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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1592934901#3_3552865132
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Title: Central America Map - Maps of Central America
Headings: Central America Map
Central America Map
Central America Map > Topographical Map • Travel & Tourism • About Us
Central American Nations
Content: The Republic of Guatemala, or Republica de Guatemala, borders the Pacific Ocean between Mexico and El Salvador, and borders the Caribbean Sea between Belize and Honduras. Its mountainous interior yields to narrow plains along the coasts and a rolling interior plateau in the north. The Republic of Honduras, or Republica de Honduras, borders the Caribbean Sea between Guatemala and Nicaragua, and borders the Pacific Ocean between El Salvador and Nicaragua. Its terrain consists of a mountainous interior framed by narrow coastal plains. The Republic of Nicaragua, or Republica de Nicaragua, is located between Honduras and Costa Rica, with coastlines along the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Its extensive coastal plains along the Caribbean side yield to mountains in the northwestern interior and a narrow coastal plain, dotted with volcanoes, along the Pacific Ocean. See also Nicaragua.com. The Republic of Panama, or Republica de Panama, is located between Costa Rica and Columbia, with Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean coastlines. Its terrain consists of rolling hills and plains along the coasts, with rugged mountains and upland plains in the interior. Caribbean Map - Caribbean Sea region map and travel information.
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https://www.central-america-map.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1593301139#15_3553691333
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Title: FAQs about buying property in Costa Rica and other facts about this beautiful country
Headings:
Content: the Central Coast; and finally the Southern Coast. There are some spectacular stretches of coastline, and most of the country's top beaches are on the Southern Coast. The coast varies from the dry, sunny climate of the northwest to the hot, humid rainforests of the south. Q. What is the Caribbean Coast like? A. The Caribbean Coast can be divided into two areas. The remote northeast coastline is a vast flat plain laced with rivers and covered with rain forest. Farther south, along the stretch of coast accessible by car, there are uncrowded beaches and even a bit of coral reef. Q. Where is Costa Rica located? A. Costa Rica is in the middle of Central America.
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https://www.centralamericasecondhomes.com/costarica/faqs.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1598110604#8_3564995952
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Title: Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system | Centre For Public Impact (CPI)
Headings: Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system
Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system
The initiative
The challenge
The public impact
Stakeholder engagement
Political commitment
Public confidence
Clarity of objectives
Strength of evidence
Feasibility
Management
Measurement
Alignment
Bibliography
The Public Impact Fundamentals - A framework for successful policy
Content: In 1960, almost 62 percent of Finns lived in rural areas; however, only 20 percent of students living in the countryside attended grammar schools. Conversely, 38 percent of Finns lived in urban areas but 47 percent of children there attended grammar schools. [ 3] More than ever, parents wanted an “improved and more comprehensive basic education” for their children. [ 2] Both the increase in student numbers and inequality of educational access and attainment led to the need for serious reforms. It was necessary to provide quality education for all children regardless of their socioeconomic background or where they lived. The public impact
The success of the comprehensive education reforms is evident from the subsequent excellent student performance and national educational outcomes. These outcomes can be attributed to a number of factors, including the focus on providing equal access for all to quality education and the role of local municipalities and teachers in designing and implementing the curriculum to meet students' needs. Student performance at school has improved considerably since the implementation of comprehensive school reforms. While there are other factors at play - such as a more extensive build-up of the welfare state - the reforms are seen as at least partly responsible for the improvement.
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https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/education-policy-in-finland/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1598110604#9_3564998035
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Title: Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system | Centre For Public Impact (CPI)
Headings: Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system
Education reform in Finland and the comprehensive school system
The initiative
The challenge
The public impact
Stakeholder engagement
Political commitment
Public confidence
Clarity of objectives
Strength of evidence
Feasibility
Management
Measurement
Alignment
Bibliography
The Public Impact Fundamentals - A framework for successful policy
Content: It was necessary to provide quality education for all children regardless of their socioeconomic background or where they lived. The public impact
The success of the comprehensive education reforms is evident from the subsequent excellent student performance and national educational outcomes. These outcomes can be attributed to a number of factors, including the focus on providing equal access for all to quality education and the role of local municipalities and teachers in designing and implementing the curriculum to meet students' needs. Student performance at school has improved considerably since the implementation of comprehensive school reforms. While there are other factors at play - such as a more extensive build-up of the welfare state - the reforms are seen as at least partly responsible for the improvement. By the 1980s and 1990s, students educated in the comprehensive system performed better academically than those educated in the two-tier system of the 1960s and early 1970s. [ 2] In the early 2000s, Finnish students began to score exceptionally well in international assessments such as the Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA), which evaluates “the extent to which 15-year-old students, near the end of their compulsory education, have acquired key knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies” . [ 7] In 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009, Finland took nearly all the top spots for mathematical and scientific literacy and reading. Although there has been a slight drop in its position in mathematical literacy since 2012, Finland still places highly overall. [ 8] In addition to an improvement in educational outcomes, the number of students staying longer in education has increased as a result of the comprehensive reforms and subsequent upper secondary school reforms in the 1980s. [
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https://www.centreforpublicimpact.org/case-study/education-policy-in-finland/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1601076406#8_3569824977
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Title: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 - 500 or More Hours
Headings: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
#1: Certified Flight Instructor
Examples of Companies hiring CFIs
#2: Pipeline / Powerline Patrol
Examples of companies that hire Pipeline and Powerline Patrol Pilots
#3: Aerial Surveying / Mapping
What is Aerial Surveying / Mapping?
Examples of companies that hire Aerial Survey Pilots
#4: Banner Towing
Banner towing companies:
#5: Skydive Pilot
Skydiving companies:
Summary
Outlook for Jobs
Low Time Pilot Jobs
4.7 out of 5 (23 Ratings)
Content: Image: Wikimedia.org
Not every pilot is cut out to be an instructor, but that does not mean that he or she cannot make a very good commercial or airline pilot. Therefore, another way to build flight time is flying Pipeline and Powerline Patrols. These pilots usually fly for an aviation company that contracts survey services to pipeline and utility companies. Pilots fly at lower altitudes over power lines or pipeline routes, looking for signs of damage, leaks, or to find the cause of reported outages. Pipeline and Power line survey flights often fly over rugged, otherwise undeveloped territory that may not offer convenient emergency landing areas. These pilots take extra care to preflight their aircraft and to plan flights, so they know the locations of alternate airfields. Pilots working for these agencies may also conduct other flights including flight instruction—if qualified—or transport equipment and personnel from one site to another. Pilots may fly fixed wing or rotary wing aircraft. Helicopter hours count toward total time just like fixed wing aircraft.
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https://www.century-of-flight.net/5-best-low-time-pilot-jobs-with-250-hours/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1601076406#11_3569830598
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Title: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 - 500 or More Hours
Headings: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
#1: Certified Flight Instructor
Examples of Companies hiring CFIs
#2: Pipeline / Powerline Patrol
Examples of companies that hire Pipeline and Powerline Patrol Pilots
#3: Aerial Surveying / Mapping
What is Aerial Surveying / Mapping?
Examples of companies that hire Aerial Survey Pilots
#4: Banner Towing
Banner towing companies:
#5: Skydive Pilot
Skydiving companies:
Summary
Outlook for Jobs
Low Time Pilot Jobs
4.7 out of 5 (23 Ratings)
Content: Midland, Texas
#3: Aerial Surveying / Mapping
Aerial surveying. Image: Wikipedia.org
What is Aerial Surveying / Mapping? Aerial survey is a method of collecting images of specified areas using aircraft. Aerial survey aircraft may be equipped with aerial photography, Lidar, infrared sensors and other sensing or imaging equipment. Aerial survey is different from satellite imagery because it provides higher resolution and better detail in near-real-time images. Surveys may be conducted for many reasons including environmental studies, projected pipeline routes, archeological studies, etc. Typically, cameras or other sensors are mounted in or on the aircraft. Pilots usually must fly planned routes over target areas at specified altitudes to accomplish the objectives of the aerial survey.
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https://www.century-of-flight.net/5-best-low-time-pilot-jobs-with-250-hours/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1601076406#12_3569832218
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Title: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 - 500 or More Hours
Headings: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
#1: Certified Flight Instructor
Examples of Companies hiring CFIs
#2: Pipeline / Powerline Patrol
Examples of companies that hire Pipeline and Powerline Patrol Pilots
#3: Aerial Surveying / Mapping
What is Aerial Surveying / Mapping?
Examples of companies that hire Aerial Survey Pilots
#4: Banner Towing
Banner towing companies:
#5: Skydive Pilot
Skydiving companies:
Summary
Outlook for Jobs
Low Time Pilot Jobs
4.7 out of 5 (23 Ratings)
Content: Aerial survey aircraft may be equipped with aerial photography, Lidar, infrared sensors and other sensing or imaging equipment. Aerial survey is different from satellite imagery because it provides higher resolution and better detail in near-real-time images. Surveys may be conducted for many reasons including environmental studies, projected pipeline routes, archeological studies, etc. Typically, cameras or other sensors are mounted in or on the aircraft. Pilots usually must fly planned routes over target areas at specified altitudes to accomplish the objectives of the aerial survey. Single or multi-engine aircraft may be used. Due to the nature of the equipment, pilots may be expected to have computer or other technical skills to ensure proper operation of the imaging equipment and that the quality of the imaging meets the survey requirements. Operators often look for individuals with strong communications skills and professionalism. Aerial Survey piloting can become a complete profession that often involve additional technical duties. One aerial survey company’s recruiting message includes: “
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https://www.century-of-flight.net/5-best-low-time-pilot-jobs-with-250-hours/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1601076406#15_3569838032
|
Title: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 - 500 or More Hours
Headings: 5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
5 Best Low Time Pilot Jobs With 250 Hours
#1: Certified Flight Instructor
Examples of Companies hiring CFIs
#2: Pipeline / Powerline Patrol
Examples of companies that hire Pipeline and Powerline Patrol Pilots
#3: Aerial Surveying / Mapping
What is Aerial Surveying / Mapping?
Examples of companies that hire Aerial Survey Pilots
#4: Banner Towing
Banner towing companies:
#5: Skydive Pilot
Skydiving companies:
Summary
Outlook for Jobs
Low Time Pilot Jobs
4.7 out of 5 (23 Ratings)
Content: Examples of companies that hire Aerial Survey Pilots
Keystone Aerial Surveys, Philadelphia, PA
Pickett and Associates, Inc. – Bartow, FL
Midwest Aerial Photography, Galloway, OH
Keystone Aerial Surveys, Pacoma, CA
Aerial Survey International, Watkins, CO
#4: Banner Towing
Banner tow pilots can accrue hours very quickly. Image: Wikimedia.org
Banner Towing or Aerial advertising is a form of advertising that uses manned aircraft to tow display advertising banners over populated areas such as major sporting events, beaches, or busy amusement parks. Banner towing is usually closely controlled by both local and federal regulators. Most banner tow aircraft are single-engine aircraft that have been outfitted with capture hooks to pick up banners, and release mechanisms to drop the banner at the end of the flight—or in an emergency. Banner towing does involve some special skills, including picking up the banner to begin the flight and releasing the banner at the end of the flight. Also, since the objective is to have people on the ground see and understand the advertising message, banners are usually towed at a slower speed than normal cruising speed. For pilots who enjoy low, slow flying, it is a good way to b
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https://www.century-of-flight.net/5-best-low-time-pilot-jobs-with-250-hours/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604514265#0_3576697084
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Title: About | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Headings: A challenge we need to ACT ON together
A challenge we need to ACT ON together
Collective action
Collective action on diversity and inclusion from the business community matters more than ever. By 2050 there will be no racial or ethnic majority in the US.
What we’re doing
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion is the largest CEO-driven business commitment to advance diversity and inclusion within the workplace.
Our ambition
Signatories
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™ signatories are committed to building productive, diverse and inclusive workplaces.
Cookie Policy
Content: About | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Signatory Login
A challenge we need to ACT ON together
We live in a world of complex tensions that can have significant impact on our communities. But when we come to work – the place where we spend the majority of our time – we often don’t openly address these topics. Collective action
Research shows that diversity increases creativity and innovation, promotes higher quality decisions, and enhances economic growth. Collective action on diversity and inclusion from the business community matters more than ever. By 2050 there will be no racial or ethnic majority in the US. What we’re doing
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion is the largest CEO-driven business commitment to advance diversity and inclusion within the workplace. This commitment is driven by a realization that addressing diversity and inclusion is not a competitive issue, but a societal issue. Recognizing that change starts at the executive level, nearly 2,000 CEOs of the world’s leading companies and business organizations, are leveraging their individual and collective voices to advance diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Our ambition
Our goal is to collectively take measurable action in advancing diversity and inclusion in the workplace. Companies recognize that signing the pledge is the first of many important steps toward meaningful change.
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https://www.ceoaction.com/about/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604527183#5_3576732347
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Title: CEO ACTION FOR DIVERSITY & INCLUSION™ EXPANDS ‘DAY OF UNDERSTANDING’ TO ENTIRE MONTH | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Headings: CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion Expands 'Day of Understanding' to Entire Month
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion Expands 'Day of Understanding' to Entire Month
About CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™
Content: “As business leaders, inclusion and diversity should be a major focus” said Efraim Grinberg, Movado Group CEO. “ We need to embrace our differences and provide opportunities for our employees to discuss them and to address how they affect our workplace. This is no longer an option for companies that want to continue to be successful – it’s a mandate. We want to ensure that our employees feel comfortable and safe coming to work every day, and that we address any issues that may arise. Forums like this are an important part of creating an environment where our employees can do their best work every day and can all have an equal opportunity to succeed in a safe and respectful environment. These are complex issues and today’s programming is another step on our continuing journey of inclusion,” he said. For more information on the Day of Understanding or how to become a signatory, visit ceoaction.com. About CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™ is the largest CEO-driven business commitment to advance diversity and inclusion within the workplace. Bringing together more than 900 CEOs and presidents of America’s leading businesses, academic institutions and nonprofits representing more than 15 million employees, the commitment outlines actions that participating organizations pledge to take to cultivate a workplace where diverse perspectives and experiences are welcomed and respected, employees feel comfortable and encouraged to discuss diversity and inclusion, and where best known—and unsuccessful—actions can be shared across organizations. Learn more at CEOAction.com and connect with us on Twitter:
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https://www.ceoaction.com/media/press-releases/2020/ceo-action-for-diversity-inclusion-expands-day-of-understanding-to-entire-month/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604527183#6_3576734705
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Title: CEO ACTION FOR DIVERSITY & INCLUSION™ EXPANDS ‘DAY OF UNDERSTANDING’ TO ENTIRE MONTH | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Headings: CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion Expands 'Day of Understanding' to Entire Month
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion Expands 'Day of Understanding' to Entire Month
About CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™
Content: These are complex issues and today’s programming is another step on our continuing journey of inclusion,” he said. For more information on the Day of Understanding or how to become a signatory, visit ceoaction.com. About CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™
CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion™ is the largest CEO-driven business commitment to advance diversity and inclusion within the workplace. Bringing together more than 900 CEOs and presidents of America’s leading businesses, academic institutions and nonprofits representing more than 15 million employees, the commitment outlines actions that participating organizations pledge to take to cultivate a workplace where diverse perspectives and experiences are welcomed and respected, employees feel comfortable and encouraged to discuss diversity and inclusion, and where best known—and unsuccessful—actions can be shared across organizations. Learn more at CEOAction.com and connect with us on Twitter: @CEOAction.
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https://www.ceoaction.com/media/press-releases/2020/ceo-action-for-diversity-inclusion-expands-day-of-understanding-to-entire-month/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604534040#1_3576738431
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Title: CEO pledge | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Headings: We pledge to act on supporting more inclusive workplaces
We pledge to act on supporting more inclusive workplaces
What is the CEO pledge?
CEO pledge commitments
Cookie Policy
Content: Where companies have already implemented one or several of the commitments, the undersigned commit to support other companies in doing the same. The persistent inequities across our country underscore our urgent, national need to address and alleviate racial, ethnic and other tensions and to promote diversity within our communities. As leaders of some of America’s largest corporations, we manage thousands of employees and play a critical role in ensuring that inclusion is core to our workplace culture and that our businesses are representative of the communities we serve. Moreover, we know that diversity is good for the economy; it improves corporate performance, drives growth and enhances employee engagement. Simply put, organizations with diverse teams perform better. We recognize that diversity and inclusion are multifaceted issues and that we need to tackle these subjects holistically to better engage and support all underrepresented groups within business. To do this, we believe we also need to address honestly and head-on the concerns and needs of our diverse employees and increase equity for all, including Blacks, Latinos, Asians, Native Americans, LGBTQ, disabled, veterans and women. Collectively as business leaders we agree that we must do more. For us, this means committing to four goals we believe will catalyze further conversations and actions around diversity and inclusion within the workplace and foster collaboration among our organizations:
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https://www.ceoaction.com/pledge/ceo-pledge/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604534040#2_3576740337
|
Title: CEO pledge | CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion
Headings: We pledge to act on supporting more inclusive workplaces
We pledge to act on supporting more inclusive workplaces
What is the CEO pledge?
CEO pledge commitments
Cookie Policy
Content: Simply put, organizations with diverse teams perform better. We recognize that diversity and inclusion are multifaceted issues and that we need to tackle these subjects holistically to better engage and support all underrepresented groups within business. To do this, we believe we also need to address honestly and head-on the concerns and needs of our diverse employees and increase equity for all, including Blacks, Latinos, Asians, Native Americans, LGBTQ, disabled, veterans and women. Collectively as business leaders we agree that we must do more. For us, this means committing to four goals we believe will catalyze further conversations and actions around diversity and inclusion within the workplace and foster collaboration among our organizations: We will continue to make our workplaces trusting places to have complex, and sometimes difficult, conversations about diversity and inclusion: We will create and maintain environments, platforms, and forums where our people feel comfortable reaching out to their colleagues to gain greater awareness of each other's experiences and perspectives. By encouraging an ongoing dialogue and not tolerating any incongruence with these values of openness, we are building trust, encouraging compassion and open-mindedness, and reinforcing our commitment to a culture of inclusivity. We will implement and expand unconscious bias education: Experts tell us that we all have unconscious biases -- that is human nature.
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https://www.ceoaction.com/pledge/ceo-pledge/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1604852686#1_3576952697
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Title: Leadership Training & Development | The CEO Institute
Headings: Leadership Training & Development for Business
Leadership Training & Development for Business
Ongoing leadership development programs
The Future CEO program - The most effective Leadership Development
Content: Training and development are actually two very separate concepts. Read More: Leadership Training vs Leadership Development
Development should be the answer. Instead of simply trying to train leaders, they should receive personalised leadership coaching and development. A coaching environment can provide many actionable goals, and can be personalised in order to meet the individual needs of the business leader; rather than simply ticking boxes on a training checklist. Ongoing leadership development programs
Running an organisation is hard work - but leaders still need to find time to develop their leadership skills. Great leaders know to move with the times, and not think that a training course attended three years ago will be enough to stay on the cutting edge. Ongoing leadership development is vital not a leadership training course with a start and an end date. Continuous development program that will personally challenge the leader and keep them sharp, informed, and encouraged.
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https://www.ceoinstitute.com/leadership-training/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608214077#0_3582873885
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Title: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Premature Birth
Premature Birth
Contact Us Today
How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy?
Low and very low birth weight
Birth weight chart
In the news
Content: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Premature Birth
SHARE: Internal mini form
Contact Us Today
Call 800-692-4453
All babies born preterm are at risk for serious health problems, but those born earliest are at greater risk of medical complications, long-term disabilities and, in some severe cases, even death. Learn how medical advances have improved the chance for survival. How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy? While a child being born preterm can result in significant challenges for that child's death, advances in obstetrics and neonatology, the branch of pediatrics that cares for newborns, have improved the chances for survival. Premature birth, occurring before 37 weeks, is a risk factor for development of many medical conditions, including Cerebral Palsy. A pregnancy is considered full term when gestation lasts from 37 to 42 weeks. Infants born prematurely face a number of challenges. Their bodies and nervous systems may not have fully developed, which can cause complications such as breathing problems. In addition, the mother’s womb shields the fetus from infections and various abnormalities;
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/premature-birth
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608214077#1_3582875546
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Title: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Premature Birth
Premature Birth
Contact Us Today
How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy?
Low and very low birth weight
Birth weight chart
In the news
Content: Premature birth, occurring before 37 weeks, is a risk factor for development of many medical conditions, including Cerebral Palsy. A pregnancy is considered full term when gestation lasts from 37 to 42 weeks. Infants born prematurely face a number of challenges. Their bodies and nervous systems may not have fully developed, which can cause complications such as breathing problems. In addition, the mother’s womb shields the fetus from infections and various abnormalities; premature birth removes these protections and hence, many premature babies must stay in newborn intensive care units. Premature birth does not mean a child will develop Cerebral Palsy or any health issues. Yet, nearly half of the children who do develop Cerebral Palsy were born prematurely. Many of the neurological conditions and causes associated with Cerebral Palsy (such as damage to the brain’s white matter, known as periventricular leukomalacia, or PVL) are closely linked to preterm delivery. Preterm babies also have an increased rate of infection, another significant risk factor for Cerebral Palsy.
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/premature-birth
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608214077#2_3582877120
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Title: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Premature Birth
Premature Birth
Contact Us Today
How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy?
Low and very low birth weight
Birth weight chart
In the news
Content: premature birth removes these protections and hence, many premature babies must stay in newborn intensive care units. Premature birth does not mean a child will develop Cerebral Palsy or any health issues. Yet, nearly half of the children who do develop Cerebral Palsy were born prematurely. Many of the neurological conditions and causes associated with Cerebral Palsy (such as damage to the brain’s white matter, known as periventricular leukomalacia, or PVL) are closely linked to preterm delivery. Preterm babies also have an increased rate of infection, another significant risk factor for Cerebral Palsy. Low and very low birth weight
Low birth weight (LBW) means a child was born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (approximately 2,500 grams) and is at a significant risk for developing Cerebral Palsy. About 7.6% of births qualify as low birth weight. The lower the birth weight of the child, the higher the risk for Cerebral Palsy. Many healthy babies are born at a low birth weight. Sometimes, babies are just small, with no reason for concern.
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/premature-birth
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608214077#9_3582886521
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Title: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Premature Birth
Premature Birth
Contact Us Today
How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy?
Low and very low birth weight
Birth weight chart
In the news
Content: For the study researchers studied 849 singleton babies with Cerebral Palsy and 616,658 singleton children without, who survived the neonatal period during 1996 to 2006. For more information, visit Mediators of the association between pre-eclampsia and Cerebral Palsy: population based cohort study. Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors
Were you or your child at risk – before, during or after your child’s birth? Cerebral Palsy risk factors are events, substances or circumstances that increase the chances of a child developing Cerebral Palsy. They can be avoidable, or unavoidable. A risk factor does not ensure a child will develop Cerebral Palsy; it means chances are higher than if that risk factor was not present. Likewise, the absence of risk factors does not ensure that a child will not develop Cerebral Palsy. Have you been exposed to the following risk factors?
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/premature-birth
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608214077#10_3582887875
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Title: Premature Birth and Cerebral Palsy | CerebralPalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Premature Birth
Premature Birth
Contact Us Today
How does premature birth increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy?
Low and very low birth weight
Birth weight chart
In the news
Content: They can be avoidable, or unavoidable. A risk factor does not ensure a child will develop Cerebral Palsy; it means chances are higher than if that risk factor was not present. Likewise, the absence of risk factors does not ensure that a child will not develop Cerebral Palsy. Have you been exposed to the following risk factors? Cerebral Palsy Risk Factors
Types of risk factors: Asphyxia and oxygen deprivation
Blood type incompatibility or jaundice
Complications of birth
Infection
Intrauterine growth restrictions
Multiple births and infertility drugs
Parental health and habits
Placenta complications
Premature birth
Traumatic brain damage
Risk factors vs. risk factor causal pathways
A risk factor does not ensure a child will develop Cerebral Palsy; it means chances are higher than if that risk factor was not present. Likewise, the absence of risk factors does not ensure that a child will not develop Cerebral Palsy. Risk Factors and Risk Factor Causal Pathways
The Cerebral Palsy Risk Factor Checklist
Any exposure to risk factors prior to conception and during pregnancy should be immediately discussed with a doctor in order to treat and minimize risk.
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/about-cerebral-palsy/risk-factors/premature-birth
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1608363484#8_3583152780
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Title: Digestive Health | Gastrointestinal Health| Cerebralpalsy.orgCerebralPalsy.org
Headings: Digestive Health
Digestive Health
Contact Us Today
Common digestive symptoms could be signs of serious health conditions
What is gastroenterology?
Why should a child with Cerebral Palsy see a gastroenterologist?
Nutritional assessment is beneficial for identifying digestive dysfunction
What happens during an appointment with a gastroenterologist?
What training and qualifications to look for in a gastroenterologist
What non-surgical treatments are available?
What are feeding tubes, and what should parents know about them?
Do feeding tubes carry any associated risks?
How can surgery help a child with digestive issues?
Content: Dysphagia – Dysphagia is a condition of the throat and esophagus that interferes with a child’s ability to swallow food or liquids. It is commonly seen in children with moderate to several Cerebral Palsy. Dysphagia has two sub-categories: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is the result of abnormalities in the muscles and nerves of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophageal sphincter. Esophageal dysphagia is the result of the malformations, or a malfunction, of the lower esophageal sphincter that causes motility issues. Some of the symptoms of dysphagia include: Apnea during feeding
Coughing
Delayed swallowing reflex
Fatigue
Feeling of having an obstruction shortly after swallowing
Physical reactions while feeding such as frowning
Tongue thrust
Gastroesophageal reflux disorder – Commonly called GERD or acid reflux disease, this condition is caused by mucosal damage that occurs when acid is regurgitated from the stomach back into the esophagus. A change in the structural barrier between the stomach and esophagus and a relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter allows acid to re-enter the esophagus. GERD can be difficult to diagnose in children who have difficulty communicating their digestive symptoms. If left untreated, GERD can cause esophagitis, esophageal narrowing, ulcers and esophageal cancer.
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https://www.cerebralpalsy.org/information/digestive-health
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1612552410#7_3591473724
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Title: Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs | CertaPet
Headings: Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs
Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs
Dental Health for Dogs is Linked to Their Lifespan!
Poor Dog Teeth and Gums Can Lead to a Bunch of Medical Conditions!
Gum Disease
Heart Disease
Endocarditis
Dermatitis around the Mouth
How Many Teeth Do Dogs Have?
Cuspids, Eye Teeth, and Sharp Canine Teeth: Let’s Look at a Dog Teeth Diagram
Common Dog Tooth Issues and How to Fix Them!
The Plague of Plaque
Canine Tooth Cracks and Cavities
6 Basic Steps to Keep Your Dog’s Teeth in Shape
Does Your Pet Insurance Cover Dental?
Keep an Eye on Your Canine’s Teeth! It will Pay Off in the Long Run!
Common Questions on Canine Teeth
What types of teeth do dogs have?
Do dogs get cavities in their teeth?
How often should you brush your dog’s teeth?
Content: Dogs, like humans, grow two sets of teeth. However, compared to our 32 teeth (plus or minus any human wisdom teeth) dogs have an extra 10 teeth to make a total of 42. The first set of teeth for a dog, like ours, are deciduous. A deciduous tooth, aka a baby tooth or milk tooth, is temporary. Deciduous teeth fall out naturally and a permanent set of adult teeth with different functions replace them. Puppy teeth start to come in at around two weeks of age. This set of 28 deciduous teeth takes around 8-10 weeks to grow and then fall out again when a puppy is between the ages of three to five months old. A dog’s permanent teeth start to come in at around when they are four months old. By the time a dog is six months of age, all of their adult canine teeth should have begun to appear, or erupt, in their mouth. Mature dogs have a total of 42 teeth of four types, each with a different function.
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https://www.certapet.com/canine-teeth/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1612552410#8_3591475718
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Title: Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs | CertaPet
Headings: Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs
Canine Teeth: A Guide to Dental Procedures for Dogs
Dental Health for Dogs is Linked to Their Lifespan!
Poor Dog Teeth and Gums Can Lead to a Bunch of Medical Conditions!
Gum Disease
Heart Disease
Endocarditis
Dermatitis around the Mouth
How Many Teeth Do Dogs Have?
Cuspids, Eye Teeth, and Sharp Canine Teeth: Let’s Look at a Dog Teeth Diagram
Common Dog Tooth Issues and How to Fix Them!
The Plague of Plaque
Canine Tooth Cracks and Cavities
6 Basic Steps to Keep Your Dog’s Teeth in Shape
Does Your Pet Insurance Cover Dental?
Keep an Eye on Your Canine’s Teeth! It will Pay Off in the Long Run!
Common Questions on Canine Teeth
What types of teeth do dogs have?
Do dogs get cavities in their teeth?
How often should you brush your dog’s teeth?
Content: Puppy teeth start to come in at around two weeks of age. This set of 28 deciduous teeth takes around 8-10 weeks to grow and then fall out again when a puppy is between the ages of three to five months old. A dog’s permanent teeth start to come in at around when they are four months old. By the time a dog is six months of age, all of their adult canine teeth should have begun to appear, or erupt, in their mouth. Mature dogs have a total of 42 teeth of four types, each with a different function. Cuspids, Eye Teeth, and Sharp Canine Teeth: Let’s Look at a Dog Teeth Diagram
Dogs have teeth on both their upper and lower jaws. The upper dental arcade is the maxillary. The lower dental arcade the mandible, or mandibular. Working from the front to back of the 42 teeth in an adult dog’s mouth you will see four different types of teeth that serve different purposes.
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https://www.certapet.com/canine-teeth/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1613784062#13_3595398573
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Title: Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites! | CertaPet
Headings: Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites!
Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites!
Do Dogs Have Baby Teeth? What Is Puppy Teething?
Do Puppies Lose Their Teeth Fast?
Soothe Your Pups Gums with CBD Oil for Dogs! A Natural and Safe Pain Relief!
All About Puppies: How Many Teeth Do Dogs Have?
Dog Teeth Diagram
What Is Milk Teeth in Dogs?
Baby Puppies: When Do Puppies Lose Their Teeth?
How Long Do Puppies Teeth?
When Does Teething Start in Puppies? Signs Your Puppy Is Teething
When Do Teeth Come In: Teething Timeline
Puppies and Babies: A Baby Teeth Chart Can Be Quite Different to a Dogs!
Puppy Teething Toys: Help Soothe Your Dog’s Gums
Why Do You Need Puppy Chew Toys?
Puppy Teeth: The Best Teething Toys for Your Puppy Dog
Nylabone Puppy Chew Toy
Team Howard
KONG Chew Toy
5 Tips for Pet Parents Who Have Dogs in the Teething Age
Baby Teeth Order: Do I Need to Still Brush My Puppy’s Teeth?
Puppy Teething: Your Dog Will Use You as a Chew Toy!
Common Questions on Puppy Teething
1. When do puppies start losing their teeth?
2. When do adult teeth start to grow?
3. What can I do to relieve gum soreness?
Content: Another clear sign, even if rarer, is finding small baby teeth spread around the house. Dogs usually end up swallowing their baby teeth by accident, but sometimes a lucky one will fall under the couch or on the carpet. When Do Teeth Come In: Teething Timeline
Here is a sum up of what is happening in your pup’s mouth and gums as they grow older: When they are born: there are no teeth
2 weeks of age: first deciduous teeth start to grow
8 weeks of age: all the baby teeth are there, now it’s time for them to fall out! 12-16 weeks of age: the first adult teeth make an appearance
6 months and older:
|
https://www.certapet.com/puppy-teething/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1613784062#14_3595400661
|
Title: Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites! | CertaPet
Headings: Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites!
Puppy Teething: Best Toys and Pain Relievers for Those Pearly Whites!
Do Dogs Have Baby Teeth? What Is Puppy Teething?
Do Puppies Lose Their Teeth Fast?
Soothe Your Pups Gums with CBD Oil for Dogs! A Natural and Safe Pain Relief!
All About Puppies: How Many Teeth Do Dogs Have?
Dog Teeth Diagram
What Is Milk Teeth in Dogs?
Baby Puppies: When Do Puppies Lose Their Teeth?
How Long Do Puppies Teeth?
When Does Teething Start in Puppies? Signs Your Puppy Is Teething
When Do Teeth Come In: Teething Timeline
Puppies and Babies: A Baby Teeth Chart Can Be Quite Different to a Dogs!
Puppy Teething Toys: Help Soothe Your Dog’s Gums
Why Do You Need Puppy Chew Toys?
Puppy Teeth: The Best Teething Toys for Your Puppy Dog
Nylabone Puppy Chew Toy
Team Howard
KONG Chew Toy
5 Tips for Pet Parents Who Have Dogs in the Teething Age
Baby Teeth Order: Do I Need to Still Brush My Puppy’s Teeth?
Puppy Teething: Your Dog Will Use You as a Chew Toy!
Common Questions on Puppy Teething
1. When do puppies start losing their teeth?
2. When do adult teeth start to grow?
3. What can I do to relieve gum soreness?
Content: there are no teeth
2 weeks of age: first deciduous teeth start to grow
8 weeks of age: all the baby teeth are there, now it’s time for them to fall out! 12-16 weeks of age: the first adult teeth make an appearance
6 months and older: your pooch has their definite set of teeth! Puppies and Babies: A Baby Teeth Chart Can Be Quite Different to a Dogs! Remember when we said a dog has 28 baby teeth and 42 adult teeth? But where do all those 42 teeth fit?
|
https://www.certapet.com/puppy-teething/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1618418030#10_3606182619
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Title: What is School Choice? - CES Schools
Headings: What is School Choice?
What is School Choice?
School Choice in the United States
Private School Choice
Public School Choice
Home Schools
Content: The charter school movement is remarkably successful, expanding rapidly in a relatively short period of time. In 1990, there were no charters schools. Today, there are more than 5,400 schools with more than 1.7 million students. States or cities with fast-growing charter school movements include Washington, D.C., Houston, California and New Orleans, where more than half of the city’s students attend charter schools. New Orleans has the highest percentage of charter schools in the nation. Unlike their traditional public school counterparts, charter schools are more accountable to the public, and they are much easier to shut down if they do not perform well. Other Forms of Choice. Another example of public school choice worth mentioning is a key provision in President Bush’s No Child Left Behind education law, which will soon be revamped under a different administration. This provision allows children in consistently failing schools to transfer to a better performing public school. There is also a significant growth of “virtual schools,” which allow students to participate in online public education in the privacy of their home.
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https://www.ces-schools.net/what-is-school-choice/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1623426839#9_3615729903
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Title: The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
Headings: The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
The Behavioral Biases of Individuals
Introduction
Learning Outcomes
Summary
Content: emotional biases tend to result from reasoning influenced by feelings. Cognitive errors are more easily corrected for because they stem from faulty reasoning rather than an emotional predisposition. Emotional biases are harder to correct for because they are based on feelings, which can be difficult to change. To adapt to a bias is to recognize and accept the bias and to adjust for the bias rather than to attempt to moderate the bias. To moderate a bias is to recognize the bias and to attempt to reduce or even eliminate the bias within the individual. Cognitive errors can be further classified into two categories: belief perseverance biases and information-processing biases. Belief perseverance errors reflect an inclination to maintain beliefs. The belief is maintained by committing statistical, information-processing, or memory errors. Belief perseverance biases are closely related to the psychological concept of cognitive dissonance.
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https://www.cfainstitute.org/en/membership/professional-development/refresher-readings/behavioral-biases-individuals
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1627867819#3_3623771695
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Title: How to Manage Risk in a Global Trade War
Headings: What Risks Would a Trade War Bring?
What Risks Would a Trade War Bring?
Direct and Indirect Impacts
Risk Assessments Are Essential
Regaining Momentum in 2020 and Beyond
Despite economic turmoil created by the COVID-19 pandemic, recent surveys show a clear trend of CFOs taking a long view when developing their international operations strategies and cross-border M&A plans. Download the survey results and reveal: • Before the coronavirus crisis, nearly 9 in 10 companies were considering expanding into new countries • Most executives said their tax departments were not well-equipped to address cross-border concerns • Six out of 10 companies were considering or engaged in reviews of their legal entity structures
Content: Direct and Indirect Impacts
The Trump administration’s aluminum and steel tariff impositions, if implemented, will have both direct and indirect impacts on American businesses. Direct impact: The raw material import costs for U.S. producers of machinery and cars may rise. Therefore, foreign-manufactured may become cheaper for U.S. consumers. Consequently, manufacturing companies in the U.S. may see higher costs of goods sold and reductions in non-domestic sales. Indirect impact: Production and price changes will require sourcing changes. Sudden shifts that affect supply chains may impact quality and availability, since some companies may encounter issues when scrambling to reduce production in some places and ramp it up in others. Operational risk assessments will help identify areas where change can have a positive or negative impact. Indirect impact:
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https://www.cfo.com/global-business/2018/03/risks-trade-war-bring/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630122875#14_3626353017
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Title: The Chinese Communist Party | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Origins and Power Structure
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Power Politics and Transition
The Elevation of Xi
Challenges in Governance
Domestic Obstacles Ahead
Forging Foreign Policy Strategy
Recommended Resources
Content: detaining more than a million Muslims in the northwestern region of Xinjiang; and staking a much harder line against corruption. Still, actual governance of China can be extremely decentralized. While Politburo members retain responsibility for dictating policies and staffing ministries, they do not manage day-to-day portfolios the way a cabinet would. Chinese provinces enjoy significant autonomy, and subprovincial officials and leaders, appointed by the central government, have almost total control over local governance. Policies can originate “haphazardly” in bureaucracies and ministries, within the committee, inside the NPC, or from think tanks and advisors, says Pei. This lack of accountability has compounded grievances over income inequality, lack of consumer protection, land grabs, human rights, food safety, and environmental issues. Many of these have been brought to light by the internet, which has eroded some of the CCP’s control over political communication despite being heavily censored in recent years. Forced evictions have spiked over the years as debt-laden local governmen
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinese-communist-party
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#0_3627264914
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Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Backgrounder
Media Censorship in China
China’s central government has cracked down on press freedom as the country expands its international influence, but in the internet age, many of its citizens hunger for a free flow of information. Security guards block a journalist from taking photos in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square. Andrea Verdelli/Getty Images
Written By
Beina Xu and Eleanor Albert
Updated
Last updated February 17, 2017 7:00 am (EST)
Summary
China has one of the world’s most restrictive media environments, relying on censorship to control information in the news, online, and on social media. The government uses libel lawsuits, arrests, and other means to force Chinese journalists and media organizations to censor themselves. Thirty-eight journalists were imprisoned in China in 2017. China blocks many U.S. websites, including Facebook, Instagram, and some Google services, though the Chinese public has found ways to circumvent the so-called Great Firewall. Introduction
The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or websites, and jailing dissident journalists, bloggers, and activists. Google’s battle with the Chinese government over internet censorship and the Norwegian Nobel Committee’s awarding of the 2010 Peace Prize to jailed Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo have also increased international attention to censorship issues. At the same time, the country’s burgeoning economy relies on the web for growth, and experts say the growing need for internet freedom is testing the regime’s control.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#1_3627267665
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: China blocks many U.S. websites, including Facebook, Instagram, and some Google services, though the Chinese public has found ways to circumvent the so-called Great Firewall. Introduction
The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or websites, and jailing dissident journalists, bloggers, and activists. Google’s battle with the Chinese government over internet censorship and the Norwegian Nobel Committee’s awarding of the 2010 Peace Prize to jailed Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo have also increased international attention to censorship issues. At the same time, the country’s burgeoning economy relies on the web for growth, and experts say the growing need for internet freedom is testing the regime’s control. Official Media Policy
More From Our Experts
Adam Segal
Cyber Week in Review: May 14, 2021
David Sacks
“Difficult Choices: Taiwan’s Quest for Security and the Good Life”: A Review
Yanzhong Huang
Toxic Politics
China’s constitution affords its citizens freedom of speech and press, but the opacity of Chinese media regulations allows authorities to crack down on news stories by claiming that they expose state secrets and endanger the country. The definition of state secrets in China remains vague, facilitating censorship of any information that authorities deem harmful [PDF] to their political or economic interests.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#2_3627270186
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: Official Media Policy
More From Our Experts
Adam Segal
Cyber Week in Review: May 14, 2021
David Sacks
“Difficult Choices: Taiwan’s Quest for Security and the Good Life”: A Review
Yanzhong Huang
Toxic Politics
China’s constitution affords its citizens freedom of speech and press, but the opacity of Chinese media regulations allows authorities to crack down on news stories by claiming that they expose state secrets and endanger the country. The definition of state secrets in China remains vague, facilitating censorship of any information that authorities deem harmful [PDF] to their political or economic interests. CFR Senior Fellow Elizabeth C. Economy says the Chinese government is in a state of “schizophrenia” about media policy as it “goes back and forth, testing the line, knowing they need press freedom and the information it provides, but worried about opening the door to the type of freedoms that could lead to the regime’s downfall.” More on: China
Censorship and Freedom of Expression
Digital Policy
Media
Xi Jinping
The government issued in May 2010 its first white paper on the internet that focused on the concept of “internet sovereignty,” requiring all internet users in China, including foreign organizations and individuals, to abide by Chinese laws and regulations. Chinese internet companies are now required to sign the “ Public Pledge on Self-Regulation and Professional Ethics for China Internet Industry,” which entails even stricter rules than those in the white paper, according to Jason Q. Ng, a specialist on Chinese media censorship and author of Blocked on Weibo. Since Chinese President Xi Jinping came to power, censorship of all forms of media has tightened.
|
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#3_3627272904
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: CFR Senior Fellow Elizabeth C. Economy says the Chinese government is in a state of “schizophrenia” about media policy as it “goes back and forth, testing the line, knowing they need press freedom and the information it provides, but worried about opening the door to the type of freedoms that could lead to the regime’s downfall.” More on: China
Censorship and Freedom of Expression
Digital Policy
Media
Xi Jinping
The government issued in May 2010 its first white paper on the internet that focused on the concept of “internet sovereignty,” requiring all internet users in China, including foreign organizations and individuals, to abide by Chinese laws and regulations. Chinese internet companies are now required to sign the “ Public Pledge on Self-Regulation and Professional Ethics for China Internet Industry,” which entails even stricter rules than those in the white paper, according to Jason Q. Ng, a specialist on Chinese media censorship and author of Blocked on Weibo. Since Chinese President Xi Jinping came to power, censorship of all forms of media has tightened. In February 2016, Xi announced new media policy for party and state news outlines: “ All the work by the party’s media must reflect the party’s will, safeguard the party’s authority, and safeguard the party’s unity,” emphasizing that state media must align themselves with the “thought, politics, and actions” of the party leadership. A China Daily essay emphasized Xi’s policy, noting that “the nation’s media outlets are essential to political stability .” How Free Is Chinese Media? In 2016, Freedom House ranked China last for the second consecutive year out of sixty-five countries that represent 88 percent of the world’s internet users.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#4_3627275683
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Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: In February 2016, Xi announced new media policy for party and state news outlines: “ All the work by the party’s media must reflect the party’s will, safeguard the party’s authority, and safeguard the party’s unity,” emphasizing that state media must align themselves with the “thought, politics, and actions” of the party leadership. A China Daily essay emphasized Xi’s policy, noting that “the nation’s media outlets are essential to political stability .” How Free Is Chinese Media? In 2016, Freedom House ranked China last for the second consecutive year out of sixty-five countries that represent 88 percent of the world’s internet users. The France-based watchdog group Reporters Without Borders ranked China 176 out of 180 countries in its 2016 worldwide index of press freedom. Experts say Chinese media outlets usually employ their own monitors to ensure political acceptability of their content. Censorship guidelines are circulated weekly from the Communist Party’s propaganda department and the government’s Bureau of Internet Affairs to prominent editors and media providers. Read More
President-Elect Joe Biden on Foreign Policy
Certain websites that the government deems potentially dangerous—like Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and some Google services—are fully blocked or temporarily “blacked out” during periods of controversy, such as the June 4 anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre or Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement protests in the fall of 2014. Specific material considered a threat to political stability is also banned, including controversial photos and video, as well as search terms.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#5_3627278351
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The France-based watchdog group Reporters Without Borders ranked China 176 out of 180 countries in its 2016 worldwide index of press freedom. Experts say Chinese media outlets usually employ their own monitors to ensure political acceptability of their content. Censorship guidelines are circulated weekly from the Communist Party’s propaganda department and the government’s Bureau of Internet Affairs to prominent editors and media providers. Read More
President-Elect Joe Biden on Foreign Policy
Certain websites that the government deems potentially dangerous—like Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and some Google services—are fully blocked or temporarily “blacked out” during periods of controversy, such as the June 4 anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre or Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement protests in the fall of 2014. Specific material considered a threat to political stability is also banned, including controversial photos and video, as well as search terms. The government is particularly keen on blocking reports of issues that could incite social unrest, like official corruption, the economy, health and environmental scandals, certain religious groups, and ethnic strife. The websites of Bloomberg news service, the New York Times, and other major international publications have periodically been blacked out, their journalists harassed and threatened, and visa applications denied. In 2012, Bloomberg and the New York Times both ran reports on the private wealth of then Party Secretary Xi Jinping and Premier Wen Jiabao. Restrictions have been also placed on micro-blogging services, often in response to sensitive subjects like corruption, including 2012 rumors of an attempted coup in Beijing involving the disgraced former Chongqing party chief Bo Xilai. Censors are also swift to block any mention of violent incidents related to Tibet or China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, home to the mostly Muslim Uighur minority group, and the Falun Gong spiritual movement.
|
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#6_3627281331
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The government is particularly keen on blocking reports of issues that could incite social unrest, like official corruption, the economy, health and environmental scandals, certain religious groups, and ethnic strife. The websites of Bloomberg news service, the New York Times, and other major international publications have periodically been blacked out, their journalists harassed and threatened, and visa applications denied. In 2012, Bloomberg and the New York Times both ran reports on the private wealth of then Party Secretary Xi Jinping and Premier Wen Jiabao. Restrictions have been also placed on micro-blogging services, often in response to sensitive subjects like corruption, including 2012 rumors of an attempted coup in Beijing involving the disgraced former Chongqing party chief Bo Xilai. Censors are also swift to block any mention of violent incidents related to Tibet or China’s Xinjiang Autonomous Region, home to the mostly Muslim Uighur minority group, and the Falun Gong spiritual movement. More From Our Experts
Adam Segal
Cyber Week in Review: May 14, 2021
David Sacks
“Difficult Choices: Taiwan’s Quest for Security and the Good Life”: A Review
Yanzhong Huang
Toxic Politics
The Censorship Groups
More than a dozen government bodies review and enforce laws related to information flow within, into, and out of China. The most powerful monitoring body is the Communist Party’s Central Propaganda Department (CPD), which coordinates with General Administration of Press and Publication and State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television to ensure content promotes party doctrine.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#7_3627283915
|
Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: More From Our Experts
Adam Segal
Cyber Week in Review: May 14, 2021
David Sacks
“Difficult Choices: Taiwan’s Quest for Security and the Good Life”: A Review
Yanzhong Huang
Toxic Politics
The Censorship Groups
More than a dozen government bodies review and enforce laws related to information flow within, into, and out of China. The most powerful monitoring body is the Communist Party’s Central Propaganda Department (CPD), which coordinates with General Administration of Press and Publication and State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television to ensure content promotes party doctrine. Ng says that the various ministries once functioned as smaller fiefdoms of control, but have recently been more consolidated under the State Council Information Office, which has taken the lead on internet monitoring. Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays. Url
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The Chinese government employs large numbers of people to monitor and censor China’s media. Experts refer to an October 2013 report in a state-run paper, the Beijing News, which said more than two million workers are responsible for reviewing internet posts using keyword searches and compiling reports for “decision makers.”
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#8_3627286208
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Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: Ng says that the various ministries once functioned as smaller fiefdoms of control, but have recently been more consolidated under the State Council Information Office, which has taken the lead on internet monitoring. Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays. Url
Email Address
View all newsletters >
The Chinese government employs large numbers of people to monitor and censor China’s media. Experts refer to an October 2013 report in a state-run paper, the Beijing News, which said more than two million workers are responsible for reviewing internet posts using keyword searches and compiling reports for “decision makers.” These so-called “public opinion analysts” are hired both by the state and private companies to constantly monitor China’s internet. Additionally, the CPD gives media outlets editorial guidelines as well as directives restricting coverage of politically sensitive topics. In one high-profile incident involving the liberal Guangdong magazine Southern Weekly, government censors rewrote the paper’s New Year’s message from a call for reform to a tribute to the Communist Party. The move triggered mass demonstrations by the staff and general public, who demanded the resignation of the local propaganda bureau chief. While staff and censors reached a compromise that theoretically intended to relax some controls, much of the censorship remained in place.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#9_3627288657
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Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: These so-called “public opinion analysts” are hired both by the state and private companies to constantly monitor China’s internet. Additionally, the CPD gives media outlets editorial guidelines as well as directives restricting coverage of politically sensitive topics. In one high-profile incident involving the liberal Guangdong magazine Southern Weekly, government censors rewrote the paper’s New Year’s message from a call for reform to a tribute to the Communist Party. The move triggered mass demonstrations by the staff and general public, who demanded the resignation of the local propaganda bureau chief. While staff and censors reached a compromise that theoretically intended to relax some controls, much of the censorship remained in place. More on: China
Censorship and Freedom of Expression
Digital Policy
Media
Xi Jinping
Exerting Control
The Chinese government deploys myriad ways of censoring the internet. The Golden Shield Project, colloquially known as the Great Firewall, is the center of the government’s online censorship and surveillance effort. Its methods include bandwidth throttling, keyword filtering, and blocking access to certain websites. According to Reporters Without Borders, the firewall makes large-scale use of Deep Packet Inspection technology to block access based on keyword detection.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630624872#10_3627290962
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Title: Media Censorship in China | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Media Censorship in China
Media Censorship in China
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Official Media Policy
How Free Is Chinese Media?
The Censorship Groups
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Exerting Control
“To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.”
Foreign Media
“Some people in China don’t look at freedom of speech as an abstract ideal, but more as a means to an end.”
U.S. Technology in China
U.S. Relations With China
Circumventing the Censors
Top Stories on CFR
Content: More on: China
Censorship and Freedom of Expression
Digital Policy
Media
Xi Jinping
Exerting Control
The Chinese government deploys myriad ways of censoring the internet. The Golden Shield Project, colloquially known as the Great Firewall, is the center of the government’s online censorship and surveillance effort. Its methods include bandwidth throttling, keyword filtering, and blocking access to certain websites. According to Reporters Without Borders, the firewall makes large-scale use of Deep Packet Inspection technology to block access based on keyword detection. As Ng points out, the government also employs a diverse range of methods to induce journalists to censor themselves, including dismissals and demotions, libel lawsuits, fines, arrests, and forced televised confessions. “To the degree that China’s connection to the outside world matters, the digital links are deteriorating.” Evan Osnos, New Yorker
Facebook
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Email
As of February 2017, thirty-eight journalists were imprisoned in China, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, a U.S.-based watchdog on press freedom issues. In 2009, Chinese rights activist Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years in prison for advocating democratic reforms and freedom of speech in Charter 08, a 2008 statement signed by more than two thousand prominent Chinese citizens that called for political and human rights reforms and an end to one-party rule. When Liu won the Nobel Peace Prize, censors blocked the news in China.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/media-censorship-china
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630645010#9_3627316227
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Title: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Written By
Updated
Summary
What drugs do the cartels traffic?
The amount of fentanyl seized by Mexican authorities nearly quintupled between 2019 and 2020.
Which are the largest cartels?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What led to the cartels' growth?
Cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians.
How are drugs smuggled into the United States?
What measures has Mexico taken to stem the drug trade?
Mexico’s Murder Rate Has Risen in Recent Years
What has been the toll on human rights?
What assistance has the U.S. government provided?
U.S.-Mexico Relations
The U.S.-Mexico Border
United States
Mexico
Recommended Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The group formed when the Beltran-Leyva brothers split from Sinaloa in 2008. Since then, all four brothers have been arrested or killed, but their loyalists operate throughout Mexico. The organization’s splinter groups have become more autonomous and powerful, maintaining ties to Jalisco, Juarez, and Los Zetas. What led to the cartels' growth? Experts point to both domestic and international forces. In Mexico, the cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians. They also coerce officials into cooperating; assassinations of public servants are relatively common. The cartels flourished during the decades that Mexico was ruled by a single party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Within this centralized political structure, drug trafficking groups cultivated a wide network of corrupt officials through which they were able to gain distribution rights, market access, and protection.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630645010#10_3627318371
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Title: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Written By
Updated
Summary
What drugs do the cartels traffic?
The amount of fentanyl seized by Mexican authorities nearly quintupled between 2019 and 2020.
Which are the largest cartels?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What led to the cartels' growth?
Cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians.
How are drugs smuggled into the United States?
What measures has Mexico taken to stem the drug trade?
Mexico’s Murder Rate Has Risen in Recent Years
What has been the toll on human rights?
What assistance has the U.S. government provided?
U.S.-Mexico Relations
The U.S.-Mexico Border
United States
Mexico
Recommended Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: In Mexico, the cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians. They also coerce officials into cooperating; assassinations of public servants are relatively common. The cartels flourished during the decades that Mexico was ruled by a single party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Within this centralized political structure, drug trafficking groups cultivated a wide network of corrupt officials through which they were able to gain distribution rights, market access, and protection. The PRI’s unbroken reign finally ended in 2000 with the election of President Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN). With new politicians in power, cartels ramped up violence against the government in an effort to reestablish their hold [PDF] on the state. Cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians. Facebook
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LinkedIn
Email
At the international level, Mexican cartels began to take on a much larger role in the late 1980s, after U.S. government agencies broke up Caribbean networks used by Colombian cartels to smuggle cocaine. Mexican gangs eventually shifted from being couriers for Colombian criminal organizations to being wholesalers.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1630645010#11_3627320819
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Title: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Mexico’s Long War: Drugs, Crime, and the Cartels
Written By
Updated
Summary
What drugs do the cartels traffic?
The amount of fentanyl seized by Mexican authorities nearly quintupled between 2019 and 2020.
Which are the largest cartels?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What led to the cartels' growth?
Cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians.
How are drugs smuggled into the United States?
What measures has Mexico taken to stem the drug trade?
Mexico’s Murder Rate Has Risen in Recent Years
What has been the toll on human rights?
What assistance has the U.S. government provided?
U.S.-Mexico Relations
The U.S.-Mexico Border
United States
Mexico
Recommended Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The PRI’s unbroken reign finally ended in 2000 with the election of President Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN). With new politicians in power, cartels ramped up violence against the government in an effort to reestablish their hold [PDF] on the state. Cartels use a portion of their vast profits to pay off judges, police, and politicians. Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Email
At the international level, Mexican cartels began to take on a much larger role in the late 1980s, after U.S. government agencies broke up Caribbean networks used by Colombian cartels to smuggle cocaine. Mexican gangs eventually shifted from being couriers for Colombian criminal organizations to being wholesalers. The U.S. government, despite waging a “war on drugs” and conducting other counternarcotics efforts abroad, has made little progress in reducing the demand for illegal drugs. In 2016, Americans spent almost $150 billion on cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine, 50 percent more than in 2010. Meanwhile, growing use of synthetic opioids, including fentanyl, has contributed to a public health crisis . How are drugs smuggled into the United States? Most of the illicit drugs entering the United States that are seized by authorities are discovered at official ports of entry, of which there are more than three hundred.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/mexicos-drug-war
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631019308#5_3627952885
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Title: Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Headings: Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Introduction
Who accuses Russia of interfering in the election?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What measures is Russia accused of taking?
What are U.S. authorities investigating?
Did the Trump campaign conspire with Russia?
What results have the various investigations produced thus far?
When will the investigations end?
Can the president fire Mueller?
Can the president be impeached as a result of the investigations?
Timeline
Content: More on: Russia
Influence Campaigns and Disinformation
Elections and Voting
Donald Trump
United States
What measures is Russia accused of taking? The Russian effort involved overt activities by government agencies, state-backed media, and paid internet “trolls,” as well as covert operations, including illicit cyber activities conducted by intelligence agents. The Russian government used state-funded media outlets, including the website and radio broadcaster Sputnik and television network Russia Today (RT), to disadvantage the Clinton presidential campaign, the 2017 U.S. intelligence report said. RT’s portrayal of Clinton during the run-up to the election, it found, “was consistently negative and focused on her leaked emails and accused her of corruption, poor physical and mental health, and ties to Islamic extremism.” Both Sputnik and RT produce media in several languages, including English, for international audiences. Russia also took its influence campaign to highly trafficked social media channels, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. A Russian entity with links to the Kremlin known as the Internet Research Agency (IRA) is reported to have hired hundreds of “trolls” to post false news stories and socially divisive content on these and other platforms. Facebook, for instance, said the IRA posted content that reached more than 140 million of its users. The U.S. special counsel’s indictment alleged that a collection of Russian individuals and companies tied to the IRA waged a well-resourced campaign of “information warfare” against the United States beginning in 2014.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russia-trump-and-2016-us-election
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631019308#6_3627955419
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Title: Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Headings: Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Russia, Trump, and the 2016 U.S. Election
Introduction
Who accuses Russia of interfering in the election?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What measures is Russia accused of taking?
What are U.S. authorities investigating?
Did the Trump campaign conspire with Russia?
What results have the various investigations produced thus far?
When will the investigations end?
Can the president fire Mueller?
Can the president be impeached as a result of the investigations?
Timeline
Content: Both Sputnik and RT produce media in several languages, including English, for international audiences. Russia also took its influence campaign to highly trafficked social media channels, including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. A Russian entity with links to the Kremlin known as the Internet Research Agency (IRA) is reported to have hired hundreds of “trolls” to post false news stories and socially divisive content on these and other platforms. Facebook, for instance, said the IRA posted content that reached more than 140 million of its users. The U.S. special counsel’s indictment alleged that a collection of Russian individuals and companies tied to the IRA waged a well-resourced campaign of “information warfare” against the United States beginning in 2014. The objective was “to sow discord in the U.S. political system,” including through operations to denigrate Clinton and favor Trump. Operating covertly and unlawfully, the Russian defendants ran social media accounts, bought political advertisements, and staged political rallies in the United States, prosecutors say. The conspiracy was allegedly part of a broader campaign known as Project Lakhta that targeted audiences in Russia and around the world. Meanwhile, U.S. authorities say Russian agents hacked into computer systems associated with both major U.S. political parties. They are believed to have stolen thousands of emails from leading Democratic Party figures in early 2016 and leaked them online weeks ahead of the party’s national convention in July.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russia-trump-and-2016-us-election
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631245774#10_3628385496
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Title: Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia
Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Why has Ukraine become a geopolitical flash point?
What are Russia’s interests in Ukraine?
What motivated Russia’s moves against Ukraine?
What triggered the crisis?
What are Russia’s objectives in Ukraine?
What are U.S. priorities in Ukraine?
Ukraine’s Post-Independence Struggles
What are U.S. and EU policy in Ukraine?
What do Ukrainians want?
Top Stories on CFR
Content: Trade. Russia is Ukraine’s largest trading partner, although this link has withered in recent years. Prior to its invasion of Crimea, Russia had hoped to pull Ukraine into its single market, the Eurasian Economic Union, which today includes Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Energy. Russia supplied most of Ukraine’s gas until the Crimean invasion, after which imports petered out and then stopped entirely in 2016. However, Russia still relies on Ukrainian pipelines to pump its gas to customers in Central and Eastern Europe, and it pays billions of dollars per year in transit fees to Kyiv. In early 2020, Russia was close to completing Nord Stream 2, a gas pipeline through the Baltic Sea that some have warned could starve Ukraine of essential revenue. However, Russia is contracted to keep moving gas through Ukraine for several more years. Political sway. Russia has been intent on preserving its political influence in Ukraine and throughout the former Soviet Union, particularly after its preferred candidate for Ukrainian president in 2004, Viktor Yanukovych, lost to a reformist competitor as part of the Orange Revolution popular movement.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631245774#11_3628387668
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Title: Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia
Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Why has Ukraine become a geopolitical flash point?
What are Russia’s interests in Ukraine?
What motivated Russia’s moves against Ukraine?
What triggered the crisis?
What are Russia’s objectives in Ukraine?
What are U.S. priorities in Ukraine?
Ukraine’s Post-Independence Struggles
What are U.S. and EU policy in Ukraine?
What do Ukrainians want?
Top Stories on CFR
Content: However, Russia still relies on Ukrainian pipelines to pump its gas to customers in Central and Eastern Europe, and it pays billions of dollars per year in transit fees to Kyiv. In early 2020, Russia was close to completing Nord Stream 2, a gas pipeline through the Baltic Sea that some have warned could starve Ukraine of essential revenue. However, Russia is contracted to keep moving gas through Ukraine for several more years. Political sway. Russia has been intent on preserving its political influence in Ukraine and throughout the former Soviet Union, particularly after its preferred candidate for Ukrainian president in 2004, Viktor Yanukovych, lost to a reformist competitor as part of the Orange Revolution popular movement. The shock in Ukraine came after a similar electoral defeat for the Kremlin in Georgia in 2003, known as the Rose Revolution, and was followed by another—the Tulip Revolution—in Kyrgyzstan in 2005. Yanukovych later became president of Ukraine, in 2010, amid voter discontent with the Orange government. What motivated Russia’s moves against Ukraine? Western scholars disagree somewhat on the motivations behind Russia’s aggression in Ukraine. Some emphasize NATO’s post–Cold War enlargement, which Russia viewed with increasing alarm.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631411130#2_3628675537
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Title: U.S. Foreign Policy Powers: Congress and the President | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: U.S. Foreign Policy Powers: Congress and the President
U.S. Foreign Policy Powers: Congress and the President
Written By
Updated
Summary
Introduction
Friction by Design
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
Powers of Congress
Powers of the President
Conflict Between the Branches
The Reluctant Courts
Trends and Prospects
Additional Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: Defense
The separation of powers has spawned a great deal of debate over the roles of the president and Congress in foreign affairs, as well as over the limits on their respective authorities. “ The Constitution, considered only for its affirmative grants of power capable of affecting the issue, is an invitation to struggle for the privilege of directing American foreign policy,” wrote constitutional scholar Edward S. Corwin in 1958. More on: United States
Heads of State and Government
Military Operations
Foreign policy experts say that presidents have accumulated power at the expense of Congress in recent years as part of a pattern in which, during times of war or national emergency, the executive branch tends to eclipse the legislature. Friction by Design
The periodic tug-of-war between the president and Congress over foreign policy is not a by-product of the Constitution, but rather, one of its core aims. The drafters distributed political power and imposed checks and balances to ward off monarchical tyranny embodied by Britain’s King George III. They also sought to remedy the failings of the Articles of Confederation, the national charter adopted in 1777, which many regarded as a form of legislative tyranny. “ If there is a principle in our Constitution, indeed in any free Constitution, more sacred than any other, it is that which separates the legislative, executive, and judicial powers,” wrote James Madison, U.S. representative from Virginia, in the Federalist papers. Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-foreign-policy-powers-congress-and-president
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631606458#10_3629025365
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Title: The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter? | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter?
The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter?
Written By
Updated
Introduction
What is a trade deficit?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What causes it?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
How has the U.S. trade deficit changed over recent decades?
Why are some observers concerned about the trade deficit?
What are the arguments against focusing on the deficit?
What are the options to reduce the deficit?
Recommended Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The deficit has averaged $535 billion since 2000, much higher than in previous decades, when it accounted for well below 2 percent of GDP. The United States ran either a surplus or a small deficit through the 1960s and 1970s, after which a large deficit opened in the 1980s and continued to expand through the 1990s and 2000s. By far the largest bilateral trade imbalance is with China. The United States ran a $419 billion goods deficit with China in 2018. The next largest contributor to the goods deficit, at $151 billion, is the European Union, followed by Mexico at $81.5 billion, Japan at $67.6 billion, and Malaysia at $26.5 billion. The deficit with China expanded dramatically beginning in the early 2000s from an average of $34 billion in the 1990s. Some economists refer to this as the “ China Shock ” [PDF] and attribute it to the unexpectedly rapid growth of China’s export manufacturing sector in the late 1990s. This happened as Beijing undertook deep economic reforms and implemented policies to subsidize production, accelerate industrialization, and boost exports. In the process China earned the moniker “the world’s factory.” Economists also note the acceleration of Chinese export growth after the country’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001.
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-trade-deficit-how-much-does-it-matter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1631606458#11_3629027685
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Title: The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter? | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter?
The U.S. Trade Deficit: How Much Does It Matter?
Written By
Updated
Introduction
What is a trade deficit?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
What causes it?
Daily News Brief
A summary of global news developments with CFR analysis delivered to your inbox each morning. Most weekdays.
How has the U.S. trade deficit changed over recent decades?
Why are some observers concerned about the trade deficit?
What are the arguments against focusing on the deficit?
What are the options to reduce the deficit?
Recommended Resources
Top Stories on CFR
Content: The deficit with China expanded dramatically beginning in the early 2000s from an average of $34 billion in the 1990s. Some economists refer to this as the “ China Shock ” [PDF] and attribute it to the unexpectedly rapid growth of China’s export manufacturing sector in the late 1990s. This happened as Beijing undertook deep economic reforms and implemented policies to subsidize production, accelerate industrialization, and boost exports. In the process China earned the moniker “the world’s factory.” Economists also note the acceleration of Chinese export growth after the country’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. These factors meant a rising flow of Chinese electronics, apparel, and other goods into the United States, which helps to explain China’s contribution to the deficit, as well as the deficit’s concentration in the manufacturing sector. U.S. manufacturing employment dropped from 26 percent of the workforce in 1970 to 8.5 percent in 2016, a fall that Hufbauer and others say was accelerated by Chinese competition. However, most economists attribute the bulk of the reduction to automation, productivity increases, and demand shifts from goods to services. Why are some observers concerned about the trade deficit? President Trump, who campaigned on ending trade imbalances, argues that “trade deficits hurt the economy very badly.”
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https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-trade-deficit-how-much-does-it-matter
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1632366803#10_3630141013
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Title: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
Myth No. 1: Washington has limited leverage because China is the main "banker" for the United States
Myth No. 2: The United States is heavily dependent on cheap Chinese goods
Myth No. 3: External pressure on China for policy changes is counterproductive.
Myth No. 4: Instability is bad for China
Content: The prices for goods that could substitute for products from China would be higher, but the difference in costs would be relatively small. Competition among producers has become fiercer, and as a result cost differentials between goods from China and other suppliers are narrowing. Dependence actually runs the other way. China is highly dependent on U.S. demand for its products. Economic growth in China is heavily dependent on exports. Although China has been able to achieve its 8 percent GDP growth target in 2009 owing to the stimulus to domestic demand provided by government policy actions, the country will struggle to meet this objective in 2010 and succeeding years if demand for its exports in the United States does not pick up. Myth No. 3: External pressure on China for policy changes is counterproductive. The Chinese authorities stress that in the face of external pressure, they tend to strongly resist economic policy changes.
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https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/us-china-economic-relationship-separating-facts-myths
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1632366803#11_3630142727
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Title: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
Myth No. 1: Washington has limited leverage because China is the main "banker" for the United States
Myth No. 2: The United States is heavily dependent on cheap Chinese goods
Myth No. 3: External pressure on China for policy changes is counterproductive.
Myth No. 4: Instability is bad for China
Content: Although China has been able to achieve its 8 percent GDP growth target in 2009 owing to the stimulus to domestic demand provided by government policy actions, the country will struggle to meet this objective in 2010 and succeeding years if demand for its exports in the United States does not pick up. Myth No. 3: External pressure on China for policy changes is counterproductive. The Chinese authorities stress that in the face of external pressure, they tend to strongly resist economic policy changes. The Chinese have in particular used this argument to try to fend off pressures for appreciation of the exchange rate. While no country wants to appear to be weak and susceptible to external pressure, the truth is that, if there is no pressure, there is less incentive to change policy. This is especially true in China, where the authorities are wedded to the status quo because of past success and inclined to make only gradual changes to economic policies. Recent developments in China’s exchange rate illustrate this point. In the absence of external pressure since August 2008, China has reverted to fixing its exchange rate relative to the U.S. dollar.
|
https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/us-china-economic-relationship-separating-facts-myths
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1632366803#13_3630146634
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Title: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
The U.S.-China Economic Relationship: Separating Facts from Myths
Myth No. 1: Washington has limited leverage because China is the main "banker" for the United States
Myth No. 2: The United States is heavily dependent on cheap Chinese goods
Myth No. 3: External pressure on China for policy changes is counterproductive.
Myth No. 4: Instability is bad for China
Content: Without a hard push from the United States on a bilateral and multilateral basis, changes in China’s policies are likely to be delayed, and that is not in the best interest of the United States and the rest of the world. Myth No. 4: Instability is bad for China
Chinese authorities also have suggested that instability in China is bad for the rest of the world because of adverse effects on China’s growth rate. But instability (or the fear of instability) has played a big role in initiating economic policy changes in China. For example, concern about instability arising from the growing gap between urban and rural incomes has been a major factor behind new initiatives to develop China’s interior (such as the Develop the West program) and to improve conditions and opportunities for the rural population (including breaking down restrictions and discriminatory treatment of migrant workers). Hence, for China, instability is not necessarily bad, but it is a problem for the authorities. Instability in China also is not necessarily bad for the rest of the world because of its effect on China’s growth. Although China accounts for a significant portion of world GDP growth, the country does not generate much demand for products from other countries given China’s large trade and current account surpluses. Some countries in Asia and commodity producers may be benefiting from China’s strong growth, but overall, it is not providing much stimulus for the world economy as a whole, so slower growth in China will have little effect on economic activity in the rest of the world.
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https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/us-china-economic-relationship-separating-facts-myths
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1632654476#1_3630499027
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Title: Criminal Violence in Mexico | Global Conflict Tracker
Headings: Criminal Violence in Mexico
Criminal Violence in Mexico
68.5 MILLION
MORE THAN 200
150,000
Recent Developments
Background
Concerns
Alerts
UN Reports Spike in Migrant Children Transiting Mexico
Mexico Detains Thirty Soldiers for Alleged Role in Disappearances
Gunmen Kill Thirteen Police Officers Near Mexico City
Mexico Nears Marijuana Legalization
Wife of Mexican Cartel Leader Arrested in U.S.
Mexican Police Detained Over Migrant Massacre
Mexico’s Homicide Rate Remained High in 2020
Mexico Won’t Prosecute Former Defense Minister Arrested in U.S.
Report: Mexico Deadliest Country in the World for Journalists
Mexico Restricts Foreign Agents Despite U.S. Criticism
Mexico Becomes Fourth Country to See One Hundred Thousand COVID-19 Deaths
U.S. Drops Drug Charges Against Former Mexican Defense Minister
Mexican Complains About Arrest of Former Defense Minister in United States
Mexico Requests Evidence Against Former Defense Minister
Former Mexican Defense Minister Arrested on Drug Charges in United States
Cartel Leader Captured in Mexico
Mexico’s Former Security Minister Charged With Cartel Connections
Report: Unidentified Bodies Increase Amid Mexico’s Drug War
Mexico Confirms Murder of Second Journalist in a Week
Mexico Arrests Cartel Leader
Mexico City Police Chief Wounded After Assassination Attempt
Mexican Cartel Delivers Aid to Communities During Pandemic
Gang Clashes in Mexico Continue Amid Pandemic
Gang Clash in Northern Mexico Kills Nineteen
United States Sanctions Cartel-linked Businesses in Mexico
Mexico Increases Cartel Extraditions to the United States
Nine Killed in Gang Violence in Western Mexico
Sixty Thousand Disappeared in Mexico Since 2006
Former Mexican Security Chief Arrested on Drug Charges
Trump Suspends Terrorist Designation for Mexican Cartels
Mexico, U.S. Talk Cartels
Nearly Twenty Killed in Gunfight Near U.S.-Mexico Border
U.S., Mexico Decry Killing of Americans
Nine Americans Killed in Mexico
Mexican City Besieged After El Chapo’s Son Arrested
Ambush Kills Fourteen Police in Mexico
Twenty-Five People Killed in Attack in Mexico
Vigilante Violence Rises in Mexico
Murders in Mexico Still on the Rise
Mexican Cartel Leader El Chapo Handed Life Sentence
Mexico’s AMLO: Government is ‘Stabilizing’ Crime
Homicides Increase in Mexico
Cartel Trafficker Testifies About Bribe to Former Mexican President
Mexico’s AMLO Orders Truth Commission
Mexico’s New President Announces Security Plan
Mass Grave Found in Mexico’s Veracruz State
Mexico’s President-Elect Will Consider Legalizing Some Drugs
Authorities Disarm Mexico’s Acapulco Police Force
Mexican Congresswoman Kidnapped in Central Hidalgo State
Former Mexico City Mayor Wins Presidential Election
Mexican Police Detained After Candidate’s Murder
Second Mayoral Candidate Killed in Twenty-Four Hours in Mexico
Arizona Sends Troops to Southern Border
Trump to Send National Guard to Mexico Border
Los Zetas Drug Cartel Faction Leader Captured
Mexico's Homicide Total Hits New Record
Mexicans Reject Amnesty for Gangs, Poll Shows
Mexico Arrests Cartel Leader Accused of Migrant Massacre
Migrant Deaths at U.S.-Mexico Border Up 17 Percent
United States Officials Find Marijuana in Ford Cars Imported to U.S. from Mexico
At Least Fourteen Killed in Gunfight Between Gangs in Chihuahua
Body of Local Reporter Found in Michoacán
Mexico’s Murder Rate Hits Record High
U.S. Arrests Dozens of Suspected MS-13 Gang Members
Mexican Journalist Killed in Sinaloa
Activist Kidnapped and Killed in Mexico
Fugitive Mexican Governor Arrested in Guatemala
Homeland Security: U.S. Illegal Border Crossings Drop
Two Killed, Hundreds Arrested in Mexico Protests
Authorities Kill Fourteen Gunmen
Nine Bodies Discovered in Southwest Mexico
Former Police Chief Arrested for Organized Crime and Kidnapping
Homicide Rate Is Rising in Mexico
Two Priests Killed in Mexico
Kidnapped Son of Drug Lord "El Chapo"
Assailants Abduct Men From Mexican Resort
Over One Hundred Murders in Three Days Across Mexico
Report: Torture, Sexual Violence Against Women Routine by Mexican Security Forces
A Visual Exploration of the Conflict
Criminal Violence in Mexico
Criminal Violence in Mexico
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Content: Background
In the 1980s, Mexico’s crime groups and drug traffickers became organized, assigning distinct regional areas of control for each group and establishing networks and trafficking routes. However, as production and distribution increased, the groups began fighting for territorial control and access to markets, leading to an increase in violence across Mexico. The Mexican government officially declared war on criminal organizations in 2006, when former President Felipe Calderon launched an initiative to combat cartels using military force. In 2012, President Enrique Peña Nieto revised the Calderon government’s strategy, shifting efforts away from violent exchanges and toward improving law enforcement capacity and supporting public safety. However, after the Sinaloa Cartel’s Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman was arrested in 2014, re-arrested in 2016, and finally extradited to the United States in 2017, a power vacuum was created within the Sinaloa Cartel, resulting in an accompanying increase in violence between rival factions seeking new territory and influence. Moreover, despite an initial decrease in homicides following Peña Nieto’s reforms, Mexico continued to struggle with corruption and crime-related violence. By 2016, drug-related homicides had increased by 22 percent, with more than twenty thousand killed, and in 2017 a mass grave containing the remains of more than 250 victims of crime-related violence was uncovered in Veracruz State. Since 2006, crime-related violence has resulted in an estimated 150,000 deaths. Recognizing widespread assertions that the use of military force has only increased the level of crime-related violence in Mexico—and accusations that the military has committed human rights abuses and carried out extrajudicial killings —then–presidential candidate AMLO promised on his campaign trail to revolutionize the fight against cartels and revert to a civilian-led police force. Concerns
In 2007, the George W. Bush administration and Calderon government launched the Merida Initiative to improve U.S.-Mexico cooperation on security and rule of law issues in Mexico, and support for the initiative has continued under the Donald J. Trump administration.
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https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/criminal-violence-mexico
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1633195912#1_3631240195
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Title: U.S.-Latin America Relations | Council on Foreign Relations
Headings: U.S.-Latin America Relations
U.S.-Latin America Relations
Politics and Government
Task Force Members
Content: All of this reinforces deep U.S. ties with the region—strategic, economic, and cultural—but also deep concerns. More on: Mexico
Latin America
Politics and Government
United States
This report makes clear that the era of the United States as the dominant influence in Latin America is over. Countries in the region have not only grown stronger but have expanded relations with others, including China and India. U.S. attention has also focused elsewhere in recent years, particularly on challenges in the Middle East. The result is a region shaping its future far more than it shaped its past. At the same time Latin America has made substantial progress, it also faces ongoing challenges. Democracy has spread, economies have opened, and populations have grown more mobile. But many countries have struggled to reduce poverty and inequality and to provide for public security. The Council on Foreign Relations established an Independent Task Force to take stock of these changes and assess their consequences for U.S. policy toward Latin America.
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https://www.cfr.org/report/us-latin-america-relations
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1634695845#3_3633165314
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Yeast infections
Infections are usually the cause of vulvovaginitis. Common infections include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections (vaginal candidiasis), trichomoniasis, and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Yeast infections, also called vaginal candidiasis, are caused by fungi and Candida albicans is responsible for most infections. While the vagina naturally contains a balanced mix of yeast and bacteria, this balance can be disrupted, leading to the overgrowth of yeast. This can result from antibiotic use, pregnancy, uncontrolled diabetes, an impaired immune system, and taking oral contraceptives or hormone therapy that increase estrogen levels. Diagnosis and treatment
Yeast infections can be clinically diagnosed on the basis of cottage cheese-like clumpy discharge, external dysuria (burning sensation while urinating), and vulvar itching, pain, swelling, and redness. Saline microscopy, fungal culture, and DNA tests can also be helpful in the diagnosis. For mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent episodes, your doctor might recommend: Short-course vaginal therapy for 3-7 days. Antifungal medications available as creams, ointments, tablets, and suppositories include miconazole (Monistat 3) and terconazole.
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https://www.cfspharmacy.pharmacy/blog/post/topical-flucytosine-for-yeast-infections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1634695845#4_3633166773
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Diagnosis and treatment
Yeast infections can be clinically diagnosed on the basis of cottage cheese-like clumpy discharge, external dysuria (burning sensation while urinating), and vulvar itching, pain, swelling, and redness. Saline microscopy, fungal culture, and DNA tests can also be helpful in the diagnosis. For mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent episodes, your doctor might recommend: Short-course vaginal therapy for 3-7 days. Antifungal medications available as creams, ointments, tablets, and suppositories include miconazole (Monistat 3) and terconazole. One-time, single oral dose of fluconazole (Diflucan). To manage more severe symptoms, you might take 2 single doses 3 days apart. Yeast infections that won’t fully go away
Recurrent candidiasis is defined as 3 or more yeast infections in 12 months. In cases caused by Candida albicans, patients should follow their initial treatment with maintenance therapy (since resistance to antifungal therapy is rare). This is usually done with fluconazole (Diflucan) 150 mg orally for 6 months.
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https://www.cfspharmacy.pharmacy/blog/post/topical-flucytosine-for-yeast-infections
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1636294122#0_3635722927
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Title:
Headings:
Content: FEDERAL EMERGENCY ROOM REGULATIONS AND STATE LAW
FEDERAL EMERGENCY ROOM REGULATIONS AND STATE LAW
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; HEALTH FACILITIES; HOSPITALS; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE; HOSPITALS; September 29, 2003
2003-R-0621
FEDERAL EMERGENCY ROOM REGULATIONS AND STATE LAW
By: Saul Spigel, Chief Analyst
You asked for an explanation of recently issued federal regulations governing hospital emergency services and whether they would require any changes in state law. SUMMARY
The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) requires any hospital that participates in Medicare and provides emergency services to provide (1) an appropriate medical screening examination to anyone who comes to its emergency department asking for treatment and (2) necessary stabilizing treatment or transfer to another medical facility if the examination reveals an emergency medical condition. Since all Connecticut hospitals participate in Medicare and provide emergency services, EMTALA applies to them. The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which administers and enforces EMTALA, issued new regulations on September 9, 2003.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/olrdata/ph/rpt/2003-r-0621.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1636858991#6_3636396605
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Title:
Headings:
Content: They must order repeat offenders on parole to undergo such treatment before parole. Offenders may choose surgical castration instead of chemical treatment. The Department of Corrections (DOC) administers the treatment, which parolees must begin one week before their release from custody and must continue until DOC determines that it is no longer necessary. The crimes that could subject parolees to chemical castration are: 1. sodomy; 2. oral copulation; 3. lewd and lascivious acts, including sex acts committed with force, violence, duress, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury to the victim or a third person;
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0183.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1636858991#11_3636402407
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Title:
Headings:
Content: If it would, the court may require treatment as a condition of probation. An offender who is in custody when sentenced and who is required to undergo treatment as a condition of probation must begin treatment before his release. If he is not in custody at the time of sentencing, he must be taken into custody to begin treatment. Treatment must continue after the offender is released and until he demonstrates to the court that treatment is no longer necessary. The offender must be advised of the treatment's side effects and must consent to the treatment in writing. Louisiana
15:538
First offenders convicted of sex crimes against minors age 12 or younger and certain repeat offenders must have a mental health evaluation, including a treatment plan, before they are eligible for probation, parole, or a sentence reduction or suspension. Serial offenders are not eligible for probation, parole, or a sentence suspension. A qualified mental health professional with experience treating sexual offenders performs the evaluation. The treatment plan may include MPA treatment or its chemical equivalent as a preferred method of treatment. The state administers treatment through a licensed medical practitioner.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0183.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1636858991#17_3636409522
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Failure to continue treatment constitutes criminal contempt of court for failure to comply with the sentence, punishable by 10 to 100 years in prison without possibility of parole. Oregon
144.625
The DOC must establish a pilot treatment program each year for 40 to 50 sex offenders who are eligible for parole or post-prison supervision. The program is to reduce the risk of reoffending by providing the offenders with hormones or antiandrogens, such as MPA treatment. The department must: 1. screen potential participants, beginning six months before their eligibility for parole or post-prison supervision, to determine their suitability for treatment; 2. refer those most likely to benefit from treatment to a competent physician for a medical evaluation; and
3. refer those who pass the evaluation to a community physician for treatment upon their release on parole or post-prison supervision.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0183.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1637699045#0_3637608150
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Title:
Headings:
Content: HOSPITAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR INDIGENT PEOPLE
HOSPITAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR INDIGENT PEOPLE
Location: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE; HOSPITALS; June 26, 2009
2009-R-0248
HOSPITAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR INDIGENT PEOPLE
By: Saul Spigel, Chief Analyst
You asked for a summary of laws governing how hospitals must treat indigent people who present with emergency conditions, particularly those governing their transferring such people to other facilities. SUMMARY
The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) requires any hospital that participates in Medicare (all hospitals in Connecticut do) and maintains a dedicated emergency department to (1) conduct an “appropriate screening exam” on anyone who comes to the hospital and asks to be treated and (2) stabilize any emergency condition it detects. If the hospital does not stabilize the condition, it can transfer the patient to another facility but must meet specific conditions before doing so. If it does stabilize the condition, it can discharge the patient, admit him or her to an inpatient room, or transfer the patient to another facility without meeting EMTALA's transfer conditions. Connecticut has only one regulation governing hospital emergency services. It requires each general hospital to provide adequate care at all times for people with acute emergencies (Conn. Agency Regs., §
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0248.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1637699045#1_3637609769
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Title:
Headings:
Content: SUMMARY
The federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) requires any hospital that participates in Medicare (all hospitals in Connecticut do) and maintains a dedicated emergency department to (1) conduct an “appropriate screening exam” on anyone who comes to the hospital and asks to be treated and (2) stabilize any emergency condition it detects. If the hospital does not stabilize the condition, it can transfer the patient to another facility but must meet specific conditions before doing so. If it does stabilize the condition, it can discharge the patient, admit him or her to an inpatient room, or transfer the patient to another facility without meeting EMTALA's transfer conditions. Connecticut has only one regulation governing hospital emergency services. It requires each general hospital to provide adequate care at all times for people with acute emergencies (Conn. Agency Regs., § 19-13-D3 (j)). No state law requires hospitals to treat patients regardless of their ability to pay. But federal tax law conditions hospitals'tax-exempt status on their treating all indigent emergency patients for free and not discriminating among paying patients. OLR report 2001-R-0642, (attached and at http://www.cga.ct.gov/2001/rpt/olr/htm/2001-r-0642.htm) provides more detail on these tax-exempt conditions. State law requires hospitals to post notices in their emergency rooms and other locations about the availability funds they control that are dedicated to providing patient care (“bed funds”).
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0248.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1637699045#2_3637611518
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Title:
Headings:
Content: 19-13-D3 (j)). No state law requires hospitals to treat patients regardless of their ability to pay. But federal tax law conditions hospitals'tax-exempt status on their treating all indigent emergency patients for free and not discriminating among paying patients. OLR report 2001-R-0642, (attached and at http://www.cga.ct.gov/2001/rpt/olr/htm/2001-r-0642.htm) provides more detail on these tax-exempt conditions. State law requires hospitals to post notices in their emergency rooms and other locations about the availability funds they control that are dedicated to providing patient care (“bed funds”). They must also make available a summary describing these funds and how to apply for them and train staff in application procedures (CGS §19a-509b). EMTALA (42 USC § 1395DD, et seq, 42 CFR 489.24)
Congress passed EMTALA in 1985 specifically to address the problem of hospitals “dumping” indigent patients, that is turning away uninsured or indigent people seeking treatment so as to avoid the cost of treating them. EMTALA applies to hospitals that participate in Medicare and have designated emergency departments. It has two principal requirements: a hospital must (1) appropriately screen anyone who seeks emergency care regardless of ability to pay, immigration status, or any other characteristic and (2) stabilize the person's emergency condition within its capability and capacity.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0248.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1637699045#3_3637613142
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Title:
Headings:
Content: They must also make available a summary describing these funds and how to apply for them and train staff in application procedures (CGS §19a-509b). EMTALA (42 USC § 1395DD, et seq, 42 CFR 489.24)
Congress passed EMTALA in 1985 specifically to address the problem of hospitals “dumping” indigent patients, that is turning away uninsured or indigent people seeking treatment so as to avoid the cost of treating them. EMTALA applies to hospitals that participate in Medicare and have designated emergency departments. It has two principal requirements: a hospital must (1) appropriately screen anyone who seeks emergency care regardless of ability to pay, immigration status, or any other characteristic and (2) stabilize the person's emergency condition within its capability and capacity. EMTALA imposes specific conditions on a hospital that wants to transfer an unstablized patient to another facility. A hospital may not delay either the screening or stabilizing treatment to ask about a person's insurance status or how he or she will pay for services. It cannot seek, or ask the person to seek, insurance payment until it has screened the person and begun treatment to stabilize his or her condition. But it can use a registration process that includes asking about insurance, as long as that process doesn't delay screening or treatment or unduly discourage people from remaining for further evaluation (42 CFR 489.24(d)(4)(5)). A hospital that violates these requirements is subject to civil penalties or termination from Medicare (although the latter penalty is rarely invoked).
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2009/rpt/2009-R-0248.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#0_3638402278
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Title:
Headings:
Content: PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING OF NEWBORNS
PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING OF NEWBORNS
Location: JUVENILES; MEDICAL CARE; Scope: Other States laws/regulations; August 18, 2011
2011-R-0293
PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING OF NEWBORNS
By: John Kasprak, Senior Attorney
You asked for information on pulse oximetry screening of newborns for congenital heart disease. You are interested in basic information about the procedure; its costs, including equipment and provider time; other states'activities in requiring such screening;
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#1_3638402988
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Title:
Headings:
Content: August 18, 2011
2011-R-0293
PULSE OXIMETRY SCREENING OF NEWBORNS
By: John Kasprak, Senior Attorney
You asked for information on pulse oximetry screening of newborns for congenital heart disease. You are interested in basic information about the procedure; its costs, including equipment and provider time; other states'activities in requiring such screening; and any other relevant information such as research studies. SUMMARY
Pulse oximetry screening is a simple and non-invasive procedure used to measure how much oxygen is in the blood and has been found effective in screening for congenital heart disease (CHD) in newborns. It uses a light source and sensor (probe) to measure oxygen in the blood. Last year, the Advisory Committee on Heritable Diseases in Newborns and Children, which advises the federal Health and Human Services (HHS) secretary, recommended that pulse oximetry screening for CHD be added to the uniform screenings for newborns. Citing “evidence gaps,” the HHS secretary did not adopt the recommendation.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#2_3638404234
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Title:
Headings:
Content: and any other relevant information such as research studies. SUMMARY
Pulse oximetry screening is a simple and non-invasive procedure used to measure how much oxygen is in the blood and has been found effective in screening for congenital heart disease (CHD) in newborns. It uses a light source and sensor (probe) to measure oxygen in the blood. Last year, the Advisory Committee on Heritable Diseases in Newborns and Children, which advises the federal Health and Human Services (HHS) secretary, recommended that pulse oximetry screening for CHD be added to the uniform screenings for newborns. Citing “evidence gaps,” the HHS secretary did not adopt the recommendation. But an interagency coordinating committee on newborn screening is further examining the issue and should be submitting a plan to the HHS secretary shortly. The American Heart Association (AHA) views pulse oximetry testing of newborns as an effective and inexpensive tool to assist in diagnosing CHD. A large scale study recently performed in the United Kingdom supports pulse oximetry screening for newborns. The United States has not had a study of comparable size to date. Three states (New Jersey, Maryland, and Indiana) have passed legislation requiring pulse oximetry screening of all newborns.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#3_3638405713
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Title:
Headings:
Content: But an interagency coordinating committee on newborn screening is further examining the issue and should be submitting a plan to the HHS secretary shortly. The American Heart Association (AHA) views pulse oximetry testing of newborns as an effective and inexpensive tool to assist in diagnosing CHD. A large scale study recently performed in the United Kingdom supports pulse oximetry screening for newborns. The United States has not had a study of comparable size to date. Three states (New Jersey, Maryland, and Indiana) have passed legislation requiring pulse oximetry screening of all newborns. The Maryland law will not be implemented until there are federal recommendations for such screening. Other states are currently considering such legislation. BACKGROUND
The following information is from the Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
What is Congenital Heart Disease? CHD is the most common birth defect. Infants with CHD have abnormal structure to their heart which creates abnormal blood flow patterns.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#4_3638406946
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Title:
Headings:
Content: The Maryland law will not be implemented until there are federal recommendations for such screening. Other states are currently considering such legislation. BACKGROUND
The following information is from the Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C.
What is Congenital Heart Disease? CHD is the most common birth defect. Infants with CHD have abnormal structure to their heart which creates abnormal blood flow patterns. Approximately eight of every 1,000 infants born in the United States each year have a form of CHD, some of which cause no or very few problems in the health and development of the child. But critical CHD can bring a significant risk of morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed soon after birth. Failing to detect critical CHD while in the newborn nursery may lead to critical events such as cardiogenic shock or death. Survivors who present late are at greater risk for neurologic injury and subsequent developmental delay. What is Pulse Oximetry and How is it Performed?
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#5_3638408151
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Approximately eight of every 1,000 infants born in the United States each year have a form of CHD, some of which cause no or very few problems in the health and development of the child. But critical CHD can bring a significant risk of morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed soon after birth. Failing to detect critical CHD while in the newborn nursery may lead to critical events such as cardiogenic shock or death. Survivors who present late are at greater risk for neurologic injury and subsequent developmental delay. What is Pulse Oximetry and How is it Performed? Pulse oximetry is a simple, non-invasive and painless test that is used to measure the percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood and the pulse rate. It was invented in the 1970s and is widely used and accepted in clinical care. The pulse oximetry is placed by a sticky strip (like a band-aid), with a small red light, or “probe” on the baby's foot. The probe is attached to a wire, which is attached to a special monitor that shows the pulse oximetry reading. The test takes a few minutes to perform while the baby is still, quiet, and warm.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#6_3638409499
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Pulse oximetry is a simple, non-invasive and painless test that is used to measure the percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the arterial blood and the pulse rate. It was invented in the 1970s and is widely used and accepted in clinical care. The pulse oximetry is placed by a sticky strip (like a band-aid), with a small red light, or “probe” on the baby's foot. The probe is attached to a wire, which is attached to a special monitor that shows the pulse oximetry reading. The test takes a few minutes to perform while the baby is still, quiet, and warm. The probe does not puncture the skin and the measurement can usually be read in 30 to 60 seconds. Why is Pulse Oximetry Used to Screen for CHD? Pulse oximetry is used to measure how much oxygen is in the blood. It is a routinely used test that can be used to monitor a baby's oxygen level during a procedure or treatment and can also be helpful in determining if a baby's heart and lungs are healthy. Pulse oximetry can also help to identify babies with serious heart problems due to low levels of oxygen in their blood.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#7_3638410796
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Title:
Headings:
Content: The probe does not puncture the skin and the measurement can usually be read in 30 to 60 seconds. Why is Pulse Oximetry Used to Screen for CHD? Pulse oximetry is used to measure how much oxygen is in the blood. It is a routinely used test that can be used to monitor a baby's oxygen level during a procedure or treatment and can also be helpful in determining if a baby's heart and lungs are healthy. Pulse oximetry can also help to identify babies with serious heart problems due to low levels of oxygen in their blood. A health care provider may ask for more testing (such as an ultrasound of the heart or an echocardiogram) when a low pulse oximetry reading is identified. Who Should be Screened and When Will the Test be Done? According to the Children's National Medical Center, all babies in the newborn nursery who are not already thought to have CHD should be screened. The pulse oximetry test should be performed when a baby is older than 24 hours. What is a Normal Reading?
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#8_3638411978
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Title:
Headings:
Content: A health care provider may ask for more testing (such as an ultrasound of the heart or an echocardiogram) when a low pulse oximetry reading is identified. Who Should be Screened and When Will the Test be Done? According to the Children's National Medical Center, all babies in the newborn nursery who are not already thought to have CHD should be screened. The pulse oximetry test should be performed when a baby is older than 24 hours. What is a Normal Reading? A pulse oximetry reading of 95 to 100 percent is normal in healthy babies. Babies with heart or lung problems may have lower readings. A low reading can be normal in newborns whose lungs and heart are adjusting after birth. Can a Baby with Serious CHD Have a Normal Pulse Oximetry Reading? It is possible that the test will not detect all forms of problems in the baby's heart.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#9_3638413017
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Title:
Headings:
Content: A pulse oximetry reading of 95 to 100 percent is normal in healthy babies. Babies with heart or lung problems may have lower readings. A low reading can be normal in newborns whose lungs and heart are adjusting after birth. Can a Baby with Serious CHD Have a Normal Pulse Oximetry Reading? It is possible that the test will not detect all forms of problems in the baby's heart. In such a case, the center recommends that the baby have normal visits with his or her primary care provider. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF PULSE OXIMETRY
Dr. John Hokanson of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of pulse oximetry screening of newborns as follows: Strengths - adds one last safety net for a number of newborns; pulse oximetry devices are cheap, non-invasive, and ubiquitous in hospitals. Weaknesses - will not detect all forms of congenital heart disease;
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#10_3638414133
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Title:
Headings:
Content: In such a case, the center recommends that the baby have normal visits with his or her primary care provider. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF PULSE OXIMETRY
Dr. John Hokanson of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of pulse oximetry screening of newborns as follows: Strengths - adds one last safety net for a number of newborns; pulse oximetry devices are cheap, non-invasive, and ubiquitous in hospitals. Weaknesses - will not detect all forms of congenital heart disease; false positives and negatives; and main costs are incurred by follow-up testing to the pulse oximetry screening. COSTS
Many hospitals already have pulse oximetry machines and the only additional cost is for use of the probe which is about $1 per reusable probe, or $7 to $8 for a single-use probe, according to the Children's National Medical Center. New Jersey (see below) estimates a cost of $10 per screening. A screening may be repeated if test results show the blood is lacking oxygen, and then more expensive ultrasounds or echocardiograms would be performed.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#11_3638415439
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Title:
Headings:
Content: false positives and negatives; and main costs are incurred by follow-up testing to the pulse oximetry screening. COSTS
Many hospitals already have pulse oximetry machines and the only additional cost is for use of the probe which is about $1 per reusable probe, or $7 to $8 for a single-use probe, according to the Children's National Medical Center. New Jersey (see below) estimates a cost of $10 per screening. A screening may be repeated if test results show the blood is lacking oxygen, and then more expensive ultrasounds or echocardiograms would be performed. Nursing time required to do pulse oximetry testing on newborns averages about three minutes per baby. Some critics of mandatory pulse oximetry screening raise the issue of the added cost of echocardiography in false-positive cases. FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Requiring pulse oximetry screening for newborns has been a state level issue for several years with proposals to have it included with other mandatory screenings for newborns. In October 2010, the Department HHS Advisory Committee on Heritable Diseases in Newborns and Children made a recommendation to add CHD to the uniform screening panel. It stated that “although there are recognizable evidence gaps, there are compelling reasons for recommending newborns for CHD.”
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#12_3638416943
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Nursing time required to do pulse oximetry testing on newborns averages about three minutes per baby. Some critics of mandatory pulse oximetry screening raise the issue of the added cost of echocardiography in false-positive cases. FEDERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Requiring pulse oximetry screening for newborns has been a state level issue for several years with proposals to have it included with other mandatory screenings for newborns. In October 2010, the Department HHS Advisory Committee on Heritable Diseases in Newborns and Children made a recommendation to add CHD to the uniform screening panel. It stated that “although there are recognizable evidence gaps, there are compelling reasons for recommending newborns for CHD.” HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius had 180 days to either adopt or reject this recommendation. In April 2011, she responded in a letter to the Advisory Committee's chairperson acknowledging the “recognizable evidence gaps” and stated: “After consultation with HHS agency leadership, I have determined that the Advisory Committee's recommendations are not ready for adoption. However, because this is such an important issue, I am referring these recommendations to the newly established Interagency Coordinating Committee on Newborn and Child Screening (ICC) for additional review and input regarding implementation.” (The secretary's complete correspondence can be read at:
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#14_3638420443
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Title:
Headings:
Content: http://www.hrsa.gov/heritabledisorderscommittee/correspondence/CCCHDSecResponse042011.pdf
The ICC includes the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, Agency for Healthcare research and Quality, and the Food and Drug Administration. The ICC is examining the evidence gaps as described by the Advisory Committee and will propose a plan of action to address the identification of effective screening technologies, development of diagnostic processes and protocols, education of providers and the public, and strengthening infrastructure needs for follow-up and surveillance. AHA POLICY POSITION
The AHA issued a policy position statement on pulse oximetry screening of newborns in November 2010. It states: The AHA continues to advocate for effective, comprehensive screening for critical (requiring surgical or catheter intervention in the first year of life) congenital heart disease in newborns. Pulse oximetry testing before discharge may be one important strategy for such screening as it can be an effective, noninvasive, inexpensive tool to assist in diagnosing critical congenital heart disease. While the risk for use of this screening is minimal, and the benefits are still being fully elucidated, the AHA reaffirms its current recommendation supporting consideration of pulse oximetry as a screening methodology (Class IIA-Level of Evidence C)1based on consensus science versus extensive randomized controlled trials. RECENT UNITED KINGDOM STUDY
In one of the largest studies of its kind, United Kingdom researchers have demonstrated that pulse oximetry testing of newborns improves the detection of critical congenital heart disease, identifying defects that go undetected with antenatal ultrasound. The study, published in Lancet this month, involved the pulse oximetry screening, between February 2008 and January 2009, of 20,055 apparently healthy newborns from six maternity units across the United Kingdom. Of the total number of babies, 53 had major congenital heart disease (24 critical), a prevalence of 2.6 per 1000 live births.
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_35_1638284104#15_3638422774
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Pulse oximetry testing before discharge may be one important strategy for such screening as it can be an effective, noninvasive, inexpensive tool to assist in diagnosing critical congenital heart disease. While the risk for use of this screening is minimal, and the benefits are still being fully elucidated, the AHA reaffirms its current recommendation supporting consideration of pulse oximetry as a screening methodology (Class IIA-Level of Evidence C)1based on consensus science versus extensive randomized controlled trials. RECENT UNITED KINGDOM STUDY
In one of the largest studies of its kind, United Kingdom researchers have demonstrated that pulse oximetry testing of newborns improves the detection of critical congenital heart disease, identifying defects that go undetected with antenatal ultrasound. The study, published in Lancet this month, involved the pulse oximetry screening, between February 2008 and January 2009, of 20,055 apparently healthy newborns from six maternity units across the United Kingdom. Of the total number of babies, 53 had major congenital heart disease (24 critical), a prevalence of 2.6 per 1000 live births. Pulse oximetry detected 75% of the critical cases and 49% of all major congenital heart defects. Lead author of the study Dr. Andrew Ewer stated that “pulse oximetry is a better more sensitive test than antenatal ultrasound and physical exam, although we are not suggesting we should replace those, but rather include pulse-ox as an additional screening tool, which would allow us to identify the majority of babies with critical congenital heart disease.” For a link to the study go to: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60753-8/fulltext
ACTIVITY IN OTHER STATES
New Jersey was the first state to require that eve
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https://www.cga.ct.gov/2011/rpt/2011-R-0293.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#0_35107136
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Content: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee: The park out past Bayport. Weeki Wachee: PINE ISLAND SUNSET ON A CLOUDY DAY
Weeki Wachee: The park out past Bayport. Weeki Wachee: Weeki Wachee Springs
Weeki Wachee: The park out past Bayport. It is absolutely beautiful.
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#1_35110355
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Content: The park out past Bayport. Weeki Wachee: Weeki Wachee Springs
Weeki Wachee: The park out past Bayport. It is absolutely beautiful. Weeki Wachee: Pine Island Beach Snack Shop in Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Population in 2019: 13 (100% urban, 0% rural). Population change since 2000: +8.3%
Males:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#2_35113175
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Content: Weeki Wachee: Pine Island Beach Snack Shop in Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Submit your own pictures of this city and show them to the world
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Population in 2019: 13 (100% urban, 0% rural). Population change since 2000: +8.3%
Males: 6
(50.0%)
Females: 7
(50.0%)
Median resident age: 56.0 years
Florida median age: 40.3 years
Zip code: 34607
Estimated median household income in 2019:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#3_35116021
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Content: 6
(50.0%)
Females: 7
(50.0%)
Median resident age: 56.0 years
Florida median age: 40.3 years
Zip code: 34607
Estimated median household income in 2019: $79,315 ( it was $50,625 in 2000)
Weeki Wachee: $79,315
FL: $59,227
Estimated per capita income in 2019: $17,332 ( it was $12,022 in 2000)
Estimated median house or condo value in 2019: $97,171 ( it was $45,000 in 2000 )
Weeki Wachee:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#4_35118588
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Weeki Wachee compared to Florida state average:
Top Patent Applicants
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Content: $79,315 ( it was $50,625 in 2000)
Weeki Wachee: $79,315
FL: $59,227
Estimated per capita income in 2019: $17,332 ( it was $12,022 in 2000)
Estimated median house or condo value in 2019: $97,171 ( it was $45,000 in 2000 )
Weeki Wachee: $97,171
FL: $245,100
Mean prices in 2019: all housing units: $174,345; detached houses:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#5_35121087
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Average climate in Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Banks with branches in Weeki Wachee (2011 data):
For population 15 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
For population 25 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
Religion statistics for Weeki Wachee, FL (based on Hernando County data)
Food Environment Statistics:
Weeki Wachee government finances - Expenditure in 2017 (per resident):
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Weeki Wachee government finances - Cash and Securities in 2017 (per resident):
Strongest AM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
Strongest FM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
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Weeki Wachee fatal accident list:
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:
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FAA Registered Aircraft:
Weeki Wachee compared to Florida state average:
Top Patent Applicants
Other pages you might like:
Content: $97,171
FL: $245,100
Mean prices in 2019: all housing units: $174,345; detached houses: $196,240; townhouses or other attached units: $137,866; in 2-unit structures: $129,376;
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#6_35123434
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Weeki Wachee tourist attractions:
Single-family new house construction building permits:
Average climate in Weeki Wachee, Florida
Tornado activity:
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Natural disasters:
Hospitals and medical centers in Weeki Wachee:
Other hospitals and medical centers near Weeki Wachee:
Amtrak station near Weeki Wachee:
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Weeki Wachee:
Public high school in Weeki Wachee:
Public elementary/middle schools in Weeki Wachee:
Points of interest:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee and their reported violations in the past:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee that have no violations reported:
Banks with branches in Weeki Wachee (2011 data):
For population 15 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
For population 25 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
Religion statistics for Weeki Wachee, FL (based on Hernando County data)
Food Environment Statistics:
Weeki Wachee government finances - Expenditure in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Revenue in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Cash and Securities in 2017 (per resident):
Strongest AM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
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TV broadcast stations around Weeki Wachee:
Weeki Wachee fatal accident list:
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:
FCC Registered Broadcast Land Mobile Towers:
FCC Registered Microwave Towers:
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:
FAA Registered Aircraft Manufacturers and Dealers:
FAA Registered Aircraft:
Weeki Wachee compared to Florida state average:
Top Patent Applicants
Other pages you might like:
Content: $196,240; townhouses or other attached units: $137,866; in 2-unit structures: $129,376; in 3-to-4-unit structures: $115,252; in 5-or-more-unit structures: $194,850; mobile homes:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#7_35125782
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Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
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Other hospitals and medical centers near Weeki Wachee:
Amtrak station near Weeki Wachee:
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Weeki Wachee:
Public high school in Weeki Wachee:
Public elementary/middle schools in Weeki Wachee:
Points of interest:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee and their reported violations in the past:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee that have no violations reported:
Banks with branches in Weeki Wachee (2011 data):
For population 15 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
For population 25 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
Religion statistics for Weeki Wachee, FL (based on Hernando County data)
Food Environment Statistics:
Weeki Wachee government finances - Expenditure in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Revenue in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Cash and Securities in 2017 (per resident):
Strongest AM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
Strongest FM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
TV broadcast stations around Weeki Wachee:
Weeki Wachee fatal accident list:
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:
FCC Registered Broadcast Land Mobile Towers:
FCC Registered Microwave Towers:
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:
FAA Registered Aircraft Manufacturers and Dealers:
FAA Registered Aircraft:
Weeki Wachee compared to Florida state average:
Top Patent Applicants
Other pages you might like:
Content: in 3-to-4-unit structures: $115,252; in 5-or-more-unit structures: $194,850; mobile homes: $74,534; occupied boats, rvs, vans, etc.: $56,072
March 2019 cost of living index in Weeki Wachee: 93.5 (less than average, U.S. average is 100)
Weeki Wachee, FL residents, houses, and apartments details
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2019: 0.0%
Profiles of local businesses
Kiss Auto Sales LLC
Tiger Lilli's Florist
Michele's Arm Candy
Home in the Sun Group
Put your B&M business profile right here for free.
|
http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_68812108#8_35128475
|
Title: Weeki Wachee, Florida (FL 34607) profile: population, maps, real estate, averages, homes, statistics, relocation, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, moving, houses, news, sex offenders
Headings: Weeki Wachee, Florida
Weeki Wachee, Florida
Loading data...
Weeki Wachee tourist attractions:
Single-family new house construction building permits:
Average climate in Weeki Wachee, Florida
Tornado activity:
Earthquake activity:
Natural disasters:
Hospitals and medical centers in Weeki Wachee:
Other hospitals and medical centers near Weeki Wachee:
Amtrak station near Weeki Wachee:
Colleges/universities with over 2000 students nearest to Weeki Wachee:
Public high school in Weeki Wachee:
Public elementary/middle schools in Weeki Wachee:
Points of interest:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee and their reported violations in the past:
Drinking water stations with addresses in Weeki Wachee that have no violations reported:
Banks with branches in Weeki Wachee (2011 data):
For population 15 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
For population 25 years and over in Weeki Wachee:
Religion statistics for Weeki Wachee, FL (based on Hernando County data)
Food Environment Statistics:
Weeki Wachee government finances - Expenditure in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Revenue in 2017 (per resident):
Weeki Wachee government finances - Cash and Securities in 2017 (per resident):
Strongest AM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
Strongest FM radio stations in Weeki Wachee:
TV broadcast stations around Weeki Wachee:
Weeki Wachee fatal accident list:
FCC Registered Cell Phone Towers:
FCC Registered Antenna Towers:
FCC Registered Broadcast Land Mobile Towers:
FCC Registered Microwave Towers:
FCC Registered Amateur Radio Licenses:
FAA Registered Aircraft Manufacturers and Dealers:
FAA Registered Aircraft:
Weeki Wachee compared to Florida state average:
Top Patent Applicants
Other pages you might like:
Content: $74,534; occupied boats, rvs, vans, etc.: $56,072
March 2019 cost of living index in Weeki Wachee: 93.5 (less than average, U.S. average is 100)
Weeki Wachee, FL residents, houses, and apartments details
Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2019: 0.0%
Profiles of local businesses
Kiss Auto Sales LLC
Tiger Lilli's Florist
Michele's Arm Candy
Home in the Sun Group
Put your B&M business profile right here for free. 50,000 businesses already created their profiles! Business Search - 14 Million verified businesses
Search for: near: Settings
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Data:
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http://www.city-data.com/city/Weeki-Wachee-Florida.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_145069034#2_144142582
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Title: Anyone have their electricity or gas shut off due to non payment? (pay, deposit) - Personal Finance -debt, loans, credit cards, banks, insurance... - City-Data Forum
Headings:
Content: (This relates to a relative, not me, but thought it would be an interesting topic of discussion)
06-21-2013, 01:30 PM
MrRational
Location: The Triad (NC)
31,376 posts, read 69,780,396 times
Reputation: 37459
Quote: Originally Posted by HumanNature
H
Huge electric bill, can't afford to pay, power shut off, now what. This was written like getting a utility bill is some sort of surprise. There's only one answer: Neil Young & Crazy Horse Get A Job - YouTube
06-21-2013, 01:45 PM
jghorton
Location: Florida -
9,857 posts, read 12,384,988 times
Reputation: 20477
We all choose to spend whatever income we have somewhere. The issue is NOT that one cannot afford to pay their electric/utility bill, but, rather, that one chooses a higher priority than living without gas/electric.
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http://www.city-data.com/forum/personal-finance/1891342-anyone-have-their-electricity-gas-shut.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_145069034#3_144143792
|
Title: Anyone have their electricity or gas shut off due to non payment? (pay, deposit) - Personal Finance -debt, loans, credit cards, banks, insurance... - City-Data Forum
Headings:
Content: There's only one answer: Neil Young & Crazy Horse Get A Job - YouTube
06-21-2013, 01:45 PM
jghorton
Location: Florida -
9,857 posts, read 12,384,988 times
Reputation: 20477
We all choose to spend whatever income we have somewhere. The issue is NOT that one cannot afford to pay their electric/utility bill, but, rather, that one chooses a higher priority than living without gas/electric. Having done so, is the gas/electric company then 'morally obligated' to pay their employees with empathy, rather than dollars .... in order to support the higher priorities of their non-paying customers? 06-21-2013, 02:01 PM
MaryleeII
10,017 posts, read 17,196,551 times
Reputation: 17094
What state are you in? Some states will extend you some time if you have a minor child, or a disabled person who can't tolerate the heat---such as asthma. Also, try contacting various social service agencies.
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http://www.city-data.com/forum/personal-finance/1891342-anyone-have-their-electricity-gas-shut.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_145069034#7_144148948
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Title: Anyone have their electricity or gas shut off due to non payment? (pay, deposit) - Personal Finance -debt, loans, credit cards, banks, insurance... - City-Data Forum
Headings:
Content: 22371
Dave Ramsey always says that when you don't have enough money for all your bills, pay them in this order: 1. mortgage/rent
2. food
3. basic utilities (not high speed internet or cell phone)
4. everything else (credit cards, car payment, enhanced utilities, etc). This person just prioritized badly. Like others have said, there are lots of programs for heat and electricity, even basic landline phone service, for low-income people. Aside from that, most electric companies have programs for medically-impaired people. I've had clients who had insulin-dependent diabetes, and the insulin had to be refrigerated, and their electric company agreed to keep on the power while they worked on a payment plan.
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http://www.city-data.com/forum/personal-finance/1891342-anyone-have-their-electricity-gas-shut.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_166201346#3_166157282
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Title: Topography - Wisconsin
Headings: Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Topography
Other pages you might like:
Content: the Wisconsin mainland has at least 575 mi (925 km) of lakeshore and holds jurisdiction over 10,062 sq mi (26,061 sq km) of lake waters. By far, the largest inland lake is Lake Winnebago, in eastern Wisconsin, covering an area of 215 sq mi (557 sq km). The Mississippi River, which forms part of the border with Minnesota and the entire border with Iowa, is the main navigable river. The major river flowing through the state is the Wisconsin, which follows a south-southwest course for 430 mi (692 km) before meeting the Mississippi at the Iowa border. Other tributaries of the Mississippi are the St. Croix River, also part of the Minnesota border, and the Chippewa and Black rivers. Located on the Black River are Big Manitou Falls, at 165 ft (50 m) the highest of the state's many waterfalls. Waters from the Fox River and its major tributary, the Wolf, flow into Green Bay and then into Lake Michigan, as does the Menominee, which is part of the Michigan state line. Except in the Driftless Area, glaciation smoothed out many surface features, gouged out new ones, and left deposits of rock and soil creating distinctively shaped hills and ridges. Oval mounds, called drumlins, are still scattered over the southeast; and moraines, formed by deposits left at the edges of glaciers, are a prominent feature of eastern, central, and northwestern Wisconsin.
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http://www.city-data.com/states/Wisconsin-Topography.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_232437536#8_203646146
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Title: Not Married? The Odds That You Never Will Be Are Higher Than Ever - Bloomberg
Headings: Not Married? The Odds That You Never Will Be Are Higher Than Ever
Not Married? The Odds That You Never Will Be Are Higher Than Ever
A rising share of Americans have never married. Here's who they are and why they won't tie the knot.
In this article
All the Single Ladies and Gents
More Never-Married African-Americans Than Ever
Demand and Supply in the Marriage Market
Will We Ever Get Married?
Content: The number of employed men per 100 women has dropped from 139 to 91 in that period. And in terms of a racial divide, this is even more of an issue. Cities are changing fast. Keep up with the CityLab Daily newsletter. The best way to follow issues you care about
By submitting my information, I agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Service and to receive offers and promotions from Bloomberg. There are far fewer employed black men per 100 women—only 51. Not only that, but more blacks (77 percent) than whites (59 percent) attach importance to their potential spouse having a job. And even though most Americans tend say they don't necessarily want to marry someone of the same race, the reality is that they do (85 percent of marriages in the U.S. take place between people of the same race and ethnicity). This would seem to be the main reason why the never-married numbers are climbing so rapidly among African-Americans. Will We Ever Get Married?
|
http://www.citylab.com/work/2014/09/not-married-the-odds-that-you-never-will-be-are-higher-than-ever/380686/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_243502931#12_222291571
|
Title: Civil Freedoms – What’s wrong with the PATRIOT ACT?
Headings: What’s wrong with the PATRIOT ACT?
What’s wrong with the PATRIOT ACT?
Excerpts
Text
Content: Why, then, was the FBI rewarded with such expansive new powers in the aftermath of this institutional failure? In the words of former Senator Russ Feingold, the only “no” vote against the original version of the PATRIOT Act,
“ [T]here is no doubt that if we lived in a police state, it would be easier to catch terrorists. If we lived in a country that allowed the police to search your home at any time for any reason; if we lived in a country that allowed the government to open your mail, eavesdrop on your phone conversations, or intercept your email communications; if we lived in a country that allowed the government to hold people in jail indefinitely based on what they write or think, or based on mere suspicion that they are up to no good, then the government would no doubt discover and arrest more terrorists. But that probably would not be a country in which we would want to live. And that would not be a country for which we could, in good conscience, ask our young people to fight and die. In short, that would not be America.” I call upon each of my Senate colleagues to seriously consider whether the time has come to re-evaluate many—if not all—provisions of the PATRIOT Act. Our oath to uphold the Constitution demands it.
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http://www.civilfreedoms.org/?p=1667
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_246798248#0_227762056
|
Title: Electronics Design
Headings: ELECTRONICS DESIGN
ELECTRONICS DESIGN
Next Announcements
Content: Electronics Design
ELECTRONICS DESIGN
Next Announcements
The Ultimate Guide For College Students: How To Bring Your Electronics Project To Life
Youth is the engine of progress because these people have lots of ideas in their heads. Many students go in for sports, and this is closely related to electronics - female athletes face many problems, unlike their classmates. Many projects leave unrealized, and this guide aims at changing the situation. Electronics Design Circuits
The Fundamentals of Electronic Layout Automation. Â There are many distinct types of electrical ...
Electronics Design Software
An Introduction to Electronic layout. Whilst explaining the phrase Electronic layout Automation ...
Power Electronics Design
Wireless Technology is evolving from communications to between individuals and computers to communic...
Historical Essay about Electronics in XXI
Electronics have been part of history, and people are dependent on it since then. Find out how you can write an excellent historical essay about electronics in XXI. 1 May 2013 - Issues You Should Know About Electronics. To create a layout, print circuit board designers will occasionally use electronic design and style automation (EDA), which not only merchants design and style details, but also facilitates modifying the design and style and also automates repetitive design and style duties.
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http://www.ckoseattle.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_249156510#6_232347333
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Title: General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs | ClarkDietrich Building Systems
Headings: General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs
General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs
What standards govern the manufacture and physical requirements of cold-formed steel products?
What is an Equivalent (EQ) Drywall Stud?
For interior framing, what is the difference between composite and non-composite limiting heights tables?
When is it required to use lateral bracing on an interior wall?
What are the bracing requirements for curtain wall framing?
What are the bracing requirements for combined (axial and transverse) loaded studs?
What are the bracing requirements for floor joists?
What fire/sound rating can be achieved while providing cold-formed steel framing in wall, floor or ceiling assemblies?
In an engineering sense, when is 50ksi material required in lieu of 33ksi material?
What allowable deflection should be specified for curtain wall applications?
What floor live load should I use for a joist application?
If stamped shop drawings are required for the project, how much time is required to get a full engineering package with a state stamp?
What determines whether or not punched versus unpunched webs should be provided?
I am building a steel joist/load-bearing wall system. Do the joists need to be in line with the load-bearing studs below?
Are screw connections required by the industry instead of welded connections?
What are the basic functions of the AISI and ASTM organizations and standards as they apply to the cold-formed / light gauge steel framing industry?
What protective coatings are acceptable for cold-formed / light gauge steel framing in the United States?
Is it required that stud and track framing members be marked?
I am an architect writing my own master specification. Any advice for how to determine what potential stud manufacturers are acceptable?
Content: The maximum spacing for mechanical bracing of steel framing with combined loading is four (4) feet on center. See our lateral bracing details in our CAD Framing Details for more information. What are the bracing requirements for floor joists? The top flange of floor joists shall be laterally braced by the application of floor sheathing fastened to the joists. The diaphragm effect of the floor must be judged to be structurally adequate for the lateral bracing of the top flange. In addition, joist bridging should start and end with two (2) spaces of solid bridging. Between the start and end spaces, a repetitive pattern of five (5) spaces of strapping, on the laterally unbraced flange, followed by one space of solid bridging can be used. Joist bridging should be placed as follows: Span Bridging Required
< 14 ft one row at mid-point
14 to 20 ft two rows at third points
over 20 ft one row every 6 ft
See our lateral bracing details in our CAD Framing Details for more information. What fire/sound rating can be achieved while providing cold-formed steel framing in wall, floor or ceiling assemblies?
|
http://www.clarkdietrich.com/support-tools/faqs/general-cold-formed-steel-framing-faqs
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_249156510#7_232350559
|
Title: General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs | ClarkDietrich Building Systems
Headings: General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs
General Cold-Formed Steel Framing FAQs
What standards govern the manufacture and physical requirements of cold-formed steel products?
What is an Equivalent (EQ) Drywall Stud?
For interior framing, what is the difference between composite and non-composite limiting heights tables?
When is it required to use lateral bracing on an interior wall?
What are the bracing requirements for curtain wall framing?
What are the bracing requirements for combined (axial and transverse) loaded studs?
What are the bracing requirements for floor joists?
What fire/sound rating can be achieved while providing cold-formed steel framing in wall, floor or ceiling assemblies?
In an engineering sense, when is 50ksi material required in lieu of 33ksi material?
What allowable deflection should be specified for curtain wall applications?
What floor live load should I use for a joist application?
If stamped shop drawings are required for the project, how much time is required to get a full engineering package with a state stamp?
What determines whether or not punched versus unpunched webs should be provided?
I am building a steel joist/load-bearing wall system. Do the joists need to be in line with the load-bearing studs below?
Are screw connections required by the industry instead of welded connections?
What are the basic functions of the AISI and ASTM organizations and standards as they apply to the cold-formed / light gauge steel framing industry?
What protective coatings are acceptable for cold-formed / light gauge steel framing in the United States?
Is it required that stud and track framing members be marked?
I am an architect writing my own master specification. Any advice for how to determine what potential stud manufacturers are acceptable?
Content: In addition, joist bridging should start and end with two (2) spaces of solid bridging. Between the start and end spaces, a repetitive pattern of five (5) spaces of strapping, on the laterally unbraced flange, followed by one space of solid bridging can be used. Joist bridging should be placed as follows: Span Bridging Required
< 14 ft one row at mid-point
14 to 20 ft two rows at third points
over 20 ft one row every 6 ft
See our lateral bracing details in our CAD Framing Details for more information. What fire/sound rating can be achieved while providing cold-formed steel framing in wall, floor or ceiling assemblies? Since the steel stud or floor joist is one part of a wall or floor/ceiling system, actual wall and floor assemblies are tested for their fire resistance while maintaining their structural integrity by various approved testing agencies throughout the country. For interior framing reference ProSTUD's UL & STC Ratings web site. See our Fire & Acoustic Support Docs web page for other resources. In an engineering sense, when is 50ksi material required in lieu of 33ksi material? The 33ksi or 50ksi refers to the "grade of steel" or its yield point.
|
http://www.clarkdietrich.com/support-tools/faqs/general-cold-formed-steel-framing-faqs
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_260843865#1_253237344
|
Title: Students | Clear Vision Education
Headings:
Information to help your study of Buddhism
4-7 years
8-11 years
12-14 years
15-16 years
17-18 years
STORIES from the BUDDHIST TRADITION - aged 4 to 7
Stories from the Buddhist tradition
Siddhartha and the Swan
Siddhartha and the Swan
Angulimala meets the Buddha
Angulimala meets the Buddha
The Lion and the Jackal
The Lion and the Jackal
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
The King's Elephant
The King’s Elephant
The Monkey King
The Monkey King
QUIZZES about BUDDHISM - aged 8 to 11
Try a quiz!
The Buddha
The Dharma
The Sangha
Meditation and Worship
INFO about BUDDHISM - aged 12 to 14
The Three Jewels
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
Meditation
Four Noble Truths
Karma
Actions have consequences
The Five Precepts
Behaviour to avoid
Behaviour to develop
1. To abstain from harming living beings
2 To abstain from taking the not given
3. To abstain from sexual misconduct
4. To abstain from false speech
5. To abstain from taking intoxicants that cloud the mind
Delving deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 15 to 16
Beliefs and Values
Conditionality or Dependent Origination
The Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
The Threefold Way
The Middle Way
Karma
Nirvana
The Three Marks
Community and Tradition
The Buddha in 60 seconds!
Sangha
Buddhist Schools
1. Theravada Buddhism
2. The Bodhisattva Path
3. Tibetan Buddhism
4. Zen Buddhism
5. Pure Land Buddhism
6. Triratna (formerly FWBO)
Scripture and Authority
The Pali Canon (Tipitaka)
The Pali Canon as a source of authority
Dhammapada
A section from the Pali Canon: the Buddhavagga
Buddhavagga (The Section of the Enlightened One)
Metta Sutta (sermon on Loving-Kindness)
Kalama Sutta
Worship and Celebration
Worship in Buddhism
The chanting of mantras
Why do Buddhists bow?
Living the Buddhist Life
Ahimsa and the Precepts
Ahimsa: non-harm
The Five Precepts
Guidelines for Living
Metta and Karuna
Metta: Universal Loving Kindness
Work and money
Money
Work
Money
Work
Family values and sexual ethics
The Third Precept
Celibacy
Marriage and Divorce
Delving even deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 17 to 18
The Buddha
Buddhology and the Trikaya Doctrine
The Buddha in Early Buddhism and Theravada
The Buddha in the Mahayana
First Answer: Two bodies
Further answer: three bodies
Who is the Buddha?
The Evolution of a Buddha
from Who is the Buddha? by Sangharakshita
The Nature of Reality
Samsara and conditionality
Samsara, Paticcasamuppada (Dependent Origination) and the Wheel of Life
The twelve nidanas
Paticcasamuppada and karma
The positive nidanas
The Three Marks of Conditioned Existence
a) Impermanence ( anicca)
b) Insubstantiality or No-self (anatta)
The Five Skandhas
Insubstantiality of all objects
Anatta and rebirth
c) Dukkha
The Texture of Reality
The Two Realities
Suffering
Impermanence
Emptiness of Self
The Three Liberations
Nirvana (Nibbana in Pali)
Negative descriptions
Positive Descriptions
Paradoxical Descriptions
Symbolical Descriptions
Problems relating to nirvana
Sunyata
Madhyamika Teachings and Sunyata
The Perfection of Wisdom
Madhyamika Philosophy
The Hinayana interpretation of the dharmas
Mahayana objections to this view
Madhyamika Arguments
The Shunyata Practice
Buddhist Teachings
The Importance of Intention
Two Important Assumptions
1. Human Character is Malleable
2. Volitional Actions Modify Character
Levels of Karmic Consequence
Do We Always Get What We Deserve?
Do We Need Rebirth?
What if Rebirth is False?
The gods
The Noble Eightfold Path in general
Some important overall features of the Eightfold Path
The limbs of the Noble Eightfold Path
1. Right View (samma-ditthi)
The Importance of Views
Question
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right View (with notes in square brackets)
Exercise
2. Right Aspiration
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right Aspiration (with notes in square brackets)
Jack Kornfield on Right Aspiration
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
How to judge right and wrong action
5. Right Livelihood
Exercise
6. Right Effort
The Four Exertions
7. Right Mindfulness
Awareness of things
Awareness of oneself
Awareness of others
Awareness of reality
Right Concentration
Concentration and mindfulness
Practices to develop concentration
Concentration and integration
Revision of the Mahayana
What is a bodhisattva?
The bodhisattva vow
Preparation for the vow
Bodhisattvas of the Path
Advanced and symbolic bodhisattvas
Buddhism in the Modern World
The Middle Way of views and of behaviour
The Middle Way in morality
Practical application of the Middle Way
Summary
The 1st Precept: Non-Violence
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from killing living beings.
Why is killing wrong?
Himsa and Ahimsa
Violence and the self
Can Violence never be justified?
The second precept: avoiding taking the not-given
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from taking the not-given
Stealing vs. generosity
Issues relating to taking the not-given
Issues relating to generosity
Reflection and discussion
Further Reading
The third precept: avoiding sexual misconduct
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from sexual misconduct
Interpretations of the precept
Contentment
Discussion and evaluation
The fourth precept: avoiding false speech
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from false speech
Exercise
The fifth precept: avoiding intoxicants
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from drink and drugs that cloud the mind
Reflection/ Discussion
1. Buddhism and Abortion
Spiritual Instrumentalism and rebirth
The First Precept
The Middle Way
2. Buddhism and Euthanasia
The Buddhist case against suicide and euthanasia
The First Precept
The Patimokkha
The value of a human birth
Applying the Middle Way
The art of dying well
The value of suffering
The Buddhist case for euthanasia
Protest deaths
The case for euthanasia
3. Buddhism and Embryo Research
Objections to embryo research
Defences of embryo research
4. Buddhism and Organ Donation (1)
Attitude to death and afterlife
Second precept
Impermanence and insubstantiality
Some Buddhist views
Resources issues and the Middle Way
Organ transplantation (2)
5. Buddhism and the allocation of medical resources
The First Precept and Four Noble Truths
Holistic medicine
Saving lives vs quality of life
Buddhism in business relationships
Non-exploitation
Gratitude
Buddhism and the Environment
Buddhism and environmental issues
Buddhist attitudes to nature
The Precepts
The Simple Life
Middle Way
ONLY CONNECT!
The Armchair Society
How do I Affect Other People?
A Reflection
How Do I Change the World?
A Sharing Revolution
SIMPLIFY, SIMPLIFY
Twenty-Five Excellent Things To Do
Motivation: The Cultivation of Wisdom and Compassion
Doing the Unexpected
a case study: air travel
Using the Imagination:
Some Other Examples
Experiments with Simplicity
BEAUTY WILL SAVE THE WORLD
Being Open
Seeing with a Warm Heart
Time with Nature
Reflecting on Nature
Indra’s Net
Reflection
Buddhism and vegetarianism
The sufferings of farm animals
Old macdonald had a factory
Cattle
Chickens
Sheep
The way of all flesh
Why are we beastly to animals?
the buddhist perspective
The benefits of vegetarianism
benefits for the world
benefits for our health
Iron
Calcium
Protein
Commonly asked questions about vegetarianism
How do I give up eating meat?
Surely it is impossible to live without causing harm?
Plants are living too. Aren’t vegetarians inconsistent?
Why should I worry about animals when there is so much human suffering in the world?
How do I relate to meat-eaters?
What would happen to the animals if we all became vegetarian?
Will I miss having meat in my diet?
What about veganism?
Is there such as thing as disengaged Buddhism?
Types of Buddhism and their Development in the West
The Development of Buddhism in the West
The spread of Buddhism to the West
Overall reasons for the spread
Discussion
Oriental Studies
Research
The first Western Buddhists
The Sixties
Traditional forms of Buddhism in the West
Discussion
Theravada Buddhism East and West
Theravada Buddhism in the East
Theravada Buddhism in the West
Tibetan Buddhism East and West
Tibetan Buddhism in the East
The Chinese invasion and Tibetan diaspora
Tibetan Buddhism in the West
Websites of Tibetan Buddhist Organisations
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism East and West
Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Japan
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism in the West
Zen:
Triratna Buddhist Community
Triratna Buddhist Community
THE BODY
The Diamond Throne
Principles of Posture
Sitting on the Floor
Sitting on a Chair
Getting the Body Right
Experiencing the Body
Body Meditation
Body Meditation: a led practice
LOVING KINDNESS MEDITATION
The Metta Bhavana
Stage One
Stage Two
Stage Three
Stage Four
Stage Five
Approaches to Cultivating Metta
The Metta Bhavana: a led practice
UNFIXING OURSELVES
A Productive Life?
Facing Up to Suffering
Real Compassion
reflection: Constant Change
JOY
Content: “Tell me,” said the king, “what future do you see for my son?” “Well, your majesty,” replied the old man, “your son could become a great king one day…”
“I knew it!” exclaimed the king excitedly. “ He will rule the kingdom after me.” “On the other hand,” continued the old man, “he may choose to leave the palace and lead a simple life, devoting himself to helping others instead.” “He’ll do no such thing!” retorted the king. “ He’s going to be a king, like me!” So the young prince Siddhartha grew up surrounded by luxury. The King watched over him and made sure that he had the best of everything.
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http://www.clear-vision.org/Schools/Students/Ages-4-7/story-of-lion-and-jackal.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_260843865#2_253247788
|
Title: Students | Clear Vision Education
Headings:
Information to help your study of Buddhism
4-7 years
8-11 years
12-14 years
15-16 years
17-18 years
STORIES from the BUDDHIST TRADITION - aged 4 to 7
Stories from the Buddhist tradition
Siddhartha and the Swan
Siddhartha and the Swan
Angulimala meets the Buddha
Angulimala meets the Buddha
The Lion and the Jackal
The Lion and the Jackal
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
The King's Elephant
The King’s Elephant
The Monkey King
The Monkey King
QUIZZES about BUDDHISM - aged 8 to 11
Try a quiz!
The Buddha
The Dharma
The Sangha
Meditation and Worship
INFO about BUDDHISM - aged 12 to 14
The Three Jewels
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
Meditation
Four Noble Truths
Karma
Actions have consequences
The Five Precepts
Behaviour to avoid
Behaviour to develop
1. To abstain from harming living beings
2 To abstain from taking the not given
3. To abstain from sexual misconduct
4. To abstain from false speech
5. To abstain from taking intoxicants that cloud the mind
Delving deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 15 to 16
Beliefs and Values
Conditionality or Dependent Origination
The Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
The Threefold Way
The Middle Way
Karma
Nirvana
The Three Marks
Community and Tradition
The Buddha in 60 seconds!
Sangha
Buddhist Schools
1. Theravada Buddhism
2. The Bodhisattva Path
3. Tibetan Buddhism
4. Zen Buddhism
5. Pure Land Buddhism
6. Triratna (formerly FWBO)
Scripture and Authority
The Pali Canon (Tipitaka)
The Pali Canon as a source of authority
Dhammapada
A section from the Pali Canon: the Buddhavagga
Buddhavagga (The Section of the Enlightened One)
Metta Sutta (sermon on Loving-Kindness)
Kalama Sutta
Worship and Celebration
Worship in Buddhism
The chanting of mantras
Why do Buddhists bow?
Living the Buddhist Life
Ahimsa and the Precepts
Ahimsa: non-harm
The Five Precepts
Guidelines for Living
Metta and Karuna
Metta: Universal Loving Kindness
Work and money
Money
Work
Money
Work
Family values and sexual ethics
The Third Precept
Celibacy
Marriage and Divorce
Delving even deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 17 to 18
The Buddha
Buddhology and the Trikaya Doctrine
The Buddha in Early Buddhism and Theravada
The Buddha in the Mahayana
First Answer: Two bodies
Further answer: three bodies
Who is the Buddha?
The Evolution of a Buddha
from Who is the Buddha? by Sangharakshita
The Nature of Reality
Samsara and conditionality
Samsara, Paticcasamuppada (Dependent Origination) and the Wheel of Life
The twelve nidanas
Paticcasamuppada and karma
The positive nidanas
The Three Marks of Conditioned Existence
a) Impermanence ( anicca)
b) Insubstantiality or No-self (anatta)
The Five Skandhas
Insubstantiality of all objects
Anatta and rebirth
c) Dukkha
The Texture of Reality
The Two Realities
Suffering
Impermanence
Emptiness of Self
The Three Liberations
Nirvana (Nibbana in Pali)
Negative descriptions
Positive Descriptions
Paradoxical Descriptions
Symbolical Descriptions
Problems relating to nirvana
Sunyata
Madhyamika Teachings and Sunyata
The Perfection of Wisdom
Madhyamika Philosophy
The Hinayana interpretation of the dharmas
Mahayana objections to this view
Madhyamika Arguments
The Shunyata Practice
Buddhist Teachings
The Importance of Intention
Two Important Assumptions
1. Human Character is Malleable
2. Volitional Actions Modify Character
Levels of Karmic Consequence
Do We Always Get What We Deserve?
Do We Need Rebirth?
What if Rebirth is False?
The gods
The Noble Eightfold Path in general
Some important overall features of the Eightfold Path
The limbs of the Noble Eightfold Path
1. Right View (samma-ditthi)
The Importance of Views
Question
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right View (with notes in square brackets)
Exercise
2. Right Aspiration
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right Aspiration (with notes in square brackets)
Jack Kornfield on Right Aspiration
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
How to judge right and wrong action
5. Right Livelihood
Exercise
6. Right Effort
The Four Exertions
7. Right Mindfulness
Awareness of things
Awareness of oneself
Awareness of others
Awareness of reality
Right Concentration
Concentration and mindfulness
Practices to develop concentration
Concentration and integration
Revision of the Mahayana
What is a bodhisattva?
The bodhisattva vow
Preparation for the vow
Bodhisattvas of the Path
Advanced and symbolic bodhisattvas
Buddhism in the Modern World
The Middle Way of views and of behaviour
The Middle Way in morality
Practical application of the Middle Way
Summary
The 1st Precept: Non-Violence
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from killing living beings.
Why is killing wrong?
Himsa and Ahimsa
Violence and the self
Can Violence never be justified?
The second precept: avoiding taking the not-given
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from taking the not-given
Stealing vs. generosity
Issues relating to taking the not-given
Issues relating to generosity
Reflection and discussion
Further Reading
The third precept: avoiding sexual misconduct
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from sexual misconduct
Interpretations of the precept
Contentment
Discussion and evaluation
The fourth precept: avoiding false speech
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from false speech
Exercise
The fifth precept: avoiding intoxicants
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from drink and drugs that cloud the mind
Reflection/ Discussion
1. Buddhism and Abortion
Spiritual Instrumentalism and rebirth
The First Precept
The Middle Way
2. Buddhism and Euthanasia
The Buddhist case against suicide and euthanasia
The First Precept
The Patimokkha
The value of a human birth
Applying the Middle Way
The art of dying well
The value of suffering
The Buddhist case for euthanasia
Protest deaths
The case for euthanasia
3. Buddhism and Embryo Research
Objections to embryo research
Defences of embryo research
4. Buddhism and Organ Donation (1)
Attitude to death and afterlife
Second precept
Impermanence and insubstantiality
Some Buddhist views
Resources issues and the Middle Way
Organ transplantation (2)
5. Buddhism and the allocation of medical resources
The First Precept and Four Noble Truths
Holistic medicine
Saving lives vs quality of life
Buddhism in business relationships
Non-exploitation
Gratitude
Buddhism and the Environment
Buddhism and environmental issues
Buddhist attitudes to nature
The Precepts
The Simple Life
Middle Way
ONLY CONNECT!
The Armchair Society
How do I Affect Other People?
A Reflection
How Do I Change the World?
A Sharing Revolution
SIMPLIFY, SIMPLIFY
Twenty-Five Excellent Things To Do
Motivation: The Cultivation of Wisdom and Compassion
Doing the Unexpected
a case study: air travel
Using the Imagination:
Some Other Examples
Experiments with Simplicity
BEAUTY WILL SAVE THE WORLD
Being Open
Seeing with a Warm Heart
Time with Nature
Reflecting on Nature
Indra’s Net
Reflection
Buddhism and vegetarianism
The sufferings of farm animals
Old macdonald had a factory
Cattle
Chickens
Sheep
The way of all flesh
Why are we beastly to animals?
the buddhist perspective
The benefits of vegetarianism
benefits for the world
benefits for our health
Iron
Calcium
Protein
Commonly asked questions about vegetarianism
How do I give up eating meat?
Surely it is impossible to live without causing harm?
Plants are living too. Aren’t vegetarians inconsistent?
Why should I worry about animals when there is so much human suffering in the world?
How do I relate to meat-eaters?
What would happen to the animals if we all became vegetarian?
Will I miss having meat in my diet?
What about veganism?
Is there such as thing as disengaged Buddhism?
Types of Buddhism and their Development in the West
The Development of Buddhism in the West
The spread of Buddhism to the West
Overall reasons for the spread
Discussion
Oriental Studies
Research
The first Western Buddhists
The Sixties
Traditional forms of Buddhism in the West
Discussion
Theravada Buddhism East and West
Theravada Buddhism in the East
Theravada Buddhism in the West
Tibetan Buddhism East and West
Tibetan Buddhism in the East
The Chinese invasion and Tibetan diaspora
Tibetan Buddhism in the West
Websites of Tibetan Buddhist Organisations
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism East and West
Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Japan
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism in the West
Zen:
Triratna Buddhist Community
Triratna Buddhist Community
THE BODY
The Diamond Throne
Principles of Posture
Sitting on the Floor
Sitting on a Chair
Getting the Body Right
Experiencing the Body
Body Meditation
Body Meditation: a led practice
LOVING KINDNESS MEDITATION
The Metta Bhavana
Stage One
Stage Two
Stage Three
Stage Four
Stage Five
Approaches to Cultivating Metta
The Metta Bhavana: a led practice
UNFIXING OURSELVES
A Productive Life?
Facing Up to Suffering
Real Compassion
reflection: Constant Change
JOY
Content: “He’ll do no such thing!” retorted the king. “ He’s going to be a king, like me!” So the young prince Siddhartha grew up surrounded by luxury. The King watched over him and made sure that he had the best of everything. He was proud of his son and wanted him to be happy and enjoy the royal life. One day, when the prince was seven years old, his father sent for him. “Siddhartha,” he said, “when you grow up you will be king and rule our kingdom. It is now time for you to begin your training.” And so Siddhartha began his education.
|
http://www.clear-vision.org/Schools/Students/Ages-4-7/story-of-lion-and-jackal.aspx
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_05_260843865#3_253258101
|
Title: Students | Clear Vision Education
Headings:
Information to help your study of Buddhism
4-7 years
8-11 years
12-14 years
15-16 years
17-18 years
STORIES from the BUDDHIST TRADITION - aged 4 to 7
Stories from the Buddhist tradition
Siddhartha and the Swan
Siddhartha and the Swan
Angulimala meets the Buddha
Angulimala meets the Buddha
The Lion and the Jackal
The Lion and the Jackal
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
Kisa and the Mustard Seed
The King's Elephant
The King’s Elephant
The Monkey King
The Monkey King
QUIZZES about BUDDHISM - aged 8 to 11
Try a quiz!
The Buddha
The Dharma
The Sangha
Meditation and Worship
INFO about BUDDHISM - aged 12 to 14
The Three Jewels
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
Meditation
Four Noble Truths
Karma
Actions have consequences
The Five Precepts
Behaviour to avoid
Behaviour to develop
1. To abstain from harming living beings
2 To abstain from taking the not given
3. To abstain from sexual misconduct
4. To abstain from false speech
5. To abstain from taking intoxicants that cloud the mind
Delving deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 15 to 16
Beliefs and Values
Conditionality or Dependent Origination
The Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path
RIGHT VISION
RIGHT EMOTION
RIGHT SPEECH
RIGHT ACTION
RIGHT LIVELIHOOD
RIGHT EFFORT
RIGHT MINDFULNESS
RIGHT MEDITATION
The Threefold Way
The Middle Way
Karma
Nirvana
The Three Marks
Community and Tradition
The Buddha in 60 seconds!
Sangha
Buddhist Schools
1. Theravada Buddhism
2. The Bodhisattva Path
3. Tibetan Buddhism
4. Zen Buddhism
5. Pure Land Buddhism
6. Triratna (formerly FWBO)
Scripture and Authority
The Pali Canon (Tipitaka)
The Pali Canon as a source of authority
Dhammapada
A section from the Pali Canon: the Buddhavagga
Buddhavagga (The Section of the Enlightened One)
Metta Sutta (sermon on Loving-Kindness)
Kalama Sutta
Worship and Celebration
Worship in Buddhism
The chanting of mantras
Why do Buddhists bow?
Living the Buddhist Life
Ahimsa and the Precepts
Ahimsa: non-harm
The Five Precepts
Guidelines for Living
Metta and Karuna
Metta: Universal Loving Kindness
Work and money
Money
Work
Money
Work
Family values and sexual ethics
The Third Precept
Celibacy
Marriage and Divorce
Delving even deeper into BUDDHISM - aged 17 to 18
The Buddha
Buddhology and the Trikaya Doctrine
The Buddha in Early Buddhism and Theravada
The Buddha in the Mahayana
First Answer: Two bodies
Further answer: three bodies
Who is the Buddha?
The Evolution of a Buddha
from Who is the Buddha? by Sangharakshita
The Nature of Reality
Samsara and conditionality
Samsara, Paticcasamuppada (Dependent Origination) and the Wheel of Life
The twelve nidanas
Paticcasamuppada and karma
The positive nidanas
The Three Marks of Conditioned Existence
a) Impermanence ( anicca)
b) Insubstantiality or No-self (anatta)
The Five Skandhas
Insubstantiality of all objects
Anatta and rebirth
c) Dukkha
The Texture of Reality
The Two Realities
Suffering
Impermanence
Emptiness of Self
The Three Liberations
Nirvana (Nibbana in Pali)
Negative descriptions
Positive Descriptions
Paradoxical Descriptions
Symbolical Descriptions
Problems relating to nirvana
Sunyata
Madhyamika Teachings and Sunyata
The Perfection of Wisdom
Madhyamika Philosophy
The Hinayana interpretation of the dharmas
Mahayana objections to this view
Madhyamika Arguments
The Shunyata Practice
Buddhist Teachings
The Importance of Intention
Two Important Assumptions
1. Human Character is Malleable
2. Volitional Actions Modify Character
Levels of Karmic Consequence
Do We Always Get What We Deserve?
Do We Need Rebirth?
What if Rebirth is False?
The gods
The Noble Eightfold Path in general
Some important overall features of the Eightfold Path
The limbs of the Noble Eightfold Path
1. Right View (samma-ditthi)
The Importance of Views
Question
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right View (with notes in square brackets)
Exercise
2. Right Aspiration
Extract from the Pali Canon on Right Aspiration (with notes in square brackets)
Jack Kornfield on Right Aspiration
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
How to judge right and wrong action
5. Right Livelihood
Exercise
6. Right Effort
The Four Exertions
7. Right Mindfulness
Awareness of things
Awareness of oneself
Awareness of others
Awareness of reality
Right Concentration
Concentration and mindfulness
Practices to develop concentration
Concentration and integration
Revision of the Mahayana
What is a bodhisattva?
The bodhisattva vow
Preparation for the vow
Bodhisattvas of the Path
Advanced and symbolic bodhisattvas
Buddhism in the Modern World
The Middle Way of views and of behaviour
The Middle Way in morality
Practical application of the Middle Way
Summary
The 1st Precept: Non-Violence
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from killing living beings.
Why is killing wrong?
Himsa and Ahimsa
Violence and the self
Can Violence never be justified?
The second precept: avoiding taking the not-given
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from taking the not-given
Stealing vs. generosity
Issues relating to taking the not-given
Issues relating to generosity
Reflection and discussion
Further Reading
The third precept: avoiding sexual misconduct
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from sexual misconduct
Interpretations of the precept
Contentment
Discussion and evaluation
The fourth precept: avoiding false speech
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from false speech
Exercise
The fifth precept: avoiding intoxicants
I undertake the rule of training which consists in abstention from drink and drugs that cloud the mind
Reflection/ Discussion
1. Buddhism and Abortion
Spiritual Instrumentalism and rebirth
The First Precept
The Middle Way
2. Buddhism and Euthanasia
The Buddhist case against suicide and euthanasia
The First Precept
The Patimokkha
The value of a human birth
Applying the Middle Way
The art of dying well
The value of suffering
The Buddhist case for euthanasia
Protest deaths
The case for euthanasia
3. Buddhism and Embryo Research
Objections to embryo research
Defences of embryo research
4. Buddhism and Organ Donation (1)
Attitude to death and afterlife
Second precept
Impermanence and insubstantiality
Some Buddhist views
Resources issues and the Middle Way
Organ transplantation (2)
5. Buddhism and the allocation of medical resources
The First Precept and Four Noble Truths
Holistic medicine
Saving lives vs quality of life
Buddhism in business relationships
Non-exploitation
Gratitude
Buddhism and the Environment
Buddhism and environmental issues
Buddhist attitudes to nature
The Precepts
The Simple Life
Middle Way
ONLY CONNECT!
The Armchair Society
How do I Affect Other People?
A Reflection
How Do I Change the World?
A Sharing Revolution
SIMPLIFY, SIMPLIFY
Twenty-Five Excellent Things To Do
Motivation: The Cultivation of Wisdom and Compassion
Doing the Unexpected
a case study: air travel
Using the Imagination:
Some Other Examples
Experiments with Simplicity
BEAUTY WILL SAVE THE WORLD
Being Open
Seeing with a Warm Heart
Time with Nature
Reflecting on Nature
Indra’s Net
Reflection
Buddhism and vegetarianism
The sufferings of farm animals
Old macdonald had a factory
Cattle
Chickens
Sheep
The way of all flesh
Why are we beastly to animals?
the buddhist perspective
The benefits of vegetarianism
benefits for the world
benefits for our health
Iron
Calcium
Protein
Commonly asked questions about vegetarianism
How do I give up eating meat?
Surely it is impossible to live without causing harm?
Plants are living too. Aren’t vegetarians inconsistent?
Why should I worry about animals when there is so much human suffering in the world?
How do I relate to meat-eaters?
What would happen to the animals if we all became vegetarian?
Will I miss having meat in my diet?
What about veganism?
Is there such as thing as disengaged Buddhism?
Types of Buddhism and their Development in the West
The Development of Buddhism in the West
The spread of Buddhism to the West
Overall reasons for the spread
Discussion
Oriental Studies
Research
The first Western Buddhists
The Sixties
Traditional forms of Buddhism in the West
Discussion
Theravada Buddhism East and West
Theravada Buddhism in the East
Theravada Buddhism in the West
Tibetan Buddhism East and West
Tibetan Buddhism in the East
The Chinese invasion and Tibetan diaspora
Tibetan Buddhism in the West
Websites of Tibetan Buddhist Organisations
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism East and West
Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Japan
Chinese and Japanese Buddhism in the West
Zen:
Triratna Buddhist Community
Triratna Buddhist Community
THE BODY
The Diamond Throne
Principles of Posture
Sitting on the Floor
Sitting on a Chair
Getting the Body Right
Experiencing the Body
Body Meditation
Body Meditation: a led practice
LOVING KINDNESS MEDITATION
The Metta Bhavana
Stage One
Stage Two
Stage Three
Stage Four
Stage Five
Approaches to Cultivating Metta
The Metta Bhavana: a led practice
UNFIXING OURSELVES
A Productive Life?
Facing Up to Suffering
Real Compassion
reflection: Constant Change
JOY
Content: He was proud of his son and wanted him to be happy and enjoy the royal life. One day, when the prince was seven years old, his father sent for him. “Siddhartha,” he said, “when you grow up you will be king and rule our kingdom. It is now time for you to begin your training.” And so Siddhartha began his education. He was taught how to ride a horse, how to shoot an arrow; how to wrestle and use a sword: all the skills that a warrior king would need. Siddhartha learned his lessons well, as did his cousin, Devadatta. The two boys were about the same age and the king thought that they would be good company for one another.
|
http://www.clear-vision.org/Schools/Students/Ages-4-7/story-of-lion-and-jackal.aspx
|
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