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msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_401303173#8_848007045
Title: Social and Family Life in the Late17th & Early 18th Centuries | British Literature Wiki Headings: Social and Family Life in the Late17th & Early 18th Centuries Social and Family Life in the Late17th & Early 18th Centuries Introduction Family Life Role of Women and Men Social Life London and the Job Market Entertainment Sports Media References Content: Other than widows, not many women owned land, and many daughters certainly did not receive any–so they did not carry an estate with them upon marriage. Also, it was important for families to maintain social status, which meant a daughter was never married to someone of lower standing. Mothers and fathers spent much time searching for the the best possible spouse for their child, in order to benefit the family. As a result, families typically placed a dowry on their daughter, which consisted of a large sum of money. These marriage negotiations were some of the most demanding strains on a mother and father due to a family’s heritage and legacy being at stake. Then came along another problem: The idea of individualism, reason, and romantic sensibility began growing rapidly in the early part of the century leading to daughters wanting to choose their own husbands. For poor families, not nearly as much was at stake when marrying, thus relieving pressure. It was impossible to transfer poverty to one another or to lose any kind of societal status as a result of a marriage, so men and women were free to choose who they wanted. Family Life After Marriage Many issues and concerns were brought up during the process of arranged marriages.
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_401644825#1_848578005
Title: Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII | American Ethnics and World War II Headings: Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII Content: These Mexican Americans were commonly known as, ‘zoot-suiters’. From the national coverage of these riots, a Mexican American political activism rose up that fought for Mexican American civil rights. This movement, also known as the Chicano movement, aimed to help the Mexican Americans to ensure their civil rights. The Zoot Suit Riots in 1943 inspired the advocacy for Mexican American civil rights allowing its focus to change from Mexican nationalists living in the United States, to United States citizens of Mexican ethnic backgrounds. Mexican Americans had a variety of reasons for coming to the United States. In 1910, there was a Civil War in Mexico, ignited from a dictatorship. The war in Mexico put their lives and their families’ lives at risk. The continued rise and fall of powers left the Mexicans with little options. With little choices, the Mexicans felt forced to immigrate to the United States to protect themselves and their families from violence in their native homeland. A few years later in 1914, the United States entered WWI.
https://sites.udel.edu/hist268-030-f15/2015/12/10/mexican-americans-fight-for-freedom-after-wwii/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_401644825#2_848579541
Title: Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII | American Ethnics and World War II Headings: Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII Mexican Americans Continued Their Fight for Freedom After WWII Content: In 1910, there was a Civil War in Mexico, ignited from a dictatorship. The war in Mexico put their lives and their families’ lives at risk. The continued rise and fall of powers left the Mexicans with little options. With little choices, the Mexicans felt forced to immigrate to the United States to protect themselves and their families from violence in their native homeland. A few years later in 1914, the United States entered WWI. This is important because with the United States at war, a high demand for labor was required to support the men and women involved in the war. The war created many jobs and many forms of labor. Relatively new to the United States, the Mexicans pounced on the opportunities to work. With the rising number of Mexicans coming to the United States in the 1920s after the war, many Mexicans living in the United States were left jobless and unemployed. The Mexicans who immigrated to the United States obtained jobs due to the high demand for supplies in the war, but when the war ended, they were let go.
https://sites.udel.edu/hist268-030-f15/2015/12/10/mexican-americans-fight-for-freedom-after-wwii/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_405838774#0_857804560
Title: Confidence Intervals | What you need to know for your Six Sigma exam. Headings: Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation Margin of Error Z Scores Common confidence intervals and corresponding Z scores Confidence Interval Question Using Z-Score Confidence Interval Question Using T-Score Calculating the Confidence Interval Comparing Two Population Means Example Additional Confidence Intervals Videos Confidence intervals for Variation Confidence intervals for Proportion What are the Difference Between Control Limits and Confidence Intervals? Confidence Interval Also See: Other Confidence Intervals Problems ASQ Six Sigma Black Belt Exam Confidence Intervals Questions Authors Content: Confidence Intervals | What you need to know for your Six Sigma exam. Confidence Intervals When we use a sample group to gain insight into an entire population – whether we’re talking people or a product built in a factory – we risk the sample group not completely reflecting the whole population. Therefore, we need confidence intervals. Further, we use confidence intervals to calculate a degree of certainty that the sample group accurately represents the entire population from which they were drawn. Another way of thinking of it is that if you drew the same sized sample group hundreds of times and performed the same measurements, a certain percentage of confidence intervals in those sample groups will contain the population mean. A confidence interval is a range of values. So, you can have a percentage of certainty that the mean of the population lies within that range in any given sample from that population. YouTube Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level A confidence interval is a range of values that probably contain the population mean. However, a confidence level is a percentage of certainty that in any given sample, that confidence interval will contain the population mean. Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Prediction intervals are used to calculate the next probable data point.
https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/confidence-intervals/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_405838774#1_857806915
Title: Confidence Intervals | What you need to know for your Six Sigma exam. Headings: Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation Margin of Error Z Scores Common confidence intervals and corresponding Z scores Confidence Interval Question Using Z-Score Confidence Interval Question Using T-Score Calculating the Confidence Interval Comparing Two Population Means Example Additional Confidence Intervals Videos Confidence intervals for Variation Confidence intervals for Proportion What are the Difference Between Control Limits and Confidence Intervals? Confidence Interval Also See: Other Confidence Intervals Problems ASQ Six Sigma Black Belt Exam Confidence Intervals Questions Authors Content: A confidence interval is a range of values. So, you can have a percentage of certainty that the mean of the population lies within that range in any given sample from that population. YouTube Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level A confidence interval is a range of values that probably contain the population mean. However, a confidence level is a percentage of certainty that in any given sample, that confidence interval will contain the population mean. Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Prediction intervals are used to calculate the next probable data point. They tell you about the distribution of data values, whereas confidence intervals tell you about a probable population mean. Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation In most cases, we won’t know the mean and standard deviation for an entire population. However, we can calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of our samples. So we can use the sample figures to estimate those of the whole population. This is what we call a point estimate.
https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/confidence-intervals/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_405838774#2_857808982
Title: Confidence Intervals | What you need to know for your Six Sigma exam. Headings: Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation Margin of Error Z Scores Common confidence intervals and corresponding Z scores Confidence Interval Question Using Z-Score Confidence Interval Question Using T-Score Calculating the Confidence Interval Comparing Two Population Means Example Additional Confidence Intervals Videos Confidence intervals for Variation Confidence intervals for Proportion What are the Difference Between Control Limits and Confidence Intervals? Confidence Interval Also See: Other Confidence Intervals Problems ASQ Six Sigma Black Belt Exam Confidence Intervals Questions Authors Content: They tell you about the distribution of data values, whereas confidence intervals tell you about a probable population mean. Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation In most cases, we won’t know the mean and standard deviation for an entire population. However, we can calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of our samples. So we can use the sample figures to estimate those of the whole population. This is what we call a point estimate. Once we find the point estimate, we also need to know how accurate it is. For instance , the Central Limit Theorem says that in a large enough sample group (30 or more), the sample’s mean and standard deviation will be close to those of the population. Margin of Error Margin of error is the maximum expected difference between the actual population parameter and a sample estimate of the parameter. In other words, it is the range of values above and below sample statistics. Margin of error widely used in surveys tells the degree of uncertainty that the survey results might have.
https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/confidence-intervals/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_405838774#3_857811061
Title: Confidence Intervals | What you need to know for your Six Sigma exam. Headings: Confidence Intervals Confidence Intervals Confidence Interval vs Confidence Level Confidence Interval vs Prediction Interval Estimating Population Mean and Standard Deviation Margin of Error Z Scores Common confidence intervals and corresponding Z scores Confidence Interval Question Using Z-Score Confidence Interval Question Using T-Score Calculating the Confidence Interval Comparing Two Population Means Example Additional Confidence Intervals Videos Confidence intervals for Variation Confidence intervals for Proportion What are the Difference Between Control Limits and Confidence Intervals? Confidence Interval Also See: Other Confidence Intervals Problems ASQ Six Sigma Black Belt Exam Confidence Intervals Questions Authors Content: Once we find the point estimate, we also need to know how accurate it is. For instance , the Central Limit Theorem says that in a large enough sample group (30 or more), the sample’s mean and standard deviation will be close to those of the population. Margin of Error Margin of error is the maximum expected difference between the actual population parameter and a sample estimate of the parameter. In other words, it is the range of values above and below sample statistics. Margin of error widely used in surveys tells the degree of uncertainty that the survey results might have. Margin of error = 1/√n Where n= sample size Margin of error is the product of critical value and the standard error in the confidence interval. If margin of error increases, confidence level increases. Similarly, margin of error decreases, confidence level also decreases. For example, to estimate confidence interval, we may use X̅±E E is the margin of error Confidence interval = X̅±Zα/2*σ/√n Where σ= population standard deviation Zα/2= normal distribution value for the desired confidence level n= sample size X̅= sample mean Z Scores A Z score is the number of standard deviations between a data point and its mean. Thus, you can use a Z-score table to find the corresponding Z-score for common confidence levels, or calculate the α value using this formula:
https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/confidence-intervals/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_409966017#0_868821072
Title: Welcome to St. Joseph Catholic Church | St. Joseph Catholic Parish | Herndon, VA Headings: Welcome to St. Joseph Catholic Church Welcome to St. Joseph Catholic Church St. Joseph Church is a Franciscan Friar (TOR) staffed parish in Herndon, Virginia. We welcome all to our church community in the spirit and kindness of St. Francis of Assisi. St. Joseph Church seeks to provide a faithful atmosphere to celebrate the sacraments and scripture, profess and live our faith, and to grow spiritually in Christ. The church oversees various ministries, events, and catechetical opportunities, and oversees a suberb K-8th grade school. Click on the pictures below or the submenu on the left for additional information. Mission Statement: St. Joseph Catholic Church preaches the Gospel through word, sacraments, and service to others in order to build God's Kingdom. Vision Statement: St. Joseph Catholic Church is a joyful community, preaching the Good News to all, promoting God's Word, the sacraments, and serving others through 'Works of Mercy' in the spirit of Saints Joseph and Francis of Assisi. Content: Welcome to St. Joseph Catholic Church | St. Joseph Catholic Parish | Herndon, VA Welcome to St. Joseph Catholic Church About Us Contact Us Parish Registration & Giving Parish Advisory Council Parish Hall Information St. Joseph Church is a Franciscan Friar (TOR) staffed parish in Herndon, Virginia. We welcome all to our church community in the spirit and kindness of St. Francis of Assisi. St. Joseph Church seeks to provide a faithful atmosphere to celebrate the sacraments and scripture, profess and live our faith, and to grow spiritually in Christ. The church oversees various ministries, events, and catechetical opportunities, and oversees a suberb K-8th grade school. Click on the pictures below or the submenu on the left for additional information. Mission Statement: St. Joseph Catholic Church preaches the Gospel through word, sacraments, and service to others in order to build God's Kingdom. Vision Statement: St. Joseph Catholic Church is a joyful community, preaching the Good News to all, promoting God's Word, the sacraments, and serving others through 'Works of Mercy' in the spirit of Saints Joseph and Francis of Assisi.
https://sjcherndon.org/about-us
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_411582217#3_870651740
Title: SAGE Reference - Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology Headings: Cultural Deficit Model Cultural Deficit Model Sign in to access this content Get a 30 day FREE TRIAL Read next More like this SAGE Recommends Content: pathology; underachievement icon eye Show page numbers icon eye Hide page numbers icon full_screen Full screen icon collapse_full_screen Exit full screen The cultural deficit model (hereafter referred to as the deficit model) is the perspective that minority group members are different because their culture is deficient in important ways from the dominant majority group. The field of educational psychology has long been interested in understanding why racially different, non-White children perform differently in school, with an emphasis on academic underachievement. The deficit model has been important in the evolution of thinking about this important social issue. Hence, the deficit model asserts that racial/ethnic minority groups do not achieve as well as their White majority peers in school and life because their family culture is dysfunctional and lacking important characteristics compared to the White American culture. Other names for the deficit model have been cultural disadvantage, cultural ... Entry Crystallized Intelligence Entry Cultural Diversity Classroom Achievement Acceleration Alternative Academic Assessment Bell Curve Direct Instruction Educational Technology Failure, Effects of Gifted and Talented Students Goals Grade Retention Grading Halo Effect Home Environment and Academic Intrinsic Motivation Homework Intelligence and Intellectual Development Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Intelligence Tests Literacy Media Literacy Parental Expectations Personalized System of Instruction Precision Teaching Reading Comprehension Strategies Rubrics Spelling Test Anxiety Classroom Management Calculator Use Cheating Contingency Contracts Cooperative Learning Curriculum Development Discovery Learning Distance Learning Early Intervention Programs Educational Technology Effective Teaching, Characteristics of Mainstreaming Montessori Schools School Design School Resources Students' Rights Time-Out Token Reinforcement Programs Virtual Schools Vocational Education Cognitive Development Cognitive Development and School Readiness Conservation Deductive Reasoning Egocentrism Equilibration Field Independence–Field Dependence Flashbulb Memories, the Nature of Inductive Reasoning Intelligence and Intellectual Development Literacy Long-Term Memory Measurement and Cognitive Development Metacognition and Learning Moral Development Motivation and Emotion Object Permanence Perceptual Development Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Schemas Short-Term Memory Spelling Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Theory of Development Zone of Proximal Development Ethnicity, Race, and Culture African Americans American Indians and Alaska Natives Asian Americans Bilingual Education Bilingualism Communication Disorders Cultural Deficit Model Cultural Diversity Culture Diversity Ethnicity and Race Head Start Hispanic Americans Identity Development Immigration Multicultural Classrooms Multicultural Education Families Child Abuse Conflict Divorce Domestic Violence Early Child Care and Education Family Influences Home Education Homeless Families Intelligence and Intellectual Development Parent–Teacher Conferences Parenting Parenting Styles Gender and Gender Development Androgyny Gender Gender Bias Gender Differences Gender Identity Identity Development Sexual Orientation Single versus Coed Gender Education Health and Well-Being Abstinence Education Athletics Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorders Behavior Disorders Brain-Relevant Education Communication Disorders Conduct Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Disabilities Drug Abuse Dyslexia Eating Disorders Extracurricular Activities HIV/AIDS Learning Disabilities Malnutrition and Development Mental Health Care in Schools Mental Retardation Obesity School Counseling Sex Education Special Education Suicide Human Development Acculturation Aggression Androgyny Anxiety Aptitude Athletics Attachment Attachment Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorders Behavior Disorders Creativity Early Intervention Programs Egocentrism Emotion and Memory Emotional Development Empathy Equilibration Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development Extracurricular Activities Friendship Gifted and Talented Students Head Start Identity Development Individual Differences Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Intelligence and Intellectual Development Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development Mainstreaming Maslow's Hierarchy of Basic Needs Maturation Mental Retardation Metacognition and Learning Moral Development Motivation Motivation and Emotion Motor Development Myelination Neuroscience Peer Influences Perceptual Development Physical Development Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Risk Factors and Development School Violence and Disruption Self-Determination Self-Efficacy Self-Esteem Special Education Test Anxiety Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Theory of Development Intelligence and Intellectual Development Crystallized Intelligence Emotional Intelligence Fluid Intelligence Intelligence and Intellectual Development Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Intelligence Tests Multiple Intelligences Perceptual Development Stanford–Binet Test Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Language Development Bilingual Education Bilingualism Communication Disorders English as a Second Language Language Disorders Phonics Private Speech Speech Disorders Learning and Memory Adult Learning Assistive Technology Aversive Stimuli Behavior Modification Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Brain-Relevant Education Classical Conditioning Cognitive and Cultural Styles Cognitive View of Learning Cooperative Learning Discovery Learning Discrimination Distance Learning Divergent Thinking Educational Technology Emotion and Memory Episodic Memory Explicit Memory Flashbulb Memories, the Nature of Habituation Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation Learning Learning Communities Learning Disabilities Learning Strategies Learning Style Lifelong Learning Long-Term Memory Malnutrition and Development Maturation Memory Metacognition and Learning Mnemonics Motivation and Emotion Observational Learning Older Learners Operant Conditioning Peer-Assisted Learning Perceptual Development Premack Principle Reinforcement Rosenthal Effect Shaping Short-Term Memory Social Learning Theory Stimulus Control Working Memory Organizations American Educational Research Association National Assessment of Educational Progress National Center for Education Statistics Peers and Peer Influences Athletics Behavior Disorders Bullying Cheating Cliques Competition Cooperative Learning Culture Discipline Diversity Drug Abuse Eating Disorders Extracurricular Activities Friendship Gangs Gender Differences Inclusion Mainstreaming Multicultural Education Peer-Assisted Learning School Violence and Disruption Public Policy Abstinence Education Assistive Technology Bilingual Education Charter Schools Child Abuse Early Child Care and Education English as a Second Language Ethics and Research Gangs Grade Retention Head Start High-Stakes Testing Home Education Immigration Inclusion Individualized Education Program Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Institutional Review Boards Intelligence Tests Least Restrictive Placement Mainstreaming No Child Left Behind Poverty School Design School Violence and Disruption Sex Education Special Education Students' Rights Testing Tracking Vouchers Research Methods and Statistics T Scores Case Studies Confidence Interval Correlation Cross-Sectional Research Descriptive Statistics Ethics and Research Ethnography Experimental Design External Validity Field Experiments Frequency Distribution Generalizability Theory Inferential Statistics Internal Validity Longitudinal Research Mean Median Meta-Analysis Mode Naturalistic Observation Normal Curve Percentile Rank Qualitative Research Methods Quantitative Research Methods
https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/educationalpsychology/n60.xml
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#0_878927770
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Download PDF Review Open Access Published: 13 July 2011 T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Lama Al-Qusairi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & Jocelyn Laporte 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Skeletal Muscle volume 1, Article number: 26 ( 2011 ) Cite this article 41k Accesses 91 Citations 3 Altmetric Metrics details Abstract In skeletal muscle, the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling machinery mediates the translation of the action potential transmitted by the nerve into intracellular calcium release and muscle contraction. EC coupling requires a highly specialized membranous structure, the triad, composed of a central T-tubule surrounded by two terminal cisternae from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. While several proteins located on these structures have been identified, mechanisms governing T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation remain largely unknown. Here, we provide a description of triad structure and plasticity and review the role of proteins that have been linked to T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and/or maintenance specifically in skeletal muscle: caveolin 3, amphiphysin 2, dysferlin, mitsugumins, junctophilins, myotubularin, ryanodine receptor, and dihydhropyridine Receptor. The importance of these proteins in triad biogenesis and subsequently in muscle contraction is sustained by studies on animal models and by the direct implication of most of these proteins in human myopathies. Introduction To trigger skeletal muscle contraction, the action potential generated by motor neurons is transmitted through motor nerves to muscle cells. The excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, i.e. signal transmission from the sarcolemma to the actin/myosin apparatus, is mediated by a second messenger, calcium ions.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#1_878931108
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Here, we provide a description of triad structure and plasticity and review the role of proteins that have been linked to T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and/or maintenance specifically in skeletal muscle: caveolin 3, amphiphysin 2, dysferlin, mitsugumins, junctophilins, myotubularin, ryanodine receptor, and dihydhropyridine Receptor. The importance of these proteins in triad biogenesis and subsequently in muscle contraction is sustained by studies on animal models and by the direct implication of most of these proteins in human myopathies. Introduction To trigger skeletal muscle contraction, the action potential generated by motor neurons is transmitted through motor nerves to muscle cells. The excitation-contraction (EC) coupling, i.e. signal transmission from the sarcolemma to the actin/myosin apparatus, is mediated by a second messenger, calcium ions. Indeed, muscle fibers contain large internal calcium stores with the ability to quickly release and retrieve calcium (Figure 1, right panel). For a fast and fine-tuning of muscle contraction, these stores are maintained under the control of the action potential, which ensures calcium release simultaneously within the whole interior of the muscle fiber. As myofibers are 50-100 μm in diameter and several millimeters to centimeters long, a highly specialized structure named the triad is necessary to overcome spatial limits in using calcium as secondary messenger, and connect the sarcolemma with the calcium stores. The sarcolemma forms regular invaginations which insert between myofibrils, termed transverse tubules (T-tubules). In skeletal muscle, T-tubules tightly associate with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in a region called terminal cisternae/junctional SR.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#2_878934297
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Indeed, muscle fibers contain large internal calcium stores with the ability to quickly release and retrieve calcium (Figure 1, right panel). For a fast and fine-tuning of muscle contraction, these stores are maintained under the control of the action potential, which ensures calcium release simultaneously within the whole interior of the muscle fiber. As myofibers are 50-100 μm in diameter and several millimeters to centimeters long, a highly specialized structure named the triad is necessary to overcome spatial limits in using calcium as secondary messenger, and connect the sarcolemma with the calcium stores. The sarcolemma forms regular invaginations which insert between myofibrils, termed transverse tubules (T-tubules). In skeletal muscle, T-tubules tightly associate with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in a region called terminal cisternae/junctional SR. The close association of one T-tubule with two terminal cisternae on both sides of the tubule forms the triad (Figure 1 ). Figure 1 Triad organization in skeletal muscle. Left: Electron micrograph of a triad junction. A central T-tubule is flanked on both sides by a terminal cisternae element from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#3_878936937
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: The close association of one T-tubule with two terminal cisternae on both sides of the tubule forms the triad (Figure 1 ). Figure 1 Triad organization in skeletal muscle. Left: Electron micrograph of a triad junction. A central T-tubule is flanked on both sides by a terminal cisternae element from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Arrows indicate electron-dense junctional feet corresponding to the ryanodine receptor-dihydhropyridine receptor complex. Right: Schematic representation of a mammalian muscle sarcomere and surrounding membranes. T-tubules shown in gray are specialized invaginations of the sarcolemma. The elaborated sarcoplasmic reticulum network is shown in blue.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#4_878939049
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Arrows indicate electron-dense junctional feet corresponding to the ryanodine receptor-dihydhropyridine receptor complex. Right: Schematic representation of a mammalian muscle sarcomere and surrounding membranes. T-tubules shown in gray are specialized invaginations of the sarcolemma. The elaborated sarcoplasmic reticulum network is shown in blue. Note the close proximity of T-tubules and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (adapted from [ 104 ]; © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.). Full size image A large set of specialized proteins takes part in EC coupling and includes: i) the Dihydhropyridine Receptor (DHPR), a voltage gated calcium channel located on T-tubule membranes [ 1, 2 ], ii) the Ryanodine Receptor (RyR1), a calcium release channel that is localized on the junctional face of SR and appears as "feet" when observed by electron microscopy (Figure 1, left panel) [ 3 ], iii) calcium buffering proteins such as calsequestrin in the lumen of the SR [ 4 ], iv) calcium channel regulators such as calmodulin, FKBP12 and many others [ 5, 6 ], v) Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase pumps (SERCA), which is indirectly involved in EC coupling via its action in the rapid removal of the cytosolic calcium after fiber shortening to replenish the calcium stores [ 7 ]. Noteworthy, the physical coupling between RyR1 and DHPR occurs specifically in skeletal but not in cardiac muscles and allows the transmission of the signal within 2 ms in skeletal muscles compared to 100 ms in cardiac muscles [ 8 ].
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#5_878942023
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Note the close proximity of T-tubules and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (adapted from [ 104 ]; © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.). Full size image A large set of specialized proteins takes part in EC coupling and includes: i) the Dihydhropyridine Receptor (DHPR), a voltage gated calcium channel located on T-tubule membranes [ 1, 2 ], ii) the Ryanodine Receptor (RyR1), a calcium release channel that is localized on the junctional face of SR and appears as "feet" when observed by electron microscopy (Figure 1, left panel) [ 3 ], iii) calcium buffering proteins such as calsequestrin in the lumen of the SR [ 4 ], iv) calcium channel regulators such as calmodulin, FKBP12 and many others [ 5, 6 ], v) Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase pumps (SERCA), which is indirectly involved in EC coupling via its action in the rapid removal of the cytosolic calcium after fiber shortening to replenish the calcium stores [ 7 ]. Noteworthy, the physical coupling between RyR1 and DHPR occurs specifically in skeletal but not in cardiac muscles and allows the transmission of the signal within 2 ms in skeletal muscles compared to 100 ms in cardiac muscles [ 8 ]. In cardiac myofiber, RyR2-mediated calcium release is induced by extracellular calcium entry via DHPR in a mechanism called calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) [ 8 ]. Moreover, in fibers of small diameter, such as the body muscles of Amphioxus, peripheral couplings between SR and the plasmalemma have similar function to triads. In addition, all differentiating muscle fibers pass through a stage where T-tubules are not present and EC coupling is mediated by such peripheral couplings. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-tubules biogenesis and triad formation specifically in skeletal muscle. Triad defects linked to human monogenic diseases will also be highlighted.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#6_878945356
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: In cardiac myofiber, RyR2-mediated calcium release is induced by extracellular calcium entry via DHPR in a mechanism called calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) [ 8 ]. Moreover, in fibers of small diameter, such as the body muscles of Amphioxus, peripheral couplings between SR and the plasmalemma have similar function to triads. In addition, all differentiating muscle fibers pass through a stage where T-tubules are not present and EC coupling is mediated by such peripheral couplings. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying T-tubules biogenesis and triad formation specifically in skeletal muscle. Triad defects linked to human monogenic diseases will also be highlighted. T-tubule plasticity The T-tubule membrane possesses a high plasticity which provides the stability required during muscle contraction, and facilitates repair upon damage. In addition to its principal function in EC coupling, the plasticity of T-tubules confers to this system non-related EC functions. It has been reported that the treatment of isolated muscle fibers with glycerol efflux-influx or with other low molecular weight nonelectrolytes (such as sugars) physically affects T-tubules morphology. Such osmotic shock can convert the T-tubule network into many membrane-bound vacuoles, which can either remain interconnected by normal T-tubules, or become separated (Figure 2) [ 9, 10 ]. Surprisingly, this vacuolation which results in 5-15 fold increase in the relative volume of T-tubule system is reversed spontaneously [ 11, 12 ].
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#7_878948341
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: T-tubule plasticity The T-tubule membrane possesses a high plasticity which provides the stability required during muscle contraction, and facilitates repair upon damage. In addition to its principal function in EC coupling, the plasticity of T-tubules confers to this system non-related EC functions. It has been reported that the treatment of isolated muscle fibers with glycerol efflux-influx or with other low molecular weight nonelectrolytes (such as sugars) physically affects T-tubules morphology. Such osmotic shock can convert the T-tubule network into many membrane-bound vacuoles, which can either remain interconnected by normal T-tubules, or become separated (Figure 2) [ 9, 10 ]. Surprisingly, this vacuolation which results in 5-15 fold increase in the relative volume of T-tubule system is reversed spontaneously [ 11, 12 ]. Moreover, this observation is specific to transverse tubule membranes, as no other intracellular membrane systems appear to be involved [ 12 ], probably due to the fact that their lumen connects to the extracellular space. Figure 2 Dynamics of T-tubule vacuolation produced by the efflux of glycerol. A single frog skeletal muscle fiber stained with a lipophilic fluorescence probe is shown. Shown are serial confocal microscopic images of the same fiber (a) 5 minutes, (b) 12 minutes and (c) 30 minutes after the fiber was transferred from a solution containing 110 mM glycerol to a solution without glycerol (reprinted from [ 10 ]; © 2001 with permission from Elsevier).
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#8_878951296
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Moreover, this observation is specific to transverse tubule membranes, as no other intracellular membrane systems appear to be involved [ 12 ], probably due to the fact that their lumen connects to the extracellular space. Figure 2 Dynamics of T-tubule vacuolation produced by the efflux of glycerol. A single frog skeletal muscle fiber stained with a lipophilic fluorescence probe is shown. Shown are serial confocal microscopic images of the same fiber (a) 5 minutes, (b) 12 minutes and (c) 30 minutes after the fiber was transferred from a solution containing 110 mM glycerol to a solution without glycerol (reprinted from [ 10 ]; © 2001 with permission from Elsevier). Full size image In addition to this artificial condition, this vacuolation phenomenon is observed upon muscle fatigue or diseases [ 10, 13 ]. Based on this plasticity and on the large membrane surface of the T-tubules network which corresponds to about 80% of the sarcolemma surface, several functions non-related to EC coupling are proposed for the T-tubules system [ 10, 13 ]. These include: i) water balance and regulation of cell volume, ii) recovery from muscle fatigue, iii) transport pathways including endocytosis, exocytosis and the penetration of foreign DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes are still to be investigated.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#9_878954063
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Full size image In addition to this artificial condition, this vacuolation phenomenon is observed upon muscle fatigue or diseases [ 10, 13 ]. Based on this plasticity and on the large membrane surface of the T-tubules network which corresponds to about 80% of the sarcolemma surface, several functions non-related to EC coupling are proposed for the T-tubules system [ 10, 13 ]. These include: i) water balance and regulation of cell volume, ii) recovery from muscle fatigue, iii) transport pathways including endocytosis, exocytosis and the penetration of foreign DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in these processes are still to be investigated. Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum The SR represents the main calcium store in striated muscle. It is highly specialized to ensure the simultaneous release of intracellular calcium in the entire cytosol of the muscle cell. The first step of SR biogenesis starts by the formation of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (30-60 nm in diameter) adjacent to the myofibril [ 14 ]. Subsequently, these tubular branches of ER develop into reticular structures surrounding the myofibrils [ 15 ]. Finally, the newly formed SR engages couplings at the A-I interface with the T-tubule originating from the sarcolemma.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#10_878956788
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum The SR represents the main calcium store in striated muscle. It is highly specialized to ensure the simultaneous release of intracellular calcium in the entire cytosol of the muscle cell. The first step of SR biogenesis starts by the formation of tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (30-60 nm in diameter) adjacent to the myofibril [ 14 ]. Subsequently, these tubular branches of ER develop into reticular structures surrounding the myofibrils [ 15 ]. Finally, the newly formed SR engages couplings at the A-I interface with the T-tubule originating from the sarcolemma. The molecular determinants implicated in the functional and structural organization of the SR have been reviewed elsewhere [ 16 ]. The chronology of SR biogenesis was well investigated using electron microscopy (EM) during muscle differentiation in mouse [ 17 ]. These observations were also supported by studies employing chicken embryo [ 18 ]. In mouse, the SR is detected from as early as embryonic day 14 (E14) with punctate RyR clusters that are located in the periphery of the myofiber [ 17 ]. At this stage, the content of the feet (RyR) in the junctional SR is poor, and some SR elements without any feet are observed.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#11_878959487
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: The molecular determinants implicated in the functional and structural organization of the SR have been reviewed elsewhere [ 16 ]. The chronology of SR biogenesis was well investigated using electron microscopy (EM) during muscle differentiation in mouse [ 17 ]. These observations were also supported by studies employing chicken embryo [ 18 ]. In mouse, the SR is detected from as early as embryonic day 14 (E14) with punctate RyR clusters that are located in the periphery of the myofiber [ 17 ]. At this stage, the content of the feet (RyR) in the junctional SR is poor, and some SR elements without any feet are observed. At E16, RyR containing elements become abundant and start to be associated with the edges of A bands (A-I junctions) of the newly formed sarcomeres. This association results in a distinct banding pattern of a discrete SR network at the I-band with thin longitudinal connecting SR elements [ 17 ]. During the next days (E17 and E18), junctional SR acquires a predominant transverse distribution taking their final position by forming triad rows at each side of the Z-line (two SR sacs connecting one T-tubule in each triad) [ 17 ]. During the maturation of SR membranes, the frequency of feet increases, in particular, between E16 and E18, when all junctions become filled by feet. The width of the junctional gap is between 9 and 12 nm.
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416353331#12_878962286
Title: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases | Skeletal Muscle | Full Text Headings: T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation in skeletal muscle and implication in human diseases Abstract Introduction T-tubule plasticity Morphological aspects of triad biogenesis Sarcoplasmic reticulum Transverse tubule Molecular mechanisms involved in T-tubule biogenesis and triad formation and maintenance Table 1 Proteins implicated in triad organization, roles and associated human diseasesa Caveolin 3 Amphiphysin 2 (BIN1) Dysferlin Mitsugumins Junctophilins Myotubularin The RyR-DHPR complex Conclusion References Acknowledgements Author information Affiliations Corresponding author Additional information Competing interests Authors' contributions Authors’ original submitted files for images Authors’ original file for figure 1 Authors’ original file for figure 2 Authors’ original file for figure 3 Authors’ original file for figure 4 Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Share this article Keywords Content: At E16, RyR containing elements become abundant and start to be associated with the edges of A bands (A-I junctions) of the newly formed sarcomeres. This association results in a distinct banding pattern of a discrete SR network at the I-band with thin longitudinal connecting SR elements [ 17 ]. During the next days (E17 and E18), junctional SR acquires a predominant transverse distribution taking their final position by forming triad rows at each side of the Z-line (two SR sacs connecting one T-tubule in each triad) [ 17 ]. During the maturation of SR membranes, the frequency of feet increases, in particular, between E16 and E18, when all junctions become filled by feet. The width of the junctional gap is between 9 and 12 nm. The maturation of the RyR containing elements is accomplished at birth [ 17 ]. Elegant experiments using tagged SR proteins in differentiating myotubes showed that the SR organization was paralleled by a dynamic localization of longitudinal and junctional SR proteins [ 19 ]. Transverse tubule T-tubules are invaginations of the plasma membrane, which are present exclusively in striated muscle. Their role is to maintain the SR calcium store under the tight control of membrane depolarization via the volta
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-1-26
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416735827#11_879493454
Title: The Presidential Curse and the Election of 2020 | Skeptical Inquirer Headings: The Presidential Curse and the Election of 2020 The Presidential Curse and the Election of 2020 Timothy Redmond References Timothy Redmond Content: Despite the fact that he was elected in 2000, he survived several assassination attempts and even a brief bout of unconsciousness after choking on a pretzel. As of this writing, Mr. Bush remains alive and well. President Reagan waves from the White House after his return from the hospital. Reagan wore a bullet-resistant vest under his red sweater. So too, however, is belief in the Curse of the Prophet. This conviction is, in part, sustained by four common logical fallacies: ( 1) confusing correlation with causation, (2) the lottery fallacy, (3) cherry picking, and (4) moving the goalposts. Confusing correlation with causation is a fallacy that assumes cause and effect for two variables simply because they occur together (Novella et al. 2018). For instance, proponents of the Curse of the Prophet believe that because being elected president in twenty-year intervals from 1840–1960 was correlated with dying while in office, something about the former must have caused the latter.
https://skepticalinquirer.org/2019/11/the-presidential-curse-and-the-election-of-2020/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_416996480#9_879769248
Title: What’s your carbon footprint and where does it come from? Headings: What’s your carbon footprint and where does it come from? Posted on 29 April 2014 by Marcin Popkiewicz Comments Content: We have to walk the talk. We have a natural tendency for forgetting the inconvenient. Constantly placing "carbon footprint issue" high on our agenda list we embed it and solidify, educate ourselves and change the way we view the world and our priorities. It also influences our decisions not only in our personal lives but also in our workplaces. Changing personal attitude helps change the public attitude. Striving for the low-carbon world ourselves we influence our families, friends and other people we meet. This way we don't push the climate towards the tipping point but the society's response to the crisis. Spending your money you influence what will expand and what will contract: support public transport, production of energy efficient appliances and other low-carbon solutions, not companies churning out business-as-usual products. Change in the attitudes means a cultural shift, leading to the change in public policies.
https://skepticalscience.com/Carbon-CO2-Footprint-Emissions-Calculator.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418161029#4_880774139
Title: Why is Evidence So Important? • Smilodon's Retreat Headings: Why is Evidence So Important? Why is Evidence So Important? Article by: Smilodon's Retreat Also on Smilodon's Retreat Do Minimum Wage Increases Decrease … Who Believes Bullshit? • Smilodon's … Information, Probability, and DNA • … Ken Paxton is a Moron • Smilodon's … Religion Hinders the Ability to Differentiate … Sucralose, Aspartame, and Mice • … No. We Are NOT Approaching the End of … Trigger Warnings Need Trigger … Content: When we drop objects, they fall. And they often break. Especially delicate objects like cups and plates. In the court room, evidence can be used to establish guilt or innocence of a crime or accusation. It is a body of information that tells us whether someone had a motive, opportunity, the ability to commit a crime. And, even though no one deciding a persons fate in the courtroom was present at the event, there can be such a body of evidence that there isn’t a shadow of a doubt that the person is guilty. But all it takes is one piece of evidence to destroy an entire case. One camera shot from a street cam hundreds of miles away from where the crime took place means that the person wasn’t there and couldn’t have committed the crime. The result of something like this is an inference, that is a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. We can’t see gravity.
https://skepticink.com/smilodonsretreat/2014/06/19/why-is-evidence-so-important/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#0_882468616
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? Ask Question Asked 3 years, 3 months ago Active 3 years, 3 months ago Viewed 34k times 100 During debates about gun control, I have seen gun advocates quote a statistic that the UK homicide rate increased in 1996 following a ban on handguns. Furthermore, the claim usually goes on to suggest that what bought violent crime back down to current, historically low, levels was the introduction of 20,000 police. The inference we are supposed to draw from this is that the answer to gun crime is more police, not less guns. Here's an example of the argument in action: The UK enacted its handgun ban in 1996. From 1990 until the ban was enacted, the homicide rate fluctuated between 10.9 and 13 homicides per million. After the ban was enacted, homicides trended up until they reached a peak of 18.0 in 2003. Since 2003, which incidentally was about the time the British government flooded the country with 20,000 more cops, the homicide rate has fallen to 11.1 in 2010.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#4_882476826
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: Correlation is not causality, and they ignore other factors on crime. This particular quote has cherry picked some data to support their argument, and ignored others. Let's look at their data claim again. From 1990 until the ban was enacted [1997], the homicide rate fluctuated between 10.9 and 13 homicides per million. After the ban was enacted, homicides trended up until they reached a peak of 18.0 in 2003. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. The absolute rate of homicides in England and Wales (the data I'm using does not include Scotland) is so low, about 500 to 1000 persons per year, that individual events and how they're reported can throw off the trend. Let's begin by using the numbers in Homicide In England and Wales from the Office of National Statistics ... (Note: Reporting switched from Jan-Dec to April-March in 1997.) However, there are notes about anomalous events included in each year's numbers.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#5_882478827
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. The absolute rate of homicides in England and Wales (the data I'm using does not include Scotland) is so low, about 500 to 1000 persons per year, that individual events and how they're reported can throw off the trend. Let's begin by using the numbers in Homicide In England and Wales from the Office of National Statistics ... (Note: Reporting switched from Jan-Dec to April-March in 1997.) However, there are notes about anomalous events included in each year's numbers. Since the numbers are so low these can throw the graph off. In particular two large events which happened in previous years were reported for 2003 and 2017 respectively which accounts for their anomalous spikes. 2003 includes 172 victims of Dr Harold Shipman, one of the most prolific serial killers in history. While these killings happened over 25 years, they're recorded for 2003. 2017 includes 96 victims of Hillsborough which happened in 1989.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#6_882480865
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: Since the numbers are so low these can throw the graph off. In particular two large events which happened in previous years were reported for 2003 and 2017 respectively which accounts for their anomalous spikes. 2003 includes 172 victims of Dr Harold Shipman, one of the most prolific serial killers in history. While these killings happened over 25 years, they're recorded for 2003. 2017 includes 96 victims of Hillsborough which happened in 1989. The data notes other large, anomalous events are noted which can explain spikes in individual years. 2001 includes 58 Chinese nationals who suffocated in a lorry en route into the UK. 2004 includes 20 cockle pickers who drowned in Morecambe Bay. 2006 includes 52 victims of the 7 July London bombings. 2011 includes 12 victims of Derrick Bird.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#7_882482689
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: The data notes other large, anomalous events are noted which can explain spikes in individual years. 2001 includes 58 Chinese nationals who suffocated in a lorry en route into the UK. 2004 includes 20 cockle pickers who drowned in Morecambe Bay. 2006 includes 52 victims of the 7 July London bombings. 2011 includes 12 victims of Derrick Bird. Once we remove the 171 deaths mis-attributed to 2003, the 2003 spike is replaced with a smooth plateau. Similarly once we move the 96 victims of Hillsborough from 2017 to 1989 where they belong, the 2017 uptick is diminished. The corrected data shows a smooth upward trend until a small spike in 2001, followed by a plateau for a few years, then a rapid fall off. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. Note that homicides are generally on a slow climb for decades.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#15_882498882
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: According to the UNODC Homicides By Firearms, about 67% of homicides in the US are committed with a firearm vs about 7% (the number varies a bit) in the UK. Given this very, very large disparity in gun violence and ownership, one cannot draw conclusions about the effect of a similar handgun ban in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. The US murder rate is the highest in the Western world at about 5 per 100,000 people, whereas the UK is at about 1 per 100,000, but the US has 16 times as many guns. If their argument is correct, if handgun ownership even at the minuscule 1997 UK level of 0.1% is supposed to be the most important negative factor in homicide rates (ie. more legal handguns means less homicides), then the US with 20-25% gun ownership should have a very low homicide rate. But this clearly is not true. Share Improve this answer edited Feb 19 '18 at 17:27 answered Feb 16 '18 at 22:01 Schwern Schwern 8,967 4 4 gold badges 33 33 silver badges 38 38 bronze badges 27 | Show 22 more comments 21 This appears to be more-or-less correct. The spike in 2003 comes from a policy of recording homicides when discovered and not when committed, and a prolific long-term serial killer was apprehended then. There are other notes of spikes.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#17_882503368
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: The quoted article does not mention that suicides decreased, but they did. This was a continuation of an existing trend. Share Improve this answer answered Feb 16 '18 at 18:14 Andrew Lazarus Andrew Lazarus 2,017 1 1 gold badge 10 10 silver badges 14 14 bronze badges 0 Add a comment | -3 I'd rate that as fairly accurate, in terms of numbers. The Office of National Statistics have a chart: The chart does indeed show a peak rate of 17.9 homicide incidents per 1,000,000 population for the year ending March, 2003. I'm not sure what deeper conclusions can be drawn. Both the availability of weapons and the likelihood of being prosecuted could have an effect on crime rates. I would mention that I don't know the political situation in the UK, or what would have caused such a change. It could be the handgun ban. Share Improve this answer edited Feb 17 '18 at 2:24 Oddthinking ♦ 127k 41 41 gold badges 496 496 silver badges 594 594 bronze badges answered Feb 16 '18 at 18:08 Kevin_Kinsey Kevin_Kinsey 127 2 2 bronze badges 4 Add a comment | You must log in to answer this question.
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_418915334#18_882505521
Title: united states - Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Headings: Did the UK homicide rate go up after handgun ownership was banned? 3 Answers 3 The numbers are cherry-picked. Very low UK homicide numbers are susceptible to how individual events are reported. There was a slow upward trend through 2000. The "spike" happened years after the ban. US and UK gun crime and ownership are very, very different. 0.1% of the population turned in handguns. ~7% of UK homicides are with a gun, ~67% in the US. US homicide rates are 5x the UK, yet they have so many more guns. You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns . Content: I'm not sure what deeper conclusions can be drawn. Both the availability of weapons and the likelihood of being prosecuted could have an effect on crime rates. I would mention that I don't know the political situation in the UK, or what would have caused such a change. It could be the handgun ban. Share Improve this answer edited Feb 17 '18 at 2:24 Oddthinking ♦ 127k 41 41 gold badges 496 496 silver badges 594 594 bronze badges answered Feb 16 '18 at 18:08 Kevin_Kinsey Kevin_Kinsey 127 2 2 bronze badges 4 Add a comment | You must log in to answer this question. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states united-kingdom guns .
https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/40697/did-the-uk-homicide-rate-go-up-after-handgun-ownership-was-banned
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_421016093#4_887076826
Title: How many potentially habitable planets are there? (2019) Headings: How many habitable planets are there? How many habitable planets are there? Table of Contents What makes a planet habitable? How many habitable planets are there in our solar system? How are planets discovered? 1. Looking for stars that wobble 2. Observing shadows 3. Taking photos 4. Detecting starlight that has been bent by gravity How many planets have been discovered beyond our solar system? What makes a planet habitable? So…how many “habitable” planets are there? Conclusion: habitable planets in numbers Content: No, it does not – at least not for the purpose of this discussion as we can’t just land and walk around there. For this article, we are talking about planets where, if it were at all possible to get there, human beings could live without suits, air-tight shelters, and advanced terraforming (the process of altering a planet to make it habitable.) Artists’s impression of possibly habitable planet HD 189733b (Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Kornmesser). How many habitable planets are there in our solar system? There is only one habitable planet in our solar system: Earth. Although some planets, or planetary moons (like Jupiter’s Europa), could support some form of life such as bacteria or single-cell organisms, no other planet or celestial body in the solar system is capable of supporting humans. This means we need to look outside of our solar system, towards planets that revolve around a star other than our Sun. How are planets discovered?
https://skiesandscopes.com/habitable-planets/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_421016093#5_887078578
Title: How many potentially habitable planets are there? (2019) Headings: How many habitable planets are there? How many habitable planets are there? Table of Contents What makes a planet habitable? How many habitable planets are there in our solar system? How are planets discovered? 1. Looking for stars that wobble 2. Observing shadows 3. Taking photos 4. Detecting starlight that has been bent by gravity How many planets have been discovered beyond our solar system? What makes a planet habitable? So…how many “habitable” planets are there? Conclusion: habitable planets in numbers Content: There is only one habitable planet in our solar system: Earth. Although some planets, or planetary moons (like Jupiter’s Europa), could support some form of life such as bacteria or single-cell organisms, no other planet or celestial body in the solar system is capable of supporting humans. This means we need to look outside of our solar system, towards planets that revolve around a star other than our Sun. How are planets discovered? For generations, astronomers, philosophers, and other deep thinkers have theorized about the existence of planets located outside our solar system. As early as the 16th century, there was written speculation on this topic, and Isaac Newton, perhaps the most important contributor to physics in history, theorized accurately that our Sun is a star, and that the stars you can see in the sky would therefore also have orbiting planets. The problem for finding planets is that these bodies don’t reflect enough light to be detectable through typical observation methods – such as looking through telescopes, so more creative techniques are required. As often happens, advancements in science had to wait for advancements in technology; now that we have that technology, we can find numerous planets.
https://skiesandscopes.com/habitable-planets/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459042504#0_981660128
Title: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? Headings: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? By Quora Contributor Advertisement Content: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? Quora In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? By Quora Contributor May 30, 20139:30 AM An elderly woman in China. Photo by Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images Tweet Share Comment Tweet Share Comment This question originally appeared on Quora. Answer by Achyut Bihani: In India, the elderly are held in high regard. In a typical Indian joint family (meaning two or more generations of siblings and cousins living in the same house), the eldest members head the household. Advice is always sought from them on a range of issues, from investment of family money to nitty-gritties of traditional wedding rituals and intra-family conflicts. And this is not just passive advice; their word is final in settling disputes.
https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/05/in-your-country-what-is-the-role-of-elderly-people.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459042504#1_981661347
Title: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? Headings: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? By Quora Contributor Advertisement Content: In India, the elderly are held in high regard. In a typical Indian joint family (meaning two or more generations of siblings and cousins living in the same house), the eldest members head the household. Advice is always sought from them on a range of issues, from investment of family money to nitty-gritties of traditional wedding rituals and intra-family conflicts. And this is not just passive advice; their word is final in settling disputes. Advertisement The elderly are often the most religious and charitable members of the family. In India, religion and charity are often closely linked, and the elderly lead the way in giving to the needy. Grandfathers and grandmothers play a significant part in bringing up children. From babysitting and storytelling, to cooking for and feeding the kids, they provide a unique kind of loving care, which is one of the best parts about growing up in a joint family. Advertisement Advertisement The different Indian regional communities have strong internal strong support systems for their members, and veterans of these groups are critical to networking within these groups, providing younger people with vital introductions which lead to business and romantic opportunities (think arranged marriages).
https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/05/in-your-country-what-is-the-role-of-elderly-people.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459042504#2_981663038
Title: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? Headings: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? By Quora Contributor Advertisement Content: Advertisement The elderly are often the most religious and charitable members of the family. In India, religion and charity are often closely linked, and the elderly lead the way in giving to the needy. Grandfathers and grandmothers play a significant part in bringing up children. From babysitting and storytelling, to cooking for and feeding the kids, they provide a unique kind of loving care, which is one of the best parts about growing up in a joint family. Advertisement Advertisement The different Indian regional communities have strong internal strong support systems for their members, and veterans of these groups are critical to networking within these groups, providing younger people with vital introductions which lead to business and romantic opportunities (think arranged marriages). There is a lot of social stigma associated with sending your octogenarian grandparents to an old-age home or mistreating/disrespecting them. Advertisement … Answer by Faye Wang: As with all my Chinese related answers, I want to make clear that China is a vast country with distinctive cultures. My answer is based on my own experience and observation. While I try to cover the bases, it’s by no means the one and only truth.
https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/05/in-your-country-what-is-the-role-of-elderly-people.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459042504#3_981664719
Title: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? Headings: In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? In Your Country, What Is the Role of Elderly People? By Quora Contributor Advertisement Content: There is a lot of social stigma associated with sending your octogenarian grandparents to an old-age home or mistreating/disrespecting them. Advertisement … Answer by Faye Wang: As with all my Chinese related answers, I want to make clear that China is a vast country with distinctive cultures. My answer is based on my own experience and observation. While I try to cover the bases, it’s by no means the one and only truth. Traditionally, elderly people in China were held in high regard. They’re the patriarchs/matriarchs of the family, and enjoy almost absolute power over their children. Chinese culture has the concept of “孝顺” which roughly translates into: respect and obey your elders. There’s even a saying “百善孝为先“ (of all the good virtues, respect your elders is the top most important one).
https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/05/in-your-country-what-is-the-role-of-elderly-people.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459660516#2_983139352
Title: Public shaming sentences: Can judges subject criminals to humiliation? Headings: Can We Bring Back the Stockades? Can We Bring Back the Stockades? The constitutionality of public shaming. By Brian Palmer Advertisement Content: Usually, yes. Public shaming is an integral part of our criminal justice system, although its prominence rises and falls periodically. Many cities have posted the names of drug offenders, deadbeat dads, or public urinators on billboards. Some have required people convicted of drunk driving to affix fluorescent license plates to their cars once they start driving again. Kansas City experimented with broadcasting on a government-owned television channel the names and addresses of men arrested for solicitation. The “ perp walk ” is a pre-conviction public shaming ritual. Individual judges have ordered offenders to wear signs and shirts, or go door-to-door apologizing to victims of their crimes. Legal challenges to such shaming sanctions typically fail. In 2003, for example, a San Francisco mail thief was ordered to spend eight hours standing in front of a post office wearing a sandwich board that read, “ I stole mail. This is my punishment .”
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/11/public-shaming-sentences-can-judges-subject-criminals-to-humiliation.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#3_983431138
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: All charts by Derreck Johnson. Advertisement 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. Police arrest black Americans for drug crimes at twice the rate of whites, according to federal data, despite the fact that whites use drugs at comparable rates and sell drugs at comparable or even higher rates. Source: Bureau of Justic Statistics Advertisement 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. A 2014 study in New York City showed that blacks were more likely than whites or nonblack minorities to be in jail while they await trial, even after controlling for the seriousness of charges and prior record. Other research suggests that this disparity is often due to the fact that black defendants cannot afford to pay bail. The temporary incarceration stigmatizes the defendant, disrupts family life and employment, and makes it harder for the defendant to prepare a defense.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#4_983433327
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: Bureau of Justic Statistics Advertisement 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. A 2014 study in New York City showed that blacks were more likely than whites or nonblack minorities to be in jail while they await trial, even after controlling for the seriousness of charges and prior record. Other research suggests that this disparity is often due to the fact that black defendants cannot afford to pay bail. The temporary incarceration stigmatizes the defendant, disrupts family life and employment, and makes it harder for the defendant to prepare a defense. In the chart below, “jail” refers to defendants who were offered bail but could not post it; “ remanded” refers to defendants who were not given the option of posting bail. Advertisement Advertisement Source: Vera Institute of Justice 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#5_983435532
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: In the chart below, “jail” refers to defendants who were offered bail but could not post it; “ remanded” refers to defendants who were not given the option of posting bail. Advertisement Advertisement Source: Vera Institute of Justice 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. Advertisement The same study in New York found that black defendants are more likely to be offered plea deals that include prison time than whites or nonblack minorities. Even after controlling for many factors, including the seriousness of charges and prior record, blacks were 13 percent more likely than whites to be offered such deals. Source: Vera Institute of Justice Advertisement 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#6_983437603
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: Advertisement The same study in New York found that black defendants are more likely to be offered plea deals that include prison time than whites or nonblack minorities. Even after controlling for many factors, including the seriousness of charges and prior record, blacks were 13 percent more likely than whites to be offered such deals. Source: Vera Institute of Justice Advertisement 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. Researchers found that North Carolina prosecutors were excluding black people from juries in capital cases at twice the rate of other jurors, even when controlling for legitimate justifications for striking jurors, such as employment status or reservations about the death penalty. Other studies have shown that excluding black people from juries can influence deliberations and verdicts. For example, black defendants in capital cases with white victims are less likely to receive a death sentence if there is a black juror. Source: Barbara O’Brien and Catherine M. Grosso, “Report on Jury Selection Study” (2011) Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement 6.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#7_983440007
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: Researchers found that North Carolina prosecutors were excluding black people from juries in capital cases at twice the rate of other jurors, even when controlling for legitimate justifications for striking jurors, such as employment status or reservations about the death penalty. Other studies have shown that excluding black people from juries can influence deliberations and verdicts. For example, black defendants in capital cases with white victims are less likely to receive a death sentence if there is a black juror. Source: Barbara O’Brien and Catherine M. Grosso, “Report on Jury Selection Study” (2011) Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. A 2012 working paper found “robust evidence” that black male federal defendants were given longer sentences than comparable whites. Black men’s sentences were, on average, 10 percent longer than those of their white peers. This is partly explained by the fact that prosecutors are about twice as likely to file charges against blacks that carry mandatory minimum sentences than against whites. Source:
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_459787447#8_983442468
Title: Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: Eight charts illustrating how it’s stacked against blacks. Headings: What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System What It’s Like to Be Black in the Criminal Justice System These eight charts suggest there are racial disparities at every phase of the justice system. 1. Black Americans are more likely to have their cars searched. 2. Black Americans are more likely to be arrested for drug use. 3. Black Americans are more likely to be jailed while awaiting trial. 4. Black Americans are more likely to be offered a plea deal that includes prison time. 5. Black Americans may be excluded from juries because of their race. 6. Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. 8. Black Americans are more likely to have their probation revoked. Content: Black Americans are more likely to serve longer sentences than white Americans for the same offense. A 2012 working paper found “robust evidence” that black male federal defendants were given longer sentences than comparable whites. Black men’s sentences were, on average, 10 percent longer than those of their white peers. This is partly explained by the fact that prosecutors are about twice as likely to file charges against blacks that carry mandatory minimum sentences than against whites. Source: M. Marit Rehavi & Sonja B. Starr, “Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Charging and Its Sentencing Consequences” (2012) Advertisement 7. Black Americans are more likely to be disenfranchised because of a felony conviction. Most U.S. states restrict the voting rights of citizens convicted of crimes. Since black Americans are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, voter disenfranchisement has a disproportionate effect on the black population. According to recent estimates from the Sentencing Project, 2.5 percent of all Americans are disenfranchised due to a current or past felony conviction.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2015/08/racial-disparities-in-the-criminal-justice-system-eight-charts-illustrating-how-its-stacked-against-blacks.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_460073578#3_984116270
Title: Donald Trump appears to have committed felony voter fraud by registering under the wrong address in Florida. Headings: Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud For more of Slate’s news coverage, listen to The Political Gabfest. Support This Work Content: Trump corrected his registration 31 days after the initial filing, and he seems to have made an honest mistake. That is no surprise: Most alleged instances of voter fraud arise out of errors committed by either voters or election officials. But Trump’s Justice Department has little sympathy for such mistakes. In 2018, federal prosecutors charged 20 people in North Carolina with voting illegally in the 2016 election. Law enforcement arrested these individuals before dawn, then dragged them to jail cuffed and shackled. Advertisement This sting was the result of a sweeping, invasive investigation in which the DOJ demanded millions of voter records from the state. But the 20 defendants were not a crew of sophisticated election thieves. They were confused immigrants who believed they could vote. Election officials had even mistakenly urged some of them to register.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/06/donald-trump-felony-voter-fraud-florida.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_460073578#4_984117703
Title: Donald Trump appears to have committed felony voter fraud by registering under the wrong address in Florida. Headings: Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud For more of Slate’s news coverage, listen to The Political Gabfest. Support This Work Content: Law enforcement arrested these individuals before dawn, then dragged them to jail cuffed and shackled. Advertisement This sting was the result of a sweeping, invasive investigation in which the DOJ demanded millions of voter records from the state. But the 20 defendants were not a crew of sophisticated election thieves. They were confused immigrants who believed they could vote. Election officials had even mistakenly urged some of them to register. As punishment, they received small fines. A federal judge scolded prosecutors for obsessing over voter fraud instead of addressing election mismanagement. While the Justice Department fixated on this operation, it overlooked a sophisticated GOP election fraud scheme that led to far more serious charges, as well as a do-over election. An honest mistake also lies at the heart of the most notorious voter fraud prosecution of the past decade. In 2016, Crystal Mason believed she was allowed to vote:
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/06/donald-trump-felony-voter-fraud-florida.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_460073578#5_984119211
Title: Donald Trump appears to have committed felony voter fraud by registering under the wrong address in Florida. Headings: Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud Donald Trump Appears to Have Committed Felony Voter Fraud For more of Slate’s news coverage, listen to The Political Gabfest. Support This Work Content: As punishment, they received small fines. A federal judge scolded prosecutors for obsessing over voter fraud instead of addressing election mismanagement. While the Justice Department fixated on this operation, it overlooked a sophisticated GOP election fraud scheme that led to far more serious charges, as well as a do-over election. An honest mistake also lies at the heart of the most notorious voter fraud prosecution of the past decade. In 2016, Crystal Mason believed she was allowed to vote: She had served prison time for a felony conviction for filing false tax returns but was out on supervised release. Mason didn’t realize that, unlike many states, Texas does not restore felons’ voting rights until they’ve completed a probationary period. She cast a provisional ballot that was never even counted. Attorney General Ken Paxton—who frequently lobs false claims of voter fraud —charged her anyway. Mason was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/06/donald-trump-felony-voter-fraud-florida.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_460328261#10_984750437
Title: The Supreme Court hasn’t heard, but Congress saved the ACA in March. Headings: Mitch McConnell May Have Accidentally Saved Obamacare Mitch McConnell May Have Accidentally Saved Obamacare Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement Popular in News & Politics Support work like this for just $1 Content: A federal appeals court agreed that the mandate was unconstitutional but did not rule on whether the Affordable Care Act could be severed from the mandate. The case—and the severability question—now sit before the Supreme Court. Advertisement Advertisement Together, the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and the CARES Act answer the severability question. As a practical and constitutional matter, there is no mandate. Congress knows this. It did away with the mandate by making it toothless in 2017. Since then, two federal courts have ruled the nonenforceable mandate unconstitutional. This shouldn’t, however, moot the entire law. Congress made this clear when it amended and expanded the Affordable Care Act—via the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and the CARES Act—to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Popular in News & Politics Biden’s Justice Department Is Walking Into a Trap Set by Trump Appointees How Long Will Joe Manchin Keep Believing the Senate Can Work?
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/09/supreme-court-congress-aca-cares-act-ruling.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_460328261#11_984751988
Title: The Supreme Court hasn’t heard, but Congress saved the ACA in March. Headings: Mitch McConnell May Have Accidentally Saved Obamacare Mitch McConnell May Have Accidentally Saved Obamacare Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement Popular in News & Politics Support work like this for just $1 Content: It did away with the mandate by making it toothless in 2017. Since then, two federal courts have ruled the nonenforceable mandate unconstitutional. This shouldn’t, however, moot the entire law. Congress made this clear when it amended and expanded the Affordable Care Act—via the Families First Coronavirus Response Act and the CARES Act—to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Popular in News & Politics Biden’s Justice Department Is Walking Into a Trap Set by Trump Appointees How Long Will Joe Manchin Keep Believing the Senate Can Work? What if the Unorthodox Arizona Audit Declares Trump Won? Senate Republicans Kill the Jan. 6 Commission The two laws reference parts of the Affordable Care Act by name or statute number a half-dozen times. They incorporate specialized Affordable Care Act terms, such as “grandfathered plans” and “minimum essential coverage.” They fund health programs created by the Affordable Care Act, such as the Community Health Center Fund. Most notably, the two laws expand the Affordable Care Act’s preventive services benefits.
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/09/supreme-court-congress-aca-cares-act-ruling.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_461429335#0_987137980
Title: Slave Triangle - The Slave Trade Headings: THE SLAVE TRIANGLE THE SLAVE TRIANGLE More... Content: Slave Triangle - The Slave Trade THE SLAVE TRIANGLE The slave triangle was the route in which the process of slavery took place. It all started in the UK were the boats are boarded and loaded with Iron goods. Then they traveled down to Africa were they delivered the goods and in return an African tribe agreed to capture some other tribes for them. Then they were off with the slaves to america were the slaves were traded in for sugar, tobacco, and cotton which the slaves pick and look after. That is the slave triangle. More... The first side of the triangle was the exportation of goods from Europe to Africa. To sell or barter with, and then to purchase people for slaves. It didn't take long to work out which items were the most sought after; and which proved to be the most profitable. The second leg of the triangle transported the intended enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas and the Caribbean islands.
https://slavetradehomework.weebly.com/slave-triangle.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_469713819#8_1005406614
Title: The Connection Between Diet, Exercise, and Sleep | Sleep Foundation Headings: Diet and Exercise and Sleep Diet and Exercise and Sleep The Relationship Between Diet, Exercise, and Sleep Diet Exercise Sleep Which is Most Important: Diet, Exercise, or Sleep? Improving Sleep Through Diet and Exercise References Content: Not getting enough sleep can lead to being less physically active during the day and reduced muscle strength 27 during workouts. Sleep deprivation can also affect the safety of exercise 28, with increased sports injuries reported in those who are underslept. Which is Most Important: Diet, Exercise, or Sleep? While trying to manage a busy, hectic life, it’s understandable to want to prioritize activities that provide the most benefit. Unfortunately, diet, exercise, and sleep are so deeply intertwined, it’s not possible to say that one is more important than the others. For people who are tight on time or aren’t able to tackle all three, it can be helpful to talk to a doctor for personalized recommendations. A doctor, with knowledge about someone’s unique health history, can help to prioritize lifestyle changes. Doctors can also refer their patients to specialists, like nutritionists, dieticians, physical therapists, and sleep specialists for more tailored advice. Improving Sleep Through Diet and Exercise While most people know that diet and exercise are two important ways to improve their health, sleep is often overlooked.
https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/diet-exercise-and-sleep
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_469713819#9_1005408294
Title: The Connection Between Diet, Exercise, and Sleep | Sleep Foundation Headings: Diet and Exercise and Sleep Diet and Exercise and Sleep The Relationship Between Diet, Exercise, and Sleep Diet Exercise Sleep Which is Most Important: Diet, Exercise, or Sleep? Improving Sleep Through Diet and Exercise References Content: Unfortunately, diet, exercise, and sleep are so deeply intertwined, it’s not possible to say that one is more important than the others. For people who are tight on time or aren’t able to tackle all three, it can be helpful to talk to a doctor for personalized recommendations. A doctor, with knowledge about someone’s unique health history, can help to prioritize lifestyle changes. Doctors can also refer their patients to specialists, like nutritionists, dieticians, physical therapists, and sleep specialists for more tailored advice. Improving Sleep Through Diet and Exercise While most people know that diet and exercise are two important ways to improve their health, sleep is often overlooked. Sleep hygiene, which involves recommendations that promote quality sleep, are a good place to start if you’re looking to improve your sleep. Here are some tips for improving your sleep hygiene through diet and exercise: Don’t eat too late: Be sure to give your body time to digest after eating large meals. Try having dinner earlier in the evening.
https://sleepfoundation.org/sleep-topics/diet-exercise-and-sleep
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472274095#17_1012418401
Title: Potty Training Twins: The Ultimate Guide | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide Table of Contents How to prepare for potty training twins 1. Buy the potties and let your twins sit and get comfortable on them 2. Read books about the potty Take a look at several potty training books for toddlers. 3. Introduce (and hype up) undies 4. Dump hard poop from diapers into the toilet Read more tips on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty. 5. Take your twins with you to the bathroom Get more tips on preparing for potty training. How to potty train twins 1. Create a routine of using the potty Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2. Look for cues that your twins want to pee Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 3. Dress your twins in comfortable clothes 4. Potty training twins in three days Read an in-depth article about the three-day potty training process here. Frequently asked questions about potty training twins 1. What age should you start potty training twins? 2. What are the signs of potty training readiness? 3. Should you potty train twins together or at different times? 4. What if one twin is ready to potty train but the other isn’t? Read more about how to encourage individuality with twins. 5. How many potties do you need for twins? 6. Should your twins use undies or pull ups? Best practices for potty training twins 1. Don’t compare your twins Learn more about the dangers of comparing kids. 2. Avoid using rewards Read more about the downsides of using rewards. 3. Praise your twins’ effort 4. Don’t give your twins a deadline 5. Avoid punishing your twins for accidents Read the warning signs you need to be a more patient mom. 6. Come prepared when you’re out and about Conclusion Content: Let’s say your twin pooped in her diaper, and it’s not too messy. Take her with you to the bathroom and let her see you dump the poop into the toilet. This reinforces the idea that poop can go into the toilet too. Read more tips on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty. 5. Take your twins with you to the bathroom If you’re not shy about having an audience, take your twins, even one at a time, with you as you use the bathroom. For many of us, this is already a recurring theme in our homes, but if not, it’s a good idea to have them see you using the toilet. They’ll understand that the potty is for everyone to use, and which is why adults and big kids don’t use diapers. Get more tips on preparing for potty training. How to potty train twins Now that you know when to start and have even begun to prepare, below are a few ways to potty train your twins.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/how-to-potty-train-twins/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472274095#19_1012424524
Title: Potty Training Twins: The Ultimate Guide | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide Table of Contents How to prepare for potty training twins 1. Buy the potties and let your twins sit and get comfortable on them 2. Read books about the potty Take a look at several potty training books for toddlers. 3. Introduce (and hype up) undies 4. Dump hard poop from diapers into the toilet Read more tips on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty. 5. Take your twins with you to the bathroom Get more tips on preparing for potty training. How to potty train twins 1. Create a routine of using the potty Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2. Look for cues that your twins want to pee Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 3. Dress your twins in comfortable clothes 4. Potty training twins in three days Read an in-depth article about the three-day potty training process here. Frequently asked questions about potty training twins 1. What age should you start potty training twins? 2. What are the signs of potty training readiness? 3. Should you potty train twins together or at different times? 4. What if one twin is ready to potty train but the other isn’t? Read more about how to encourage individuality with twins. 5. How many potties do you need for twins? 6. Should your twins use undies or pull ups? Best practices for potty training twins 1. Don’t compare your twins Learn more about the dangers of comparing kids. 2. Avoid using rewards Read more about the downsides of using rewards. 3. Praise your twins’ effort 4. Don’t give your twins a deadline 5. Avoid punishing your twins for accidents Read the warning signs you need to be a more patient mom. 6. Come prepared when you’re out and about Conclusion Content: I’ll begin by sharing a general way to potty train, then follow it up with a three-day method as well. I also suggest transitioning your twins into pull ups. They’re much easier to pull up and down and mimic the same motions of undies in ways a diaper doesn’t. 1. Create a routine of using the potty Even if your twins are still in diapers or pull ups, create a routine of using the potty. For instance, every morning when they wake up, have them sit on the potty to release any pee they may have. Keep doing this, even if they have nothing to pee. Then, repeat the same process for other transition periods during the day. Waking up and peeing is something you and I do every day, so taking them at that time makes sense. You can also take them before or after:
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/how-to-potty-train-twins/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472274095#20_1012427408
Title: Potty Training Twins: The Ultimate Guide | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide Table of Contents How to prepare for potty training twins 1. Buy the potties and let your twins sit and get comfortable on them 2. Read books about the potty Take a look at several potty training books for toddlers. 3. Introduce (and hype up) undies 4. Dump hard poop from diapers into the toilet Read more tips on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty. 5. Take your twins with you to the bathroom Get more tips on preparing for potty training. How to potty train twins 1. Create a routine of using the potty Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2. Look for cues that your twins want to pee Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 3. Dress your twins in comfortable clothes 4. Potty training twins in three days Read an in-depth article about the three-day potty training process here. Frequently asked questions about potty training twins 1. What age should you start potty training twins? 2. What are the signs of potty training readiness? 3. Should you potty train twins together or at different times? 4. What if one twin is ready to potty train but the other isn’t? Read more about how to encourage individuality with twins. 5. How many potties do you need for twins? 6. Should your twins use undies or pull ups? Best practices for potty training twins 1. Don’t compare your twins Learn more about the dangers of comparing kids. 2. Avoid using rewards Read more about the downsides of using rewards. 3. Praise your twins’ effort 4. Don’t give your twins a deadline 5. Avoid punishing your twins for accidents Read the warning signs you need to be a more patient mom. 6. Come prepared when you’re out and about Conclusion Content: For instance, every morning when they wake up, have them sit on the potty to release any pee they may have. Keep doing this, even if they have nothing to pee. Then, repeat the same process for other transition periods during the day. Waking up and peeing is something you and I do every day, so taking them at that time makes sense. You can also take them before or after: Taking a nap Eating a meal or snack Taking a bath Leaving or coming back to the house Not only are you creating a consistent routine they can expect, you’re also doing so at moments anyone would likely use the toilet. Another benefit of taking them at regular times is that it increases the chances of actually peeing. You’ll have more chances of them peeing if you take them every few hours than if you do so erratically. Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/how-to-potty-train-twins/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472274095#21_1012430396
Title: Potty Training Twins: The Ultimate Guide | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide How to Potty Train Twins: The Ultimate Guide Table of Contents How to prepare for potty training twins 1. Buy the potties and let your twins sit and get comfortable on them 2. Read books about the potty Take a look at several potty training books for toddlers. 3. Introduce (and hype up) undies 4. Dump hard poop from diapers into the toilet Read more tips on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty. 5. Take your twins with you to the bathroom Get more tips on preparing for potty training. How to potty train twins 1. Create a routine of using the potty Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2. Look for cues that your twins want to pee Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 3. Dress your twins in comfortable clothes 4. Potty training twins in three days Read an in-depth article about the three-day potty training process here. Frequently asked questions about potty training twins 1. What age should you start potty training twins? 2. What are the signs of potty training readiness? 3. Should you potty train twins together or at different times? 4. What if one twin is ready to potty train but the other isn’t? Read more about how to encourage individuality with twins. 5. How many potties do you need for twins? 6. Should your twins use undies or pull ups? Best practices for potty training twins 1. Don’t compare your twins Learn more about the dangers of comparing kids. 2. Avoid using rewards Read more about the downsides of using rewards. 3. Praise your twins’ effort 4. Don’t give your twins a deadline 5. Avoid punishing your twins for accidents Read the warning signs you need to be a more patient mom. 6. Come prepared when you’re out and about Conclusion Content: Taking a nap Eating a meal or snack Taking a bath Leaving or coming back to the house Not only are you creating a consistent routine they can expect, you’re also doing so at moments anyone would likely use the toilet. Another benefit of taking them at regular times is that it increases the chances of actually peeing. You’ll have more chances of them peeing if you take them every few hours than if you do so erratically. Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 2. Look for cues that your twins want to pee Your twins may not tell you that they have to pee. Instead, rely on cues to let you know. Does one child run to a particular corner when he has to poop? Does the other seem anxious or worried? Maybe they tiptoe across the room, or make a dash to their bedroom when they feel an urge.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/how-to-potty-train-twins/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472435033#6_1012914778
Title: How to Get Your Toddler to Poop in the Potty | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty Apr 25, 2020 How to get your toddler to poop in the potty 1. Have set times for your toddler to sit on the potty In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Learn what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 4. Talk about your toddler’s fears Learn how to handle your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 5. Discard your toddler’s poop accidents in the toilet Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 6. Stay positive about potty training 7. Put your foot down Conclusion Content: No.” Then I began walking him to the bathroom to sit on the potty, all without asking. I did this in a polite, matter-of-fact way, never forcing him to go. I would simply say in a natural way, “It’s time to sit on the potty,” or “Let’s sit you down on the potty now.” Try this every 1.5 to 2 hours so your toddler gets used to sitting on the potty. Pooping won’t be a source of conflict between the two of you, but something that happens, like a nap or a snack. In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. Make sure to get him a comfortable potty as well. A floor potty makes it easier for him to sit on his own, but it does make for messier clean ups. A toilet attachment makes clean up easier, but you’d need to either carry him onto the seat, or teach him how to use a step.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/poop-in-the-potty/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472435033#9_1012920365
Title: How to Get Your Toddler to Poop in the Potty | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty Apr 25, 2020 How to get your toddler to poop in the potty 1. Have set times for your toddler to sit on the potty In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Learn what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 4. Talk about your toddler’s fears Learn how to handle your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 5. Discard your toddler’s poop accidents in the toilet Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 6. Stay positive about potty training 7. Put your foot down Conclusion Content: Join the mini-course now and potty train without frustrating power struggles: 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine Another option besides sitting your toddler on the potty at set times is to make the potty a regular part of your routine. Routines remove resistance, especially when it’s part of the day. But instead of sitting on the potty at set times, do so before or after regular parts of his day. For instance, you can sit him on the potty after he had eaten a meal, or before taking a bath. Whether he goes or not isn’t important so much as helping him develop a routine of sitting. The best way to know when to sit him down for the potty? Track when he usually poops, whether on the potty or even in his undies. See if you can find a pattern, like pooping first thing in the morning or right after he wakes up after a nap.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/poop-in-the-potty/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472435033#10_1012922263
Title: How to Get Your Toddler to Poop in the Potty | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty Apr 25, 2020 How to get your toddler to poop in the potty 1. Have set times for your toddler to sit on the potty In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Learn what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 4. Talk about your toddler’s fears Learn how to handle your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 5. Discard your toddler’s poop accidents in the toilet Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 6. Stay positive about potty training 7. Put your foot down Conclusion Content: For instance, you can sit him on the potty after he had eaten a meal, or before taking a bath. Whether he goes or not isn’t important so much as helping him develop a routine of sitting. The best way to know when to sit him down for the potty? Track when he usually poops, whether on the potty or even in his undies. See if you can find a pattern, like pooping first thing in the morning or right after he wakes up after a nap. You can then integrate sitting on the potty during these times. 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Your toddler won’t be able to poop if he feels like he’s under pressure. His body needs to relax and bear down enough to pass poop. Unfortunately, we can add pressure when we stand nearby, expecting and hoping that they’ll poop this time.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/poop-in-the-potty/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472435033#19_1012939644
Title: How to Get Your Toddler to Poop in the Potty | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty Apr 25, 2020 How to get your toddler to poop in the potty 1. Have set times for your toddler to sit on the potty In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Learn what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 4. Talk about your toddler’s fears Learn how to handle your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 5. Discard your toddler’s poop accidents in the toilet Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 6. Stay positive about potty training 7. Put your foot down Conclusion Content: Then, remain calm as you redirect his behavior so he sees that it won’t get a reaction from you. And finally, focus on creating a positive (or at least neutral) experience, from praising him for progress he’s made or good choices he decided on. Conclusion Convincing your toddler to poop in the potty can be exhausting, especially when you’re cleaning accidents every day. Rest assured, poop accidents, even long after he’s mastered peeing in the potty, is normal. With time and practice, he’ll eventually poop in the potty. In the meantime, you can help him along by having set times for him to use the potty and by incorporating potty use into your routine. When you do, give him plenty of time alone to relax his body and not feel pressured to poop. When he poops in his undies or diapers, discard the poop into the toilet so he knows that’s where it goes. Talk about his fears and show empathy for what he must be feeling. Stay positive, or at least not disgusted, with using the potty, and put your foot down on inappropriate behavior.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/poop-in-the-potty/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472435033#21_1012943619
Title: How to Get Your Toddler to Poop in the Potty | Sleeping Should Be Easy Headings: How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty How to Get Your Toddler to (Finally) Poop in the Potty Apr 25, 2020 How to get your toddler to poop in the potty 1. Have set times for your toddler to sit on the potty In other words, don’t give him a choice or ask him whether he wants to go or not. 2. Make sitting on the potty part of your routine 3. Give your toddler time alone on the potty Learn what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 4. Talk about your toddler’s fears Learn how to handle your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 5. Discard your toddler’s poop accidents in the toilet Get more tips on handling potty training accidents. 6. Stay positive about potty training 7. Put your foot down Conclusion Content: My son did learn to poop in the potty, even after months of accidents. And when his brothers came along, I knew better than to stress about poop accidents. I knew it could take some time—even up to a year—for kids to finally poop in the potty. p.s. Check out Where’s the Poop? by Julie Markes for more on how to get your toddler to poop in the potty: Get more tips: Your Toddler Refuses to Sit on the Potty? Here’s Why You Shouldn’t Worry How to Potty Train a Toddler (Without the Power Struggles) Potty Training Books to Ease Your Toddler’s Anxiety How to Potty Train Gradually What to Do When Your Toddler Won’t Poop on the Potty Don’t forget: Join my FREE 5-day email mini course, Peaceful Potty Training and potty train without frustrating power struggles:
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/poop-in-the-potty/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472446307#21_1012986800
Title: Potty Trained Toddler Having Accidents on Purpose? Headings: Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Table of Contents How to handle a potty trained toddler having accidents on purpose Why potty training accidents happen 1. Stop the rewards Learn more about why rewards don’t always work. 2. Don’t label your child in negative ways Learn more about the downsides of labeling our kids. 3. Go back to the drawing board Learn what to do when your toddler won’t poop on the potty. 4. Watch your reaction Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 5. Take your child to the potty frequently Get more tips on how to ease your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 6. Practice good potty training habits Learn why you shouldn’t worry when your toddler refuses to sit on potty. Conclusion Content: They hit snags and stages of regression, just as we all do. In fact, focus less on the dread of cleaning up accidents and more on the potential learning your child is doing. Better yet, use positive reinforcement: focus on the times he does pee on the potty while keeping your rsponse neutral when he doesn’t. He’ll find that he gets more attention—a positive one at that—when he pees on the potty. Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 5. Take your child to the potty frequently Frustrated when your child has potty training accidents just minutes after he said he didn’t need to use the potty? Don’t wait until he asks to use the potty—take him frequently so he has a better chance of peeing in the potty instead of on the floor. You can even use a timer and set it to every 30 minutes to an hour for a potty break, so it feels more “official” than telling him what to do.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/potty-training-accidents/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472446307#22_1012988885
Title: Potty Trained Toddler Having Accidents on Purpose? Headings: Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Table of Contents How to handle a potty trained toddler having accidents on purpose Why potty training accidents happen 1. Stop the rewards Learn more about why rewards don’t always work. 2. Don’t label your child in negative ways Learn more about the downsides of labeling our kids. 3. Go back to the drawing board Learn what to do when your toddler won’t poop on the potty. 4. Watch your reaction Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 5. Take your child to the potty frequently Get more tips on how to ease your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 6. Practice good potty training habits Learn why you shouldn’t worry when your toddler refuses to sit on potty. Conclusion Content: Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 5. Take your child to the potty frequently Frustrated when your child has potty training accidents just minutes after he said he didn’t need to use the potty? Don’t wait until he asks to use the potty—take him frequently so he has a better chance of peeing in the potty instead of on the floor. You can even use a timer and set it to every 30 minutes to an hour for a potty break, so it feels more “official” than telling him what to do. But don’t feel disappointed if most of these tries end up with no pee in the potty—you wouldn’t be able to pee either if you were to go this often. The point is to increase the chances of peeing in the potty through frequent trips. And make potty use a regular part of his day. Routines give him the predictability he needs so he knows exactly what to do and when. You might use the potty after waking up, before leaving the house, after eating meals, or before bath time.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/potty-training-accidents/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472446307#23_1012991039
Title: Potty Trained Toddler Having Accidents on Purpose? Headings: Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Secrets to Fixing Your Toddler’s Potty Training Accidents Table of Contents How to handle a potty trained toddler having accidents on purpose Why potty training accidents happen 1. Stop the rewards Learn more about why rewards don’t always work. 2. Don’t label your child in negative ways Learn more about the downsides of labeling our kids. 3. Go back to the drawing board Learn what to do when your toddler won’t poop on the potty. 4. Watch your reaction Get tips on what to do when your 4 year old won’t poop on potty. 5. Take your child to the potty frequently Get more tips on how to ease your child’s potty training poop anxiety. 6. Practice good potty training habits Learn why you shouldn’t worry when your toddler refuses to sit on potty. Conclusion Content: But don’t feel disappointed if most of these tries end up with no pee in the potty—you wouldn’t be able to pee either if you were to go this often. The point is to increase the chances of peeing in the potty through frequent trips. And make potty use a regular part of his day. Routines give him the predictability he needs so he knows exactly what to do and when. You might use the potty after waking up, before leaving the house, after eating meals, or before bath time. Get more tips on how to ease your child’s potty training poop anxiety.
https://sleepingshouldbeeasy.com/potty-training-accidents/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#0_1014002954
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Post author By Adrianus Post date July 25, 2018 No Comments on Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb If you’re sleeping badly, there are many different solution that can help you sleep deeper. You might have to make some lifestyle changes so that you can sleep better. But there are also many different supplements available to increase your sleep quality. And today we’re going to discuss magnolia bark for sleep. It’s an extract from the bark of the magnolia tree and people have been taking this herbal supplement for more than hundreds of years. In today’s article you’ll find out what exactly magnolia bark is, how it can help you sleep better and some of the additional benefits that you can reap when you start taking this supplement. Note:
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#1_1014004607
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: But there are also many different supplements available to increase your sleep quality. And today we’re going to discuss magnolia bark for sleep. It’s an extract from the bark of the magnolia tree and people have been taking this herbal supplement for more than hundreds of years. In today’s article you’ll find out what exactly magnolia bark is, how it can help you sleep better and some of the additional benefits that you can reap when you start taking this supplement. Note: it’s an herbal supplement, which means that the effect is subtle. Don’t expect it to work in the same way as Valium, for instance – which knocks you out right away. Magnolia bark extract will give you a subtle edge in falling asleep and enhancing deeper sleep. You might not fully notice it in the moment, but take it for a t least 2 weeks, and then look back and see if your sleep quality has increased. You’ll be surprised!
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#2_1014006242
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: it’s an herbal supplement, which means that the effect is subtle. Don’t expect it to work in the same way as Valium, for instance – which knocks you out right away. Magnolia bark extract will give you a subtle edge in falling asleep and enhancing deeper sleep. You might not fully notice it in the moment, but take it for a t least 2 weeks, and then look back and see if your sleep quality has increased. You’ll be surprised! Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? Magnolia bark has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years to improve sleep quality and reduce stress. It is only recently that modern medicine has started to uncover the scientific roots why this herb promotes restful sleep. You can take the bark as a nutritional supplement to reduce stress and promote a relaxed state. This can be beneficial in many different parts of your life, but it comes in especially handy if you’re looking for a supplement that can help you sleep better.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#3_1014007927
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? Magnolia bark has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years to improve sleep quality and reduce stress. It is only recently that modern medicine has started to uncover the scientific roots why this herb promotes restful sleep. You can take the bark as a nutritional supplement to reduce stress and promote a relaxed state. This can be beneficial in many different parts of your life, but it comes in especially handy if you’re looking for a supplement that can help you sleep better. The way the magnolia bark induces this sleepy, relaxed state is because it influences the GABA receptors in your brain. As you might know, GABA is the ‘slowing down’ neurotransmitter in your brain. It acts as a counter to the more excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and is responsible for turning down activity in brain cells. And that is exactly what you need when you cannot fall asleep at night. We recommend you to take magnolia bark for sleep around 1-2 hours before going to bed.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#4_1014009666
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: The way the magnolia bark induces this sleepy, relaxed state is because it influences the GABA receptors in your brain. As you might know, GABA is the ‘slowing down’ neurotransmitter in your brain. It acts as a counter to the more excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and is responsible for turning down activity in brain cells. And that is exactly what you need when you cannot fall asleep at night. We recommend you to take magnolia bark for sleep around 1-2 hours before going to bed. A general supplement of about 400 mg will work perfectly fine. There are no known side effects, so feel free to try it out. If you don’t feel too much (which you shouldn’t – remember it’s a subtle effect), then you could take 2 dosages for a total of 800 mg. There are more benefits to taking magnolia bark. take a look at the following list to see what else this bark extract can do for you.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#5_1014011269
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: A general supplement of about 400 mg will work perfectly fine. There are no known side effects, so feel free to try it out. If you don’t feel too much (which you shouldn’t – remember it’s a subtle effect), then you could take 2 dosages for a total of 800 mg. There are more benefits to taking magnolia bark. take a look at the following list to see what else this bark extract can do for you. 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety Researchers have only recently found out that magnolia bark can have an effect in reducing your anxiety levels. You see, that GABA we spoke about before not only help to induce sleepiness, but it can also turn down the activity of the brain cells that are overactive. And that is exactly what happens in your brain if you’re excessively worrying. If you’re suffering from anxiety in your daily life, then it can be a good idea to add this herb to your daily regime. It might be just what you need to live a more calm and relaxed life. (
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#6_1014012991
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety Researchers have only recently found out that magnolia bark can have an effect in reducing your anxiety levels. You see, that GABA we spoke about before not only help to induce sleepiness, but it can also turn down the activity of the brain cells that are overactive. And that is exactly what happens in your brain if you’re excessively worrying. If you’re suffering from anxiety in your daily life, then it can be a good idea to add this herb to your daily regime. It might be just what you need to live a more calm and relaxed life. ( l theanine is also very effective for this) #2 Promotes deeper sleep As we discussed before, taking magnolia bark for sleep will make you sleep deeper. Not only that, but an animal studie in 2012 has shown that magnolia bark works by letting GABA bind to receptors in your brain which decreases the time it takes for them to fall asleep. Of course, the ancient Chinese already knew everything about this, but it’s always a good thing to see science back up these claims. Magnolia bark can help you fall asleep faster and sleep deeper! #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood A study in 2013 showed that magnolia bark extract can help with reducing cortisol in participants of the study.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#7_1014014998
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: l theanine is also very effective for this) #2 Promotes deeper sleep As we discussed before, taking magnolia bark for sleep will make you sleep deeper. Not only that, but an animal studie in 2012 has shown that magnolia bark works by letting GABA bind to receptors in your brain which decreases the time it takes for them to fall asleep. Of course, the ancient Chinese already knew everything about this, but it’s always a good thing to see science back up these claims. Magnolia bark can help you fall asleep faster and sleep deeper! #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood A study in 2013 showed that magnolia bark extract can help with reducing cortisol in participants of the study. Cortisol is the stress hormone and responsible for the fight or flight reaction in your body. If you’re suffering from excess stress, then the chances are very high that you’re actually suffering from excess cortisol in your blood. Or try petting a cat to reduce it The hormone itself is vital in our bodies, but it only becomes a problem if it is elevated for a longer period of time. When your stress levels fall, your cortisol levels will fall too. And the other way around as well.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#8_1014016884
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: Cortisol is the stress hormone and responsible for the fight or flight reaction in your body. If you’re suffering from excess stress, then the chances are very high that you’re actually suffering from excess cortisol in your blood. Or try petting a cat to reduce it The hormone itself is vital in our bodies, but it only becomes a problem if it is elevated for a longer period of time. When your stress levels fall, your cortisol levels will fall too. And the other way around as well. So taking magnolia bark can help you experience less stress in your life. #4 May reduce inflammation Researchers have also shown that taking magnolia bark may reduce inflammation in your body – just like exercise. As you may know, inflammation is responsible for many different diseases and you’d do well to avoid as much inflammation as possible. Animal studies have shown that magnolia bark has the potential to reduce inflammation. Even though no definitive human studies have been done, it shows that there are many more reasons to take magnolia bark than just for improving sleep quality. (
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#9_1014018679
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: So taking magnolia bark can help you experience less stress in your life. #4 May reduce inflammation Researchers have also shown that taking magnolia bark may reduce inflammation in your body – just like exercise. As you may know, inflammation is responsible for many different diseases and you’d do well to avoid as much inflammation as possible. Animal studies have shown that magnolia bark has the potential to reduce inflammation. Even though no definitive human studies have been done, it shows that there are many more reasons to take magnolia bark than just for improving sleep quality. ( You can also get a new high quality mattress that makes you sleep comfortable.) Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? Interested in getting yourself some magnolia bark extra to increase your sleep quality after reading this article? it’s a cheap supplement that you can buy in most drug stores or in online shops. So you won’t have to go on a long journey to find it.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#10_1014020357
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: You can also get a new high quality mattress that makes you sleep comfortable.) Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? Interested in getting yourself some magnolia bark extra to increase your sleep quality after reading this article? it’s a cheap supplement that you can buy in most drug stores or in online shops. So you won’t have to go on a long journey to find it. I’d recommend you try it out for a round 2 weeks (400 mg 1-2 hours before bed) in order to see if it works for you. Not only will you experience better sleep, but it can also reduce your stress and anxiety levels. Which will make you sleep even better. You can get the supplement in virtually every drug store. Or alternatively, you can order it online if that’s more convenient for you.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_472775332#11_1014021827
Title: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb – Sleep Investor Headings: Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for Sleep: Fall Asleep Faster With This Ancient Herb Magnolia Bark for sleep – does it work? 4 benefits of taking Magnolia bark for sleep #1 Helps reduce anxiety #2 Promotes deeper sleep #3 Decreases cortisol levels in your blood #4 May reduce inflammation Where to order magnolia bark for sleep? By Adrianus Content: I’d recommend you try it out for a round 2 weeks (400 mg 1-2 hours before bed) in order to see if it works for you. Not only will you experience better sleep, but it can also reduce your stress and anxiety levels. Which will make you sleep even better. You can get the supplement in virtually every drug store. Or alternatively, you can order it online if that’s more convenient for you. P.S. did you know magnolia bark has been used for more than thousands of years in ancient Chinese medicine? And you can now order this herbal supplement from Amazon and have it delivered straight to your door if you want to sleep better. Tags Herbal Supplements By Adrianus Since childhood I've tried hundreds of little experiments to feel better, learn faster and perform higher (e.g. supplements, sports, psychological tricks, sleep and wacky diets). After I graduated university in 2016, I basically found that sleep was the #1 factor to improve every aspect of life. Bad sleep = bad life.
https://sleepinvestor.com/magnolia-bark-for-sleep/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_480817322#8_1033137181
Title: How Much can Amazon Family Save You? (2021) Headings: Is Amazon Family Worth The Cost of Prime Membership? Is Amazon Family Worth The Cost of Prime Membership? We took a closer look at Amazon's family-focused program to find out what it's all about and whether it can really save you money. How Much Does it Cost to Join Amazon Family? Amazon Family Discounts and Coupons Are Amazon Family’s Exclusive Offers Worth It? Amazon Family Baby Registry Bonuses Is Amazon Family Worth the Cost of Prime? Content: Amazon Family Baby Registry Bonuses Prime members who create a baby registry are eligible for a 15% registry completion discount through Amazon Family. What’s more, you can also snag a complimentary Welcome Box brimming with free samples and parenting products from Amazon. Other incentives to register include exclusive discounts on maternity clothes, prenatal vitamins, parenting books, beauty products, and more. These perks hold their own when compared to popular competitors. If you’re a regular Target shopper, their program also offers a 15% registry completion discount and a free goodie basket (consisting of free samples and $50 in coupons) upon registering. One potential downside of Target, however, is that their selection of items is reputed to be a bit limited. Is Amazon Family Worth the Cost of Prime? Amazon definitely uses its Prime benefits to hook people into the Family program — not that there’s anything wrong with that. Prime membership makes sense for a lot of consumers. Free two-day shipping along with access to the Prime Music library, Prime Video, Whole Foods benefits, and more all come with that $119 per year price tag, regardless of whether or not you have children.
https://slickdeals.net/article/news/how-much-can-amazon-family-save-you/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_480817322#9_1033139123
Title: How Much can Amazon Family Save You? (2021) Headings: Is Amazon Family Worth The Cost of Prime Membership? Is Amazon Family Worth The Cost of Prime Membership? We took a closer look at Amazon's family-focused program to find out what it's all about and whether it can really save you money. How Much Does it Cost to Join Amazon Family? Amazon Family Discounts and Coupons Are Amazon Family’s Exclusive Offers Worth It? Amazon Family Baby Registry Bonuses Is Amazon Family Worth the Cost of Prime? Content: One potential downside of Target, however, is that their selection of items is reputed to be a bit limited. Is Amazon Family Worth the Cost of Prime? Amazon definitely uses its Prime benefits to hook people into the Family program — not that there’s anything wrong with that. Prime membership makes sense for a lot of consumers. Free two-day shipping along with access to the Prime Music library, Prime Video, Whole Foods benefits, and more all come with that $119 per year price tag, regardless of whether or not you have children. If you’re already a Prime member and do a lot of Amazon online shopping, this program could be an easy way to lower your household’s monthly spending. If you’re not a Prime member, Amazon Family all on its own isn’t a big enough draw to justify the cost of a Prime membership, but all those other Prime benefits can definitely make up for what Family lacks. For expecting parents creating a registry, Amazon Family may also be the best solution for early discounts when you need them the most. Plus, the service offers up relevant coupons as your child grows older, and caters content for them if you opt in to Amazon FreeTime Unlimited. It’s definitely not a bad deal if you’re already an Amazon Prime family.
https://slickdeals.net/article/news/how-much-can-amazon-family-save-you/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_482453030#9_1040092291
Title: FYI: No refund for Amazon Prime cancellation?? Headings: FYI: No refund for Amazon Prime cancellation?? FYI: No refund for Amazon Prime cancellation?? See Deal Add Comment Reply Questions & Answers BETA Trending Stores PUMA offers Sprint offers Pep Boys offers AT&T Wireless offers Brownells offers Verizon Fios offers CIT Bank offers Casper offers Monoprice offers Samsung offers Coupons for Popular Stores Save Up to 25% Off DNA Test Kits Take 15% Off Business Desktops & Workstations with Discount Code Get Free Shipping using this Discount Code Take Up to 50% Off Select Men's T-shirts Save Extra 10% Off Select Gearshop with Coupon 20% Off Select Kitchen Faucets and Sinks Get $20 Off $40+ Orders With Discount Code Get Up to 30% Off Comfy Logo Wear VPN Services 2 Year Was: $286.00 Now: $89.00. Flash Sale: Save Up to $350 Off Content: Teacher 2,624 Posts 2,176 Reputation Give Thanks Follow User Send Message View Profile 03-01-2012 at 02:54 PM #5 Quote from paayter : i guess if u put it that way that could make sense, but i guess logically speaking u dont expect that out of prime because whats to stop people from ordering prime during holiday season and cancel it, im sure many would do that. Thanks for replying. You are right about the prime cancellation after the holidays! Anyway,sorry OP - that's how amazon works - make sure not to order too much to utilize the prime and also not to waste your money on some unnecessary things. That is the main reason I did't extend my prime this year! 1 0 0 0 Reply Like Funny Helpful Not Helpful This comment has been rated as unhelpful by Slickdeals users Joined Jul 2010 VaultTek Employee 2,349 Posts 1,179 Reputation Give Thanks Follow User Send Message View Profile 03-01-2012 at 03:03 PM #6 I technically got my prime renewed this yr for free. Originally they charged my Prime membership on the wrong card and the first CSR I talked to assured me that it was charged onto the right one. A month goes by and I get my statement, only to realize that they did in fact still charged it on the wrong card. I called up Amazon and the 2nd CSR I spoke with apologized for the inconvienence and offered to refund my card and stated that she would just keep my Prime membership active.
https://slickdeals.net/f/4014456-fyi-no-refund-for-amazon-prime-cancellation
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_484320693#10_1045383194
Title: How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV Headings: How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV 1. Connect Your Laptop or Mobile Device Using an HDMI Cable 2. Play Slides as Image Slideshow or Video from a USB 3. Convert and Play Your Slides from a DVD Player 4. Connect to Your TV Using Wi-Fi or Wired Network 5. Use a Video Streaming Device Content: Connect to Your TV Using Wi-Fi or Wired Network There are various TV models and devices which enable connecting to the Internet. The most common example of this can be found in the form of Smart TVs and Smart TV devices. Depending upon your TV model or the supported digital box you might be using, you can play a video slideshow by converting your PowerPoint presentation to a video format supported by your TV. The below image shows connectivity settings for a Samsung Smart TV. 5. Use a Video Streaming Device Last but not least, you can use a video streaming device like Roku 3, Apple TV or Google Chromecast to play a slideshow (e.g. one that has been converted to video format). The below image shows connectivity options for Apple TV. The various connectivity options in a video streaming device such as HDMI, USB and Wi-Fi / Ethernet provide ample scope for streaming various file types to your TV. This makes it possible to run an image, video or PPT/PPTX slideshow of your presentation slides (depending upon the mode of connectivity). Do you know that using a high-quality PowerPoint Template with a connected TV can give you an excellent playback experience?
https://slidemodel.com/how-to-play-a-powerpoint-slideshow-on-tv/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_484320693#11_1045384956
Title: How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV Headings: How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV How to Play a PowerPoint Slideshow on TV 1. Connect Your Laptop or Mobile Device Using an HDMI Cable 2. Play Slides as Image Slideshow or Video from a USB 3. Convert and Play Your Slides from a DVD Player 4. Connect to Your TV Using Wi-Fi or Wired Network 5. Use a Video Streaming Device Content: Use a Video Streaming Device Last but not least, you can use a video streaming device like Roku 3, Apple TV or Google Chromecast to play a slideshow (e.g. one that has been converted to video format). The below image shows connectivity options for Apple TV. The various connectivity options in a video streaming device such as HDMI, USB and Wi-Fi / Ethernet provide ample scope for streaming various file types to your TV. This makes it possible to run an image, video or PPT/PPTX slideshow of your presentation slides (depending upon the mode of connectivity). Do you know that using a high-quality PowerPoint Template with a connected TV can give you an excellent playback experience? Instead of using templates with dull backgrounds and hazy designs, you can download these Premium PowerPoint Templates to get the best output on your high definition TV or monitor. Tags: HDMI, Microsoft PowerPoint, PowerPoint 2013, PowerPoint 2016, PowerPoint Tips, Presentation Videos, Presentations, Slideshow, TV, Videos, View Presentation. Filed under Tutorials
https://slidemodel.com/how-to-play-a-powerpoint-slideshow-on-tv/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_485100767#0_1047204147
Title: How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint - Tutorial Headings: How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint Adding Speaker Notes Presenting with Speaker Notes Using the Presenter View Tags Content: How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint - Tutorial Slidesgo School PowerPoint Tutorials How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint Speaker notes can be very useful to highlight the ideas you want to talk about during your presentation. In this new Slidesgo School tutorial, you’ll learn how to enter speaker notes, how to activate the Presenter View and how to use its tools. Content Adding Speaker Notes Presenting with Speaker Notes Using the Presenter View Adding Speaker Notes Open your presentation in PowerPoint. At the bottom of the screen there’s a text field with the message “Click to add notes”. The text that you enter here will be visible for you during your presentation, but not for your audience. Adding speaker notes If you can’t see this text field, click View → Notes. You can also click the Notes button located at the bottom of the screen. Displaying the speaker notes Presenting with Speaker Notes To display the speaker notes, you must have two screens: one for the presentation and another for the notes. Open your presentation in PowerPoint.
https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school/powerpoint-tutorials/how-to-add-speaker-notes-in-powerpoint
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_485100767#3_1047208143
Title: How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint - Tutorial Headings: How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint How to Add Speaker Notes in PowerPoint Adding Speaker Notes Presenting with Speaker Notes Using the Presenter View Tags Content: Use Presenter View option Click the Slideshow button located at the bottom of the screen. As an alternative, you can click From Beginning, on the Slide Show tab, or just press F5. Your presentation will start in Presenter View. Entering the presenter view Using the Presenter View There are different options at your disposal during your presentation. Some of them are exclusive of this view, so let’s talk about this. Current slide and Next slide: The current slide and the next one will always be visible for you. Slide number: At the bottom of the screen, click the left arrow to go back to the previous slide, or click the right arrow to move on to the next one. Changing between slides Pen and laser pointer Tools:
https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school/powerpoint-tutorials/how-to-add-speaker-notes-in-powerpoint
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_485544816#10_1048414611
Title: Table of Contents PowerPoint |Table of Contents PPT | Table of Contents Templates | SlideUpLift - 1 Headings: Table Of Contents PowerPoint Home » PowerPoint Templates » Table Of Contents PowerPoint Table Of Contents PowerPoint Agenda 04 Agenda 03 Table of Content Human Resource Agenda 21 Agenda 12 Agenda 22 Animated 4 Steps Agenda Table of Content HR What is a table of content (TOC)? How to create a table of contents with page numbers in powerpoint? How do you link a table of contents to a page in PowerPoint? What is a table of contents template example? Does a table of contents have a page number? Should page numbers start after the table of contents in powerpoint? How can I download Table of Content templates from SlideUpLift? Why is Table of Content (TOC) important in the presentation? What are the different types of table of content templates? What are the best fonts to use in Table of Content (TOC) in the presentation? Content: Add the page numbers corresponding to the titles Alternatively, you can just use one of the creative Table of Content templates to make a great first impression with your first powerpoint slide. How do you link a table of contents to a page in PowerPoint? After adding the titles on your table of contents slide, turn them into a hyperlink that jumps to the corresponding slide in your presentation deck. Select a title that you pasted on the table of contents slide. On the Insert tab, select Link. In the Insert Hyperlink dialog box, select the Place in This Document tab option. In the Select a place in this document dialog box, under Slide Titles, select the slide title corresponding to the title you selected in step 1. Click OK to insert a hyperlink on your table of contents slide. Repeat the above steps for each hyperlink you want to create in your table of contents. Watch this one minute video to learn how to link the titles on your table of content slides to the corresponding slides What is a table of contents template example?
https://slideuplift.com/powerpoint-templates/category/table-of-content/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_486584279#0_1049276293
Title: Constructivism (Philosophy Of Education) Headings: Constructivism (Philosophy of Education) Constructivism (Philosophy of Education) Page Contents History Individual Constructivist learning intervention The nature of the learner The importance of the background and culture of the learner Responsibility for learning The Harkness discussion method The motivation for learning The role of the instructor Instructors as facilitators Learning is an active process Good relationship between instructor and learner Collaboration among learners The importance of context The selection, scope, and sequencing of the subject matter Knowledge should be discovered as an integrated whole Engaging and challenging the learner The structuredness of the learning process In adult learning Pedagogies based on constructivism Supportive research and evidence Criticism A rebuttal to the criticisms of Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark Criticism of discovery-based teaching techniques The math wars and discovery-based teaching techniques Importance of structure in constructivist learning environments Confusion between constructivist and maturationist views Radical constructivism Relational constructivism Social constructivism Communal constructivism Influence on computer science and robotics Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: Constructivism (Philosophy Of Education) Constructivism (Philosophy of Education) Page Contents Constructivism (Philosophy of Education) History Individual Constructivist learning intervention The nature of the learner The importance of the background and culture of the learner Responsibility for learning The Harkness discussion method The motivation for learning The role of the instructor Instructors as facilitators Learning is an active process Good relationship between instructor and learner Collaboration among learners The importance of context The selection, scope, and sequencing of the subject matter Knowledge should be discovered as an integrated whole Engaging and challenging the learner The structuredness of the learning process In adult learning Pedagogies based on constructivism Supportive research and evidence Criticism A rebuttal to the criticisms of Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark Criticism of discovery-based teaching techniques The math wars and discovery-based teaching techniques Importance of structure in constructivist learning environments Confusion between constructivist and maturationist views Radical constructivism Relational constructivism Social constructivism Communal constructivism Influence on computer science and robotics Constructivism in education has roots in Epistemology. The learner has prior knowledge and experiences, which is often determined by their social and cultural environment. Learning is therefore done by students’ “ constructing ” knowledge out of their experiences. While the Behaviorist school of learning may help understand what students are doing, educators also need to know what students are thinking, and how to enrich what students are thinking. Constructivism can be traced back to educational psychology in the work of Jean Piaget (1896–1980) identified with Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Piaget focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction between their experiences and their ideas. His views tended to focus on human development in relation to what is occurring with an individual as distinct from development influenced by other persons. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) social constructivism emphasized the importance of sociocultural learning; how interactions with adults, more capable peers, and cognitive tools are internalized by learners to form mental constructs through the zone of proximal development. Expanding upon Vygotsky’s theory Jerome Bruner and other educational psychologists developed the important concept of instructional scaffolding, whereby the social or informational environment offers supports (or scaffolds) for learning that are gradually withdrawn as they become internalized.
https://slife.org/constructivism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_488759061#1_1050914329
Title: What Is Postmodernism? Headings: What Is Postmodernism? What Is Postmodernism? Introduction Origins of term History Theories and derivatives Structuralism and post-structuralism Deconstruction Post-postmodernism Philosophy Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Jean-François Lyotard Richard Rorty Jean Baudrillard Fredric Jameson Douglas Kellner Manifestations Architecture Art Graphic design Literature Music Urban planning Criticisms References Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: While encompassing a wide variety of approaches and disciplines, postmodernism is generally defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony, or rejection of the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, often calling into question various assumptions of Enlightenment rationality. Consequently, common targets of postmodern critique include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, science, language, and social progress. Postmodern thinkers frequently call attention to the contingent or socially-conditioned nature of knowledge claims and value systems, situating them as products of particular political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence. Postmodern critical approaches gained purchase in the 1980s and 1990s, and have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature, contemporary art, and music. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction, post-structuralism, and institutional critique, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Fredric Jameson. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include assertions that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, and is meaningless, adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Introduction Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or a mode of discourse that rejects the possibility of reliable knowledge, denies the existence of a universal, stable reality, and frames aesthetics and beauty as arbitrary and subjective. It can be described as a reaction against scientific attempts to explain reality with objective certainty, recognizing that reality is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal circumstances. It is characterized by an attitude of skepticism, irony, or rejection toward the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, often denying or challenging the validity of scientific inquiry, or declaiming the arbitrariness of the aesthetics of artistic works or other artifacts of cultural production, or questioning various assumptions of Enlightenment rationality.
https://slife.org/postmodernism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_488759061#2_1050917480
Title: What Is Postmodernism? Headings: What Is Postmodernism? What Is Postmodernism? Introduction Origins of term History Theories and derivatives Structuralism and post-structuralism Deconstruction Post-postmodernism Philosophy Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Jean-François Lyotard Richard Rorty Jean Baudrillard Fredric Jameson Douglas Kellner Manifestations Architecture Art Graphic design Literature Music Urban planning Criticisms References Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction, post-structuralism, and institutional critique, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Fredric Jameson. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include assertions that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, and is meaningless, adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Introduction Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or a mode of discourse that rejects the possibility of reliable knowledge, denies the existence of a universal, stable reality, and frames aesthetics and beauty as arbitrary and subjective. It can be described as a reaction against scientific attempts to explain reality with objective certainty, recognizing that reality is constructed as the mind tries to understand its own personal circumstances. It is characterized by an attitude of skepticism, irony, or rejection toward the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, often denying or challenging the validity of scientific inquiry, or declaiming the arbitrariness of the aesthetics of artistic works or other artifacts of cultural production, or questioning various assumptions of Enlightenment rationality. Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing and reading. Postmodernism developed in the mid- to late-twentieth century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism as a departure or rejection of modernism. Postmodernism relies on critical theory, an approach that confronts the ideological, social, and historical structures that shape and constrain cultural production. Common targets of postmodernism and critical theory include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Postmodernist approaches have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including political science, organization theory, cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature and music.
https://slife.org/postmodernism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_488759061#3_1050920419
Title: What Is Postmodernism? Headings: What Is Postmodernism? What Is Postmodernism? Introduction Origins of term History Theories and derivatives Structuralism and post-structuralism Deconstruction Post-postmodernism Philosophy Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Jean-François Lyotard Richard Rorty Jean Baudrillard Fredric Jameson Douglas Kellner Manifestations Architecture Art Graphic design Literature Music Urban planning Criticisms References Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing and reading. Postmodernism developed in the mid- to late-twentieth century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism as a departure or rejection of modernism. Postmodernism relies on critical theory, an approach that confronts the ideological, social, and historical structures that shape and constrain cultural production. Common targets of postmodernism and critical theory include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Postmodernist approaches have been adopted in a variety of academic and theoretical disciplines, including political science, organization theory, cultural studies, philosophy of science, economics, linguistics, architecture, feminist theory, and literary criticism, as well as art movements in fields such as literature and music. Postmodern thinkers frequently call attention to the contingent or socially-conditioned nature of knowledge claims and value systems, situating them as products of particular political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-François Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Fredric Jameson. Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, and include assertions that postmodernism promotes obscurantism, and is meaningless, adding nothing to analytical or empirical knowledge. Some philosophers, beginning with the pragmatist philosopher Jürgen Habermas, assert that those who employ postmodernist discourse are prey to a performative contradiction and a paradox of self-reference, as their critique would be impossible without the concepts and methods that modern reason provides.
https://slife.org/postmodernism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_488759061#6_1050928310
Title: What Is Postmodernism? Headings: What Is Postmodernism? What Is Postmodernism? Introduction Origins of term History Theories and derivatives Structuralism and post-structuralism Deconstruction Post-postmodernism Philosophy Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Jean-François Lyotard Richard Rorty Jean Baudrillard Fredric Jameson Douglas Kellner Manifestations Architecture Art Graphic design Literature Music Urban planning Criticisms References Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: The raison d’être of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition.” In 1942 H. R. Hays described postmodernism as a new literary form. In 1926, Bernard Iddings Bell, president of St. Stephen’s College (now Bard College), published Postmodernism and Other Essays, marking the first use of the term to describe the historical period following Modernity. In it, he criticizes the lingering socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices of the Age of Enlightenment; forecasts the major cultural shifts toward Postmodernity, and (being an Anglo-Catholic priest) offers orthodox religion as a solution. However, as a general theory for a historical movement, it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee: “ Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918”. Portland Building (1982), by architect Michael Graves, an example of Postmodern architecture In 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, and led to the postmodern architecture movement, and a response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative forms (eclecticism), and non-orthogonal angles. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world happened between 1937 and 1957 (when he was writing).
https://slife.org/postmodernism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_488759061#7_1050930634
Title: What Is Postmodernism? Headings: What Is Postmodernism? What Is Postmodernism? Introduction Origins of term History Theories and derivatives Structuralism and post-structuralism Deconstruction Post-postmodernism Philosophy Jacques Derrida Michel Foucault Jean-François Lyotard Richard Rorty Jean Baudrillard Fredric Jameson Douglas Kellner Manifestations Architecture Art Graphic design Literature Music Urban planning Criticisms References Share this: Like this: Quote of the Day Content: However, as a general theory for a historical movement, it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee: “ Our own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 1914–1918”. Portland Building (1982), by architect Michael Graves, an example of Postmodern architecture In 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, and led to the postmodern architecture movement, and a response to the modernist architectural movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative forms (eclecticism), and non-orthogonal angles. Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world happened between 1937 and 1957 (when he was writing). He described an as yet “nameless era” which he characterized as a shift to conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and process rather than mechanical cause, outlined by four new realities: the emergence of Educated Society, the importance of international development, the decline of the nation state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures. In 1971, in a lecture delivered at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, Mel Bochner described “post-modernism” in art as having started with Jasper Johns, “who first rejected sense-data and the singular point-of-view as the basis for his art, and treated art as a critical investigation”. In 1996, Walter Truett Anderson described postmodernism as belonging to one of four typological world views, which he identifies as either (a) Postmodern-ironist, which sees truth as socially constructed, (b) Scientific-rational, in which truth is found through methodical, disciplined inquiry, (c) Social-traditional, in which truth is found in the heritage of American and Western civilization, or (d) Neo-Romantic, in which truth is found through attaining harmony with nature or spiritual exploration of the inner self. History The basic features of what is now called postmodernism can be found as early as the 1940s, most notably in the work of artists such as Jorge Luis Borges.
https://slife.org/postmodernism/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#0_1051288566
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Religious Views on Euthanasia Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also There are many religious views on euthanasia, although many moral theologians are critical of the procedure. Buddhism There are many views among Buddhists on the issue of euthanasia, but many are critical of the procedure. An important value of Buddhism teaching is compassion. Compassion is used by some Buddhists as a justification for euthanasia because the person suffering is relieved of pain. However, it is still immoral “to embark on any course of action whose aim is to destroy human life, irrespective of the quality of the individual’s motive.” In Theravada Buddhism a lay person daily recites the simple formula: “ I undertake the precept to abstain from destroying living beings.” For Buddhist monastics ( bhikkhu) however the rules are more explicitly spelled out. For example, in the monastic code ( Patimokkha ), it states: “Should any bhikkhu intentionally deprive a human being of life, or search for an assassin for him, or praise the advantages of death, or incite him to die (thus): ‘
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#1_1051290505
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: In Theravada Buddhism a lay person daily recites the simple formula: “ I undertake the precept to abstain from destroying living beings.” For Buddhist monastics ( bhikkhu) however the rules are more explicitly spelled out. For example, in the monastic code ( Patimokkha ), it states: “Should any bhikkhu intentionally deprive a human being of life, or search for an assassin for him, or praise the advantages of death, or incite him to die (thus): ‘ My good man, what use is this wretched, miserable life to you? Death would be better for you than life,’ or with such an idea in mind, such a purpose in mind, should in various ways praise the advantages of death or incite him to die, he also is defeated and no longer in communion.” Euthanasia Christianity Catholicism The Declaration on Euthanasia is the Church’s official document on the topic of euthanasia, a statement that was issued by the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1980. Catholic teaching condemns euthanasia as a “ crime against life ” and a “ crime against God “. The teaching of the Catholic Church on euthanasia rests on several core principles of Catholic ethics, including the sanctity of human life, the dignity of the human person, concomitant human rights, due proportionality in casuistic remedies, the inevitability of death, and the importance of charity.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#2_1051292511
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: My good man, what use is this wretched, miserable life to you? Death would be better for you than life,’ or with such an idea in mind, such a purpose in mind, should in various ways praise the advantages of death or incite him to die, he also is defeated and no longer in communion.” Euthanasia Christianity Catholicism The Declaration on Euthanasia is the Church’s official document on the topic of euthanasia, a statement that was issued by the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1980. Catholic teaching condemns euthanasia as a “ crime against life ” and a “ crime against God “. The teaching of the Catholic Church on euthanasia rests on several core principles of Catholic ethics, including the sanctity of human life, the dignity of the human person, concomitant human rights, due proportionality in casuistic remedies, the inevitability of death, and the importance of charity. It has been argued that these are relatively recent positions, but whatever the position of individual Catholics, the Roman Catholic Church’s viewpoint is unequivocal. Protestantism See also: Protestantism Protestant denominations vary widely on their approach to euthanasia and physician assisted death. Since the 1970s, Evangelical churches have worked with Roman Catholics on a sanctity of life approach, though some Evangelicals may be adopting a more exceptionless opposition. While liberal Protestant denominations have largely eschewed euthanasia, many individual advocates (such as Joseph Fletcher) and euthanasia society activists have been Protestant clergy and laity.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#3_1051294734
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: It has been argued that these are relatively recent positions, but whatever the position of individual Catholics, the Roman Catholic Church’s viewpoint is unequivocal. Protestantism See also: Protestantism Protestant denominations vary widely on their approach to euthanasia and physician assisted death. Since the 1970s, Evangelical churches have worked with Roman Catholics on a sanctity of life approach, though some Evangelicals may be adopting a more exceptionless opposition. While liberal Protestant denominations have largely eschewed euthanasia, many individual advocates (such as Joseph Fletcher) and euthanasia society activists have been Protestant clergy and laity. As physician assisted dying has obtained greater legal support, some liberal Protestant denominations have offered religious arguments and support for limited forms of euthanasia. However, they are more lenient than the Roman Catholic Church Christians in support of euthanasia Groups claiming to speak for Christians rather than the official viewpoints of the Christian clergy have sprung up in a number of countries. Hinduism See also: Prayopavesa There are two Hindu points of view on euthanasia. By helping to end a painful life a person is performing a good deed and so fulfilling their moral obligations.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#4_1051296631
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: As physician assisted dying has obtained greater legal support, some liberal Protestant denominations have offered religious arguments and support for limited forms of euthanasia. However, they are more lenient than the Roman Catholic Church Christians in support of euthanasia Groups claiming to speak for Christians rather than the official viewpoints of the Christian clergy have sprung up in a number of countries. Hinduism See also: Prayopavesa There are two Hindu points of view on euthanasia. By helping to end a painful life a person is performing a good deed and so fulfilling their moral obligations. Euthanasia may also be acceptable if it is used for selfless motives. On the other hand, by helping to end a life, even one filled with suffering, a person is disturbing the timing of the cycle of death and rebirth. This is a bad thing to do, and those involved in the euthanasia will take on the remaining karma of the patient Death is a natural process, and will come in time. It is clearly stated in the Vedas that man has only two trustworthy friends in life, the first is called Vidya (knowledge), and the 2nd is called Mrityu (Death). The former is something that is beneficial and a requirement in life, and the latter is something that is inevitable sometimes even unexpected.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#5_1051298527
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: Euthanasia may also be acceptable if it is used for selfless motives. On the other hand, by helping to end a life, even one filled with suffering, a person is disturbing the timing of the cycle of death and rebirth. This is a bad thing to do, and those involved in the euthanasia will take on the remaining karma of the patient Death is a natural process, and will come in time. It is clearly stated in the Vedas that man has only two trustworthy friends in life, the first is called Vidya (knowledge), and the 2nd is called Mrityu (Death). The former is something that is beneficial and a requirement in life, and the latter is something that is inevitable sometimes even unexpected. It is not the euthanasia that is the act of sin, but worldly attachment which causes euthanasia to be looked upon as an act of sin. Even a Sannyasin or Sannyasini if they decide to, are permitted to end his or her life with the hope of reaching moksha i.e. emancipation of the soul. Doctor harms a patient with cutting tube in the hospital Islam Muslims are against euthanasia. They believe that all humans life is sacred because it is given by God, and that God chooses how long each person lives. Human beings should not interfere in this.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#6_1051300352
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: It is not the euthanasia that is the act of sin, but worldly attachment which causes euthanasia to be looked upon as an act of sin. Even a Sannyasin or Sannyasini if they decide to, are permitted to end his or her life with the hope of reaching moksha i.e. emancipation of the soul. Doctor harms a patient with cutting tube in the hospital Islam Muslims are against euthanasia. They believe that all humans life is sacred because it is given by God, and that God chooses how long each person lives. Human beings should not interfere in this. It is forbidden for a Muslim to plan, or come to know through self-will, the time of his own death in advance. Jainism Main article: Sallekhana Jainism is based on the principle of non-violence ( ahinsa) and is best known for it. Jainism recommends voluntary death or sallekhana for both ascetics and srāvaka (householders) at the end of their life. Sallekhana (also known as Santhara, Samadhi-marana) is made up of two words sal (meaning ‘properly’) and lekhana, which means to thin out.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_28_489123501#7_1051301998
Title: Religious Views on Euthanasia Headings: Religious Views on Euthanasia Religious Views on Euthanasia Page Contents Buddhism Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Christians in support of euthanasia Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Shinto Unitarian Universalism Influence of religious views See also Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Share this: Like this: Search Quote of the Day Content: It is forbidden for a Muslim to plan, or come to know through self-will, the time of his own death in advance. Jainism Main article: Sallekhana Jainism is based on the principle of non-violence ( ahinsa) and is best known for it. Jainism recommends voluntary death or sallekhana for both ascetics and srāvaka (householders) at the end of their life. Sallekhana (also known as Santhara, Samadhi-marana) is made up of two words sal (meaning ‘properly’) and lekhana, which means to thin out. Properly thinning out of the passions and the body is sallekhana. A person is allowed to fast unto death or take the vow of sallekhana only when certain requirements are fulfilled. It is not considered suicide as the person observing it, must be in a state of full consciousness. When observing sallekhana, one must not have the desire to live or desire to die. Practitioner shouldn’t recollect the pleasures enjoyed or, long for the enjoyment of pleasures in the future.
https://slife.org/religious-views-on-euthanasia/