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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1523348313#1_2906108261
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Title: Barack Obama: How an 'Unknown' Senator Became President of the USA
Headings: Barack Obama: How an ‘Unknown’ Senator Became President of the USA
Barack Obama: How an ‘Unknown’ Senator Became President of the USA
Introduction
CHAPTER ONE: Why Obama?
CHAPTER TWO: The Road to the 2008 Democratic Party Convention
CHAPTER THREE: The Race to the White House
Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Journal Articles
Online Articles & Websites
Books, Newspapers & Magazines
Television
Further Reading on E-International Relations
Content: Introduction
In early November 2008, American politics underwent a historic change. A change that will be remembered as the year an African American was first elected President of the United States of America. From a country that revered established political zeitgeists such as the Kennedys and the Clintons, the arrival of Barack Hussein Obama signalled a change in not only American politics but also in American voting patterns. The campaign that Obama ran in 2008, powered by ‘hope’ in the lead up to the Presidential election is to be considered as nothing less than spectacular. Obama was to win the Presidency with the largest margin of victory of any Democratic candidate in history. His victory signalled a cultural and political shift similar to Regan’s landslide victory in 1980, which had been near inconceivable four years before (Nagourney, 2008). In 2004, few Americans had ever heard of Obama, let alone considered voting for him. This was not the first case in US history of a so called ‘outsider’ becoming President, for the young and catholic John F Kennedy had beaten Richard Nixon in the 1960 Presidential election. However Obama’s African American descent in a country that only saw the Civil Rights movement achieve equality in the 1960s and 1970s, paired with his limited experience of national politics made his election more remarkable. The prevalent belief that Hilary Clinton would head the Democrat’s bid for presidency in 2004 further emphasises the unforeseen nature of Obama’s victory, and makes the question of what happened in those four years that transformed Obama from an unknown to President of the United States even more salient.
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http://www.e-ir.info/2014/12/12/barack-obama-how-an-unknown-senator-became-president-of-the-usa/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1528999562#20_2914132100
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Title: Earlychildhood NEWS - Article Reading Center
Headings: Guiding Young Children: 21 Strategies
The Definition of Guidance
Setting Age-Appropriate Limits
Limits and Reasons
The Benefits of Guidance
The Definition of Punishment
Punishment Guidance
The Problems with Praise, Time Out, and Stickers
Conclusion
References
Content: Have you ever had someone use a sugary voice to tell you “no way?” Wasn’t it annoying and frustrating to be given this type of incongruent message! How can adults ensure that their nonverbal messages are congruent with the verbal guidance they are seeking to give children? It is important to be aware that your tone and body language fit your words. 5. Show Respect. Showing the child respect will help her know she is being guided not punished. The following three tactics will help: 1) Move to the child, instead of calling over to her; 2) Squat or kneel to her level;
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http://www.earlychildhoodnews.com/earlychildhood/article_view.aspx?ArticleId=578
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1536038475#1_2924192868
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Title: Narwhal Facts - Earth's Endangered Creatures
Headings: Narwhal
Narwhal
Endangered Species of Our Planet
Content: It is possibly also related to the Irrawaddy dolphin. Description
The most conspicuous characteristic of male narwhal is their single extraordinarily long tusk, an incisor that projects from the left side of the upper jaw and forms a left-handed helix. The tusk can be up to 3 metres (nearly 10 ft) long (compared with a body length of 7–8 m [23–26 ft]) and weigh up to 10 kilograms (22 lbs). About one in 500 males has two tusks, which occurs when the right tooth, normally small, also grows out. Although rare, a female narwhal may also produce a tusk. There is a single recorded case of a female with two tusks. The purpose of the tusk has been the subject of much debate. Early scientific theories suggested that the tusk was used to pierce the ice covering the narwhal's Arctic Sea habitat. Others suggested the tusk was used in echolocation. More recently, scientists believed the tusk is primarily used for showmanship and for dominance:
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http://www.earthsendangered.com/article.asp?ID=10
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1536038475#2_2924194117
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Title: Narwhal Facts - Earth's Endangered Creatures
Headings: Narwhal
Narwhal
Endangered Species of Our Planet
Content: There is a single recorded case of a female with two tusks. The purpose of the tusk has been the subject of much debate. Early scientific theories suggested that the tusk was used to pierce the ice covering the narwhal's Arctic Sea habitat. Others suggested the tusk was used in echolocation. More recently, scientists believed the tusk is primarily used for showmanship and for dominance: males with larger tusks are more likely to successfully attract a mate. This hypothesis was suggested by the activity of "tusking", in which two males rub their tusks together. However, recent work by a research team led by Martin Nweeia suggests that the tusk may in fact be a sensory organ. Electron micrographs of tusks revealed millions of tiny, deep tubules extending from the tusk's surface, apparently connecting to the narwhal's nervous system. While such tubules are present in the teeth of many species, they do not typically extend to the surface of healthy teeth.
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http://www.earthsendangered.com/article.asp?ID=10
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1536408369#18_2925002194
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Title: Natural Disasters | The Earth Times | Encyclopaedia
Headings: Natural Disasters
Natural Disasters
Back to the Homepage
Content: Aircraft lose lift in extreme temperatures and stress is placed on the cooling systems of the engines of raid and rail vehicles that can lead to an increase in mechanical failure. Agricultural crop production can be ruined, milk production is reduced and animals are distressed. Excessive heat causes power lines to sag and short out. As more people use fans or air conditioning, demand for electricity is pushed to the point where supply companies can no longer cope. Extreme heat can kill people, even though most of the deaths are preventable. It is reported that in the 24 years between 1979 and 2003 more people died in the United States of extreme heat than from hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined. The golden rules are to drink plenty of flu
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http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/natural-disasters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538042043#7_2928912257
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Title:
Headings:
Content: lobster… 6-7 minutes
1 1/2 lb. lobster… 7-9 minutes
2 lb. lobster… 10-12 minutes
3 lb. lobster… 12-13 minutes
5-6 lb. lobster… 18-20 minutes
How to Tell if My Lobsters are Cooked? Lobster is cooked when the shell is entirely red. When properly cooked, lobster meat is a creamy white color all the way through–no translucent areas. Some chefs say when the antennae pull out easily, lobsters are done, but this is not always the case. It is important to note when you take your lobsters out of the pot they will continue to cook. To stop the cooking process, put your lobsters in a bowl of ice.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/boiling-lobsters-cooking-times-for-lobsters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538042043#8_2928913117
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Lobster is cooked when the shell is entirely red. When properly cooked, lobster meat is a creamy white color all the way through–no translucent areas. Some chefs say when the antennae pull out easily, lobsters are done, but this is not always the case. It is important to note when you take your lobsters out of the pot they will continue to cook. To stop the cooking process, put your lobsters in a bowl of ice. If you overcook them, your going to be eating tough lobster. If you under-cook your lobster you can always heat them up. The reason many people believe larger lobsters are tough is simply because they overcook them. Many people will mistakenly boil a two and half pound lobster twice as long as a quarter pound lobster. Another common mistake is adding to the cooking time just because you are cooking more than 1-2 lobsters in the pot.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/boiling-lobsters-cooking-times-for-lobsters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538042043#9_2928914204
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Title:
Headings:
Content: If you overcook them, your going to be eating tough lobster. If you under-cook your lobster you can always heat them up. The reason many people believe larger lobsters are tough is simply because they overcook them. Many people will mistakenly boil a two and half pound lobster twice as long as a quarter pound lobster. Another common mistake is adding to the cooking time just because you are cooking more than 1-2 lobsters in the pot. Just remember to bring your pot back to a rolling boil and regulate the heat. Happy cracking! Looking to buy live lobster online? Be sure to checkout our official Maine Lobster supplier- LobsterAnywhere This lobster company has been shipping lobsters all over the USA since 1999. What makes them different is not only their high quality hard-shell lobsters, but also there attention to detail and care they take in packing and shipping every single lobster.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/boiling-lobsters-cooking-times-for-lobsters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538042043#12_2928917416
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Title:
Headings:
Content: What size pot do you need to cook lobsters? For a couple of lobsters–a 12 quart pasta or soup pot will do the job. For 6-8 lobsters–you will need at least a 19 quart pot. For cooking up 20 medium size lobsters, we would suggest two pots at least 24 quarts each or even three smaller pots. Since lobster cooks quickly you can also cook your lobsters in two batches. After the first batch is done just cover your lobster with aluminum foil to keep warm and start your second batch. Another option for a large lobster bake is a turkey fryer or even a crawfish pot or seafood steamer with a gas burner. Geno
May 11th, 2010 at 1:29 am
Boiling Lobster The Fisherman Way
The theory is that the adrenaline produced by a frightened lobster adversely affects the texture and flavor of the meat. Most pallets have not been refined to substantiate this fact that most call a theory. I have seen and tasted evidence of this on a fishing trawler off the coast of Maine.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/boiling-lobsters-cooking-times-for-lobsters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538042043#22_2928925900
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Title:
Headings:
Content: To stop the cooking process, place your steamed lobsters in a bowl of ice before cracking. I like them as they come out of the pot. You can cook corn on the cob along with the lobsters if you wish. Corn is great steamed! Now just melt the butter. You can get fancy and whisk in a little lemon juice in your butter. Enjoy!! PJ
December 30th, 2011 at 7:35 pm
Don’t do what I did….I bought a 6.3 pounder and he wouldn’t fit all the way down in the pot (24 oz size lobster pot) He was pushing himself back out on those huge claws…( easily 2.5 pound claws!!!! that’s why I bought him) So, he didn’t turn completely red in the 23 minutes I cooked him. I am making a few lobster rolls, if I have to reheat that meat it won’t be a big deal, and New Years Eve lucky charm for those of us from Maine…..is best served with a lobster bisque…so we shall see how my big buddy, Alfonse, turns out.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/boiling-lobsters-cooking-times-for-lobsters/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1538058929#5_2928936016
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Since steaming cooks lobster a little slower, there is less of a chance of overcooking. It’s a good choice if your cooking lobster for the first time. Cooking for a big group? You can find out how to boil lobsters here. If you are just cooking a couple of lobsters, a 3-4 gallon soup or pasta pot will do the job. If you are cooking a bunch of lobsters you can get a larger pot or steam your lobsters in batches. Just make sure the lid goes on tight to keep in the steam. A steamer rack is not a necessity. It just keeps the lobsters from getting charred on the bottom of the pot. You can use an vegetable steamer rack inside the pot or an upside colander.
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http://www.eastcoastgourmet.com/blog/steaming-lobster-how-to-steam-lobster/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1541279850#4_2935559293
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Title: Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tingling all Over
Headings: Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tingling all Over
Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tingling all Over
Comments for Can Vitamin D Deficiency Cause Tingling all Over
Content: So, you may want to consider getting on a high quality multivitamin like Jigsaw Health's Essential Daily Packs as an added precaution. Maybe this vitamin d Deficiency and these little aches and pains are trying to tell you something. But if the vitamin d by itself doesn't help, then come on back and we'll brainstorm some more. Kerri Knox, RN- The Immune System Queen
Functional Medicine Practitioner
Immune System
Shoulder Pain
by: Raynebo
Going on six months now I have been having pain in my shoulder, mid arm and elbow, complete with tingling, twinging, cramping, and other types of pain. Physical therapy made it worse. Acupuncture did not help; Osteopathy did not help, homeopathy did not help, various supplements have not helped much. Some one suggested I take D3 - 20,000 to 30,000 units a day. I had my level tested and it came out to 34.6.
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http://www.easy-immune-health.com/can-vitamin-d-deficiency-cause-tingling-all-over.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1550564259#3_2951331223
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Title: How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak | Easy Southern Cooking
Headings: How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
By Diane Watkins
Choose the Right Steak
Choose the Right Steak Cut
Aged Steaks
Increase Tenderness with Marinade
Be Careful with Meat Tenderizers
Choose Your Cooking Method
Make a Sauce
Content: It should be well marbled with thin streaks of white fat throughout and a thin crust of steak on the outside. In our fat conscious society, we tend to look for lean cuts of meat, but the thin streaks of white fat marbled throughout the meat are the key to a tender juicy steak. Choose the Right Steak Cut
The most tender and juicy steaks come from the sirloin, the short loin, and the rib. These steaks include the sirloin steaks, porterhouse steaks, t-bone steaks, rib steaks, delmonico steaks, and the filet mignons. Steaks containing bone will weigh more than those without, but the bone adds flavor to the steak. Aged Steaks
Aging is a desirable process that intensifies the flavors and makes the meat more tender. Aged steaks are more expensive and usually only found in high end supermarkets and specialty markets. An aged steak is recognizable by its darker color. Increase Tenderness with Marinade
Once you have purchased your steak, you can further increase the tenderness and juiciness by marinating it. Try a marinade made of ½ cup each good wine and olive oil mixed 2 Tablespoons of lemon juice or herb vinegar.
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http://www.easysoutherncooking.com/meats/how-to-cook-a-tender-juicy-steak/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1550564259#4_2951332930
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Title: How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak | Easy Southern Cooking
Headings: How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
How to Cook a Tender Juicy Steak
By Diane Watkins
Choose the Right Steak
Choose the Right Steak Cut
Aged Steaks
Increase Tenderness with Marinade
Be Careful with Meat Tenderizers
Choose Your Cooking Method
Make a Sauce
Content: Aged Steaks
Aging is a desirable process that intensifies the flavors and makes the meat more tender. Aged steaks are more expensive and usually only found in high end supermarkets and specialty markets. An aged steak is recognizable by its darker color. Increase Tenderness with Marinade
Once you have purchased your steak, you can further increase the tenderness and juiciness by marinating it. Try a marinade made of ½ cup each good wine and olive oil mixed 2 Tablespoons of lemon juice or herb vinegar. Add any seasonings that you like such as garlic, freshly ground pepper, onion, or herbs. Place the steak in a ziplock bag, pour in enough marinade to just cover it, and refrigerate overnight. Marinating a steak like this will add flavor and tenderness. If you routinely store steak in the freezer before cooking, try pouring the marinade over the steak before freezing. The steak will marinate when thawing and be ready to cook.
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http://www.easysoutherncooking.com/meats/how-to-cook-a-tender-juicy-steak/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1552570062#0_2955897062
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Title: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Headings: How Long Does Nori Last?
How Long Does Nori Last?
Nori Expiration Date
How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled?
How to store Nori to extend its shelf life?
Interesting facts about Nori:
How to use extra before your Nori goes bad?
How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish?
What are our shelf life resources?
*An important note about expiration dates...
Content: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Nori Cindy 2015-05-21T17:45:44+00:00
How Long Does Nori Last? Nori - how long does Nori last? Unopened Nori can last 2-3 years if kept sealed. There are certain signs to look for when your opened package has gone bad. The shelf life of nori depends on a variety of factors, such as the best by date, the preparation method and how the nori is stored. Nori is actually thin sheets of dried seaweed, many people even ask does Nori go bad? Because of its necessity in making sushi, especially the California roll, nori is a popular food staple in Japan. It comes in different shapes, sizes and flavors and has a long shelf life. So, how long does seaweed last?
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http://www.eatbydate.com/vegetables/fresh-vegetables/how-long-does-nori-last-shelf-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1552570062#1_2955898449
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Title: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Headings: How Long Does Nori Last?
How Long Does Nori Last?
Nori Expiration Date
How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled?
How to store Nori to extend its shelf life?
Interesting facts about Nori:
How to use extra before your Nori goes bad?
How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish?
What are our shelf life resources?
*An important note about expiration dates...
Content: The shelf life of nori depends on a variety of factors, such as the best by date, the preparation method and how the nori is stored. Nori is actually thin sheets of dried seaweed, many people even ask does Nori go bad? Because of its necessity in making sushi, especially the California roll, nori is a popular food staple in Japan. It comes in different shapes, sizes and flavors and has a long shelf life. So, how long does seaweed last? When properly stored, the shelf life of seaweed past its best by date is approximately ...
Our Favorite Food Storage Set! With oven-safe glass and water-tight lids, these food storage containers are ready for action! Not a Prime Member? Try a 30-day free trial today! SHOP NOW
Nori Expiration Date
Pantry
Past Printed Date
Nori lasts for
2-3 Years
Of course, nori (dried seaweed) lasts for a shorter period of time if it is not stored properly.
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http://www.eatbydate.com/vegetables/fresh-vegetables/how-long-does-nori-last-shelf-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1552570062#2_2955900016
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Title: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Headings: How Long Does Nori Last?
How Long Does Nori Last?
Nori Expiration Date
How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled?
How to store Nori to extend its shelf life?
Interesting facts about Nori:
How to use extra before your Nori goes bad?
How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish?
What are our shelf life resources?
*An important note about expiration dates...
Content: When properly stored, the shelf life of seaweed past its best by date is approximately ...
Our Favorite Food Storage Set! With oven-safe glass and water-tight lids, these food storage containers are ready for action! Not a Prime Member? Try a 30-day free trial today! SHOP NOW
Nori Expiration Date
Pantry
Past Printed Date
Nori lasts for
2-3 Years
Of course, nori (dried seaweed) lasts for a shorter period of time if it is not stored properly. But remember that nori, like a lot of other vegetables, usually has a best by date and not an expiration date. Because of this distinction, you may safely use nori to compliment your favorite meals even after the best before date has lapsed. How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled? Practicing proper hygiene and food safety techniques will help prevent foodborne illness. Beware of any changes in color, texture or aroma;
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http://www.eatbydate.com/vegetables/fresh-vegetables/how-long-does-nori-last-shelf-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1552570062#5_2955904937
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Title: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Headings: How Long Does Nori Last?
How Long Does Nori Last?
Nori Expiration Date
How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled?
How to store Nori to extend its shelf life?
Interesting facts about Nori:
How to use extra before your Nori goes bad?
How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish?
What are our shelf life resources?
*An important note about expiration dates...
Content: You can help keep nori fresh by keeping it re-sealed either in its original container, a zip-lock bag or a tightly sealed glass jar along with the "do not eat" package of silica gel that absorbs moisture so that the seaweed will stay dry. In humid environments, you may want to freeze your nori for extended shelf life. Refrigeration is not recommended because of the added moisture. Foods freeze indefinitely, but the quality declines over time. Some benefits of proper food storage include eating healthier, cutting food costs and helping the environment by avoiding waste. Interesting facts about Nori: Nori is naturally salted and then dried, these two forms of preservatives give it a long shelf life. How to use extra before your Nori goes bad? Follow our blog post with sushi preparation instructions for making sushi. Chop the nori and add it to soups, salads or pasta.
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http://www.eatbydate.com/vegetables/fresh-vegetables/how-long-does-nori-last-shelf-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1552570062#6_2955906489
|
Title: Nori - How Long Does Nori Last? Shelf Life Expiration Date
Headings: How Long Does Nori Last?
How Long Does Nori Last?
Nori Expiration Date
How to tell if Nori is bad, rotten or spoiled?
How to store Nori to extend its shelf life?
Interesting facts about Nori:
How to use extra before your Nori goes bad?
How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish?
What are our shelf life resources?
*An important note about expiration dates...
Content: Interesting facts about Nori: Nori is naturally salted and then dried, these two forms of preservatives give it a long shelf life. How to use extra before your Nori goes bad? Follow our blog post with sushi preparation instructions for making sushi. Chop the nori and add it to soups, salads or pasta. Make "tsukuda-ni" by simmering the sheets with some soy sauce. It will become a nori paste that can be enjoyed over rice. You can re-crisp nori by roasting the seaweed one sheet at a time by quickly dragging the sheet over a dry pan on low heat. How long is Nori good for when prepared in a dish? How long does nori last?
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http://www.eatbydate.com/vegetables/fresh-vegetables/how-long-does-nori-last-shelf-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1584729956#7_3031204584
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Title: The History of Black History Month • EBONY
Headings: The History of Black History Month
The History of Black History Month
Sign Up to Our Newsletter
What's Your Reaction?
Content: “It is evident from the numerous calls for orators during Negro History Week that schools and their administrators do not take the study of the Negro seriously enough to use Negro History Week as a short period for demonstrating what the students have learned in their study of the Negro during the whole school year. These mischievous orators, as it has been said again and again in these columns, have no message which they can connect with the celebration of Negro History Week. About the only thing on the Negro which they know is the traditional discussion of the race problem and how it has been or can be solved.” [ Negro History Bulletin, Vol. XIII, Number 6, March 1950]
Emphasizing that there were many schools in the country that were, in fact, “tak (ing) the study of the Negro seriously,” Woodson nevertheless warned against the encroaching conflation of external definitions of Black life and its possibilities—the idea that our existence would be reduced during February to variations of answers to the question that Du Bois had argued lies behind most recognitions of Black life: “ how does it feel to be a problem? In 2005, the School District of Philadelphia created the country’s first mandatory African American history high school course in a major school district. The authors of the course’s curriculum framework anchored it in Woodson’s vision for institutionalizing many of his approaches to studying African people and the world. Our framework included a series of lessons called “Intellectuals of the African Diaspora,” each a self-contained essay with lesson plans and primary source materials that included representative female and male thinkers from every corner of the African world. See Also
Studying the Law While Black
We wanted students to enter the mind and work of Black scholar, aligning their own growing curiosity with the questions asked by their intellectual ancestors and seeing themselves as both receivers and producers of knowledge grounded in their experiences.
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http://www.ebony.com/news-views/history-of-black-history-month-ebonybhm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#0_3035731943
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Wider Europe
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s pipeline strategy and the threat to gas supplies pose real challenges, but instead of focusing on real diversification, the Commission has to mediate the negotiations and be the ‘financial broker’. Chi-Kong Chyong
ECFR Alumni · Former Visiting Fellow
Commentary 7 July 2015 3 minute read
There is an immediate threat to gas supplies that the European Commission needs to deal with. The recent break-down in negotiations over gas supplies to Ukraine should be taken very seriously: Europe cannot bet on warm weather to deliver security of gas supplies. Ukraine (and by implication Europe) was lucky to live through the last winter safely with minimal gas purchases from Russia. There are no guarantees that every subsequent winter will be warm. And there are few options (and little time) for Europe to secure gas flows to its citizens this coming winter other than doing its homework – preparing for the worst this coming winter – and to continue supporting Ukraine in securing finances for filling up its storage capacity. Strained relationships between the EU and Russia due to the Ukrainian crisis have forced Gazprom – Russia’s state gas monopolist – to abandon the idea of controlling pipelines from ‘wellhead to burner tip’. Gazprom’s new grand vision in Europe is to build pipelines to the EU border and from there its clients are expected to take gas to their home markets. As part of this vision, it also commits not to use Ukrainian pipelines after 2019.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#1_3035734173
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: There are no guarantees that every subsequent winter will be warm. And there are few options (and little time) for Europe to secure gas flows to its citizens this coming winter other than doing its homework – preparing for the worst this coming winter – and to continue supporting Ukraine in securing finances for filling up its storage capacity. Strained relationships between the EU and Russia due to the Ukrainian crisis have forced Gazprom – Russia’s state gas monopolist – to abandon the idea of controlling pipelines from ‘wellhead to burner tip’. Gazprom’s new grand vision in Europe is to build pipelines to the EU border and from there its clients are expected to take gas to their home markets. As part of this vision, it also commits not to use Ukrainian pipelines after 2019. So if Europeans need Russian gas they should build the missing links connecting to Gazprom’s proposed pipelines – the Turkish Stream and the recently-announced expansion of the Nord Stream link – themselves, or so goes the current thinking in Gazprom and the Kremlin. However, neither Turkish nor Western companies are rushing to build these pipelines. What is left for European energy security is the possibility that Western energy companies may take risks in dealing with Ukraine’s transit issues post-2019. Indeed, this may seem unpalatable for risk-averse Western companies; however, recent policy and market developments in Ukraine – aimed at energy reforms following Europe’s guidelines – give us some optimism that there might be some degree of ‘normalisation’ of energy trade on the continent in the next few years.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#2_3035736371
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: So if Europeans need Russian gas they should build the missing links connecting to Gazprom’s proposed pipelines – the Turkish Stream and the recently-announced expansion of the Nord Stream link – themselves, or so goes the current thinking in Gazprom and the Kremlin. However, neither Turkish nor Western companies are rushing to build these pipelines. What is left for European energy security is the possibility that Western energy companies may take risks in dealing with Ukraine’s transit issues post-2019. Indeed, this may seem unpalatable for risk-averse Western companies; however, recent policy and market developments in Ukraine – aimed at energy reforms following Europe’s guidelines – give us some optimism that there might be some degree of ‘normalisation’ of energy trade on the continent in the next few years. To ensure this normalisation, however, Europe should keep engaging with Ukraine and Turkey – the two most important transit countries for European gas markets – to make sure that energy market liberalisation processes there do not stall due to domestic political dynamics and short-term energy populism. Europe without Russian gas through Ukraine (ca. 70 billion cubic metres per year) is tantamount to Northeast Asia without Japan’s entire nuclear power fleet
So, what will happen to European gas markets, should Moscow stop using Ukrainian pipelines after 2019? First, Europe might be left without Russian gas going through Ukraine by the early 2020s. The implications of this scenario may be rather dramatic for Europe, had we not lived through a period of rising energy demand, and by implication prices, post-Fukushima.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#3_3035738583
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: To ensure this normalisation, however, Europe should keep engaging with Ukraine and Turkey – the two most important transit countries for European gas markets – to make sure that energy market liberalisation processes there do not stall due to domestic political dynamics and short-term energy populism. Europe without Russian gas through Ukraine (ca. 70 billion cubic metres per year) is tantamount to Northeast Asia without Japan’s entire nuclear power fleet
So, what will happen to European gas markets, should Moscow stop using Ukrainian pipelines after 2019? First, Europe might be left without Russian gas going through Ukraine by the early 2020s. The implications of this scenario may be rather dramatic for Europe, had we not lived through a period of rising energy demand, and by implication prices, post-Fukushima. Europe without Russian gas through Ukraine (ca. 70 billion cubic metres per year) is tantamount to Northeast Asia without Japan’s entire nuclear power fleet. However, such a shock might not impact European prices in the same way as it did in Northeast Asia because we are entering a ‘buyers’ market’. Indeed, the demand in Asia is lower than anticipated and developments in liquefied natural gas (LNG) capacities globally favour gas consumers. But, the recent slump in oil prices means that some of the LNG production capacities may never materialise, while the low price environment would also encourage more gas demand.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#4_3035740567
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: Europe without Russian gas through Ukraine (ca. 70 billion cubic metres per year) is tantamount to Northeast Asia without Japan’s entire nuclear power fleet. However, such a shock might not impact European prices in the same way as it did in Northeast Asia because we are entering a ‘buyers’ market’. Indeed, the demand in Asia is lower than anticipated and developments in liquefied natural gas (LNG) capacities globally favour gas consumers. But, the recent slump in oil prices means that some of the LNG production capacities may never materialise, while the low price environment would also encourage more gas demand. Thus, markets are self-correcting the imbalances and eliminating the potential surplus. What could really constrain the long-term upward pressure on prices, should such a supply shock materialise and persist, is Europe’s willingness to pay for gas, which is relatively low. This is perhaps thanks to German, Spanish and Italian taxpayers who contributed to financing renewables, making electricity markets in Europe not only ‘greener’ but also to strategically counterbalance the market power of gas suppliers such as Russia or Qatar. Still, a price increase in relative terms could be rather sharp in the short-term, should we witness the removal of Russian gas volumes through Ukraine. Even if the commercial side of the transit question is resolved, a ‘transit–avoidance’ policy is deeply rooted in the minds of Gazprom’s masters in Kremlin
Thus, the desired positive development is some sort of reconciliation between Russia and Ukraine, possibly through the containment of the conflict in the Donbas.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#5_3035742752
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: Thus, markets are self-correcting the imbalances and eliminating the potential surplus. What could really constrain the long-term upward pressure on prices, should such a supply shock materialise and persist, is Europe’s willingness to pay for gas, which is relatively low. This is perhaps thanks to German, Spanish and Italian taxpayers who contributed to financing renewables, making electricity markets in Europe not only ‘greener’ but also to strategically counterbalance the market power of gas suppliers such as Russia or Qatar. Still, a price increase in relative terms could be rather sharp in the short-term, should we witness the removal of Russian gas volumes through Ukraine. Even if the commercial side of the transit question is resolved, a ‘transit–avoidance’ policy is deeply rooted in the minds of Gazprom’s masters in Kremlin
Thus, the desired positive development is some sort of reconciliation between Russia and Ukraine, possibly through the containment of the conflict in the Donbas. In principle, Gazprom might continue using Ukrainian pipelines if ‘commercial’ conditions – such as the transit fee – are attractive. But recent announcements suggest that Ukraine is asking too much and Gazprom is unhappy with the proposed transit price. Furthermore, even if the commercial side of the transit question is resolved, a ‘transit–avoidance’ policy is deeply rooted in the minds of Gazprom’s masters in Kremlin. This policy dates back to the early 1990s and since then Russia’s gas policy has been to bypass Ukraine’s pipelines at any cost. It remains to be seen whether structural changes in the markets and geopolitics force Gazprom’s political masters to ‘rationalise’ its European strategy, and in particular its strategy vis-à-vis Ukraine.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#6_3035745123
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: In principle, Gazprom might continue using Ukrainian pipelines if ‘commercial’ conditions – such as the transit fee – are attractive. But recent announcements suggest that Ukraine is asking too much and Gazprom is unhappy with the proposed transit price. Furthermore, even if the commercial side of the transit question is resolved, a ‘transit–avoidance’ policy is deeply rooted in the minds of Gazprom’s masters in Kremlin. This policy dates back to the early 1990s and since then Russia’s gas policy has been to bypass Ukraine’s pipelines at any cost. It remains to be seen whether structural changes in the markets and geopolitics force Gazprom’s political masters to ‘rationalise’ its European strategy, and in particular its strategy vis-à-vis Ukraine. Should this rationalisation happen, then the Russians could ‘flood’ European markets with cheap gas, fuelling the much sought re-industrialisation of European economies. But this would require more than just a rational business plan – investing political capital to rebuild trust at the highest level between Russia and Europe, and most importantly, between Russia and Ukraine. Russia’s pipeline strategy and the threat to gas supplies pose real challenges, but instead of focusing on real diversification, the Commission has to mediate the negotiations and be the ‘financial broker’. Chi-Kong Chyong is Director of Energy Policy Forum, EPRG, University of Cambridge and the author of the ECFR publication Why Europe should support reform of the Ukrainian gas market – or risk a cut-off (October 2014). The European Council on Foreign Relations does not take collective positions.
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1587733450#7_3035747368
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Title: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives – European Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Russia’s gas pipeline strategy and Europe’s alternatives
Author
Content: Should this rationalisation happen, then the Russians could ‘flood’ European markets with cheap gas, fuelling the much sought re-industrialisation of European economies. But this would require more than just a rational business plan – investing political capital to rebuild trust at the highest level between Russia and Europe, and most importantly, between Russia and Ukraine. Russia’s pipeline strategy and the threat to gas supplies pose real challenges, but instead of focusing on real diversification, the Commission has to mediate the negotiations and be the ‘financial broker’. Chi-Kong Chyong is Director of Energy Policy Forum, EPRG, University of Cambridge and the author of the ECFR publication Why Europe should support reform of the Ukrainian gas market – or risk a cut-off (October 2014). The European Council on Foreign Relations does not take collective positions. ECFR publications only represent the views of its individual authors. Author
Chi-Kong Chyong
ECFR Alumni · Former Visiting Fellow
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http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_russias_gas_pipeline_strategy_and_europes_alternatives_3065
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1593647915#0_3046680556
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Earth's Beginnings: The Origins of Life | Ecology Global Network
Earth is the only planet we know of that can support life. Other planets in our solar system, were formed at the same time and only Earth has life on it. ecoView
Inner Ecology
Planting for the Planet
ecoArts
ecoTipping
Ecology Kids
The Earth
Ecosystems
Sustainability
Agriculture
Land Use
Urban Issues
Natural Resources
Natural Phenomenon
Space – Earth’s Ecosystem
EARTH ON ECOLOGY TV
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The Earth
Earth’s Beginnings: The Origins of Life
ByEric McLamb, September 10, 2011
Earth is the only planet we know of that can support life. This is an amazing fact, considering that it is made out of the same matter as other planets in our solar system, was formed at the same time and through the same processes as every other planet, and gets its energy from the sun. To a universal traveler, Earth may seem to be a harmless little planet in the far reaches of one of billions of spiral galaxies in the universe. It has an average size star of average brightness and is joined by seven other planets — which support no known life forms — in its solar system. While this may be fitting for a passage from The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, by Douglas Adams, in the grand scheme of the universe, it would be a fairly accurate description. However, Earth is a planet teeming with vitality and is home to billions of plants and animals that share a common evolutionary track.
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http://www.ecology.com/2011/09/10/earths-beginnings-origins-life/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1595187258#12_3052186751
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Title: Getting the Most Out of Life: The Concept of Opportunity Cost - Econlib
Headings: Getting the Most Out of Life: The Concept of Opportunity Cost
Getting the Most Out of Life: The Concept of Opportunity Cost
The real cost of college
The return on your investments
Home ownership and home improvements
Sunk costs are sunk, historical costs are history
Self-sufficiency vs. relying on others
Content: Still not free. The cost of having lunch with me, even when I pay, even when you don’t plan on reciprocating and even when I do all the talking that you ignore, is the pleasure you would have received doing something else instead. Whatever you gave up to have lunch with me. Not just the money. Not just the time. But the value or pleasure you would have received from doing something else. So one of the keys to thinking like an economist is always remembering that everything has a cost. This may be one reason economists have fewer friends than they otherwise would. Sometimes people are very happy holding on to the naïve view that something is free. We like the idea of a bargain.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2007/Robertsopportunitycost.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1595657384#11_3052924133
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Title: Free Market - Econlib
Headings: Free Market
Free Market
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Exploitation occurs not in the free market, but where the coercer exploits his victim. In the long run, coercion is a negative-sum game that leads to reduced production, saving, and investment; a depleted stock of capital; and reduced productivity and living standards for all, perhaps even for the coercers themselves. Government, in every society, is the only lawful system of coercion. Taxation is a coerced exchange, and the heavier the burden of taxation on production, the more likely it is that economic growth will falter and decline. Other forms of government coercion (e.g., price controls or restrictions that prevent new competitors from entering a market) hamper and cripple market exchanges, while others (prohibitions on deceptive practices, enforcement of contracts) can facilitate voluntary exchanges. The ultimate in government coercion is socialism. Under socialist central planning the socialist planning board lacks a price system for land or capital goods. As even socialists like Robert Heilbroner now admit (see socialism ), the socialist planning board therefore has no way to calculate prices or costs or to invest capital so that the latticework of production meshes and clears.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeMarket.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#0_3053956242
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Rent Seeking
By David R. Henderson
SHARE
POST: “
R ent seeking” is one of the most important insights in the last fifty years of economics and, unfortunately, one of the most inappropriately labeled. Gordon Tullock originated the idea in 1967, and Anne Krueger introduced the label in 1974. The idea is simple but powerful. People are said to seek rents when they try to obtain benefits for themselves through the political arena. They typically do so by getting a subsidy for a good they produce or for being in a particular class of people, by getting a tariff on a good they produce, or by getting a special regulation that hampers their competitors. Elderly people, for example, often seek higher Social Security payments; steel producers often seek restrictions on imports of steel; and licensed electricians and doctors often lobby to keep regulations in place that restrict competition from unlicensed electricians or doctors. But why do economists use the term “rent”?
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#1_3053957548
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: They typically do so by getting a subsidy for a good they produce or for being in a particular class of people, by getting a tariff on a good they produce, or by getting a special regulation that hampers their competitors. Elderly people, for example, often seek higher Social Security payments; steel producers often seek restrictions on imports of steel; and licensed electricians and doctors often lobby to keep regulations in place that restrict competition from unlicensed electricians or doctors. But why do economists use the term “rent”? Unfortunately, there is no good reason. David Ricardo introduced the term “rent” in economics. It means the payment to a factor of production in excess of what is required to keep that factor in its present use. So, for example, if I am paid $150,000 in my current job but I would stay in that job for any salary over $130,000, I am making $20,000 in rent. What is wrong with rent seeking?
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#2_3053958788
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Unfortunately, there is no good reason. David Ricardo introduced the term “rent” in economics. It means the payment to a factor of production in excess of what is required to keep that factor in its present use. So, for example, if I am paid $150,000 in my current job but I would stay in that job for any salary over $130,000, I am making $20,000 in rent. What is wrong with rent seeking? Absolutely nothing. I would be rent seeking if I asked for a raise. My employer would then be free to decide if my services are worth it. Even though I am seeking rents by asking for a raise, this is not what economists mean by “rent seeking.” They use the term to describe people’s lobbying of government to give them special privileges.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#3_3053959827
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Absolutely nothing. I would be rent seeking if I asked for a raise. My employer would then be free to decide if my services are worth it. Even though I am seeking rents by asking for a raise, this is not what economists mean by “rent seeking.” They use the term to describe people’s lobbying of government to give them special privileges. A much better term is “privilege seeking.” It has been known for centuries that people lobby the government for privileges. Tullock’s insight was that expenditures on lobbying for privileges are costly and that these expenditures, therefore, dissipate some of the gains to the beneficiaries and cause inefficiency. If, for example, a steel firm spends one million dollars lobbying and advertising for restrictions on steel imports, whatever money it gains by succeeding, presumably more than one million, is not a net gain. From this gain must be subtracted the one-million-dollar cost of seeking the restrictions.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#4_3053961096
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: A much better term is “privilege seeking.” It has been known for centuries that people lobby the government for privileges. Tullock’s insight was that expenditures on lobbying for privileges are costly and that these expenditures, therefore, dissipate some of the gains to the beneficiaries and cause inefficiency. If, for example, a steel firm spends one million dollars lobbying and advertising for restrictions on steel imports, whatever money it gains by succeeding, presumably more than one million, is not a net gain. From this gain must be subtracted the one-million-dollar cost of seeking the restrictions. Although such an expenditure is rational from the narrow viewpoint of the firm that spends it, it represents a use of real resources to get a transfer from others and is therefore a pure loss to the economy as a whole. Krueger (1974) independently discovered the idea in her study of poor economies whose governments heavily regulated their people’s economic lives. She pointed out that the regulation was so extensive that the government had the power to create “rents” equal to a large percentage of national income. For India in 1964, for example, Krueger estimated that government regulation created rents equal to 7.3 percent of national income; for Turkey in 1968, she estimated that rents from import licenses alone were about 15 percent of Turkey’s gross national product.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#5_3053962812
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Although such an expenditure is rational from the narrow viewpoint of the firm that spends it, it represents a use of real resources to get a transfer from others and is therefore a pure loss to the economy as a whole. Krueger (1974) independently discovered the idea in her study of poor economies whose governments heavily regulated their people’s economic lives. She pointed out that the regulation was so extensive that the government had the power to create “rents” equal to a large percentage of national income. For India in 1964, for example, Krueger estimated that government regulation created rents equal to 7.3 percent of national income; for Turkey in 1968, she estimated that rents from import licenses alone were about 15 percent of Turkey’s gross national product. Krueger did not attempt to estimate what percentage of these rents were dissipated in the attempt to get them. Tullock (1993) tentatively maintained that expenditures on rent-seeking in democracies are not very large. About the Author
David R. Henderson is the editor of this encyclopedia. He is a research fellow with Stanford University’s Hoover Institution and an associate professor of economics at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He was formerly a senior economist with President Ronald Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#6_3053964463
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Krueger did not attempt to estimate what percentage of these rents were dissipated in the attempt to get them. Tullock (1993) tentatively maintained that expenditures on rent-seeking in democracies are not very large. About the Author
David R. Henderson is the editor of this encyclopedia. He is a research fellow with Stanford University’s Hoover Institution and an associate professor of economics at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He was formerly a senior economist with President Ronald Reagan’s Council of Economic Advisers. Further Reading
Krueger, Anne O. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64 (1974): 291–303. Tullock, Gordon. Rent Seeking.
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#7_3053965491
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Further Reading
Krueger, Anne O. “The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64 (1974): 291–303. Tullock, Gordon. Rent Seeking. Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1993. Tullock, Gordon. “ The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft.” Western Economic Journal 5 (1967):
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596366221#8_3053966108
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Title: Rent Seeking - Econlib
Headings: Rent Seeking
Rent Seeking
About the Author
Further Reading
Content: Brookfield, Vt.: Edward Elgar, 1993. Tullock, Gordon. “ The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft.” Western Economic Journal 5 (1967): 224–232. Categories: Basic Concepts Economic Regulation Government Policy
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/RentSeeking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1596584376#13_3054328474
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Title: European Economic Community, by Barry Eichengreen: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and Liberty
Headings:
Origins
Development
The Single Market Program
Monetary Unification
Content: Remaining barriers to the movement of capital and labor across the EC's internal frontiers will be removed. EC residents will be able to shift their funds from one country to another without having to worry about capital controls, and will be able to work in another member country without having to secure a work permit or obtain local technical accreditation. National tax codes will be harmonized to simplify economic decision making. Economic analyses suggest that the benefits are likely to be considerably larger than those derived from the customs union alone. The downside, however, is that regulation may well become more oppressive because the influence of intercountry competition, which tends to discourage costly regulation, is eliminated. Similarly, the harmonization of tax policy will prevent footloose factors of production (i.e., labor and capital) from fleeing to low-tax jurisdictions, thus removing an important constraint on spending by national governments. Monetary Unification
In 1988, with European integration gathering momentum, the governments of the EC member states appointed a committee, chaired by Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission, to study the feasibility of complementing the single market with a single currency. After the Delors Report appeared, the EC governments appointed an Intergovernmental Conference to prepare amendments to the Treaty of Rome. The proposed amendments—the Treaty on Economic and Monetary Union—were presented at the Dutch town of Maastricht in December 1991. The Maastricht Treaty proposes replacing the EC's twelve national currencies with a single currency and creating a European Central Bank (ECB).
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http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/EuropeanEconomicCommunity.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1597492841#0_3056180050
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Title: Economics of Agriculture Specialization - Economicsconcepts.com
Headings: Economics of Agriculture Specialization:
Economics of Agriculture Specialization:
Relevant Articles:
Content: Economics of Agriculture Specialization - Economicsconcepts.com
Home » Agriculture and Economic Development » Economics of Agriculture Specialization
Economics of Agriculture Specialization: In agriculture specialization, farmers produce one crop instead of so many crops. In other words, the farmers, adopt specialized farming. By doing so they avail all those benefits which are accrued to the big businesses. Hence the goods are produced on a large scale. As in case of US, Australia, New Zealand and other big countries, the landlords employ heavy machinery, fertilizers and high-yielding variety seeds along with their big farms. As a result, the goods are produced on a large scale. This leads to reduce their costs. The welfare of domestic and foreign consumers increases as goods become available to them at lower prices. Here, agriculture becomes a business as well as industry where we calculate the costs, revenues and production function.
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http://www.economicsconcepts.com/economics_of_agricuture_specializtion.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1597492841#5_3056184950
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Title: Economics of Agriculture Specialization - Economicsconcepts.com
Headings: Economics of Agriculture Specialization:
Economics of Agriculture Specialization:
Relevant Articles:
Content: But this has also led to increase the incomes of the big farm holders as they have attained monopoly as they are charging high prices for their agri. products. In such a state of affairs, there exist possibilities that the big farmers could out-compete the small farmers. As a result, the small farmers may have become their tenants or servants. Accordingly, the flow of income or resources may move in favor of feudals and landlords. Moreover, when agri. becomes specialized, the agri. goods would be exported The multinational corporations may enter into agriculture. They may earn extra-ordinary profits by exploiting the international consumers. In this way, the benefits of large scale production may bi;
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http://www.economicsconcepts.com/economics_of_agricuture_specializtion.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599138659#2_3060878292
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Title: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Headings: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Figure-1 shows different types of market structures on the basis of competition:
1. Purely Competitive Market:
Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve:
2. Perfectly Competitive Market:
Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows:
In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
i. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
ii. Homogeneous Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Perfect Knowledge:
v. Absence of Transport Cost:
vi. Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production:
3. Imperfectly Competitive Market:
There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3:
Monopoly:
Some of the definitions of monopoly given by different economists are as follows:
Following are the main features of the monopoly market structure:
i. Single Seller:
ii. No Substitutes of the Product:
iii. Barriers to Entry:
iv. Restriction on Information:
Some of the barriers to entry of new organizations are as follows:
i. Legal Restrictions:
ii. Resource Ownership:
iii. Efficiency in Production:
iv. Economies of Scale:
Monopolistic Competition:
Some of the definitions of monopolistic competition given by different economists are as follows:
Some of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are as follows:
i. Large Number of Sellers and Buyers:
ii. Differentiated Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Restricted Mobility of Factors of Production:
v. Price Policy:
Oligopoly:
Some of the popular definitions of oligopoly are as follows:
The main characteristics of oligopoly are as follows:
i. Few Sellers and Many Buyers:
ii. Homogeneous or Differentiated Products:
iii. Barriers in Entry and Exit:
iv. Mutual Interdependence:
v. Lack of Uniformity:
vi. Existence of Price Rigidity:
Content: Purely Competitive Market: A purely competitive market is one in which there are a large number of independent buyers and sellers dealing in standardized products. In pure competition, the products are standardized because they are either identical to each other or homogenous. Moreover, the price of products is same in the entire market. ADVERTISEMENTS: Therefore, buyers can purchase products from any seller as there is no difference in the price and quality of products of different sellers. Under pure competition, sellers cannot influence the market price of products. This is because if a seller increases the prices of its products, customers may switch to other sellers for getting products at lower price with the same quality. On the other hand, if a seller decreases the prices of its products, then customers may become doubtful about the quality of products. Therefore, in pure competition, sellers act as price takers.
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/market/types-of-market-structures-on-the-basis-of-competition/3731
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599138659#3_3060881549
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Title: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Headings: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Figure-1 shows different types of market structures on the basis of competition:
1. Purely Competitive Market:
Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve:
2. Perfectly Competitive Market:
Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows:
In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
i. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
ii. Homogeneous Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Perfect Knowledge:
v. Absence of Transport Cost:
vi. Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production:
3. Imperfectly Competitive Market:
There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3:
Monopoly:
Some of the definitions of monopoly given by different economists are as follows:
Following are the main features of the monopoly market structure:
i. Single Seller:
ii. No Substitutes of the Product:
iii. Barriers to Entry:
iv. Restriction on Information:
Some of the barriers to entry of new organizations are as follows:
i. Legal Restrictions:
ii. Resource Ownership:
iii. Efficiency in Production:
iv. Economies of Scale:
Monopolistic Competition:
Some of the definitions of monopolistic competition given by different economists are as follows:
Some of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are as follows:
i. Large Number of Sellers and Buyers:
ii. Differentiated Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Restricted Mobility of Factors of Production:
v. Price Policy:
Oligopoly:
Some of the popular definitions of oligopoly are as follows:
The main characteristics of oligopoly are as follows:
i. Few Sellers and Many Buyers:
ii. Homogeneous or Differentiated Products:
iii. Barriers in Entry and Exit:
iv. Mutual Interdependence:
v. Lack of Uniformity:
vi. Existence of Price Rigidity:
Content: Therefore, buyers can purchase products from any seller as there is no difference in the price and quality of products of different sellers. Under pure competition, sellers cannot influence the market price of products. This is because if a seller increases the prices of its products, customers may switch to other sellers for getting products at lower price with the same quality. On the other hand, if a seller decreases the prices of its products, then customers may become doubtful about the quality of products. Therefore, in pure competition, sellers act as price takers. In addition, in a purely competitive market, there are no legal, technological, financial, or other barriers for the entry and exit for organizations. In pure competition, the average revenue curve or demand curve is represented by a horizontal straight line. This implies the homogeneity of products with fixed market price. Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve: In Figure-2, OP is the price level at which a seller can sell any quantity of products at the fixed market price.
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/market/types-of-market-structures-on-the-basis-of-competition/3731
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599138659#5_3060888133
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Title: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Headings: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Figure-1 shows different types of market structures on the basis of competition:
1. Purely Competitive Market:
Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve:
2. Perfectly Competitive Market:
Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows:
In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
i. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
ii. Homogeneous Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Perfect Knowledge:
v. Absence of Transport Cost:
vi. Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production:
3. Imperfectly Competitive Market:
There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3:
Monopoly:
Some of the definitions of monopoly given by different economists are as follows:
Following are the main features of the monopoly market structure:
i. Single Seller:
ii. No Substitutes of the Product:
iii. Barriers to Entry:
iv. Restriction on Information:
Some of the barriers to entry of new organizations are as follows:
i. Legal Restrictions:
ii. Resource Ownership:
iii. Efficiency in Production:
iv. Economies of Scale:
Monopolistic Competition:
Some of the definitions of monopolistic competition given by different economists are as follows:
Some of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are as follows:
i. Large Number of Sellers and Buyers:
ii. Differentiated Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Restricted Mobility of Factors of Production:
v. Price Policy:
Oligopoly:
Some of the popular definitions of oligopoly are as follows:
The main characteristics of oligopoly are as follows:
i. Few Sellers and Many Buyers:
ii. Homogeneous or Differentiated Products:
iii. Barriers in Entry and Exit:
iv. Mutual Interdependence:
v. Lack of Uniformity:
vi. Existence of Price Rigidity:
Content: 2. Perfectly Competitive Market: In a purely competitive market, there are a large number of buyers and sellers dealing in homogenous products. A perfectly competitive market is a wider term than a purely competitive market. A perfectly competitive market is characterized by a situation when there is perfect competition in the market. Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows: According to Robinson perfect competition can be defined as, “When the number of firms being large, so that a change in the output of any of them has a negligible effect upon the total output of the commodity, the commodity is perfectly homogeneous in the sense that the buyers are alike in respect of their preferences (or indifference) between one firm and its rivals, then competition is perfect, and its rivals, then competition is perfect, and the elasticity of demand for the individual firm is infinite.” According to Spencer, “Perfect competition is the name given to an industry or to a market characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers all engaged in the purchase and sale of a homogeneous commodity, with perfect knowledge, of market price and quantities, no discrimination and perfect mobility of resources.” In the words of Prof. Leftwitch, “Perfect competition is a market in which there are many firms selling identical products with no firm large enough relative to the entire market to be able to influence market price.” According to Bilas, “The perfect competition is characterized by the presence of many firms.
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/market/types-of-market-structures-on-the-basis-of-competition/3731
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599138659#6_3060892064
|
Title: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Headings: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Figure-1 shows different types of market structures on the basis of competition:
1. Purely Competitive Market:
Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve:
2. Perfectly Competitive Market:
Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows:
In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
i. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
ii. Homogeneous Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Perfect Knowledge:
v. Absence of Transport Cost:
vi. Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production:
3. Imperfectly Competitive Market:
There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3:
Monopoly:
Some of the definitions of monopoly given by different economists are as follows:
Following are the main features of the monopoly market structure:
i. Single Seller:
ii. No Substitutes of the Product:
iii. Barriers to Entry:
iv. Restriction on Information:
Some of the barriers to entry of new organizations are as follows:
i. Legal Restrictions:
ii. Resource Ownership:
iii. Efficiency in Production:
iv. Economies of Scale:
Monopolistic Competition:
Some of the definitions of monopolistic competition given by different economists are as follows:
Some of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are as follows:
i. Large Number of Sellers and Buyers:
ii. Differentiated Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Restricted Mobility of Factors of Production:
v. Price Policy:
Oligopoly:
Some of the popular definitions of oligopoly are as follows:
The main characteristics of oligopoly are as follows:
i. Few Sellers and Many Buyers:
ii. Homogeneous or Differentiated Products:
iii. Barriers in Entry and Exit:
iv. Mutual Interdependence:
v. Lack of Uniformity:
vi. Existence of Price Rigidity:
Content: Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows: According to Robinson perfect competition can be defined as, “When the number of firms being large, so that a change in the output of any of them has a negligible effect upon the total output of the commodity, the commodity is perfectly homogeneous in the sense that the buyers are alike in respect of their preferences (or indifference) between one firm and its rivals, then competition is perfect, and its rivals, then competition is perfect, and the elasticity of demand for the individual firm is infinite.” According to Spencer, “Perfect competition is the name given to an industry or to a market characterized by a large number of buyers and sellers all engaged in the purchase and sale of a homogeneous commodity, with perfect knowledge, of market price and quantities, no discrimination and perfect mobility of resources.” In the words of Prof. Leftwitch, “Perfect competition is a market in which there are many firms selling identical products with no firm large enough relative to the entire market to be able to influence market price.” According to Bilas, “The perfect competition is characterized by the presence of many firms. The all sell identical products. The seller is a price taker, not price maker.” In perfect competition, there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market. However, these buyers and sellers cannot influence the market price by increasing or decreasing their purchases or output, respectively. In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/market/types-of-market-structures-on-the-basis-of-competition/3731
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599138659#16_3060923470
|
Title: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Headings: Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Types of Market Structures on the Basis of Competition
Figure-1 shows different types of market structures on the basis of competition:
1. Purely Competitive Market:
Figure-2 shows the average revenue curve under pure competition curve:
2. Perfectly Competitive Market:
Some of the definitions of perfect competition given by different economists are as follows:
In addition to conditions implied in pure competition, perfect competition also involves certain other conditions, which are as follows:
i. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
ii. Homogeneous Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Perfect Knowledge:
v. Absence of Transport Cost:
vi. Perfect Mobility of Factors of Production:
3. Imperfectly Competitive Market:
There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3:
Monopoly:
Some of the definitions of monopoly given by different economists are as follows:
Following are the main features of the monopoly market structure:
i. Single Seller:
ii. No Substitutes of the Product:
iii. Barriers to Entry:
iv. Restriction on Information:
Some of the barriers to entry of new organizations are as follows:
i. Legal Restrictions:
ii. Resource Ownership:
iii. Efficiency in Production:
iv. Economies of Scale:
Monopolistic Competition:
Some of the definitions of monopolistic competition given by different economists are as follows:
Some of the characteristics of monopolistic competition are as follows:
i. Large Number of Sellers and Buyers:
ii. Differentiated Products:
iii. Free Entry and Exit:
iv. Restricted Mobility of Factors of Production:
v. Price Policy:
Oligopoly:
Some of the popular definitions of oligopoly are as follows:
The main characteristics of oligopoly are as follows:
i. Few Sellers and Many Buyers:
ii. Homogeneous or Differentiated Products:
iii. Barriers in Entry and Exit:
iv. Mutual Interdependence:
v. Lack of Uniformity:
vi. Existence of Price Rigidity:
Content: Imperfectly Competitive Market: ADVERTISEMENTS: In economic terms, imperfect competition is a market situation under which the conditions necessary for perfect competition are not satisfied. In other words, imperfect competition can be defined as a type of market that is free from the stringent rules of perfect competition. Unlike perfect competition, imperfect competition is characterized by differentiated products. The concept of imperfect competition was firstly explained by an English economist, Joan Robinson. In addition, under imperfect competition, buyers and sellers do not have any information related to the market as well as prices of goods and services. In imperfect competition, organizations dealing in products or services can influence the market prices of their output. There are different forms of imperfect competition, which are shown in Figure-3: The different forms of imperfect competition (as shown in Figure-3).
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/market/types-of-market-structures-on-the-basis-of-competition/3731
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599449300#17_3061757866
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Title: Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Headings: Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details!
Definitions:
Assumptions:
A perfectly competitive market has following assumptions:
1. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
2. Homogeneous Products:
3. No Discrimination:
4. Perfect Knowledge:
5. Free Entry or Exit of Firms:
6. Perfect Mobility:
7. Profit Maximization:
8. No Selling Cost:
9. No Transport Costs:
Pure and Perfect Competition:
According to Prof. Chamberlin pure competition includes:
Content: (v) Lack of selling cost, and
(vi) Lack of transport costs. Prof. R.A. Bilas also distinguished Perfect and Pure Competition as, “Perfect Competition implies pure competition but also considers other characteristics. Pure competition implies one degree of perfection-the complete absence of monopoly. Generally, perfect competition will introduce the notion of perfect resource mobility and perfect knowledge.” Similarly, Prof. Baumol defined pure competition as an industry. It is said to be operating under pure competition when there are many firms, homogeneity of products, freedom of entry & exit, independent decision making.” On the basis of these definitions, it can be said that pure competition is said to exist when element of monopoly is absent from the market. The Perfect Competition is a broader term than pure competition which involves absence of monopoly as well as perfection in many other respects, such as, perfect mobility of factors of production and perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore, producers have a perfect knowledge of the quantity and quality of available factors of production as well as the prices which can be charged for its product. Thus, the distinction between pure and perfect competition is merely of degree, while every assumption of pure competition is also an assumption of perfect competition The concept of a perfectly competitive system includes one further assumption, viz.,
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/perfect-competition/perfect-competition-meaning-assumptions-and-other-details/7150
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599449300#18_3061760234
|
Title: Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Headings: Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details
Perfect Competition: Meaning, Assumptions and Other Details!
Definitions:
Assumptions:
A perfectly competitive market has following assumptions:
1. Large Number of Buyers and Sellers:
2. Homogeneous Products:
3. No Discrimination:
4. Perfect Knowledge:
5. Free Entry or Exit of Firms:
6. Perfect Mobility:
7. Profit Maximization:
8. No Selling Cost:
9. No Transport Costs:
Pure and Perfect Competition:
According to Prof. Chamberlin pure competition includes:
Content: It is said to be operating under pure competition when there are many firms, homogeneity of products, freedom of entry & exit, independent decision making.” On the basis of these definitions, it can be said that pure competition is said to exist when element of monopoly is absent from the market. The Perfect Competition is a broader term than pure competition which involves absence of monopoly as well as perfection in many other respects, such as, perfect mobility of factors of production and perfect knowledge of the market. Therefore, producers have a perfect knowledge of the quantity and quality of available factors of production as well as the prices which can be charged for its product. Thus, the distinction between pure and perfect competition is merely of degree, while every assumption of pure competition is also an assumption of perfect competition The concept of a perfectly competitive system includes one further assumption, viz., that there is perfect knowledge by both buyers and sellers of prevailing market prices, and the different range and quality of various goods, services and factors of production. Profit Maximisation Hypothesis of Traditional Economic Theory
Determination of Price Under Perfect Competition
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http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/perfect-competition/perfect-competition-meaning-assumptions-and-other-details/7150
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599946235#2_3063238450
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Debt, Inflation, and Money – By Bob Blain
Modern Economic Problems by Frank A. Fetter
The Principles of Political Economy, and Taxation by David Ricardo
Political economy by William Stanley Jevons
The Wealth of the People: Your Wealth By Fernando Urias
The Wealth of the People: Your Neighbor’s Wealth By Fernando Urias
The Wealth of the People: The Wealth of the Market By Fernando Urias
Economics of Freedom : What Your Professors Won’t Tell You
Q & A
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Specialisation and division of labour
Posted by Amiron October 1st, 2014 | Updated on: January 26, 2016
Specialisationmeans concentrating the production on a chosen good or service for which a production unit(individual, firm or a country) is more able as far as resources of production are concerned. In other words, it means producing what we produce best. Specialisation is the production of a limited range of goods, and services by an individual firm or a country, in co-operation with others so that, together, a complete range of products can be produced. Specialisation also means that the resources are being distributed among small and competing uses at a particular industry or a nation. For example, Maldives specialises in tourism and fishing products, Sri Lanka and India specialises in the production of tea.
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http://www.economicsguide.me/?page_id=1736
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599946235#3_3063240047
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Title:
Headings:
Content: January 26, 2016
Specialisationmeans concentrating the production on a chosen good or service for which a production unit(individual, firm or a country) is more able as far as resources of production are concerned. In other words, it means producing what we produce best. Specialisation is the production of a limited range of goods, and services by an individual firm or a country, in co-operation with others so that, together, a complete range of products can be produced. Specialisation also means that the resources are being distributed among small and competing uses at a particular industry or a nation. For example, Maldives specialises in tourism and fishing products, Sri Lanka and India specialises in the production of tea. This is specialisation at national level. The specialisation of Thoddoo island for watermelons and Dhiggaru island for rihaakuru is an example of regional specialisation. Potential benefits of specialisation
Higher output: the total output of goods and services will increase and the quality of goods and services produced will increase. A higher output with lower prices will mean more wants will be satisfied with the given amount of scarce resources.
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http://www.economicsguide.me/?page_id=1736
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1599946235#5_3063242574
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Variety: consumers have improved access to a greater variety of goods and services and thus, have better choice both from their economy and production of other countries. A bigger market: specialisation and international trade increases the size of the market, offering opportunities for large-scale of production for a larger market
Competition and lower prices: Increased competition for domestic producers acts as an incentive to minimize costs and to be innovative to remain competitive. Competition will help to keep the prices lower in the economy. Specialisation at individual level involves giving workers individual jobs so that the worker’s capacity to one task in particular will increase. Example, the specialisation of teachers in different subjects in CHSE. Specialisation by individual is called ‘division of labour’. Division of labour refers to the separation of a work process into a number of simple and separate tasks, with each task being performed by a separate person or a group of people.
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http://www.economicsguide.me/?page_id=1736
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600149506#5_3063760365
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Title: Definition of a free good - Economics Help
Headings: Definition of a free good
Definition of a free good
Examples of Free Good
When is a free good not a free good?
Is statistics a free good?
Using Statistics
Related
Content: When is a free good not a free good? One important distinction is that just because a good is given away for ‘free’ it doesn’t necessarily mean it is a free good. If a firm gave away a ‘free’ toy in a box of cornflakes, it is not actually free because it requires time to make and raw materials. This means, there is an economic cost. If the company wasn’t giving away ‘free’ toys, it could reduce the price of the cornflakes or make more profit. Also, in the case of a river in a water, there may come a critical mass, where there does start to be an opportunity cost of taking water from a river. With a low population, the water is renewable. But, a high population density city may mean more water is taken from the river than can be replenished. Therefore, at certain population densities, it loses its status as free – because there starts to be an opportunity cost. Is statistics a free good?
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http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2844/economics/definition-of-a-free-good/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600369360#12_3064364021
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Title: Should the UK stay in the European Union? - Economics Help
Headings: Should the UK stay in the European Union?
Should the UK stay in the European Union?
Should we stay in the EU?
The Ideal of European unity
Free Trade
Free Movement of labour and capital
Ease of Studying Abroad
Economic Strength of the EU
Cost of Membership
Democracy in a global economy
Personal View
Related
Content: Increasingly issues will have to be decided by Qualified Majority Voting, which means that the UK may have to accept rules and regulations we didn’t support. Personal View
My personal view is instinctively to support attempts at European union and integration. Even if there are some costs, like inefficient agricultural policies, the hope is that the net benefits outweigh this. In particular, I don’t feel that the UK can go it alone. The nature of globalisation is that we are increasingly integrated and interdependent on our European neighbours (whether we like or not). However, I can also see the attraction of the viewpoint which says – why not have the benefits of European membership (free trade, acceptance of qualifications, free movement of capital) without all the unnecessary political integration and economic policies which are damaging the EU. You can often find yourself agreeing with people, even if you don’t share their motives. In particular, the attitude of the EU towards the Single currency and unemployment is a real cause for concern. In my view, the Single currency is structurally unsound, and rather than bringing European nations together is causing a rise in extremist political activity, because of the high social costs surrounding the consequences of austerity and high unemployment. The management of the EU crisis makes you wonder at the direction of the European Union and whether they are losing sight of the best way to promote European integration.
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http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/6710/economics/should-the-uk-stay-in-the-european-union/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600369360#13_3064366151
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Title: Should the UK stay in the European Union? - Economics Help
Headings: Should the UK stay in the European Union?
Should the UK stay in the European Union?
Should we stay in the EU?
The Ideal of European unity
Free Trade
Free Movement of labour and capital
Ease of Studying Abroad
Economic Strength of the EU
Cost of Membership
Democracy in a global economy
Personal View
Related
Content: However, I can also see the attraction of the viewpoint which says – why not have the benefits of European membership (free trade, acceptance of qualifications, free movement of capital) without all the unnecessary political integration and economic policies which are damaging the EU. You can often find yourself agreeing with people, even if you don’t share their motives. In particular, the attitude of the EU towards the Single currency and unemployment is a real cause for concern. In my view, the Single currency is structurally unsound, and rather than bringing European nations together is causing a rise in extremist political activity, because of the high social costs surrounding the consequences of austerity and high unemployment. The management of the EU crisis makes you wonder at the direction of the European Union and whether they are losing sight of the best way to promote European integration. One final note is that leaving the EU would change things much less than either side might admit. Trade may be relatively unaffected. There is no reason why leaving the EU, should have to significantly change the way we do business. But, also leaving the EU, wouldn’t change the problems arising from the Single Currency experiment. Also, the money saved from leaving the EU would be relatively insignificant.
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http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/6710/economics/should-the-uk-stay-in-the-european-union/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600879628#1_3065638841
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Title: Government failure | Economics Online | Economics Online
Headings:
Government failure
Examples of government failure include:
Distortion of the price mechanism
Costs of administration
Imperfect knowledge
Law of unintended consequences
Business Economics
Explaining The K-Shaped Economic Recovery from Covid-19
Does Public Choice Theory Affect Economic Output?
Largest Retail Bankruptcies Caused By 2020 Pandemic
Identifying Speculative Bubbles and Its Effect on Markets
Explaining The Disconnect Between The Economy and The Stock Market
Consumer Confidence Compared to Q2 Job Growth
Global Affairs
Alternatives to GDP in Measuring Countries
Multiplier Effect
Content: Direct taxation can create a disincentive effect for households and firms. We have seen that taxes on harmful demerit goods, where demand is inelastic, may simply mean that more income is allocated to expenditure on harmful goods, and hence less income is available for spending on beneficial goods. The same is possible with the imposition of a minimum price, such as the one on alcohol, where spending is distorted with the consumer allocating more income to alcohol rather than less. Subsidies can be criticised as they can encourage the wasteful misuse or over-use of scarce resources. For example, free healthcare can result in doctors’ waiting rooms becoming become full with the malingerers and the so-called ‘worried well’. This can result in a waste of public resources and a denial of access to these services by those in genuine need. Subsidies may also protect inefficient firms from open competition as well as creating artificial barriers to entry for new firms – given that prices are kept ‘artificially’ low. Subsidies, and other assistance, can lead to the wider problem of moral hazard. Taxation can also distort behaviour by encouraging people to either avoid taxes (which is the attempt to find legal loopholes in the tax system) or evade taxes (which is illegal) through criminal activity such as smuggling and the use of black markets. Governments can also fix prices, such as minimum and maximum prices, but this can create distortions which can lead to:
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http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Market_failures/Government_failure.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600879628#2_3065641235
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Title: Government failure | Economics Online | Economics Online
Headings:
Government failure
Examples of government failure include:
Distortion of the price mechanism
Costs of administration
Imperfect knowledge
Law of unintended consequences
Business Economics
Explaining The K-Shaped Economic Recovery from Covid-19
Does Public Choice Theory Affect Economic Output?
Largest Retail Bankruptcies Caused By 2020 Pandemic
Identifying Speculative Bubbles and Its Effect on Markets
Explaining The Disconnect Between The Economy and The Stock Market
Consumer Confidence Compared to Q2 Job Growth
Global Affairs
Alternatives to GDP in Measuring Countries
Multiplier Effect
Content: This can result in a waste of public resources and a denial of access to these services by those in genuine need. Subsidies may also protect inefficient firms from open competition as well as creating artificial barriers to entry for new firms – given that prices are kept ‘artificially’ low. Subsidies, and other assistance, can lead to the wider problem of moral hazard. Taxation can also distort behaviour by encouraging people to either avoid taxes (which is the attempt to find legal loopholes in the tax system) or evade taxes (which is illegal) through criminal activity such as smuggling and the use of black markets. Governments can also fix prices, such as minimum and maximum prices, but this can create distortions which can lead to: Shortages, which may arise when government fixes price below the market rate. Because public healthcare is provide free at the point of consumption there will be long waiting lists for treatment. Surpluses, which may arise when government fixes prices above the natural market rate, as supply will exceed demand. For example, guaranteeing farmers a high price encourages over-production and wasteful surpluses. Setting a ‘minimum wage’ is likely to create an excess of supply of labour in markets where the ‘market clearing equilibrium’ is less than the minimum.
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http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Market_failures/Government_failure.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1600997356#0_3065899665
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Title: The "yes, but" syndrome | The Economist
Headings: The "yes, but" syndrome
Poverty in Latin America
The "yes, but" syndrome
Content: The "yes, but" syndrome | The Economist
Poverty in Latin America
The "yes, but" syndrome
The Americas
Americas view
“YES, but” is one way to sum up recent economic history in Latin America. This week’s print coverage of the region contains both a broadly positive review of the effects of NAFTA, particularly on Mexico, and a sobering look at the effects of new tax rises on Mexico’s poor. An excellent piece of research on poverty and inequality released by the World Bank in July, but picked up again in the media this week, conforms to the same pattern of good news dampened by bad. The good news is very good. Extreme poverty is defined in Latin America as having less than $2.50 a day (at purchasing-power parity) to live on. The share of the region's population in this bracket fell from 26.3% in 1995 to 13.3% in 2011. The middle class, which the Bank defines as people living on $10-50 a day on the ground that this level of income reduces the chances of falling back into poverty over a five-year period to 10%, is growing fast. 2011 was the first year ever that more people in Latin America were classified as being middle class than being in poverty (living on $4 a day or less). In a group of countries that includes Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, this middle-class segment is now the largest slice of the population. That represents remarkable progress.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2014/01/poverty-latin-america
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601046413#1_3066008304
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Title: The nature of establishment opinion - When elites get it wrong | Blighty | The Economist
Headings: When elites get it wrong
The nature of establishment opinion
When elites get it wrong
The best of our journalism, hand-picked each day
Content: If Mr Oborne overstates his case, it is not by very much. I first became interested in politics at around that time and recall vividly that in my then newspaper of choice the term "eurosceptic" would often be partnered with a phrase such as "swivel-eyed" or "foaming at the mouth" in the same sub-clause, even though, by any measure of public opinion, it was far stranger to be pro-euro. The essay is fascinating because it suggests two broader questions: when else have elites got it wrong? And why do such clever, experienced people make such bad mistakes? Let's start with the first question. British elites have been very wrong about something very important in each of the last three decades. First, in the 1980s, it was Thatcherism. Privatisation, flexible labour markets and non-punitive tax rates are the common sense of our times, but Thatcherism was, at least at the turn of the 1980s, disdained by much of the British establishment as a transient fad propagated by a crazed fishwife from Grantham. Tory "wets" such as Ian Gilmour and Jim Prior were in line with the thinking of the civil service, the Confederation of British Industry, the universities and much of the high-brow media.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/09/nature-establishment-opinion
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601046413#2_3066009959
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Title: The nature of establishment opinion - When elites get it wrong | Blighty | The Economist
Headings: When elites get it wrong
The nature of establishment opinion
When elites get it wrong
The best of our journalism, hand-picked each day
Content: Let's start with the first question. British elites have been very wrong about something very important in each of the last three decades. First, in the 1980s, it was Thatcherism. Privatisation, flexible labour markets and non-punitive tax rates are the common sense of our times, but Thatcherism was, at least at the turn of the 1980s, disdained by much of the British establishment as a transient fad propagated by a crazed fishwife from Grantham. Tory "wets" such as Ian Gilmour and Jim Prior were in line with the thinking of the civil service, the Confederation of British Industry, the universities and much of the high-brow media. It's not that these elites were left-wing; indeed, they were truer conservatives (with a small "c" ) than Margaret Thatcher herself. They thought that Britain was a declining nation that could do no more than tinker with the spluttering corporatism of the 1970s. They were wrong. Then, in the 1990s, there was the issue of crime.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/09/nature-establishment-opinion
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601046413#7_3066017085
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Title: The nature of establishment opinion - When elites get it wrong | Blighty | The Economist
Headings: When elites get it wrong
The nature of establishment opinion
When elites get it wrong
The best of our journalism, hand-picked each day
Content: The elites are not a monolithic group. There were people at the top of the British power structure who supported Thatcherism (including Mrs Thatcher, obviously) and resisted the euro, such as Gordon Brown. And the elites have been right about much. Most fashionable opinion was sceptical about the war in Iraq, for example. However, so was at least half of public opinion; the point about issues such as crime and the euro was that the masses and the elites took such different views, and the masses were vindicated. Caveats aside, these three misjudgments in recent decades are rather damning. They have also had political consequences that might not be obvious to you. Paul Goodman, a former Tory MP and now an astute observer of the party from his perch at ConservativeHome, argues that what traditionally determined whether someone was on the left or the right of the Conservative Party was his attitude to establishment opinion. If you generally deferred to it, you were on the One Nation left, perhaps a member of the Tory Reform Group.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/09/nature-establishment-opinion
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601046413#8_3066018579
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Title: The nature of establishment opinion - When elites get it wrong | Blighty | The Economist
Headings: When elites get it wrong
The nature of establishment opinion
When elites get it wrong
The best of our journalism, hand-picked each day
Content: the point about issues such as crime and the euro was that the masses and the elites took such different views, and the masses were vindicated. Caveats aside, these three misjudgments in recent decades are rather damning. They have also had political consequences that might not be obvious to you. Paul Goodman, a former Tory MP and now an astute observer of the party from his perch at ConservativeHome, argues that what traditionally determined whether someone was on the left or the right of the Conservative Party was his attitude to establishment opinion. If you generally deferred to it, you were on the One Nation left, perhaps a member of the Tory Reform Group. If you were generally wary of elite consensus on a given issue, you were a right-winger. Mr Goodman points out that successive humiliations over issues such as Thatcherism and the euro have sapped the old Tory left of members and morale. Bar the occasional Damian Green or Ken Clarke, few Tory MPs would define themselves as being on the left of the party. ( There are several "modernisers", not least David Cameron and George Osborne, but, if you'll forgive this detour into Tory theology, that is not the same thing at all. Modernisers are generally much more eurosceptic, Thatcherite and hardline on crime than old Tory left-wingers.)
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/09/nature-establishment-opinion
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601046413#9_3066020340
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Title: The nature of establishment opinion - When elites get it wrong | Blighty | The Economist
Headings: When elites get it wrong
The nature of establishment opinion
When elites get it wrong
The best of our journalism, hand-picked each day
Content: If you were generally wary of elite consensus on a given issue, you were a right-winger. Mr Goodman points out that successive humiliations over issues such as Thatcherism and the euro have sapped the old Tory left of members and morale. Bar the occasional Damian Green or Ken Clarke, few Tory MPs would define themselves as being on the left of the party. ( There are several "modernisers", not least David Cameron and George Osborne, but, if you'll forgive this detour into Tory theology, that is not the same thing at all. Modernisers are generally much more eurosceptic, Thatcherite and hardline on crime than old Tory left-wingers.) Finally, let me address the second of the questions I posed earlier. Why do elites (people who almost by definition are well-informed and practised in important decision-making) get it wrong? A shallow, though correct and often neglected, answer is that judgement is a completely different mental faculty to intelligence or experience. Clever people can analyse an issue forensically but draw the wrong conclusion. Stupid people can do no analysis at all but still arrive at a sound judgement through sheer instinct.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/blighty/2011/09/nature-establishment-opinion
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#0_3066224703
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet? With both the Great Firewall and the Golden Shield
Explaining the world, daily
The Economist explains
Apr 22nd 2013
by E.H.
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THE first e-mail sent from China, on September 14th 1987, was optimistic: " Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world." Few of China's 560m internet users now have such reach, however, because China tightly controls its people's use of the internet. The "Freedom on the Net 2012" report, issued by Freedom House, an American organisation that tracks global trends in political freedom, ranked China as the third most restrictive country in the world when it comes to internet access, after Iran and Cuba (though this ranking excludes those places, such as North Korea, where ordinary people are not allowed to use the internet at all). How does China censor the internet? The Chinese central government has two main ways of controlling what its citizens see on the web: the Great Firewall, as it is called by foreigners, which is a system of limiting access to foreign websites which started in the late 1990s, and the Golden Shield, a system for domestic surveillance set up in 1998 by the Ministry of Public Security. Separate government departments, along with local and provincial administrations, also have their own monitoring systems.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#1_3066226545
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: The "Freedom on the Net 2012" report, issued by Freedom House, an American organisation that tracks global trends in political freedom, ranked China as the third most restrictive country in the world when it comes to internet access, after Iran and Cuba (though this ranking excludes those places, such as North Korea, where ordinary people are not allowed to use the internet at all). How does China censor the internet? The Chinese central government has two main ways of controlling what its citizens see on the web: the Great Firewall, as it is called by foreigners, which is a system of limiting access to foreign websites which started in the late 1990s, and the Golden Shield, a system for domestic surveillance set up in 1998 by the Ministry of Public Security. Separate government departments, along with local and provincial administrations, also have their own monitoring systems. China began by blocking a list of foreign websites, including Voice of America, human-rights organisations and some foreign newspapers. But its filters have since become more sophisticated and can now selectively block specific pages within foreign websites, rather than making the entire site inaccessible. They can also block particular terms when they are used in search queries or instant messages. Google is not blocked entirely; instead, users who search for banned keywords are blocked from Google for 90 seconds, though other websites remain available.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#2_3066228398
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: China began by blocking a list of foreign websites, including Voice of America, human-rights organisations and some foreign newspapers. But its filters have since become more sophisticated and can now selectively block specific pages within foreign websites, rather than making the entire site inaccessible. They can also block particular terms when they are used in search queries or instant messages. Google is not blocked entirely; instead, users who search for banned keywords are blocked from Google for 90 seconds, though other websites remain available. China's many internet companies are regularly issued with lists of restricted keywords, and often censor blog posts and other content pre-emptively to avoid trouble with the authorities. In all there are thought to be around 100,000 people, employed both by the state and by private companies, policing China's internet around the clock. Since 2005 the state has also paid people, known as the "50 Cent Party", to post pro-government messages and steer online conversations away from sensitive topics. China's criteria for censoring the internet are slightly more subtle than foreigners often assume. In essence it applies the rules that have prevailed since the Tiananmen Square crackdown of 1989:
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#3_3066230059
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: China's many internet companies are regularly issued with lists of restricted keywords, and often censor blog posts and other content pre-emptively to avoid trouble with the authorities. In all there are thought to be around 100,000 people, employed both by the state and by private companies, policing China's internet around the clock. Since 2005 the state has also paid people, known as the "50 Cent Party", to post pro-government messages and steer online conversations away from sensitive topics. China's criteria for censoring the internet are slightly more subtle than foreigners often assume. In essence it applies the rules that have prevailed since the Tiananmen Square crackdown of 1989: do not jeopardise social stability, do not organise and do not threaten the party. Accordingly, c riticism of mid-ranking officials is tolerated, particularly if it is in keeping with the government's anti-corruption drive. But attacks on the senior leadership are swiftly removed (prompting Chinese internet users to refer to senior figures using nicknames or coded language, in an effort to stay ahead of the censors). The most brutal restrictions are applied to any post that calls for offline protests or demonstrations—even for pro-government causes. The censorship system's main goal is to prevent the internet from being used to co-ordinate or organise real-world political activity.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#4_3066231855
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: do not jeopardise social stability, do not organise and do not threaten the party. Accordingly, c riticism of mid-ranking officials is tolerated, particularly if it is in keeping with the government's anti-corruption drive. But attacks on the senior leadership are swiftly removed (prompting Chinese internet users to refer to senior figures using nicknames or coded language, in an effort to stay ahead of the censors). The most brutal restrictions are applied to any post that calls for offline protests or demonstrations—even for pro-government causes. The censorship system's main goal is to prevent the internet from being used to co-ordinate or organise real-world political activity. In extreme cases, internet access may be cut off altogether, as happened for ten months in 2009, after riots in Xinjiang, a remote north-western region. In short, China is having it both ways: it is allowing its citizens to benefit from the social and commercial aspects of the internet, while placing strict limits on its use for political activism. Other authoritarian governments consider China's approach a model to be emulated. There is no doubt that microblogs such as Sina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter, have given the public a new voice with which to demand more accountability from officials on issues such as corruption, food safety and air pollution.
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1601144038#5_3066233623
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Title: How does China censor the internet? | The Economist
Headings: How does China censor the internet?
The Economist explains
How does China censor the internet?
Content: In extreme cases, internet access may be cut off altogether, as happened for ten months in 2009, after riots in Xinjiang, a remote north-western region. In short, China is having it both ways: it is allowing its citizens to benefit from the social and commercial aspects of the internet, while placing strict limits on its use for political activism. Other authoritarian governments consider China's approach a model to be emulated. There is no doubt that microblogs such as Sina Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter, have given the public a new voice with which to demand more accountability from officials on issues such as corruption, food safety and air pollution. But so far the government has managed to prevent the internet being used to campaign for broader political change. Indeed, by providing people with an outlet to vent their concerns and giving the illusion of public debate, the internet may even be delaying the radical changes that China needs. • What else should The Economist explain? Send us your suggestions. Reuse this content The Trust Project
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/04/economist-explains-how-china-censors-internet
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#0_3070004778
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: The return of populism | The Economist
Latin America
The return of populism
A much-touted move to the left masks something more complex: the rebirth of an influential Latin American political tradition
The Americas Apr 15th 2006 edition
Hulton
LATIN AMERICA, it is widely asserted, is moving to the left. The recent election victories of Evo Morales in Bolivia, of Chile's Michelle Bachelet, and of Ollanta Humala in the first round of Peru's presidential ballot (see article) are seen as forming part of a seamless web of leftism which also envelops Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, Brazil's Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Argentina's Néstor Kirchner and Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the front-runner in Mexico's presidential election. But this glib formula lumps together some strange bedfellows and fails to capture what is really changing in Latin America. Some of the region's new or newish presidents are of the moderate, social-democratic left. They include Lula, Ms Bachelet in Chile, Óscar Arias in Costa Rica and Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay. Broadly speaking, they stand for prudent macroeconomic policies and the retention of the liberalising reforms of the 1990s, but combined with better social policies. Mr Chávez, Mr Kirchner, Mr López Obrador and, in Peru, both Mr Humala and his likely rival in a run-off ballot, Alan García, belong in a second category. Albeit in different ways and to different degrees, all correspond to the Latin American tradition of populism. So, in some respects, does Mr Morales in Bolivia.
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#1_3070006698
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: They include Lula, Ms Bachelet in Chile, Óscar Arias in Costa Rica and Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay. Broadly speaking, they stand for prudent macroeconomic policies and the retention of the liberalising reforms of the 1990s, but combined with better social policies. Mr Chávez, Mr Kirchner, Mr López Obrador and, in Peru, both Mr Humala and his likely rival in a run-off ballot, Alan García, belong in a second category. Albeit in different ways and to different degrees, all correspond to the Latin American tradition of populism. So, in some respects, does Mr Morales in Bolivia. He is often portrayed as an indigenous leader. Yet as a young man he left his Andean-Indian village for the coca-growing region of the Chapare. His politics are those of a mestizo (mixed-race) trade-union leader. “Populism” is a slippery, elusive concept. But it is central to understanding what is happening in the region.
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#5_3070012520
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: But it is in Latin America where populism has had the greatest and most enduring influence. As in Russia and the United States, it began as an attempt to ameliorate the social dislocations caused by capitalism. In Latin America it became an urban movement. Its heyday was from the 1920s to the 1960s, as industrialisation and the growth of cities got under way in the region. It was the means by which the urban masses—the middle and working classes—were brought into the political system. In Europe, that job was done by social-democratic parties. In Latin America, where trade unions were weaker, it was accomplished by the classic populist leaders. They included Getulio Vargas, who ruled Brazil in various guises in 1930-45 and 1950-54; Juan Perón in Argentina (pictured above) and his second wife, Eva Duarte; and Victor Paz Estenssoro, the leader of Bolivia's national revolution of 1952.
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#14_3070024371
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: Though populists were not alone in favouring inflationary finance, they were particularly identified with it. Some commentary on populism has emphasised this aspect. In their book “The Macroeconomics of Populism”, Rudiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards characterise “economic populism” as involving a dash for growth and income redistribution while ignoring inflation, deficit finance and other risks. Such policies were pursued not just by populists of the past, but by Mr García, Peru's president in 1985-90. In a milder form, they are being followed by Mr Kirchner, Argentina's Peronist president. Mr Chávez has been rescued from deficit financing only by Venezuela's oil windfall. Populist economics was adopted, too, by Salvador Allende, Chile's Socialist president of 1970-73, and Nicaragua's Sandinistas. That has led many observers to use “populist” and “leftist” interchangeably—a mistake that led foreign investors to lose money when they panicked unduly when Lula won Brazil's election in 2002. More Mussolini than Marx
In fact, there is nothing inherently left-wing about populism. Some populist leaders were closer to fascism:
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#15_3070025911
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: Mr Chávez has been rescued from deficit financing only by Venezuela's oil windfall. Populist economics was adopted, too, by Salvador Allende, Chile's Socialist president of 1970-73, and Nicaragua's Sandinistas. That has led many observers to use “populist” and “leftist” interchangeably—a mistake that led foreign investors to lose money when they panicked unduly when Lula won Brazil's election in 2002. More Mussolini than Marx
In fact, there is nothing inherently left-wing about populism. Some populist leaders were closer to fascism: Perón lived as an exile in Franco's Spain for 18 years. Many favoured corporatism—the organisation of society by functional groups, rather than the individual rights and pluralism of liberal democracy. Other writers have seen populism as a technique of political leadership more than an ideology. They have applied the term to such free-market conservatives as Peru's Alberto Fujimori and Argentina's Carlos Menem who, in different ways, sidestepped interest-groups and made direct appeals to the masses. It is not clear whether Mr Humala, if elected in a run-off, would fall into this category—or try to mimic Mr Chávez.
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#17_3070028884
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: AP
...and Humala hopes to follow
Populism is full of contradictions. It is above all anti-elitist, but creates new elites. It claims to favour ordinary people against oligarchs. But as Messrs Dornbusch and Edwards pointed out, “at the end of every populist experiment real wages are lower than they were at the beginning.” Populism brought mass politics to Latin America, but its relationship to democracy is ambivalent. Populists crusade against corruption, but often engender more. In the 1960s, populism seemed to fade away in Latin America, squeezed by Marxism, Christian democracy and military dictatorship. Its current revival shows that it is deeply rooted in the region's political culture. But it also involves some new elements. The new crop of populist leaders rely partly on the politics of ethnic identity:
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603172965#18_3070030059
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Title: The return of populism | The Economist
Headings: The return of populism
Latin America
The return of populism
Give me a balcony
More Mussolini than Marx
Sources:
Content: Populists crusade against corruption, but often engender more. In the 1960s, populism seemed to fade away in Latin America, squeezed by Marxism, Christian democracy and military dictatorship. Its current revival shows that it is deeply rooted in the region's political culture. But it also involves some new elements. The new crop of populist leaders rely partly on the politics of ethnic identity: Mr Chávez and Mr Humala are both mestizos. Their coalitions are based on the poor, both urban and rural, and those labouri
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http://www.economist.com/node/6802448
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603598832#1_3070699615
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Title: Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations | Economy Watch
Headings: Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations
Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations
Content: A lot of major companies of the United States of America and the United Kingdom, for example, have come and set up bases in these countries. They have looked to exploit the oil resources of these countries but in turn have provided the country a larger job market by throwing open increased job opportunities. This has enabled the residents of this country to lead a better life. The invested capital from the international sources has been used by these countries to better their infrastructural facilities like making new roads and improving the state of education in the country for example. Important example in this case is the entire gulf region in Asia and the countries worth mentioning in this regard would be the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates have been able to improve their tourism industry with the help of the money that has been invested by various countries in its oil and energy industry. The emirates of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah are the biggest examples. Saudi Arabia has also improved its overall infrastructure with the petro-dollars, as foreign investment in the local oil industry is known. Some examples would be the football stadiums constructed across the country. It has been revealed by researches and studies that out of the entire corpus of products traded all over the world every year, fifty percent or more is taken up by the oil and energy products.
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http://www.economywatch.com/energy-economy/developing-nations.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603598832#2_3070701420
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Title: Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations | Economy Watch
Headings: Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations
Importance of Energy Economy for Developing Nations
Content: The United Arab Emirates have been able to improve their tourism industry with the help of the money that has been invested by various countries in its oil and energy industry. The emirates of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah are the biggest examples. Saudi Arabia has also improved its overall infrastructure with the petro-dollars, as foreign investment in the local oil industry is known. Some examples would be the football stadiums constructed across the country. It has been revealed by researches and studies that out of the entire corpus of products traded all over the world every year, fifty percent or more is taken up by the oil and energy products. This means a lot to the countries that are rich in oil and energy resources. This implies that the number of countries seeking such resources would invest in those countries where there is an abundance of such resources and this would mean a substantial amount of growth potential for these developing countries. Energy Industry
Energy
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http://www.economywatch.com/energy-economy/developing-nations.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1603780338#0_3071066506
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Title: Unemployment and Poverty | Economy Watch
Headings: Unemployment and Poverty
Unemployment and Poverty
Unemployment and Poverty at a Glance
Sources of Unemployment
Unemployment and Poverty: the Latest Trends
Measures to Prevent Unemployment and Poverty
Content: Unemployment and Poverty | Economy Watch
Unemployment and Poverty
October 13, 2010
•
Unemployment
•
by
EconomyWatch
Unemployment and Poverty at a Glance
Unemployment and poverty are the two major challenges that are facing the world economy at present. Unemployment leads to financial crisis and reduces the overall purchasing capacity of a nation. This in turn results in poverty followed by increasing burden of debt. Now, poverty can be described in several ways. As per the World Bank definition, poverty implies a financial condition where people are unable to maintain the minimum standard of living. Poverty can be of different types like absolute poverty and relative poverty. There may be many other classifications like urban poverty, rural poverty, primary poverty, secondary poverty and many more. Whatever be the type of poverty, the basic reason has always been lack of adequate income. Here comes the role of unemployment behind poverty. Lack of employment opportunities and the consequential income disparity bring about mass poverty in most of the developing and under developed economies of the world.
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http://www.economywatch.com/unemployment/poverty.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1604087057#8_3071712067
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Title: Saudi Arabia Economy | Economy Watch
Headings: Saudi Arabia Economy
Saudi Arabia Economy
Economic History
Current Economic Situation
Economic Forecast
Content: Current Economic Situation
Saudi Arabia faces a number of unique challenges. While its oil reserves are the second largest in the world, and Saudi Arabia is the world's leading oil exporter and second largest producer, petroleum makes up approximately 92.5 percent of Saudi budget revenues, 90 percent of export earnings, and 55 percent of annual GDP. Only 40 percent of GDP comes from the private sector. The government has encouraged private sector growth in an effort to reduce dependence on oil revenues, but oil undeniably remains the biggest part of the kingdom's economy. As a result, GDP can fluctuate wildly depending on global demand for oil. Aside from oil production, Saudi Arabia has natural resources that include gold, silver, iron copper, zinc, manganese, tungsten, lead, sulfur, phosphate, soapstone, and feldspar. Saudi Arabia also has a small agricultural sector, and the nation is one of the world's largest producers of dates. Tourism is also an important industry thanks to the millions of pilgrims who flock to Mecca and Medina each year. In fact, although oil revenues hugely dwarf tourism's contribution to the economy, tourism actually employs more people than the oil industry. The government remains a monarchy, which is highly anachronistic to many investors and foreign powers.
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http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/saudi_arabia/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1604087057#9_3071713725
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Title: Saudi Arabia Economy | Economy Watch
Headings: Saudi Arabia Economy
Saudi Arabia Economy
Economic History
Current Economic Situation
Economic Forecast
Content: Aside from oil production, Saudi Arabia has natural resources that include gold, silver, iron copper, zinc, manganese, tungsten, lead, sulfur, phosphate, soapstone, and feldspar. Saudi Arabia also has a small agricultural sector, and the nation is one of the world's largest producers of dates. Tourism is also an important industry thanks to the millions of pilgrims who flock to Mecca and Medina each year. In fact, although oil revenues hugely dwarf tourism's contribution to the economy, tourism actually employs more people than the oil industry. The government remains a monarchy, which is highly anachronistic to many investors and foreign powers. The feudal system relies on custom, religion, and class status in an intricate manner that most outsiders find bewildering. It creates a system with overlapping, conflicting, and unclear legal standards. Economic Forecast
Saudi Arabia has found itself at odds with ISIS/ISIL. This has led to some investor uncertainty and a shaking of domestic consumer confidence. However, Saudi oil fields continue to produce at record levels, and the global oil industry has experienced an uptick in prices.
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http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/saudi_arabia/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1604248833#0_3071989720
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Title: Great Narratives for Your Content Strategy
Headings: Great Narratives Are Vital to your Content Strategy
Great Narratives Are Vital to your Content Strategy
Why Narratives Matter
How to Incorporate Narratives
Hallmarks of Great Narratives
Content: Great Narratives for Your Content Strategy
Great Narratives Are Vital to your Content Strategy
by Anna Johansson | Aug 17, 2020 | Commentary, Content
Narratives are essential for your content strategy to succeed, and they come in a variety of forms. Basically, the term “narrative” refers to any kind of story, preferably with a beginning, middle, and end, and with a central character as part of that story. That character doesn’t need to be a fictional protagonist, or even a person—in fact, it could be a piece of equipment—but it does need to have a kind of starring role in the story you weave. It may seem strange to describe storytelling as a content marketing element—after all, storytelling is usually equated with fiction, and writing with a completely different purpose. However, whether you’re whipping up a new blog post or polishing the final draft of your latest eBooks, narratives can make or break your efforts. Why Narratives Matter
So what is it that make narratives such a powerful tool in your blog posts? Stories are second only to experience in learning. Our brains aren’t wired to process direct lines of information. Instead, they learn best through experience. For example, seeing a tiger in the wild attacking prey by sneaking up on it, then lunging with powerful claws is an easy way to understand that such a predator exists, and is dangerous if encountered.
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http://www.econtentmag.com/Articles/Column/Content-Marketing-Evolution/Why-Narratives-Are-So-Important-and-How-to-Make-a-Great-One-119756.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1607548104#0_3077382650
|
Title: Recycling E-Waste is Important! | Ecycle Environmental
Headings: Recycling E-Waste is Important!
Recycling E-Waste is Important!
Content: Recycling E-Waste is Important! | Ecycle Environmental
Recycling E-Waste is Important! Discarded electronics often end up in landfills or are incinerated, which can cause major environmental problems. As we've discussed before, electronics are made up of extremely hazardous materials such as lead, mercury and cadmium, and incinerating or dumping electronics lets the harmful chemicals leak into the ground and atmosphere. These harmful chemicals don’t just disappear, so old printers, monitors and phone cords that have been dumped will continue to stay in our landfills for centuries and create tremendous environmental problems for the surrounding areas. Of the 50 million tons of e-waste per year, only around 20 to 25 percent of it is disposed of safely and properly. That means that 75 percent of electronic waste ends up in landfills-- which is a huge problem. This is why it's so important to recycle your electronic devices, even if finding a place to recycle them is not always easy. Check with your county to see what options they have for getting rid of e-waste, as there currently are no federal guidelines for dealing with this type of garbage. In some cases you may need to drive the electronics directly to the local dump to be sorted, or go to another designated e-waste collection site.
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http://www.ecycleenvironmental.com/recycling-blog/recycling-e-waste-important
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1607548104#1_3077384303
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Title: Recycling E-Waste is Important! | Ecycle Environmental
Headings: Recycling E-Waste is Important!
Recycling E-Waste is Important!
Content: Of the 50 million tons of e-waste per year, only around 20 to 25 percent of it is disposed of safely and properly. That means that 75 percent of electronic waste ends up in landfills-- which is a huge problem. This is why it's so important to recycle your electronic devices, even if finding a place to recycle them is not always easy. Check with your county to see what options they have for getting rid of e-waste, as there currently are no federal guidelines for dealing with this type of garbage. In some cases you may need to drive the electronics directly to the local dump to be sorted, or go to another designated e-waste collection site. However, there are also a few other options for consumers to do on their own. Some private companies, including Best Buy and Home Depot, offer options for individuals looking to recycle e-waste. These companies take on the burden of sorting and figuring out where to ship the waste, though it's important to go online and call ahead to make sure that the company will take your electronics before hauling a bunch of unacceptable items to the store. Additionally, each state has specific regulations for what e-waste can be recycled, so make sure you're in compliance with this as well. Finally, check in to the options of re-selling or trading-in your current device after you upgrade to a new one.
|
http://www.ecycleenvironmental.com/recycling-blog/recycling-e-waste-important
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1611681616#0_3083752951
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Title: The Executive Branch
Headings:
Content: The Executive Branch
The Executive Branch - Reading Comprehension
for edHelper.com subscribers - Sign up now by clicking here! The Executive Branch Reading Comprehension
The Executive Branch reading comprehension (sample is shown below)
Build 50+ Printables from the Word List
Customize Printables - edit and save words and definitions
Quiz (includes vocabulary, quiz questions, and essay questions)
Custom quiz (PDF Format)
The Executive Branch
By Phyllis Naegeli
1 The Constitution granted specific powers to the president to run our country. However, it did not detail the actual support departments that the president would need. With the words, "he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments" the Founding Fathers left the task of establishing the remainder of the executive branch to the newly formed government. In 1789, Congress created the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury. As the country grew, Congress and the president worked together to create more departments to handle the growing tasks of our government. Today, the executive branch includes the president, the vice president, the fifteen Cabinet departments, the White House Office, and many independent agencies and government corporations to implement the laws made by Congress. 2 Article II of the Constitution created the position of vice president; however, it did not clearly define the job. Only two tasks were granted to the vice president.
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http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_34_34.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1611859336#1_3084079236
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Title: Benefits of EDI | EDI Basics
Headings: Benefits of EDI
Benefits of EDI
EDI cost savings
EDI improves speed and accuracy
EDI’s effect on business efficiency
EDI’s impact on business strategy
Content: EDI cost savings
From a financial perspective alone, there are impressive benefits from implementing EDI. Exchanging documents electronically improves transaction speed and visibility while decreasing the amount of money you spend on manual processes. But cost savings is far from the only benefit of using EDI. Expenses associated with paper, printing, reproduction, storage, filing, postage and document retrieval are all reduced or eliminated when you switch to EDI transactions, lowering your transaction costs by at least 35%. A major electronics manufacturer calculates the cost of processing an order manually at $38 compared to just $1.35 for an order processed using EDI
Errors due to illegible faxes, lost orders or incorrectly taken phone orders are eliminated, saving your staff valuable time from handling data disputes
EDI improves speed and accuracy
EDI can speed up your business cycles by 61%. Exchange transactions in minutes instead of the days or weeks of wait time from the postal service
Improves data quality, delivering at least a 30—40% reduction in transactions with errors—eliminating errors from illegible handwriting, lost faxes/mail and keying and re-keying errors
Using EDI can reduce the order-to-cash cycle time by more than 20%, improving business partner transactions and relationships
EDI’s effect on business efficiency
Automating paper-based tasks allows your staff to concentrate on higher-value tasks and provides them with the tools to be more productive
Quick processing of accurate business documents leads to less re-working of orders, fewer stock outs and fewer cancelled orders
Automating the exchange of data between applications across a supply chain can ensure that business-critical data is sent on time and can be tracked in real time. Sellers benefit from improved cash flow and reduced order-to-cash cycles
Shortening the order processing and delivery times means that organizations can reduce their inventory levels
EDI’s impact on business strategy
Enables real-time visibility into transaction status. This in turn enables faster decision-making and improved responsiveness to changing customer and market demands, and allows businesses to adopt a demand-driven business model rather than a supply-driven one
Shortens the lead times for product enhancements and new product delivery
Streamlines your ability to enter new territories and markets. EDI provides a common business language that facilitates business partner onboarding anywhere in the world
Promotes corporate social responsibility and sustainability by replacing paper-based processes with electronic alternatives. This will both save you money and reduce your CO2 emissions
1.
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http://www.edibasics.com/benefits-of-edi/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1611859336#2_3084082354
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Title: Benefits of EDI | EDI Basics
Headings: Benefits of EDI
Benefits of EDI
EDI cost savings
EDI improves speed and accuracy
EDI’s effect on business efficiency
EDI’s impact on business strategy
Content: Exchange transactions in minutes instead of the days or weeks of wait time from the postal service
Improves data quality, delivering at least a 30—40% reduction in transactions with errors—eliminating errors from illegible handwriting, lost faxes/mail and keying and re-keying errors
Using EDI can reduce the order-to-cash cycle time by more than 20%, improving business partner transactions and relationships
EDI’s effect on business efficiency
Automating paper-based tasks allows your staff to concentrate on higher-value tasks and provides them with the tools to be more productive
Quick processing of accurate business documents leads to less re-working of orders, fewer stock outs and fewer cancelled orders
Automating the exchange of data between applications across a supply chain can ensure that business-critical data is sent on time and can be tracked in real time. Sellers benefit from improved cash flow and reduced order-to-cash cycles
Shortening the order processing and delivery times means that organizations can reduce their inventory levels
EDI’s impact on business strategy
Enables real-time visibility into transaction status. This in turn enables faster decision-making and improved responsiveness to changing customer and market demands, and allows businesses to adopt a demand-driven business model rather than a supply-driven one
Shortens the lead times for product enhancements and new product delivery
Streamlines your ability to enter new territories and markets. EDI provides a common business language that facilitates business partner onboarding anywhere in the world
Promotes corporate social responsibility and sustainability by replacing paper-based processes with electronic alternatives. This will both save you money and reduce your CO2 emissions
1. Vollmer, Ken. Forrester, “The Future of EDI.” Last modified February 04, 2011
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http://www.edibasics.com/benefits-of-edi/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1612456158#9_3085306887
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Most residents did not have the means nor connections to fight the inevitable. The F.J.&G. Railroad finally received $1,750,000.00 for its loss of the railroad line from Northville to Mayfield to Broadalbin and its 750 acre Sacandaga Park, the "Coney Island" of the Adirondacks. Owners were allowed to remove houses and barns if they wished. The Presbyterian Church in Batchellerville and the Cold Brook School on North Shore Road were two that were moved. Buildings not moved by 1929 were completely demolished or burned. In all 1,100 people were forced to abandon their homes. The first bids for the dam construction, land clearing, building and cemetery removal were let in 1927. The construction bids were awarded and new people started moving into the area: brush and tree cutters, grave diggers and building movers. Surprisingly, not many local people were employed by the project.
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http://www.edinburgny.com/ReservoirHistory.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1613360635#3_3086997492
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Prolonged eye contact (staring) is considered rude. Don’t show affection, such as hugging or shoulder slapping, in
public. Never beckon with your forefinger. The Japanese extend their
right arm out in front, bending the wrist down, waving fingers. Do
not beckon older people. Sit erect with both feet on the floor. Never sit with ankle
over knee. Waving a hand back and forth with palm forward in front of
face means "no" or "I don't know." This is a polite response to a
compliment. Never point at someone with four fingers spread out and thumb
folded in.
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http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_jp.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1613360635#4_3086998391
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Sit erect with both feet on the floor. Never sit with ankle
over knee. Waving a hand back and forth with palm forward in front of
face means "no" or "I don't know." This is a polite response to a
compliment. Never point at someone with four fingers spread out and thumb
folded in. Corporate Culture
Punctuality is a must in all business and social meetings. Any degree of knowledge of Japanese culture is greatly
appreciated. Japanese may exchange business cards even before they shake
hands or bow. Be certain your business card clearly states your
rank. This will determine who your negotiating counterpart should
be.
|
http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_jp.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1614836301#8_3089813460
|
Title:
Headings:
An
Overview
of
Family
Development
Changing
World
Issues
Surrounding
Family
Creation
and
Maintenance
Mate
Selection
Spousal
Relationships
There
are
two
major
theories
related
to
improving
spousal
relationships.
One
view
is
represented
by
Markman
and
Stanley
(Markman,
Stanley
&
Blumberg,
1996;
Stanley,
2001).
They
propose
that
the
key
to
good
spousal
relationships
is
communication
and
conflict
resolution.
Gottman
and
his
colleagues
disagree
(Gottman,
1995;
Gottman
&
Silver,
1999).
They
suggest
it
is
establishing
and
maintaining
a
foundation
of
friendship
and
reducing
the
amount
of
criticism,
defensiveness,
contempt,
and
stonewalling.
Using
one
of
the
theories
separately,
or
using
them
in
combination,
researchers
have
developed
some
fairly
accurate
predictors
of
whether
or
not
a
marriage
will
succeed
or
fail.
Parenting
Changing
Family
Patterns
What
Educators
Can
Do
Developing
Competency
Skills
in
Relationships
Helping
Children
and
Youth
to
Acquire
Parenting
Skills
Providing
Support
for
Families
While
Adjusting
for
Change
In
the
Classroom
Working
with
Families
Measurement
and
Evaluation
Summary
and
Conclusions
References
Content: She
did
this
while
her
husband
held
a
steady
job
that
paid
enough
to
support
the
entire
family. Popularized
as
the
American
1950’s-style
traditional
family,
around
75%
of
school-aged
children
had
a
parent
at
home
full
time. Family
structures
of
this
type
had
to
support
distinct
gender
roles
and
the
economy
had
to
be
vibrant
enough
for
a
man
to
financially
support
a
family
on
his
own. Government
policies
and
business
practices
supported
this
family
type
by
reserving
the
best
jobs
for
men
and
discriminating
against
working
women
when
they
married
or
had
a
baby. In
the
United
States,
the
1960’s
civil
rights
and
feminist
movements
resulted
in
a
transformation
in
attitudes
towards
family
behaviors
(Evans,
2004). People
became
more
accepting
of
divorce,
cohabitation,
and
sex
outside
of
marriage
and
less
sure
about
the
permanence
of
marriage. They
became
more
tolerant
of
blurred
gender
roles,
of
a
mother
working
outside
of
the
home,
and
a
variety
of
living
arrangements
and
life
styles. The
transformation
of
these
attitudes
accelerated
in
the
1970’s
and
1980’s. Consequently,
the
percentage
of
children
with
a
full-time
parent
at
home
dropped
somewhat
in
the
late
1970
to
around
57%
and
is
now
only
around
25%. new
ideology
emerged
during
these
years
that
stressed
personal
freedom,
self-
fulfillment,
and
individual
choice
in
living
arrangements
and
family
commitments.
|
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/family.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1615292468#7_3090037049
|
Title:
Headings:
An Introduction to Classical (Respondent) Conditioning
Major concepts
Before conditioning
During conditioning
After conditioning
Content: During conditioning
During conditioning, the neutral stimulus will first be presented, followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Over time, the learner will develop an association between these two stimuli (i.e., will learn to make a connection between the two stimuli.) After conditioning
After conditioning, the previously neutral or orienting stimulus will elicit the response previously only elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. The stimulus is now called a conditioned stimulus because it will now elicit a different response as a result of conditioning or learning. The response is now called a conditioned response because it is elicited by a stimulus as a result of learning. The two responses, unconditioned and conditioned, look the same, but they are elicited by different stimuli and are therefore given different labels. In the area of classroom learning, classical conditioning primarily influences emotional behavior. Things that make us happy, sad, angry, etc. become associated with neutral stimuli that gain our attention. For example, if a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning.
|
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behavior/classcnd.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1615292468#8_3090038629
|
Title:
Headings:
An Introduction to Classical (Respondent) Conditioning
Major concepts
Before conditioning
During conditioning
After conditioning
Content: The two responses, unconditioned and conditioned, look the same, but they are elicited by different stimuli and are therefore given different labels. In the area of classroom learning, classical conditioning primarily influences emotional behavior. Things that make us happy, sad, angry, etc. become associated with neutral stimuli that gain our attention. For example, if a particular academic subject or remembering a particular teacher produces emotional feelings in you, those emotions are probably a result of classical conditioning. Return to: An Overview of Behavioral Psychology
EdPsyc Interactive: Courses
Home Page
|
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behavior/classcnd.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1615358113#4_3090112532
|
Title:
Headings:
Empathetic Listening
Return to | EdPsyc Interactive Home Page |
Content: The most important issue about empathetic listening in a classroom setting is when to use it. The general rule is that teachers have a right to teach and students have a right to learn. When the teacher and student can engage in a dialogue that does not violate their individual rights or the rights of others, then empathy is certainly appropriate. However, when either a student or another person is attempting to engage in a dialogue that is disruptive and violates the rights of the teacher and/or students, then the teacher needs to be assertive and bring the class back to order. An example might be helpful. During my first year of teaching I focused quickly on classroom management and keeping an orderly, though engaging, classroom. Rules were posted and most students were reasonably well-behaved. One morning towards the end of October, I began to feel a little queasy during my 45-minute commute to school. By the time school started, I knew I was in trouble. I tried to "tough it out," but about half-way through my first period class I just had to leave.
|
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/process/listen.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1616509767#1_3092123482
|
Title: How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation | EdTech Magazine
Headings: How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation
Management
How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation
Recent incidents have shown how important it is for colleges and universities to preserve evidence – including digital evidence – that may be required in a legal investigation.
Where's the Proof?
Collect and Preserve
A Shield and a Sword
Chain of Custody Checklist
Content: Well, the case is going to trial, and we need the chain of custody to prove that Smith really wrote all those things. Without the chain of custody, the judge won't admit any of that information, and we'll get killed at trial.” If “chain of custody” is a new or vague concept to you, you're not alone. In simplest terms, a proper chain of custody establishes the integrity of a piece of evidence, showing that it wasn't tampered with or otherwise altered since it was first collected. While chain of custody is a legal term of art – meaning it has a specific meaning in the law and can have legal consequences – it has significant practical implications for IT managers and other professionals. “Although it plays a critical function in litigation where opposing counsel is challenging the authenticity of evidence – particularly where digital evidence is involved – I've found that there are very few who adequately account for the chain of custody, let alone appreciate its importance,” observes Scott Carlson, a partner in the Chicago office of Seyfarth Shaw, whose practice focuses on electronic evidence and complex litigation. Where's the Proof? To illustrate the significance of chain of custody, let's go back to the original anecdote. While the electronic files you were able to produce from Smith's computer proved that he was sharing proprietary information with your competitor, getting those files into evidence at trial is an entirely different matter. Opposing counsel will challenge the integrity of the files and may claim that the court should not allow that evidence because it was altered, deleted or inserted long after Smith last set foot on your premises.
|
http://www.edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2006/10/how-preserve-digital-evidence-case-legal-investigation
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1616509767#6_3092136376
|
Title: How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation | EdTech Magazine
Headings: How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation
Management
How to Preserve Digital Evidence in Case of Legal Investigation
Recent incidents have shown how important it is for colleges and universities to preserve evidence – including digital evidence – that may be required in a legal investigation.
Where's the Proof?
Collect and Preserve
A Shield and a Sword
Chain of Custody Checklist
Content: As each item is carefully collected, it should be marked with a unique identifying number to allow you to locate and track that item. An example in Smith's case might be “06 Smith A 1.1,” where 06 refers to the year, Smith is the name of the investigation, A refers to items related to his computer system, the first 1 is the group of peripherals and the second 1 is the number for the monitor. The person collecting this item should initial or sign and date the item so that when authenticating it in court, he can explain that he knows this is the monitor he collected from Smith's office because it has the evidence label that includes his handwritten signature and the date it was collected. The evidence number for all items is recorded on the evidence log, and a record is created of every person who handles that evidence. Those individuals should also be prepared to testify about how they stored the evidence. The record is kept until after the investigation or court proceedings, when the evidence is no longer needed and is not required to be maintained. The proponent of an item of evidence also must be able to establish that the evidence is in substantially the same condition as it was when it was taken into custody. “Because digital evidence is more susceptible to intentional or inadvertent alteration or destruction than many forms of evidence, it is critical that a witness be able to offer evidence upon which the judge can conclude that the data is in substantially the same condition as when it was seized,” explains Patrick Zeller, a former high-tech prosecutor and litigator who is now assistant general counsel for Guidance Software, a Pasadena, Calif., computer forensics software developer. Critical areas for establishing this aspect of authenticity include confirming that there are no missing links in the chain of custody; detailing how your storage facility is inaccessible to unauthorized individuals and has proper climate and environment controls;
|
http://www.edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2006/10/how-preserve-digital-evidence-case-legal-investigation
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1620289061#0_3099584834
|
Title: How to Become an Electronic Engineer | Education Center Online
Headings: How to Become an Electronics Engineer
How to Become an Electronics Engineer
What electronics engineers do
How to become an electronics engineer
Career outlook for electronics engineers
Quick Facts: Electronics Engineers
*All facts from BLS.gov*
Sources:
Featured Schools
Content: How to Become an Electronic Engineer | Education Center Online
How to Become an Electronics Engineer
Home >> Articles >> Engineering Careers >> How to Become an Electronics Engineer
What electronics engineers do
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (bls.gov, 2012), the work of electrical engineers and electronics engineers is not dissimilar. They employ similar tools to help them perform engineering tasks and both often must collaborate with other types of engineers on projects. There are differences, however. Electronics engineers typically perform the following tasks: Create electronic parts or systems for various applications
Study the requirements of electrical systems and devise a system-wide strategy
Establish procedures to maintain electronic components and equipment
Appraise and recommend whether to repair or make design modifications to systems
Ensure electronic equipment and systems meet safety requirements and in compliance with regulations
Design applications and suggest changes to improve the performance of electronics found in parts and systems
Electrical engineers generally do the following: Innovate methods for using electrical power in the creation and enhancement of products
Perform calculations to assist in meeting standards of manufacturing, construction and installation
Oversee product-building procedures to ensure that completed product is up to code and meets all requirements
Research complaints, analyze what is problematic, and suggest ways to rectify
Collaborate on projects with those who manage them to ensure they are completed in an acceptable, cost-effective and timely manner
How to become an electronics engineer
High-school students interested in pursuing electrical or electronics engineering should take courses in physics and mathematics, including algebra, trigonometry, and calculus. Drafting courses may also come in handy when it comes time to prepare technical drawings, which these engineers are commonly tasked with doing. According to the BLS, electrical and electronics engineers usually are required to have a bachelor’s degree. Degree programs should be accredited by ABET (formerly the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology). Graduates of cooperative engineering programs—whereby students earn academic credit for structured work experience—may have a leg up on the competition, as employers also value practical experience.
|
http://www.educationcenteronline.org/articles/Engineering-Careers/How-to-Become-an-Electronics-Engineer.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1620435945#8_3099772273
|
Title: Facing Your Fears of Returning to School as an Adult
Headings: Facing Your Fears of Returning to School as an Adult
Facing Your Fears of Returning to School as an Adult
The First Step is Admitting It
I'm Afraid I Won't Fit In
I'm Afraid It Will Be Too Expensive
I'm Afraid It Will Take Up Too Much Time
I'm Afraid It Will Take Forever To Complete My Degree
I'm Afraid That Employers Won't Take My Degree Seriously
I'm Afraid I Won't Learn Anything New Or Valuable
Why Make The Move?
Content: Many students obtain an accredited degree in under a year. Some colleges even offer "work experience" credit for students with relevant work experience. Work experience credit allows students to apply their work experience toward the completion of their degree by testing out of a subject they're already familiar with. I'm Afraid That Employers Won't Take My Degree Seriously
People often decide against going back to school because they cannot attend an ivy league college or other well respected institution. These people frequently assume that their employers will be unimpressed if they earn a degree from a lesser known college or institution. However, most companies consider degrees obtained from career colleges and online universities as acceptable and of the same quality as degrees obtained through traditional programs. In the past, employers may have not considered online degrees from career colleges to be of the same caliber as those obtained through traditional colleges, but the quality of online programs continues to improve and offers the same type of training and education provided through a traditional campus-based college program. Likewise, students completing online programs will develop, or further develop, technology skills highly sought after by many companies, and they may impress their employers by taking the initiative to broaden their knowledge and acquire new skills by completing their degree online. I'm Afraid I Won't Learn Anything New Or Valuable
Working professionals often become concerned that returning to school will not significantly benefit them. In other words, they feel that they will not learn anything new, they haven't learned working or that they will develop skills that will improve their marketability in the job market.
|
http://www.educationcorner.com/fear-of-returning-to-school.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_1622711701#0_3103216258
|
Title: How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years | Education News
Headings: How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years
How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years
The American Dream in the ’30s looked quite different from today’s vision of it.
The American Dream
1930s
1940s
1950s and 1960
1970s and 1980s
1990s and 2000s
Today
Is the American Dream still alive?
Content: How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years | Education News
Home » Blogs » How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years
How the American Dream Has Changed over the Years
Nov 30, 2018 by
Reader's Digest
The American Dream in the ’30s looked quite different from today’s vision of it. The American Dream
Everybody dreams of something, whether it is to one day become financially independent, buy their very first house, become their own boss, or start a family. That’s why one of the most prominent, well-known, and revolutionary catchphrases of the United States, for close to 90 years, has been the idea of living the “American Dream.” While the phrase has grown and expanded to mean many different things to many different people, its rise to popularity started in 1931, when famed historian and writer James Truslow Adams wrote in his book The Epic of America about “the American dream, that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement.” Read on for a closer look at the American Dream through the years. 1930s
Everett Collection/Shutterstock
In the 1930s, the American Dream was simple and didn’t involve waiting in long lines to score the newest iPhone on the day it came out or being able to get the latest credit card with a slew of perks. Adams even clarified to say that “it is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of a social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.” Check out these fascinating facts about America that you never learned in school. 1940s
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In the 1940s, the term started becoming more common to use and to hear. It appeared in advertisements for intellectual products and services such as plays, books, and articles.
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http://www.educationviews.org/how-the-american-dream-has-changed-over-the-years/
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