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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#1_3403592143
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural, and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single "race" and sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for Africans in the Americas, West Indies, and, on the continent itself, has centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, African slavery, and European imperialism. Cultural and intellectual manifestations of Pan-Africanism have been devoted to recovering or preserving African "traditions" and emphasizing the contributions of Africans and those in the diaspora to the modern world. Pan-Africanists have invariably fought against racial discrimination and for the political rights of Africans and descendants of Africans, have tended to be anti-imperialist, and often espoused a metaphorical or symbolic (if not literal) "return" to Africa. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism The modern conception of Pan-Africanism, if not the term itself, dates from at least the mid-nineteenth-century. The slogan, "Africa for the Africans," popularized by Marcus Garvey 's (1887 – 1940) Declaration of Negro Rights in 1920, may have originated in West Africa, probably Sierra Leone, around this time. The African-American Martin Delany (1812 – 1885), who developed his own re-emigration scheme, reported in 1861 the slogan after an expedition to Nigeria during 1859 – 1860 and Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832 – 1912) adopted it when he arrived in West Africa in 1850. Blyden, originally from St. Thomas, played a significant role in the emergence of Pan-Africanist ideas around the Atlantic through his public speeches and writings in Africa, Britain, and the United States, and proposed the existence of an "African personality" resembling contemporary European cultural nationalisms. Blyden's ideas informed the notion of race consciousness developed by W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) at the end of the nineteenth century. The growth of Pan-African sentiments in the late nineteenth century can be seen as both a continuation of ethnic, or "pan-nationalist," thinking and a reaction to the limits of emancipation for former slaves in the diaspora and European colonial expansion in Africa.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#2_3403595590
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: The slogan, "Africa for the Africans," popularized by Marcus Garvey 's (1887 – 1940) Declaration of Negro Rights in 1920, may have originated in West Africa, probably Sierra Leone, around this time. The African-American Martin Delany (1812 – 1885), who developed his own re-emigration scheme, reported in 1861 the slogan after an expedition to Nigeria during 1859 – 1860 and Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832 – 1912) adopted it when he arrived in West Africa in 1850. Blyden, originally from St. Thomas, played a significant role in the emergence of Pan-Africanist ideas around the Atlantic through his public speeches and writings in Africa, Britain, and the United States, and proposed the existence of an "African personality" resembling contemporary European cultural nationalisms. Blyden's ideas informed the notion of race consciousness developed by W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) at the end of the nineteenth century. The growth of Pan-African sentiments in the late nineteenth century can be seen as both a continuation of ethnic, or "pan-nationalist," thinking and a reaction to the limits of emancipation for former slaves in the diaspora and European colonial expansion in Africa. There are a number of reasons why black internationalism had particular resonance during this period. African contact with Europeans, the slave trade from Africa, and the widespread use of African slaves in the New World colonies were the most salient factors, leading first those in dispersion and then many in Africa to envision the unity of the "race." At the same time, as abolition spread gradually around the Atlantic during the nineteenth century, Europeans increasingly viewed race as a biological and, thus, inherent difference rather than a cultural one. Back-to-Africa movements — particularly the establishment of Sierra Leone by the British in 1787 and Liberia by the American Colonization Society in 1816 — also contributed to the emergence of Pan-Africanism, and were probably the original source of the phrase, "Africa for the Africans." From 1808, English Evangelicals at the CMS Grammar School in Freetown taught their "liberated" students that there were other Africans around the globe, which instilled a sense of a common destiny.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#3_3403599070
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: There are a number of reasons why black internationalism had particular resonance during this period. African contact with Europeans, the slave trade from Africa, and the widespread use of African slaves in the New World colonies were the most salient factors, leading first those in dispersion and then many in Africa to envision the unity of the "race." At the same time, as abolition spread gradually around the Atlantic during the nineteenth century, Europeans increasingly viewed race as a biological and, thus, inherent difference rather than a cultural one. Back-to-Africa movements — particularly the establishment of Sierra Leone by the British in 1787 and Liberia by the American Colonization Society in 1816 — also contributed to the emergence of Pan-Africanism, and were probably the original source of the phrase, "Africa for the Africans." From 1808, English Evangelicals at the CMS Grammar School in Freetown taught their "liberated" students that there were other Africans around the globe, which instilled a sense of a common destiny. Many mission-educated Sierra Leoneans like Samuel Crowther (c. 1807 – 1891) and James Johnson (1836 – 1917) moved or, in some cases, moved back to Nigeria, primarily Lagos, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, where they were joined by returning freed people from Brazil and the Caribbean. These groups quickly coalesced into the Christian, African upper class that produced the leaders of early Nigerian nationalism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism was the product of extraordinary, European-educated Africans and African-Americans, in other words, those most exposed to metropolitan culture and the influences of the modern world. Ethiopianism. Apart from the contributions of West Africans and African descendants in the New World, South Africa developed a distinctive form of race consciousness in the form of Ethiopianism.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#7_3403611914
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: Despite these differences, scholars agree on the important role that the African American intellectual W. E. B. DuBois played in developing the idea of Pan-Africanism and marshalling a transnational political movement around it. Indeed, DuBois contributed significant speeches to the proceedings of the Chicago Congress and the Pan-African 1900 conference. In his "Address to the Nations of the World" at the latter, DuBois declared: the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the colour line, the question as to how far differences of race … are going to be made, hereafter, the basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilization. ( 1995, p. 11) Although Williams was unable to bring plans for a second conference to fruition, DuBois soon initiated his own movement, resulting in five Pan-African Congresses during the first half of the twentieth century (1919, Paris; 1921, London, Brussels, Paris; 1923, London and Lisbon; 1927, New York; 1945, Manchester, England ). During this period the nature and tenor of Pan-Africanist cultural and political activities changed drastically.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#8_3403614305
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: 1921, London, Brussels, Paris; 1923, London and Lisbon; 1927, New York; 1945, Manchester, England ). During this period the nature and tenor of Pan-Africanist cultural and political activities changed drastically. Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century World War I brought thousands of African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans into contact with one another. The exigencies of war also led the imperial powers of Europe — Britain, France, and Germany — to train and employ colonial subjects in crucial industries while, as colonial combatants, many others saw firsthand the depravity that a supposedly superior European civilization had produced. Colonial soldiers also pointed to the racism implicit in being asked to fight to "make the world safe for democracy" when this world would not include them, a suspicion confirmed for many when the Allies refused to include a guarantee against racial discrimination in the League of Nations charter following the war. As a result, the interwar years witnessed an unprecedented growth in a sense of racial unity and the popularity of black internationalism. Marcus Garvey.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1777559345#9_3403616647
Title: Pan-africanism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism PAN-AFRICANISM. Origins and Development of Pan-Africanism Ethiopianism. Transnational Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century Marcus Garvey. Pan-Africanist literary and cultural movements. Pan-Africanists and communism. Pan-Africanism in France. Women's contributions to Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism after World War II and Postcolonialism Pan-Arabism and Pan-Africanism. Pan-Africanism in the Late Twentieth Century The Future of Pan-Africanism bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES Pan-Africanism Bibliography Pan-Africanism BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR PAN-AFRICANISM CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF PAN-AFRICANISM BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism W. E. B. DU BOIS MARCUS GARVEY GEORGE PADMORE KWAME NKRUMAH JULIUS NYERERE C. L. R. JAMES WALTER RODNEY PAN-AFRICANISM IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY BIBLIOGRAPHY Pan-Africanism Content: Pan-Africanism in the Early Twentieth Century World War I brought thousands of African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Africans into contact with one another. The exigencies of war also led the imperial powers of Europe — Britain, France, and Germany — to train and employ colonial subjects in crucial industries while, as colonial combatants, many others saw firsthand the depravity that a supposedly superior European civilization had produced. Colonial soldiers also pointed to the racism implicit in being asked to fight to "make the world safe for democracy" when this world would not include them, a suspicion confirmed for many when the Allies refused to include a guarantee against racial discrimination in the League of Nations charter following the war. As a result, the interwar years witnessed an unprecedented growth in a sense of racial unity and the popularity of black internationalism. Marcus Garvey. The most famous Pan-Africanist movement of the period was Garveyism. After struggling for some time to attract an audience in his native Jamaica, Marcus Garvey emigrated to Harlem in 1916, where he and a young, educated Jamaican woman, Amy Ashwood (who later married Garvey), relocated the Universal Negro Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.; founded 1914) on firmer footing. The U.N.I.A. quickly became the largest African-American organization in history due, in large part, to the diligent work of black women in the movement, especially West Indian emigrants like Ashwood and Marcus Garvey's secretary and second wife, Amy Jacques (1896 – 1973). The apogee of the U.N.I.A.'s success was probably its international convention in 1920, at which Garvey presented the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, demanding "self-determination for all peoples" and "the inherent right of the Negro to possess himself of Africa."
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/african-history/pan-africanism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1780016786#6_3405577206
Title: Mexican Cession (1848) | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Mexican Cession (1848) Mexican Cession (1848) MEXICAN CESSION (1848) FURTHER READING Content: Contending with rugged terrain and logistical problems, the U.S. force of 14,000 prevailed over the Mexican military force. They occupied Mexico City in September, 1847. In light of this military success President Polk began to set his sights on annexing all of Mexico. An obscure, low level U.S. agent, Nicolas Trist, scuttled this ambitious goal when he negotiated the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo for the U.S. side. President Polk was outraged when he learned that Trist had secured only the original U.S. demands. Still in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico lost nearly one million square miles of land — almost one-half of its territory. This territory, termed the "Mexican Cession," included land that makes up the states of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Texas, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The Mexican government received $15 million and the promise that the United States would settle all claims of its citizens against Mexico. These claims amounted to more than $3 million. The Mexican citizens in this acquired territory were presumed to be legal U.S. citizens unless they vacated the area or registered as Mexican citizens within a one-year time frame.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mexican-cession-1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1780016786#7_3405578782
Title: Mexican Cession (1848) | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Mexican Cession (1848) Mexican Cession (1848) MEXICAN CESSION (1848) FURTHER READING Content: Still in the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico lost nearly one million square miles of land — almost one-half of its territory. This territory, termed the "Mexican Cession," included land that makes up the states of California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Texas, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The Mexican government received $15 million and the promise that the United States would settle all claims of its citizens against Mexico. These claims amounted to more than $3 million. The Mexican citizens in this acquired territory were presumed to be legal U.S. citizens unless they vacated the area or registered as Mexican citizens within a one-year time frame. The treaty also granted the citizens in this area religious freedom, property, and civil rights. Article IX stated that Mexican citizens in this territory "shall be incorporated into the United States of America, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States. In the meantime, they shall be maintained and protected in the enjoyment of their liberty and property, and the civil rights now vested in them according to the Mexican laws." In light of the delicate balance in Congress between the slave states and the wage-labor states, the acquisition of this land from Mexico re-kindled the debate in Congress over slavery. Southerners hoped to enlarge the territory that would enter the union as slave states.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mexican-cession-1848
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1783973471#2_3407810604
Title: New Deal | Encyclopedia.com Headings: New Deal THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HISTORIANS THE EFFORTS AT RECOVERY THE WELFARE STATE WORKERS INFRASTRUCTURE ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS THE ANTI-STATIST COALITION BIBLIOGRAPHY Origin and Design The New Deal in Action Resistance and Realignment The Final Phase BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography FURTHER READING further readings cross-references New Deal Content: Instead, he drew on the Progressive traditions of the need for government to confront the problems of modern industrial society and to protect the disadvantaged—what Daniel Rodgers has called a "new social politics." Roosevelt also drew on the model of what the federal government had done during World War I when it mobilized men and resources to fight a European war. Herbert Hoover had drawn on many of the same traditions and had mobilized government agencies to check the deflationary spiral after 1929, just as he had as secretary of commerce in 1921 to combat recession. But Hoover's activism was to promote voluntary cooperation. Roosevelt's was not so constrained: He cheerfully, albeit unsystematically, sought federal government remedies and, if necessary, federal government coercion to tackle the Depression. As a result, American citizens who had had so little experience with the federal government now saw it deeply interwoven in their daily lives. Between 1933 and 1938 the New Deal that Roosevelt had promised the American people when he accepted the Democratic nomination in 1932 profoundly altered the relationship between individuals and their government and shaped the political economy of the United States for the next fifty years. American farmers were told what they could and could not plant by federal officials. They received checks for not planting crops, or even for destroying what they had already planted.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/new-deal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1783973471#3_3407812697
Title: New Deal | Encyclopedia.com Headings: New Deal THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HISTORIANS THE EFFORTS AT RECOVERY THE WELFARE STATE WORKERS INFRASTRUCTURE ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS THE ANTI-STATIST COALITION BIBLIOGRAPHY Origin and Design The New Deal in Action Resistance and Realignment The Final Phase BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography FURTHER READING further readings cross-references New Deal Content: He cheerfully, albeit unsystematically, sought federal government remedies and, if necessary, federal government coercion to tackle the Depression. As a result, American citizens who had had so little experience with the federal government now saw it deeply interwoven in their daily lives. Between 1933 and 1938 the New Deal that Roosevelt had promised the American people when he accepted the Democratic nomination in 1932 profoundly altered the relationship between individuals and their government and shaped the political economy of the United States for the next fifty years. American farmers were told what they could and could not plant by federal officials. They received checks for not planting crops, or even for destroying what they had already planted. Many had access to electricity for the first time. Farm owners, like homeowners across the nation, renegotiated their mortgages with federal agencies. Tenants could borrow to buy their own farms. Millions of workers were employed by the government on public works and work relief projects. They voted in federal elections for union representation.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/new-deal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1783973471#4_3407814457
Title: New Deal | Encyclopedia.com Headings: New Deal THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HISTORIANS THE EFFORTS AT RECOVERY THE WELFARE STATE WORKERS INFRASTRUCTURE ACHIEVEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS THE ANTI-STATIST COALITION BIBLIOGRAPHY Origin and Design The New Deal in Action Resistance and Realignment The Final Phase BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography FURTHER READING further readings cross-references New Deal Content: Many had access to electricity for the first time. Farm owners, like homeowners across the nation, renegotiated their mortgages with federal agencies. Tenants could borrow to buy their own farms. Millions of workers were employed by the government on public works and work relief projects. They voted in federal elections for union representation. Their minimum wage was determined by the government. They were eligible for unemployment compensation and received old-age pensions. Most Americans paid income taxes to the federal government for the first time in the 1930s and 1940s. Businessmen could no longer fight unions with every weapon at their disposal and could no longer simply ignore them. They were told what they had to pay their workers, and, for a short time, how much they could produce.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/new-deal
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#7_3409140945
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: At police headquarters he was placed in a line-up with three other Mexicans of similar height and build, though none wore glasses. The victim did not positively identify Miranda but said that he bore the closest resemblance to her attacker. Detectives Carroll Cooley and Wilfred Young then took Miranda into an interrogation room. He was told, inaccurately, that he had been identified, and did he want to make a statement? Two hours later Miranda signed a written confession. There had been no blatant coercion or brutality, and included in the confession was a section stating that he understood his rights. When the detectives left interrogation room 2, they were pleased, not realizing the legal repercussions that would result from their efforts. Tainted Evidence As an indigent, Miranda was granted a court-appointed defender, Alvin Moore. Moore studied the evidence. The state had an apparently unassailable case, buttressed by Miranda's confession.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#8_3409142369
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: There had been no blatant coercion or brutality, and included in the confession was a section stating that he understood his rights. When the detectives left interrogation room 2, they were pleased, not realizing the legal repercussions that would result from their efforts. Tainted Evidence As an indigent, Miranda was granted a court-appointed defender, Alvin Moore. Moore studied the evidence. The state had an apparently unassailable case, buttressed by Miranda's confession. And yet there was something about that confession that Moore found troubling. Convinced it had been obtained improperly, he intended to move for its inadmissibility. Only four witnesses appeared for the prosecution: the victim, her sister, and Detectives Cooley and Young. After their testimony, Deputy County Attorney Laurence Turoff told the jury that the victim "did not enter into this act of intercourse with him [Miranda] willfully, but in fact she was forced to, by his own force and violence, directed against her."
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#13_3409148951
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: I don't see in the statement that it says where he is entitled to the advice of an attorney before he made it. Answer: No, sir. Question: Is it not your practice to advise people you arrest that they are entitled to the services of an attorney before they make a statement? Answer: No, sir. This admission prompted Moore to object to the confession as evidence, but he was overruled by Judge Yale McFate, who favored the jury with a well-balanced and eminently fair account of the law as it stood at the time. In 1963, the constitutional right to silence was not thought to extend to the jailhouse. Consequently, on June 27, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was convicted and sentenced to two concurrent terms of 20-30 years imprisonment.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#14_3409150146
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: Answer: No, sir. This admission prompted Moore to object to the confession as evidence, but he was overruled by Judge Yale McFate, who favored the jury with a well-balanced and eminently fair account of the law as it stood at the time. In 1963, the constitutional right to silence was not thought to extend to the jailhouse. Consequently, on June 27, 1963, Ernesto Miranda was convicted and sentenced to two concurrent terms of 20-30 years imprisonment. But Alvin Moore's arguments about the confession had touched off a legal firestorm. Miranda's conviction was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 13, 1966, Chief Justice Earl Warren, speaking for a 5-4 majority, for the first time established unequivocal guidelines about what is and what is not permissible in the interrogation room: Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed … Conviction Overturned With Miranda's conviction overturned, Arizona glumly faced the prospect of having to free its most celebrated prison inmate. Without the confession, the chances of winning a retrial were negligible.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#15_3409151895
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: But Alvin Moore's arguments about the confession had touched off a legal firestorm. Miranda's conviction was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 13, 1966, Chief Justice Earl Warren, speaking for a 5-4 majority, for the first time established unequivocal guidelines about what is and what is not permissible in the interrogation room: Prior to any questioning, the person must be warned that he has a right to remain silent, that any statement he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed … Conviction Overturned With Miranda's conviction overturned, Arizona glumly faced the prospect of having to free its most celebrated prison inmate. Without the confession, the chances of winning a retrial were negligible. Ironically, it was Miranda himself who brought about his own downfall. Expecting to be released after retrial, he had begun a custody battle with his common-law wife, Twila Hoffman, over their daughter. Hoffman, angry and fearful, approached the authorities and revealed to them the content of a conversation she had had with Miranda after his arrest, in which he had is the rape. This fresh evidence was all Arizona needed. Miranda's second trial began February 15, 1967.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1786109263#18_3409156002
Title: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Ernesto Miranda Trials: 1963 & 1967 Tainted Evidence Conviction Overturned Suggestions for Further Reading Content: After considerable legal wrangling, Judge Lawrence K. Wren ruled such evidence admissible, and Twila Hoffman was allowed to tell her story to the jury. It proved decisive. Miranda was again found guilty and sentenced to a 20-to-30-year jail term. On January 31, 1976, four years after being paroled, Ernesto Miranda was stabbed to death in a Phoenix bar fight. The killer fled but his accomplice was caught. Before taking him to police headquarters, the arresting officers read the suspect his rights. In police vernacular, he had been "Mirandized." The importance of this case cannot be overstated. Denounced by presidents from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan, the Miranda decision has withstood all attempts to overturn it. Framed originally to protect the indigent and the ignorant, the practice of "reading the defendant his rights" has become standard operating procedure in every police department in the country.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/law/law-magazines/ernesto-miranda-trials-1963-1967
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1790734817#3_3410863941
Title: Ageism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ageism AGEISM Stereotypes about age and older persons Why ageism exists in American culture The role of the media in supporting ageism The evolution of ageism Ways to reduce ageism BIBLIOGRAPHY ageism ageism Content: Stereotypes differ from personal beliefs, which are propositions that are endorsed and accepted as true. While all individuals learn about cultural stereotypes through socialization, only a subset of people endorse the stereotype and believe it to be true. People respond to each other almost automatically using stereotypes based on race, age, and gender. Perceptions and judgments about others are made instantaneously, without conscious thought or effort, which is why stereotypes remain insidious. Stereotypes typically exaggerate certain characteristics of some members of a group and attribute the negative characteristic to aging. They do not recognize that individual characteristics vary greatly and also change over time. Stereotypes about age and older persons Ageism appears in many forms. A few examples illustrate how the behavior of an older person is described in an ageist manner, where the same behavior by a younger person is explained without stereotypes. When older people forget someone's name, they are viewed as senile. When a younger person fails to recall a name, we usually say he or she has a faulty memory.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/ageism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1790734817#4_3410865549
Title: Ageism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ageism AGEISM Stereotypes about age and older persons Why ageism exists in American culture The role of the media in supporting ageism The evolution of ageism Ways to reduce ageism BIBLIOGRAPHY ageism ageism Content: They do not recognize that individual characteristics vary greatly and also change over time. Stereotypes about age and older persons Ageism appears in many forms. A few examples illustrate how the behavior of an older person is described in an ageist manner, where the same behavior by a younger person is explained without stereotypes. When older people forget someone's name, they are viewed as senile. When a younger person fails to recall a name, we usually say he or she has a faulty memory. When an older person complains about life or a particular incident, they are called cranky and difficult, while a younger person may just be seen as being critical. If an older person has trouble hearing, she is dismissed as "getting old," rather than having difficulty with her hearing. Children also can hold negative stereotypes about older people. Some young children equate aging with being sick, unfulfilled, unhappy, or dying. Older people also face stereotypes on the job.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/ageism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1790734817#5_3410867002
Title: Ageism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ageism AGEISM Stereotypes about age and older persons Why ageism exists in American culture The role of the media in supporting ageism The evolution of ageism Ways to reduce ageism BIBLIOGRAPHY ageism ageism Content: When an older person complains about life or a particular incident, they are called cranky and difficult, while a younger person may just be seen as being critical. If an older person has trouble hearing, she is dismissed as "getting old," rather than having difficulty with her hearing. Children also can hold negative stereotypes about older people. Some young children equate aging with being sick, unfulfilled, unhappy, or dying. Older people also face stereotypes on the job. The most common stereotypes about older workers are that older workers are less productive, more expensive, less adaptable, and more rigid than younger workers. As with stereotypes about other groups, the facts refute the stereotypes. While studies show that interest, motivation, and skill do not decline with age, some employers continue to perceive older workers as resistant to change, slow to learn new skills, and uncomfortable with new technologies. Studies consistently demonstrate that there is no correlation between age and job performance, despite the common stereotype that productivity declines with age. Indeed, research reveals that some intellectual functions may even improve with age.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/ageism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1790734817#6_3410868660
Title: Ageism | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Ageism AGEISM Stereotypes about age and older persons Why ageism exists in American culture The role of the media in supporting ageism The evolution of ageism Ways to reduce ageism BIBLIOGRAPHY ageism ageism Content: The most common stereotypes about older workers are that older workers are less productive, more expensive, less adaptable, and more rigid than younger workers. As with stereotypes about other groups, the facts refute the stereotypes. While studies show that interest, motivation, and skill do not decline with age, some employers continue to perceive older workers as resistant to change, slow to learn new skills, and uncomfortable with new technologies. Studies consistently demonstrate that there is no correlation between age and job performance, despite the common stereotype that productivity declines with age. Indeed, research reveals that some intellectual functions may even improve with age. While the cost of certain employee benefits such as health and life insurance may increase with age, the data is lacking to support the stereotype that older workers cost more to employ than younger workers. Differences in salary costs are typically due to tenure rather than age. Why ageism exists in American culture A number of reasons contribute to ageism in American culture. Youth, beauty, and vitality are highly valued by Americans. The aging process is viewed as counter to these highly valued attributes.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/ageism
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1820985771#5_3424588238
Title: Vatican City | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Vatican City VATICAN CITY MONETARY UNIT: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: BALANCE OF TRADE: COUNTRY OVERVIEW LOCATION AND SIZE. POPULATION. OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND TAXATION INFRASTRUCTURE, POWER, AND COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES POVERTY AND WEALTH COUNTRY HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FUTURE TRENDS DEPENDENCIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Vatican City Vatican City Country Overview INTRODUCTION RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Major Religion ROMAN CATHOLICISM HISTORY EARLY AND MODERN LEADERS MAJOR THEOLOGIANS AND AUTHORS HOUSES OF WORSHIP AND HOLY PLACES WHAT IS SACRED? HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS MODE OF DRESS DIETARY PRACTICES RITUALS RITES OF PASSAGE MEMBERSHIP SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIAL ASPECTS POLITICAL IMPACT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES CULTURAL IMPACT Other Religions Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Culture Name Alternative Names Orientation History and Ethnic Relations Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Food and Economy Social Stratification Political Life Social Welfare and Change Programs Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Gender Roles and Statuses Marriage, Family, and Kinship Etiquette Religion Medicine and Health Care Secular Celebrations The Arts and Humanities The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Type of Government Background Government Structure Major Events Twenty-First Century Vatican City State Vatican City State Bibliography Vatican City State Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Content: There is no such thing as Vatican nationality, although rights of citizenship are conferred on non-Italians, such as members of the Swiss Papal Guard who are the traditional sentries at the city gates. Passports, issued by the Holy See rather than the Vatican state, are for diplomatic purposes only, and possession of a Holy See diplomatic passport does not automatically entitle the holder to rights of entry, residency, or citizenship. The official language of the state is Italian; the Papal Guard's language, which is made up of Swiss nationals, is German. Several other languages are spoken, and the official acts of the Holy See are documented in Latin. OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY The Holy See, often referred to as Vatican City or simply the Vatican, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and its ruler, the Supreme Pontiff or Pope. The Holy See is not only the world's smallest independent state, but the workings of its government and financial affairs are unique, as are its non-commercially based economic structures, which do not conform to any conventional pattern. It is therefore not possible to examine or analyze the economy in terms of the usual sectors. There is much confusion regarding the country's names, the Holy See and Vatican City. According to the country's permanent mission to the United Nations, the term Vatican City refers "to the physical or territorial base of the Holy See, almost a pedestal upon which is posed a much larger and unique independent and sovereign power:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/italian-political-geography/vatican-city
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1820985771#11_3424608822
Title: Vatican City | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Vatican City VATICAN CITY MONETARY UNIT: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: BALANCE OF TRADE: COUNTRY OVERVIEW LOCATION AND SIZE. POPULATION. OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND TAXATION INFRASTRUCTURE, POWER, AND COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES POVERTY AND WEALTH COUNTRY HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FUTURE TRENDS DEPENDENCIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Vatican City Vatican City Country Overview INTRODUCTION RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Major Religion ROMAN CATHOLICISM HISTORY EARLY AND MODERN LEADERS MAJOR THEOLOGIANS AND AUTHORS HOUSES OF WORSHIP AND HOLY PLACES WHAT IS SACRED? HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS MODE OF DRESS DIETARY PRACTICES RITUALS RITES OF PASSAGE MEMBERSHIP SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIAL ASPECTS POLITICAL IMPACT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES CULTURAL IMPACT Other Religions Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Culture Name Alternative Names Orientation History and Ethnic Relations Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Food and Economy Social Stratification Political Life Social Welfare and Change Programs Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Gender Roles and Statuses Marriage, Family, and Kinship Etiquette Religion Medicine and Health Care Secular Celebrations The Arts and Humanities The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Type of Government Background Government Structure Major Events Twenty-First Century Vatican City State Vatican City State Bibliography Vatican City State Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Content: A limited number of each series is sold to private dealers and collectors who place advance orders, and the rest to religious orders and other church institutions, which, in turn, sell them on to dealers at a handsome profit. Thus, both the Holy See and the Church as a whole derive considerable gain from the trade in stamps. State expenditure relates to the maintenance of buildings and infrastructure , the financing of foreign visits made by the Pope or his emissaries, the running costs of diplomatic missions and overseas offices, financing of charities, and the publication of the state's newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano . POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND TAXATION The Holy See is a monarchical-sacerdotal state, which is to say that it operates as a monarchy in which the Pope is the "king" (monarchical), with senior members of the church hierarchy, appointed by the Pope, as the governing body (sacerdotal). The Pope himself is elected from candidates worldwide by 120 members of the College of Cardinals and is the chief of state as well as head of the Church. Appointed to office for life (the Polish cardinal, Karol Wojtila, became Pope John Paul II in 1978 and was still on the throne in 2001), the Pope has supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power over both the State of the Vatican City and the universal Roman Catholic Church. Given the wide scope of the Pontiff's authority, an intricate and complex structure of official agencies has been established to administer power within carefully designed categories. This structure is commonly known as the Roman Curia and its members are appointed and granted authority by the Pope. The Holy See is recognized under international law and enters into certain international agreements, but, strictly speaking, it is not a civil state operating under civil laws, but an absolute monarchy in control of the Roman Catholic Church, ruling according to the Apostolic Constitution of 1967. It is as the Holy See rather than the State of the Vatican that the country sends and receives diplomatic representatives to and from around the world.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/italian-political-geography/vatican-city
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1820985771#12_3424612785
Title: Vatican City | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Vatican City VATICAN CITY MONETARY UNIT: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: BALANCE OF TRADE: COUNTRY OVERVIEW LOCATION AND SIZE. POPULATION. OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND TAXATION INFRASTRUCTURE, POWER, AND COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES POVERTY AND WEALTH COUNTRY HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FUTURE TRENDS DEPENDENCIES BIBLIOGRAPHY Vatican City Vatican City Country Overview INTRODUCTION RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Major Religion ROMAN CATHOLICISM HISTORY EARLY AND MODERN LEADERS MAJOR THEOLOGIANS AND AUTHORS HOUSES OF WORSHIP AND HOLY PLACES WHAT IS SACRED? HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS MODE OF DRESS DIETARY PRACTICES RITUALS RITES OF PASSAGE MEMBERSHIP SOCIAL JUSTICE SOCIAL ASPECTS POLITICAL IMPACT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES CULTURAL IMPACT Other Religions Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Culture Name Alternative Names Orientation History and Ethnic Relations Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Food and Economy Social Stratification Political Life Social Welfare and Change Programs Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Gender Roles and Statuses Marriage, Family, and Kinship Etiquette Religion Medicine and Health Care Secular Celebrations The Arts and Humanities The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Bibliography Vatican City Vatican City Type of Government Background Government Structure Major Events Twenty-First Century Vatican City State Vatican City State Bibliography Vatican City State Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Vatican City Content: Appointed to office for life (the Polish cardinal, Karol Wojtila, became Pope John Paul II in 1978 and was still on the throne in 2001), the Pope has supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power over both the State of the Vatican City and the universal Roman Catholic Church. Given the wide scope of the Pontiff's authority, an intricate and complex structure of official agencies has been established to administer power within carefully designed categories. This structure is commonly known as the Roman Curia and its members are appointed and granted authority by the Pope. The Holy See is recognized under international law and enters into certain international agreements, but, strictly speaking, it is not a civil state operating under civil laws, but an absolute monarchy in control of the Roman Catholic Church, ruling according to the Apostolic Constitution of 1967. It is as the Holy See rather than the State of the Vatican that the country sends and receives diplomatic representatives to and from around the world. The head of government, generally a cardinal or archbishop whose appointment and authority is conferred by the Pope, is the secretary of state. He presides over the Pontifical Commission, or cabinet. The legal system governing church matters is founded in canon, or ecclesiastical, law but judicial matters outside the Church are dealt with by the Italian judiciary in Rome. There are no political parties in the country, but all cardinals under the age of 80 have the vote in electoral issues within the Church. Internally, the Sw
http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/italian-political-geography/vatican-city
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1822278012#0_3425214884
Title: Mississippi (river Us) | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Mississippi River Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER Mississippi River's Course History Flooding Human Influence BIBLIOGRAPHY Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER bibliography Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER Mississippi Content: Mississippi (river Us) | Encyclopedia.com Places United States and Canada U.S. Physical Geography Mississippi (river US) Mississippi River gale views 1,290,529 updated May 23 2018 MISSISSIPPI RIVER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. One of the major rivers of North America, the Mississippi River has been a focal point in American history, commerce, agriculture, literature, and environmental awareness. The length of the Mississippi River from its source in Lake Itasca in northwestern Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico flows 2,348 miles; it is the second longest river in the United States behind the Missouri (2,466 miles). The Mississippi River system drains the agricultural plains between the Appalachian Mountains to the east and the Rocky Mountains to the west. This drainage basin (approximately 1,234,700 square miles) covers about 40 percent of the United States and ranks as the fifth largest in the world. Mississippi River's Course The Mississippi River actually begins as a small stream flowing from Lake Itasca, Minnesota. The river initially flows north and then east as the means of connecting several lakes in northern Minnesota. The river begins to flow southward near Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and is joined with the Minnesota River between the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. The muddy waters of the Missouri River flow into the clear waters of the Mississippi River just north of St. Louis, Missouri.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-physical-geography/mississippi-river-us
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1822278012#1_3425216846
Title: Mississippi (river Us) | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Mississippi River Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER Mississippi River's Course History Flooding Human Influence BIBLIOGRAPHY Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER bibliography Mississippi River MISSISSIPPI RIVER Mississippi Content: This drainage basin (approximately 1,234,700 square miles) covers about 40 percent of the United States and ranks as the fifth largest in the world. Mississippi River's Course The Mississippi River actually begins as a small stream flowing from Lake Itasca, Minnesota. The river initially flows north and then east as the means of connecting several lakes in northern Minnesota. The river begins to flow southward near Grand Rapids, Minnesota, and is joined with the Minnesota River between the cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. The muddy waters of the Missouri River flow into the clear waters of the Mississippi River just north of St. Louis, Missouri. At this point, the Mississippi becomes brown and muddy for the rest of the journey south. At Cairo, Illinois, the Ohio River flows into the Mississippi, doubling its volume and creating the point that divides the Upper Mississippi from the Lower Mississippi. The Lower Mississippi Valley is a wide and fertile region. In this area, the river meanders its way south and over time has continuously changed its course, leaving behind numerous oxbow lakes as remnants of its past. As it flows in this southern region, the Mississippi deposits rich silt along its banks.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/united-states-and-canada/us-physical-geography/mississippi-river-us
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1828585493#2_3432325304
Title: Marriage Enrichment | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marriage Enrichment Marriage Enrichment Marriage Enrichment The Marriage Movement Developments The Future of Marriage Enrichment Bibliography Content: Couples can, in a group process, help couples. A sense of safety develops when the group's couples have a mutual commitment to growth. The individual couples in the group begin to recognize their issues are common to other couples. Marriage enrichment uses multiple techniques to provide opportunities for couple growth. The focus of most enrichment events is each couple's marriage. Given the approach's effectiveness, its leaders most often help couples apply the material via experiential learning techniques. One such technique is the couple dialogue, where one spouse turns to the other and talks about their relationship while other couples in the group listen. This exercise provides a very different dynamic from a typical group discussion. It also encourages the couple to affirm good communication skills. Much of marriage enrichment depends upon peer relationship in a supportive environment.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marriage-enrichment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1828585493#10_3432336083
Title: Marriage Enrichment | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marriage Enrichment Marriage Enrichment Marriage Enrichment The Marriage Movement Developments The Future of Marriage Enrichment Bibliography Content: It is couples working on their own relationship alongside other couples working on their relationships. Marriage enrichment is a process that over time creates positive changes as the couple practices healthy interaction skills. Marriage enrichment events serve as the beginning of the process for many couples. Once the couples see the benefits of the approach taken in marriage enrichment, they want to know how they can keep the healthy process going. It is then that they are ready for a marriage enrichment group that meets once a month. Couples who want to work on their marriage begin by determining whether counseling or marital enrichment would be best for their relationship. Some brief guides regarding marriage enrichment and marriage counseling are suggested for couple consideration (Smith and Smith 1989). If a couple chooses to be involved in marriage enrichment, it usually means that: The couple wants to face or deal with whatever is unsettling in their relationship and they believe they have a potential for growth. The couple can identify their issues without the aid of professional assistance.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marriage-enrichment
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1834741478#13_3436403477
Title: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution | Encyclopedia.com Headings: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Overview Background Impact RICHARD D. FITZGERALD Further Reading Content: Initially this was met with resistance on the part of the peasants. Eventually, the increase in the supply of food tempered much of the anxiety, and significant changes began to occur within preindustrial society. The reliance on science and technology, the questioning of traditional methods of agriculture, and the centralization of factors of production set the stage for the onset of industrialization. Also, at this time the traditional peasant-lord relationship began to dissolve. The quest for large profits undermined the bond that once existed between the two classes, and at the same time the gradual acceptance of a market economy began to take root. This moved the aristocratic class to change its view of the peasant class. The highly religious and land-based society of the medieval world believed that social structure was ordained by God. The deep belief that all souls were equal in His eyes produced a social system where all classes had both rights and responsibilities. With the onset of a profit-oriented market economy, the wealthy landowners began to perceive the peasant as just a source of labor. It was the fruit of their labor that was of the greatest interest and importance in this entrepreneurial economy.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/social-impact-industrial-revolution
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1834741478#14_3436405257
Title: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution | Encyclopedia.com Headings: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Overview Background Impact RICHARD D. FITZGERALD Further Reading Content: This moved the aristocratic class to change its view of the peasant class. The highly religious and land-based society of the medieval world believed that social structure was ordained by God. The deep belief that all souls were equal in His eyes produced a social system where all classes had both rights and responsibilities. With the onset of a profit-oriented market economy, the wealthy landowners began to perceive the peasant as just a source of labor. It was the fruit of their labor that was of the greatest interest and importance in this entrepreneurial economy. This created an expectation of greater profits, which in turn increased the demand for greater material prosperity. This revolution in expectations would both stimulate and focus the drive toward industrialization. The new demand for consumer goods produced the first workshops and factories. Impact Industrialization increased material wealth, restructured society, and created important new schools of philosophy. The social impact of industrialization was profound.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/social-impact-industrial-revolution
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1834741478#15_3436406845
Title: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution | Encyclopedia.com Headings: The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Overview Background Impact RICHARD D. FITZGERALD Further Reading Content: This created an expectation of greater profits, which in turn increased the demand for greater material prosperity. This revolution in expectations would both stimulate and focus the drive toward industrialization. The new demand for consumer goods produced the first workshops and factories. Impact Industrialization increased material wealth, restructured society, and created important new schools of philosophy. The social impact of industrialization was profound. For the first time since the Neolithic Revolution, people worked outside of the local environment of their homes. They arose every morning and traveled to their place of employment. This was most often in a workplace known as a factory. The new machinery of the Industrial Revolution was very large and sometimes required acres of floor space to hold the number of machines needed to keep up with consumer demand. As in all productive revolutions, skill greatly determined the quality of life.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/social-impact-industrial-revolution
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1845212227#11_3441488725
Title: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Speech INTRODUCTION PRIMARY SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE FURTHER RESOURCES Books Web sites Content: There has been "food fighting" among two factions—school authorities, including teachers, children, and parents; and the massive food and beverage industry. School authorities, teachers, and parents have often criticized the NSLP, especially the quality of food provided. More than half of the population in the United States, especially children, is either overweight or obese. According to the National Survey Data, the number of overweight children has quadrupled since 1960. Research indicates that overweight students tend to have lower grades and hardly participate in sporting events. The obesity factor is more worrisome as children face the risk of diseases and ailments such as diabetes, hypertension, kidney failure, arthritis, and cancer. The U.S. surgeon general put the cost of obesity in 2000 at 117 billion dollars. The increase in obese or overweight children is attributed in part to the high fat content of meals served under the NSLP. Critics maintain that these meals do not follow nutrition guidelines and typically include food items such as hot dogs, cheeseburgers, and pork chops—all high in fat content and sodium.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/statement-president-upon-signing-national-school-lunch-act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1845212227#13_3441492593
Title: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Speech INTRODUCTION PRIMARY SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE FURTHER RESOURCES Books Web sites Content: Another controversy that has embroiled the NSLP is the introduction of irradiated beef in school lunches. Irradiated beef, according to researchers, in addition to having low nutritional value, exposes children to radiation. Despite extensive protests from parents and school authorities, the USDA introduced irradiated beef in 2003—allegedly due to mounting pressure from the food irradiation industry. In the past few years, while the flaws in NSLP have been highlighted by critics, the Bush administration has not, according to reports, taken strong enough steps on the health front. In the 1980s, the Reagan administration was blasted for declaring ketchup a vegetable for NSLP. In the 1990s, the USDA announced that salsa (another low-nutrition food item) was an acceptable part of the school menu. In 1998, Michele Simon, a public-health lawyer and director of the Center for Informed Food Choices (CIFC), pointed out in an article published in The Animal's Agenda that the schools have become a dumping ground for high-fat and high-cholesterol meat and dairy products to salvage industry profits. The program has digressed from its goal of promoting good nutrition to children and opening more business opportunities for farmers. In fact, according to a 1993 survey, the USDA itself found the nutritional quality of most school lunches mediocre. Moreover, the USDA reimburses schools only for the cost of food.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/statement-president-upon-signing-national-school-lunch-act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1845212227#14_3441494696
Title: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Statement by the President Upon Signing the National School Lunch Act Speech INTRODUCTION PRIMARY SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE FURTHER RESOURCES Books Web sites Content: In the 1990s, the USDA announced that salsa (another low-nutrition food item) was an acceptable part of the school menu. In 1998, Michele Simon, a public-health lawyer and director of the Center for Informed Food Choices (CIFC), pointed out in an article published in The Animal's Agenda that the schools have become a dumping ground for high-fat and high-cholesterol meat and dairy products to salvage industry profits. The program has digressed from its goal of promoting good nutrition to children and opening more business opportunities for farmers. In fact, according to a 1993 survey, the USDA itself found the nutritional quality of most school lunches mediocre. Moreover, the USDA reimburses schools only for the cost of food. Infrastructure, staff, and other costs associated with managing the NSLP are not included. Subsequently, many schools are facing a financial crunch and sometimes reduce their financial burden by relying on inexpensive foods. FURTHER RESOURCES Books Hiatt, Liisa and Jacob Alex Klerman. State Monitoring of National School Lunch Program Nutritional Content. Santa Monica, Calif:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/statement-president-upon-signing-national-school-lunch-act
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1845471479#7_3441843221
Title: Consequences of Prejudice | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Consequences of Prejudice Consequences of Prejudice 11 Consequences of Prejudice WORDS TO KNOW discrimination: displaced persons: refugees: genocide: hate crime: prejudice: stigma: Everyday prejudices Creation of stigma Health consequences Crime Domestic violence Social protests Displaced persons Genocide Hate Crimes The ethics of genetic engineering For More Information BOOKS WEB SITES Content: In addition, people behave differently from person to person when interacting with others, depending on whether they expect hostility from others either in attitude or in action. Studies have shown that a person targeted by stereotype expectations held by others may end up behaving as the stereotype. More generally, a person is likely to behave as the other person expects him to behave. All of these behaviors mean that prejudice, or anticipated prejudices, affect everyday interactions with almost everyone a person comes in contact with. Consequences of everyday prejudice go beyond simply shaping relationships between people. People are relentlessly assaulted by value judgments based on skin color, social class, gender, religious affiliation, political views, and so on. Such constant exposure to ridicule and discrimination leads to a lowered self-esteem. Those subjected to such prejudice become unsure where they belong in society. They develop hatred and anger directed both outwardly at those holding prejudices against them and inwardly for having the supposed traits that attract such prejudices. Such prejudices are destructive of individuals and society.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/consequences-prejudice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1845471479#13_3441854696
Title: Consequences of Prejudice | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Consequences of Prejudice Consequences of Prejudice 11 Consequences of Prejudice WORDS TO KNOW discrimination: displaced persons: refugees: genocide: hate crime: prejudice: stigma: Everyday prejudices Creation of stigma Health consequences Crime Domestic violence Social protests Displaced persons Genocide Hate Crimes The ethics of genetic engineering For More Information BOOKS WEB SITES Content: If the targeted, or subordinate, group adopts the behavior of the dominant group so as to escape prejudice, then a person's own group may consider him deviant. For example, African Americans have labeled blacks who adopt white dominant cultural behaviors, such as joining certain automotive clubs, as Uncle Toms (black people who are perceived by other blacks as being too submissive to whites) or Oreos (blacks who have behavior patterns that are perceived by some to be typical of white people). Stigmas lead to marginalization, meaning a person or group becomes isolated from mainstream society and excluded from protections others may take for granted, such as due process of the law (legal protections through established formal procedures). International human rights watch groups see war and genocide as the extreme forms of marginalization, in which people are viewed as the enemy and devalued as humans. They may even be considered subhuman. Less extreme results of marginalization lead to poverty, poor health, lack of education, and unemployment. Racism (prejudice against people of color) and sexual orientation prejudice (a negative attitude toward persons because of the sexual preferences) are two common forms of marginalization. Populations in Third World (nations lagging in economic development) countries are marginalized to the extent that they are allowed to die from hunger and disease in large numbers with little assistance from more affluent societies. Health consequences One of the most basic needs in life is maintaining physical health. However, due to prejudice, the condition of people around the world is largely influenced by their perceived race, ethnicity, gender, social class, and sexual orientation.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/consequences-prejudice
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1850548156#0_3444743249
Title: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Factory System Factory System Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY factory system factory system Content: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com History Modern Europe British and Irish History Factory System Factory System gale views 2,224,548 updated May 21 2018 Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY The factory system is a mode of capitalist production that emerged in the late eighteenth century as a result of England ’ s Industrial Revolution. Preindustrial England was largely organized around localized forms of production. Goods were produced on family-centered farms, and items such as yarn and other textiles were contracted for larger distribution or produced independently to be sold at a market. After technological innovations created the ability to produce textiles using waterpower, production became centralized in a single place: a factory owned in many cases by members of the former aristocratic class and staffed by workers who were paid a wage (see E. P. Thompson ’ s 1963 book, The Making of the English Working Class ). While this mode of production began with the cotton and textile industries, it was the development of the steam engine that fully established the shift from craftspeople and localized production into production under the factory system. There are several interconnected factors beyond technological innovation that created the factory system in England in its particular moment in history. One was the development of banking institutions, which were able to channel investments into the establishment of factories, and which were also able to facilitate economic exchange. Similarly, landowners were able to take advantage of the banking industry ’ s low interest rates to facilitate and finance the development of transit systems, created to move goods produced under this new system. At the same time, a rise in the British population not only increased demand for goods, but also created a large pool of laborers who would eventually work for a wage after the development of the factory system.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Factory_System.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1850548156#1_3444745522
Title: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Factory System Factory System Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY factory system factory system Content: While this mode of production began with the cotton and textile industries, it was the development of the steam engine that fully established the shift from craftspeople and localized production into production under the factory system. There are several interconnected factors beyond technological innovation that created the factory system in England in its particular moment in history. One was the development of banking institutions, which were able to channel investments into the establishment of factories, and which were also able to facilitate economic exchange. Similarly, landowners were able to take advantage of the banking industry ’ s low interest rates to facilitate and finance the development of transit systems, created to move goods produced under this new system. At the same time, a rise in the British population not only increased demand for goods, but also created a large pool of laborers who would eventually work for a wage after the development of the factory system. Finally, social changes in Britain at the time both facilitated the training of upper-middle-class men who would administrate the factory system and also the development of British persons as free workers, as opposed to serfs, who could sell their labor power in exchange for a wage. As such, the development of the factory system was central to the eventual entrenchment of capitalism on a world scale. It was this very shift in production and landownership, combined with the legal backing of free individuals who may enter into a state-sanctioned contractual relationship, that created what Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) would identify as the two classes in capitalist society: those who own the means of productions and those who own labor power, which they exchange for a wage in the marketplace. Although both workers and owners share the distinction of equality under the law, it was the old aristocrats who were able to develop the infrastructure and purchase the land to develop factories, and the old serfs who had nothing to sell and exchange but their capacity for labor.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Factory_System.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1850548156#2_3444747936
Title: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Factory System Factory System Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY factory system factory system Content: Finally, social changes in Britain at the time both facilitated the training of upper-middle-class men who would administrate the factory system and also the development of British persons as free workers, as opposed to serfs, who could sell their labor power in exchange for a wage. As such, the development of the factory system was central to the eventual entrenchment of capitalism on a world scale. It was this very shift in production and landownership, combined with the legal backing of free individuals who may enter into a state-sanctioned contractual relationship, that created what Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) would identify as the two classes in capitalist society: those who own the means of productions and those who own labor power, which they exchange for a wage in the marketplace. Although both workers and owners share the distinction of equality under the law, it was the old aristocrats who were able to develop the infrastructure and purchase the land to develop factories, and the old serfs who had nothing to sell and exchange but their capacity for labor. This system, whereby the owners of the factories could, through the labor process, transfer the value of the worker ’ s productivity into the value of a commodity, established the efficient yet exploitative mode of capitalist production that is still with us today. The factory system was not only the foundation for the development of capitalism; it also radically shifted many aspects of social organization and daily life. Agricultural families were largely disenfranchised by this process, and in many cases were required to move to industrial centers in order to survive. They were thrust into the system of wage labor, fundamentally changing relationships between men and women.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Factory_System.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1850548156#3_3444750038
Title: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Factory System Factory System Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY factory system factory system Content: This system, whereby the owners of the factories could, through the labor process, transfer the value of the worker ’ s productivity into the value of a commodity, established the efficient yet exploitative mode of capitalist production that is still with us today. The factory system was not only the foundation for the development of capitalism; it also radically shifted many aspects of social organization and daily life. Agricultural families were largely disenfranchised by this process, and in many cases were required to move to industrial centers in order to survive. They were thrust into the system of wage labor, fundamentally changing relationships between men and women. Whereas in preindustrial societies, all members of the family were involved in production work, the advent of the factory system created a gendered division of labor for middle- and working-class families, whereby men went to work for a wage and women were relegated to household work. In poor and nonwhite families, women worked for a wage outside the home in both formal and informal settings. Men were nearly always wageworkers, while women were either relegated to unpaid work to support the work of the men in their families or themselves worked for wages as a means of survival. The link of the wage system to factory production created not only a different work process and a gendered division of labor, but also a new form of work. Whereas work under preindustrial forms of organization was often exploitative, particularly under systems of slavery and feudalism, the development of the factory system as a defining feature of capitalism created alienated work for the first time.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Factory_System.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1850548156#4_3444752046
Title: Factory System | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Factory System Factory System Factory System BIBLIOGRAPHY factory system factory system Content: Whereas in preindustrial societies, all members of the family were involved in production work, the advent of the factory system created a gendered division of labor for middle- and working-class families, whereby men went to work for a wage and women were relegated to household work. In poor and nonwhite families, women worked for a wage outside the home in both formal and informal settings. Men were nearly always wageworkers, while women were either relegated to unpaid work to support the work of the men in their families or themselves worked for wages as a means of survival. The link of the wage system to factory production created not only a different work process and a gendered division of labor, but also a new form of work. Whereas work under preindustrial forms of organization was often exploitative, particularly under systems of slavery and feudalism, the development of the factory system as a defining feature of capitalism created alienated work for the first time. Work is said to be alienated when the worker is in a relationship of production whereby he or she has no autonomy or control over what he or she is producing, where the goods being produced belong exclusively to the owner of the factory, and whereby this process makes the worker alien to himself or herself and his or her community. Marx, in his book Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867) argued that workers are alienated to the same extent that they are subject to livelihood exclusively through the wage labor market. This same process has created a social life whereby workers are more fundamentally tied to the workplace than to their homes in terms of livelihood and dependence. This process has also created levels of bureaucracy that divide labor into segmented, de-skilled tasks.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Factory_System.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#0_3446199628
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Social Sciences and the Law Sociology and Social Reform Sociology: General Terms and Concepts Marginalization Marginalization gale views 3,370,577 updated Jun 11 2018 Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY Marginalization comprises those processes by which individuals and groups are ignored or relegated to the sidelines of political debate, social negotiation, and economic bargaining — and kept there. Homelessness, age, language, employment status, skill, race, and religion are some criteria historically used to marginalize. Marginalized groups tend to overlap; groups excluded in one arena, say in political life, tend to be excluded in other arenas, say in economic status. Concern with marginalization is relatively recent. As the advance of democratization and citizenship swell the ranks of those “ included ” in the social order, the plight of those with limited access to the franchise and without rights or at least enforceable claims to rights becomes problematic. Our discussion focuses on two main issues. First, what are marginalizing processes and how do they operate? Second, why are so many of the same groups — women, ethnic groups, religious minorities — marginalized in a variety of situations and institutions?
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marginalization.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#1_3446201240
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: Concern with marginalization is relatively recent. As the advance of democratization and citizenship swell the ranks of those “ included ” in the social order, the plight of those with limited access to the franchise and without rights or at least enforceable claims to rights becomes problematic. Our discussion focuses on two main issues. First, what are marginalizing processes and how do they operate? Second, why are so many of the same groups — women, ethnic groups, religious minorities — marginalized in a variety of situations and institutions? Major approaches to marginalization are represented by neoclassical economics, Marxism, social exclusion theory, and recent research that develops social exclusion theory findings. Neoclassical economists trace marginalization to individual character flaws or to cultural resistance to individualism. Their explanations of poverty stress the notion of the residuum, defined as those “ limp in both body and mind. ” This residuum — the term was made famous by the Cambridge economist, Alfred Marshall — will only work when forced to do so. Generous social policies encourage its members to stay out of the labor force.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marginalization.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#6_3446210251
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: Everywhere, immigrant workers, who do not receive the full benefits of the welfare state and whose families are often not integrated into job markets, remain marginalized. Recent work by American sociologist Charles Tilly further stresses the importance of economic structures and social networks to marginalization. For Tilly, capitalist control of jobs combined with included groups ’ monopolization of job niches help explain why adult, native, white men are privileged in many different hierarchies, whereas nonadult, migrant, nonwhite women are invariably among the excluded. He emphasizes that new job hierarchies within capitalist industry tend to be filled according to already existing social distinctions; employers use old distinctions to justify and buttress new workplace distinctions and maintain harmony by endorsing distinctions that already divide the labor force. In so doing, employers and included groups perpetuate existing social distinctions and reinforce them, creating durable inequality. Increasingly, modern interpretations stress marginalization ’ s collective character and the role of the state, elites, and entrenched groups in determining who is marginalized. But wherever it occurs, marginalization seldom begins afresh. Institutions typically fill new job hierarchies in line with existing social ranks. Groups marginalized in the past have the best chance of being marginalized in the future.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marginalization.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#7_3446212008
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: In so doing, employers and included groups perpetuate existing social distinctions and reinforce them, creating durable inequality. Increasingly, modern interpretations stress marginalization ’ s collective character and the role of the state, elites, and entrenched groups in determining who is marginalized. But wherever it occurs, marginalization seldom begins afresh. Institutions typically fill new job hierarchies in line with existing social ranks. Groups marginalized in the past have the best chance of being marginalized in the future. SEE ALSO Education, Unequal; Inequality, Income; Inequality, Political; Lumpenproletariat; Marxism;
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marginalization.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#17_3446220896
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: Modern Language Association http://www.mla.org/style The Chicago Manual of Style http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html American Psychological Association http://apastyle.apa.org/ Notes: Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. marginalization oxford views 3,811,894 updated Jun 08 2018 marginalization A process by which a group or individual is denied access to important positions and symbols of economic, religious, or political power within any society. A marginal group may actually constitute a numerical majority–as in the case of Blacks in South Africa –and should perhaps be distinguished from a minority group, which may be small in numbers, but has access to political or economic power. Marginalization became a major topic of sociological research in the 1960s, largely in response to the realization that while certain developing countries demonstrated rapid economic growth, members of these societies were receiving increasingly unequal shares of the rewards of success.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Marginalization.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1853174730#18_3446222754
Title: Marginalization | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Marginalization Marginalization Marginalization BIBLIOGRAPHY marginalization Content: In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. marginalization oxford views 3,811,894 updated Jun 08 2018 marginalization A process by which a group or individual is denied access to important positions and symbols of economic, religious, or political power within any society. A marginal group may actually constitute a numerical majority–as in the case of Blacks in South Africa –and should perhaps be distinguished from a minority group, which may be small in numbers, but has access to political or economic power. Marginalization became a major topic of sociological research in the 1960s, largely in response to the realization that while certain developing countries demonstrated rapid economic growth, members of these societies were receiving increasingly unequal shares of the rewards of success. The process by which this occurred became a major source of study, particularly for those influenced by dependency, Marxist, and world-systems theories, who argued that the phenomenon was related to the world capitalist order and not just confined to particular societies. Anthropologists, in particular, have tended to study marginal groups. This stems in part from the idea that, by looking at what happens on the margins of a society, one can see how that society defines itself and is defined in terms of other societies, and what constitute its key cultural values. See also EXCLUSION. A Dictionary of Sociology GORDON MARSHALL × Cite this article
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1862758410#2_3449774950
Title: Bacteria | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Bacteria Characteristics of bacteria Bacterial growth Carbon, nitrogen, and other growth factors Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria The role of bacteria in fermentation Identifying and classifying bacteria Bacteria and disease Bacterial adaptation KEY TERMS Resources BOOKS Bacteria Characteristics of bacteria Bacterial growth Stages of bacterial growth Physical and chemical requirements for bacterial growth Temperature and bacteria pH and bacteria Osmotic pressure and bacteria Carbon, nitrogen and other growth factors Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria Aerobic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria The role of bacteria in fermentation Identifying and classifying bacteria Bacteria and disease Bacterial adaptation Resources books other KEY TERMS Capsule Death phase Exotoxins Fimbriae Gram staining Koch's postulates Lag phase Log phase Phage typing Pili Spirochetes Stationary phase Bacteria Definition Description Classification Bacterial structure Function Energy requirements for growth Binary fission and the growth curve Role in human health Normal flora Pathogenic bacteria Antibiotic resistance Common diseases and disorders KEY TERMS Resources BOOKS PERIODICALS ORGANIZATIONS Bacteria Characteristics of bacteria Words to Know Bacterial growth Harmless, beneficial, and harmful bacteria Hardy survivors Bacteria ROBERT KOCH PASTEURIZATION KILLS BACTERIA THE BENEFITS OF BACTERIA bacteria bacteria bacteria bacterium bacteria Content: Some scientists have proposed splitting this designation into the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria, or true bacteria, consist of more common species, while Archaebacteria (with the prefix archae — meaning ancient) represent microorganisms that are bacteria-like in appearance that inhabit very hostile environments. Scientists believe the latter microorganisms are most closely related to the bacteria that lived when Earth was very young. Examples of archaebacteria are halophiles, which live in extremely salty environments, and thermophiles, which can tolerate and even thrive in near boiling waters of geysers and geothermal vents of the ocean floor. Characteristics of bacteria Although all bacteria share certain structural, genetic, and metabolic characteristics, important biochemical differences exist among the many species of bacteria. These differences permit bacteria to live in many different, and sometimes extreme, environments. For example, some bacteria recycle nitrogen and carbon from decaying organic matter, then release these gases into the atmosphere to be reused by other living things. Other bacteria cause diseases in humans and animals, help digest sewage in treatment plants, or produce the alcohol in wine, beer, and liquors. Still others are used by humans to break down toxic waste chemicals in the environment, a process called bioremediation. The cytoplasm of all bacteria is enclosed within a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall whose polymers, with few exceptions, include peptidoglycans — large, structural molecules made of protein carbohydrate.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/bacteria.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#6_3451255564
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: In the twenty-first century, Grasse is a shadow of its former self, as real-estate developers usurped much of the land in the latter part of the twentieth century. It no longer is the prime source of flowers, roots, and herbs sought by the modern fragrance industry. The whole world serves the perfumers' fragrant needs. Scents of Royalty The desire to adorn the body with sweet smells and beautiful jewelry created a marriage of fashion and fragrance that reached its heights in the early 1700s, particularly during the reign of Louis XIV. It was then that European royalty decided to have their fragrances at hand night and day no matter where they might be. Aromatic jewelry designed by master craftsmen was in great demand. In fact, royalty had their own private jewelers and perfumers to cater to their every whim. Chatelaines, rings, earrings, belts, and bracelets were considered indispensable. Wealthy men, women, and children all wore decorative aromatic accessories. Courting Perfume In 1533, when Catherine de Medici left Italy to marry Henry II, she took all of her personal perfumes and perfumers with her.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#7_3451257393
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: Aromatic jewelry designed by master craftsmen was in great demand. In fact, royalty had their own private jewelers and perfumers to cater to their every whim. Chatelaines, rings, earrings, belts, and bracelets were considered indispensable. Wealthy men, women, and children all wore decorative aromatic accessories. Courting Perfume In 1533, when Catherine de Medici left Italy to marry Henry II, she took all of her personal perfumes and perfumers with her. It was not uncommon for royalty and wealthy citizens to employ their own perfumers and jewelers who were responsible for creating exquisite one-ofa-kind containers for each perfume. The marriage of Marie Antoinette to the future king of France, Louis XVI, united two intense devotees of perfume. Both reveled in environments heavy with scent. But it was Louis XIV who became known as "The Perfumed King" in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His retinue of perfumers created different scents for him and his court to wear morning, noon, and night.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#8_3451259123
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: It was not uncommon for royalty and wealthy citizens to employ their own perfumers and jewelers who were responsible for creating exquisite one-ofa-kind containers for each perfume. The marriage of Marie Antoinette to the future king of France, Louis XVI, united two intense devotees of perfume. Both reveled in environments heavy with scent. But it was Louis XIV who became known as "The Perfumed King" in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His retinue of perfumers created different scents for him and his court to wear morning, noon, and night. In his court, the wings of doves were drenched with fragrance to be released after a great banquet to fill the air with refreshing scents. Extravagance was the coin of the realm. Vessels were designed to allow incense to be sprinkled on carpets and in dresser drawers. Incense was also burned to fumigate clothes, living quarters, and to induce sleep. Street Scents and Scenes The growth of the urban environment in the eighteenth century gave meaning to fragrance for the masses.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#9_3451260875
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: In his court, the wings of doves were drenched with fragrance to be released after a great banquet to fill the air with refreshing scents. Extravagance was the coin of the realm. Vessels were designed to allow incense to be sprinkled on carpets and in dresser drawers. Incense was also burned to fumigate clothes, living quarters, and to induce sleep. Street Scents and Scenes The growth of the urban environment in the eighteenth century gave meaning to fragrance for the masses. Over-crowding, lack of sanitation, and pollution made life unbearable. Fears of unknown diseases lurking in the water kept people from bathing. Perfumes emerged as the panacea for the great-unwashed populace. Crudely made perfumes and colognes could be bought on the street by roving self-appointed perfumers who hawked their fragrant wares from garments which looked like cook's aprons. Scent bottles filled the many pockets.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#10_3451262491
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: Over-crowding, lack of sanitation, and pollution made life unbearable. Fears of unknown diseases lurking in the water kept people from bathing. Perfumes emerged as the panacea for the great-unwashed populace. Crudely made perfumes and colognes could be bought on the street by roving self-appointed perfumers who hawked their fragrant wares from garments which looked like cook's aprons. Scent bottles filled the many pockets. The French Revolution put a stop to royalty's fragrant revelries and perfume didn't regain its popularity until the early nineteenth century, when Napoleon became emperor. There was no limit to his fragrance indulgences. He virtually bathed in eau de cologne, and never went into battle without a full supply of his favorites. His wife, Josephine, loved roses and musk, and she surrounded herself with them night and day. But, when Napoleon left her for Marie Louise, Josephine filled the rooms of Malmaison with the overpowering scent of musk, which she knew Napoleon disliked intensely.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1866423686#11_3451264215
Title: Perfume | Encyclopedia.com Headings: Perfume Perfume PERFUME Hand in Glove Scents of Royalty Courting Perfume Street Scents and Scenes Designers and Grand Dames Peacetime Scent-Sations Hints of Globalization Designing a Fragrant Future bibliography Perfume Perfume Background History Raw Materials The Manufacturing Process Collection Extraction Blending Aging Quality Control The Future Where To Learn More Periodicals perfume perfume Perfume Perfume FOR MORE INFORMATION perfume perfume Content: The French Revolution put a stop to royalty's fragrant revelries and perfume didn't regain its popularity until the early nineteenth century, when Napoleon became emperor. There was no limit to his fragrance indulgences. He virtually bathed in eau de cologne, and never went into battle without a full supply of his favorites. His wife, Josephine, loved roses and musk, and she surrounded herself with them night and day. But, when Napoleon left her for Marie Louise, Josephine filled the rooms of Malmaison with the overpowering scent of musk, which she knew Napoleon disliked intensely. Visitors to Versailles report they smell it still. The twentieth century saw the birth of fashion designer fragrances (primarily of French origin). They were referred to as the invisible accessory by merchants and the media, to be worn on special occasions. Then, in 1921, the great couturier, Gabrielle Chanel, set the fashion world on fire when she launched her breakthrough creation, Chanel No. 5.
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/perfume.aspx
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1870562122#0_3454311942
Title: Zora Neale Hurston | Encyclopedia of Alabama Headings: Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston Content: Zora Neale Hurston | Encyclopedia of Alabama Zora Neale Hurston Cheryl Dowe Carpenter, Alabama A&M University Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) was an author, folklorist, journalist, dramatist, and influential member of the Harlem Renaissance. She is best known for her novels, particularly Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). A complex and controversial figure, Hurston was an ardent promoter of African American culture. Although criticized by her peers, who were interested in using literature and art as vehicles for overcoming stereotypes and promoting integration, assimilation, and equality, Hurston refused to concentrate on racism in her writing. Hurston's short stories, plays, and novels reflect her interest in anthropology and make use of the material she collected while working on various funded expeditions around the South and in Haiti and Jamaica. The controversy surrounding Hurston begins with the place of her birth. Notasulga, located in both Macon and Lee Counties, and Eatonville, Florida, both vie for the honor, but Notasulga, in east-central Alabama, is currently accepted by most scholars. She was born on January 7, 1891, to John Hurston and Lucy Potts Hurston, who was from a landowning family and had taught school before marrying. The Potts family, according to Hurston in her autobiography, Dirt Tracks on a Road, did not approve of the marriage because the groom's prospects were poor, but John and Lucy wed, farmed, and started their own family. Zora was the fifth child, and when she was a toddler, they moved to the all-black town of Eatonville.
http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1512
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1870562122#5_3454320392
Title: Zora Neale Hurston | Encyclopedia of Alabama Headings: Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston Content: Langston Hughes accused her of catering to white audiences and of allowing white patronage to affect her work; her defense against such accusations was that she chose to create characters memorable for their unapologetic celebration of black heritage. Her stance was one of affirmation. Fearful, perhaps, that integration would threaten black cultural traditions, Hurston opposed desegregation. This position was unpopular and misunderstood by those seeking social change. Aware of racism, racially motivated violence, and the degradation of Jim Crow laws, Hurston nonetheless did not launch a frontal attack. She understood the problems experienced by African Americans and women in the first half of the twentieth century, but she perceived that portrayals of them as helpless victims would perpetuate a sense of inferiority. Using Eatonville porch stories and material from collecting excursions, she recorded vibrant black life and the will to survive in a hostile environment, and she dealt with bitterness and resentment about injustice in subtle ways. Her characters are proud, independent, confident, and resourceful; they represent a healthy culture that Hurston did not want subsumed or assimilated.
http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1512
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1870562122#6_3454321884
Title: Zora Neale Hurston | Encyclopedia of Alabama Headings: Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston Content: Aware of racism, racially motivated violence, and the degradation of Jim Crow laws, Hurston nonetheless did not launch a frontal attack. She understood the problems experienced by African Americans and women in the first half of the twentieth century, but she perceived that portrayals of them as helpless victims would perpetuate a sense of inferiority. Using Eatonville porch stories and material from collecting excursions, she recorded vibrant black life and the will to survive in a hostile environment, and she dealt with bitterness and resentment about injustice in subtle ways. Her characters are proud, independent, confident, and resourceful; they represent a healthy culture that Hurston did not want subsumed or assimilated. She championed diversity. Hers were ordinary people too busy living to spend much time feeling oppressed or demanding pity or sympathy from a dominant culture whose values were questionable. Their Eyes Were Watching God Some Harlem Renaissance artists believed that it was their duty to create literature, art, and music that promoted assimilation into white mainstream American culture. Hurston drew criticism from some African American intellectuals, including novelist Richard Wright, for writing dialogue in rural African American dialect and for presenting her characters in ways that other writers and critics considered backward or inappropriate. Her writing also met with criticism from some white literary reviewers, who felt that her characters were stereotypes.
http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1512
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1870562122#7_3454323677
Title: Zora Neale Hurston | Encyclopedia of Alabama Headings: Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston Content: She championed diversity. Hers were ordinary people too busy living to spend much time feeling oppressed or demanding pity or sympathy from a dominant culture whose values were questionable. Their Eyes Were Watching God Some Harlem Renaissance artists believed that it was their duty to create literature, art, and music that promoted assimilation into white mainstream American culture. Hurston drew criticism from some African American intellectuals, including novelist Richard Wright, for writing dialogue in rural African American dialect and for presenting her characters in ways that other writers and critics considered backward or inappropriate. Her writing also met with criticism from some white literary reviewers, who felt that her characters were stereotypes. Her friendship with Langston Hughes ended over a disagreement about writing credits for Mule Bone, a play on which they had collaborated. Hurston graduated from Barnard in 1928 and embarked on a successful career as a playwright. She wrote and directed musical, dance, and dramatic productions that employed black talent and emphasized African American culture and contributions to U.S. history and society and were performed in New York, Florida, and Chicago. In 1934, she published her first novel, Jonah's Gourd Vine. That same year, the Rosenwald Foundation offered her a fellowship to enter the doctoral program in anthropology at Columbia University;
http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1512
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1872064137#0_3457186389
Title: Fayetteville (Washington County) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Headings: Fayetteville (Washington County) Fayetteville (Washington County) County Seat Content: Fayetteville (Washington County) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Entries All Entries Fayetteville (Washington County) Fayetteville (Washington County) County Seat Latitude and Longitude: 36º03’45″N 094º09’26″W Elevation: 1,400 feet Area: 53.850 square miles (2010 Census) Population: 73,580 (2010 Census) Incorporation Date: August 23, 1870 Historical Population as per the U.S. Census: 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 – – – 425 598 972 955 1,788 2,942 4,061 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 4,471 5,362 7,394 8,212 17,071 20,274 30,729 36,608 42,099 58,047 2 010 73,580 Fayetteville, one of the largest cities in the state, is located in the Ozark Mountains and has been the seat of county government since formation by the state legislature. From the early pioneers to modern-day residents, Fayetteville’s citizens have been dedicated to the enhancement of the cultural, educational, and economic growth of the area and state. Louisiana Purchase through Early Statehood The first settlers in Fayetteville were George McGarrah and his sons James, John, and William. Around 1828, they settled near the spring in an area that was to become the Masonic Addition to Fayetteville, the eastern part of which is at the base of Mount Sequoyah.
http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1006
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1872064137#1_3457188163
Title: Fayetteville (Washington County) - Encyclopedia of Arkansas Headings: Fayetteville (Washington County) Fayetteville (Washington County) County Seat Content: August 23, 1870 Historical Population as per the U.S. Census: 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 – – – 425 598 972 955 1,788 2,942 4,061 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 4,471 5,362 7,394 8,212 17,071 20,274 30,729 36,608 42,099 58,047 2 010 73,580 Fayetteville, one of the largest cities in the state, is located in the Ozark Mountains and has been the seat of county government since formation by the state legislature. From the early pioneers to modern-day residents, Fayetteville’s citizens have been dedicated to the enhancement of the cultural, educational, and economic growth of the area and state. Louisiana Purchase through Early Statehood The first settlers in Fayetteville were George McGarrah and his sons James, John, and William. Around 1828, they settled near the spring in an area that was to become the Masonic Addition to Fayetteville, the eastern part of which is at the base of Mount Sequoyah. James Leeper, a Revolutionary War veteran, was the second settler in Fayetteville. His son Matthew was appointed receiver of the Land Office by President Andrew Jackson. The Leepers owned all the land on the south side of Mount Sequoyah to the White River, as well as lots around the Fayetteville square. Matthew was married to Lucy Washington, and David Walker was married to her sister Jane Lewis Washington, representing the linking of two politically influential families in Fayetteville. Washington County was established in 1828 out of Lovely County, which had existed for a year.
http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1006
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_24537872#8_62146314
Title: 7 Ways to Foster Self-Esteem and Resilience in All Learners | The Inclusion Lab Headings: 7 Ways to Foster Self-Esteem and Resilience in All Learners Accept Students for Who They Are Help Students Develop a Sense of Responsibility Increase Students’ Sense of Ownership Help Students Establish Self-Discipline Promote Self-Advocacy Skills Provide Positive Feedback and Encouragement Teach Students to Cope with Mistakes and Failure *** Content: Many students were able to reflect on their lives and behaviors and think about alternative ways of behaving in the future. Promote Self-Advocacy Skills Strong self-advocacy skills lead to greater self-confidence, but many students with learning or behavioral challenges may struggle to develop these skills. How can you boost your students’ ability to communicate with teachers and advocate for their needs? You might try these steps: Have a teacher or school mental health professional talk individually with a student about his or her learning needs to increase awareness of that student’s strengths and weaknesses. Identify ways in which students should approach their teacher or other school staff to communicate their needs. You could try writing a sample script of what a student might say, making a written list of steps that walk the student through the process, and/or having a student practice what to say. Provide follow-up sessions where the student can report back on the results of his or her initial attempts at communication. Here’s an example of what this might look like in action: Mr. Chavez, Jeremy’s teacher, described him as a “moving target who can’t control his movements.”
https://blog.brookespublishing.com/7-ways-to-foster-self-esteem-and-resilience-in-all-learners/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_24936511#3_63086885
Title: Must-Read! The 8 Factors that Influence Decision Making Headings: 8 Things You Don’t Know Are Affecting Our Choices Every Day: The Science of Decision Making 8 Things You Don’t Know Are Affecting Our Choices Every Day: The Science of Decision Making What happens in your brain when you make decisions Why we accept the default choice Why we make worse decisions over time Why we make better decisions in the morning Why we make better decisions in a foreign language How our bodies play a part in our decision-making Why being hungry is bad for decision-making Why a full bladder helps us make better choices Why ventilation is important for good decision-making Never miss an update from us. Join 100,000+ marketers and leaders. Why leaning to the left affects your choices Decision-making is not a pristine process. All sources of information creep into it, and we are just beginning to explore the role of the body in this. How to make better decisions 1. Make your decisions in the morning 2. Eat first 3. Cut down your choices 4. Open the windows 5. Use a foreign language Content: We’d rather not decide, so we’re likely to just stick with the default option if it’s already been chosen for us. When we get offered too many choices, the same thing happens—we shut down, unable to decide. Often, we end up simply choosing anything, just to get the process over and done with. Shai Danzinger’s study on parole hearings (which I reference in the next section) sums it up like this: We start suffering from “choice overload” and we start opting for the easiest choice. For example, shoppers who have already made several decisions are more likely to go for the default offer, whether they’re buying a suit or a car. click to share Why we make worse decisions over time Brian Bailey wrote about decision fatigue in an earlier post, which is essentially just a wearing-down of our decision-making abilities from overuse in a short period of time. The more decisions we make, the more tired our brain gets, leading us to either give less thought to our decisions or choose lower-risk, “safe” options simply to avoid the effort of making a difficult decision. For a judge hearing a parole case, that safer, low-risk option would be to deny parole and keep the prisoner behind bars. Unsurprisingly, this is just what judges generally do when they’ve had to make a lot of decisions in a row.
https://blog.bufferapp.com/8-things-you-dont-know-are-affecting-your-decisions-every-day
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_25556112#1_65135735
Title: 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Marketing Headings: 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Social Media Marketing 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Social Media Marketing 15 Psychological Studies for Marketers to Know 1. The Endowment Effect When we own something, we tend to value it more highly. If we have to sell it, we want more than it is really worth. 2. Reciprocity We feel obliged to give back to people who have given to us. 3. Consistency Principle We like to keep consistent what we think, say and do, and will change to ensure this is so. 4. The Foot-in-the-Door Method When asked to make a small commitment first, we are more likely to agree to a larger request later. 5. Framing Effect We react to a situation differently depending on whether we perceive the situation to be a loss or a gain. 6. Loss Aversion We feel the negative effects of loss more strongly than we feel the positive effects of an equal gain. 7. Conformity and Social Influence We change how we behave to be more like others. 8. Acquiescence Effect We give answers based not just on a rational consideration of what is being asked but also in consideration of how we will appear to others. 9. Mere Exposure Theory The more we’re exposed to something, the more we like it. Never miss an update from us. Join 100,000+ marketers and leaders. 10. Informational Social Influence When we do not know how to behave, we copy other people. 11. The Decoy Effect Consumers tend to change their preference between two options when a third, less attractive option is presented. 12. Availability Heuristic When evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision, we favor options that bring to mind immediate examples. 13. Buffer Effect of Social Support People who feel supported by others feel less stress. If you know your friends will support you and there is someone with whom you can talk things through, somehow stressful situations are more tolerable. 14. Ben Franklin Effect When we do a person a favor, we like them more. 15. Propinquity Effect The more we meet and interact with people, the more likely we are to become friends with them. Further reading Content: 15 Psychological Studies for Marketers to Know 1. The Endowment Effect When we own something, we tend to value it more highly. If we have to sell it, we want more than it is really worth. click to share The research: A study at Duke University found that students who had won basketball tickets valued the tickets at $2,400. Those who had not won tickets would pay $170. Similarly, a study by Daniel Kahneman of Cal-Berkeley found the same effect with study participants and the price of mugs. Value doubled for those owning a mug (perceived worth $10) compared to those looking to purchase (willing to pay $5). Marketing takeaway: Your customers attribute a higher value to things they already own.
https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychological-studies-marketing
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_25556112#2_65138845
Title: 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Marketing Headings: 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Social Media Marketing 15 Psychological Studies That Will Boost Your Social Media Marketing 15 Psychological Studies for Marketers to Know 1. The Endowment Effect When we own something, we tend to value it more highly. If we have to sell it, we want more than it is really worth. 2. Reciprocity We feel obliged to give back to people who have given to us. 3. Consistency Principle We like to keep consistent what we think, say and do, and will change to ensure this is so. 4. The Foot-in-the-Door Method When asked to make a small commitment first, we are more likely to agree to a larger request later. 5. Framing Effect We react to a situation differently depending on whether we perceive the situation to be a loss or a gain. 6. Loss Aversion We feel the negative effects of loss more strongly than we feel the positive effects of an equal gain. 7. Conformity and Social Influence We change how we behave to be more like others. 8. Acquiescence Effect We give answers based not just on a rational consideration of what is being asked but also in consideration of how we will appear to others. 9. Mere Exposure Theory The more we’re exposed to something, the more we like it. Never miss an update from us. Join 100,000+ marketers and leaders. 10. Informational Social Influence When we do not know how to behave, we copy other people. 11. The Decoy Effect Consumers tend to change their preference between two options when a third, less attractive option is presented. 12. Availability Heuristic When evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision, we favor options that bring to mind immediate examples. 13. Buffer Effect of Social Support People who feel supported by others feel less stress. If you know your friends will support you and there is someone with whom you can talk things through, somehow stressful situations are more tolerable. 14. Ben Franklin Effect When we do a person a favor, we like them more. 15. Propinquity Effect The more we meet and interact with people, the more likely we are to become friends with them. Further reading Content: Those who had not won tickets would pay $170. Similarly, a study by Daniel Kahneman of Cal-Berkeley found the same effect with study participants and the price of mugs. Value doubled for those owning a mug (perceived worth $10) compared to those looking to purchase (willing to pay $5). Marketing takeaway: Your customers attribute a higher value to things they already own. Help increase their ownership in your product or brand by encouraging feedback and suggestions ( UserVoice is a great option) or asking for involvement on social media (chats or open office hours). 2. Reciprocity We feel obliged to give back to people who have given to us. click to share The research: In 2002, a team of researchers of found that waiters could increase tips with a tiny bit of reciprocity.
https://blog.bufferapp.com/psychological-studies-marketing
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_25660752#20_65553313
Title: Best Frequency Strategies: How Often to Post on Social Media Headings: The Social Media Frequency Guide: How Often to Post to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn And More The Social Media Frequency Guide: How Often to Post to Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn And More Strike the balance between informative and annoying I’ve started tweeting content from Buffer, ranging from 3x per day to 7x per day. How often do you all share content? I am looking to balance being informative and being annoying 🙂 How frequently Buffer shares to social media The optimal frequency for posting on social media To ‘know’ the BEST is an impossibility. You can only predict and measure. How often to post to Facebook Its 2011 study found that the sweet spot is five to 10 posts per week. When a brand posts twice a day, those posts only receive 57% of the likes and 78% of the comments per post. The drop-off continues as more posts are made in the day. How often to post to Twitter In both cases, three tweets was the magic number for optimal posting. So if you want to wring the most value out of every tweet you send, tweet about five times each day. How often to post on LinkedIn and Google+ Publish Flawlessly. Analyze Effortlessly. Engage Authentically. Something to consider: The incredibly short life cycle of a tweet Presumably, the longer a tweet sits at the top of your page, the longer its life. The more you tweet, the shorter the lifespan of each individual tweet. Facebook’s life cycle is much longer, relatively speaking Facebook posts reach their half-life at the 90-minute mark, nearly four times longer than Twitter. Schedule your posts when your audience is online The late-night infomercial effect Takeaways Post to Twitter at least 5 times a day. If you can swing up to 20 posts, you might be even better off. Post to Facebook five to 10 times per week. Post to LinkedIn once per day. (20 times per month) How frequently do you post to social media? Have you found that there’s a point of diminishing returns? I’d love to hear what you think, if you don’t mind giving away some secrets. 🙂 Want more social media tips? Take our free email course! Did you find this article helpful? You might also like our all-you-need social media toolkit. Content: Something to consider: The incredibly short life cycle of a tweet It takes 18 minutes for a tweet to be over the hill. Moz’s Peter Bray ran the numbers and found the 18-minute mark to be the time it takes for half of a tweet’s retweets to occur. In other words, once a tweet has been live for 18 minutes, it has reached the peak of its engagement. Leftover engagement might follow, but its glory days are done. The life cycle of a tweet is shorter than most every other post on social media (Pinterest may enjoy the longest life, for what it’s worth). Expectations on Twitter reflect this aura of immediacy, too. Convince and Convert found that 42 percent of customers expect a support request to be answered on Twitter within 60 minutes. If you’re looking for a fountain of youth for your tweets, you might find solace in this: Presumably, the longer a
https://blog.bufferapp.com/social-media-frequency-guide
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_26372578#1_67470182
Title: Hormesis: How to Use Stress to Boost Your Resilience Headings: Hormesis: How to Use Stress to Boost Your Resilience Hormesis: How to Use Stress to Boost Your Resilience What is hormesis? How hormesis works Related: 5 Ways to Rebuild Your Skin’s Collagen Hormesis and alcohol Hormesis and gluten 5 ways to boost your resilience with hormesis Exercise and hormesis Related: Burn Fat With This 18-Minute Full-Body HIIT Workout Practice intermittent fasting Learn more about how to get started with intermittent fasting Extreme temperatures with infrared saunas and cryotherapy Facing adversity Oxygen deprivation Sun exposure Content: In other words, it sucks up your energy and makes you weak, and it affects everyone. I’ve written about hacking stress before; learning to manage it an essential part of being strong and resilient (aka Bulletproof). Just as valuable, though, is learning how you can use stress to make yourself stronger. There’s a good kind of stress, called hormesis, that can make you more resilient and powerful in day-to-day life. I’ve used hormesis for years to hack my stress tolerance and resilience. Resilience, by the way, is the ability to bounce back and recover quickly from adversity, trauma, or any kind of injury. It’s the secret to living a long, youthful life. ( Think: survival of the fittest.)
https://blog.bulletproof.com/hormesis-stress-benefits/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_31112654#8_80434214
Title: 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation Headings: 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation 20 ways to boost online class participation 1. Make the guidelines clear 2. Familiarize yourself with your LMS 3. Make use of small groups 4. Create a light syllabus 5. Make sure navigation is intuitive Start with these 20 user friendly LMS suggestions! 6. Reward early answers with personal attention 7. Ask the right questions 8. Encourage debate 9. Give your lessons a sense of purpose 10. Highlight the purpose to reinforce it 11. Let students ask their own questions 12. Base exam questions on discussions 13. Watch for early problems 14. Ongoing, actionable feedback means the most 15. Keep cameras on during chat sessions 16. Use a variety of lesson activities 17. Use silent moments to chat 18. Follow up, follow up, follow up 19. Organize by due dates 20. Model engagement yourself How do you improve online class participation? About the Author Halden Ingwersen Content: 4. Create a light syllabus You may not be teaching a heavy lecture course with pop quizzes or major tests every week. But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have a lesson plan that your students have access to. A syllabus can help lay out expectations for your students. It will inform them when they need to pay more attention, what lessons will cover, and how they can best prepare for each session or module. Engagement improves if students know what’s required of them ahead of time. There’s a strong link between an interesting but clear syllabus and higher student engagement. 5. Make sure navigation is intuitive What sounds more encouraging: a system in which you have to struggle to locate your lessons, quizzes, and end up getting lost in a digital labyrinth just trying to find a way to contact your instructor?
https://blog.capterra.com/tips-to-facilitate-online-class-participation/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_31112654#9_80436318
Title: 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation Headings: 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation 20 Tips to Facilitate Online Class Participation 20 ways to boost online class participation 1. Make the guidelines clear 2. Familiarize yourself with your LMS 3. Make use of small groups 4. Create a light syllabus 5. Make sure navigation is intuitive Start with these 20 user friendly LMS suggestions! 6. Reward early answers with personal attention 7. Ask the right questions 8. Encourage debate 9. Give your lessons a sense of purpose 10. Highlight the purpose to reinforce it 11. Let students ask their own questions 12. Base exam questions on discussions 13. Watch for early problems 14. Ongoing, actionable feedback means the most 15. Keep cameras on during chat sessions 16. Use a variety of lesson activities 17. Use silent moments to chat 18. Follow up, follow up, follow up 19. Organize by due dates 20. Model engagement yourself How do you improve online class participation? About the Author Halden Ingwersen Content: Engagement improves if students know what’s required of them ahead of time. There’s a strong link between an interesting but clear syllabus and higher student engagement. 5. Make sure navigation is intuitive What sounds more encouraging: a system in which you have to struggle to locate your lessons, quizzes, and end up getting lost in a digital labyrinth just trying to find a way to contact your instructor? Or a straightforward, intuitive system that makes all those things obvious from day one? The answer should be clear, but it’s often taken for granted that software will be hard to navigate. Here’s the big secret: It doesn’t have to be. If you have any control over the LMS selection process, push for something with easy, intuitive navigation.
https://blog.capterra.com/tips-to-facilitate-online-class-participation/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#0_97048681
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com FG Trade/istockphoto Credit Cards 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors View Slideshow Mia Taylor January 07, 2020 1 / 13 FG Trade/istockphoto PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT Seniors have different spending priorities and financial realities than those who are younger. This is often tied to the fact that seniors are living on a fixed income made up of retirement funds, Social Security or some combination of both. This reality makes it even more important to choose wisely when opting to use a credit card for purchases and other expenses. With that in mind, Cheapism asked personal finance and credit card industry experts to weigh in on the best credit cards for senior citizens. Here is what they had to say. 2 / 13 AARP. Really? by bisongirl ( CC BY-NC-ND) AARP CREDIT CARD The top recommendation, hands down, was the AARP Credit Card from Chase. " The AARP credit card from Chase was specifically made for seniors," said Andy Misek of the website Finance Guru. " You get 3 percent cash back on gas, which is pretty high.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#1_97050397
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: 2 / 13 AARP. Really? by bisongirl ( CC BY-NC-ND) AARP CREDIT CARD The top recommendation, hands down, was the AARP Credit Card from Chase. " The AARP credit card from Chase was specifically made for seniors," said Andy Misek of the website Finance Guru. " You get 3 percent cash back on gas, which is pretty high. You also get 1 percent back on groceries and going out to eat. This is the perfect card for seniors who enjoy going out for dinner ." In addition, every time you use your credit card at as restaurant, 10 cents is donated to AARP. 3 / 13 funky-data/istockphoto AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD Priyanka Prakash, a lending and credit expert at online loan broker Fundera, says the American Express Blue Cash Preferred Card is her top choice for senior citizens for a variety of reasons. " The card provides cash back in areas of spending that are important to baby boomers and seniors," Prakash said. "
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#2_97051975
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: You also get 1 percent back on groceries and going out to eat. This is the perfect card for seniors who enjoy going out for dinner ." In addition, every time you use your credit card at as restaurant, 10 cents is donated to AARP. 3 / 13 funky-data/istockphoto AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD Priyanka Prakash, a lending and credit expert at online loan broker Fundera, says the American Express Blue Cash Preferred Card is her top choice for senior citizens for a variety of reasons. " The card provides cash back in areas of spending that are important to baby boomers and seniors," Prakash said. " Compared to millennials, nearly 40 percent of whom shop for groceries online on platforms like Amazon, 85 percent of baby boomers still prefer going to the supermarket." The Blue Cash Preferred card provides 6 percent cash back on groceries, which is the highest of any card on the market, Prakash notes. In addition, it offers 3 percent cash back on fuel purchases, another help for seniors who are continuing to drive, she says. This card also comes with a $250 cash-back offer when spending $1,000 within the first three months. 4 / 13 Courtesy of chase.com CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED Juggling credit cards with different rewards and points-redemption methods can get confusing.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#3_97053918
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: Compared to millennials, nearly 40 percent of whom shop for groceries online on platforms like Amazon, 85 percent of baby boomers still prefer going to the supermarket." The Blue Cash Preferred card provides 6 percent cash back on groceries, which is the highest of any card on the market, Prakash notes. In addition, it offers 3 percent cash back on fuel purchases, another help for seniors who are continuing to drive, she says. This card also comes with a $250 cash-back offer when spending $1,000 within the first three months. 4 / 13 Courtesy of chase.com CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED Juggling credit cards with different rewards and points-redemption methods can get confusing. The Chase Sapphire Preferred can streamline things for seniors, said Oliver Browne, a credit industry analyst for Credit Card Insider. " The Chase Sapphire Preferred is a fantastic travel credit card for seniors as it allows them to earn and transfer points to a number of partner loyalty programs," Browne explained. The card is much-loved for its ability to transfer points at a 1-to-1 ratio to airline and hotel travel partners, including United MileagePlus and IHG Rewards Club. This card also offers 2 points per dollar on travel and dining, an added bonus for seniors who want to enjoy the finer things in retirement while still putting some money back in their pocket. 5 / 13 Justin Sullivan/Getty Images CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD The major benefit of the Double Cash Card is right in its name, says Andy Misek of Finance Guru.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#4_97056080
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: The Chase Sapphire Preferred can streamline things for seniors, said Oliver Browne, a credit industry analyst for Credit Card Insider. " The Chase Sapphire Preferred is a fantastic travel credit card for seniors as it allows them to earn and transfer points to a number of partner loyalty programs," Browne explained. The card is much-loved for its ability to transfer points at a 1-to-1 ratio to airline and hotel travel partners, including United MileagePlus and IHG Rewards Club. This card also offers 2 points per dollar on travel and dining, an added bonus for seniors who want to enjoy the finer things in retirement while still putting some money back in their pocket. 5 / 13 Justin Sullivan/Getty Images CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD The major benefit of the Double Cash Card is right in its name, says Andy Misek of Finance Guru. The card provides 1 percent cash back when you make any type of purchase and another 1 percent when you pay, he explained. There are no specific category limits for the purchases. Nor is there a cap on the amount cardholders can earn. In addition, there's no annual fee. " While it doesn't offer the same travel benefits of the Chase Sapphire Preferred credit card, the Citi Double Cash Card offers benefits that aren't as situational," Misek said. "
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#5_97058012
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: The card provides 1 percent cash back when you make any type of purchase and another 1 percent when you pay, he explained. There are no specific category limits for the purchases. Nor is there a cap on the amount cardholders can earn. In addition, there's no annual fee. " While it doesn't offer the same travel benefits of the Chase Sapphire Preferred credit card, the Citi Double Cash Card offers benefits that aren't as situational," Misek said. " Everyone needs groceries and gas and getting cash back for those purchases is incredibly beneficial." 6 / 13 magnez2/istockphoto CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS Do you travel a lot to see the grandkids or to explore the world? Dan Soschin, chief operating officer of the website CardGuru, says the best option for seniors who do a fair amount of traveling is the Capital One Venture Rewards card. " You'll accumulate ‘miles' on every purchase you make, which can be applied to airline travel with no blackout dates," Soschin said. The card is currently offering two-times the miles for every dollar spent.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#6_97059721
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: Everyone needs groceries and gas and getting cash back for those purchases is incredibly beneficial." 6 / 13 magnez2/istockphoto CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS Do you travel a lot to see the grandkids or to explore the world? Dan Soschin, chief operating officer of the website CardGuru, says the best option for seniors who do a fair amount of traveling is the Capital One Venture Rewards card. " You'll accumulate ‘miles' on every purchase you make, which can be applied to airline travel with no blackout dates," Soschin said. The card is currently offering two-times the miles for every dollar spent. There's also a 50,000-mile sign-up bonus for those who spend $3,000 within the first three months. " That's roughly equal to $500 in travel," Soschin noted. " This card has plenty of perks including no foreign transaction fees and bonus mile opportunities such as 10x miles on hotel bookings." 7 / 13 helen89/istockphoto CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED Sometimes, it can be a good idea to keep things simple, suggests Soschin of CardGuru. The Chase Freedom Unlimited does not sacrifice perks for simplicity. "
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#7_97061486
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: There's also a 50,000-mile sign-up bonus for those who spend $3,000 within the first three months. " That's roughly equal to $500 in travel," Soschin noted. " This card has plenty of perks including no foreign transaction fees and bonus mile opportunities such as 10x miles on hotel bookings." 7 / 13 helen89/istockphoto CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED Sometimes, it can be a good idea to keep things simple, suggests Soschin of CardGuru. The Chase Freedom Unlimited does not sacrifice perks for simplicity. " There's no worrying about bonus miles, points or limited time offers," Soschin said. " Instead, you receive 1.5 percent cash back on everything you purchase. It's that simple, which makes this a great card for seniors who spend a lot and don't want to worry about which credit card to use for various purchases." There is no minimum required for claiming cash-back rewards, and this card also offers a sign-up bonus of up to $150 when you spend $500 in the first three months. " We love this card for its simplicity, its extended warranty feature, and because it has no annual fee," Soschin said.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#8_97063240
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: There's no worrying about bonus miles, points or limited time offers," Soschin said. " Instead, you receive 1.5 percent cash back on everything you purchase. It's that simple, which makes this a great card for seniors who spend a lot and don't want to worry about which credit card to use for various purchases." There is no minimum required for claiming cash-back rewards, and this card also offers a sign-up bonus of up to $150 when you spend $500 in the first three months. " We love this card for its simplicity, its extended warranty feature, and because it has no annual fee," Soschin said. 8 / 13 MikeDotta/shutterstock UBER VISA While older Americans may not be the target demographic for Uber rides, that doesn't mean Uber's credit card isn't a good fit for them. Michael Cetera, senior credit analyst for the website FitSmallBusiness, recommends the card for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is its 4 percent cash back on dining. " This is the best cash-back card for dining out that doesn't charge an annual fee," Cetera said. " Because food is such a big part of senior citizens' budgets, nearly 13 percent according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, finding the right card to reward food spending should be a priority." 9 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Simmons Bank SIMMONS VISA A card that is likely less well-known than the others on this list, the Simmons Visa is one of Beverly Herzog's top recommendations for seniors.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#9_97065346
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: 8 / 13 MikeDotta/shutterstock UBER VISA While older Americans may not be the target demographic for Uber rides, that doesn't mean Uber's credit card isn't a good fit for them. Michael Cetera, senior credit analyst for the website FitSmallBusiness, recommends the card for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is its 4 percent cash back on dining. " This is the best cash-back card for dining out that doesn't charge an annual fee," Cetera said. " Because food is such a big part of senior citizens' budgets, nearly 13 percent according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, finding the right card to reward food spending should be a priority." 9 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Simmons Bank SIMMONS VISA A card that is likely less well-known than the others on this list, the Simmons Visa is one of Beverly Herzog's top recommendations for seniors. A credit-card expert for U.S. News & World Report, she notes that it offers a low interest rate (10.5 percent vs. the typical 17 percent) and no annual fee. This card is ideal for seniors who need a basic card that's good for everyday purchases. It's not a great choice for those who are interested in scoring rewards. 10 / 13 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD Fidelity's card offers a great choice for seniors wanting to add to their retirement accounts or help pay for children's education. In addition to offering unlimited 2 percent cash back on every eligible purchase and no annual fee, it allows cardholders to deposit rewards in up to several eligible Fidelity accounts, among them a retirement account or 529 college savings account.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#10_97067633
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: A credit-card expert for U.S. News & World Report, she notes that it offers a low interest rate (10.5 percent vs. the typical 17 percent) and no annual fee. This card is ideal for seniors who need a basic card that's good for everyday purchases. It's not a great choice for those who are interested in scoring rewards. 10 / 13 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD Fidelity's card offers a great choice for seniors wanting to add to their retirement accounts or help pay for children's education. In addition to offering unlimited 2 percent cash back on every eligible purchase and no annual fee, it allows cardholders to deposit rewards in up to several eligible Fidelity accounts, among them a retirement account or 529 college savings account. 11 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Wells Fargo WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS While it may offer a slightly lower return than other cards at three times the points on restaurants and take-out, the Wells Fargo Propel American Express also offers three times points on a variety of other spending categories, such as gas stations, rideshares and transit, flights, hotels, car rentals and popular streaming services, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " I'd recommend this card to senior citizens who spend heavily on both dining out and travel," said Cetera said. " What's more there's no annual fee, and you can earn 30,000 bonus points when you spend $3,000 within the first three months." 12 / 13 Target by Mike Mozart ( CC BY) TARGET REDCARD Available as either a debit or credit card, the Target REDcard is a good choice for seniors because it will save an instant 5 percent at the checkout, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " This is great for grocery shopping," Cetera said, adding that the card could save consumers hundreds of dollars annually. "
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#11_97070127
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: 11 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Wells Fargo WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS While it may offer a slightly lower return than other cards at three times the points on restaurants and take-out, the Wells Fargo Propel American Express also offers three times points on a variety of other spending categories, such as gas stations, rideshares and transit, flights, hotels, car rentals and popular streaming services, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " I'd recommend this card to senior citizens who spend heavily on both dining out and travel," said Cetera said. " What's more there's no annual fee, and you can earn 30,000 bonus points when you spend $3,000 within the first three months." 12 / 13 Target by Mike Mozart ( CC BY) TARGET REDCARD Available as either a debit or credit card, the Target REDcard is a good choice for seniors because it will save an instant 5 percent at the checkout, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " This is great for grocery shopping," Cetera said, adding that the card could save consumers hundreds of dollars annually. " Since you get the 5 percent off for all qualifying Target purchases, this can make all of your shopping at the giant retailer cheaper." Another bonus: There is no annual fee. 13 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Discover DISCOVER IT CASH BACK The Discover it Cash Back card offers great value for seniors in its first year, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " Discover pays 1 percent on all spending and 5 percent on rotating categories that switch each quarter," Cetera explained.
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_38173443#12_97072321
Title: Best Credit Cards for Seniors | Cheapism.com Headings: 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors 12 Best Credit Cards for Seniors PLAYING YOUR CARDS RIGHT AARP CREDIT CARD AMERICAN EXPRESS BLUE CASH PREFERRED CARD CHASE SAPPHIRE PREFERRED CITI DOUBLE CASH CARD CAPITAL ONE VENTURE REWARDS CHASE FREEDOM UNLIMITED UBER VISA SIMMONS VISA FIDELITY REWARDS VISA SIGNATURE CARD WELLS FARGO PROPEL AMERICAN EXPRESS TARGET REDCARD DISCOVER IT CASH BACK Content: Since you get the 5 percent off for all qualifying Target purchases, this can make all of your shopping at the giant retailer cheaper." Another bonus: There is no annual fee. 13 / 13 Courtesy of facebook.com/Discover DISCOVER IT CASH BACK The Discover it Cash Back card offers great value for seniors in its first year, says Cetera of FitSmallBusiness. " Discover pays 1 percent on all spending and 5 percent on rotating categories that switch each quarter," Cetera explained. During the first year of card ownership, Discover will also match all of the cash back you earn. That essentially makes this a 2 percent cash-back card on all spending and a 10 percent cash-back card on rotating categories during the first year. " That makes for a pretty great return on any spending a senior citizen might need to do."
https://blog.cheapism.com/best-credit-cards-for-seniors/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#0_104136809
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Luke Sharrett/Bloomberg Retail 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 View Slideshow Saundra Latham November 11, 2019 1 / 28 Luke Sharrett/Bloomberg The Retail Apocalypse If you thought last year was the low point for bricks-and-mortar retailers, think again. Sadly, 2019 proved to be exponentially more brutal, and Coresight Research predicts the number of store closures could reach a staggering 12,000 by the year's end, compared to just under 6,000 closures in 2018. From Payless to Party City, here are some of the most notable victims of the retail apocalypse this year. Related: How to Shop at Going-Out-of-Business Sales 2 / 28 Andrei Stanescu/istockphoto Payless ShoeSource Stores closed or closing: 2,500 Finding cheap footwear became a little more difficult this year. Back in February, Payless filed for bankruptcy and announced it would close all of its U.S. locations. The move came after an initial bankruptcy filing in 2017, which was accompanied by about 700 closures. 3 / 28 anouchka/istockphoto GNC Stores closed or closing: Up to 900 Though vitamin and wellness retailer GNC has thus far steered clear of bankruptcy, it announced over the summer that it would be shuttering up to 900 of its stores in the U.S. and Canada in the coming years.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#1_104138930
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 2,500 Finding cheap footwear became a little more difficult this year. Back in February, Payless filed for bankruptcy and announced it would close all of its U.S. locations. The move came after an initial bankruptcy filing in 2017, which was accompanied by about 700 closures. 3 / 28 anouchka/istockphoto GNC Stores closed or closing: Up to 900 Though vitamin and wellness retailer GNC has thus far steered clear of bankruptcy, it announced over the summer that it would be shuttering up to 900 of its stores in the U.S. and Canada in the coming years. Unsurprisingly, many of the stores closing are in malls that have seen a precipitous drop in foot traffic. 4 / 28 Spencer Platt/Getty Images Gymboree and Crazy 8 Stores closed or closing: 805 In an ominous sign of the year to come, longtime kid's clothing seller Gymboree filed for bankruptcy in January and announced it would close all remaining locations of both Gymboree and its lower-priced Crazy 8 brand. The move followed a 2017 bankruptcy filing that was accompanied by 375 store closures. However, if you're a big Gymboree shopper, take note:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#2_104140809
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: Unsurprisingly, many of the stores closing are in malls that have seen a precipitous drop in foot traffic. 4 / 28 Spencer Platt/Getty Images Gymboree and Crazy 8 Stores closed or closing: 805 In an ominous sign of the year to come, longtime kid's clothing seller Gymboree filed for bankruptcy in January and announced it would close all remaining locations of both Gymboree and its lower-priced Crazy 8 brand. The move followed a 2017 bankruptcy filing that was accompanied by 375 store closures. However, if you're a big Gymboree shopper, take note: Next year, the brand will re-appear in about 200 The Children's Place stores as well as online. 5 / 28 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto Dressbarn Stores closed or closing: 650 In an effort to bolster its more successful brands like Ann Taylor, Loft, and Lane Bryant, Ascena Retail Group announced in May that it would be closing all Dressbarn locations by the end of 2019. Ascena also sold its Maurice's brand to a private equity firm earlier this year. 6 / 28 Joy C./yelp Fred's Stores closed or closing:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#3_104142645
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: Next year, the brand will re-appear in about 200 The Children's Place stores as well as online. 5 / 28 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto Dressbarn Stores closed or closing: 650 In an effort to bolster its more successful brands like Ann Taylor, Loft, and Lane Bryant, Ascena Retail Group announced in May that it would be closing all Dressbarn locations by the end of 2019. Ascena also sold its Maurice's brand to a private equity firm earlier this year. 6 / 28 Joy C./yelp Fred's Stores closed or closing: 568 This discounter and pharmacy with a wide presence throughout the Southeast filed for bankruptcy in September and announced it was liquidating all stores. Fred's had already endured multiple rounds of closures this year and had fewer than 100 stores still open when it decided to pull the plug entirely. 7 / 28 Drew Angerer/Staff/Getty Images Charlotte Russe Stores closed or closing: 500 In February, women's fashion retailer Charlotte Russe announced it would close fewer than 100 stores as part of a bankruptcy filing, but that number soon ballooned to encompass all locations. However, there is hope for Charlotte Russe fans:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#4_104144564
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 568 This discounter and pharmacy with a wide presence throughout the Southeast filed for bankruptcy in September and announced it was liquidating all stores. Fred's had already endured multiple rounds of closures this year and had fewer than 100 stores still open when it decided to pull the plug entirely. 7 / 28 Drew Angerer/Staff/Getty Images Charlotte Russe Stores closed or closing: 500 In February, women's fashion retailer Charlotte Russe announced it would close fewer than 100 stores as part of a bankruptcy filing, but that number soon ballooned to encompass all locations. However, there is hope for Charlotte Russe fans: New owner YM Inc. has already resuscitated a handful of the stores and plans to ultimately re-open about 100 locations. 8 / 28 J. Michael Jones/istockphoto Family Dollar Stores closed or closing: 390 Dollar Tree, owner of Family Dollar, decided in March to shut down almost 400 Family Dollar locations and announced it would re-brand an additional 200 locations as Dollar Tree stores. The move followed more than 100 Family Dollar closures in 2018. Related:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#5_104146431
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: New owner YM Inc. has already resuscitated a handful of the stores and plans to ultimately re-open about 100 locations. 8 / 28 J. Michael Jones/istockphoto Family Dollar Stores closed or closing: 390 Dollar Tree, owner of Family Dollar, decided in March to shut down almost 400 Family Dollar locations and announced it would re-brand an additional 200 locations as Dollar Tree stores. The move followed more than 100 Family Dollar closures in 2018. Related: 25 Things You Didn't Know About Dollar Stores 9 / 28 Jason_Ray_Photography/istockphoto Shopko Stores closed or closing: 370 Wisconsin-based discounter Shopko announced in March that it would close all of its locations by mid-June. It had filed for bankruptcy in January and announced 250 closures in February, but failed to find a buyer to help keep the remaining stores afloat. 10 / 28 Annzie A./yelp Things Remembered Stores closed or closing: 274 Things Remembered, seller of figurines, picture frames, and all things sentimental, was spared liquidation after it found a new owner earlier this year.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#6_104148272
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 25 Things You Didn't Know About Dollar Stores 9 / 28 Jason_Ray_Photography/istockphoto Shopko Stores closed or closing: 370 Wisconsin-based discounter Shopko announced in March that it would close all of its locations by mid-June. It had filed for bankruptcy in January and announced 250 closures in February, but failed to find a buyer to help keep the remaining stores afloat. 10 / 28 Annzie A./yelp Things Remembered Stores closed or closing: 274 Things Remembered, seller of figurines, picture frames, and all things sentimental, was spared liquidation after it found a new owner earlier this year. Still, the retailer was forced to shrink its footprint considerably, with fewer than 180 of its 450 stores saved from the chopping block. 11 / 28 CharmingCharlie/facebook Charming Charlie Stores closed or closing: 260 Citing increasingly empty stores, Charming Charlie filed for bankruptcy in July and announced it would be closing all remaining locations. This was the jewelry and accessories chain's second trip to bankruptcy court in two years and followed an initial round of 100 store closures in 2018. 12 / 28 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto Chico's Stores closed or closing:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#7_104150242
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: Still, the retailer was forced to shrink its footprint considerably, with fewer than 180 of its 450 stores saved from the chopping block. 11 / 28 CharmingCharlie/facebook Charming Charlie Stores closed or closing: 260 Citing increasingly empty stores, Charming Charlie filed for bankruptcy in July and announced it would be closing all remaining locations. This was the jewelry and accessories chain's second trip to bankruptcy court in two years and followed an initial round of 100 store closures in 2018. 12 / 28 RiverNorthPhotography/istockphoto Chico's Stores closed or closing: 250 A trio of women's apparel stores run by Chico's FAS Inc. — its namesake, Chico's; White House Black Market; and Soma — is poised to shrink over the next couple of years as the company works to maintain profit margins as more customers opt to shop online. Roughly 60 to 80 stores will close by the end of this year. 13 / 28 carterdayne/istockphoto Gap Stores closed or closing:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#9_104153789
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 230 It seems that fewer people have been falling into the Gap, and the iconic men's and women's clothing retailer announced early this year that it would be shrinking its footprint by about half in response. Gap also said that its more successful sister brand, Old Navy, would become a standalone company. 14 / 28 Judi M./yelp Avenue Stores closed or closing: 222 Despite receiving an infusion of cash earlier this year, plus-size women's clothing retailer Avenue decided in August to pull the plug on all of its retail locations, spread across 33 states. 15 / 28 Joe Raedle/Getty Images Walgreens Stores closed or closing: 200 Walgreens' footprint grew considerably after it bought more than 1,900 Rite Aid locations in 2018, so the pharmacy giant has had to pare back a bit. This year, it announced 200 U.S. Walgreens closures; that's on top of closing hundreds of the recently purchased Rite Aids. 16 / 28 Spencer Platt/Getty Images GameStop Stores closed or closing: 180 to 200 If you've been downloading video games instead of buying them in store, you're not alone.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#10_104155641
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 200 Walgreens' footprint grew considerably after it bought more than 1,900 Rite Aid locations in 2018, so the pharmacy giant has had to pare back a bit. This year, it announced 200 U.S. Walgreens closures; that's on top of closing hundreds of the recently purchased Rite Aids. 16 / 28 Spencer Platt/Getty Images GameStop Stores closed or closing: 180 to 200 If you've been downloading video games instead of buying them in store, you're not alone. That's part of the reason GameStop announced in September that it would close up to 200 struggling stores before the year's end. The company has also said many more closures are possible over the next year or two. 17 / 28 Dan R./yelp Destination Maternity Stores closed or closing: 183 Pregnancy is hard enough without searching high and low for decent maternity clothes. Unfortunately, they'll be even harder to come by after the closure of more than 180 Destination Maternity-owned stores as the company files for bankruptcy.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#11_104157394
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: That's part of the reason GameStop announced in September that it would close up to 200 struggling stores before the year's end. The company has also said many more closures are possible over the next year or two. 17 / 28 Dan R./yelp Destination Maternity Stores closed or closing: 183 Pregnancy is hard enough without searching high and low for decent maternity clothes. Unfortunately, they'll be even harder to come by after the closure of more than 180 Destination Maternity-owned stores as the company files for bankruptcy. Closures may also include the company's other stores, Motherhood Maternity and A Pea in the Pod. 18 / 28 Drew Angerer / Staff / Getty Images News / Getty Images North America / Getty Images CC Forever 21 Stores closed or closing: 178 This mall stalwart that has long sold fast fashion to young adults couldn't escape the downturn in foot traffic in its stores. It filed for bankruptcy in late September and announced that it was shuttering about a third of its locations. 19 / 28 Jazmin R./yelp LifeWay Christian Stores closed or closing:
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#12_104159240
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: Closures may also include the company's other stores, Motherhood Maternity and A Pea in the Pod. 18 / 28 Drew Angerer / Staff / Getty Images News / Getty Images North America / Getty Images CC Forever 21 Stores closed or closing: 178 This mall stalwart that has long sold fast fashion to young adults couldn't escape the downturn in foot traffic in its stores. It filed for bankruptcy in late September and announced that it was shuttering about a third of its locations. 19 / 28 Jazmin R./yelp LifeWay Christian Stores closed or closing: 170 Faith-based bookseller LifeWay Christian announced in March that it would close all of its 170 storefronts, citing declining foot traffic and sales. The company is continuing to sell its products online, however. 20 / 28 KitchenCollectionStores/facebook Kitchen Collection Stores closed or closing: 160 This outlet-mall staple, a subsidiary of small-appliance maker Hamilton Beach, will close its doors by the end of the year. The chain blames falling foot traffic in its stores and the rise of e-commerce for declining sales.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#15_104164803
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 22 / 28 jetcityimage/istockphoto Sears and Kmart Stores closed or closing: 121 By the end of the year, another 121 Sears and Kmart stores are slated to be goners, according to Business Insider. The number is much larger than the 26 stores that the company had publicly announced in August would be closing and is based on company filings and local media reports. In an effort to innovate, new parent company Transform Holdco LLC has opened a few smaller-format stores focused on the chain's stronger categories like appliances and tools. 23 / 28 Frank Y./yelp Performance Bicycle Stores closed or closing: 104 Cyclists lost one of the biggest nationwide bike retailers with the closure of all Performance Bicycle stores earlier this year. The chain's parent company filed for bankruptcy in fall 2018 in the hopes of salvaging at least half of its locations, but it wasn't to be. One of the new owners is a hedge fund that helped with the Toys "R" Us liquidation in 2018. 24 / 28 Justin Sullivan/Getty Images Bed Bath & Beyond Stores closed or closing: 60 New Jersey-based Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. announced this fall that it had added another 20 stores to its closings list, boosting the overall number to 60.
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_41148888#16_104166793
Title: Companies That Closed Stores or Went out of Business in 2019 | Cheapism.com Headings: 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 27 Companies That Closed Stores in 2019 The Retail Apocalypse Payless ShoeSource GNC Gymboree and Crazy 8 Dressbarn Fred's Charlotte Russe Family Dollar Shopko Things Remembered Charming Charlie Chico's Gap Avenue Walgreens GameStop Destination Maternity Forever 21 LifeWay Christian Kitchen Collection Signet Jewelers Sears and Kmart Performance Bicycle Bed Bath & Beyond Pier 1 Imports Party City Victoria's Secret Office Depot Content: 104 Cyclists lost one of the biggest nationwide bike retailers with the closure of all Performance Bicycle stores earlier this year. The chain's parent company filed for bankruptcy in fall 2018 in the hopes of salvaging at least half of its locations, but it wasn't to be. One of the new owners is a hedge fund that helped with the Toys "R" Us liquidation in 2018. 24 / 28 Justin Sullivan/Getty Images Bed Bath & Beyond Stores closed or closing: 60 New Jersey-based Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. announced this fall that it had added another 20 stores to its closings list, boosting the overall number to 60. Locations are expected to operate through the holiday season and close down early next year. A third of the closings will affect the company's other brands, the most notable of which include Buy Buy Baby and Cost Plus World Market. 25 / 28 Joe Raedle/Getty Images Pier 1 Imports Stores closed or closing: 57 Home décor and accessories stalwart Pier 1 said this summer that it would close 57 stores this fiscal year, but the announcement came with a foreboding warning: More closings, perhaps as many as 145, could follow if the company can't hit new perfor
https://blog.cheapism.com/store-closures-2019/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_47507039#16_119210459
Title: Social Psychology: Interaction Between Psychology and Society Headings: Social Psychology: Interaction Between Psychology and Society Social Psychology: Interaction Between Psychology and Society Table of Contents What is Social Psychology?- Definition History of Social Psychology What does Social Psychology study? Social Psychology: Features 1. Social psychology and relations with various disciplines 2. Social psychology’s focus on psychological processes 3. Social psychology: scientific approach 4. Social psychology and confusion with common sense Applications of social psychology Social Psychology: Experiments During World War II Experiment on social facilitation Standford Jail Experiment Social psychology case studies: How can I apply social psychology to my daily life? Beware of your cognitive bias Learn to influence others Connect with today Discover the exciting books on social psychology Social psychology: Theorists and main authors Social psychology and Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) Solomon Asch (1907-1996) and social psychology Social Psychology and Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) Serge Moscovici (1925-2014) and social psychology Robert Zajonc (1923-2008) Is social psychology for you? Content: Social psychology’s focus on psychological processes Despite the need to combine different perspectives to reveal the insights that this discipline explores, not all sciences related to society are the same. Social psychology is distinguished from other subjects by its particular emphasis on what happens within the minds of individuals and their influence on behavior. 3. Social psychology: scientific approach The object of study of social psychologists is less tangible than that of other scientists such as chemists or biologists. Even so, there are methods, such as experiments or correlational methods (which consist in observing how certain variables are affected), which enable social psychology experts to develop solid and applicable theories. 4. Social psychology and confusion with common sense We all have a theory about the aspects that social psychologists study. At times, when the general public reads about social psychology, it thinks that it only deals with cliché and/or subjective opinions. However, these professionals are rigorously demonstrating issues that people are accustomed to discussing based on their personal experiences.
https://blog.cognifit.com/social-psychology/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_50028790#7_125694613
Title: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School Headings: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School What Does a Veterinarian Do? How Much Does a Veterinarian Make? How to Become a Vet High School College Veterinary School and Residency Wrapping it Up Short bio Other articles by Gianna Content: You can get a leg up by taking more advanced classes as well, such as taking Honors or AP Biology or dual enrolling at your local college or university. And if you find that you’re struggling in a course, especially physics, don’t think that you’re doomed to never be a veterinarian. Instead, use this opportunity to problem solve by implementing new techniques and habits to supplement your studies. Attending tutoring and extra help sessions and reviewing extra material through the internet or your local library can help you to develop a strong foundation. Not only are you likely to improve your grade, but you’ll also develop important “soft skills” that will help you in college and throughout your career. You’ll also want to get as much experience working with animals as you can. This may involve volunteering at an animal shelter or zoo or shadowing a veterinarian in a small-animal clinic. Seeking out these sorts of experiences will not only be fun but they’ll also enable you to talk to people in the profession and learn about the variety of careers that are out there. High school is the time to explore your options! College Most veterinary schools do not require you to major in any particular subject, but they do require that you demonstrate strong skills in science in addition to your overall academic excellence.
https://blog.collegevine.com/becoming-a-veterinarian/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_50028790#8_125696568
Title: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School Headings: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School What Does a Veterinarian Do? How Much Does a Veterinarian Make? How to Become a Vet High School College Veterinary School and Residency Wrapping it Up Short bio Other articles by Gianna Content: You’ll also want to get as much experience working with animals as you can. This may involve volunteering at an animal shelter or zoo or shadowing a veterinarian in a small-animal clinic. Seeking out these sorts of experiences will not only be fun but they’ll also enable you to talk to people in the profession and learn about the variety of careers that are out there. High school is the time to explore your options! College Most veterinary schools do not require you to major in any particular subject, but they do require that you demonstrate strong skills in science in addition to your overall academic excellence. Many veterinary schools will consider your overall GPA, the GPA of your most recent courses dating back to about one year (for example, the last 45 credits), and the GPA of your science classes. As you can see, you should aim to do well in all of your courses, but you should especially focus on your performance in science. Most programs require that students have completed a certain set of science courses, whether as part of their major or as electives. Here are some of the common courses you need to take: Two semesters of college physics Two semesters of college biology with lab Two semesters of college chemistry with lab Two semesters of organic chemistry with lab One semester of statistics One semester of genetics (upper-level) One semester of biochemistry There are some slight variations between schools when it comes to the necessary prerequisites.
https://blog.collegevine.com/becoming-a-veterinarian/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_50028790#9_125698651
Title: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School Headings: How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School How to Become a Veterinarian: Steps to Take from High School What Does a Veterinarian Do? How Much Does a Veterinarian Make? How to Become a Vet High School College Veterinary School and Residency Wrapping it Up Short bio Other articles by Gianna Content: Many veterinary schools will consider your overall GPA, the GPA of your most recent courses dating back to about one year (for example, the last 45 credits), and the GPA of your science classes. As you can see, you should aim to do well in all of your courses, but you should especially focus on your performance in science. Most programs require that students have completed a certain set of science courses, whether as part of their major or as electives. Here are some of the common courses you need to take: Two semesters of college physics Two semesters of college biology with lab Two semesters of college chemistry with lab Two semesters of organic chemistry with lab One semester of statistics One semester of genetics (upper-level) One semester of biochemistry There are some slight variations between schools when it comes to the necessary prerequisites. For example, NC State requires all applicants to have taken an Animal Nutrition course, while schools like UC Davis and UF do not require it. Many schools also do not allow upper-division prerequisites, such as genetics, to be completed at a two-year or community college, although you can begin your education at one. So while you can choose to major in anything, you may find it helpful to study something with a wide variety of science courses already included in the curriculum. Popular options include biology, zoology, microbiology, and animal sciences. Some undergraduate schools offer a “pre-vet” option within one of their majors, which can be an easy way to make sure you’re getting as many prerequisites covered as possible.
https://blog.collegevine.com/becoming-a-veterinarian/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_13_61050983#2_154161379
Title: Nudge Marketing Examples: How to drive online purchase behavior Headings: Nudge Marketing Examples: How to drive online purchase behavior Nudge Marketing Examples: How to drive online purchase behavior What is Nudge Marketing? Nudge Theory The influence of heuristics on nudges How to get started with Nudge Marketing 1. Understand who you’re talking to 2. Analyze your product offering’s USPs 3. Draft and test copy variations on selected products 4. Iterate and analyze the data Nudge Marketing Examples 1. Product Labels with Functional Benefits 2. Product Labels with Psychological Triggers 3. Smart Notifications with Social Proof 4. Visual Cueing in Exit Intent Overlay + Discount 5. Exit Intent Overlay with Autonomy 6. Anchoring on the Product Detail Page 7. Social Proof Boosting Reviews 8. Decoy Effect in Product Comparisons 9. Default Option for Shipping 10. Goal Gradient in the Checkout Final notes Content: Let me explain how you can get started. What is Nudge Marketing? Nudge marketing is the process of communicating marketing messages that encourage desired-behavior by appealing to the psychology of the individual. It is derived from Richard Thaler and Case Sunstein’s Nudging principle, which they describe in their book, Nudge, as: “A nudge, as we will use the term, is any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. To count as a mere nudge, the intervention must be easy and cheap to avoid.” Put simply, nudging is the process of designing choices in ways that will appeal to the decision-maker, so the whole process of making the decision is easier. One way of doing this in retail would be pointing out specific product characteristics that appeal to the shopper. For example, let's say an electronics brand is promoting its smartwatch on their webshop. They might put a label on the product image that states “waterproof” to promote the functional aspects of the watch.
https://blog.crobox.com/article/nudge-marketing