions making an already fragile harvest in 2010 even more critical into 2011. Based on the recent past, extreme weather conditions are only likely to continue and perhaps worsen in the coming years. 2. Bee Colony Collapse:
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#5_2005121995
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: The Guardian reported this week on the USDA’s study on bee colony decline in the United States: “ The abundance of four common species of bumblebee in the US has dropped by 96% in just the past few decades.” It is generally understood that bees pollinate around 90% of the world’s commercial crops. Obviously, if these numbers are remotely close to accurate, then our natural food supply is in serious trouble. Luckily for us, the GMO giants have seeds that don’t require open pollination to bear fruit. 3. Collapsing Dollar: Commodity speculation has resulted in massive food inflation that is already creating crisis levels in poor regions in the world. Food commodity prices have soared to record highs mainly because they trade in the ever-weakening dollar. Traders will point to the circumstances described in this article to justify their gambles, but also that food represents a tangible investment in an era of worthless paper.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#6_2005123622
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: 3. Collapsing Dollar: Commodity speculation has resulted in massive food inflation that is already creating crisis levels in poor regions in the world. Food commodity prices have soared to record highs mainly because they trade in the ever-weakening dollar. Traders will point to the circumstances described in this article to justify their gambles, but also that food represents a tangible investment in an era of worthless paper. Because the debt problems in the United States are only getting worse, and nations such as China and Russia are dropping the dollar as their trade vehicle, the dollar will continue to weaken, further driving all commodity prices higher. 4. Regulatory Crackdown: Even before the FDA was given broad new powers to regulate food in the recent Food Safety Modernization Act, small farms were being raided and regulated out of business. Now, the new food bill essentially puts food safety under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security where the food cartel uses the government to further consolidate their control over the industry.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#7_2005125361
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Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: Because the debt problems in the United States are only getting worse, and nations such as China and Russia are dropping the dollar as their trade vehicle, the dollar will continue to weaken, further driving all commodity prices higher. 4. Regulatory Crackdown: Even before the FDA was given broad new powers to regulate food in the recent Food Safety Modernization Act, small farms were being raided and regulated out of business. Now, the new food bill essentially puts food safety under the direction of the Department of Homeland Security where the food cartel uses the government to further consolidate their control over the industry. Militant police action is taken against farmers suspected of falling short on quality regulations. It is the power to intimidate innocent small farmers out of the business. 5. Rising oil prices: In 2008, record oil prices that topped $147 per barrel drove food prices to new highs.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_03_1201017804#8_2005126950
|
Title: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis - Activist Post
Headings: 7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis
Activist Post
1. Extreme Weather:
2. Bee Colony Collapse:
3. Collapsing Dollar:
4. Regulatory Crackdown:
5. Rising oil prices:
6. Increased Soil Pollution:
7. GMO Giants:
Be the first to comment on "7 Reasons Food Shortages Will Become a Global Crisis"
Content: Militant police action is taken against farmers suspected of falling short on quality regulations. It is the power to intimidate innocent small farmers out of the business. 5. Rising oil prices: In 2008, record oil prices that topped $147 per barrel drove food prices to new highs. Rice tripled in 6 months during the surge of oil prices, along with other food commodities. The price of oil affects food on multiple levels; from plowing fields, fertilizers and pesticides, to harvesting and hauling. Flash forward to 2011: many experts are predicting that oil may reach upwards of $150-$200 per barrel in the months ahead.
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http://www.activistpost.com/2011/01/7-reasons-food-shortages-will-become.html
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