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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_247763871#6_465817584
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Title:
Headings:
Content: As John Trudell observed at the time, "They change our name and treat us the same." Basic to the treatment is an insistence that the original inhabitants of the land are not permitted to name themselves. As an added twist, it seems that the only full, un-hyphenated Americans are those who make no claim of origin beyond the shores of this land. Many of these folk assert that they are in fact the real "native" Americans. We have to discard both "American Indian" and "Native American" if we want to be faithful to reality and true to the principle that a People's name ought to come from themselves. The consequence of this is that the original inhabitants of this land are to be called by whatever names they give themselves. There are no American Indians or Native Americans. There are many different peoples, hundreds in fact, bearing such names as Wampanoag, Cherokee, Seminole, Navajo, Hopi, and so on and on through the field of names. These are the "real" names of the people. But the conundrum of names doesn't end there.
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http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_247763871#10_465822932
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Indeed, it may be that the shortest way to penetrate the situation of Indigenous Peoples is to critically use the generic name imposed on them. "Native American Indian Studies," then, is a way to describe an important part of the history of "America," of the colonization of the "Americas." It is a part of world history, world politics, world culture. It is a component of "Indigenous Peoples Studies." By using this terminology, we aim for a critical awareness of nationhood and homelands, of Indigenous self-determination. It is sometimes noted how far advanced Indigenous Peoples in Latin and South America and Canada are in thinking about their nationhood, as compared to Native Peoples inside the United States. A major reason for this disparity is the apparent capturing of Indigenous self-understanding in the United States (and not only in American history classes). The substitution of "Native American" for "American Indian" may actually deepen the problem. Everyone knows the Indigenous Peoples are not Indians. Not so many know they are also not Americans.
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http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_247763871#11_465824209
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Title:
Headings:
Content: It is sometimes noted how far advanced Indigenous Peoples in Latin and South America and Canada are in thinking about their nationhood, as compared to Native Peoples inside the United States. A major reason for this disparity is the apparent capturing of Indigenous self-understanding in the United States (and not only in American history classes). The substitution of "Native American" for "American Indian" may actually deepen the problem. Everyone knows the Indigenous Peoples are not Indians. Not so many know they are also not Americans. A survey of American Indian college and high-school students, reported in Native Americas[Winter, 1997], indicated that more than 96% of the youth identified themselves with their Indian nation, and more than 40% identified themselves solely in those terms. Only a little more than half identified themselves as American citizens. This survey is an example of the usefulness of the "incorrect" label "Indian" to explain something significant about indigenous self-identification. It's been asked ,"What's in a name?" Sometimes the answer is everything, as when the name is Rumplestiltskin;
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http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_247763871#12_465825548
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Title:
Headings:
Content: A survey of American Indian college and high-school students, reported in Native Americas[Winter, 1997], indicated that more than 96% of the youth identified themselves with their Indian nation, and more than 40% identified themselves solely in those terms. Only a little more than half identified themselves as American citizens. This survey is an example of the usefulness of the "incorrect" label "Indian" to explain something significant about indigenous self-identification. It's been asked ,"What's in a name?" Sometimes the answer is everything, as when the name is Rumplestiltskin; sometimes nothing, as with the fragrant rose. N. Scott Momaday, in The Names: A Memoir, writes about the meaning of who we are that is contained and not contained in our names. Names, in other words, are mysterious, sometimes revealing sometimes concealing our identity or the identity of a people or place. Names can have great power, and the power of naming is a great power.
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http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/name.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_247774445#11_465850745
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Title:
Headings:
Content: As Vine Deloria, Jr., wrote in Of Utmost Good Faith, in federal Indian law the Supreme Court "skips along spinning off inconsistencies like a new sun exploding comets as it tips its way out of the dawn of creation." In 1978 alone, the Court went from almost completely subordinating indigenous sovereignty under federal law in Oliphant v. Suquamish, 435 U.S. 191, to an affirmation of it as a third kind of sovereignty in the United States in United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313. The latter decision was a complete contradiction of the analysis in Kagama. In 1997, in Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe, No. 94-1474, the Supreme Court held that "Indian tribes ... should be accorded the same status as foreign sovereigns, against whom States enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity." This was a startling contrast to the foundational federal Indian law decision in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 1 (1831) that the Cherokee were not sovereign as a "foreign nation." The concept of sovereignty, however convoluted and contradictory, remains an important part of federal Indian law. Tribal councils established under the Indian Reorganization Act are regarded as vehicles of "tribal sovereignty"; they act as governments and not just as corporations, though they are often limited by federal funding and authority.
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http://www.umass.edu/legal/derrico/sovereignty.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_249226463#1_468425667
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Title: Latino Portrayals In The Media
Headings:
Content: This percentage is also following a downward trend which is especially noticeable in the Prime Time Television shows. 11 Findings also unveiled that “Hispanics are virtually absent as characters in the entertainment media and as correspondents and anchors in news media. 12 This can be best demonstrated by the following video clip in which Latino media producers responded to the question if Latinos were well-represented in Boston's local main-stream media: http://youtube.com/watch?v=mVnESHri3GY . When Latinos are actually present in different forms of media a very consistent type of Latino is portrayed. Usually it is a person who has darker features, tanner skin, and an accent. The quest for a heterogeneous type of Latino completely overlooks the diversity that is included under the umbrella term. The lack of range in how Latinos are presented phenotypically also helps to polarize the community by showing usually either rich Latinos or poor Latinos. This phenomenon is reminiscent of the movie A Day Without a Mexican in which everyone who was from Latino descent disappeared. There was no recognition of different cultures, traditions, languages, and beliefs.
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http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects07/latinoad/Latinomedia.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_249226463#3_468428507
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Title: Latino Portrayals In The Media
Headings:
Content: The problem with the assumption that Latinos are so homogenous is that it leads people to believe that no diversity exists. The lack of diversity can be extended to the diversity of social, economic, education and health needs. If people in the United States assume that all Latinos are poor or rich then none of these problems are being addressed. The only way that most of these problems can be solved is with the help of the larger national and global community. Another problem which arises from the assumption of Latinos as a heterogeneous community is that it oppresses Latinos indirectly. Although Latinos are a minority community not all Latinos like each other or share the same values. As a result it is more difficult for Latinos to come together to fight the created labels and false cultural propaganda that work against them. One way in which Latinos have started to fight against false perceptions created by the media is through creating their own documentaries. 13 From Dr. Benamou’s presentation she showed that through the past fifty years Latino documentaries have included the issues of border control, farm work, feminism, media activism, gay and lesbian documentaries, and globalization. These documentaries were created in an effort to educate, be used as self reflection, and create opportunities where there were none.
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http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects07/latinoad/Latinomedia.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_249226463#4_468430108
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Title: Latino Portrayals In The Media
Headings:
Content: Although Latinos are a minority community not all Latinos like each other or share the same values. As a result it is more difficult for Latinos to come together to fight the created labels and false cultural propaganda that work against them. One way in which Latinos have started to fight against false perceptions created by the media is through creating their own documentaries. 13 From Dr. Benamou’s presentation she showed that through the past fifty years Latino documentaries have included the issues of border control, farm work, feminism, media activism, gay and lesbian documentaries, and globalization. These documentaries were created in an effort to educate, be used as self reflection, and create opportunities where there were none. In Lilian Jimenez’s article examining Puerto Rican Cinema in New York she refers to Puerto Rican video and filmmakers as “ ‘picking up the gun’ in defense of civil and human rights in the United States after the Civil Rights movement”. 14 Puerto Ricans also looked at their own takeover and entrance into the video and filmmaking industry as an affirmation of their own history and place in the United States. This affirmation is important because not all Latinos are immigrants. Many are second, third generation and beyond Americans who are wholly assimilated and have rights and rightly insist on asserting their rights. The history and continued emergence of documentation and Latino filmmaking will help to counter the decline and negative stereotypes of Latinos in the media.
|
http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects07/latinoad/Latinomedia.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_255195455#6_476822029
|
Title: 70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference | United Nations Seventieth Anniversary
Headings: 70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference
70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference
human rights
environment
international law
humanitarian affairs
health
PEACE AND SECURITY
1. Maintaining Peace and Security
2. Making Peace
3. Consolidating peace
4. Preventing Nuclear Proliferation
5. Clearing Landmines
6. Supporting Disarmament
7. Combating Terrorism
8. Preventing genocide
9. Combating Sexual Violence in Conflict
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
10. Promoting Development
11. Alleviating Rural Poverty
12. Focusing on African Development
13. Promoting Women's Well-being
14. Laying the Groundwork for Business
15. Supporting Industry
16. Fighting Hunger
17. Improving Global Trade
18. Promoting Economic Reform
19. Supporting Civil Aviation
20. Improving Shipping
21. Generating Worldwide Commitment in Support of Children
22. Turning Slums into Decent Human Settlements
23. Providing Local Access to a Global Network
24. Improving Global Telecommunications
25. Promoting responsible tourism
26. Mobilizing volunteers for development and peace
27. Acting as a Global Think Tank
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
28. Improving Literacy and Education
29. Preserving Historic, Cultural, Architectural and Natural Sites
30. Facilitating Academic and Cultural Exchanges
31. Addressing global problems
32. Taking the lead on global issues
Human Rights
33. Promoting Human Rights
34. Fostering Democracy
35. Promoting Self-determination and Independence
36. Ending Apartheid in South Africa
37. Promoting Women's Rights
38. Combating violence against women
39. Promoting Decent Work
40. Promoting Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression
41. Promoting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
42. Improving the Plight of Indigenous People
Environment
43. Seeking solutions to climate change
44. Helping Countries to Cope with Climate Change
45. Protecting the Environment
46. Protecting the Ozone Layer
47. Providing Safe Drinking Water
48. Tackling Fish Stock Depletion
49. Banning Toxic Chemicals
International Law
50. Prosecuting War Criminals
51. Strengthening International Law
52. Helping to Resolve Major International Disputes
53. Promoting Stability and Order in the World's Oceans
54. Combating International Crime
55. Containing the World Drug Problem
56. Encouraging Creativity and Innovation
Humanitarian Affairs
57. Assisting refugees
58 Aiding Palestinian Refugees
59. Helping Disaster Victims
60. Reducing the Effects of Natural Disasters
61. Providing Food to the Neediest
Health
62. Promoting Reproductive and Maternal Health
63. Responding to HIV/AIDS
64. Wiping Out Polio
65. Eradicating Smallpox
66. Fighting Tropical Diseases
67. Halting the Spread of Epidemics
68. Pressing for Universal Immunization
69. Reducing Child Mortality
70. Protecting Consumers' Health
Content: Combating Terrorism
Governments coordinate their counter-terrorism efforts through the United Nations. In 2006, they adopted at the UN the first-ever global strategy to counter terrorism. UN agencies and programmes have helped countries to put in practice the global strategy, providing legal assistance and promoting international cooperation against terrorism. The UN has also put in place a legal framework to combat terrorism. Fourteen global agreements have been negotiated under UN auspices, including treaties against hostage-taking, aircraft hijacking, terrorist bombings, terrorism financing and nuclear terrorism. 8. Preventing genocide
The United Nations brought about the first-ever treaty to combat genocide—acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The 1948 Genocide Convention has been ratified by 146 States, which commit to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. The UN tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as UN-supported courts in Cambodia, have put would-be genocide perpetrators on notice that such crimes would no longer be tolerated. The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme seeks to remind the world of the lessons to be learnt from the Holocaust in order to help to prevent future acts of genocide.
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http://www.un.org/un70/en/content/70ways
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_255195455#7_476826441
|
Title: 70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference | United Nations Seventieth Anniversary
Headings: 70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference
70 Ways the UN Makes A Difference
human rights
environment
international law
humanitarian affairs
health
PEACE AND SECURITY
1. Maintaining Peace and Security
2. Making Peace
3. Consolidating peace
4. Preventing Nuclear Proliferation
5. Clearing Landmines
6. Supporting Disarmament
7. Combating Terrorism
8. Preventing genocide
9. Combating Sexual Violence in Conflict
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
10. Promoting Development
11. Alleviating Rural Poverty
12. Focusing on African Development
13. Promoting Women's Well-being
14. Laying the Groundwork for Business
15. Supporting Industry
16. Fighting Hunger
17. Improving Global Trade
18. Promoting Economic Reform
19. Supporting Civil Aviation
20. Improving Shipping
21. Generating Worldwide Commitment in Support of Children
22. Turning Slums into Decent Human Settlements
23. Providing Local Access to a Global Network
24. Improving Global Telecommunications
25. Promoting responsible tourism
26. Mobilizing volunteers for development and peace
27. Acting as a Global Think Tank
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
28. Improving Literacy and Education
29. Preserving Historic, Cultural, Architectural and Natural Sites
30. Facilitating Academic and Cultural Exchanges
31. Addressing global problems
32. Taking the lead on global issues
Human Rights
33. Promoting Human Rights
34. Fostering Democracy
35. Promoting Self-determination and Independence
36. Ending Apartheid in South Africa
37. Promoting Women's Rights
38. Combating violence against women
39. Promoting Decent Work
40. Promoting Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression
41. Promoting the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
42. Improving the Plight of Indigenous People
Environment
43. Seeking solutions to climate change
44. Helping Countries to Cope with Climate Change
45. Protecting the Environment
46. Protecting the Ozone Layer
47. Providing Safe Drinking Water
48. Tackling Fish Stock Depletion
49. Banning Toxic Chemicals
International Law
50. Prosecuting War Criminals
51. Strengthening International Law
52. Helping to Resolve Major International Disputes
53. Promoting Stability and Order in the World's Oceans
54. Combating International Crime
55. Containing the World Drug Problem
56. Encouraging Creativity and Innovation
Humanitarian Affairs
57. Assisting refugees
58 Aiding Palestinian Refugees
59. Helping Disaster Victims
60. Reducing the Effects of Natural Disasters
61. Providing Food to the Neediest
Health
62. Promoting Reproductive and Maternal Health
63. Responding to HIV/AIDS
64. Wiping Out Polio
65. Eradicating Smallpox
66. Fighting Tropical Diseases
67. Halting the Spread of Epidemics
68. Pressing for Universal Immunization
69. Reducing Child Mortality
70. Protecting Consumers' Health
Content: 8. Preventing genocide
The United Nations brought about the first-ever treaty to combat genocide—acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. The 1948 Genocide Convention has been ratified by 146 States, which commit to prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. The UN tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as UN-supported courts in Cambodia, have put would-be genocide perpetrators on notice that such crimes would no longer be tolerated. The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme seeks to remind the world of the lessons to be learnt from the Holocaust in order to help to prevent future acts of genocide. The Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide monitors dangerous situations, brings them to the attention of the Secretary-General and the Security Council, and recommends action. 9. Combating Sexual Violence in Conflict
Rape has increasingly been used as a weapon of war. An estimated 60,000 women were raped during the civil war in Sierra Leone (1991-2002), up to 60,000 in the former Yugoslavia (1992-1995), up to 250,000 during the genocide in Rwanda (1994), more than 40,000 in Liberia (1989-2003) and at least 200,000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1998. Sexual violence has characterized conflicts from Afghanistan to Iraq and from Somalia to Syria.
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http://www.un.org/un70/en/content/70ways
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_259348417#2_484287774
|
Title: Atlantic Crossing
Headings: Atlantic Crossing
Atlantic Crossing
Slavery in Africa before the transatlantic trade
The influx of outside capital
The march to the coast
Coastal slave forts
From shore to ship
Across the Atlantic
The selling and the 'seasoning'
Preferences
First Hand Accounts
Slave Forts on the African coast
Capture and Enslavement
Content: That slavery existed in Africa prior to the late 15th century is a matter of fact, but European involvement would lead to what the historian Robin Blackburn has termed a 'degradation of slavery'. The influx of outside capital
The increase in African involvement in the trade from the 16th century onwards was caused by an influx of outside capital, the pre-existing trade being spurred on by the growing demand for Europe's goods: fabrics and utensils, guns and alcohol. Dahomey (now the nation of Benin) was one of the largest African kingdoms to arise between the 17th and 18th centuries. Its pre-eminence along the Volta estuary is directly attributable to its trade in slaves to transatlantic markets. By the second half of the 18th century, with 9,000 people being sold annually, slavery had become the kingdom's greatest source of revenue: in 1750, Tegebesu, the king of Dahomey, had an estimated yearly income of £250,000. A free-for-all among African traders to capture their neighbours and rivals for sale to Europeans was deliberately stimulated by European traders anchored offshore or in coastal stations with their wares. The march to the coast
Following their capture, the captives would be marched to the coast. The only reliable European account of the harsh reality of the slave caravans comes from the explorer Mungo Park writing in the 1790s.
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http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=308&Itemid=153.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_259380850#3_484350962
|
Title: The transatlantic slave trade: introduction
Headings: The transatlantic slave trade: introduction
The transatlantic slave trade: introduction
The trade
Geographical spread
The Triangular Trade
Unequal relationship
Diaspora
Racism
Protests and resistance
The end of the slave trade
France
Netherlands
Spain
Portugal
Content: Some Africans were transported to Europe and lived in such countries as Portugal and France as well as in England. The Triangular Trade
The transatlantic slave trade is sometimes known as the 'Triangular Trade', since it was three-sided, involving voyages: from Europe to Africa
from Africa to the Americas
from the Americas back to Europe. It's generally seen as a 'trade' since it revolved around transactions, or a form of exchange, between the African sellers and the European buyers of captives. Indeed, it would have been impossible for European slave traders to venture into Africa and procure African captives without some African involvement – African kingdoms and societies were too strong and well organised. Even when Europeans built forts on the coast of West Africa, this was on land given, or rented, from Africans for this purpose. Unequal relationship
However, African kings and merchants were engaged in an unequal trade, since African societies gained little of permanent value, certainly nothing that led to significant economic development. Europeans, on the other hand, generally exported manufactured items such as alcohol, textiles and guns to Africa to be exchanged for African captives. The production of such items, as well as the construction of ships, shackles and other items connected with the slave trade, certainly contributed to the development of manufacturing in Europe. The African labour purchased with manufactured goods was then used in the Americas to produce luxury items and other things that were valuable and in great demand in Europe, such as sugar, tobacco and cotton.
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http://www.understandingslavery.com/index.php-option=com_content&view=article&id=369&Itemid=145.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_259616143#1_484810749
|
Title: Understanding Your Ancestors: Immigrant Ancestors: Who Went and Why
Headings:
Content: Most of its content deals with German immigration in general, but some does just deal with Germans in New England. When most people think of German immigrants, states like Pennsylvania or Wisconsin come to mind – not Massachusetts or New Hampshire. It’s true that German immigrants, although one of the largest immigrant groups in history, have always remained a minority in New England. Yet the massive and influential German immigrant left no part of the country untouched. From their first permanent settlement in Germantown in 1683 through the boom years of the 1880s, Germans have impacted the history of our country – even in New England. Migration and intermarriage has meant that now a large proportion of Americans can trace at least one ancestor to Germany. In fact, in the 2000 census, nearly forty-eight million or seventeen percent of the population claimed German as their most important ancestral ethnicity. German was the largest group in the U.S. – higher than those claiming English roots. Sixteen percent of these forty-eight million were from the Northeast. Countless others would claim German as a secondary ancestral ethnicity.
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http://www.understandingyourancestors.com/ia/germanImmigration.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_272757399#1_504852767
|
Title: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Headings: Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Stigma, Discrimination, and Mental Health
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Go To Module 8: Improving Mental Health Care >>
Footnotes
Content: In 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified stigma and discrimination towards mentally ill individuals as “the single most important barrier to overcome in the community”, and the WHO’s Mental Health Global Action Programme (mhGAP) cited advocacy against stigma and discrimination as one of its four core strategies for improving the state of global mental health. ( 4) (5)
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Attitudes toward mental illness vary among individuals, families, ethnicities, cultures, and countries. Cultural and religious teachings often influence beliefs about the origins and nature of mental illness, and shape attitudes towards the mentally ill. In addition to influencing whether mentally ill individuals experience social stigma, beliefs about mental illness can affect patients’ readiness and willingness to seek and adhere to treatment. ( 6) Therefore, understanding individual and cultural beliefs about mental illness is essential for the implementation of effective approaches to mental health care. Although each individual’s experience with mental illness is unique, the following studies offer a sample of cultural perspectives on mental illness. A review of ethnocultural beliefs and mental illness stigma by Abdullah et al. ( 2011) highlights the wide range of cultural beliefs surrounding mental health. For instance, while some American Indian tribes do not stigmatize mental illness, others stigmatize only some mental illnesses, and other tribes stigmatize all mental illnesses. In Asia, where many cultures value “conformity to norms, emotional self-control, [and] family recognition through achievement”, mental illnesses are often stigmatized and seen as a source of shame. (
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http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_272757399#2_504855012
|
Title: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Headings: Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Stigma, Discrimination, and Mental Health
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Go To Module 8: Improving Mental Health Care >>
Footnotes
Content: Although each individual’s experience with mental illness is unique, the following studies offer a sample of cultural perspectives on mental illness. A review of ethnocultural beliefs and mental illness stigma by Abdullah et al. ( 2011) highlights the wide range of cultural beliefs surrounding mental health. For instance, while some American Indian tribes do not stigmatize mental illness, others stigmatize only some mental illnesses, and other tribes stigmatize all mental illnesses. In Asia, where many cultures value “conformity to norms, emotional self-control, [and] family recognition through achievement”, mental illnesses are often stigmatized and seen as a source of shame. ( 7) However, the stigmatization of mental illness can be influenced by other factors, such as the perceived cause of the illness. In a 2003 study, Chinese Americans and European Americans were presented with a vignette in which an individual was diagnosed with schizophrenia or a major depressive disorder. Participants were then told that experts had concluded that the individual’s illness was “genetic”, “partly genetic”, or “not genetic” in origin, and participants were asked to rate how they would feel if one of their children dated, married, or reproduced with the subject of the vignette. Genetic attribution of mental illness significantly reduced unwillingness to marry and reproduce among Chinese Americans, but it increased the same measures among European Americans, supporting previous findings of cultural variations in patterns of mental illness stigmatization. ( 8)
Many studies have reported other significant differences in attitudes towards mental illness among ethnic groups in the United States.
|
http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_272757399#5_504861865
|
Title: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Headings: Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Stigma, Discrimination, and Mental Health
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Go To Module 8: Improving Mental Health Care >>
Footnotes
Content: While European Americans tended to view psychiatric medications as “central and necessary” aspects of treatment, African American participants reported frustration over mental health professionals’ focus on medication. Furthermore, Latino participants often viewed clinical diagnoses as “potentially very socially damaging”, preferring to describe their mental health conditions more generally as nervios, which was perceived to hold less stigma. Because African Americans and Latinos in the U.S. are significantly less likely to seek and receive mental health care compared to European Americans, investigating possible cultural contributions to this usage pattern may help efforts to increase uptake of mental health care services. ( 9)
Bailey et al. ( 2011) also report negative attitudes toward health care professionals among many African Americans, noting that stigma, religious beliefs, distrust of the medical profession, and communication barriers may contribute to African Americans’ wariness of mental health services. ( 10) In a 2007 study, approximately 63% of African Americans viewed depression as a “personal weakness”, 30% reported that they would deal with depression themselves, and only one-third reported that they would accept medication for depression if prescribed by a medical professional. ( 11) Because African Americans are less likely to receive proper diagnosis and treatment for depression and are more likely to have depression for longer periods, African Americans’ perceptions of mental illness and the medical profession should be taken into account in efforts to improve mental health care access. ( 12)
Although the reasons for stigmatization are not consistent across communities or cultures, perceived stigma by individuals living with mental illness is reported internationally. For instance, the World Mental Health Surveys showed that stigma was closely associated with anxiety and mood disorders among adults reporting significant disability. The survey data, which included responses from 16 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific, showed that 22.1% of participants from developing countries and 11.7% of participants from developed countries experienced embarrassment and discrimination due to their mental illness.
|
http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_272757399#6_504864701
|
Title: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Headings: Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Stigma, Discrimination, and Mental Health
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Go To Module 8: Improving Mental Health Care >>
Footnotes
Content: 10) In a 2007 study, approximately 63% of African Americans viewed depression as a “personal weakness”, 30% reported that they would deal with depression themselves, and only one-third reported that they would accept medication for depression if prescribed by a medical professional. ( 11) Because African Americans are less likely to receive proper diagnosis and treatment for depression and are more likely to have depression for longer periods, African Americans’ perceptions of mental illness and the medical profession should be taken into account in efforts to improve mental health care access. ( 12)
Although the reasons for stigmatization are not consistent across communities or cultures, perceived stigma by individuals living with mental illness is reported internationally. For instance, the World Mental Health Surveys showed that stigma was closely associated with anxiety and mood disorders among adults reporting significant disability. The survey data, which included responses from 16 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific, showed that 22.1% of participants from developing countries and 11.7% of participants from developed countries experienced embarrassment and discrimination due to their mental illness. However, the authors note that these figures likely underestimate the extent of stigma associated with mental illness since they only evaluated data on anxiety and mood disorders. ( 13)
Finally, presenting mental health care services in culturally-sensitive ways may be essential to increasing access to and usage of mental health care services, as local beliefs about mental health often differ from the Western biomedical perspective on mental illness. For example, one study comparing Indian and American attitudes toward mental illness surveyed students at a university in the Himalayan region of Northern India and at a university in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States. The Indian students were more likely to view depression as arising from personally controllable causes (e.g. failure to achieve goals) and to “endorse social support and spiritual reflection or relaxation” as ways to deal with depression. The authors report that “conceptualizations and treatments” for depression should take into account diverse perspectives on mental illness in order to maximize the effectiveness of mental health care delivery programs. (
|
http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_272757399#18_504878021
|
Title: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Headings: Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Module 7: Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health
Stigma, Discrimination, and Mental Health
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Illness
Go To Module 8: Improving Mental Health Care >>
Footnotes
Content: J Natl Med Assoc., 103: 548-557. (12) Bailey, R.K., Milapkumar, P., Barker, N.C., Ali, S., Jabeen, S. (2011). Major depressive disorder in the African American population. J Natl Med Assoc., 103: 548-557. (13) Alonso, J., Buron, A., Bruffaerts, R., He, Y., Posad
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http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_277431561#5_513801467
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Title: Social Stratification
Headings:
In what ways are societies stratified?
Content: Boggs, 1970)
· “A society which had consistently underinvested in black students ought to now adopt race based policies aimed at helping young blacks overcome the deficits yielded by segregation. The legacy of decades of systematic deprivation could be overcome only by color conscious policies direct at the victims of that deprivation.” ( Howard, 1997)
· “Opponents of affirmative action have sought to seize the moral high ground, arguing that such policies betray the central ethical claim which drove the civil rights movement in its long struggle against segregation. People ought to be accorded equal treatment without regard to race, gender, or other extraneous characteristics. … the main burden of change must lie with programs that can develop a degree of genuine equality that will make affirmative action unnecessary.” ( Howard, 1997)
3. Gender is the patterning of difference and domination through distinctions between women and men. Gender roles are social constructions: they contain self-perceptions and psychological traits, as well as family, occupational, and political roles assigned to each sex. Patriarchy is the term for forms of social organization in which men are dominant over women.
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http://www.unm.edu/%7Esoc101/stratification1.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_279075288#5_516657928
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Title: Human trafficking: people for sale
Headings: Human trafficking: people for sale
Human trafficking: people for sale
Organized crime - profiting from the exploitation of human beings
A local and global crime
Sexual exploitation and forced labour
Gender and age of trafficking victims
What can be done?
Sources
Content: 10] It should, however, be noted that these figures are not definitive and may be distorted, given the prominence and visibility of some forms of exploitation over others. For instance, sex workers who are victims of human trafficking may be easier to identify than trafficked labourers on farms or in factories. Additionally, a misperception may exist that men are not victims of human trafficking, which further distorts ratios. More recent data show an increase in the detection of trafficking for forced labour and other forms of exploitation. Gender and age of trafficking victims
Globally, one in five victims of human trafficking are children, although in poorer regions and subregions, such as Africa and Greater Mekong, they make up the majority of trafficked persons. Children are exploited for the purposes of forced begging, child pornography or sex. Children are sometimes favoured as labourers as their small hands are deemed better for untangling fishing nets, sewing luxury goods or picking cocoa. Children are also enslaved as child soldiers in war zones. Women make up two thirds of the world's human trafficking victims. [ 11] The vast majority of these female victims are young women who are lured with false promises of employment and then raped, drugged, imprisoned, beaten or threatened with violence, have debt imposed on them, have their passport confiscated and/or are blackmailed.
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http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/human-trafficking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_279075288#6_516659846
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Title: Human trafficking: people for sale
Headings: Human trafficking: people for sale
Human trafficking: people for sale
Organized crime - profiting from the exploitation of human beings
A local and global crime
Sexual exploitation and forced labour
Gender and age of trafficking victims
What can be done?
Sources
Content: Children are exploited for the purposes of forced begging, child pornography or sex. Children are sometimes favoured as labourers as their small hands are deemed better for untangling fishing nets, sewing luxury goods or picking cocoa. Children are also enslaved as child soldiers in war zones. Women make up two thirds of the world's human trafficking victims. [ 11] The vast majority of these female victims are young women who are lured with false promises of employment and then raped, drugged, imprisoned, beaten or threatened with violence, have debt imposed on them, have their passport confiscated and/or are blackmailed. Men and boys may be victims of human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour, forced begging and sexual exploitation, and as child soldiers. The percentage of identified male victims is disproportionately lower than that of women for a number of reasons, including the fact that for many years anti-human trafficking legislation around the world tended to focus on trafficking in women and children or trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, of which most victims are women. The many different types of human trafficking mean that there is no single, typical victim profile. Cases are seen in all parts of the world and victims are targeted irrespective of gender, age or background. Children, for example, might be trafficked from Eastern to Western Europe for the purpose of begging or as pickpockets;
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http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/human-trafficking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_279075288#7_516661807
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Title: Human trafficking: people for sale
Headings: Human trafficking: people for sale
Human trafficking: people for sale
Organized crime - profiting from the exploitation of human beings
A local and global crime
Sexual exploitation and forced labour
Gender and age of trafficking victims
What can be done?
Sources
Content: Men and boys may be victims of human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour, forced begging and sexual exploitation, and as child soldiers. The percentage of identified male victims is disproportionately lower than that of women for a number of reasons, including the fact that for many years anti-human trafficking legislation around the world tended to focus on trafficking in women and children or trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, of which most victims are women. The many different types of human trafficking mean that there is no single, typical victim profile. Cases are seen in all parts of the world and victims are targeted irrespective of gender, age or background. Children, for example, might be trafficked from Eastern to Western Europe for the purpose of begging or as pickpockets; young girls, for example from Africa, may be deceived with promises of modelling or au pair jobs only to find themselves trapped in a world of sexual and pornographic exploitation; women from Asia may be tricked with promises of legitimate work, which in reality lead to virtual imprisonment and abuse; and men and women alike, for instance those trafficked from South to North America, may be made to work in gruelling conditions on farms. What can be done? Human trafficking is being tackled through a variety of national and international means.
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http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/human-trafficking.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_279219740#4_516831429
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Title: Human Trafficking FAQs
Headings:
WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
The definition of trafficking consists of three core elements:
HOW IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING DIFFERENT FROM MIGRANT SMUGGLING?
WHO ARE THE VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHY ARE PEOPLE TRAFFICKED?
WHAT IF A TRAFFICKED PERSON CONSENTS?
WHO ARE THE TRAFFICKERS?
HOW WIDESPREAD IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY IDENTIFIED FORMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHAT TYPES OF INDUSTRIES ARE AFFECTED BY HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIME GROUPS IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
DO MANY TRAFFICKERS GET CAUGHT AND CONVICTED?
IS THERE A LEGAL INSTRUMENT TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
WHAT DOES UNODC DO TO COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING?
Content: WHO ARE THE VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING? Victims of trafficking can be any age, any gender and from anywhere in the world. According to UNODC’s 2020 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons which is compiled using official figures from over 148 countries, female victims continue to be the primary targets. The Report shows that in 2018 46 percent of detected victims were women and 19 percent girls. For male victims the Report shows that 20 per cent of detected victims were men and 15 per cent were boys. The Report shows that the share of children among detected trafficking victims has tripled while the share of boys has increased five times over the past 15 years. Globally, one in every three victims detected is a child. Girls are mainly trafficked for sexual exploitation, while boys are used for forced labour. The share of detected male victims has risen from around 10 per cent in 2003 to 20 per cent in 2018. WHY ARE PEOPLE TRAFFICKED?
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http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_287593224#1_532163610
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Title: Arsenic exposure and poisoning - UpToDate
Headings:
Arsenic exposure and poisoning
Author:
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
REFERENCES
Content: Lower-dose chronic arsenic exposure can result in subacute toxicity that can include skin changes and skin cancer, peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular effects, peripheral vascular disease, hepatotoxicity, and other conditions [ 1 ]. Latent or long-term effects of arsenic exposure include an increased risk of cancers, even after exposure has ceased. Clinicians may need to consider arsenic exposure in the emergency care setting when treating those suspected of acute poisoning or those who present with prolonged or intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms that are atypical for most viral and bacterial enteric illnesses [ 2 ]. In the office setting, clinicians may need to consider questions concerning chronic arsenic exposure in patients whose source of water is well water, exposure from food (particularly rice products), and exposure in other environmental settings. SOURCES OF EXPOSURE
Overview — Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust and within numerous ores. It is classed as a metalloid because it complexes with metals; it also reacts with other elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, carbon, and sulfur. Elemental arsenic is rare, and the element exists more commonly as organic or inorganic compounds [ 2 ]. Arsenical compounds can be grouped as inorganic, organic, and arsine gas (AsH3). They are further classified according to their valence states:
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/arsenic-exposure-and-poisoning
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_296319596#0_548174959
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Title: Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) - UpToDate
Headings:
Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics)
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
INTRODUCTION
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION SYMPTOMS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION CAUSE
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION RISK FACTORS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION DIAGNOSIS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION TREATMENT
RECURRENT VAGINAL YEAST INFECTIONS
PREVENTION
SUMMARY
WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION
REFERENCES
Content: Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) - UpToDate
The content on the UpToDate website is not intended nor recommended as a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your own physician or other qualified health care professional regarding any medical questions or conditions. The use of UpToDate content is governed by the UpToDate Terms of Use. ©2021 UpToDate, Inc. All rights reserved. Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics)
Author: Jack D Sobel, MD
Section Editor: Robert L Barbieri, MD
Deputy Editor: Kristen Eckler, MD, FACOG
Contributor Disclosures
All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete.
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_296319596#1_548176386
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Title: Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics) - UpToDate
Headings:
Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics)
Section Editor:
Deputy Editor:
INTRODUCTION
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION SYMPTOMS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION CAUSE
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION RISK FACTORS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION DIAGNOSIS
VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION TREATMENT
RECURRENT VAGINAL YEAST INFECTIONS
PREVENTION
SUMMARY
WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION
REFERENCES
Content: Patient education: Vaginal yeast infection (Beyond the Basics)
Author: Jack D Sobel, MD
Section Editor: Robert L Barbieri, MD
Deputy Editor: Kristen Eckler, MD, FACOG
Contributor Disclosures
All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our peer review process is complete. Literature review current through: Apr 2021. | This topic last updated: Jan 25, 2021. INTRODUCTION
Vaginal yeast infections (also called yeast vaginitis or vaginal candidiasis) are a common problem in women.
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http://www.uptodate.com/contents/vaginal-yeast-infection-beyond-the-basics
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_297195015#6_549838197
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Back to top
Comprehensive Plans
Planning functions in most cities are divided into two categories, current planning and long-range planning. While zoning and the issuance of discretionary permits fall under the current planning category, comprehensive planning is typically a function within the long-range planning category. A comprehensive plan, also known as a general plan or master plan in some communities, is a general outline of future development projections for local community. In most cases it is a document used to project growth patterns over a period of time, usually from 20 to 50 years. It is used also to develop long-term programs for capital improvements and other programs affected by a municipality's anticipated long-term evolution. In most states, state law requires that local municipalities the zone property in a manner consistentwith the outlines of the adopted general or comprehensive plan. Hence, a jurisdiction is, in many ways, restricted from changing the zoning designation of property to one that does not match the adopted comprehensive or general plan. Back to top
Specific Plans
Specific plans are mechanisms by which local planning agencies can specify development regulations and land use preferences for certain unique physical areas. Specific planning regulations apply only in specified geographic areas, allowing local regulatory agencies the ability to tailor planning and zoning regulations to unique topography or circulation patterns in special areas. Specific plans may contain special height restrictions, added parking requirements and special design review requirements.
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http://www.urban-concepts.com/faq/index.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_297687518#5_550664673
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Title: Prematurity and Low Birth Weight | Urban Child Institute
Headings: Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Prematurity and low birth weight can disrupt children’s development.
The prevalence of low birth weight is slightly higher in Shelby County than across Tennessee.
Medical advances and access to neonatal care are helping more at-risk babies survive.
Preterm birth and low birth weight can have serious and long-term negative consequences.
The effects of low birth weight and prematurity are costly for families and for our community as a whole.
Intervention Strategies to Combat the Adverse Outcomes of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Early Intervention in Tennessee
References:
Content: 8
Preterm birth and low birth weight can have serious and long-term negative consequences. Increased rates of survival for low birth weight and very low birth weight infants are good news for our county and state. They also have important implications for public policy related to children’s health and well-being. To meet these new challenges, we need a better understanding of the long-term risks associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Preterm birth increases a child’s risk for health and developmental problems: A meta-review of 15 research studies concluded that premature birth (less than 37 weeks gestational age) is associated with poorer health and social/emotional functioning measured at preschool age, in adolescence, and in young adulthood. 10
Extremely preterm infants (less than 29 weeks gestational age) are at increased risk for childhood impairments in brain function due to brain injury and disruptions in early brain development. 4
Extremely preterm infants have a high risk (30-50%) of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disabilities. 11
Low birth weight has also been linked to a wide range of negative outcomes: Children born at moderately low birth weight (1500-2499g) are more likely than normal birth weight children to have special healthcare needs, including regular use of medication, above-average use of health services, and limitations on activity.
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http://www.urbanchildinstitute.org/articles/policy-briefs/prematurity-and-low-birth-weight
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_297687518#6_550667045
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Title: Prematurity and Low Birth Weight | Urban Child Institute
Headings: Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Prematurity and low birth weight can disrupt children’s development.
The prevalence of low birth weight is slightly higher in Shelby County than across Tennessee.
Medical advances and access to neonatal care are helping more at-risk babies survive.
Preterm birth and low birth weight can have serious and long-term negative consequences.
The effects of low birth weight and prematurity are costly for families and for our community as a whole.
Intervention Strategies to Combat the Adverse Outcomes of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight
Early Intervention in Tennessee
References:
Content: A meta-review of 15 research studies concluded that premature birth (less than 37 weeks gestational age) is associated with poorer health and social/emotional functioning measured at preschool age, in adolescence, and in young adulthood. 10
Extremely preterm infants (less than 29 weeks gestational age) are at increased risk for childhood impairments in brain function due to brain injury and disruptions in early brain development. 4
Extremely preterm infants have a high risk (30-50%) of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disabilities. 11
Low birth weight has also been linked to a wide range of negative outcomes: Children born at moderately low birth weight (1500-2499g) are more likely than normal birth weight children to have special healthcare needs, including regular use of medication, above-average use of health services, and limitations on activity. 12
Very low birth weight babies (less than 1500g) are at increased risk for chronic conditions such as respiratory problems, poor postnatal growth, cerebral palsy, and infections. 13, 14 These conditions increase the need for special education and services. 15
Very low birth weight has been linked to long-term abnormalities in brain development, as measured by MRI at age 8 and 12. 16
About 14% of very low birth weight children and 19% of extremely low birth weight children (less than 1000g) have below-average IQs. 17, 18
Some effects of low birth weight have been shown to persist into adulthood.
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http://www.urbanchildinstitute.org/articles/policy-briefs/prematurity-and-low-birth-weight
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_299581995#3_555367828
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Title: Urban Dictionary: coon's age
Headings:
coon's age
melomaniac
Coon's Age
Coons Age
Coon's Age
a very long time
coons age
Coons Age
Mar 3 trending
Content: by doogface April 01, 2012
Flag
Get a Coon's Age mug for your daughter-in-law Julia. 5
coons age
Normally raccoons normally live roughly 5-6 years in the wild. However once in awhile you will find a big grizzly one that is about 15-16 years old. This my friends, is what you call a " coon's age ". I've had that dog for a coons age, I wouldn't give it up. by Shattoww January 24, 2008
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Coons Age
A coons age is any time frame that has taken place in the past regardless of duration. This way you can drop country swag to identify and period of past time frame. The english language needs more words like Fuck, interchangeable and always fits into any context. I havent updated this fucking website in a coons age, even though i just did.
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http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Coons%20Age
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_299581995#4_555368972
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Title: Urban Dictionary: coon's age
Headings:
coon's age
melomaniac
Coon's Age
Coons Age
Coon's Age
a very long time
coons age
Coons Age
Mar 3 trending
Content: by Shattoww January 24, 2008
Flag
Get a coons age mug for your cousin Bob. 6
Coons Age
A coons age is any time frame that has taken place in the past regardless of duration. This way you can drop country swag to identify and period of past time frame. The english language needs more words like Fuck, interchangeable and always fits into any context. I havent updated this fucking website in a coons age, even though i just did. That's the kind of coons age swag droppage this country needs. i reckon i haven't been to the bar in a coons age. I havent trimmed my eye brows in a coons age
your mom used to come to my house daily, seems like a coons age ago and it was only yesterday. by Coony McCoonsage October 20, 2015
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Get a Coons Age mug for your guy Günter. Mar 3 trending
1.
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http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Coons%20Age
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_307035649#2_575277141
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Title: Urban Dictionary: Conservative
Headings:
Conservative
May 14 Word of the Day
psyop
conservative
conservative
conservatives
Conservative
Conservative
May 14 trending
Content: Person B: No, he wasn't a nutcase, that was just a psyop so the government could have an excuse to ban guns. by Mystikan April 11, 2006
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Get a psyop mug for your fish Manley. 2
conservative
Despite the misgivings of certain individuals who have an absurdly black/white view of the political spectrum, conservatism does not instantly mean hypocrasy and it certainly is not necessarily far-right in philosophy. Conservatism can be broadly categorised in two areas: 1. Fiscal conservatism. A belief in personal responsibility for finances. Scaling back taxation to allow greater control over individual incomes. Conservative thinking promotes cutbacks in public spending enabling tax breaks to be given to those that are earning, and believes in helping those out of work back into self sufficiency.
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http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=conservative
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#0_598140223
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation for unethical behavior? Donald Trump made this claim in the last debate, and keeps repeating it in all of his stump speeches. Rush Limbaugh thinks so too and has been making the claim for years. So does a viral email that’s been circulating for years. But does that make it true? An email says that Hillary Clinton — then Hillary Rodham — was fired for lying and being unethical when she was a 27-year-old working on the Watergate investigation.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#1_598141445
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: Donald Trump made this claim in the last debate, and keeps repeating it in all of his stump speeches. Rush Limbaugh thinks so too and has been making the claim for years. So does a viral email that’s been circulating for years. But does that make it true? An email says that Hillary Clinton — then Hillary Rodham — was fired for lying and being unethical when she was a 27-year-old working on the Watergate investigation. Is this true? Some people think it must be true since there are gifs floating all over the web saying it’s true: Was Hllary Clinton Fired from the Watergate Committee? These Gifs think so. The viral email (see below) is mainly derived from a column published on March 31, 2008, by Dan Calabrese, founder of North Star Writers Group, according to fact-finder TruthOrFiction.com.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#3_598144618
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: North Star was a newspaper syndicate that provided services until early 2012. Calabrese’s information came from Democrat Jerry Zeifman, a counsel and chief of staff of the House Judiciary Committee, who supervised Clinton on the Watergate investigation. Zeifman’s 2006 book, “Hillary’s Pursuit of Power,” states that she “… engaged in a variety of self-serving unethical practices in violation of House rules.” On his now-shuttered website, Zeifman said, “Hillary Clinton is ethically unfit to be either a senator or president — and if she were to become president, the last vestiges of the traditional moral authority of the party of Roosevelt, Truman and Johnson will be destroyed.” The problem is that Hillary Clinton remained on the Watergate Committee until Richard Nixon resigned and the Committee was shut down. Hillary Clinton did not work directly for Jerry Zeifman, and so he had no authority to fire her. There is no evidence she was fired, so this story is false. Here are two versions of the e-mail via TruthorFiction.com,
2013 Version: FLASHBACK: HILLARY CLINTON FIRED FROM WATERGATE INVESTIGATION FOR FOR ‘LYING, UNETHICAL BEHAVI OR’
The now-retired general counsel and chief of staff of the House Judiciary Committee, who supervised Hillary when she worked on the Watergate investigation, says Hillary’s history of lies and unethical behavior goes back farther … and goes much deeper … than anyone realizes.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#4_598146673
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: Hillary Clinton did not work directly for Jerry Zeifman, and so he had no authority to fire her. There is no evidence she was fired, so this story is false. Here are two versions of the e-mail via TruthorFiction.com,
2013 Version: FLASHBACK: HILLARY CLINTON FIRED FROM WATERGATE INVESTIGATION FOR FOR ‘LYING, UNETHICAL BEHAVI OR’
The now-retired general counsel and chief of staff of the House Judiciary Committee, who supervised Hillary when she worked on the Watergate investigation, says Hillary’s history of lies and unethical behavior goes back farther … and goes much deeper … than anyone realizes. Jerry Zeifman, a lifelong Democrat, supervised the work of 27-year-old Hillary Rodham on the committee. Hillary got a job working on the investigation at the behest of her former law professor, Burke Marshall, who was also Sen. Ted Kennedy’s chief counsel in the Chappaquiddick affair. When the investigation was over, Zeifman fired Hillary from the committee staff and refused to give her a letter of recommendation … one of only three people who earned that dubious distinction in Zeifman’s 17-year career. Why? “Because she was a liar,” Zeifman said in an interview last week. “
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#7_598152344
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: Because, according to Zeifman, they feared putting Watergate break-in mastermind E. Howard Hunt on the stand to be cross-examined by counsel to the president. Hunt, Zeifman said, had the goods on nefarious activities in the Kennedy Administration that would have made Watergate look like a day at the beach… including Kennedy’s purported complicity in the attempted assassination of Fidel Castro. The actions of Hillary and her cohorts went directly against the judgment of top Democrats, up to and including then-House Majority Leader Tip O’Neill, that Nixon clearly had the right to counsel. Zeifman says that Hillary, along with Marshall, Nussbaum and Doar, was determined to gain enough votes on the Judiciary Committee to change House rules and deny counsel to Nixon. And in order to pull this off, Zeifman says Hillary wrote a fraudulent legal brief, and confiscated public documents to hide her deception. The brief involved precedent for representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding. When Hillary endeavored to write a legal brief arguing there is no right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding, Zeifman says, he told Hillary about the case of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who faced an impeachment attempt in 1970. “As soon as the impeachment resolutions were introduced by (then-House Minority Leader Gerald) Ford, and they were referred to the House Judiciary Committee, the first thing Douglas did was hire himself a lawyer,” Zeifman said. The Judiciary Committee allowed Douglas to keep counsel, thus establishing the precedent. Zeifman says he told Hillary that all the documents establishing this fact were in the Judiciary Committee’s public files.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#8_598154638
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: The brief involved precedent for representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding. When Hillary endeavored to write a legal brief arguing there is no right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding, Zeifman says, he told Hillary about the case of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who faced an impeachment attempt in 1970. “As soon as the impeachment resolutions were introduced by (then-House Minority Leader Gerald) Ford, and they were referred to the House Judiciary Committee, the first thing Douglas did was hire himself a lawyer,” Zeifman said. The Judiciary Committee allowed Douglas to keep counsel, thus establishing the precedent. Zeifman says he told Hillary that all the documents establishing this fact were in the Judiciary Committee’s public files. So what did Hillary do? “Hillary then removed all the Douglas files to the offices where she was located, which at that time was secured and inaccessible to the public,”Zeifman said. Hillary then proceeded to write a legal brief arguing there was no precedent for the right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding … as if the Douglas case had never occurred. The brief was so fraudulent and ridiculous, Zeifman believes Hillary would have been disbarred if she had submitted it to a judge.http://patdollard.com/2013/05/flashback-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation-for-lying-unethical-behavior-conspiracy-to-violate-the-constitution/
——————————————–
Original eRumor as it appeared in 2008: Watergate-Era Judiciary Chief of Staff:
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#12_598163153
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: She couldn’t do it by herself, but Zeifman said she was one of several individuals – including Marshall, special counsel John Doar and senior associate special counsel (and future Clinton White House Counsel) Bernard Nussbaum – who engaged in a seemingly implausible scheme to deny Richard Nixon the right to counsel during the investigation. Why would they want to do that? Because, according to Zeifman, they feared putting Watergate break-in mastermind E. Howard Hunt on the stand to be cross-examined by counsel to the president. Hunt, Zeifman said, had the goods on nefarious activities in the Kennedy Administration that would have made Watergate look like a day at the beach – including Kennedy’s purported complicity in the attempted assassination of Fidel Castro. The actions of Hillary and her cohorts went directly against the judgment of top Democrats, up to and including then-House Majority Leader Tip O’Neill, that Nixon clearly had the right to counsel. Zeifman says that Hillary, along with Marshall, Nussbaum and Doar, was determined to gain enough votes on the Judiciary Committee to change House rules and deny counsel to Nixon. And in order to pull this off, Zeifman says Hillary wrote a fraudulent legal brief, and confiscated public documents to hide her deception. The brief involved precedent for representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding. When Hillary endeavored to write a legal brief arguing there is no right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding, Zeifman says, he told Hillary about the case of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who faced an impeachment attempt in 1970. “As soon as the impeachment resolutions were introduced by (then-House Minority Leader Gerald) Ford, and they were referred to the House Judiciary Committee, the first thing Douglas did was hire himself a lawyer,” Zeifman said.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#13_598165621
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: Zeifman says that Hillary, along with Marshall, Nussbaum and Doar, was determined to gain enough votes on the Judiciary Committee to change House rules and deny counsel to Nixon. And in order to pull this off, Zeifman says Hillary wrote a fraudulent legal brief, and confiscated public documents to hide her deception. The brief involved precedent for representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding. When Hillary endeavored to write a legal brief arguing there is no right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding, Zeifman says, he told Hillary about the case of Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who faced an impeachment attempt in 1970. “As soon as the impeachment resolutions were introduced by (then-House Minority Leader Gerald) Ford, and they were referred to the House Judiciary Committee, the first thing Douglas did was hire himself a lawyer,” Zeifman said. The Judiciary Committee allowed Douglas to keep counsel, thus establishing the precedent. Zeifman says he told Hillary that all the documents establishing this fact were in the Judiciary Committee’s public files. So what did Hillary do? “Hillary then removed all the Douglas files to the offices where she was located, which at that time was secured and inaccessible to the public,” Zeifman said. Hillary then proceeded to write a legal brief arguing there was no precedent for the right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding – as if the Douglas case had never occurred.
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_315678414#14_598167704
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Title: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation? | Urban Myths
Headings: Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
Fact or Fiction: Was Hillary Clinton fired from Watergate investigation?
2013 Version:
So what did Hillary do?
Comments
Content: The Judiciary Committee allowed Douglas to keep counsel, thus establishing the precedent. Zeifman says he told Hillary that all the documents establishing this fact were in the Judiciary Committee’s public files. So what did Hillary do? “Hillary then removed all the Douglas files to the offices where she was located, which at that time was secured and inaccessible to the public,” Zeifman said. Hillary then proceeded to write a legal brief arguing there was no precedent for the right to representation by counsel during an impeachment proceeding – as if the Douglas case had never occurred. The brief was so fraudulent and ridiculous, Zeifman believes Hi
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http://www.urbanmyths.com/urban-myths/politics/fact-or-fiction-was-hillary-clinton-fired-from-watergate-investigation/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_317144017#0_600779134
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Title: Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
Headings: Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain
Health Encyclopedia
Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain
What is a sympathetic nerve block?
Why might I need a sympathetic nerve block?
What are the risks of a sympathetic nerve block?
How do I get ready for a sympathetic nerve block?
What happens during a sympathetic nerve block?
What happens after a sympathetic nerve block?
Next steps
Medical Reviewers:
Content: Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
Health Encyclopedia
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Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain
What is a sympathetic nerve block? A sympathetic nerve block helps your provider find the cause of the burning, pain, or tingling in your arms and hands or legs and feet. During the test, medicine is injected near your spine. This “blocks” the sympathetic nerves in that area. The sympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves all over your body. The nerves branch from your spine. This nervous system controls several involuntary body functions, or body functions that you have no control over. These include blood flow (opening and closing of blood vessels), digestion, and opening the sweat glands. A problem with these nerves can affect blood flow. Symptoms are often felt in the hands or feet.
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http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=135&ContentID=54
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_319933431#1_607312244
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Title: Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans - US Funerals Online
Headings: Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans
Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans
What can you expect to pay for a funeral or cremation?
Cremation rate on the Increase
The era of price comparison: searching for funeral and cremation prices online
The Death of the Traditional Funeral
Direct cremation offers a new alternative for budget family farewells
Written by Sara Marsden-Ille
Content: According to the Cremation Association of North America (CANA), the price tag for a simple cremation costs an average of $1,650, and this includes a simple memorial service. If no memorial service is included and a simple direct cremation is performed, the average price is $725. The cost to inter a cremation urn is also significantly less than the cost for a burial plot for a casket. Burial plots can range anywhere between $1,650 and $5,000, whereas a cremation burial space averages about $995. Cremation rate on the Increase
The cremation rate has steadily been on the increase in the United States since the 1960s. The ruling by the Vatican in 1963 to allow cremation for catholic funerals marked a shift-change in traditional burials and funerals. In 1980 about one in ten people who died in the U.S. were cremated, by 2018 this has reached 54.8% and by 2035 it is expected that at least 70% of all deaths will be followed by a cremation. This is reflected by a decline in the casket industry and casket wholesalers report a slight decrease in their casket sales year-on-year. Mark Allen, of the Casket and Funeral Supply Association of America, claims that they “ theorize that more families chose cremation due to the economic conditions .” The era of price comparison:
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http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/cheap-cremation-is-changing-our-funeral-plans.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_319933431#2_607314338
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Title: Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans - US Funerals Online
Headings: Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans
Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans
What can you expect to pay for a funeral or cremation?
Cremation rate on the Increase
The era of price comparison: searching for funeral and cremation prices online
The Death of the Traditional Funeral
Direct cremation offers a new alternative for budget family farewells
Written by Sara Marsden-Ille
Content: The ruling by the Vatican in 1963 to allow cremation for catholic funerals marked a shift-change in traditional burials and funerals. In 1980 about one in ten people who died in the U.S. were cremated, by 2018 this has reached 54.8% and by 2035 it is expected that at least 70% of all deaths will be followed by a cremation. This is reflected by a decline in the casket industry and casket wholesalers report a slight decrease in their casket sales year-on-year. Mark Allen, of the Casket and Funeral Supply Association of America, claims that they “ theorize that more families chose cremation due to the economic conditions .” The era of price comparison: searching for funeral and cremation prices online
Certainly here at US Funerals Online we continue to see an increase in our visitors searching with cost in mind. The volume of visitors searching with the terms “cost” and “affordable” has increased by 33%, and we find an increase in visitors to the web site who are seeking to compare costs online. We average about 100 searches a day for people who want to compare the costs between a burial and a cremation. We can only come to the conclusion that cost is now an important concern to many American families as they feel the pinch of the recession. The convenience of cremation has for some time contributed to its increase in popularity.
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http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/cheap-cremation-is-changing-our-funeral-plans.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_320282869#2_608218679
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Title: Virginia Beach - US Funerals Online
Headings: Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach
What is the average cost of cremation in Virginia Beach?
Compare cremation costs & ensure you know who you are dealing with
Price comparison research and funeral home reviews
Content: Compare cremation costs & ensure you know who you are dealing with
It is important to check and compare the basic cost of cremation before you make any decisions. The cost of a cremation will vary considerably between different cremation providers in Virginia Beach. It would be wise to establish exactly what kind of company you are dealing with. Some funeral homes can appear to be independent family-owned businesses but are in fact either owned by or affiliated with, a corporate funeral chain. Some funeral businesses are using the Internet to market themselves under different guises. It is always recommended to check they have a local address and clearly identify who they are. Direct Cremation Service $1,550 Call (757) 304-6533
Price comparison research and funeral home reviews
We conducted some cremation price comparisons in the Virginia Beach area and there are a number of providers offering cremations at a more affordable cost. Basic, direct cremation packages are available for just $1,550 complete. Do be sure to check EXACTLY what is included in the price you are quoted. Sometimes a basic price may be quoted but then further fees added that increase the overall cost.
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http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/what-is-the-average-cost-of-a-cremation-in-virginia-beach.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_320282869#3_608220370
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Title: Virginia Beach - US Funerals Online
Headings: Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach
What is the average cost of cremation in Virginia Beach?
Compare cremation costs & ensure you know who you are dealing with
Price comparison research and funeral home reviews
Content: It is always recommended to check they have a local address and clearly identify who they are. Direct Cremation Service $1,550 Call (757) 304-6533
Price comparison research and funeral home reviews
We conducted some cremation price comparisons in the Virginia Beach area and there are a number of providers offering cremations at a more affordable cost. Basic, direct cremation packages are available for just $1,550 complete. Do be sure to check EXACTLY what is included in the price you are quoted. Sometimes a basic price may be quoted but then further fees added that increase the overall cost. A basic direct cremation package will usually include: Arrangement meeting
Collection of the deceased from the place of death
Storage of deceased prior to cremation
Crematory fee
Basic cremation container
Temporary container for cremated remains
Medical examiners fee
One copy of the death certificate
It is possible to cut costs by making all arrangements online, but many families prefer to conduct an arrangement meeting at the funeral home, or at their own home. [ Price comparison survey conducted in April 2018]
Reviewing funeral homes and cremation providers has not generally been common practice. But as we all become more conscientious consumers using online tools to assist us to share our experiences, there is a growing number of online reviews of funeral businesses. Use your judgment and integrity, as online reviews are subject to being constructed, just as any online reviewing tools are.
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http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/what-is-the-average-cost-of-a-cremation-in-virginia-beach.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_320282869#4_608222384
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Title: Virginia Beach - US Funerals Online
Headings: Virginia Beach
Virginia Beach
What is the average cost of cremation in Virginia Beach?
Compare cremation costs & ensure you know who you are dealing with
Price comparison research and funeral home reviews
Content: A basic direct cremation package will usually include: Arrangement meeting
Collection of the deceased from the place of death
Storage of deceased prior to cremation
Crematory fee
Basic cremation container
Temporary container for cremated remains
Medical examiners fee
One copy of the death certificate
It is possible to cut costs by making all arrangements online, but many families prefer to conduct an arrangement meeting at the funeral home, or at their own home. [ Price comparison survey conducted in April 2018]
Reviewing funeral homes and cremation providers has not generally been common practice. But as we all become more conscientious consumers using online tools to assist us to share our experiences, there is a growing number of online reviews of funeral businesses. Use your judgment and integrity, as online reviews are subject to being constructed, just as any online reviewing tools are. In the funeral and cremation business word-of-mouth recommendations are usually a significant way that people gauge the service levels of a funeral home. It is always useful to ask around friends, colleagues, and associates to benchmark what experiences they have had. Being educated and informed about the various cremation options open to you, how the law governs cremation in Virginia, and what costs to expect for cremation means that you can remain in control throughout the arrangement process. * 41.7% – Wikipedia 2018
Understanding cremation laws and how they affect arranging a cremation
Cheap Cremation…..How Cost and Convenience is Changing our Funeral Plans
Resources: DFS Memorials – affordable funeral & cremations in Virginia Beach
VIRGINIA – Funeral planning guide
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http://www.us-funerals.com/funeral-articles/what-is-the-average-cost-of-a-cremation-in-virginia-beach.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_333631557#5_632306872
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Title:
Headings:
Content: This involves resting it, icing it, compressing it with a wrap and elevating it. Applying ice to a fresh injury will reduce swelling, which is the immediate goal of RICE treatment. So, too, will elevating it so blood moves away from the injury. After a few days of rest and ice, slowly begin to work your finger back into shape. Start to bend it slightly--putting yourself only through minimal pain--as you work the swelling out of the joint. You know your body best so trust your pain tolerance. If it still hurts, don't push it. In most cases, a little ice, a little rest and a little time is all that's needed to mend a jammed finger. Some injuries are more serious and require the attention of a doctor. Either way, your finger should recover before long and before you know it, you'll be back on the court healthier than ever.
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http://www.usab.com/youth/news/2011/08/how-to-treat-a-jammed-finger.aspx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_334209718#0_633080093
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Title: UsableStats: The Variability of a Sample
Headings:
Introduction to Confidence Intervals :: The Variability of a Sample
Content: UsableStats: The Variability of a Sample
View All Tutorials
Introduction to Confidence Intervals :: The Variability of a Sample
There are three areas that affect the width of a confidence interval. Sample Size
Confidence Level
Population Variability
As the sample size decreases, the confidence intervals get wider. As the confidence level increases the confidence intervals also get wider. Guess what else? As the variability of the population you're sampling from increases the confidence interval of your sample gets wider. So what is population variability? It's how much the individual data points differ from each other in the whole population. While populations are usually very large (like the millions of people in a country or thousands of patients at a hospital) they can also be much smaller.
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http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/SampleVariability
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#0_642934889
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Dr. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance in Speech on Senate Floor May 14th, 2020
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Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
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USA Patriot Act of 2001
The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the "Patriot Act", is a statute enacted by the United States Government that President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001. The contrived acronym stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law Pub. L. 107-56)
President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, Anti-Terrorism Legislation, in the East Room Oct. 26, 2001. " With my signature, this law will give intelligence and law enforcement officials important new tools to fight a present danger," said the President in his remarks. White House photo by Eric Draper.
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#1_642936945
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: Watch on
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USA Patriot Act of 2001
The USA PATRIOT Act, commonly known as the "Patriot Act", is a statute enacted by the United States Government that President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26, 2001. The contrived acronym stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (Public Law Pub. L. 107-56)
President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, Anti-Terrorism Legislation, in the East Room Oct. 26, 2001. " With my signature, this law will give intelligence and law enforcement officials important new tools to fight a present danger," said the President in his remarks. White House photo by Eric Draper. The Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied.
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#2_642938875
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: The Act increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and enhances the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act’s expanded law enforcement powers can be applied. The Act was passed by wide margins in both houses of Congress and was supported by members of both the Republican and Democratic parties. It has been criticized for weakening protections of civil liberties, as well as being overbroad in regard to its circumstances of application. In particular, opponents of the law have criticized its authorization of indefinite detentions of immigrants; searches through which law enforcement officers search a home or business without the owner’s or the occupant’s permission or knowledge; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the FBI to search telephone, e-mail, and financial records without a court order;
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#3_642940732
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: The Act was passed by wide margins in both houses of Congress and was supported by members of both the Republican and Democratic parties. It has been criticized for weakening protections of civil liberties, as well as being overbroad in regard to its circumstances of application. In particular, opponents of the law have criticized its authorization of indefinite detentions of immigrants; searches through which law enforcement officers search a home or business without the owner’s or the occupant’s permission or knowledge; the expanded use of National Security Letters, which allows the FBI to search telephone, e-mail, and financial records without a court order; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several legal challenges have been brought against the act, and Federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional. Many of the act's provisions were to sunset beginning December 31, 2005, approximately 4 years after its passage. In the months preceding the sunset date, supporters of the act pushed to make its sunsetting provisions permanent, while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberty protections. In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several sections of the act, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language.
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#4_642942645
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records, including library and financial records. Since its passage, several legal challenges have been brought against the act, and Federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional. Many of the act's provisions were to sunset beginning December 31, 2005, approximately 4 years after its passage. In the months preceding the sunset date, supporters of the act pushed to make its sunsetting provisions permanent, while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberty protections. In July 2005, the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several sections of the act, while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act's original language. The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee that was criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns. [ 1] The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006 and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 9 and 10th, 2006. YouTube
Addison B. Bachman
514 subscribers
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The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_339079453#5_642944663
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Title: United States of America USA Patriot Act of 2001 - Research Center Featuring A Downloadable Copy Of The Original Document
Headings:
Sen. Rand Paul Defends the Constitution, Condemns Warrantless Government Surveillance - May 14, 2020
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Content: The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee that was criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns. [ 1] The bill, which removed most of the changes from the Senate version, passed Congress on March 2, 2006 and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 9 and 10th, 2006. YouTube
Addison B. Bachman
514 subscribers
Subscribe
The Last Days Pt 317 - Trump In The Lion's Den
Watch later
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Info
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More videos
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Another group, the Humanitarian Law Project, also objected to the provision prohibiting "expert advise and assistance" to terrorists and filed a suit against the U.S. government to have it declared unconstitutional. They succeeded, and a Federal Court found that the law was vague enough to cause a reasonable person to guess whether they were breaking the law or not. Thus they found it violated the First Amendment rights of U.S. citizens, and struck it down.
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http://www.usapatriotact.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_343889574#9_650809875
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Title: How Catholics struggle with mental illness | U.S. Catholic
Headings: Through a glass darkly: How Catholics struggle with mental illness
Through a glass darkly: How Catholics struggle with mental illness
Mental illness is still murky territory for those who experience it, their families, and their church.
Shrinking stigma
A real disability
Share the load
Baby steps
About the author
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Content: “It is way easier to build a ramp than it is to deal with a person who comes to church talking to herself, which might be a manifestation of some of the more severe symptoms of mental illness,” she says. “ I don’t think that the church is ready for that yet.” Recent Baylor University studies reflect this attitude. A 2008 study showed that almost one-third of a group of 293 Christians who approached their various churches about mental illness were told that they or their family member didn’t really have a mental disorder. A 2009 Baylor survey of Texas Baptists found depression and anxiety were the maladies most often dismissed by clergy. Repeated studies have also shown that it is clergy to whom people most frequently turn when they are first in mental distress, not mental health professionals. Like many working in Catholic mental illness advocacy, Lambert, the deacon from Chicago, has a personal connection to mental illness. His daughter was diagnosed with a serious mental illness 20 years ago, and he and his wife first sought resources through the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), a leading nonprofit organization that was founded in 1972. “NAMI recognized that churches are a natural ally,” he says. “ Churches understand compassion.
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http://www.uscatholic.org/node/5811
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_344333664#1_651543568
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Title: Sacraments | USCCB
Headings: Sacraments and Sacramentals
Sacraments and Sacramentals
Sacraments of the Church
Sacraments of Christian Initiation
Sacraments of Healing
Sacraments of Service
Sacramentals and Other Resources
Content: The invisible reality we cannot "see" is God's grace, his gracious initiative in redeeming us through the death and Resurrection of his Son. His initiative is called grace because it is the free and loving gift by which he offers people a share in his life, and shows us his favor and will for our salvation. Our response to the grace of God's initiative is itself a grace or gift from God by which we can imitate Christ in our daily lives. The saving words and deeds of Jesus Christ are the foundation of what he would communicate in the Sacraments through the ministers of the Church. Guided by the Holy Spirit, the Church recognizes the existence of Seven Sacraments instituted by the Lord. They are the Sacraments of Initiation (Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist), the Sacraments of Healing (Penance and the Anointing of the Sick), and the Sacraments at the Service of Communion (Marriage and Holy Orders). Through the Sacraments, God shares his holiness with us so that we, in turn, can make the world holier. Sacraments and Social Mission: Living the Gospel, Being Disciples | en Español
This 28 page booklet and study guide highlights the connections between the celebration of the sacraments and our social mission as followers of Jesus and the Body of Christ. . Print copies are also available for $5.95/booklet from USCCB Publishing.
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http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/sacraments-and-sacramentals/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_344333664#2_651545355
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Title: Sacraments | USCCB
Headings: Sacraments and Sacramentals
Sacraments and Sacramentals
Sacraments of the Church
Sacraments of Christian Initiation
Sacraments of Healing
Sacraments of Service
Sacramentals and Other Resources
Content: They are the Sacraments of Initiation (Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist), the Sacraments of Healing (Penance and the Anointing of the Sick), and the Sacraments at the Service of Communion (Marriage and Holy Orders). Through the Sacraments, God shares his holiness with us so that we, in turn, can make the world holier. Sacraments and Social Mission: Living the Gospel, Being Disciples | en Español
This 28 page booklet and study guide highlights the connections between the celebration of the sacraments and our social mission as followers of Jesus and the Body of Christ. . Print copies are also available for $5.95/booklet from USCCB Publishing. Sacraments of the Church
Sacraments of Christian Initiation
Baptism Confirmation Eucharist
Sacraments of Healing
Penance and Reconciliation Anointing of the Sick
Sacraments of Service
Matrimony Holy Orders
Sacramentals and Other Resources
Sacramentals (Blessings)
Bereavement and Funerals
Blessings of Objects
Blessings of Persons
Blessing of the Oils and the Consecration of the Chrism
Exorcism
Music for the Order of the Dedication of a Church and an Altar
Ritual Books
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http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/sacraments-and-sacramentals/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_351335031#7_663591183
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Title: Facts and Case Summary - Miranda v. Arizona | United States Courts
Headings: Facts and Case Summary - Miranda v. Arizona
Facts and Case Summary - Miranda v. Arizona
Facts
Issues
Supreme Court holding
Follow-Up
Content: Stewart was convicted of robbery and first-degree murder and sentenced to death. The Supreme Court of California reversed, holding that Stewart should have been advised of his right to remain silent and his right to counsel. Issues
Whether “statements obtained from an individual who is subjected to custodial police interrogation” are admissible against him in a criminal trial and whether “procedures which assure that the individual is accorded his privilege under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution not to be compelled to incriminate himself” are necessary. Supreme Court holding
The Court held that “there can be no doubt that the Fifth Amendment privilege is available outside of criminal court proceedings and serves to protect persons in all settings in which their freedom of action is curtailed in any significant way from being compelled to incriminate themselves.” As such, “the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from custodial interrogation of the defendant unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination. By custodial interrogation, we mean questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” The Court further held that “without proper safeguards the process of in-custody interrogation of persons suspected or accused of crime contains inherently compelling pressures which work to undermine the individual’s will to resist and to compel him to speak where he would otherwise do so freely.” Therefore, a defendant “must be warned prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires.” The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the Supreme Court of Arizona in Miranda, reversed the judgment of the New York Court of Appeals in Vignera, reversed the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Westover, and affirmed the judgment of the Supreme Court of California in Stewart . Argued:
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http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-miranda-v-arizona
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_354089332#1_668253750
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Title: Spot Zoning Explained
Headings: Avoid Spot Zoning To Be Seen as Fair
Avoid Spot Zoning To Be Seen as Fair
Why Do Courts React Negatively to Spot Zoning?
What Can Citizens Do About a Potential Bad Land Use Decision
When Rezoning Seems Contrary to Sound Land Use Principles
Also of Interest:
Content: If you want to plunk down a commercial designation on a residential lot that is situated mid-block in a subdivision, that sure sounds like a spot zoning in almost all conceivable circumstances. If the parcels are larger than a typical subdivision lot, though, and the property seeking the rezoning to commercial is surrounded on three sides by residential zoning, but on the fourth side by a neighbor having commercial zoning already, the picture becomes more gray. This practice may occur because people favor or dislike a rezoning applicant, but more often, it seems to occur because the local planning commission and city council lack the courage to say no. Now we will make our example harder. What if this is a development influenced by new urbanism and the mixed-use concept, and the proposed commercial lot is at the end of the residential block, instead of in the middle? In many cities corner stores are a traditional neighborhood layout. What if there are architectural controls or urban design standards that would limit the mass, height, setbacks, and appearance of any new building on the parcel in question, holding to the same standards that would apply to a house? Some would say that the land use itself doesn't matter nearly as much as the building form. This line of thinking has given rise to an approach known as form-based codes. Proponent of this theory would de-emphasize any talk of spot zoning and instead choose to focus on whether buildings and their performance are substantially consistent with one another.
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http://www.useful-community-development.org/spot-zoning.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_354089332#2_668255781
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Title: Spot Zoning Explained
Headings: Avoid Spot Zoning To Be Seen as Fair
Avoid Spot Zoning To Be Seen as Fair
Why Do Courts React Negatively to Spot Zoning?
What Can Citizens Do About a Potential Bad Land Use Decision
When Rezoning Seems Contrary to Sound Land Use Principles
Also of Interest:
Content: In many cities corner stores are a traditional neighborhood layout. What if there are architectural controls or urban design standards that would limit the mass, height, setbacks, and appearance of any new building on the parcel in question, holding to the same standards that would apply to a house? Some would say that the land use itself doesn't matter nearly as much as the building form. This line of thinking has given rise to an approach known as form-based codes. Proponent of this theory would de-emphasize any talk of spot zoning and instead choose to focus on whether buildings and their performance are substantially consistent with one another. In spite of the fact that we are retreating from some of the rigidity of traditional zoning with a welcome emphasis on how properties perform and how well traditional mixed-use neighborhoods have performed, it's also true that some instances of what most of us would call spot zoning really are indefensible. Let's take a closer look at the legal background of spot zoning. Why Do Courts React Negatively to Spot Zoning? Courts rule against a scattered pattern of land use designations for two reasons: Fundamental fairness.
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http://www.useful-community-development.org/spot-zoning.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_355155766#6_670158969
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Title: Study Notes: Native Americans and the US Military
Headings:
Study Notes - Native Americans and the U.S. Military
Content: Spanish American War
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders recruited Native Americans and they went to Cuba during the Spanish American War in 1898. When General John J. Pershing went to Mexico after Poncho Villa during the early 20 th century, he had Native American scouts as part of his troops. Four Native American Catholic Sisters from South Dakota worked as nurses for the War Department during the Spanish American War (1898). The sisters were originally assigned to a military hospital at Jacksonville, Florida, but were then transferred to Havana, Cuba. WWI
Although they were not yet citizens (Citizenship Act, 1924), more than 12,000 Native Americans volunteered to serve during WWI. Four men from the 142 nd Infantry of the 36 th Texas-Oklahoma National Guard were awarded France’s Croix de Guerre and others were awarded the Church War Cross for courage. Toward the end of WWI, eight Choctow Indians in the same unit took over field communications and, although surrounded by the German army, were able to send tactical messages in their native language. This is code-talking before the famous Navajo Code-Talkers. Fourteen Native American women served as members of the Army Nurse Corp, two of them overseas. WWII
After being granted citizenship, Native Americans were eligible for the draft but instead enlisted for military duty in record numbers.
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http://www.users.miamioh.edu/johnso58/246SNmilitary.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_355219151#12_670281362
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Title: Integrated Curriculum
Headings: Gina Contardi, Michelle Fall, Gina Flora, Jodi Gandee and Carrie Treadway.
Introduction:
Why do schools adopt integrated curriculum?
What is integrated curriculum?
Components of Integrated Curriculum
A Closer Look at Both Sides of the Debate
What are the strongest arguments supporting integrated curriculum?
How does an integrated curriculum impact our students?
Modernist Teaching Post-Modernist Teaching_
Modernist Student Post-Modernist Student
What do the critics say?
A Closer Look at Integrated Curriculum
How does an integrated curriculum help to promote the development of culture and community within the classroom?
How does interdisciplinary instruction effect student motivation?
How does the interdisciplinary/integrated curriculum support Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
How does an integrated curriculum support and promote cooperative learning?
Content: How does an integrated curriculum impact our students? Integrated curriculum adopts a student-centered approach, by nature of its definition, it moves further away from the modernist viewpoint. With an integrated curriculum, a "right" way to complete a task does not exist. Students are free to reach conclusions on their own and they are provided with many different perspectives, affording students the opportunity to question the conclusions of their teachers. A table diagramming the perspectives of the modernist and the post-modernist is listed below. Modernist Teaching Post-Modernist Teaching_
Didactic and dogmatic approach to
learning
Inhibits student observations, values or conclusions different from their own, the textbook or other authorities
Strives to have students master what is prescribed to them
Supports two ways of knowing and doing things: the right way and the wrong way
Dialectical Manner in presenting knowledge
Open to new ideas and procedures
Presents multiple views and expects students to formulate their own meanings
Rewards creative, divergent behavior and thinking of students
No rigid disciplines exist
Modernist Student Post-Modernist Student
Never questions points of confusion in the values, assumptions, logic and observations of the teacher or authorities
Believes that confusion comes from own intellectual inadequacy
Rejects own experience and feelings in favor of converging ideas of authoritative sources such as teachers, textbooks and experts
Accepts content as truth
Never goes beyond the information given
Questions the values, assumptions, observations and conclusions of authorities
Selects and modifies ideas of teachers to formulate their own meanings consistent with their experiences and needs
Acquires basic content through such activities as inquiry and creative thinking
Uses fluency, flexibility, and elaboration to develop original ideas and concepts
Implements higher levels of thinking
What do the critics say? The benefi
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http://www.users.miamioh.edu/shermalw/edp603_group3-f00.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356223867#0_672345342
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Title: The History of U.S. Tariff Policies
Headings: The History of U.S. Tariff Policies
The History of U.S. Tariff Policies
1789
1807
1812
1828
1846
1861
Reconstruction Era
1913
1930
1947
1974
1994
1995
2018
2018-2019
Content: The History of U.S. Tariff Policies
The History of U.S. Tariff Policies
1789
The Tariff Act of 1789 was designed to protect manufacturing in the U.S. and generate revenue for the government. It was the first major piece of legislation passed since the ratification of the Constitution and was signed by President George Washington. After the American Revolution, the U.S. was unable to reach trade deals with most European nations and needed to prevent a flood of foreign goods from damaging domestic manufacturers. 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports. President Thomas Jefferson passed the Act in response to the British-French war, which saw American ships seized by both sides, since the U.S. was neutral in the conflict. 1812
Ultimately the War of 1812 broke out between the U.S. and Britain due to Britain blocking off neutral trade with France. Tariffs were raised after the war to generate income for the government and continue to protect U.S. industries from the influx of cheaper British goods. 1828
The Tariff of 1828, known by many in the South as the “Tariff of Abominations,” was created during the presidency of John Quincy Adams to protect the industry in the North. It set a 38 percent tax on 92 percent of imported goods and a 45 percent tax on raw materials, such as tobacco and cotton. This was one of the first major issues that began to divide the North and the South leading up to the Civil War.
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http://www.usfunds.com/tariff-timeline/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#0_672626688
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions. 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
A building is a structure that is permanently attached to the land, has a roof, is partially or completely enclosed by walls, and is not intended to be transportable or moveable. 7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
Building improvements are capital events that materially extend the useful life of a building or increase the value of a building, or both. A building improvement should be capitalized as a betterment and recorded as an addition of value to the existing building if the expenditure for the improvement meets or exceeds the capitalization threshold, or increases the life or value of the building by 25 percent of the original life or cost. Building improvements meeting the capitalization threshold or increasing the building value by at least 25 percent of the original cost should be recorded as an addition of value to the existing asset using a parent/child asset management relationship. The useful life of the improvement (the “child”) should generally not exceed that of the original asset (the “parent”). However, if the improvement is not an integral part of the original asset, it may possess a different useful life than the parent asset. For example, the useful life of a floor renovation project should not exceed the useful life of the building asset to which it relates because it is an integral part of the building that cannot exist on its own. Alternately, a wing addition to a building could have a useful life that exceeds the life of the building to which it is attached because it did not exist as part of the original asset. Building improvements increasing the building’s useful life by at least 25 percent of the original life period should be capitalized in one of two ways:
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#1_672629529
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: The useful life of the improvement (the “child”) should generally not exceed that of the original asset (the “parent”). However, if the improvement is not an integral part of the original asset, it may possess a different useful life than the parent asset. For example, the useful life of a floor renovation project should not exceed the useful life of the building asset to which it relates because it is an integral part of the building that cannot exist on its own. Alternately, a wing addition to a building could have a useful life that exceeds the life of the building to which it is attached because it did not exist as part of the original asset. Building improvements increasing the building’s useful life by at least 25 percent of the original life period should be capitalized in one of two ways: Capitalize as a betterment and record as an addition of value to the existing building using a parent/child asset management relationship. The parent’s useful life should be modified for the increase in useful life. If fully depreciated, recapitalize the eligible improvements as a new building asset and retire the original building asset. This procedure would be used in cases where major renovations are completed. 7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
The straight-line depreciation method (historical cost less residual value, divided by useful life) will be used for buildings, building improvements, and their components.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#3_672633884
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: For useful lives of buildings, see Sections 7.15.1 and 7.15.2. Subsequent improvements that change the use or function of the building shall be depreciated. Buildings designated as “historical” by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources will not be depreciated unless used in the operations of the University System of Georgia. However, any improvements or betterments not deemed “historical” by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources will be depreciated the same as any other improvements or betterments made to a building. 7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
The capitalization threshold for buildings and building improvements is $100,000. Examples of expenditures to be capitalized as buildings include: Purchased Buildings
Original purchase price
Expenses for remodeling, reconditioning, or altering a purchased building to make it ready to use for the purpose for which is was acquired (this would include payroll and related costs for employees directly involved in the modifications)
Environmental compliance, such as asbestos abatement, etc. Professional fees, such as legal, architectural, inspections, title searches, etc. Payment of unpaid or accrued taxes on the building to date of purchase
Cancellation or buyout of existing leases
Other costs required to place or render the asset into operation
Constructed Buildings
Completed project costs
Interest accrued during construction
Cost of excavating, grading, or filling of land for a specific building
Expenses incurred for the preparation of plans, specifications, blueprints, etc. Cost of building permits
Costs of temporary buildings used during construction
Unanticipated costs such as rock blasting, piling, relocation of the channel of an underground stream, etc.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#4_672636439
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: Examples of expenditures to be capitalized as buildings include: Purchased Buildings
Original purchase price
Expenses for remodeling, reconditioning, or altering a purchased building to make it ready to use for the purpose for which is was acquired (this would include payroll and related costs for employees directly involved in the modifications)
Environmental compliance, such as asbestos abatement, etc. Professional fees, such as legal, architectural, inspections, title searches, etc. Payment of unpaid or accrued taxes on the building to date of purchase
Cancellation or buyout of existing leases
Other costs required to place or render the asset into operation
Constructed Buildings
Completed project costs
Interest accrued during construction
Cost of excavating, grading, or filling of land for a specific building
Expenses incurred for the preparation of plans, specifications, blueprints, etc. Cost of building permits
Costs of temporary buildings used during construction
Unanticipated costs such as rock blasting, piling, relocation of the channel of an underground stream, etc. Permanently attached fixtures or machinery that cannot be removed without impairing the use of the building
Additions to buildings, such as expansions, extensions, enlargements, etc. Building Improvements/Replacements
The following are examples that should be capitalized as improvements to buildings if (1) the addition of value to the existing building meets or exceeds the capitalization threshold, or (2) the addition increases the life or value of the building by 25 percent of the original life or cost. Conversion of attics, basements, etc., to usable office clinic, research, or classroom space. Structures attached to the building, such as covered patios, sunrooms, garages, carports, enclosed stairwells, etc.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#5_672639016
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: Permanently attached fixtures or machinery that cannot be removed without impairing the use of the building
Additions to buildings, such as expansions, extensions, enlargements, etc. Building Improvements/Replacements
The following are examples that should be capitalized as improvements to buildings if (1) the addition of value to the existing building meets or exceeds the capitalization threshold, or (2) the addition increases the life or value of the building by 25 percent of the original life or cost. Conversion of attics, basements, etc., to usable office clinic, research, or classroom space. Structures attached to the building, such as covered patios, sunrooms, garages, carports, enclosed stairwells, etc. Installation or upgrade of heating and cooling systems, including ceiling fans and attic vents
Original installation or upgrade of wall or ceiling covering, such as carpeting, tile, paneling, parquet, etc. Structural changes, such as reinforcement of floors or walls, installation or replacement of beams, rafters, joists, steel grids, or other interior framing
Installation or upgrade of window or doorframes, upgrading of windows or doors, built-in closets and cabinets, etc. Interior renovation associated with casings, baseboards, light fixtures, ceiling trim, etc. Exterior renovation, such as installation or replacement of siding, roofing, masonry, etc. Installation or upgrade of plumbing and electrical wiring
Installation or upgrade of phone or closed circuit television systems, networks, fiber optic cable, wiring required in the installation of equipment that will remain in the building, etc.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#6_672641399
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Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: Installation or upgrade of heating and cooling systems, including ceiling fans and attic vents
Original installation or upgrade of wall or ceiling covering, such as carpeting, tile, paneling, parquet, etc. Structural changes, such as reinforcement of floors or walls, installation or replacement of beams, rafters, joists, steel grids, or other interior framing
Installation or upgrade of window or doorframes, upgrading of windows or doors, built-in closets and cabinets, etc. Interior renovation associated with casings, baseboards, light fixtures, ceiling trim, etc. Exterior renovation, such as installation or replacement of siding, roofing, masonry, etc. Installation or upgrade of plumbing and electrical wiring
Installation or upgrade of phone or closed circuit television systems, networks, fiber optic cable, wiring required in the installation of equipment that will remain in the building, etc. Other costs associated with the above improvements
Examples of building improvements that should be capitalized (even when the improvements do not meet the $100,000 threshold): Institution has a storage/maintenance building that originally cost $ 200,000 with a useful life of 15 years. After 10 years the building was structurally reinforced with steel beams at a cost of $ 50,000, which extended the useful life to 20 years. Even though the $ 50,000 did not meet the capitalization threshold, this improvement would be capitalized because it extended the useful life by 5 years (33%). Institution has a greenhouse that originally cost $ 300,000 with a 25-year useful life.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#7_672643736
|
Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: Other costs associated with the above improvements
Examples of building improvements that should be capitalized (even when the improvements do not meet the $100,000 threshold): Institution has a storage/maintenance building that originally cost $ 200,000 with a useful life of 15 years. After 10 years the building was structurally reinforced with steel beams at a cost of $ 50,000, which extended the useful life to 20 years. Even though the $ 50,000 did not meet the capitalization threshold, this improvement would be capitalized because it extended the useful life by 5 years (33%). Institution has a greenhouse that originally cost $ 300,000 with a 25-year useful life. In year 10, the original wooden floor was replaced with a concrete reinforced floor. The cost of the improvement was $ 80,000 and the useful life remained the same. The $ 80,000 should be capitalized because it improved the value of the overall asset value by 27%, which is more than 25% of the original cost. 7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
The following are examples of expenditures, which should be recorded as maintenance expenses because they do not qualify as capital improvements. Adding, removing, and/or moving of walls relating to renovation projects that are not considered major rehabilitation projects and do not increase the value of the building
Improvement projects of minimal or no added life expectancy and/or value to the building
Plumbing or electrical repairs
Cleaning, pest extermination, or other periodic maintenance
Interior decoration, such as draperies, blinds, curtain rods, wallpaper, etc.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_356581997#8_672646122
|
Title: Business Procedures Manual | 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements | University System of Georgia
Headings: 7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
Business Procedures Manual
Essential business procedural components for University System of Georgia institutions.
7.4 Buildings and Building Improvements
7.4.1 Building Definition
7.4.2 Building Improvement Definition
7.4.3 Depreciation Methodology
7.4.4 Capitalization Threshold
Purchased Buildings
Constructed Buildings
Building Improvements/Replacements
7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
Content: In year 10, the original wooden floor was replaced with a concrete reinforced floor. The cost of the improvement was $ 80,000 and the useful life remained the same. The $ 80,000 should be capitalized because it improved the value of the overall asset value by 27%, which is more than 25% of the original cost. 7.4.5 Building Maintenance Expense
(Last Modified on May 1, 2017)
The following are examples of expenditures, which should be recorded as maintenance expenses because they do not qualify as capital improvements. Adding, removing, and/or moving of walls relating to renovation projects that are not considered major rehabilitation projects and do not increase the value of the building
Improvement projects of minimal or no added life expectancy and/or value to the building
Plumbing or electrical repairs
Cleaning, pest extermination, or other periodic maintenance
Interior decoration, such as draperies, blinds, curtain rods, wallpaper, etc. Exterior decoration, such as detachable awnings, uncovered porches, decorative fences, etc. Maintenance-type interior renovation, such as repainting; touch-up plastering; replacement of carpet, tile, or panel sections; sink and fixture refinishing, etc.
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http://www.usg.edu/business_procedures_manual/section7/C1281
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360373844#5_678604445
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Title: The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
Why Two Empires?
Goth Rockers
Content: The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine the Great, 306-337 C.E., divided the Roman Empire in two and made Christianity the dominant religion in the region. The invading army reached the outskirts of Rome, which had been left totally undefended. In 410 C.E., the Visigoths, led by Alaric, breached the walls of Rome and sacked the capital of the Roman Empire. The Visigoths looted, burned, and pillaged their way through the city, leaving a wake of destruction wherever they went. The plundering continued for three days. For the first time in nearly a millennium, the city of Rome was in the hands of someone other than the Romans. This was the first time that the city of Rome was sacked, but by no means the last. Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
One of the many factors that contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire was the rise of a new religion, Christianity. The Christian religion, which was monotheistic ran counter to the traditional Roman religion, which was polytheistic (many gods). At different times, the Romans persecuted the Christians because of their beliefs, which were popular among the poor.
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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360373844#6_678605940
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Title: The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
Why Two Empires?
Goth Rockers
Content: For the first time in nearly a millennium, the city of Rome was in the hands of someone other than the Romans. This was the first time that the city of Rome was sacked, but by no means the last. Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
One of the many factors that contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire was the rise of a new religion, Christianity. The Christian religion, which was monotheistic ran counter to the traditional Roman religion, which was polytheistic (many gods). At different times, the Romans persecuted the Christians because of their beliefs, which were popular among the poor. This 16th-century medallion depicts Attila the Hun, one of the most vicious invaders of all time. In 313 C.E., Roman emperor Constantine the Great ended all persecution and declared toleration for Christianity. Later that century, Christianity became the official state religion of the Empire. This drastic change in policy spread this relatively new religion to every corner of the Empire. By approving Christianity, the Roman state directly undermined its religious traditions.
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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360373844#7_678607392
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Title: The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
Why Two Empires?
Goth Rockers
Content: This 16th-century medallion depicts Attila the Hun, one of the most vicious invaders of all time. In 313 C.E., Roman emperor Constantine the Great ended all persecution and declared toleration for Christianity. Later that century, Christianity became the official state religion of the Empire. This drastic change in policy spread this relatively new religion to every corner of the Empire. By approving Christianity, the Roman state directly undermined its religious traditions. Finally, by this time, Romans considered their emperor a god. But the Christian belief in one god — who was not the emperor — weakened the authority and credibility of the emperor. Constantine enacted another change that helped accelerate the fall of the Roman Empire. In 330 C.E., he split the empire into two parts: the western half centered in Rome and the eastern half centered in Constantinople, a city he named after himself.
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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360373844#8_678608682
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Title: The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
Why Two Empires?
Goth Rockers
Content: Finally, by this time, Romans considered their emperor a god. But the Christian belief in one god — who was not the emperor — weakened the authority and credibility of the emperor. Constantine enacted another change that helped accelerate the fall of the Roman Empire. In 330 C.E., he split the empire into two parts: the western half centered in Rome and the eastern half centered in Constantinople, a city he named after himself. Why Two Empires? This map of the Roman Empire in 476 C.E. shows the various people who invaded and how they carved up the Empire. In 324, Constantine's army defeated the forces of Licinius, the emperor of the east. Constantine became emperor of the entire empire and founded a new capital city in the eastern half at Byzantium. The city was his New Rome and was later named Constantinople (the "city of Constantine").
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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360373844#11_678612659
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Title: The Fall of the Roman Empire [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
6f. The Fall of the Roman Empire
Constantine and the Rise of Christianity
Why Two Empires?
Goth Rockers
Content: Some scholars also believe that Constantine established a new city in order to provide a place for the young religion of Christianity to grow in an environment purer than that of corrupt Rome. The western Empire spoke Latin and was Roman Catholic. The eastern Empire spoke Greek and worshipped under the Eastern Orthodox branch of the Christian church. Over time, the east thrived, while the west declined. In fact, after the western part of the Roman Empire fell, the eastern half continued to exist as the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years. Therefore, the "fall of Rome" really refers only to the fall of the western half of the Empire. Other fundamental problems contributed to the fall. In the economically ailing west, a decrease in agricultural production led to higher food prices. The western half of the empire had a large trade deficit with the eastern half. The west purchased luxury goods from the east but had nothing to offer in exchange.
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http://www.ushistory.org/civ/6f.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360737039#9_679400785
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Title: Types of Government [ushistory.org]
Headings: 1b. Types of Government
1b. Types of Government
Rule by Man
Rule by Law
Content: Of course, many people have had different ideas about how the ruler should govern, and those beliefs support totally different types of government. The rules shape the government's legitimacy, or the degree to which the people accept the authority of the government. Rule by Man
Countries whose citizens are governed by the absolute decisions of the ruler have not necessarily been unhappy. A government whose king or queen rules justly and wisely may enjoy a great deal of legitimacy as long as the ruler's authority is accepted. Sometimes people may accept their leader because they are afraid of the consequences if they don't. In the words of Machiavelli, "It is better to be feared than loved." As long as the feared ruler is seen as bringing about prosperity or protecting the lives of his subjects, it is entirely possible that his people will be happy. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote political works during the Renaissance. In The Prince, Machiavelli advised his audience that in a system of Rule by Man it was "better to be feared than loved." An absolute ruler may be accepted because the people believe or accept the idea that God gave him/her the right to rule.
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/1b.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360875894#9_679754935
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Title: The Media [ushistory.org]
Headings: 5d. The Media
5d. The Media
The Political Influence of the Media
Content: Many people today criticize television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet for unfairly using their power as a major link between citizens and their government. Do the media fairly explore issues, or do they impose their own positions? The influence of the media is increased by the fact that campaigns today have become more focused on the individual than on the party. In order to win primaries, individual candidates seek media attention to gain attention from voters. As a result, do voters hold political power, or has the media simply replaced political parties as the primary force behind candidate selection? The Political Influence of the Media
The media can shape government and politics in many ways. Here are a few: The Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network — better known as C-SPAN — has been bringing live, commercial-free coverage of House of Representatives and the Senate sessions into homes since 1979. 1. By influencing political opinions of voters.
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/5d.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360875894#10_679756203
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Title: The Media [ushistory.org]
Headings: 5d. The Media
5d. The Media
The Political Influence of the Media
Content: The Political Influence of the Media
The media can shape government and politics in many ways. Here are a few: The Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network — better known as C-SPAN — has been bringing live, commercial-free coverage of House of Representatives and the Senate sessions into homes since 1979. 1. By influencing political opinions of voters. Not surprisingly, the voting behavior of people who are actively interested in politics is probably not changed by the media. Committed Democrats and Republicans selectively learn what they want to from media sources. However, the media can sway people who are uncommitted or have no strong opinion in the first place. Since these voters often decide elections results, the power of media in elections can be substantial. 2.
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/5d.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360912060#12_679821758
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Title: The Importance of Committees [ushistory.org]
Headings: 6c. The Importance of Committees
6c. The Importance of Committees
Types of Committees
Committee Assignments
Standing Committees of Congress (as of 2021)
Content: Committee Assignments
After each congressional election, political parties assign newly elected Representatives and Senators to standing committees. They consider a member's own wishes in making the assignments, but they also assess the needs of the committees, in terms of region of the country, personalities, and party connections. Since the House has 435 members, most Representatives only serve on one or two committees. On the other hand, Senators often serve on several committees and subcommittees. Committee assignment is one of the most important decisions for a new member's future work in Congress. Usually, members seek appointment on committees that will allow them to serve their districts or state the most directly. However, a members from a "safe" district — where his or her reelection is not in jeopardy — and who wants to be a leader in Congress, may want to be named to a powerful committee, such as Foreign Relations, Judiciary, or the House Ways and Means. There they are more likely to come into contact with current leaders and perhaps even gain some media attention. Standing Committees of Congress (as of 2021)
HOUSE COMMITTEES
SENATE COMMITTEES
Agriculture
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
Appropriations
Appropriations
Armed Services
Armed Services
Budget
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Education and Labor
Budget
Energy and Commerce
Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Ethics
Energy and Natural Resources
Financial Services
Environment and Public Works
Foreign Affairs
Finance
House Administration
Foreign Relations
Judiciary
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
Natural Resources
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
Oversight and Reform
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Rules
Judiciary
Science, Space and Technology
Rules and Administration
Small Business
Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Transportation and Infrastructure
Veterans Affairs
Veterans Affairs
Ways and Means
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/6c.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360974237#8_679962510
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Title: The Organization of the Bureaucracy [ushistory.org]
Headings: 8b. The Organization of the Bureaucracy
8b. The Organization of the Bureaucracy
The Cabinet Departments
Government Corporations
Independent Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Content: Even the experts can't agree on the total number of federal government agencies, commissions, and departments. Most estimates suggest there are probably more than 2,000 of these. They each have an area of specialization — some much broader than others — but their duties often overlap, making administration more difficult. To complicate things even more, many agencies have counterparts at the state and local level. Its size, complexity, and overlapping responsibilities leave the federal bureaucracy open to constant attempts to reorganize and streamline. Congress has the power to create, organize, and disband all federal agencies. Most of them are under the control of the President, although few of them actually have direct contact with the White House. So, the bureaucracy has two masters — Congress and the President. The bureaucracy generally falls into four broad types: Cabinet departments, government corporations, independent agencies, and regulatory commissions
Cabinet departments
Department of State
Treasury Department
Department of Defense
Department of Justice
Department of the Interior
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
Department of Labor
Department of Transportation
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Energy
Department of Education
Department of Veterans Affairs
Department of Homeland Security
The Cabinet Departments
The 15 Cabinet departments are each headed by a Secretary who sits on the President's Cabinet.
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/8b.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_360974237#15_679975184
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Title: The Organization of the Bureaucracy [ushistory.org]
Headings: 8b. The Organization of the Bureaucracy
8b. The Organization of the Bureaucracy
The Cabinet Departments
Government Corporations
Independent Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Content: Examples of these commissions are the Securities and Exchange Commission, which regulates the stock market, brokers, and investment practices. Another well-known commission is the Federal Reserve Board that governs the nation's monetary policy. The Environmental Protection Agency serves as a guardian over the nation's environment, making and enforcing standards for the industrial and commercial sectors. With over 2,000 different agencies, the federal bureaucracy is almost certain to run into problems with organization, overlapping responsibilities, and efficiency. Almost every recent President has come into office determined to refashion and trim the bureaucracy. However, none has been able to make more than minor adjustments. Well-established agencies have lives of their own, and are difficult to change. Besides, the country has large, complex, needs requiring special attention. A large bureaucracy is a part of the government's attempt to meet those needs.
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http://www.ushistory.org/gov/8b.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_362081578#5_681650815
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Title: Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]
Headings: 22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
Content: Virginia, New York, and "The Federalist Papers" e. The Antifederalists' Victory in Defeat 17. George Washington a. Growing up in Colonial Virginia b. The Force of Personality and Military Command c. The First Administration d. Farewell Address e. Mount Vernon and the Dilemma of a Revolutionary Slave Holder 18. Unsettled Domestic Issues a. The Bill of Rights b. Hamilton's Financial Plan c. Growing Opposition d. U.S. Military Defeat; Indian Victory in the West e. Native American Resilience and Violence in the West 19. Politics in Transition: Public Conflict in the 1790s a. Trans-Atlantic Crisis: The French Revolution b. Negotiating with the Superpowers c. Two Parties Emerge d. The Adams Presidency e. The Alien and Sedition Acts f. The Life and Times of John Adams 20. Jeffersonian America: A Second Revolution? a. The Election of 1800 b. Jeffersonian Ideology c. Westward Expansion:
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http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_362081578#6_681652071
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Title: Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]
Headings: 22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
Content: Public Conflict in the 1790s a. Trans-Atlantic Crisis: The French Revolution b. Negotiating with the Superpowers c. Two Parties Emerge d. The Adams Presidency e. The Alien and Sedition Acts f. The Life and Times of John Adams 20. Jeffersonian America: A Second Revolution? a. The Election of 1800 b. Jeffersonian Ideology c. Westward Expansion: The Louisiana Purchase d. A New National Capital: Washington, D.C. e. A Federalist Stronghold: John Marshall's Supreme Court f. Gabriel's Rebellion: Another View of Virginia in 1800 21. The Expanding Republic and the War of 1812 a. The Importance of the West b. Exploration:
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http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_362081578#7_681653054
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Title: Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution [ushistory.org]
Headings: 22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
22a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution
Content: The Louisiana Purchase d. A New National Capital: Washington, D.C. e. A Federalist Stronghold: John Marshall's Supreme Court f. Gabriel's Rebellion: Another View of Virginia in 1800 21. The Expanding Republic and the War of 1812 a. The Importance of the West b. Exploration: Lewis and Clark c. Diplomatic Challenges in an Age of European War d. Native American Resistance in the Trans-Appalachian West e. The Second War for American Independence f. Claiming Victory from Defeat 22. Social Change and National Development a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution b. Cotton and African-American Life c. Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening d. Institutionalizing Religious Belief: The Benevolent Empire e. New Roles for White Women f. Early National Arts and Cultural Independence 23. Politics and the New Nation a. The Era of Good Feelings and the Two-Party System b. The Expansion of the Vote: A White Man's Democracy c. The Missouri Compromise d. The 1824 Election and the "Corrupt Bargain" e. John Quincy Adams f. Jacksonian Democracy and Modern America 24.
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http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_364288863#7_684873344
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Title: Reaganomics [ushistory.org]
Headings: 59b. Reaganomics
59b. Reaganomics
Content: The Louisiana Purchase d. A New National Capital: Washington, D.C. e. A Federalist Stronghold: John Marshall's Supreme Court f. Gabriel's Rebellion: Another View of Virginia in 1800 21. The Expanding Republic and the War of 1812 a. The Importance of the West b. Exploration: Lewis and Clark c. Diplomatic Challenges in an Age of European War d. Native American Resistance in the Trans-Appalachian West e. The Second War for American Independence f. Claiming Victory from Defeat 22. Social Change and National Development a. Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution b. Cotton and African-American Life c. Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening d. Institutionalizing Religious Belief: The Benevolent Empire e. New Roles for White Women f. Early National Arts and Cultural Independence 23. Politics and the New Nation a. The Era of Good Feelings and the Two-Party System b. The Expansion of the Vote: A White Man's Democracy c. The Missouri Compromise d. The 1824 Election and the "Corrupt Bargain" e. John Quincy Adams f. Jacksonian Democracy and Modern America 24.
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http://www.ushistory.org/us/59b.asp
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_366046911#1_687656920
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Title: Lead Based Paint Disclosure Forms - Lead Paint Pamphlet | US Legal Forms
Headings: Lead Paint Disclosure Forms - Lead Paint Pamphlet
Lead Paint Disclosure Forms - Lead Paint Pamphlet
Who Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Laws Apply To Lead Paint Disclosure
What Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Laws Require Lead Paint Disclosure Forms
Exempt Property Under Lead Based Paint Disclosure Laws Lead Based Paint Pamphlet
Content: A seller is required to disclose information her or she is aware of on lead paint and lead base paint hazards prior to selling a house. Lead disclosure forms that explain the hazards of paint with lead must be included in the home sale contract. Buyers have a right of inspection for lead hazards for a 10-day period. Sellers, landlords, and real estate agents share the responsibility for compliance with disclosure requirements. Certain situations involving renovations. What Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Laws Require Lead Paint Disclosure Forms
Under federal EPA and lead disclosure rules, a lessor or seller of private or public housing built after 1977 must use a lead paint disclosure form to disclose any known information concerning lead-based paint or lead-based paint dangers or hazards. The landlord or seller is required to document where any lead-based paint or lead paint hazards exist, and the overall shape of the painted areas (chipped, peeling, etc.), and make these records available. A seller or landlord must include a disclosure with warning statement about lead and affirm that the seller or landlord has provided all necessary lead disclosure information. This attachment is to be provided in the same language used in the rest of the contract.
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http://www.uslegalforms.com/realestate/leadpaintdisclosure/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_378672775#0_706733990
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Title: USRF - The Voice of the Castrato
Headings: The Voice of the Castrato
The Voice of the Castrato
Effect of testicular secretion on laryngeal development
Effect of castration on the male voice
Physical appearance of the castrati
The rise of the castrati
The making of a castrato
The great castrati
The decline of the castrati
References
Content: USRF - The Voice of the Castrato
The Voice of the Castrato
J S Jenkins. Lancet 1998; 351: pp. 1877-80. The deliberate induction of male hypogonadism by castration was practised from ancient times for various reasons. The Bible (Matthew 19, 12) states "there are eunuchs which were made eunuchs by men: and there are eunuchs which made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake". The latter reference to the desirability of celibacy and chastity was taken only too literally by some early theologians (eg, Origen, c185-254), who castrated themselves for their religious beliefs. In countries of the Middle East and Far East it was most often done to provide eunuchs as guardians of the harems, and the practice persisted until the present century;
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http://www.usrf.org/news/010308-jenkins_lancet.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_379345641#12_707944427
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Title:
Headings:
Content: a. The emotions you feel when you receive money. b. Your understanding of how the amount of money you have with you affects your spending habits. c. Your thoughts when you buy something new and your thoughts about the same item three months later. Explain the concept of buyer's remorse. d. How hunger affects you when shopping for food items (snacks, groceries). e.
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http://www.usscouts.org/mb/worksheets/Personal-Management.docx
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_382144065#5_712386886
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Title: 1320: Section 15: The Crusades and Medieval Christianity
Headings: SECTION 15
The Crusades and Medieval Christianity
Content: They built and touched upon almost every aspect of life in the day, a fact that is especially clear when one looks at their outcome. First and foremost, if the popes who promoted the Crusades gained the authority to muster an army and send it on a mission—it should be noted that they never acquired the actual power of a field commander to oversee a battle or call for specific maneuvers, at least not during the Crusades—in the end, their excursion into the armed forces did more damage than good to the prestige of the papacy. By the last Crusade, many in Europe had come to see the Pope as just another war-mongering king, not the guardian of souls who stand before heaven's gate. But in other respects, these Church-sanctioned wars brought some benefit to Medieval Europe. For instance, crusading allowed westerners to take advantage of the much richer East for the first time since the days of ancient Rome. More important, it served as an outlet for Europe's youth and aggression as population exploded during the High Middle Ages (1050-1300 CE). That is, sending young men off to fight in a holy cause stifled, if only briefly, the internal wars which had racked the West since the collapse of Roman government and forestalled the self-destruction that would again characterize European history in the centuries to come. Moreover, the mere fact that a few of these Crusades produced victories of some kind helped Europeans regain a sense of self-confidence—after centuries of losing on nearly every front imaginable, they finally turned the tables on their military and cultural superiors to the east—the resulting surge of optimism that followed the minority of Crusades which eked out some measure of success contributed in no small way to the glorious twelfth-century renaissance in art and literature which swept Europe during the High Middle Ages. But when these meager triumphs are tallied up against the casualties and mayhem resulting from the Crusades, it's hard to say they were worth it, especially in the long run. For instance, crusading brought no significant new territories or allies into the European cultural sphere—at best, it can be said it opened the door slightly for western traders to do business abroad, but even that proved harmful by making the Church seem commercial and greedy—and worse yet, the enormous drain of energy and manpower won the West little more than increased antagonism with its neighbors in the East, a situation which still resonates in modern international relations.
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http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/15CRUSAD.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_382144065#6_712389759
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Title: 1320: Section 15: The Crusades and Medieval Christianity
Headings: SECTION 15
The Crusades and Medieval Christianity
Content: More important, it served as an outlet for Europe's youth and aggression as population exploded during the High Middle Ages (1050-1300 CE). That is, sending young men off to fight in a holy cause stifled, if only briefly, the internal wars which had racked the West since the collapse of Roman government and forestalled the self-destruction that would again characterize European history in the centuries to come. Moreover, the mere fact that a few of these Crusades produced victories of some kind helped Europeans regain a sense of self-confidence—after centuries of losing on nearly every front imaginable, they finally turned the tables on their military and cultural superiors to the east—the resulting surge of optimism that followed the minority of Crusades which eked out some measure of success contributed in no small way to the glorious twelfth-century renaissance in art and literature which swept Europe during the High Middle Ages. But when these meager triumphs are tallied up against the casualties and mayhem resulting from the Crusades, it's hard to say they were worth it, especially in the long run. For instance, crusading brought no significant new territories or allies into the European cultural sphere—at best, it can be said it opened the door slightly for western traders to do business abroad, but even that proved harmful by making the Church seem commercial and greedy—and worse yet, the enormous drain of energy and manpower won the West little more than increased antagonism with its neighbors in the East, a situation which still resonates in modern international relations. So, after they were all done, the Crusades didn't look as much like God's will as a catastrophic mistake. And for those living in the Near East during this period it's fair to say the results of these invasions—"Viking raids" is how many in the Islamic world saw, and still do see, the Crusades—were entirely negative. To the highly civilized and peaceful states there, the crusaders were marauders who left behind in their wake little more than bloodshed, turmoil, ashes and a well-earned hatred, an animus subsequently extended to all Europeans. Indeed, it is as hard to build a case that the Moslem East benefited in any way from the Crusades as it is to argue that the Huns brought blessings to Europe seven centuries prior. But there's another way to situate and see the Crusades in history, not by looking back at their origins and causes—the way historians ever since Herodotus have tended to do—instead, by peering into the future, we can examine them not as a consequence but a cause, as the overture to something more significant than failed attacks on the Near East.
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http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/chapters/15CRUSAD.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_387966254#4_723302541
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Title: Utah Center for Climate and Weather: Climate of Utah
Headings: NWS Description of Utah's Climate
Saturday, February 7, 2015
Climate of Utah
NWS Description of Utah's Climate
Prehistoric Climate of Utah
Newer Post Older Post Home
Content: Land masses were repeatedly overrun by large seas, and extreme temperature and precipitation conditions occurred. About 200 to 250 million years ago there was a marked cooling trend over the northern hemisphere which was more favorable for the growth of luxurious vegetation. During that time, Utah's coal and oil fields were in the formative stages. These important modern natural resources resulted from major changes that occurred during Utah's prehistoric climate and geology. About 150 million years ago a widespread drought occurred which resulted in extremely large sandstorms. The dust bowl days of the 1930's in the Great Plains area of the United States were a gentle picnic in comparison to this ancient “dry spell.” Sand swirled for centuries until it was piled in dunes thousand of feet high. Later, the mountains were pushed up to heights well above Utah's present mountain peaks. Eventually, another sea covered the area and endured for as long as a hundred million years. When the sea eventually disappeared, the windblown sand was revealed as the multicolored hills and rock outcroppings seen today in Utah's famous National Parks of Arches, Bryce, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands and Zion.
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http://www.utahweather.org/2015/02/climate-of-utah.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_387966254#5_723304179
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Title: Utah Center for Climate and Weather: Climate of Utah
Headings: NWS Description of Utah's Climate
Saturday, February 7, 2015
Climate of Utah
NWS Description of Utah's Climate
Prehistoric Climate of Utah
Newer Post Older Post Home
Content: The dust bowl days of the 1930's in the Great Plains area of the United States were a gentle picnic in comparison to this ancient “dry spell.” Sand swirled for centuries until it was piled in dunes thousand of feet high. Later, the mountains were pushed up to heights well above Utah's present mountain peaks. Eventually, another sea covered the area and endured for as long as a hundred million years. When the sea eventually disappeared, the windblown sand was revealed as the multicolored hills and rock outcroppings seen today in Utah's famous National Parks of Arches, Bryce, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands and Zion. During the early Cenozoic Era (about 65 million years ago) another drastic climatic change took place which had a marked influence on Utah and the Central Intermountain Region. Temperatures gradually increased, with a peak occurring about 50 million years ago. This peak was then followed by a significant drop in temperatures and an increase in precipitation. As recently as 100,000 years ago glaciers became abundant in the high mountains and northern regions of North America. This epoch is often called the “ice age.”
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http://www.utahweather.org/2015/02/climate-of-utah.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_389218769#0_725406540
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Utility Bill Assistance | Help paying utilities
Find resources that provide you utility bill assistance. Also get help saving on utilities, electricity and energy bills. Utility Bill Assistance
Home
Assistance Programs
Help With
Heating Bills
Work From Home
LIHEAP Assistance
Home Energy Audit
WaterSense Program
Save Hundreds $$
Per Month
Save on and reduce
utility bills
Loans to help with
utility bills
There are a number of places you can turn to if you need assistance in paying your energy or electric bill. High-energy costs have forced many families to have to make the choice between paying their utility bills, their mortgage or rent, or even paying for groceries
The government, charities, and even utility company themselves may offer financial assistance. Everything from grants to payment plans, postponement of power disconnection, abatements and more is offered. Many free conservation measures are also offered by utility companies as well as the government. Find details below. Utility bill assistance by state
Most utility companies offer some form of financial assistance, grants, or weatherization type program. The vulnerable and disadvantaged (such as minorities, disabled, women or single moms, etc.) can also get help, Also a number of government programs, both state and federal, can assist people with paying their utility bills.
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http://www.utilitybillassistance.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_389218769#1_725408098
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Many free conservation measures are also offered by utility companies as well as the government. Find details below. Utility bill assistance by state
Most utility companies offer some form of financial assistance, grants, or weatherization type program. The vulnerable and disadvantaged (such as minorities, disabled, women or single moms, etc.) can also get help, Also a number of government programs, both state and federal, can assist people with paying their utility bills. Find information and ways to obtain utility bill assistancein your state. Get information on everything from LIHEAP to grants and other financial resources, including phone numbers and applications..
In addition to the direct financial assistance for utility bills, a major focus is also on long term stability. This means that clients can get information on job programs, business advice, employment resources and more. There is also support for minorities, women, and other disadvantaged groups, both on utility bill help as well as long term stability. As the most effective way to financial stability is a job, small business, or education.
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http://www.utilitybillassistance.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_389234697#4_725448089
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Title:
Headings:
Content: CARES program can help you find ways to pay your utility bill. As an example, special needs are the customers who are experiencing divorce, family emergencies, medical emergencies, or unemployment. Ask your utility company about this program. Elderly Pennsylvania residents, who are often at risk during the winter, can also apply for resources. the government, local towns, and volunteers may all help seniors during the winter. Both financial help and material items are offered. More on elderly winter assistance programs. Hardship Funds - Yet another option is hardship funds. These provide cash assistance to utility customers that will help them pay their utility, heating, and electric bills. Hardship funds in effect provide assistance grants to the customers who fall through the cracks of the other financial assistance programs.
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http://www.utilitybillassistance.com/html/pennsylvania_utility_bill_assi.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_390511567#0_727519364
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Title: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) - Dystopian Novel Description
Headings: 1984 - Dystopian Novel Description
1984 - Dystopian Novel Description
Content: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) - Dystopian Novel Description
1984 - Dystopian Novel Description
Dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984), written by George Orwell, depicts a society under a dictatorship where thoughts and actions are monitored and controlled. The first title for this novel was The last man in Europe, but Orwell changed it because Frederic Warburg, publisher, suggested him to do so. It's unknown why he has chosen the title 1984, there is presumption that he might have been switched the numbers ( he began writing it in 1948). The story occurs in London, a province of the state Oceania. Beside Oceania, there are two more totalitarian states that controlled world, Eurasia and Eastasia. Oceania is a totalitarian state ruled by a group The Party which leader and dictator is Big Brother (resembles Joseph Stalin). Posters of "Big Brother" with the slogan BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU can be found everywhere. Public thought is guided with slogans: War is Piece, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength. Oceania's citizens are divided into three classes- The Inner Party, The Outer Party, and the Proles, they have no right either to a personal life or to personal thoughts, his memory is quite cancelled, the past is considered as something to forget.
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http://www.utopiaanddystopia.com/dystopian-literature/nineteen-eighty-four/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_390511567#1_727521000
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Title: Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) - Dystopian Novel Description
Headings: 1984 - Dystopian Novel Description
1984 - Dystopian Novel Description
Content: Oceania is a totalitarian state ruled by a group The Party which leader and dictator is Big Brother (resembles Joseph Stalin). Posters of "Big Brother" with the slogan BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU can be found everywhere. Public thought is guided with slogans: War is Piece, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength. Oceania's citizens are divided into three classes- The Inner Party, The Outer Party, and the Proles, they have no right either to a personal life or to personal thoughts, his memory is quite cancelled, the past is considered as something to forget. The Party monitored the citizens through Ministry of True. The Thought Police has set hidden microphones, telescines in all living quarters and in every public area how they can find and spy thought criminals. Children are also thought to spy their parents and report their suspected thoughts. In the Oceania, there are four ministries: Ministry of Peace, Ministry of Plenty, Ministry of Truth and Ministry of Love, in Newspeak :
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http://www.utopiaanddystopia.com/dystopian-literature/nineteen-eighty-four/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_10_392225266#0_730530703
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Title: Marginalized Groups | UUA.org
Headings: Marginalized Groups
Marginalized Groups
The "Non-discrimination" Clause: Bylaw Ambiguity
Majority and Minority Norms in Conflict
A Challenge to the Historic Unitarian Universalist Identity
The Canadian Unitarian Council
Four Marginalized Groups
1. The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Community
Certification as a Welcoming Congregation
2. People of Color
Open Membership
The Black Empowerment Era
The Racial and Cultural Diversity Initiative
3. Children and Religious Education
Congregational Polity and Religious Education
Affirmative Action—Yes or No?
4. Marginalization and Theological Identity
A Non-Christian Religion?
Theological Biases
Comfort or Values: Which Do We Hold More Dear?
The Challenges of Democracy and Unitarian Universalism
Using Theology to Guide Polity
Balancing Power, Identity, and Difference
Summary
Recommendations
Sources
Notes
Content: Marginalized Groups | UUA.org
Marginalized Groups
Marginalized Groups
How power is used in negotiating difference is among the most difficult of all issues faced by institutions-particularly those that choose to be in voluntary association such as religious institutions. In fact, the major pressure points of conflict in our understandings of congregational polity revolve around the dilemma of power and difference. This section explores how prevailing understandings of congregational polity may enhance or inhibit our well-being as an association of congregations living with the reality of differences in power and identity in our multitheological and increasingly multicultural religious movement. Like most groups, Unitarian Universalists define themselves in terms of demographics, values, lifestyle, associations, modes of behavior, social, and theological orientation. These factors, which exist at the center of our movement and characterize our dominant cultural ethos and identity, are what sociologist Robert Bellah refers to as a group's "habits of association." We might better understand Unitarian Universalism as a social system if we consider not only the characteristics, values, and patterns that are normative for those at the center of our movement, but the characteristics of those at the margins-those who do not fit the Unitarian Universalist norm. William Connolly has explored group identity in relation to difference. Just as heresy is defined in relation to orthodoxy, identity (both individual and social) is defined in relation to other identities. [ 1] Similarly, marginality exists only in relation to centrality. Theologian Jung Young Lee reminds us that "marginality and centrality are so mutually inclusive and relative that it is imbalanced to stress one more than the other." [
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http://www.uua.org/governance/polity/47014.shtml
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