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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596055190#4_3302342803
|
Title:
Headings: AMCD Multicultural Counseling Competencies
AMCD
Multicultural
Counseling
Competencies
I.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Own
Cultural
Values
and
Biases
II.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Client's
Worldview
III.
Culturally
Appropriate
Intervention
Strategies
Content: Culturally
skilled
counselors
understand
how
race,
culture,
ethnicity,
and
so
forth
may
affect
personality
formation,
vocational
choices,
manifestation
of
psychological
disorders,
help
seeking
behavior,
and
the
appropriateness
or
inappropriateness
of
counseling
approaches. Culturally
skilled
counselors
understand
and
have
knowledge
about
sociopolitical
influences
that
impinge
upon
the
life
of
racial
and
ethnic
minorities. Immigration
issues,
poverty,
racism,
stereotyping,
and
powerlessness
may
impact
self
esteem
and
self
concept
in
the
counseling
process. Skills
Culturally
skilled
counselors
should
familiarize
themselves
with
relevant
research
and
the
latest
findings
regarding
mental
health
and
mental
disorders
that
affect
various
ethnic
and
racial
groups. They
should
actively
seek
out
educational
experiences
that
enrich
their
knowledge,
understanding,
and
cross-cultural
skills
for
more
effective
counseling
behavior. Culturally
skilled
counselors
become
actively
involved
with
minority
individuals
outside
the
counseling
setting
(e.g.,
community
events,
social
and
political
functions,
celebrations,
friendships,
neighborhood
groups,
and
so
forth)
so
that
their
perspective
of
minorities
is
more
than
an
academic
or
helping
exercise. III. Culturally
Appropriate
Intervention
Strategies
Beliefs
and
Attitudes
Culturally
skilled
counselors
respect
clients'
religious
and/
or
spiritual
beliefs
and
values,
including
attributions
and
taboos,
because
they
affect
worldview,
psychosocial
functioning,
and
expressions
of
distress. Culturally
skilled
counselors
respect
indigenous
helping
practices
and
respect
help~iving
networks
among
communities
of
color. Culturally
skilled
counselors
value
bilingualism
and
do
not
view
another
language
as
an
impediment
to
counseling
(monolingualism
may
be
the
culprit).
|
https://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/Multcultural_Competencies.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596055190#5_3302346079
|
Title:
Headings: AMCD Multicultural Counseling Competencies
AMCD
Multicultural
Counseling
Competencies
I.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Own
Cultural
Values
and
Biases
II.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Client's
Worldview
III.
Culturally
Appropriate
Intervention
Strategies
Content: Culturally
skilled
counselors
become
actively
involved
with
minority
individuals
outside
the
counseling
setting
(e.g.,
community
events,
social
and
political
functions,
celebrations,
friendships,
neighborhood
groups,
and
so
forth)
so
that
their
perspective
of
minorities
is
more
than
an
academic
or
helping
exercise. III. Culturally
Appropriate
Intervention
Strategies
Beliefs
and
Attitudes
Culturally
skilled
counselors
respect
clients'
religious
and/
or
spiritual
beliefs
and
values,
including
attributions
and
taboos,
because
they
affect
worldview,
psychosocial
functioning,
and
expressions
of
distress. Culturally
skilled
counselors
respect
indigenous
helping
practices
and
respect
help~iving
networks
among
communities
of
color. Culturally
skilled
counselors
value
bilingualism
and
do
not
view
another
language
as
an
impediment
to
counseling
(monolingualism
may
be
the
culprit). Knowledge
Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
a
clear
and
explicit
knowledge
and
understanding
of
the
generic
characteristics
of
counseling
and
therapy
(culture
bound,
class
bound,
and
monolingual)
and
how
they
may
clash
with
the
cultural
values
of
various
cultural
groups. Culturally
skilled
counselors
are
aware
of
institutional
barriers
that
prevent
minorities
from
using
mental
health
services. Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
knowledge
of
the
potential
bias
in
assessment
instruments
and
use
procedures
and
interpret
findings
keeping
in
mind
the
cultural
and
linguistic
characteristics
of
the
clients. Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
knowledge
of
family
structures,
hierarchies,
values,
and
beliefs
from
various
cultural
perspectives. They
are
knowledgeable
about
the
community
where
a
particular
cultural
group
may
reside
and
the
resources
in
the
community.
|
https://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/Multcultural_Competencies.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596055190#6_3302349301
|
Title:
Headings: AMCD Multicultural Counseling Competencies
AMCD
Multicultural
Counseling
Competencies
I.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Own
Cultural
Values
and
Biases
II.
Counselor
Awareness
of
Client's
Worldview
III.
Culturally
Appropriate
Intervention
Strategies
Content: Knowledge
Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
a
clear
and
explicit
knowledge
and
understanding
of
the
generic
characteristics
of
counseling
and
therapy
(culture
bound,
class
bound,
and
monolingual)
and
how
they
may
clash
with
the
cultural
values
of
various
cultural
groups. Culturally
skilled
counselors
are
aware
of
institutional
barriers
that
prevent
minorities
from
using
mental
health
services. Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
knowledge
of
the
potential
bias
in
assessment
instruments
and
use
procedures
and
interpret
findings
keeping
in
mind
the
cultural
and
linguistic
characteristics
of
the
clients. Culturally
skilled
counselors
have
knowledge
of
family
structures,
hierarchies,
values,
and
beliefs
from
various
cultural
perspectives. They
are
knowledgeable
about
the
community
where
a
particular
cultural
group
may
reside
and
the
resources
in
the
community. Culturally
skilled
counselors
should
be
aware
of
relevant
discriminatory
practices
at
the
social
and
community
level
that
may
be
affecting
the
psychological
welfare
of
the
population
being
served. Skills
Culturally
skilled
counselors
are
able
to
engage
in
a
variety
of
verbal
and
nonverbal
helping
responses. They
are
able
to
send
and
receive
both
verbal
and
nonverbal
messages
accurately
and
appropriately. They
are
not
tied
down
to
only
one
method
or
approach
to
helping,
but
recognize
that
helping
styles
and
approaches
may
be
culture
bound. When
they
sense
that
their
helping
style
is
limited
and
potentially
inappropriate,
they
can
anticipate
and
modify
it.
|
https://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/Multcultural_Competencies.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596167990#9_3302520432
|
Title:
Headings: Five Out of the Box Techniques for Encouraging Teenagers to Engage in Counseling
Five
Out
of
the
Box
Techniques
for
Encouraging
Teenagers
to
Engage
in
Counseling
Abstract
Issues
Pertinent
to
Counseling
Teens
and
Scenarios
of
Disengagement
Theoretical
Underpinnings
for
Creative
Techniques
for
Counseling
Disengaged
Teens
1.
Breathing
Room
2.
Talk
Meter
3.
Music
4.
The
Paper
Bag
Story
5.
Social
Media
Profile
Maintaining
and
Deepening
Engagement
References
Content: 2007),
and
adolescents
without
diagnosed
mental
illnesses
are
still
likely
to
encounter
extra
stress
in
this
transitional
period
of
their
lives
(Niwa
et
al., 2016). These
psychological
stressors
are
reflected
in
the
U.S.
suicide
rate: suicide
was
the
second
leading
cause
of
death
among
adolescents
age
15–19
in
2014,
second
only
to
unintentional
injury
(Centers
for
Disease
Control
and
Prevention,
National
Center
for
Injury
Prevention
and
Control,
2016). These
statistics
paint
a
picture
of
a
period
of
turmoil,
an
understanding
underscored
by
several
developmental
perspectives. Erikson
(1964)
posited
that
the
key
conflict
at
this
stage
of
psychosocial
development
was
identity
versus
role
confusion; in
this
period,
adolescents
are
facing
the
existential
task
of
determining
who
they
are
and
how
they
want
to
live. At
this
stage,
teenagers
often
begin
to
push
away
from
their
pare
|
https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/encouraging-teenagers.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596363978#0_3302585844
|
Title:
Headings: Vicarious Trauma
Fact
Sheet
#9
Vicarious
Trauma
Signs
and
symptoms
for
counselors:
Behavior:
Interpersonal:
Personal
values/beliefs:
Job
performance:
Content: Vicarious Trauma
Fact
Sheet
#9
10/11
Vicarious
Trauma
The
term
vicarious
trauma
(Perlman
&
Saakvitne,
1995),
sometimes
also
called
compassion
fatigue,
is
the
latest
term
that
describes
the
phenomenon
generally
associated
with
the
“cost
of
caring”
for
others
(Figley,
1982). Other
terms
used
for
compassion
fatigue
are: secondary
traumatic
stress
(Stemm,
1995,
1997)
secondary
victimization
(Figley,
1982)
It
is
believed
that
counselors
working
with
trauma
survivors
experience
vicarious
trauma
because
of
the
work
they
do. Vicarious
trauma
is
the
emotional
residue
of
exposure
that
counselors
have
from
working
with
people
as
they
are
hearing
their
trauma
stories
and
become
witnesses
to
the
pain,
fear,
and
terror
that
trauma
survivors
have
endured. It
is
important
not
to
confuse
vicarious
trauma
with
“burnout”. Burnout
is
generally
something
that
happens
over
time,
and
as
it
builds
up
a
change,
such
as
time
off
or
a
new
and
sometimes
different
job,
can
take
care
of
burnout
or
improve
it. Vicarious
trauma,
however,
is
a
state
of
tension
and
preoccupation
of
the
stories/trauma
experiences
described
by
clients. This
tension
and
preoccupation
might
be
experienced
by
counselors
in
several
ways. They
might: avoid
talking
or
thinking
about
what
the
•
be
in
a
persistent
arousal
state
trauma
effected
client(s)
have
been
talking
about,
almost
being
numb
to
it
Counselors
should
be
aware
of
the
signs
and
symptoms
of
vicarious
trauma
and
the
potential
emotional
effects
of
working
with
trauma
survivors.
|
https://www.counseling.org/docs/trauma-disaster/fact-sheet-9---vicarious-trauma.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1596363978#1_3302588733
|
Title:
Headings: Vicarious Trauma
Fact
Sheet
#9
Vicarious
Trauma
Signs
and
symptoms
for
counselors:
Behavior:
Interpersonal:
Personal
values/beliefs:
Job
performance:
Content: Burnout
is
generally
something
that
happens
over
time,
and
as
it
builds
up
a
change,
such
as
time
off
or
a
new
and
sometimes
different
job,
can
take
care
of
burnout
or
improve
it. Vicarious
trauma,
however,
is
a
state
of
tension
and
preoccupation
of
the
stories/trauma
experiences
described
by
clients. This
tension
and
preoccupation
might
be
experienced
by
counselors
in
several
ways. They
might: avoid
talking
or
thinking
about
what
the
•
be
in
a
persistent
arousal
state
trauma
effected
client(s)
have
been
talking
about,
almost
being
numb
to
it
Counselors
should
be
aware
of
the
signs
and
symptoms
of
vicarious
trauma
and
the
potential
emotional
effects
of
working
with
trauma
survivors. Signs
and
symptoms
for
counselors: having
difficulty
talking
about
their
•
diminished
joy
toward
things
they
once
feelings
enjoyed
free
floating
anger
and/or
irritation
•
feeling
trapped
by
their
work
as
a
startle
effect/being
jumpy
counselor
(crisis
counselor)
over-eating
or
under-eating
•
diminished
feelings
of
satisfaction
and
difficulty
falling
asleep
and/or
staying
personal
accomplishment
asleep
•
dealing
with
intrusive
thoughts
of
losing
sleep
over
patients
clients
with
especially
severe
trauma
worried
that
they
are
not
doing
enough
histories
for
their
clients
•
feelings
of
hopelessness
associated
with
dreaming
about
their
clients/their
their
work/clients
clients’
trauma
experiences
•
blaming
others
Vicarious
trauma
can
impact
a
counselor’s
professional
performance
and
function,
as
well
as
result
in
errors
in
judgment
and
mistakes. Counselors
may
experience: Behavior: frequent
job
changes
tardiness
free
floating
anger/irritability
absenteeism
irresponsibility
overwork
irritability
Interpersonal:
|
https://www.counseling.org/docs/trauma-disaster/fact-sheet-9---vicarious-trauma.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1598565547#1_3306964874
|
Title: Classical Conditioning and Social Learning - Counselling Connection
Headings: Classical Conditioning and Social Learning
Classical Conditioning and Social Learning
Classical Conditioning
Theorists
Examples
Operant Conditioning
Theorists
Examples
Social Learning
Theorists
Example
AIPC
Content: Classical Conditioning
A simple learning process whereby a neutral stimulus is able to evoke a response because it has been paired with another stimulus (that originally elicited a response). Theorists
Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936). Pavlov’s contributions to behaviour therapy were accidental. He was originally studying the digestive process of dogs when he discovered that associations develop when pairing a stimulus (food) that has a response (dog salivates) with a stimulus that has no response (bell). The stimulus with no response (bell) eventually develops the same response (dog salivates) as the stimuli that has the response (food). This type of learning is known as classical conditioning (Seligman, 2006). Examples
Sally feels comforted by the smell of a certain perfume. It’s the perfume her Grandma used to wear. Sally has paired the feeling of comfort she experienced around her Grandma, with the perfume she used to smell whenever they spent time together. Operant Conditioning
A learning process whereby the consequence of any given behaviour modifies the degree to which that behaviour is likely to occur (also known as instrumental conditioning).
|
https://www.counsellingconnection.com/index.php/2010/04/16/classical-vs-operant-conditioning-and-social-learning/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1600009997#8_3310189891
|
Title: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Overview
Radicalization and Foreign Fighters
Boko Haram
Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP)
Kala Kato
Izala
Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN)
Movement for the Islamic Revival (MIR)
Major Extremist and Terrorist Incidents
Abductions
August 26, 2011
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
December 19, 2012
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
January 20, 2013
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
February 16, 2013
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
December 19, 2012
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Boko Haram insurgents attack the Nigerian army barracks in Bama, southern Borno State, killing 20 military personnel and numerous civilians.
Ansaru militants release a video of French hostage Francis Colump, who was kidnapped in December 2012.
Boko Haram militants shoot or burn to death 59 students at an all-male boarding school in Nigeria’s northeast Yobe State.
The #BringBackOurGirls campaign goes viral and the U.S. vows to help “in any way we can.”
In one of its highest-profile attacks, Boko Haram kidnaps 276 girls from a boarding school in Chibok, Borno state.
In an overnight kidnapping, armed men in Nigerian military uniforms arrive at an all-girls secondary school in Chibok.
Twin bomb attacks during morning rush hour kill 71 and injure 124 in the Nigerian capital Abuja.
The Nigerian military claims it has rescued nearly all of the girls.
Boko Haram releases a video claiming responsibility for the kidnapping.
Two Boko Haram suicide attacks in Kaduna, Nigeria, kill 82 people. One of the attacks targets former President Muhammadu Buhari.
Boko Haram militants kidnap the wife of Amadou Ali, Cameroon’s vice prime minister and one of the country’s most prominent political figures.
Boko Haram gunmen abduct approximately 60 girls from a boarding school in a northern Nigerian town close to the border with Cameroon.
Gunmen, allegedly belonging to Boko Haram, detonate three bombs and open fire on worshippers at a mosque in northern Nigeria’s biggest city, Kano.
Boko Haram releases a video of its militants killing civilians.
Boko Haram launches its deadliest attack to date, killing over 2,000 civilians in a 10-day raid of multiple towns in northern Nigerian.
Two ten-year old female suicide bombers kill at least three people in an open-air market in Potiskum, Yobe State.
A female suicide bomber self-detonates in Gombe city in northern Nigeria, purportedly targeting Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan who had just left a campaign rally.
Coalition forces, consisting of troops from Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Benin, launch a ground and air campaign against Boko Haram.
Boko Haram militants armed with guns, knives, and petrol bombs invade Njaba, a remote village in Borno State, Nigeria and kill 68 people.
A mass grave of approximately 70 individuals killed by Boko Haram is discovered in Damasak, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants, disguised as preachers, attack a village in Borno State, killing 24 men and women near a mosque.
The Nigerian army rescues 200 girls and 93 women during an offensive against Boko Haram in the Sambisa Forest.
Nigerian troops rescue 160 women and children in the northeastern Sambisa Forest that had been taken hostage by Boko Haram.
Boko Haram insurgents carried out an attack on two towns in Niger’s Diffa region near the Nigerian border.
In Borno State, Boko Haram militants gun down nearly 150 people as they pray in mosques during the holy month of Ramadan.
Boko Haram insurgents murder more than 140 Nigerians in attacks across the northeast of the country.
Boko Haram militants attack a convoy carrying Lieutenant General Tukur Buratai, the new head of the Nigerian army.
Boko Haram gunmen on horseback kill 79 people in remote villages in northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants kill 50 people in an attack on a town in the Gwoza, a local government area in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 49 people and wound more than 80 in the eastern city of Yola, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants attack three villages in northeast Nigeria, killing 30 people and wounding 20 others.
Boko Haram insurgents launch a Christmas day attack on a town in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 14 individuals and wounding several others.
Boko Haram insurgents kill at least 80 people with rocket-propelled grenades and multiple suicide bombings in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram suicide bombers kill seven in northeastern Nigeria in one of the group’s first attacks since President Buhari announced its defeat in December 2015.
Six suicide bombers detonate explosives at a military checkpoint and a vegetable market in Chibok, killing a total of 16 people.
Insurgents belonging to Boko Haram kill at least 65 individuals in Dalori village near Maiduguri.
Two female suicide bombers detonate explosives at Dikwa, a displaced persons camp, killing at least 58 people and wounding 78 others.
Two female suicide bombers, suspected to belong to Boko Haram, kill 22 people outside of a mosque in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram militants kill 24 people as they mourn at a funeral in the village of Kuda in Nigeria’s Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents launch three attacks in the village of Tallari in Borno State.
Boko Haram releases 21 Chibok school girls to Nigerian authorities.
Two school-aged, female suicide bombers kill at least 30 people and wound 67 others at a marketplace in Madagali, Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents attack a refugee camp hours after it is mistakenly bombed by the Nigerian air force.
Boko Haram insurgents kill seven Nigerian soldiers during an attack on a military outpost in Gajiram, northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram fighters indiscriminately fire into civilian homes and kill “scores” of people in Magumeri, a town in northeastern Borno State.
The Nigerian government releases six Boko Haram prisoners in exchange for 82 of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped in 2014.
Boko Haram militants attack the northeastern Nigerian city of Maiduguri with explosives and gunfire, forcing civilians to flee as Nigerian military forces repel the extremists.
Boko Haram militants ambush an oil exploration team belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation in northeast Nigeria.
A female suicide bomber kills 27 people at a market in northeast Nigeria.
A teenage suicide bomber kills over 50 people at a mosque in northeast Nigeria during morning prayers.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 13 people and injure 53 others in a market in Borno State.
Three female suicide bombers kill at least 20 and wound 22 others at a fish market in Maiduguri, Nigeria. There are no immediate claims of responsibility.
Boko Haram militants kidnap 110 schoolgirls from a boarding school in Dapchi, Yobe State.
Two suicide bombings at a mosque and a market kill a total of 86 people in Mubi, a town located in northeastern Nigeria.
Twin bomb blasts follow an Eid celebration at a mosque in Damboa, Borno State.
A suicide bomber detonates explosives in a mosque in the remote village of Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram insurgents in three vehicles attack the Mairari village.
Boko Haram overruns a key crossroads and military outpost in Gudumbali, a town the Nigerian government previously claimed as safe for the return of thousands of displaced people.
Boko Haram militants kill a Red Cross worker who was abducted alongside two other healthcare workers earlier in the year in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants overrun an army base in Metele.
Boko Haram militants kill eight soldiers in a gun attack in Buni Gari and injure five militia members in a suicide bomb attack in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram extremists ambush security forces in Damaturu, killing 14 military and police personnel.
Extremists seize Baga, a Nigerian town and a key base for a multinational task force fighting Boko Haram.
Boko Haram burns down hundreds of structures in the town of Rann.
Members of Boko Haram attacks a military base in Buni Yadi.
Three Boko Haram extremists attack a mosque in the Jere local government area.
A farmer’s vehicle strikes a landmine buried by Boko Haram militants in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least five and wounding dozens more.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military and civilian convoy in Nigeria’s northeast.
Twin suicide bombings in Maiduguri kill three and injure more than 30.
Extremists attack a village in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 25.
Three suicide bombers detonate explosives at a cinema hall in Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram attacks a military base in Gajiram, killing 25 soldiers.
Boko Haram militants kill at least 65 and injure another 11 following a funeral in the Nganzai area.
Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
ISIS militants attack an army barrack in Gubio, northeastern Nigeria.
Gunmen kidnap six schoolgirls and two staff members in northern Nigeria.
ISWAP militants execute four members of the French aid group Action Against Hunger.
ISIS releases a video showing militants beheading 10 Christian men in Nigeria.
On January 2, Boko Haram militants kidnap Reverand Lawan Andimi, chairman of the Christian Association of Nigeria in Adamawa State.
A bomb detonates on the El Beid Bridge on Nigeria’s border with Cameroon.
Heavily armed militants carry out a bombing at an aid facility in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram or ISWAP militants set several trucks carrying passengers on fire in Auno, Borno State.
An armed group ambushes two villages in Katsina, northwestern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Damboa, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush an army convoy near Mayanti, Borno State, on the border of Cameroon.
Boko Haram extremists ambush Goneri village in Yobe state, Nigeria.
On April 2, Chad’s army, in coordination with the militaries of Nigeria and Niger, launches Operation Boma’s Wrath.
Nigerian, Nigerien, and Chadian troops, under the Multi-National Joint Task Force, bomb a camp in the Tumbun Fulani area in Borno State that is a hideout for Boko Haram and ISWAP forces.
Armed bandits coordinate attacks on farming villages in Katsina state, northern Nigeria.
According to Nigerian Defense Ministry spokesman, John Enenche, Nigerian troops rescue over 241 hostages from Boko Haram in Gamboru, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants shoot and kill a Christian pastor and his wife in Taraba, Northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants carry out an attack in Foduma Kolomaiya village, Borno State.
ISWAP militants launch twin attacks in Monguno and Nganzai.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a civilian convoy of more than 100 vehicles in Komala Village, Borno state.
ISWAP militants ambush a military convoy in Bulabulin village, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants kill five hostages, four of which were aid workers who were abducted between Monguno town and Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria, a month earlier.
ISWAP militants overrun the town of Kukawa in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush the town of Gwoza in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants attack three separate villages in northeast Nigeria on the outskirts of Maiduguri.
ISWAP militants carry out two attacks in the Lake Chad area of Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch an attack in Damboa, Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush the convoy of Borno governor Babagana Umara Zulum near the town of Baga on the shores of Lake Chad.
Armed bandits attack the Tsauwa and Gundu villages in Katsina State, northern Nigeria.
Bandits ambush the Shau and Ruwan-Gaudiya villages in Kastina State, northern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush a village in Chibok, northeast Nigeria.
Assailants ambush agricultural laborers in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
On December 11, hundreds of gunmen opened fire and surrounded a school in Kankara, northwest Nigeria, abducting over 300 schoolboys in the process.
Boko Haram assailants launch a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush the majority-Christian village of Pemi, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush loggers in Wulgo forest, northeastern Nigeria.
A vehicle belonging to Nigerian soldiers hits a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Logomani village, near Cameroon.
Seven hunters recruited to help the Nigerian military fight Islamist insurgents hit a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Kayamla, outside of Maiduguri.
Unidentified attackers ambush a boarding school in Niger, north-central Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian soldiers in Marte, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch rocket-propelled grenades in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria.
Unidentified gunmen ambush the Jangebe Government Girls’ Secondary School in Zamfara, northwest Nigeria.
ISWAP militants ambush Dikwa, Borno State.
ISWAP fighters ambush a Nigerian military convoy in Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush Monguno, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian troops in Wulgo, northeastern Nigeria.
Domestic Counter-Extremism
Legislation
States of Emergency
Boko Haram Committee
Counterterrorism Measures under President Buhari
National Action Plan
Counterterrorism Operations and Non-State Actors
International Counter-Extremism
U.S.-Nigerian Cooperation
U.K.-Nigerian Cooperation
Regional Cooperation
Public Opinion
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: In January 2015—in Boko Haram’s deadliest attack to date—insurgents slaughtered more than 2,000 people in northeastern Nigeria. A few days later, the group allegedly remotely detonated explosives strapped to young girls in Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno State. ( Sources: Japan Times, U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Bring Back Our Girls, Guardian, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, CNN, NBC)
In 2016, after ISIS recognized Abu Musab al-Barnawi as the leader of the group, Boko Haram split into two factions. Militants loyal to longtime Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau have continued to carry out suicide bombings at crowded marketplaces in northeast Nigeria. Under al-Barnawi’s leadership, the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) has launched a series of attacks against Nigerian security forces and other government targets. The Nigerian government has continued to strengthen its legislation against terrorism and is working with regional and international allies against militant groups in and around Nigeria. ( Sources: Institute for Security Studies, Amnesty International)
Radicalization and Foreign Fighters
Boko Haram
Boko Haram is a Nigeria-based terror group that seeks to rid the country of Western and secular institutions and to resuscitate the Kanem-Bornu caliphate that once ruled over modern-day Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon. The group was founded by a Salafist cleric named Mohammed Yusuf in 2002.
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https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/nigeria
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1600009997#9_3310205823
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Title: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Overview
Radicalization and Foreign Fighters
Boko Haram
Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP)
Kala Kato
Izala
Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN)
Movement for the Islamic Revival (MIR)
Major Extremist and Terrorist Incidents
Abductions
August 26, 2011
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
December 19, 2012
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
January 20, 2013
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
February 16, 2013
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
December 19, 2012
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Boko Haram insurgents attack the Nigerian army barracks in Bama, southern Borno State, killing 20 military personnel and numerous civilians.
Ansaru militants release a video of French hostage Francis Colump, who was kidnapped in December 2012.
Boko Haram militants shoot or burn to death 59 students at an all-male boarding school in Nigeria’s northeast Yobe State.
The #BringBackOurGirls campaign goes viral and the U.S. vows to help “in any way we can.”
In one of its highest-profile attacks, Boko Haram kidnaps 276 girls from a boarding school in Chibok, Borno state.
In an overnight kidnapping, armed men in Nigerian military uniforms arrive at an all-girls secondary school in Chibok.
Twin bomb attacks during morning rush hour kill 71 and injure 124 in the Nigerian capital Abuja.
The Nigerian military claims it has rescued nearly all of the girls.
Boko Haram releases a video claiming responsibility for the kidnapping.
Two Boko Haram suicide attacks in Kaduna, Nigeria, kill 82 people. One of the attacks targets former President Muhammadu Buhari.
Boko Haram militants kidnap the wife of Amadou Ali, Cameroon’s vice prime minister and one of the country’s most prominent political figures.
Boko Haram gunmen abduct approximately 60 girls from a boarding school in a northern Nigerian town close to the border with Cameroon.
Gunmen, allegedly belonging to Boko Haram, detonate three bombs and open fire on worshippers at a mosque in northern Nigeria’s biggest city, Kano.
Boko Haram releases a video of its militants killing civilians.
Boko Haram launches its deadliest attack to date, killing over 2,000 civilians in a 10-day raid of multiple towns in northern Nigerian.
Two ten-year old female suicide bombers kill at least three people in an open-air market in Potiskum, Yobe State.
A female suicide bomber self-detonates in Gombe city in northern Nigeria, purportedly targeting Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan who had just left a campaign rally.
Coalition forces, consisting of troops from Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Benin, launch a ground and air campaign against Boko Haram.
Boko Haram militants armed with guns, knives, and petrol bombs invade Njaba, a remote village in Borno State, Nigeria and kill 68 people.
A mass grave of approximately 70 individuals killed by Boko Haram is discovered in Damasak, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants, disguised as preachers, attack a village in Borno State, killing 24 men and women near a mosque.
The Nigerian army rescues 200 girls and 93 women during an offensive against Boko Haram in the Sambisa Forest.
Nigerian troops rescue 160 women and children in the northeastern Sambisa Forest that had been taken hostage by Boko Haram.
Boko Haram insurgents carried out an attack on two towns in Niger’s Diffa region near the Nigerian border.
In Borno State, Boko Haram militants gun down nearly 150 people as they pray in mosques during the holy month of Ramadan.
Boko Haram insurgents murder more than 140 Nigerians in attacks across the northeast of the country.
Boko Haram militants attack a convoy carrying Lieutenant General Tukur Buratai, the new head of the Nigerian army.
Boko Haram gunmen on horseback kill 79 people in remote villages in northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants kill 50 people in an attack on a town in the Gwoza, a local government area in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 49 people and wound more than 80 in the eastern city of Yola, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants attack three villages in northeast Nigeria, killing 30 people and wounding 20 others.
Boko Haram insurgents launch a Christmas day attack on a town in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 14 individuals and wounding several others.
Boko Haram insurgents kill at least 80 people with rocket-propelled grenades and multiple suicide bombings in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram suicide bombers kill seven in northeastern Nigeria in one of the group’s first attacks since President Buhari announced its defeat in December 2015.
Six suicide bombers detonate explosives at a military checkpoint and a vegetable market in Chibok, killing a total of 16 people.
Insurgents belonging to Boko Haram kill at least 65 individuals in Dalori village near Maiduguri.
Two female suicide bombers detonate explosives at Dikwa, a displaced persons camp, killing at least 58 people and wounding 78 others.
Two female suicide bombers, suspected to belong to Boko Haram, kill 22 people outside of a mosque in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram militants kill 24 people as they mourn at a funeral in the village of Kuda in Nigeria’s Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents launch three attacks in the village of Tallari in Borno State.
Boko Haram releases 21 Chibok school girls to Nigerian authorities.
Two school-aged, female suicide bombers kill at least 30 people and wound 67 others at a marketplace in Madagali, Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents attack a refugee camp hours after it is mistakenly bombed by the Nigerian air force.
Boko Haram insurgents kill seven Nigerian soldiers during an attack on a military outpost in Gajiram, northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram fighters indiscriminately fire into civilian homes and kill “scores” of people in Magumeri, a town in northeastern Borno State.
The Nigerian government releases six Boko Haram prisoners in exchange for 82 of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped in 2014.
Boko Haram militants attack the northeastern Nigerian city of Maiduguri with explosives and gunfire, forcing civilians to flee as Nigerian military forces repel the extremists.
Boko Haram militants ambush an oil exploration team belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation in northeast Nigeria.
A female suicide bomber kills 27 people at a market in northeast Nigeria.
A teenage suicide bomber kills over 50 people at a mosque in northeast Nigeria during morning prayers.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 13 people and injure 53 others in a market in Borno State.
Three female suicide bombers kill at least 20 and wound 22 others at a fish market in Maiduguri, Nigeria. There are no immediate claims of responsibility.
Boko Haram militants kidnap 110 schoolgirls from a boarding school in Dapchi, Yobe State.
Two suicide bombings at a mosque and a market kill a total of 86 people in Mubi, a town located in northeastern Nigeria.
Twin bomb blasts follow an Eid celebration at a mosque in Damboa, Borno State.
A suicide bomber detonates explosives in a mosque in the remote village of Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram insurgents in three vehicles attack the Mairari village.
Boko Haram overruns a key crossroads and military outpost in Gudumbali, a town the Nigerian government previously claimed as safe for the return of thousands of displaced people.
Boko Haram militants kill a Red Cross worker who was abducted alongside two other healthcare workers earlier in the year in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants overrun an army base in Metele.
Boko Haram militants kill eight soldiers in a gun attack in Buni Gari and injure five militia members in a suicide bomb attack in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram extremists ambush security forces in Damaturu, killing 14 military and police personnel.
Extremists seize Baga, a Nigerian town and a key base for a multinational task force fighting Boko Haram.
Boko Haram burns down hundreds of structures in the town of Rann.
Members of Boko Haram attacks a military base in Buni Yadi.
Three Boko Haram extremists attack a mosque in the Jere local government area.
A farmer’s vehicle strikes a landmine buried by Boko Haram militants in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least five and wounding dozens more.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military and civilian convoy in Nigeria’s northeast.
Twin suicide bombings in Maiduguri kill three and injure more than 30.
Extremists attack a village in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 25.
Three suicide bombers detonate explosives at a cinema hall in Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram attacks a military base in Gajiram, killing 25 soldiers.
Boko Haram militants kill at least 65 and injure another 11 following a funeral in the Nganzai area.
Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
ISIS militants attack an army barrack in Gubio, northeastern Nigeria.
Gunmen kidnap six schoolgirls and two staff members in northern Nigeria.
ISWAP militants execute four members of the French aid group Action Against Hunger.
ISIS releases a video showing militants beheading 10 Christian men in Nigeria.
On January 2, Boko Haram militants kidnap Reverand Lawan Andimi, chairman of the Christian Association of Nigeria in Adamawa State.
A bomb detonates on the El Beid Bridge on Nigeria’s border with Cameroon.
Heavily armed militants carry out a bombing at an aid facility in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram or ISWAP militants set several trucks carrying passengers on fire in Auno, Borno State.
An armed group ambushes two villages in Katsina, northwestern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Damboa, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush an army convoy near Mayanti, Borno State, on the border of Cameroon.
Boko Haram extremists ambush Goneri village in Yobe state, Nigeria.
On April 2, Chad’s army, in coordination with the militaries of Nigeria and Niger, launches Operation Boma’s Wrath.
Nigerian, Nigerien, and Chadian troops, under the Multi-National Joint Task Force, bomb a camp in the Tumbun Fulani area in Borno State that is a hideout for Boko Haram and ISWAP forces.
Armed bandits coordinate attacks on farming villages in Katsina state, northern Nigeria.
According to Nigerian Defense Ministry spokesman, John Enenche, Nigerian troops rescue over 241 hostages from Boko Haram in Gamboru, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants shoot and kill a Christian pastor and his wife in Taraba, Northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants carry out an attack in Foduma Kolomaiya village, Borno State.
ISWAP militants launch twin attacks in Monguno and Nganzai.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a civilian convoy of more than 100 vehicles in Komala Village, Borno state.
ISWAP militants ambush a military convoy in Bulabulin village, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants kill five hostages, four of which were aid workers who were abducted between Monguno town and Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria, a month earlier.
ISWAP militants overrun the town of Kukawa in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush the town of Gwoza in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants attack three separate villages in northeast Nigeria on the outskirts of Maiduguri.
ISWAP militants carry out two attacks in the Lake Chad area of Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch an attack in Damboa, Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush the convoy of Borno governor Babagana Umara Zulum near the town of Baga on the shores of Lake Chad.
Armed bandits attack the Tsauwa and Gundu villages in Katsina State, northern Nigeria.
Bandits ambush the Shau and Ruwan-Gaudiya villages in Kastina State, northern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush a village in Chibok, northeast Nigeria.
Assailants ambush agricultural laborers in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
On December 11, hundreds of gunmen opened fire and surrounded a school in Kankara, northwest Nigeria, abducting over 300 schoolboys in the process.
Boko Haram assailants launch a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush the majority-Christian village of Pemi, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush loggers in Wulgo forest, northeastern Nigeria.
A vehicle belonging to Nigerian soldiers hits a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Logomani village, near Cameroon.
Seven hunters recruited to help the Nigerian military fight Islamist insurgents hit a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Kayamla, outside of Maiduguri.
Unidentified attackers ambush a boarding school in Niger, north-central Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian soldiers in Marte, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch rocket-propelled grenades in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria.
Unidentified gunmen ambush the Jangebe Government Girls’ Secondary School in Zamfara, northwest Nigeria.
ISWAP militants ambush Dikwa, Borno State.
ISWAP fighters ambush a Nigerian military convoy in Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush Monguno, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian troops in Wulgo, northeastern Nigeria.
Domestic Counter-Extremism
Legislation
States of Emergency
Boko Haram Committee
Counterterrorism Measures under President Buhari
National Action Plan
Counterterrorism Operations and Non-State Actors
International Counter-Extremism
U.S.-Nigerian Cooperation
U.K.-Nigerian Cooperation
Regional Cooperation
Public Opinion
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: Under al-Barnawi’s leadership, the Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) has launched a series of attacks against Nigerian security forces and other government targets. The Nigerian government has continued to strengthen its legislation against terrorism and is working with regional and international allies against militant groups in and around Nigeria. ( Sources: Institute for Security Studies, Amnesty International)
Radicalization and Foreign Fighters
Boko Haram
Boko Haram is a Nigeria-based terror group that seeks to rid the country of Western and secular institutions and to resuscitate the Kanem-Bornu caliphate that once ruled over modern-day Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon. The group was founded by a Salafist cleric named Mohammed Yusuf in 2002. Yusuf opened the Ibn Taymiyyah Masjid mosque in Maiduguri and developed a significant following among disaffected youth in the area. Many of these followers went on to become Boko Haram militants. ( Sources: Brookings, Al Jazeera, Oxford Research Encyclopedias, BBC News)
In 2009, Yusuf was killed by Nigerian security forces and Abubakar Shekau became the leader of Boko Haram. Under Shekau’s leadership, Boko Haram has grown more militant and has developed a reputation for mass violence.
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https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/nigeria
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1600009997#10_3310221543
|
Title: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Nigeria: Extremism and Terrorism
Overview
Radicalization and Foreign Fighters
Boko Haram
Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP)
Kala Kato
Izala
Islamic Movement in Nigeria (IMN)
Movement for the Islamic Revival (MIR)
Major Extremist and Terrorist Incidents
Abductions
August 26, 2011
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
December 19, 2012
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
January 20, 2013
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
February 16, 2013
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
December 19, 2012
Boko Haram militants detonate a car bomb outside of the United Nations building in Abuja.
Ansaru militants kidnap 63-year-old French national Francis Colump in Rimi, Nigeria, a small town close to the Niger border.
Ansaru militants open fire on a convoy of Nigerian troops on route to Mali.
Ansaru militants kidnap and kill seven construction workers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Boko Haram insurgents attack the Nigerian army barracks in Bama, southern Borno State, killing 20 military personnel and numerous civilians.
Ansaru militants release a video of French hostage Francis Colump, who was kidnapped in December 2012.
Boko Haram militants shoot or burn to death 59 students at an all-male boarding school in Nigeria’s northeast Yobe State.
The #BringBackOurGirls campaign goes viral and the U.S. vows to help “in any way we can.”
In one of its highest-profile attacks, Boko Haram kidnaps 276 girls from a boarding school in Chibok, Borno state.
In an overnight kidnapping, armed men in Nigerian military uniforms arrive at an all-girls secondary school in Chibok.
Twin bomb attacks during morning rush hour kill 71 and injure 124 in the Nigerian capital Abuja.
The Nigerian military claims it has rescued nearly all of the girls.
Boko Haram releases a video claiming responsibility for the kidnapping.
Two Boko Haram suicide attacks in Kaduna, Nigeria, kill 82 people. One of the attacks targets former President Muhammadu Buhari.
Boko Haram militants kidnap the wife of Amadou Ali, Cameroon’s vice prime minister and one of the country’s most prominent political figures.
Boko Haram gunmen abduct approximately 60 girls from a boarding school in a northern Nigerian town close to the border with Cameroon.
Gunmen, allegedly belonging to Boko Haram, detonate three bombs and open fire on worshippers at a mosque in northern Nigeria’s biggest city, Kano.
Boko Haram releases a video of its militants killing civilians.
Boko Haram launches its deadliest attack to date, killing over 2,000 civilians in a 10-day raid of multiple towns in northern Nigerian.
Two ten-year old female suicide bombers kill at least three people in an open-air market in Potiskum, Yobe State.
A female suicide bomber self-detonates in Gombe city in northern Nigeria, purportedly targeting Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan who had just left a campaign rally.
Coalition forces, consisting of troops from Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Benin, launch a ground and air campaign against Boko Haram.
Boko Haram militants armed with guns, knives, and petrol bombs invade Njaba, a remote village in Borno State, Nigeria and kill 68 people.
A mass grave of approximately 70 individuals killed by Boko Haram is discovered in Damasak, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants, disguised as preachers, attack a village in Borno State, killing 24 men and women near a mosque.
The Nigerian army rescues 200 girls and 93 women during an offensive against Boko Haram in the Sambisa Forest.
Nigerian troops rescue 160 women and children in the northeastern Sambisa Forest that had been taken hostage by Boko Haram.
Boko Haram insurgents carried out an attack on two towns in Niger’s Diffa region near the Nigerian border.
In Borno State, Boko Haram militants gun down nearly 150 people as they pray in mosques during the holy month of Ramadan.
Boko Haram insurgents murder more than 140 Nigerians in attacks across the northeast of the country.
Boko Haram militants attack a convoy carrying Lieutenant General Tukur Buratai, the new head of the Nigerian army.
Boko Haram gunmen on horseback kill 79 people in remote villages in northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants kill 50 people in an attack on a town in the Gwoza, a local government area in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 49 people and wound more than 80 in the eastern city of Yola, Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants attack three villages in northeast Nigeria, killing 30 people and wounding 20 others.
Boko Haram insurgents launch a Christmas day attack on a town in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 14 individuals and wounding several others.
Boko Haram insurgents kill at least 80 people with rocket-propelled grenades and multiple suicide bombings in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram suicide bombers kill seven in northeastern Nigeria in one of the group’s first attacks since President Buhari announced its defeat in December 2015.
Six suicide bombers detonate explosives at a military checkpoint and a vegetable market in Chibok, killing a total of 16 people.
Insurgents belonging to Boko Haram kill at least 65 individuals in Dalori village near Maiduguri.
Two female suicide bombers detonate explosives at Dikwa, a displaced persons camp, killing at least 58 people and wounding 78 others.
Two female suicide bombers, suspected to belong to Boko Haram, kill 22 people outside of a mosque in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram militants kill 24 people as they mourn at a funeral in the village of Kuda in Nigeria’s Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents launch three attacks in the village of Tallari in Borno State.
Boko Haram releases 21 Chibok school girls to Nigerian authorities.
Two school-aged, female suicide bombers kill at least 30 people and wound 67 others at a marketplace in Madagali, Adamawa State.
Boko Haram insurgents attack a refugee camp hours after it is mistakenly bombed by the Nigerian air force.
Boko Haram insurgents kill seven Nigerian soldiers during an attack on a military outpost in Gajiram, northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram fighters indiscriminately fire into civilian homes and kill “scores” of people in Magumeri, a town in northeastern Borno State.
The Nigerian government releases six Boko Haram prisoners in exchange for 82 of the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapped in 2014.
Boko Haram militants attack the northeastern Nigerian city of Maiduguri with explosives and gunfire, forcing civilians to flee as Nigerian military forces repel the extremists.
Boko Haram militants ambush an oil exploration team belonging to the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation in northeast Nigeria.
A female suicide bomber kills 27 people at a market in northeast Nigeria.
A teenage suicide bomber kills over 50 people at a mosque in northeast Nigeria during morning prayers.
Suspected Boko Haram suicide bombers kill 13 people and injure 53 others in a market in Borno State.
Three female suicide bombers kill at least 20 and wound 22 others at a fish market in Maiduguri, Nigeria. There are no immediate claims of responsibility.
Boko Haram militants kidnap 110 schoolgirls from a boarding school in Dapchi, Yobe State.
Two suicide bombings at a mosque and a market kill a total of 86 people in Mubi, a town located in northeastern Nigeria.
Twin bomb blasts follow an Eid celebration at a mosque in Damboa, Borno State.
A suicide bomber detonates explosives in a mosque in the remote village of Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram insurgents in three vehicles attack the Mairari village.
Boko Haram overruns a key crossroads and military outpost in Gudumbali, a town the Nigerian government previously claimed as safe for the return of thousands of displaced people.
Boko Haram militants kill a Red Cross worker who was abducted alongside two other healthcare workers earlier in the year in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants overrun an army base in Metele.
Boko Haram militants kill eight soldiers in a gun attack in Buni Gari and injure five militia members in a suicide bomb attack in Maiduguri.
Boko Haram extremists ambush security forces in Damaturu, killing 14 military and police personnel.
Extremists seize Baga, a Nigerian town and a key base for a multinational task force fighting Boko Haram.
Boko Haram burns down hundreds of structures in the town of Rann.
Members of Boko Haram attacks a military base in Buni Yadi.
Three Boko Haram extremists attack a mosque in the Jere local government area.
A farmer’s vehicle strikes a landmine buried by Boko Haram militants in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least five and wounding dozens more.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military and civilian convoy in Nigeria’s northeast.
Twin suicide bombings in Maiduguri kill three and injure more than 30.
Extremists attack a village in northeastern Nigeria, killing at least 25.
Three suicide bombers detonate explosives at a cinema hall in Konduga, Borno State.
Boko Haram attacks a military base in Gajiram, killing 25 soldiers.
Boko Haram militants kill at least 65 and injure another 11 following a funeral in the Nganzai area.
Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
ISIS militants attack an army barrack in Gubio, northeastern Nigeria.
Gunmen kidnap six schoolgirls and two staff members in northern Nigeria.
ISWAP militants execute four members of the French aid group Action Against Hunger.
ISIS releases a video showing militants beheading 10 Christian men in Nigeria.
On January 2, Boko Haram militants kidnap Reverand Lawan Andimi, chairman of the Christian Association of Nigeria in Adamawa State.
A bomb detonates on the El Beid Bridge on Nigeria’s border with Cameroon.
Heavily armed militants carry out a bombing at an aid facility in Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram or ISWAP militants set several trucks carrying passengers on fire in Auno, Borno State.
An armed group ambushes two villages in Katsina, northwestern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a military base in Damboa, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush an army convoy near Mayanti, Borno State, on the border of Cameroon.
Boko Haram extremists ambush Goneri village in Yobe state, Nigeria.
On April 2, Chad’s army, in coordination with the militaries of Nigeria and Niger, launches Operation Boma’s Wrath.
Nigerian, Nigerien, and Chadian troops, under the Multi-National Joint Task Force, bomb a camp in the Tumbun Fulani area in Borno State that is a hideout for Boko Haram and ISWAP forces.
Armed bandits coordinate attacks on farming villages in Katsina state, northern Nigeria.
According to Nigerian Defense Ministry spokesman, John Enenche, Nigerian troops rescue over 241 hostages from Boko Haram in Gamboru, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants shoot and kill a Christian pastor and his wife in Taraba, Northeastern Nigeria.
Suspected Boko Haram militants carry out an attack in Foduma Kolomaiya village, Borno State.
ISWAP militants launch twin attacks in Monguno and Nganzai.
Suspected Boko Haram militants ambush a civilian convoy of more than 100 vehicles in Komala Village, Borno state.
ISWAP militants ambush a military convoy in Bulabulin village, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants kill five hostages, four of which were aid workers who were abducted between Monguno town and Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria, a month earlier.
ISWAP militants overrun the town of Kukawa in northeastern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush the town of Gwoza in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants attack three separate villages in northeast Nigeria on the outskirts of Maiduguri.
ISWAP militants carry out two attacks in the Lake Chad area of Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch an attack in Damboa, Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush the convoy of Borno governor Babagana Umara Zulum near the town of Baga on the shores of Lake Chad.
Armed bandits attack the Tsauwa and Gundu villages in Katsina State, northern Nigeria.
Bandits ambush the Shau and Ruwan-Gaudiya villages in Kastina State, northern Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush a village in Chibok, northeast Nigeria.
Assailants ambush agricultural laborers in Maiduguri, northeast Nigeria.
On December 11, hundreds of gunmen opened fire and surrounded a school in Kankara, northwest Nigeria, abducting over 300 schoolboys in the process.
Boko Haram assailants launch a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) in Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush the majority-Christian village of Pemi, Borno State.
Boko Haram militants ambush loggers in Wulgo forest, northeastern Nigeria.
A vehicle belonging to Nigerian soldiers hits a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Logomani village, near Cameroon.
Seven hunters recruited to help the Nigerian military fight Islamist insurgents hit a landmine planted by Boko Haram in Kayamla, outside of Maiduguri.
Unidentified attackers ambush a boarding school in Niger, north-central Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian soldiers in Marte, Borno State.
Suspected Boko Haram militants launch rocket-propelled grenades in Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria.
Unidentified gunmen ambush the Jangebe Government Girls’ Secondary School in Zamfara, northwest Nigeria.
ISWAP militants ambush Dikwa, Borno State.
ISWAP fighters ambush a Nigerian military convoy in Borno State.
ISWAP militants ambush Monguno, northeast Nigeria.
Boko Haram militants ambush Nigerian troops in Wulgo, northeastern Nigeria.
Domestic Counter-Extremism
Legislation
States of Emergency
Boko Haram Committee
Counterterrorism Measures under President Buhari
National Action Plan
Counterterrorism Operations and Non-State Actors
International Counter-Extremism
U.S.-Nigerian Cooperation
U.K.-Nigerian Cooperation
Regional Cooperation
Public Opinion
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: Yusuf opened the Ibn Taymiyyah Masjid mosque in Maiduguri and developed a significant following among disaffected youth in the area. Many of these followers went on to become Boko Haram militants. ( Sources: Brookings, Al Jazeera, Oxford Research Encyclopedias, BBC News)
In 2009, Yusuf was killed by Nigerian security forces and Abubakar Shekau became the leader of Boko Haram. Under Shekau’s leadership, Boko Haram has grown more militant and has developed a reputation for mass violence. In addition to targeting Christians, who represent approximately 50 percent of the Nigerian population, Boko Haram routinely targets Muslim civilians outside of the organization (who are, by virtue of that fact, considered infidels). Boko Haram’s ideology and tactics have alienated Nigerians making it hard for Boko Haram to recruit new members. As a result, the group has resorted to the conscription of thousands of boys and girls, many of who are trained in boot camps in northeast Nigerian and neighboring Cameroon. ( Sources: Combating Terrorism Center, Brookings, Pew Research Center, Institute for Security Studies, Al Jazeera, Strategic Studies Institute, Wall Street Journal)
In 2012, a number of Boko Haram members who opposed Shekau’s willingness to target Muslim civilians defected to form a splinter group called Ansaru.
|
https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/nigeria
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1601046822#2_3311473206
|
Title: Hezbollah | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Hezbollah
Hezbollah
Overview
Also Known As:
Executive Summary:
Doctrine:
Allegiance to Iran
Anti-Israel Stance
Syria, ISIS, and the Broader Middle East
Social Role
Political Role
Organizational Structure:
Financing:
Iranian Support
Transnational Criminal Activities
Lebanese Ex-Patriates
Financial Sanctions
Recruitment and Training:
Recruitment
Training
Key Leaders
Hassan Nasrallah
Naim Qassem
Hussein al-Khalil
Mustafa Badreddine
Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyid
Hashem Safieddine
Mohamed Yazbik
Hassan Al Laqis
History
1982
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
April 18, 1983
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
October 23, 1983
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
September 20, 1984
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah publishes its founding manifesto, which declares the group’s loyalty to Iran’s supreme leader and intent to fight for the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon.
Hezbollah launches its satellite news television station Al-Manar.
Hezbollah first enters Lebanese national elections and wins eight of 128 parliamentary seats.
An Israeli helicopter guns down Hezbollah leader Sayyad Abbas Musawi.
A suicide bomber detonates a pickup truck at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 and wounding 242.
A bomb at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills over 80 and wounds 300.
Israel ends its occupation of southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah ambushes a group of Israeli soldiers patrolling the Shebaa Farms area of the Golan Heights, capturing Benyamin Avraham, Adi Avitan, and Omar Sawaid.
A bombing in Beirut kills 22 people, including former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri. Hezbollah is suspected of carrying out the attack.
On July 12, Hezbollah launches a cross-border raid into northern Israel, killing eight IDF soldiers and capturing two others.
A car bomb in Damascus kills Imad Fayez Mugniyah, considered Hezbollah’s top planner of worldwide terrorist operations.
Hezbollah launches bloody street battles against Lebanese forces after a government decision to dismantle the group’s private telephone network, which Hezbollah calls a declaration of war.
U.S. and Colombian authorities break up an international cocaine smuggling and money-laundering ring that allegedly used some of its profits to finance Hezbollah.
After a dispute with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri about indictments in the assassination of his father, Hezbollah quits Lebanon’s unity government, causing it to collapse.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues arrest warrants for four men, including two Hezbollah members, suspected in the 2005 bombing that killed former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri and 21 others.
A suicide bomber attacks a tour bus in Burgas, Bulgaria, killing five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and wounding 35 other Israeli tourists.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions Hezbollah for its support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime.
The U.S. Treasury sanctions Hassan Nasrallah, Talal Hamiyeh, and Mustafa Badreddine for supporting the Assad regime.
Hezbollah chief Nasrallah admits to Hezbollah’s role in the Syrian civil war and pledges to defend the Syrian regime.
The European Union labels Hezbollah’s armed wing a terrorist organization.
Hezbollah reportedly uses armed drones for the first time, attacking a Nusra Front target near the Lebanese-Syrian border.
An Israeli helicopter conducts a missile strike in Syria, killing five Hezbollah operatives.
Hezbollah launches an anti-tank missile at an Israeli military vehicle near the border with Lebanon, killing two Israeli soldiers.
Senior Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine is killed in artillery shelling in Damascus, Syria.
Lebanon’s parliament elects as president MP Michel Aoun—whose Free Patriotic Movement allied with Hezbollah in 2006.
On November 3, Prime Minister Saad Hariri flees to Saudi Arabia.
Morocco severs diplomatic and economic ties with Iran after accusing the regime of providing funding, weapons, and training to Polisario Front independence fighters in the Western Sahara.
In Lebanon’s first parliamentary elections since 2009, Hezbollah and its allies win 70 seats in Lebanon’s 128-seat parliament.
On September 19, Nasrallah declares that Hezbollah will remain in Syria indefinitely with the consent of the Syrian leadership.
Hassan Nasrallah says it has attained precision-guided missiles in spite of Israeli attempts to keep hi-tech weapons out of its hands.
Israel launches Operation Northern Shield, an operation intended to “expose and destroy” a series of tunnels it says Hezbollah dug into Israel from Lebanon.
After an eight-month delay, Lebanese leaders announce the formation of a new governing coalition led by Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri.
Britain says it plans to ban all wings of Hezbollah due to its destabilizing influence in the Middle East, classifying the group as a terrorist organization.
Israeli officials claim Ali Mussa Daqduq, a Hezbollah operative accused of killing five U.S. troops in 2007, is establishing a terror network in the disputed Golan Heights, spotlighting threats the militant group poses to its security as the Netanyahu government pushes for sovereignty over the strategic area.
A court in Bahrain sentences 139 people for terrorism offenses.
A court in the United Arab Emirates sentences six Lebanese men, four of them for life and the two others for 10 years each, for setting up a terrorist cell with links to Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Israel launches airstrikes near Homs, targeting a research center and a military airport.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah claims that the group has reduced its forces in Syria although it still has fighters all over the country.
Israel’s U.N. ambassador Danny Danon claims that in 2018 and 2019, “Israel found that Iran and the Quds Force shave begun to advance the exploitation of civilian maritime channels” and that Beirut port “is now the Port of Hezbollah.”
The District Court of the District of Columbia sentences Kassim Tajideen to five years in prison and orders him to forfeit $50 million.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that two members of Hezbollah and one Iranian are killed in Israeli strikes near Damascus.
Israeli warplanes strike targets in Aqraba, where Iran was preparing to attack Israel using explosive-laden “killer drones.”
Two drones crash into the southern suburbs of Beirut, an area that is home to many supporters of Hezbollah.
The U.S. considers intensifying sanctions against Hezbollah by placing sanctions on both direct affiliates and allies of Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Federal prosecutors indict Alexei Saab on terrorism charges.
Twitter suspends accounts belonging to Hezbollah’s Al-Manar TV network, including accounts in English, French, and Spanish.
Hezbollah threatens revenge against the United States after a U.S. airstrike killed IRGC-Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani in Iraq on January 3.
Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab convenes his new government, which includes two Hezbollah ministers and members of Hezbollah-allied parties.
In early April, the Israeli military accuses Syria of helping Hezbollah build a permanent military presence in the Syrian Golan Heights.
In mid-July, 235 legislators from the European Union, United Kingdom, Switzerland, United States, Canada, and Israel sign a declaration calling on the European Union to ban Hezbollah in its entirety.
Hezbollah operative Ali Kamel Mohsin is killed after a series of airstrikes south of Damascus against weapons depots and military positions belonging to Syrian regime forces and Iran-backed militia fighters.
On August 4, 2020, an explosion in Beirut’s port kills at least 200 people, wounds more than 6,000 others, and destroys much of the port.
The STL finds Ayyash guilty of all charges against him.
Hezbollah and Amal stall the formation of a new Lebanese government by demanding several top ministries.
Following the November 27 assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in Iran, Nasrallah reportedly cancels all travel plans and intends to remain in one undisclosed location out of concern Israel might target him.
Nasrallah praises “the humiliating downfall” of U.S. President Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election and warns “the axis of resistance should be in a state of high readiness to respond twice as hard in case of any American or Israeli folly.”
Israeli forces shoot down a Hezbollah drone in Israeli airspace.
On February 1, al-Manar publishes video of what it claims to be a downed Israeli drone.
The STL schedules a new trial for Ayyash in relation to the attacks on Lebanese politicians Marwan Hamadeh, Georges Hawi, and Elias El-Murr between October 2004 and July 2005.
On April 23, Saudi Arabian authorities seize more than 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a pomegranate shipment from Lebanon.
Hezbollah opens a chain of discount supermarkets in Lebanon called “Al-Sajjad,” after the Shiite cleric Imam Ali Al-Sajjad.
The Israeli military shoots down a Hezbollah unmanned drone in Israeli airspace, the second Hezbollah drone the IDF brought down in the span of a few weeks.
On May 7, Nasrallah signals his support for renewed talks between Iran and the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Hezbollah raises its military readiness levels as Israel announces military drills in its northern parts.
Three rockets are fired toward Israel from near the Rashidiyeh Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon.
Israeli forces open fire on a group of people attempting to cut into the Israeli border fence in Lebanon.
Israeli television station Kan reports Hezbollah has dug a series of tunnels hundreds of kilometers long from Beirut to southern Lebanon.
In a televised speech marking the anniversary of Israel’s 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon, Nasrallah warns any aggression against Jerusalem or its holy sites would result in regional war.
Violent Activities
Violence against Israel
Violence in Lebanon
Transnational Violence
TWA Flight 847
Argentina:
Bahrain:
Bulgaria:
Cyprus:
Syria:
Venezuela:
Other International Terrorist Activity:
Other Criminal Activities:
Colombia:
Mexico:
United States:
Other Transnational Criminal Activity:
Designations
Designations by the U.S. Government:
Designations by Foreign Governments and Organizations:
Associations
Ties to Extremist Entities designated by the U.S. or foreign governments:
Ties to other entities:
Associations or networks between group and terrorist actions/organizations:
Political connections to U.S. or global leaders:
Ties to Lebanese leaders:
Media Coverage
Arab Media
Israeli Media
Western Media
Rhetoric
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, May 25, 2021
Naim Qassem, Deputy Leader, April 2020
Hashem Safieddine, Head of Executive Assembly, May 19, 2020
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, July 17, 2019
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, August 15, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Abdallah Safi-Al-Din, 2005
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, December 7, 2017
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: ×
Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Islamic Jihad Organization *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Organization of the Oppressed on Earth *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Organization of Right Against Wrong *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Party of God *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Revolutionary Justice Organization *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Executive Summary: Iran helped create the terrorist group Hezbollah in Lebanon in the early 1980s in order to expand its influence in the region. Under the pretense of fighting foreign occupiers in Lebanon, Hezbollah has been responsible for murderous terror attacks against Israeli, American, and Jewish targets around the globe. Despite its rhetoric of freeing Lebanon from foreign occupation, Hezbollah has made no secret that it is heavily supported by foreign powers, namely the Islamist Iranian regime.
|
https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/hezbollah
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1601046822#3_3311487182
|
Title: Hezbollah | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Hezbollah
Hezbollah
Overview
Also Known As:
Executive Summary:
Doctrine:
Allegiance to Iran
Anti-Israel Stance
Syria, ISIS, and the Broader Middle East
Social Role
Political Role
Organizational Structure:
Financing:
Iranian Support
Transnational Criminal Activities
Lebanese Ex-Patriates
Financial Sanctions
Recruitment and Training:
Recruitment
Training
Key Leaders
Hassan Nasrallah
Naim Qassem
Hussein al-Khalil
Mustafa Badreddine
Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyid
Hashem Safieddine
Mohamed Yazbik
Hassan Al Laqis
History
1982
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
April 18, 1983
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
October 23, 1983
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
September 20, 1984
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah publishes its founding manifesto, which declares the group’s loyalty to Iran’s supreme leader and intent to fight for the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon.
Hezbollah launches its satellite news television station Al-Manar.
Hezbollah first enters Lebanese national elections and wins eight of 128 parliamentary seats.
An Israeli helicopter guns down Hezbollah leader Sayyad Abbas Musawi.
A suicide bomber detonates a pickup truck at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 and wounding 242.
A bomb at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills over 80 and wounds 300.
Israel ends its occupation of southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah ambushes a group of Israeli soldiers patrolling the Shebaa Farms area of the Golan Heights, capturing Benyamin Avraham, Adi Avitan, and Omar Sawaid.
A bombing in Beirut kills 22 people, including former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri. Hezbollah is suspected of carrying out the attack.
On July 12, Hezbollah launches a cross-border raid into northern Israel, killing eight IDF soldiers and capturing two others.
A car bomb in Damascus kills Imad Fayez Mugniyah, considered Hezbollah’s top planner of worldwide terrorist operations.
Hezbollah launches bloody street battles against Lebanese forces after a government decision to dismantle the group’s private telephone network, which Hezbollah calls a declaration of war.
U.S. and Colombian authorities break up an international cocaine smuggling and money-laundering ring that allegedly used some of its profits to finance Hezbollah.
After a dispute with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri about indictments in the assassination of his father, Hezbollah quits Lebanon’s unity government, causing it to collapse.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues arrest warrants for four men, including two Hezbollah members, suspected in the 2005 bombing that killed former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri and 21 others.
A suicide bomber attacks a tour bus in Burgas, Bulgaria, killing five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and wounding 35 other Israeli tourists.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions Hezbollah for its support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime.
The U.S. Treasury sanctions Hassan Nasrallah, Talal Hamiyeh, and Mustafa Badreddine for supporting the Assad regime.
Hezbollah chief Nasrallah admits to Hezbollah’s role in the Syrian civil war and pledges to defend the Syrian regime.
The European Union labels Hezbollah’s armed wing a terrorist organization.
Hezbollah reportedly uses armed drones for the first time, attacking a Nusra Front target near the Lebanese-Syrian border.
An Israeli helicopter conducts a missile strike in Syria, killing five Hezbollah operatives.
Hezbollah launches an anti-tank missile at an Israeli military vehicle near the border with Lebanon, killing two Israeli soldiers.
Senior Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine is killed in artillery shelling in Damascus, Syria.
Lebanon’s parliament elects as president MP Michel Aoun—whose Free Patriotic Movement allied with Hezbollah in 2006.
On November 3, Prime Minister Saad Hariri flees to Saudi Arabia.
Morocco severs diplomatic and economic ties with Iran after accusing the regime of providing funding, weapons, and training to Polisario Front independence fighters in the Western Sahara.
In Lebanon’s first parliamentary elections since 2009, Hezbollah and its allies win 70 seats in Lebanon’s 128-seat parliament.
On September 19, Nasrallah declares that Hezbollah will remain in Syria indefinitely with the consent of the Syrian leadership.
Hassan Nasrallah says it has attained precision-guided missiles in spite of Israeli attempts to keep hi-tech weapons out of its hands.
Israel launches Operation Northern Shield, an operation intended to “expose and destroy” a series of tunnels it says Hezbollah dug into Israel from Lebanon.
After an eight-month delay, Lebanese leaders announce the formation of a new governing coalition led by Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri.
Britain says it plans to ban all wings of Hezbollah due to its destabilizing influence in the Middle East, classifying the group as a terrorist organization.
Israeli officials claim Ali Mussa Daqduq, a Hezbollah operative accused of killing five U.S. troops in 2007, is establishing a terror network in the disputed Golan Heights, spotlighting threats the militant group poses to its security as the Netanyahu government pushes for sovereignty over the strategic area.
A court in Bahrain sentences 139 people for terrorism offenses.
A court in the United Arab Emirates sentences six Lebanese men, four of them for life and the two others for 10 years each, for setting up a terrorist cell with links to Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Israel launches airstrikes near Homs, targeting a research center and a military airport.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah claims that the group has reduced its forces in Syria although it still has fighters all over the country.
Israel’s U.N. ambassador Danny Danon claims that in 2018 and 2019, “Israel found that Iran and the Quds Force shave begun to advance the exploitation of civilian maritime channels” and that Beirut port “is now the Port of Hezbollah.”
The District Court of the District of Columbia sentences Kassim Tajideen to five years in prison and orders him to forfeit $50 million.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that two members of Hezbollah and one Iranian are killed in Israeli strikes near Damascus.
Israeli warplanes strike targets in Aqraba, where Iran was preparing to attack Israel using explosive-laden “killer drones.”
Two drones crash into the southern suburbs of Beirut, an area that is home to many supporters of Hezbollah.
The U.S. considers intensifying sanctions against Hezbollah by placing sanctions on both direct affiliates and allies of Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Federal prosecutors indict Alexei Saab on terrorism charges.
Twitter suspends accounts belonging to Hezbollah’s Al-Manar TV network, including accounts in English, French, and Spanish.
Hezbollah threatens revenge against the United States after a U.S. airstrike killed IRGC-Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani in Iraq on January 3.
Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab convenes his new government, which includes two Hezbollah ministers and members of Hezbollah-allied parties.
In early April, the Israeli military accuses Syria of helping Hezbollah build a permanent military presence in the Syrian Golan Heights.
In mid-July, 235 legislators from the European Union, United Kingdom, Switzerland, United States, Canada, and Israel sign a declaration calling on the European Union to ban Hezbollah in its entirety.
Hezbollah operative Ali Kamel Mohsin is killed after a series of airstrikes south of Damascus against weapons depots and military positions belonging to Syrian regime forces and Iran-backed militia fighters.
On August 4, 2020, an explosion in Beirut’s port kills at least 200 people, wounds more than 6,000 others, and destroys much of the port.
The STL finds Ayyash guilty of all charges against him.
Hezbollah and Amal stall the formation of a new Lebanese government by demanding several top ministries.
Following the November 27 assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in Iran, Nasrallah reportedly cancels all travel plans and intends to remain in one undisclosed location out of concern Israel might target him.
Nasrallah praises “the humiliating downfall” of U.S. President Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election and warns “the axis of resistance should be in a state of high readiness to respond twice as hard in case of any American or Israeli folly.”
Israeli forces shoot down a Hezbollah drone in Israeli airspace.
On February 1, al-Manar publishes video of what it claims to be a downed Israeli drone.
The STL schedules a new trial for Ayyash in relation to the attacks on Lebanese politicians Marwan Hamadeh, Georges Hawi, and Elias El-Murr between October 2004 and July 2005.
On April 23, Saudi Arabian authorities seize more than 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a pomegranate shipment from Lebanon.
Hezbollah opens a chain of discount supermarkets in Lebanon called “Al-Sajjad,” after the Shiite cleric Imam Ali Al-Sajjad.
The Israeli military shoots down a Hezbollah unmanned drone in Israeli airspace, the second Hezbollah drone the IDF brought down in the span of a few weeks.
On May 7, Nasrallah signals his support for renewed talks between Iran and the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Hezbollah raises its military readiness levels as Israel announces military drills in its northern parts.
Three rockets are fired toward Israel from near the Rashidiyeh Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon.
Israeli forces open fire on a group of people attempting to cut into the Israeli border fence in Lebanon.
Israeli television station Kan reports Hezbollah has dug a series of tunnels hundreds of kilometers long from Beirut to southern Lebanon.
In a televised speech marking the anniversary of Israel’s 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon, Nasrallah warns any aggression against Jerusalem or its holy sites would result in regional war.
Violent Activities
Violence against Israel
Violence in Lebanon
Transnational Violence
TWA Flight 847
Argentina:
Bahrain:
Bulgaria:
Cyprus:
Syria:
Venezuela:
Other International Terrorist Activity:
Other Criminal Activities:
Colombia:
Mexico:
United States:
Other Transnational Criminal Activity:
Designations
Designations by the U.S. Government:
Designations by Foreign Governments and Organizations:
Associations
Ties to Extremist Entities designated by the U.S. or foreign governments:
Ties to other entities:
Associations or networks between group and terrorist actions/organizations:
Political connections to U.S. or global leaders:
Ties to Lebanese leaders:
Media Coverage
Arab Media
Israeli Media
Western Media
Rhetoric
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, May 25, 2021
Naim Qassem, Deputy Leader, April 2020
Hashem Safieddine, Head of Executive Assembly, May 19, 2020
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, July 17, 2019
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, August 15, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Abdallah Safi-Al-Din, 2005
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, December 7, 2017
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: ×
Revolutionary Justice Organization *
“Country Reports on Terrorism 2014,” U.S. Department of State, April 2015, http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2014/239413.htm. ×
Executive Summary: Iran helped create the terrorist group Hezbollah in Lebanon in the early 1980s in order to expand its influence in the region. Under the pretense of fighting foreign occupiers in Lebanon, Hezbollah has been responsible for murderous terror attacks against Israeli, American, and Jewish targets around the globe. Despite its rhetoric of freeing Lebanon from foreign occupation, Hezbollah has made no secret that it is heavily supported by foreign powers, namely the Islamist Iranian regime. Iran has transferred mass quantities of weapons, fighters, and other supplies to Hezbollah through its Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, using Syria as a transfer point. It has been responsible for transferring thousands of rockets, which Hezbollah has used against Israeli civilians, notably in the 2006 Second Lebanon War which was sparked by a Hezbollah cross-border raid that resulted in the deaths of eight soldiers and capture of two others. In addition to its violently anti-Israel position, Hezbollah’s loyalty to Iran and Syria has translated into Hezbollah involvement on behalf of the embattled Syrian regime in that country’s civil war. Like Iran, Hezbollah considers the United States and Israel to be its chief enemies, which has led to a global terrorist campaign against the two nations. Until September 11, 2001, Hezbollah was responsible for killing more Americans than any other terrorist organization.
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https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/hezbollah
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1601046822#9_3311570323
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Title: Hezbollah | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Hezbollah
Hezbollah
Overview
Also Known As:
Executive Summary:
Doctrine:
Allegiance to Iran
Anti-Israel Stance
Syria, ISIS, and the Broader Middle East
Social Role
Political Role
Organizational Structure:
Financing:
Iranian Support
Transnational Criminal Activities
Lebanese Ex-Patriates
Financial Sanctions
Recruitment and Training:
Recruitment
Training
Key Leaders
Hassan Nasrallah
Naim Qassem
Hussein al-Khalil
Mustafa Badreddine
Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyid
Hashem Safieddine
Mohamed Yazbik
Hassan Al Laqis
History
1982
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
April 18, 1983
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
October 23, 1983
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
September 20, 1984
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah publishes its founding manifesto, which declares the group’s loyalty to Iran’s supreme leader and intent to fight for the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon.
Hezbollah launches its satellite news television station Al-Manar.
Hezbollah first enters Lebanese national elections and wins eight of 128 parliamentary seats.
An Israeli helicopter guns down Hezbollah leader Sayyad Abbas Musawi.
A suicide bomber detonates a pickup truck at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 and wounding 242.
A bomb at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills over 80 and wounds 300.
Israel ends its occupation of southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah ambushes a group of Israeli soldiers patrolling the Shebaa Farms area of the Golan Heights, capturing Benyamin Avraham, Adi Avitan, and Omar Sawaid.
A bombing in Beirut kills 22 people, including former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri. Hezbollah is suspected of carrying out the attack.
On July 12, Hezbollah launches a cross-border raid into northern Israel, killing eight IDF soldiers and capturing two others.
A car bomb in Damascus kills Imad Fayez Mugniyah, considered Hezbollah’s top planner of worldwide terrorist operations.
Hezbollah launches bloody street battles against Lebanese forces after a government decision to dismantle the group’s private telephone network, which Hezbollah calls a declaration of war.
U.S. and Colombian authorities break up an international cocaine smuggling and money-laundering ring that allegedly used some of its profits to finance Hezbollah.
After a dispute with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri about indictments in the assassination of his father, Hezbollah quits Lebanon’s unity government, causing it to collapse.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues arrest warrants for four men, including two Hezbollah members, suspected in the 2005 bombing that killed former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri and 21 others.
A suicide bomber attacks a tour bus in Burgas, Bulgaria, killing five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and wounding 35 other Israeli tourists.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions Hezbollah for its support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime.
The U.S. Treasury sanctions Hassan Nasrallah, Talal Hamiyeh, and Mustafa Badreddine for supporting the Assad regime.
Hezbollah chief Nasrallah admits to Hezbollah’s role in the Syrian civil war and pledges to defend the Syrian regime.
The European Union labels Hezbollah’s armed wing a terrorist organization.
Hezbollah reportedly uses armed drones for the first time, attacking a Nusra Front target near the Lebanese-Syrian border.
An Israeli helicopter conducts a missile strike in Syria, killing five Hezbollah operatives.
Hezbollah launches an anti-tank missile at an Israeli military vehicle near the border with Lebanon, killing two Israeli soldiers.
Senior Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine is killed in artillery shelling in Damascus, Syria.
Lebanon’s parliament elects as president MP Michel Aoun—whose Free Patriotic Movement allied with Hezbollah in 2006.
On November 3, Prime Minister Saad Hariri flees to Saudi Arabia.
Morocco severs diplomatic and economic ties with Iran after accusing the regime of providing funding, weapons, and training to Polisario Front independence fighters in the Western Sahara.
In Lebanon’s first parliamentary elections since 2009, Hezbollah and its allies win 70 seats in Lebanon’s 128-seat parliament.
On September 19, Nasrallah declares that Hezbollah will remain in Syria indefinitely with the consent of the Syrian leadership.
Hassan Nasrallah says it has attained precision-guided missiles in spite of Israeli attempts to keep hi-tech weapons out of its hands.
Israel launches Operation Northern Shield, an operation intended to “expose and destroy” a series of tunnels it says Hezbollah dug into Israel from Lebanon.
After an eight-month delay, Lebanese leaders announce the formation of a new governing coalition led by Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri.
Britain says it plans to ban all wings of Hezbollah due to its destabilizing influence in the Middle East, classifying the group as a terrorist organization.
Israeli officials claim Ali Mussa Daqduq, a Hezbollah operative accused of killing five U.S. troops in 2007, is establishing a terror network in the disputed Golan Heights, spotlighting threats the militant group poses to its security as the Netanyahu government pushes for sovereignty over the strategic area.
A court in Bahrain sentences 139 people for terrorism offenses.
A court in the United Arab Emirates sentences six Lebanese men, four of them for life and the two others for 10 years each, for setting up a terrorist cell with links to Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Israel launches airstrikes near Homs, targeting a research center and a military airport.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah claims that the group has reduced its forces in Syria although it still has fighters all over the country.
Israel’s U.N. ambassador Danny Danon claims that in 2018 and 2019, “Israel found that Iran and the Quds Force shave begun to advance the exploitation of civilian maritime channels” and that Beirut port “is now the Port of Hezbollah.”
The District Court of the District of Columbia sentences Kassim Tajideen to five years in prison and orders him to forfeit $50 million.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that two members of Hezbollah and one Iranian are killed in Israeli strikes near Damascus.
Israeli warplanes strike targets in Aqraba, where Iran was preparing to attack Israel using explosive-laden “killer drones.”
Two drones crash into the southern suburbs of Beirut, an area that is home to many supporters of Hezbollah.
The U.S. considers intensifying sanctions against Hezbollah by placing sanctions on both direct affiliates and allies of Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Federal prosecutors indict Alexei Saab on terrorism charges.
Twitter suspends accounts belonging to Hezbollah’s Al-Manar TV network, including accounts in English, French, and Spanish.
Hezbollah threatens revenge against the United States after a U.S. airstrike killed IRGC-Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani in Iraq on January 3.
Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab convenes his new government, which includes two Hezbollah ministers and members of Hezbollah-allied parties.
In early April, the Israeli military accuses Syria of helping Hezbollah build a permanent military presence in the Syrian Golan Heights.
In mid-July, 235 legislators from the European Union, United Kingdom, Switzerland, United States, Canada, and Israel sign a declaration calling on the European Union to ban Hezbollah in its entirety.
Hezbollah operative Ali Kamel Mohsin is killed after a series of airstrikes south of Damascus against weapons depots and military positions belonging to Syrian regime forces and Iran-backed militia fighters.
On August 4, 2020, an explosion in Beirut’s port kills at least 200 people, wounds more than 6,000 others, and destroys much of the port.
The STL finds Ayyash guilty of all charges against him.
Hezbollah and Amal stall the formation of a new Lebanese government by demanding several top ministries.
Following the November 27 assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in Iran, Nasrallah reportedly cancels all travel plans and intends to remain in one undisclosed location out of concern Israel might target him.
Nasrallah praises “the humiliating downfall” of U.S. President Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election and warns “the axis of resistance should be in a state of high readiness to respond twice as hard in case of any American or Israeli folly.”
Israeli forces shoot down a Hezbollah drone in Israeli airspace.
On February 1, al-Manar publishes video of what it claims to be a downed Israeli drone.
The STL schedules a new trial for Ayyash in relation to the attacks on Lebanese politicians Marwan Hamadeh, Georges Hawi, and Elias El-Murr between October 2004 and July 2005.
On April 23, Saudi Arabian authorities seize more than 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a pomegranate shipment from Lebanon.
Hezbollah opens a chain of discount supermarkets in Lebanon called “Al-Sajjad,” after the Shiite cleric Imam Ali Al-Sajjad.
The Israeli military shoots down a Hezbollah unmanned drone in Israeli airspace, the second Hezbollah drone the IDF brought down in the span of a few weeks.
On May 7, Nasrallah signals his support for renewed talks between Iran and the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Hezbollah raises its military readiness levels as Israel announces military drills in its northern parts.
Three rockets are fired toward Israel from near the Rashidiyeh Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon.
Israeli forces open fire on a group of people attempting to cut into the Israeli border fence in Lebanon.
Israeli television station Kan reports Hezbollah has dug a series of tunnels hundreds of kilometers long from Beirut to southern Lebanon.
In a televised speech marking the anniversary of Israel’s 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon, Nasrallah warns any aggression against Jerusalem or its holy sites would result in regional war.
Violent Activities
Violence against Israel
Violence in Lebanon
Transnational Violence
TWA Flight 847
Argentina:
Bahrain:
Bulgaria:
Cyprus:
Syria:
Venezuela:
Other International Terrorist Activity:
Other Criminal Activities:
Colombia:
Mexico:
United States:
Other Transnational Criminal Activity:
Designations
Designations by the U.S. Government:
Designations by Foreign Governments and Organizations:
Associations
Ties to Extremist Entities designated by the U.S. or foreign governments:
Ties to other entities:
Associations or networks between group and terrorist actions/organizations:
Political connections to U.S. or global leaders:
Ties to Lebanese leaders:
Media Coverage
Arab Media
Israeli Media
Western Media
Rhetoric
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, May 25, 2021
Naim Qassem, Deputy Leader, April 2020
Hashem Safieddine, Head of Executive Assembly, May 19, 2020
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, July 17, 2019
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, August 15, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Abdallah Safi-Al-Din, 2005
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, December 7, 2017
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: Argentina, Paraguay, Guatemala, Honduras, and Colombia also designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in 2019 and 2020. Doctrine: The Shiite terrorist group Hezbollah (“the Party of God”) emerged in Lebanon in 1982 following Israel’s invasion to halt cross-border guerilla attacks by the Palestine Liberation Organization. Hezbollah’s stated goal was to fight “for the liberation of the occupied territories and the ejection of the aggressive Israeli forces.” * “Q & A: Leaving Lebanon,” BBC News, May 23, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/636594.stm. ×
Its ideology was modeled on Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s 1979 Iranian revolution. As counterterrorism expert Matt Levitt notes, within the setting of the Lebanese civil war, “the 1982 Israeli invasion and subsequent occupation of southern Lebanon created the space in which Iranian diplomats and agents could help fashion the unified entity Hezbollah from a motley crew of Shi’a militias and groups.” * Matthew Levitt, “The origins of Hezbollah,” Atlantic, October 23, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/the-origins-of-hezbollah/280809/. ×
Iran thus viewed the rise of Hezbollah as an opportunity to extend its influence, cultivating Hezbollah as a proxy force, providing funding, training, and weaponry through Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Hezbollah pledged its loyalty to Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and modeled its ideology on Khomeini’s 1979 Iranian revolution. *
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https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/hezbollah
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1601046822#11_3311598794
|
Title: Hezbollah | Counter Extremism Project
Headings: Hezbollah
Hezbollah
Overview
Also Known As:
Executive Summary:
Doctrine:
Allegiance to Iran
Anti-Israel Stance
Syria, ISIS, and the Broader Middle East
Social Role
Political Role
Organizational Structure:
Financing:
Iranian Support
Transnational Criminal Activities
Lebanese Ex-Patriates
Financial Sanctions
Recruitment and Training:
Recruitment
Training
Key Leaders
Hassan Nasrallah
Naim Qassem
Hussein al-Khalil
Mustafa Badreddine
Ibrahim Amin al-Sayyid
Hashem Safieddine
Mohamed Yazbik
Hassan Al Laqis
History
1982
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
April 18, 1983
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
October 23, 1983
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
September 20, 1984
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon with Iranian support.
An explosives-filled pickup truck drives into the U.S. embassy in Beirut and explodes, killing Beirut kills 63 and wounding 120. It is the first Hezbollah attack to target American citizens.
Suicide truck bombing of U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut kills 241 U.S. service personnel.
A suicide car bomber blows up in the annex of the U.S. embassy in Beirut, killing 24 and wounding dozens more.
Hezbollah publishes its founding manifesto, which declares the group’s loyalty to Iran’s supreme leader and intent to fight for the establishment of an Islamic regime in Lebanon.
Hezbollah launches its satellite news television station Al-Manar.
Hezbollah first enters Lebanese national elections and wins eight of 128 parliamentary seats.
An Israeli helicopter guns down Hezbollah leader Sayyad Abbas Musawi.
A suicide bomber detonates a pickup truck at the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 and wounding 242.
A bomb at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills over 80 and wounds 300.
Israel ends its occupation of southern Lebanon.
Hezbollah ambushes a group of Israeli soldiers patrolling the Shebaa Farms area of the Golan Heights, capturing Benyamin Avraham, Adi Avitan, and Omar Sawaid.
A bombing in Beirut kills 22 people, including former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri. Hezbollah is suspected of carrying out the attack.
On July 12, Hezbollah launches a cross-border raid into northern Israel, killing eight IDF soldiers and capturing two others.
A car bomb in Damascus kills Imad Fayez Mugniyah, considered Hezbollah’s top planner of worldwide terrorist operations.
Hezbollah launches bloody street battles against Lebanese forces after a government decision to dismantle the group’s private telephone network, which Hezbollah calls a declaration of war.
U.S. and Colombian authorities break up an international cocaine smuggling and money-laundering ring that allegedly used some of its profits to finance Hezbollah.
After a dispute with Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri about indictments in the assassination of his father, Hezbollah quits Lebanon’s unity government, causing it to collapse.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon issues arrest warrants for four men, including two Hezbollah members, suspected in the 2005 bombing that killed former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri and 21 others.
A suicide bomber attacks a tour bus in Burgas, Bulgaria, killing five Israeli tourists and the Bulgarian driver, and wounding 35 other Israeli tourists.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury sanctions Hezbollah for its support of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime.
The U.S. Treasury sanctions Hassan Nasrallah, Talal Hamiyeh, and Mustafa Badreddine for supporting the Assad regime.
Hezbollah chief Nasrallah admits to Hezbollah’s role in the Syrian civil war and pledges to defend the Syrian regime.
The European Union labels Hezbollah’s armed wing a terrorist organization.
Hezbollah reportedly uses armed drones for the first time, attacking a Nusra Front target near the Lebanese-Syrian border.
An Israeli helicopter conducts a missile strike in Syria, killing five Hezbollah operatives.
Hezbollah launches an anti-tank missile at an Israeli military vehicle near the border with Lebanon, killing two Israeli soldiers.
Senior Hezbollah military commander Mustafa Badreddine is killed in artillery shelling in Damascus, Syria.
Lebanon’s parliament elects as president MP Michel Aoun—whose Free Patriotic Movement allied with Hezbollah in 2006.
On November 3, Prime Minister Saad Hariri flees to Saudi Arabia.
Morocco severs diplomatic and economic ties with Iran after accusing the regime of providing funding, weapons, and training to Polisario Front independence fighters in the Western Sahara.
In Lebanon’s first parliamentary elections since 2009, Hezbollah and its allies win 70 seats in Lebanon’s 128-seat parliament.
On September 19, Nasrallah declares that Hezbollah will remain in Syria indefinitely with the consent of the Syrian leadership.
Hassan Nasrallah says it has attained precision-guided missiles in spite of Israeli attempts to keep hi-tech weapons out of its hands.
Israel launches Operation Northern Shield, an operation intended to “expose and destroy” a series of tunnels it says Hezbollah dug into Israel from Lebanon.
After an eight-month delay, Lebanese leaders announce the formation of a new governing coalition led by Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri.
Britain says it plans to ban all wings of Hezbollah due to its destabilizing influence in the Middle East, classifying the group as a terrorist organization.
Israeli officials claim Ali Mussa Daqduq, a Hezbollah operative accused of killing five U.S. troops in 2007, is establishing a terror network in the disputed Golan Heights, spotlighting threats the militant group poses to its security as the Netanyahu government pushes for sovereignty over the strategic area.
A court in Bahrain sentences 139 people for terrorism offenses.
A court in the United Arab Emirates sentences six Lebanese men, four of them for life and the two others for 10 years each, for setting up a terrorist cell with links to Lebanon’s Hezbollah.
Israel launches airstrikes near Homs, targeting a research center and a military airport.
Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah claims that the group has reduced its forces in Syria although it still has fighters all over the country.
Israel’s U.N. ambassador Danny Danon claims that in 2018 and 2019, “Israel found that Iran and the Quds Force shave begun to advance the exploitation of civilian maritime channels” and that Beirut port “is now the Port of Hezbollah.”
The District Court of the District of Columbia sentences Kassim Tajideen to five years in prison and orders him to forfeit $50 million.
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claims that two members of Hezbollah and one Iranian are killed in Israeli strikes near Damascus.
Israeli warplanes strike targets in Aqraba, where Iran was preparing to attack Israel using explosive-laden “killer drones.”
Two drones crash into the southern suburbs of Beirut, an area that is home to many supporters of Hezbollah.
The U.S. considers intensifying sanctions against Hezbollah by placing sanctions on both direct affiliates and allies of Hezbollah in Lebanon.
Federal prosecutors indict Alexei Saab on terrorism charges.
Twitter suspends accounts belonging to Hezbollah’s Al-Manar TV network, including accounts in English, French, and Spanish.
Hezbollah threatens revenge against the United States after a U.S. airstrike killed IRGC-Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani in Iraq on January 3.
Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab convenes his new government, which includes two Hezbollah ministers and members of Hezbollah-allied parties.
In early April, the Israeli military accuses Syria of helping Hezbollah build a permanent military presence in the Syrian Golan Heights.
In mid-July, 235 legislators from the European Union, United Kingdom, Switzerland, United States, Canada, and Israel sign a declaration calling on the European Union to ban Hezbollah in its entirety.
Hezbollah operative Ali Kamel Mohsin is killed after a series of airstrikes south of Damascus against weapons depots and military positions belonging to Syrian regime forces and Iran-backed militia fighters.
On August 4, 2020, an explosion in Beirut’s port kills at least 200 people, wounds more than 6,000 others, and destroys much of the port.
The STL finds Ayyash guilty of all charges against him.
Hezbollah and Amal stall the formation of a new Lebanese government by demanding several top ministries.
Following the November 27 assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in Iran, Nasrallah reportedly cancels all travel plans and intends to remain in one undisclosed location out of concern Israel might target him.
Nasrallah praises “the humiliating downfall” of U.S. President Donald Trump in the U.S. presidential election and warns “the axis of resistance should be in a state of high readiness to respond twice as hard in case of any American or Israeli folly.”
Israeli forces shoot down a Hezbollah drone in Israeli airspace.
On February 1, al-Manar publishes video of what it claims to be a downed Israeli drone.
The STL schedules a new trial for Ayyash in relation to the attacks on Lebanese politicians Marwan Hamadeh, Georges Hawi, and Elias El-Murr between October 2004 and July 2005.
On April 23, Saudi Arabian authorities seize more than 5 million Captagon pills hidden in a pomegranate shipment from Lebanon.
Hezbollah opens a chain of discount supermarkets in Lebanon called “Al-Sajjad,” after the Shiite cleric Imam Ali Al-Sajjad.
The Israeli military shoots down a Hezbollah unmanned drone in Israeli airspace, the second Hezbollah drone the IDF brought down in the span of a few weeks.
On May 7, Nasrallah signals his support for renewed talks between Iran and the United States and Saudi Arabia.
Hezbollah raises its military readiness levels as Israel announces military drills in its northern parts.
Three rockets are fired toward Israel from near the Rashidiyeh Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon.
Israeli forces open fire on a group of people attempting to cut into the Israeli border fence in Lebanon.
Israeli television station Kan reports Hezbollah has dug a series of tunnels hundreds of kilometers long from Beirut to southern Lebanon.
In a televised speech marking the anniversary of Israel’s 2000 withdrawal from Lebanon, Nasrallah warns any aggression against Jerusalem or its holy sites would result in regional war.
Violent Activities
Violence against Israel
Violence in Lebanon
Transnational Violence
TWA Flight 847
Argentina:
Bahrain:
Bulgaria:
Cyprus:
Syria:
Venezuela:
Other International Terrorist Activity:
Other Criminal Activities:
Colombia:
Mexico:
United States:
Other Transnational Criminal Activity:
Designations
Designations by the U.S. Government:
Designations by Foreign Governments and Organizations:
Associations
Ties to Extremist Entities designated by the U.S. or foreign governments:
Ties to other entities:
Associations or networks between group and terrorist actions/organizations:
Political connections to U.S. or global leaders:
Ties to Lebanese leaders:
Media Coverage
Arab Media
Israeli Media
Western Media
Rhetoric
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, May 25, 2021
Naim Qassem, Deputy Leader, April 2020
Hashem Safieddine, Head of Executive Assembly, May 19, 2020
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, July 17, 2019
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, August 15, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, September 20, 2018
Abdallah Safi-Al-Din, 2005
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary-General, December 7, 2017
Daily Dose
Fact:
CEP on Twitter
Content: “An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program,” Council on Foreign Relations, January 1, 1988, http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/open-letter-hizballah-program/p30967. ×
According to counterterrorism expert Matthew Levitt, within the setting of the Lebanese civil war, “the 1982 Israeli invasion and subsequent occupation of southern Lebanon created the space in which Iranian diplomats and agents could help fashion the unified entity Hezbollah from a motley crew of Shi’a militias and groups.” * Matthew Levitt, “The origins of Hezbollah,” Atlantic, October 23, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/the-origins-of-hezbollah/280809/. ×
Iran thus viewed the rise of Hezbollah as an opportunity to extend its influence, cultivating Hezbollah as a proxy force, providing funding, training, and weaponry through Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). * Mohamed Kawas, “Former Hezbollah chief: ‘ Tehran is only investing in Lebanon’s Shia to serve its own interests,’” Arab Weekly (London), May 8, 2016, http://www.thearabweekly.com/Opinion/5001/Former-Hezbollah-chief:-%E2%80%98Tehran-is-only-investing-in-Lebanon%E2%80%99s-Shia-to-serve-its-own-interests%E2%80%99. ×
Allegiance to Iran
Hezbollah is first and foremost an instrument of the Iranian regime. The group’s 1985 manifesto explicitly states, “We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community)—the party of God (Hizb Allah) the vanguard of which was made victorious by God in Iran.” Furthermore, the group is explicit in its submission to the Iranian supreme leader’s decrees, avowing its compliance to the dictates of “one leader, wise and just, that of our tutor and faqih (jurist) who fulfills all the necessary conditions: [ Ayatollah] Ruhollah Musawi Khomeini.” *
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https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/hezbollah
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1605547790#0_3317824393
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Title: Countries in Caribbean – Countryaah.com
Headings: Countries in Caribbean
Countries in Caribbean
Largest countries in Caribbean (by population)
Map of All Countries in Caribbean
Alphabetical List of Caribbean Countries
History of the Caribbean
Traveling in the Caribbean
Content: Countries in Caribbean – Countryaah.com
Countries in Caribbean
The Caribbean, also known as the Caribbean Sea, is an island group off Central America that stretches over 4,000 kilometers and separates the Atlantic from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Geographically, the Caribbean belongs to North America, and the archipelago encompasses 15 countries and 7 territories belonging to other countries. The Caribbean consists of over 7,000 islands, rocky outcrops and inserts – some are inhabited but many lack complete settlement. Many of the islands are of volcanic origin and consist of mountainous landscapes with active or inactive volcanoes. This applies to Haiti, Saint Lucia and Puerto Rico. Others, like the Bahamas, Aruba and the Cayman Islands, are flat coral islands. The underwater life of most of the islands consists of coral reefs, fish in all colors of the rainbow as well as small and large turtles. Area: 239,681 km²
Population: 43.5 million
Largest countries in Caribbean (by population)
Cuba – 11 million
Haiti – 10 million
Dominican Republic – 9.4 million
Puerto Rico – 3.7 million
Jamaica – 2.7 million
Map of All Countries in Caribbean
Alphabetical List of Caribbean Countries
How many countries in Caribbean?
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https://www.countryaah.com/caribbean-countries/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1617368198#2_3345763080
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Title: 12 Things Making a Comeback During the Pandemic — Popular COVID-19 Items
Headings: 12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
Who ever thought bidets would be a must-have item?
1 Shelf-Stable Foods
2 Home Fitness Equipment
3 Thermometers
4 Video Conferencing
5 Handheld Gaming Consoles
6 Jigsaw Puzzles
7 Bidets
8 Hand Sanitizer
9 Chest Freezers
10 Swimming Pools
11 Hair Dye
12 Trampolines
Content: Personal hygiene has been an ongoing trend and according to a report on Yahoo! Finance, it's expected to continue for the next few years. Check out this list of things making a huge comeback during the pandemic and see if you've clicked "add to cart" on any of these in the past few months. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
1 Shelf-Stable Foods
PeopleImagesGetty Images
Kellogg reported an increase of their sales by 23% in their April first quarter report. Alongside some other favorite shelf-stable products like Slim Jims, the COVID-19 virus has forced us to find comfort in foods we thought we had outgrown as adults. 2 Home Fitness Equipment
Sorrasak Jar TinyoGetty Images
Home fitness equipment has seen sales grow almost 170% because of the pandemic. With the warmer weather approaching and social distancing still a thing, why not try out a new electronic bike like Gocycle to get on the fitness bandwagon? 3 Thermometers
Maria FuchsGetty Images
Remember always having one at home that your parents would whip out if you happen to get the cold or flu? Now these things are hot commodity with sales rising astronomically. According to a recent article from CNN, the demand for thermometers are up 900%.
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https://www.countryliving.com/life/inspirational-stories/g32631751/things-making-comeback-during-pandemic/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1617368198#3_3345765023
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Title: 12 Things Making a Comeback During the Pandemic — Popular COVID-19 Items
Headings: 12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
Who ever thought bidets would be a must-have item?
1 Shelf-Stable Foods
2 Home Fitness Equipment
3 Thermometers
4 Video Conferencing
5 Handheld Gaming Consoles
6 Jigsaw Puzzles
7 Bidets
8 Hand Sanitizer
9 Chest Freezers
10 Swimming Pools
11 Hair Dye
12 Trampolines
Content: 2 Home Fitness Equipment
Sorrasak Jar TinyoGetty Images
Home fitness equipment has seen sales grow almost 170% because of the pandemic. With the warmer weather approaching and social distancing still a thing, why not try out a new electronic bike like Gocycle to get on the fitness bandwagon? 3 Thermometers
Maria FuchsGetty Images
Remember always having one at home that your parents would whip out if you happen to get the cold or flu? Now these things are hot commodity with sales rising astronomically. According to a recent article from CNN, the demand for thermometers are up 900%. 4 Video Conferencing
FG TradeGetty Images
With the stay-at-home orders across the world booming, video conferencing has seen a massive resurgence. Zoom video conferencing has seen its stock rise by 150% since the beginning of the outbreak even though most recently there has been a small decline affecting its shares. 5 Handheld Gaming Consoles
Future PublishingGetty Images
One way of distracting your child when school was done was throwing a Nintendo Switch at them. Nowadays you can barely find one anywhere. Sales for the gaming console have doubled since last March.
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https://www.countryliving.com/life/inspirational-stories/g32631751/things-making-comeback-during-pandemic/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1617368198#4_3345766910
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Title: 12 Things Making a Comeback During the Pandemic — Popular COVID-19 Items
Headings: 12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
12 Things Making a Huge Comeback During the Pandemic
Who ever thought bidets would be a must-have item?
1 Shelf-Stable Foods
2 Home Fitness Equipment
3 Thermometers
4 Video Conferencing
5 Handheld Gaming Consoles
6 Jigsaw Puzzles
7 Bidets
8 Hand Sanitizer
9 Chest Freezers
10 Swimming Pools
11 Hair Dye
12 Trampolines
Content: 4 Video Conferencing
FG TradeGetty Images
With the stay-at-home orders across the world booming, video conferencing has seen a massive resurgence. Zoom video conferencing has seen its stock rise by 150% since the beginning of the outbreak even though most recently there has been a small decline affecting its shares. 5 Handheld Gaming Consoles
Future PublishingGetty Images
One way of distracting your child when school was done was throwing a Nintendo Switch at them. Nowadays you can barely find one anywhere. Sales for the gaming console have doubled since last March. Sales usually peak during the holidays, but the pandemic has forced buyers to dip in now. 6 Jigsaw Puzzles
Westend61Getty Images
It's not surprising that people flock to puzzles during a pandemic. They're cross-generational, require no instructions, and are affordable. According to an April CNBC article, "Gamemaker Ravensburger has seen U.S. puzzle sales soar 370% year over year in the past two weeks, according to the company’s North America CEO Filip Francke." 7 Bidets
RatchatGetty Images
Google alone won't tell you how many people are interested in bidets.
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https://www.countryliving.com/life/inspirational-stories/g32631751/things-making-comeback-during-pandemic/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_36_1619375172#2_3351085682
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Title: 20 Symptoms Of Grief And Bereavement And How To Overcome Them – Physical, Behavioural And Emotional
Headings: 20 physical, behavioural and emotional symptoms of grief and bereavement and how to overcome them
20 physical, behavioural and emotional symptoms of grief and bereavement and how to overcome them
It's a different road for everyone, but these suggestions could help...
Physical symptoms of grief
Emotional feelings of grief
Behavioural impact of grief
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO HELP EASE GRIEF?
1. Talk about it
2. Books that might help
Content: However, if you are worried about anything you are thinking or feeling, including physical symptoms, it’s a good idea to speak to your GP. DrAfter123Getty Images
Physical symptoms of grief
People are often less aware of these, but grief can affect your body just as much as it can affect your emotions. This is related to the stress of the situation. Everyone is affected differently, but you might experience: Exhaustion. Breathlessness. Aches and pains, such as chest pain and headaches. Shaking and increased heart rate. Feeling sick. Upset stomach.
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https://www.countryliving.com/uk/wellbeing/a21549981/physical-emotional-behavioural-symptoms-grief-bereavement-how-overcome/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_4645347#30_4665709
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Title: Delinquent Behavior - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Delinquent Behavior
Delinquent Behavior
The Prevalence of Offending and Associations Between Different Types of Offending
1.2.3a Prevalence Estimates for Self-Reported Offending in General
Impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Adolescent Behavior
42.2.1 Externalizing Behavior
Conduct disorder
Neurobiological mechanisms
Demographic Factors
2.1.16 Percent Males (Ecological)
Theories on the Causation of Partner Abuse Perpetration
Criminologic Theories
Stability and change in antagonism over the lifespan
Next steps: Antagonism in adolescence
Urban Violence, Youth
Family Functioning
Cognitive and Mental Health Factors
6.10.1 Drug Dependence/Substance Abuse in General
Personality and Behavioral Factors
5.1.19 Self-Control
Evidence-Based Practice With Special Criminal Justice Populations
Gangs
Content: Therefore, as the proportion of males in a population grows, the competition between them may also grow. Table 2.1.16 provides a summary of studies of geographic variations in crime rates relative to the sex ratios in those geographic regions. As one can see, the findings are quite mixed, particularly for violent and property offenses. It may be worth noting that most of the international studies on homicide rates have reported a negative correlation with the sex ratio, while most of the studies on homicide rates derived from comparing within countries point toward a positive correlation. Table 2.1.16. Percent Males and Crime Rates (Ecological). Nature of Relationship
Official Data (♀s) (♂s)
Self-Report Data
Violent, Sex, or Property
General
Overall
Positive
ASIA China: Edlund et al. 2007 (provinces, ages 16–25, both violent & property crime); India:
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/delinquent-behavior
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_5613310#3_5530825
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Title: Emic - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Emic
Emic
Measures of Personality across Cultures
Emic–Etic/Universal–Culture-Specific
Measures of Cross-Cultural Values, Personality and Beliefs
Culture and personality processes: Basic tenets and current directions
Basic debates never die: Emic vs. etic approaches
Cross-Cultural Approaches to Work-Family Conflict
IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
Culture and Mental Measurement☆
Cultural Factors in the Assessment of Personality and Intelligence
Participant Observation
Emics and Etics
Translation
5 Decentering
Milestone 6
Emics and etics of research
Emic: ethnography and insider researcher
Sociocultural and Individual Differences
10.01.4.4 Emics and Etics in Cross-cultural Research
Recommended publications
Content: For example, despite its limitations ( Boyle, 2008 ), there is evidence that the Five-Factor Model (FFM, comprising constructs labeled Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) can be discerned universally. On the other hand, although the Western FFM may be found in all cultures, the model may not adequately capture culture-specific aspects of personality which may exist beyond the universal aspects of personality. Studies in China, for example, provide evidence that the FFM gives an incomplete rendering of Chinese personality; the model does not adequately measure the relational aspects of personality (e.g., the extent to which a person fits into his or her group, as a salient aspect of Chinese personality). Similarly, studies in various cultural groups in South Africa suggest that Agreeableness is too narrow a trait to cover all major social aspects of personality, such as softheartedness (involving aspects such as amiability, gratefulness, and empathy) and relationship harmony (involving aspects such as accommodating, flexibility, and humbleness; Nel et al., 2012 ). These concepts were frequently mentioned in semi-structured interviews when persons from all major ethnic groups in South Africa were asked to describe persons they know well. These interviews also revealed clusters of personality descriptions that could be captured in terms of the FFM; Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness could be easily discerned in the data, while Openness was found both in terms of intellect and broadmindedness.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/emic
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_6793428#8_6548285
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Title: Folk Wisdom - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Folk Wisdom
Folk Wisdom
Strength Model of Self-Regulation as Limited Resource
4.2 Final Remarks
Olfaction in Birds
c Magpies.
The logic and mathematics of social relations modeling
Generalized reciprocity correlations
Money and Finances, Psychology of
2 What Money can Buy: the Personal and Social Significance of Money
Eysenck, Hans Jürgen
Physical Disease and Drug Use
Depression, Hopelessness, Optimism, and Health
1 Pessimism, Hopelessness, and Disengagement
On Multiple Roles: Past, Present, and Future
Relationship Health
Smiling
Imitation in Married Couples
Cognitive and Neurocognitive Development in Adolescence☆
Policy and Practice Implications
Morality in Context
(1) Contextualized Moral Understanding
Content: However, the effects of changes in income on changes in satisfaction do not seem to be long-term. People adapt to higher as well as lower levels of income (for an overview see Furnham and Argyle 1998 ). Much attention has been paid to the significance of money in family formation and family life (see White and Rogers 2000 ). Economic assets play a considerable role in marriage decisions, not only among women, who have traditionally been assumed to consider their partner's bread-winning potential, but also among men. Men's earning and employment have consistently been found to increase the likelihood of marriage, and even women's increasing participation in the labor force does not seem to render male income less important. Furthermore, the income of both men and women, particularly the income differential between husbands and wives, affects the division of household labor between marital partners beyond the time restrictions due to their employment. There is more sharing of household tasks between spouses if wives contribute more to family income (Coltrane 2000 ). Economic resources also affect family relations. Conflict over financial affairs seems to be among the most important sources of discord in partnerships and family violence has often been linked to the lack of financial resources. As to divorce, findings demonstrate a positive correlation between men's earnings and marital stability (e.g., Hoffman and Duncan 1995 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/folk-wisdom
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_6996312#1_6736714
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Title: Gender Role - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Gender Role
Gender Role
Gender Roles
Gender
Gender Roles
Concluding Remarks
Gender Inequality and Gender-Based Violence
Measurement of Gender-Role Attitudes
Social role and life course theories
Changing expectations in continuing roles
Reevaluating earlier gender-role standards and learning new ones
Gender-role conflict and ethnicity
Assessment of Patients with Substance-Related Disorders
Environmental Factors
Availability
Price
Legal Status
Social and Cultural Norms
Gender and Sex Roles and Expectations
Social Determinants of Health
Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications
Sociocultural
Working With Men and Their Dogs: How Context Informs Clinical Practice When the Bond Is Present in Males' Lives
Discussion Questions
Adolescent Dating Violence Among Ethnically Diverse Youth
Postcolonial Gender Roles
Gender Issues
Interpersonal and Cognitive-Motivational Factors
Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications
Environmental determinants
Content: Societies construct men and women differently, and those differences reflect and perpetuate inequalities. To understand these inequities, scholars focus on gender relations: dynamic, constructed power relations embedded in social processes and institutionalized in social arenas, with consequences for life chances. As a concept, gender relations emphasizes that gender serves as a social organizing principle and that men and women gain identities and power in relation to one another. Because they result from social interaction, gender relations are dynamic. What is considered masculine and feminine varies by culture, by time, and across groups within cultures – including age cohorts. This translation of sex into gender shapes men's and women's experiences across the life course and into old age. Gender is embedded in social relationships at all levels, from individual interactions and identities to institutional processes. Societies organize on the basis of gender such that what is taken to be masculine and feminine influences and reflects a division of labor, the performance of which is evaluated and rewarded in a differential fashion. Thus, the gender identities that emerge in social interaction also serve to privilege men – give them an unearned advantage – while they usually disadvantage women, even as people resist and reformulate seemingly natural gender differences and meanings.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/gender-role
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_10885197#5_10344381
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Title: Postmodernism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Postmodernism: Philosophical Aspects
Postmodernism in Sociology
Postmodernism in Geography
Postmodernism: Methodology
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Photographic image issues
Postmodernism defined
Archaeology
Conclusion
Art History
5 Methodological Pluralism
Organizations
Museum
Family Systems
Narrative family therapy
Warfare and Military Studies, Overview
The Postmodern Military
Content: Marxist Geography and geopolitical economy, humanistic Cultural Geography, and geographical feminism. In each stream, postmodernism focused attention on the distinctiveness of the present, on what is new and different in the contemporary period. In addition to defining an empirical condition of contemporary life, especially in the geographies arising from Postmodern Urbanism, postmodernism also expressed itself as a method of textual and visual representation and, most controversially, as a comprehensive epistemological critique of all modes of modern geographical enquiry. Postmodern approaches have been particularly influential in geographical studies of globalization and urban economic restructuring; in rethinking such core concepts as space, place, region, and environment; and in expanding geography's impact on both the social sciences and the humanities. Although still controversial, with few geographers specifically labeling themselves postmodernists, postmodernism has probably had a more intense and far-reaching impact on geography than it has on any other social science discipline. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767025055
Postmodernism: Methodology
P.V. Rosenau, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Postmodernism is plagued, because of its European philosophical precursors, with the charge of relativism (Gellner 1992) but many postmodernists defy this heritage and reject relativism.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/postmodernism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_10885197#6_10346658
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Title: Postmodernism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Postmodernism: Philosophical Aspects
Postmodernism in Sociology
Postmodernism in Geography
Postmodernism: Methodology
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Photographic image issues
Postmodernism defined
Archaeology
Conclusion
Art History
5 Methodological Pluralism
Organizations
Museum
Family Systems
Narrative family therapy
Warfare and Military Studies, Overview
The Postmodern Military
Content: and in expanding geography's impact on both the social sciences and the humanities. Although still controversial, with few geographers specifically labeling themselves postmodernists, postmodernism has probably had a more intense and far-reaching impact on geography than it has on any other social science discipline. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767025055
Postmodernism: Methodology
P.V. Rosenau, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Postmodernism is plagued, because of its European philosophical precursors, with the charge of relativism (Gellner 1992) but many postmodernists defy this heritage and reject relativism. This is especially true for the postmodernists who come from a philosophically committed heritage: Marxism, feminism, environmentalism, peace movements, ecology groups, and religious studies (Griffin 1988, 1990, Kumar 1995, Leonard 1997 ). This leads them to argue that while deconstruction is an interesting first step to a postmodern methodology, it is limited because its goal is to undo all constructions. Deconstruction's intent is not to improve, revise, or offer a better version of the text, so they reject it. Postmodernism, in this view, must ultimately move to reconstruction and by extension, methodology remains essential.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/postmodernism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_10885197#8_10351065
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Title: Postmodernism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Postmodernism: Philosophical Aspects
Postmodernism in Sociology
Postmodernism in Geography
Postmodernism: Methodology
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Photographic image issues
Postmodernism defined
Archaeology
Conclusion
Art History
5 Methodological Pluralism
Organizations
Museum
Family Systems
Narrative family therapy
Warfare and Military Studies, Overview
The Postmodern Military
Content: View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767006926
Photographic image issues
Margot Note, in Managing Image Collections, 2011
Postmodernism defined
Postmodernism “eschews metanarrative, those sweeping interpretations that totalize human experience in some monolithic way … anything that reflects the past or present ‘hegemony’ of dead white males” (Cook 2001, 15). The postmodern stance “is one of doubtfulness, of trusting nothing at face value, of always looking behind the surface, of upsetting conventional wisdom” ( Cook 1994, 317). Influenced by Marxism, feminism, psychoanalysis, semiotics, and other theoretical models, it is opposed to a formalist agenda, seeing it as both intellectually fruitless and politically conservative. As a philosophy, postmodernism rejects concepts of rationality, objectivity, and universal truth. Instead, it emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives. In many ways, a postmodernist perspective is well suited to the utilization of photographic records, because it questions traditional notions of truth and the concept that records can have only one possible meaning. Academic disciplines have contended with the challenges of postmodernism since the 1970s. Information professionals as well have questioned their own traditional stances of neutrality. The increase in archives and special collection repositories, graduate education programs, the impact of technology, and the greater emphasis on nontextual materials have given impetus to a re-evaluation of traditional principles and practices.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/postmodernism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_10885197#9_10353447
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Title: Postmodernism - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Postmodernism
Postmodernism
Postmodernism: Philosophical Aspects
Postmodernism in Sociology
Postmodernism in Geography
Postmodernism: Methodology
2.4 Relativism and Questioning Postmodernists
Photographic image issues
Postmodernism defined
Archaeology
Conclusion
Art History
5 Methodological Pluralism
Organizations
Museum
Family Systems
Narrative family therapy
Warfare and Military Studies, Overview
The Postmodern Military
Content: Instead, it emphasizes the diversity of human experience and multiplicity of perspectives. In many ways, a postmodernist perspective is well suited to the utilization of photographic records, because it questions traditional notions of truth and the concept that records can have only one possible meaning. Academic disciplines have contended with the challenges of postmodernism since the 1970s. Information professionals as well have questioned their own traditional stances of neutrality. The increase in archives and special collection repositories, graduate education programs, the impact of technology, and the greater emphasis on nontextual materials have given impetus to a re-evaluation of traditional principles and practices. Some postmodern ideas have gained ground within the information professions, specifically with regard to archival selection and appraisal, as archivists recognize the subjectivity of deciding which records to preserve and which to destroy. However, postmodernism has made significantly less headway in the area of arrangement and description of records—particularly analog and digital images—where many orthodoxies still reign. Questioning the objectivity of these practices as well as understanding the influential role of information professionals is a step towards shaping a representative pictorial record of history. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781843345992500039
Archaeology
Patricia A. Urban, E. Christian Wells, in Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 2005
Conclusion
Postmodernism in general has taught us that knowledge is contingent;
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/postmodernism
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_12045088#9_11448558
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Title: Risky Behavior - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Risky Behavior
Risky Behavior
When adolescent offline risks behaviors go online
Risky behaviors
The Terror Management Underpinnings of Risky Behavior
Abstract
Peers Over Parents? How Peer Relationships Influence Dating Violence
Research on Peer Deviancy and Dating Experiences and Abuse
Evolutionary theory
The adaptive nature of risky behaviors
Disruptions of mood: positive and negative affect, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorders
Depressive symptoms and disorders
Sexual addiction
9.4.1 As a problem syndrome
Challenging missions: vulnerable veterans leaving the armed forces and promising avenues to support them
Negative coping strategies
Young Drivers
3.5.2 Perceptions and Decision Making with Regard to Risk
Measurement methods
Sex
Sensation seeking and risk-taking
Abstract
Content: In other words, “make hay while the sun shines” is a good guide if one is not too sure there will be a long, well-resourced future ( Ellis et al., 2012 ). Conditions that signal an unpredictable future such as the death, addiction, or incarceration of many young people in the community, chaotic neighborhood conditions, frequent bouts of parental unemployment accompanied by declines in food and other basic resources, unstable parental relationships, or erratic parental behavior can all create an adaptive approach that motivates certain types of risky behaviors ( Belsky, Schlomer, & Ellis, 2012 ). Against this backdrop, adolescence is viewed as a key transition in the path toward becoming a reproductively successful adult. “ A major function of adolescence is to attain reproductive status-to develop the physical and social competencies needed to gain access to a new and highly contested biological resource: sex and ultimately reproduction.” ( Ellis et al., 2012, p. 601 ). As such, one can view adolescence as a time when there is motivation to increase one's status as a desirable mate and to improve mate attraction by controlling resources and establishing peer dominance. Depending on the context, engaging in risky behaviors can signal bravery and enhance social status.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/risky-behavior
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_12072617#0_11459968
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Title: Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Role Theory
Role Theory
Social Participation in the Second Half of Life
Role theory
Family and Culture
5 Family Roles and Power
Data Collection: Interviewing
4 Role Theory
Animal-assisted interventions in mental health
Role theory
Social Psychology, Theories of
2.1 Belonging, Within the Individual
Neurosemantics and Categories
48.3.1 The Representation Relation
NEUROSEMANTICS AND CATEGORIES
3.1 The representation relation
Goffman, Erving (1921–82)
2.2.2 Roles and identities
Status and Role: Structural Aspects
2 Role Theory
Health and Well-Being Outcomes of the Work-Family Interface
Role Theory
Content: Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Role Theory
Role theory refers to the cultural norms regarding psychological and interactional aspects of members of society, such as mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, and grandparents. From: Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004
Download as PDF
About this page
Social Participation in the Second Half of Life
Marja Aartsen, Thomas Hansen, in Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology, 2020
Role theory
Role theory is an often-used explanatory framework for the benefits of volunteering and helping others for health and well-being. Role theory has its origin in the work of the American sociologist Robert Merton (Merton, 1957 ). Roles refer to the social position people have (e.g., teacher, mother, and customer) and behavior associated with that position. Roles tend to carry certain risks and benefits which may vary by individual characteristics, historical time, and cultural context. Roles can provide connection to other people and access to resources, which in turn may promote feelings of security, status enhancement, and ego gratification. Roles also provide directions for behavior in otherwise uncertain situations ( Hogg, 2000 ), which may serve to reduce stress and improve well-being. People often fulfill a set of roles at the same time (e.g., mother, director, and child), and this set may change over the life course ( Riley and Riley, 1994; Rotolo, 2000 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_12072617#1_11462282
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Title: Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Role Theory
Role Theory
Social Participation in the Second Half of Life
Role theory
Family and Culture
5 Family Roles and Power
Data Collection: Interviewing
4 Role Theory
Animal-assisted interventions in mental health
Role theory
Social Psychology, Theories of
2.1 Belonging, Within the Individual
Neurosemantics and Categories
48.3.1 The Representation Relation
NEUROSEMANTICS AND CATEGORIES
3.1 The representation relation
Goffman, Erving (1921–82)
2.2.2 Roles and identities
Status and Role: Structural Aspects
2 Role Theory
Health and Well-Being Outcomes of the Work-Family Interface
Role Theory
Content: Roles tend to carry certain risks and benefits which may vary by individual characteristics, historical time, and cultural context. Roles can provide connection to other people and access to resources, which in turn may promote feelings of security, status enhancement, and ego gratification. Roles also provide directions for behavior in otherwise uncertain situations ( Hogg, 2000 ), which may serve to reduce stress and improve well-being. People often fulfill a set of roles at the same time (e.g., mother, director, and child), and this set may change over the life course ( Riley and Riley, 1994; Rotolo, 2000 ). With aging an increasing imbalance occurs between the number of roles gained and lost ( Baltes, 1997 ). Older people tend to lose more roles than they gain, for example losing roles such as parent, spouse, worker, and active member of society. Volunteering and helping others can act as substitutes for roles lost over the life course, For example, becoming a volunteer after retirement may alleviate any negative consequences associated with losing the worker role, such as a loss of a sense of personal value and identity ( Greenfield and Marks, 2004 ). View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383113510
Family and Culture
James Georgas, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004
5 Family Roles and Power
Role theory refers to the cultural norms regarding psychological and interactional aspects of members of society, such as mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, and grandparents.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_12072617#2_11464741
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Title: Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Role Theory
Role Theory
Social Participation in the Second Half of Life
Role theory
Family and Culture
5 Family Roles and Power
Data Collection: Interviewing
4 Role Theory
Animal-assisted interventions in mental health
Role theory
Social Psychology, Theories of
2.1 Belonging, Within the Individual
Neurosemantics and Categories
48.3.1 The Representation Relation
NEUROSEMANTICS AND CATEGORIES
3.1 The representation relation
Goffman, Erving (1921–82)
2.2.2 Roles and identities
Status and Role: Structural Aspects
2 Role Theory
Health and Well-Being Outcomes of the Work-Family Interface
Role Theory
Content: With aging an increasing imbalance occurs between the number of roles gained and lost ( Baltes, 1997 ). Older people tend to lose more roles than they gain, for example losing roles such as parent, spouse, worker, and active member of society. Volunteering and helping others can act as substitutes for roles lost over the life course, For example, becoming a volunteer after retirement may alleviate any negative consequences associated with losing the worker role, such as a loss of a sense of personal value and identity ( Greenfield and Marks, 2004 ). View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128012383113510
Family and Culture
James Georgas, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004
5 Family Roles and Power
Role theory refers to the cultural norms regarding psychological and interactional aspects of members of society, such as mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, and grandparents. The originators of role theory are Ralph Linton in sociology and George Herbert Mead in social psychology. Role refers to the social expectations and the social scripts of family roles—how roles have been shaped by cultural conventions and by the collective ideologies of a society. One aspect of role theory studies how roles are learned during the process of social interaction. That is, people interact with others, they see themselves and others as occupants of particular statuses, and they learn guides for action. In other words, there are certain social scripts or expectations associated with certain roles.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_12072617#3_11467204
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Title: Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Role Theory
Role Theory
Social Participation in the Second Half of Life
Role theory
Family and Culture
5 Family Roles and Power
Data Collection: Interviewing
4 Role Theory
Animal-assisted interventions in mental health
Role theory
Social Psychology, Theories of
2.1 Belonging, Within the Individual
Neurosemantics and Categories
48.3.1 The Representation Relation
NEUROSEMANTICS AND CATEGORIES
3.1 The representation relation
Goffman, Erving (1921–82)
2.2.2 Roles and identities
Status and Role: Structural Aspects
2 Role Theory
Health and Well-Being Outcomes of the Work-Family Interface
Role Theory
Content: The originators of role theory are Ralph Linton in sociology and George Herbert Mead in social psychology. Role refers to the social expectations and the social scripts of family roles—how roles have been shaped by cultural conventions and by the collective ideologies of a society. One aspect of role theory studies how roles are learned during the process of social interaction. That is, people interact with others, they see themselves and others as occupants of particular statuses, and they learn guides for action. In other words, there are certain social scripts or expectations associated with certain roles. Structural role theory as developed by Linton and Parsons refers to the structural and functional aspects of status and role. By structure is meant the positions recognized by the specific social system and the content of the role. That is, what are the social scripts associated with the roles of mother and father in the society? For example, social scripts of gender roles in a society might be that the place of mother is in the home, she should raise the children, cook, etc., whereas in other societies mothers should work, share with the husbands the daily work of the home and care of children, etc.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_13365946#4_12678286
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Title: Social Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Social Role Theory
Social Role Theory
Small-group Interaction and Gender
2.1 Social Role Theory
Social role and life course theories
Spillover
The Role of Gender in Educational Contexts and Outcomes
1.3 Sociocultural Theory
Introduction
Social role and life course theories
Needs and Justice
Other Kinds of Theories of Need
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
2.2 Helping Behavior and Altruism
Gender Issues
Cultural Factors
Mate Selection
Perspectives
Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior
4.3 Actual change in gender stereotypes
The Agentic–Communal Model of Advantage and Disadvantage: How Inequality Produces Similarities in the Psychology of Power, Social Class, Gender, and Race
8.3 Social Role Processes
Content: their experience of six physical symptoms (e.g., headache, stomach ache); and their sleep quality. The measurement approach links experiences for the mother at her workplace to her child’s perceptions of the mother when she returns home as well as the child’s own emotional and physical well-being on that day. The daily report limits reliance on global memories and generalizations about perceptions of mothers’ moods or child’s moods. What is more, the daily diary approach captures fluctuations over days, providing an opportunity to determine how much variability there is in the mother’s workplace experiences and how that may impact the child’s emotional and physical health. View chapter Purchase book
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128154502000127
The Role of Gender in Educational Contexts and Outcomes
Jennifer Petersen, Janet Shibley Hyde, in Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 2014
1.3 Sociocultural Theory
Sociocultural theory, also called social structural theory or social role theory, was proposed by Eagly and Wood (1999). According to this view, a society's division of labor by gender drives all other gender differences in behavior. That is, for example, women's greater nurturance is a result of, rather than the cause of, their assignment to caring for children. Psychological gender differences result from individuals’ adaptations to the particular roles to which they are assigned as well as the roles that are proscribed.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_13365946#5_12680886
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Title: Social Role Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Social Role Theory
Social Role Theory
Small-group Interaction and Gender
2.1 Social Role Theory
Social role and life course theories
Spillover
The Role of Gender in Educational Contexts and Outcomes
1.3 Sociocultural Theory
Introduction
Social role and life course theories
Needs and Justice
Other Kinds of Theories of Need
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior
2.2 Helping Behavior and Altruism
Gender Issues
Cultural Factors
Mate Selection
Perspectives
Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior
4.3 Actual change in gender stereotypes
The Agentic–Communal Model of Advantage and Disadvantage: How Inequality Produces Similarities in the Psychology of Power, Social Class, Gender, and Race
8.3 Social Role Processes
Content: View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128154502000127
The Role of Gender in Educational Contexts and Outcomes
Jennifer Petersen, Janet Shibley Hyde, in Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 2014
1.3 Sociocultural Theory
Sociocultural theory, also called social structural theory or social role theory, was proposed by Eagly and Wood (1999). According to this view, a society's division of labor by gender drives all other gender differences in behavior. That is, for example, women's greater nurturance is a result of, rather than the cause of, their assignment to caring for children. Psychological gender differences result from individuals’ adaptations to the particular roles to which they are assigned as well as the roles that are proscribed. Biological differences between males and females are important because they are magnified by culture. Men's greater size and strength, historically, led them to pursue activities such as warfare, which gave them greater status, power, and wealth than women. Once in those roles, men's behavior became more dominant and women's behavior accommodated by becoming more subordinate. Women's biological capacity for bearing children and breastfeeding led them to care for children, which in turn led them to develop nurturance and relationship skills. This line of theorizing led Eagly and Wood to predict that the greater the gender difference in status and roles in a culture, the greater the psychological gender differences would be.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/social-role-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_14919134#13_14105600
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Title: Anomie - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Anomie
Anomie
Anomie
Durkheim's Concept
Anomie: History of the Concept
Abstract
Social-Structural and Cultural Explanations
Social Structural Approaches
Sociological Studies, Overview
Anomie theory
Crime, Sociology of
4 Strain Theory vs. Control Theory
4.1 Delinquent Subcultures vs. the Subculture of Delinquency
4.2 Microsociology vs. Macrosociology
Delinquency, Sociology of
Extensions or Reformulations in the Anomie/Strain/Status Frustration Tradition
Delinquency, Sociology of
4.3 Anomie and Subculture
Power and Deviance
Classical Perspectives on Deviance and Power
Youth Gangs
The Causes and Nature of Gang Culture
Content: The idea that neighborhood variations in offending rates relate to differences in collective efficacy has been supported by a number of studies in the United States ( Sampson, 2012; Sampson et al., 1997 ), the United Kingdom ( Wikström et al., 2012 ), the Netherlands ( Nieuwbeerta et al., 2008 ), and Australia ( Mazerolle, Wickes, & McBroom, 2010 ), although not all studies have provided unequivocal support for the theory ( Bruinsma et al., 2013; Sutherland et al., 2013 ). However, it seems clear that differences among neighborhoods in the degree of social cohesion and willingness to enforce social norms can account for some of the variation that is found. Moreover, Sampson (2012) has argued that changes in collective efficacy over time can account for some of the historical trend towards declining rates of violence in the United States since the mid-1990s.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/anomie
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_14919134#14_14107368
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Title: Anomie - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Anomie
Anomie
Anomie
Durkheim's Concept
Anomie: History of the Concept
Abstract
Social-Structural and Cultural Explanations
Social Structural Approaches
Sociological Studies, Overview
Anomie theory
Crime, Sociology of
4 Strain Theory vs. Control Theory
4.1 Delinquent Subcultures vs. the Subculture of Delinquency
4.2 Microsociology vs. Macrosociology
Delinquency, Sociology of
Extensions or Reformulations in the Anomie/Strain/Status Frustration Tradition
Delinquency, Sociology of
4.3 Anomie and Subculture
Power and Deviance
Classical Perspectives on Deviance and Power
Youth Gangs
The Causes and Nature of Gang Culture
Content: 2013; Sutherland et al., 2013 ). However, it seems clear that differences among neighborhoods in the degree of social cohesion and willingness to enforce social norms can account for some of the variation that is found. Moreover, Sampson (2012) has argued that changes in collective efficacy over time can account for some of the historical trend towards declining rates of violence in the United States since the mid-1990s. Collective efficacy theory has been pressed into less regular service in attempts to explain variations in offending over longer time periods and among larger ecological units (cities, states, regions, and countries). However,
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/anomie
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_15971006#9_15005519
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Title: Cultural Dynamics - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Cultural Dynamics
Cultural Dynamics
Introduction to Philosophy of Complex Systems: A
4.1.2 Cultural dynamics
Educational Systems: North America
Abstract
Organizational culture and leadership: exploring perceptions and relationships
Abstract:
The Future of Clinical Engineering: The Challenge of Change
Conclusion
Gay and Bisexual Latinos in US Gay Culture
Latin Cultural Issues and Gay Identity
Gene–Culture Coevolution
Cumulative Cultural Evolution
Lithics and Archaeology
The Processual Approach
AMERICAS, CENTRAL | Historical Archaeology in Mexico
Historical Archaeology Institutional Contexts – Academic Settings Domestic and Foreign
Esthetics, Educational Leadership and Management
Esthetics and Organizational Culture
Ecumene
1 Early Perspectives
Content: clothing above). In such cultures powerful adaptive individual-group dynamics characterise all orders of organisation. Culture plays an intimate role in our lives, not simply as mental contents but as embedded in our personality structure, general assumptions and orientations, and our methods and supporting skills and throughout our economy. Understanding cultural change involves characterising such features as clothing dynamically, placing the interactive complex of these cultural features in their organismic, communal and ecological settings, and capturing the delicate shaped/ shaping interaction dynamics that makes human cultures so powerfully creative and adaptive. That parts of clothing, such as hats, can be artificially extracted and their changes recorded no more shows the legitimacy of disassembling cultural features into bundles of objects and ideas than the study of hearts does in the case of the evolution/development of respiration or flight. We should not, e.g., rush to evolutionary heritability conclusions about culture just from patterns of sequential repetition with modification; ripples on a shelving beach show these, as will all similar spatially constrained succession, like urban expansion, plus all processes of self-organisational re-assembly, such as rush-hour queues, all processes of path-dependent biased copying, such as housing design, etc. 75 Instead of the relatively external relationship of infection between cultural memes and persons we may contemplate culture as shaping constraints, mutual entrainment couplings, self-organising path-dependent features, and the like. The bad news arising from this is that our modelling of cultural dynamics is as embryonic as is our biological modelling generally in these respects. The good news is that culture reveals a fascinatingly complex dynamical reality for study.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/cultural-dynamics
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_16305699#3_15310704
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Title: Demographic Factors - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Demographic Factors
Demographic Factors
Demographic Factors
Conclusion
Suicide and Self-Directed Violence
Demographic Factors
Household Organisation and Survival in Developing Countries
Pathological Gambling and Gambling Disorder
Demographic Correlates
Cyberbullying
Gender
Health Research, the Needs of Persons with Down Syndrome and Their Families
6 Individual Differences
Assessing and Treating American Indian and Alaska Native People
C Impact of Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics
Injuries and Accidents: Psychosocial Aspects
Demographic Factors
Cardiovascular Reactivity and Recovery
Individual Difference Characteristics
Recovery and Rehabilitation in Aphasia
Predicting Recovery
Content: One cannot help but think of the remarkable resiliency of the Asian and African children who do survive childhood, given the overwhelming demographic factors they overcome. View chapter Purchase book
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123708779000463
Suicide and Self-Directed Violence
D. De Leo, K. Krysinska, in International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2008
Demographic Factors
Demographic factors, including gender, age, race, and ethnicity, provide a general indication of those groups in the general population that are at the highest risk of suicide. As indicated in almost all countries, the risk of suicide is greater among males than females, and globally for both genders the suicide risk increases with age. The prevalence of suicide also varies across racial and ethnic groups. In the United States, the prevalence of suicide among Caucasians is approximately twice that observed in all other races, and American Indian and Alaska Natives have the highest suicide rates of all ethnic groups in the country. In Australia, suicide among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people has increased dramatically from low rates in the late 1980s to levels substantially higher among young indigenous males than among their nonindigenous counterparts (Hunter and Milroy 2006 ). For example, in Queensland, where a very accurate Suicide Register is in operation, the global rate of indigenous people is 24.6 per 100 000, which is almost twice as high as the general population rate of 15.0 per 100 000 in 2002–2004. The elevated suicide rates are particularly marked in the younger age groups: In 25- to 34-year-old males (108.0 per 100 000), the suicide rate was almost three times that of the Queensland rate (39.3 per 100 000).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/demographic-factors
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_16992187#10_15959030
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Title: Equity Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Equity Theory
Equity Theory
Motivating employees and fostering diversity
Equity theory
Psychological Contracts
Equity Theory
Organizational Justice
2 History of Justice in Organizations
THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF THE APPEARANCE OF NONDURABLE CONSUMER GOODS AND THEIR PACKAGING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
1.1 Four roles for package appearance
Emotions, Sociology of
Emotion and Equity, Justice, and Exchange
Fairness management
Comparison standards of fairness perceptions
Mortgage Default
Theories of Default
The Why and How of Defending Belief in a Just World
4.3.1 Situational determinants of how people defend BJW
Industrial/Organizational Psychology across Cultures
3.2 Cross-Cultural Differences in How Employees Are Motivated at Work: Process Theories
Fairness management
Perceptions of fairness
Content: View chapter Purchase book
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868220357
Organizational Justice
Paul E. Levy, Christina Norris-Watts, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004
2 History of Justice in Organizations
Adams’ work on equity theory is the foundation for psychological work on fairness. The focus of this work was on the fairness of outcomes, or what has become known as distributive justice. Organizational researchers recognized the potential effect of distributive justice on organizational functioning and, thus, it has been a major focus of organization-based research since the 1980s. However, as it became clearer that employees’ reactions to organizational events were not based solely on their perceived notions of outcome fairness or distributive justice, the direction of research followed from work in social psychology and process-related issues began to be examined. Thus, procedural justice, or the fairness of the processes used to determine outcomes, became a major research focus and this has continued into the 21st century. Procedural justice is enhanced by providing employees with opportunities for voice or input into the process and by following fair and consistent rules. In fact, Leventhal suggested a set of rules to follow to ensure procedural justice that included accuracy, ethicality, and representativeness. In the mid- to late 1980s, Bies suggested a third dimension of organizational justice that he called interactional justice. Interactional justice is believed to be related to procedural justice, but in particular it describes how decisions are communicated to employees and focuses on interpersonal treatment.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/equity-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_16992187#11_15961834
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Title: Equity Theory - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Equity Theory
Equity Theory
Motivating employees and fostering diversity
Equity theory
Psychological Contracts
Equity Theory
Organizational Justice
2 History of Justice in Organizations
THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF THE APPEARANCE OF NONDURABLE CONSUMER GOODS AND THEIR PACKAGING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
1.1 Four roles for package appearance
Emotions, Sociology of
Emotion and Equity, Justice, and Exchange
Fairness management
Comparison standards of fairness perceptions
Mortgage Default
Theories of Default
The Why and How of Defending Belief in a Just World
4.3.1 Situational determinants of how people defend BJW
Industrial/Organizational Psychology across Cultures
3.2 Cross-Cultural Differences in How Employees Are Motivated at Work: Process Theories
Fairness management
Perceptions of fairness
Content: Thus, procedural justice, or the fairness of the processes used to determine outcomes, became a major research focus and this has continued into the 21st century. Procedural justice is enhanced by providing employees with opportunities for voice or input into the process and by following fair and consistent rules. In fact, Leventhal suggested a set of rules to follow to ensure procedural justice that included accuracy, ethicality, and representativeness. In the mid- to late 1980s, Bies suggested a third dimension of organizational justice that he called interactional justice. Interactional justice is believed to be related to procedural justice, but in particular it describes how decisions are communicated to employees and focuses on interpersonal treatment. That is, whereas procedural justice focuses on the fairness of organizational procedures involved in decisions, interactional justice deals more with how these decisions are conveyed to employees. There continues to be disagreements among researchers as to the number of independent dimensions of justice. Some believe only in the traditional distinctions between procedural and distributive, where interactional justice is subsumed under procedural justice. Others maintain interactional justice as a third independent dimension of justice. It has also been suggested that interactional justice is composed of two dimensions: (
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/equity-theory
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_17630083#9_16541112
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Title: Gender Roles - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Gender Roles
Gender Roles
Gender Roles
Abstract
Body Image Development – Adult Men
Gender roles
Gender Role Conflict and Intersecting Identities in the Assessment and Treatment of Culturally Diverse Populations
IV Recommendations for Future Gender Role Conflict Research with Culturally Diverse Populations
Underachievement
Gender Roles
Gender and Culture
5.1 Sex Role Ideology
Sex-role Development and Education
1.3 Sociostructural Level
Integrating Gender-Related Issues into Research on Work and Family1
GENDER-ROLE ORIENTATION
Sex Role Development and Education
Gender Role Expectations, from the Education System to Work
Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior
5.1.2 Effects of gender identity on behavior
Perversions, Sexual (Paraphilias)
Nature and Nurture of Sexuality
Recommended publications
Content: individualistic, wealthier countries and collectivistic, less wealthy countries. Students from this second group of countries reported more traditional attitudes than students from the first group, and across both groups, boys reported more traditional attitudes than girls. In studies of sex role ideology, the United States has often served as a comparison group, and the beliefs of U.S. adults are generally found to be more liberal than those of adults of other nations. However, this was not the case in a 14-country study of the attitudes of university students by Williams and Best. Northern European countries (i.e., The Netherlands, Germany, Finland, and England) had the most modern ideologies, the most traditional attitudes were found in African and Asian countries (i.e., Nigeria, Pakistan, India, Japan, and Malaysia), and the United States was in the middle of the distribution. With the exception of Malaysia and Pakistan, women reported more modern attitudes than men. However, within a given country, men’s and women’s sex role ideology scores were highly similar; that is, greater differences existed between cultural groups (men and women combined) than within cultural groups (men compared to women). In cross-cultural research it is necessary to show that differences between cultural groups are related to other cultural variables before one can conclude that the differences of interest are due to cultural factors. In the 14-country study noted previously, sex role ideology scores were related to socioeconomic development, supporting the role of cultural factors.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/gender-roles
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_19491277#11_18316118
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Title: Peer Relationship - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Peer Relationship
Peer Relationship
Alcohol and Drug Use in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth and Young Adults
Social Norms and Peer Relationships
Adolescent Health and Health Behaviors
4.14 Peer Relationships
Behavioral Inhibition and Social Withdrawal across Cultures
BI and SW in Peer Relationships
School Shootings
Peer Relationship Problems
Social Competence During Adolescence Across Cultures
Friendships and Intimate Relationships
Creating Alternate Futures Through Higher Education
5.2.4 The Role of Family
Loneliness in Childhood
B Peer Acceptance/Rejection
Assessment of Dynamic Treatment Targets for Juveniles Who Sexually Offend
Supporting Research
Motivation in Youth Sport and Physical Activity: Developmental Perspectives
Peers
Beyond Sally's Missing Marble
3.5 Peer Relationships
Content: As explained in Lintott (2004; pp. 558–559): Students’ relationships with peers are very important in predicting school performance and delinquent behavior. Students who do not have “parental support and attachment are less equipped to deal with school demands and the resulting frustration of school failure.” These students are “more vulnerable to the temptations and pressures they experience from their peers, and many youth turn to disruptive and delinquent behavior in schools.” A compounding problem affecting peer relationships in urban schools today is the presence of gangs. Twenty-nine percent of urban students reported that street gangs were present in their schools. These gangs can range from national organizations involved in organized crime, to cliques of students who have “gang signs” or “gang colors,” but may not be considered a “gang” under all definitions. These groups can provide its members a sense of identity and belonging, increasing that member’s self-esteem.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/peer-relationship
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_19491277#12_18318281
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Title: Peer Relationship - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Peer Relationship
Peer Relationship
Alcohol and Drug Use in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth and Young Adults
Social Norms and Peer Relationships
Adolescent Health and Health Behaviors
4.14 Peer Relationships
Behavioral Inhibition and Social Withdrawal across Cultures
BI and SW in Peer Relationships
School Shootings
Peer Relationship Problems
Social Competence During Adolescence Across Cultures
Friendships and Intimate Relationships
Creating Alternate Futures Through Higher Education
5.2.4 The Role of Family
Loneliness in Childhood
B Peer Acceptance/Rejection
Assessment of Dynamic Treatment Targets for Juveniles Who Sexually Offend
Supporting Research
Motivation in Youth Sport and Physical Activity: Developmental Perspectives
Peers
Beyond Sally's Missing Marble
3.5 Peer Relationships
Content: These students are “more vulnerable to the temptations and pressures they experience from their peers, and many youth turn to disruptive and delinquent behavior in schools.” A compounding problem affecting peer relationships in urban schools today is the presence of gangs. Twenty-nine percent of urban students reported that street gangs were present in their schools. These gangs can range from national organizations involved in organized crime, to cliques of students who have “gang signs” or “gang colors,” but may not be considered a “gang” under all definitions. These groups can provide its members a sense of identity and belonging, increasing that member’s self-esteem. Unfortunately, this makes those students who are doing poorly in school and not involved in school activities the most likely students to join gangs. Violence among gangs can stem from issues such as status, reputation, or “turf,” and a substantial amount of gang violence can permeate into school. When violence is gang related, traditional mechanisms that a school uses to curb violence may not have an impact. In these situations, the pressure from the gang to commit violence may overwhelm the influence
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/peer-relationship
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_20319074#11_19008288
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Title: Redistribution Policy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Redistribution Policy
Redistribution Policy
The Middle Class Joins the Game
5.2 What does economic theory have to say?
Optimal Federalism
Redistribution, the Competition Problem, and Potential Incompatibilities
Inequality
Abstract
Welfare Reform
Active Distribution Policy
A General Equilibrium Model for Public Sector Analysis
Lump-Sum Redistributions
Deforestation
Global-Scale Influences
Handbook of Income Distribution
1.3.4.2 The Benefit Principle of Taxation
Handbook of Income Distribution
19.2 The Research Question and Methods to Explain Inequality and its Change
19.2.1 The Structure of the Research Question
19.2.2 Notes on the Arguments and Parts of the Grand Inequality Regression Equation (GIRE)
Preferential Trade Agreements
5.1.2 Nontraditional
5.1.2.1 Endogenous Trade Policy
5.1.2.2 Deeper Trade Policy Cooperation and Bargaining Externalities
5.1.2.3 Broader Economic Motives
5.1.2.4 Nonpecuniary International Externalities
Content: Fernandez and Rodrik show how uncertainty plays an additional role in maintaining the status quo ( Fernandez and Rodrik, 1991 ). They present a model in which a reform that would revoke privileges and openly benefit the greater part of society (it is supposed that all know this ex ante) cannot be approved because the individuals do not know exactly who the winners or losers will be. For example, when a country opens its market to international trade, companies do not know if they will be able to adapt to the new market conditions or if they will succumb to competition. They know that most will prosper, while others will fail, but they are unable to distinguish who will be part of which group. Fernandez and Rodrik show that uncertainty is enough to form a majority in favor of maintaining the status quo. This model also supposes that individuals are rational and there is no risk aversion or uncertainty as to the aggregate result of the reform. Add to the basic scenario all the additional real-life features, along with the costs of collective action for those who want to end privileges, and you have a scenario even more favorable to the preservation of the status quo. Mechanisms to create and preserve rents, once established, are able to perpetuate themselves. Since there are no means to credibly coordinate collective action to end rent seeking by each individual group, the best strategy is to try to increase the rent it extracts for itself, which results in an ever-increasing demand for rents and privileges made to the government. In this dispute, the groups with the advantage are those with the above mentioned attributes:
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/redistribution-policy
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_20319074#12_19011185
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Title: Redistribution Policy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Redistribution Policy
Redistribution Policy
The Middle Class Joins the Game
5.2 What does economic theory have to say?
Optimal Federalism
Redistribution, the Competition Problem, and Potential Incompatibilities
Inequality
Abstract
Welfare Reform
Active Distribution Policy
A General Equilibrium Model for Public Sector Analysis
Lump-Sum Redistributions
Deforestation
Global-Scale Influences
Handbook of Income Distribution
1.3.4.2 The Benefit Principle of Taxation
Handbook of Income Distribution
19.2 The Research Question and Methods to Explain Inequality and its Change
19.2.1 The Structure of the Research Question
19.2.2 Notes on the Arguments and Parts of the Grand Inequality Regression Equation (GIRE)
Preferential Trade Agreements
5.1.2 Nontraditional
5.1.2.1 Endogenous Trade Policy
5.1.2.2 Deeper Trade Policy Cooperation and Bargaining Externalities
5.1.2.3 Broader Economic Motives
5.1.2.4 Nonpecuniary International Externalities
Content: This model also supposes that individuals are rational and there is no risk aversion or uncertainty as to the aggregate result of the reform. Add to the basic scenario all the additional real-life features, along with the costs of collective action for those who want to end privileges, and you have a scenario even more favorable to the preservation of the status quo. Mechanisms to create and preserve rents, once established, are able to perpetuate themselves. Since there are no means to credibly coordinate collective action to end rent seeking by each individual group, the best strategy is to try to increase the rent it extracts for itself, which results in an ever-increasing demand for rents and privileges made to the government. In this dispute, the groups with the advantage are those with the above mentioned attributes: they are numerous and homogeneous; have privileged access to political institutions where decisions are taken; are able to solve collective action problems; and that vote more frequently, or who simply have the right to vote. A refining of the argument presented in Chapter 4 regarding the redistribution models for the poor should be noted here.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/redistribution-policy
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_20691160#3_19241215
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Title: School Reform - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: School Reform
School Reform
Multicultural Education
Multicultural Education across Nations
Whole School Designs for Enhancing Student Achievement
Summary
The Economics of High School Dropouts
Systemic Solutions
Online Learning, Multimedia, and Emotions
Conclusion
School Management
Meta-Analyses of School Management in Different International Settings
Fostering Metacognitive Development
V Conclusions
The economics of high school dropouts
Conclusions
School to School Collaboration
Co-Teaching
Adult Basic Education: A Challenge for Vocational Based Learning
The Link Between Education and Work in the Original Swedish Model of Komvux
Social Inequality and Schooling
2.3 Egalitarian School Reforms
Content: Yet, it is extremely difficult to identify the resources, technical support, and incentives to transform or restructure existing schools in order to create those features. Despite the difficulties of designing and implementing systemic solutions, a number of whole-school reform models have been developed and shown to improve student achievement and high school graduation rates. A recent review of these programs identified a number of challenges that these programs have been able to successfully address (Herlihy and Quint, 2007 ):
•
assisting students who enter high school with poor academic skills; •
improving instructional content and practice; •
creating a personalized and orderly learning environment; •
providing work-based learning opportunities and preparing students for the world beyond high school; •
stimulating change in overstressed high schools. Efforts to reform other institutions that serve at-risk youth have proved more difficult. One ambitious systemic reform effort was the New Futures Initiative, promoted and funded by the Annie E. Casey foundation beginning in 1988 ( White and Wehlage, 1995 ). New Futures was an attempt to build new collaborative structures among existing public and private institutions in five cities (Dayton, OH;
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/school-reform
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_21434798#10_19965672
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Title: Sociocultural Context - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Sociocultural Context
Sociocultural Context
Cohort differences in personality
Abstract
Culture-Bound Syndromes, Cultural Variations, and Psychopathology
A Paranoid Personality Disorder
Names and Naming
Naming and Life Course
Values Across Cultures, Development of
Development of Values across Cultures: Differences and Similarities in Value Preferences
Motivational Psychology of Human Development
Conclusions
Clinical Geropsychology
7.02.2.3.2 Sociocognitive development
Sexual Harassment: Social and Psychological Issues
4.3 Sociocultural Explanations
Montesquieu, Charles, the Second Baron of (1689–1755)
Historical Perspectives
IV. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
The Intersection of Positive Psychology and the Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
2.10 Culturally Encompassing Data Gathering
Content: Culture provides principles to people to sample information in their environment (Triandis and Suh, 2002 ). Researchers have looked at culture in different ways. Some have explored culture in terms of structures, some have defined its functions, while others have examined the processes. Whatever be the lens through which culture has been seen, all these conceptions have helped in understanding the impact of culture on human interaction. When trying to make sense of others' behavior, their own behavior, or even taking a stand on issues, people from Eastern cultures may focus more on family reactions (like what will my family/community say, or what will be the repercussions of my action on my family, etc.), which can be referred to as elements of the collective self. These cultures emphasize interdependence among individuals more while people in Western cultures may focus more on their personal self as these societies are more individual oriented. Also, Western culture seems to hold clear-cut dichotomies between the self and the other, man and nature. Thus, we see that there are cultural variations in the way people relate and interact with each other and these are shaped by values. Relationality seems to be very important in Asian cultures but not in Western culture.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/sociocultural-context
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_21434798#11_19968059
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Title: Sociocultural Context - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Sociocultural Context
Sociocultural Context
Cohort differences in personality
Abstract
Culture-Bound Syndromes, Cultural Variations, and Psychopathology
A Paranoid Personality Disorder
Names and Naming
Naming and Life Course
Values Across Cultures, Development of
Development of Values across Cultures: Differences and Similarities in Value Preferences
Motivational Psychology of Human Development
Conclusions
Clinical Geropsychology
7.02.2.3.2 Sociocognitive development
Sexual Harassment: Social and Psychological Issues
4.3 Sociocultural Explanations
Montesquieu, Charles, the Second Baron of (1689–1755)
Historical Perspectives
IV. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
The Intersection of Positive Psychology and the Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
2.10 Culturally Encompassing Data Gathering
Content: which can be referred to as elements of the collective self. These cultures emphasize interdependence among individuals more while people in Western cultures may focus more on their personal self as these societies are more individual oriented. Also, Western culture seems to hold clear-cut dichotomies between the self and the other, man and nature. Thus, we see that there are cultural variations in the way people relate and interact with each other and these are shaped by values. Relationality seems to be very important in Asian cultures but not in Western culture. Cultural values reflect what a social collective would think is right and desirable. How relationality works in Asian cultures and under what conditions it does not work needs exploration. Another question of interest to theorists working on culture is that can a nation be used as a synonym for culture or also do nations have a culture. Rohner (1984) attempted to answer this question. He proposed that the essence of ‘culture’ lies in the shared way in which individuals interpret what goes on around them.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/sociocultural-context
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_21770679#3_20271188
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Title: Suburbanization - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Suburbanization
Suburbanization
Suburbanization
Abstract
Suburbanization
Urbanization
Changing Urban Densities
Bangkok, Thailand
Residential parking
Retail Trade
2.2 The Context of Change
Cities: Internal Structure
3 On the Nature of Cities: the Immanent Question
Suburbanization and Suburbanism
Abstract
Social Spaces and Urban Policies
Policy-Reactions on Changing Social Maps in Cities
Handbook of Economic Growth
5.2.3 Commuting Infrastructure and Land Use
Urban Regeneration in Latin America
Abstract
Recommended publications
Content: in others it is a retreat from the center that allows the privileged to perpetuate their advantage. This article focuses on the latter model of suburbia which is common in, among other places, Australia, the UK, and the USA. This type of suburbia represents the physical attempt to mix the urban and rural and is closely associated with the traditional nuclear family, the aspiration for upward social mobility, mass consumption, and commuting. Because of these associations, suburbia has been attacked for being conventional and dull. Such criticism assumes a uniformity in suburbia that is not borne out in reality. Studies of suburban history suggest that it was never as homogeneous as its critics supposed and neither is it static. As cities change, extending their sphere of influence ever further, the relationship between suburbia and the city is likely to change. The most pressing challenges for suburbia are first, whether it can remain a residential location of choice and second, the extent to which low-density, car-dependent suburbia can become more sustainable. View chapter Purchase book
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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080449104010804
Urbanization
Gordon McGranahan, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015
Changing Urban Densities
Suburbanization, sprawl, and other manifestations of declining urban densities have been observed in affluent countries at least since the early nineteenth century and particularly in North America where the shift to the automobile was vigorously promoted.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_21911812#8_20420249
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Title: Teacher Effectiveness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Teacher Effectiveness
Teacher Effectiveness
Teacher Behaviours and Student Outcomes
Conclusion
Effective Classroom Instruction
4 Using Effective Teaching Strategies
Educational Research for Educational Practice
3.2 Research on Teaching and the Acquisition of Teacher Expertise
Teaching Effectiveness
1 Introduction
Packing for the journey: administrative and institutional support
External funding
Academic Performance, Effects of Socio-Economic Status on
Teachers
Understanding Approaches to Evaluation
Introduction
The International System for Teacher Observation and Feedback: A Theoretical Framework for Developing International Instruments
Technique 1: Merging Inductive and Deductive Procedures
Teacher Education for Teaching the Gifted
Standard 10: Collaboration
Teacher labor markets: An overview
Looking forward
Content: The challenge for teachers is to ensure that all necessary content is covered before the end of the school year. During teacher presentations, appropriate use of feedback and verbal praise is also associated with higher achievement. For example, praise that acknowledges student effort, specifies what the student did to merit praise, and demonstrates the association between effort and achievement is positively related to student achievement. Another important characteristic of praise is that it be genuine. Following teacher presentation, guided and independent practice activities are associated with long-term learning and academic achievement. Guided practice activities are conducted under teacher supervision until it is certain that students are able to proceed independently. Students undertake independent practice activities when the students have demonstrated acquisition of skills or concepts being taught and need independent practice to further reinforce learning. With both guided and independent practice, instructional tasks and materials must be directly relevant to instructional objectives. Overall, a model of effective instruction for an individual lesson includes daily review, statement of objective, teacher presentation, guided practice, independent practice, and evaluation of learning objectives. Weekly and monthly review activities are also related to long-term learning and retention of important concepts.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/teacher-effectiveness
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_21911812#9_20422810
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Title: Teacher Effectiveness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Teacher Effectiveness
Teacher Effectiveness
Teacher Behaviours and Student Outcomes
Conclusion
Effective Classroom Instruction
4 Using Effective Teaching Strategies
Educational Research for Educational Practice
3.2 Research on Teaching and the Acquisition of Teacher Expertise
Teaching Effectiveness
1 Introduction
Packing for the journey: administrative and institutional support
External funding
Academic Performance, Effects of Socio-Economic Status on
Teachers
Understanding Approaches to Evaluation
Introduction
The International System for Teacher Observation and Feedback: A Theoretical Framework for Developing International Instruments
Technique 1: Merging Inductive and Deductive Procedures
Teacher Education for Teaching the Gifted
Standard 10: Collaboration
Teacher labor markets: An overview
Looking forward
Content: Guided practice activities are conducted under teacher supervision until it is certain that students are able to proceed independently. Students undertake independent practice activities when the students have demonstrated acquisition of skills or concepts being taught and need independent practice to further reinforce learning. With both guided and independent practice, instructional tasks and materials must be directly relevant to instructional objectives. Overall, a model of effective instruction for an individual lesson includes daily review, statement of objective, teacher presentation, guided practice, independent practice, and evaluation of learning objectives. Weekly and monthly review activities are also related to long-term learning and retention of important concepts. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0126574103007716
Educational Research for Educational Practice
F.E. Weinert, E. De Corte, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
3.2 Research on Teaching and the Acquisition of Teacher Expertise
A large part of educational research is directed toward investigating educational productivity, teacher effectiveness, and the relation between instructional quality and learning outcomes. Although the empirical findings are very impressive, they are also quite diverse and are not stable across different studies. In a synthesis of the effects of instructional variables on learning, the following rank ordering of noncontent-related factors was found (with decreasing effect strength): reinforcement, accelerated learning programs, cues and feedback, cooperation programs, personalized instruction, adaptive instruction, tutoring, higher-order questions.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/teacher-effectiveness
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_28994740#15_29657680
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Title: Nitenpyram - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
Antiparasitic drugs
Nitenpyram
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Pharmacology
5.3.7.1.4 Nitenpyram
Avian and Exotic Animal Dermatology
Treatment and Prognosis
Avian and Exotic Animal Dermatology
Treatment and Prognosis
Hereditary, Congenital, and Acquired Alopecias
Diagnosis
Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes
7 Neonicotinoids
7.1 Structure
7.2 Mechanism of Action
7.3 Uptake and Metabolism
7.4 Acute Toxicity
7.5 Chronic/Sublethal Effects/Biomarkers
7.6 Field Studies/Effects
Parasitic Skin Disorders
Treatment and Prognosis
Content: hairs are broken off. 5. Dermatohistopathology: normal, noninflamed skin. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323376518000092
Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes
M.H. Fulton, ... M.E. DeLorenzo, in Fish Physiology, 2013
7 Neonicotinoids
The neonicotinoid insecticides were developed as a result of research to understand the mechanism involved in the insecticidal properties of the naturally occurring compound nicotine, which had been used for several centuries to control insect pests. Research on the synthetic neonicotinoids began in the 1970s, and in 1985 the first neonicotinoid to be developed commercially, imidacloprid, was discovered ( Silcox and Vittum, 2008 ). It was marketed in the 1990s and is now the top-selling insecticide around the world ( Silcox and Vittum, 2008 ). Recently, concerns have been raised about the possibility that neonicotinoid exposure may be a factor in “colony collapse disorder” in bees ( Henry et al., 2012 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/nitenpyram
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_28994740#16_29659626
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Title: Nitenpyram - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram
Nitenpyram
Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action
Antiparasitic drugs
Nitenpyram
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse effects
Pharmacology
5.3.7.1.4 Nitenpyram
Avian and Exotic Animal Dermatology
Treatment and Prognosis
Avian and Exotic Animal Dermatology
Treatment and Prognosis
Hereditary, Congenital, and Acquired Alopecias
Diagnosis
Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes
7 Neonicotinoids
7.1 Structure
7.2 Mechanism of Action
7.3 Uptake and Metabolism
7.4 Acute Toxicity
7.5 Chronic/Sublethal Effects/Biomarkers
7.6 Field Studies/Effects
Parasitic Skin Disorders
Treatment and Prognosis
Content: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323376518000092
Organic Chemical Toxicology of Fishes
M.H. Fulton, ... M.E. DeLorenzo, in Fish Physiology, 2013
7 Neonicotinoids
The neonicotinoid insecticides were developed as a result of research to understand the mechanism involved in the insecticidal properties of the naturally occurring compound nicotine, which had been used for several centuries to control insect pests. Research on the synthetic neonicotinoids began in the 1970s, and in 1985 the first neonicotinoid to be developed commercially, imidacloprid, was discovered ( Silcox and Vittum, 2008 ). It was marketed in the 1990s and is now the top-selling insecticide around the world ( Silcox and Vittum, 2008 ). Recently, concerns have been raised about the possibility that neonicotinoid exposure may be a factor in “colony collapse disorder” in bees ( Henry et al., 2012 ). 7.1 Structure
Neonicotinoid compounds possess either a nitromethylene, nitroimine, or cyanoimine group. Insecticides in this group include imidacloprid, nitenpyram, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam (Figure 6.1 ). The neonicotinoid structure resembles nicotine and epibatidine, both of which are potent agonists of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) ( Matusda et al., 2001 ). 7.2 Mechanism of Action
Neonicotinoids irreversibly block acetylcholine receptors.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/nitenpyram
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_30439027#1_31477986
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Title: Progressive Systemic Sclerosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
NEUROLOGY OF RHEUMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND TRANSPLANTATION
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Epigenetic Basis of Autoimmune Disorders in Humans
11.2.6 Epigenetic Deregulation in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Aspects of Colchicine
F PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility and the Nervous System
General Muscle Diseases Causing Gut Dysmotility
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES | Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Disease
IgG Anti-RNA Polymerase III (ARA)
Reference Interval
Clinical Applications
Limitations
Assay Technology
Type of Sample
Maternal Antibodies
Nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases
Content: In progressive systemic sclerosis, the skin is affected in a number of other ways, including calcifications, telangiectasias, finger swelling, and sclerodactyly (tightening of the skin of the digits). Raynaud's phenomenon occurs in as many as 90% of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Other systemic manifestations are gastrointestinal disease, especially impaired esophageal motility; pulmonary disease, such as fibrosis or pulmonary hypertension; renal or cardiac involvement, especially with hypertension; hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/progressive-systemic-sclerosis
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_30439027#2_31480033
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Title: Progressive Systemic Sclerosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
NEUROLOGY OF RHEUMATOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND TRANSPLANTATION
PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Epigenetic Basis of Autoimmune Disorders in Humans
11.2.6 Epigenetic Deregulation in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The Pharmacology and Therapeutic Aspects of Colchicine
F PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Disturbances of Gastrointestinal Motility and the Nervous System
General Muscle Diseases Causing Gut Dysmotility
OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES | Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Disease
IgG Anti-RNA Polymerase III (ARA)
Reference Interval
Clinical Applications
Limitations
Assay Technology
Type of Sample
Maternal Antibodies
Nonorgan-specific autoimmune diseases
Content: hypothyroidism; sicca syndrome; and arthralgias and tenosynovitis. Dysphagia is often present because of esophageal disease and is usually not an indication of bulbar neurological dysfunction. The syndrome of subcutaneous calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia (CREST) may be present with less systemic involvement. More than half the patients with progressive systemic sclerosis have evidence of autoimmunity such as antinuclear antibodies or, less common but more specific, antibodies against centromeres, topoisomerase I, RNA polymerase III, or Scl-70. These provide some prognostic clues: anti–SCL-70 antibody is more often associated with fully developed progressive systemic sclerosis, whereas anticentromere antibodies are associated with CREST. Neurological complications are relatively limited in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. These include headache, myopathy, trigeminal neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, ectopic calcifications, and stroke.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/progressive-systemic-sclerosis
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#0_34484266
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
T-Tubule
T tubules extend from the free surface throughout the cells in a generally transverse direction, coursing around the myofibrils at the levels of the Z bands. From: Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), 2013
Download as PDF
About this page
Ion Channel Trafficking
T.T. Hong, R.M. Shaw, in Ion Channels in Health and Disease, 2016
T-Tubules
T-tubule membrane is associated with a unique set of ion channels supported by membrane structural subdomains.23 Immunocytochemistry and patch clamp data indicate that 80% of the sarcolemma LTCCs are concentrated at T-tubules. Localization of LTCCs to T-tubules is critical in bringing LTCCs to the vicinity of calcium sense and release channel RyR at SR membrane. Approximation of LTCCs and RyRs form a functional microdomain, the cardiac dyads, which are the individual calcium-releasing units in cardiomyocytes. As discussed earlier, Targeted Delivery also applies to Cav1.2 channel localization to T-tubule surface, which requires a membrane scaffolding protein BIN1. 26 Interestingly, BIN1 also forms minifolds within T-tubules, affecting extracellular ion diffusion thereby controlling the driving force of Cav1.2 channel activity. 6 BIN1-folded subdomains within T-tubules may also limit LTCC lateral diffusion once the channels are inserted into T-tubule membrane, to maintain functional LTCC-RyR dyads. Therefore, BIN1-like membrane scaffold proteins may help localize particular pools of ion channel proteins to membrane subdomains for compartmentalized regulation of ion channel activity and function. Similarly, ankyrin B can play a role similar to BIN1 in clustering NCX/NKA/InsP3 complex to microdomains distinct from the dyads.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#1_34486992
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: As discussed earlier, Targeted Delivery also applies to Cav1.2 channel localization to T-tubule surface, which requires a membrane scaffolding protein BIN1. 26 Interestingly, BIN1 also forms minifolds within T-tubules, affecting extracellular ion diffusion thereby controlling the driving force of Cav1.2 channel activity. 6 BIN1-folded subdomains within T-tubules may also limit LTCC lateral diffusion once the channels are inserted into T-tubule membrane, to maintain functional LTCC-RyR dyads. Therefore, BIN1-like membrane scaffold proteins may help localize particular pools of ion channel proteins to membrane subdomains for compartmentalized regulation of ion channel activity and function. Similarly, ankyrin B can play a role similar to BIN1 in clustering NCX/NKA/InsP3 complex to microdomains distinct from the dyads. 71 Integrity of NCX/NKA/InsP3 complex is critical in removing calcium from the clefts between T-tubule surface and SR membrane, facilitating calcium decline during relaxation. Therefore, intracellular calcium equilibrium can be achieved by balancing calcium entry through LTCC clustered at BIN1-membrane and calcium removal by NCX anchored at ankyrin B-induced membrane. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020029000029
Skeletal Muscle
Clara Franzini-Armstrong, Andrew G. Engel, in Muscle, 2012
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
T-tubules have a random, mostly longitudinal, disposition between the myofibrils during their initial formation but even at this stage they immediately form junctions with SR elements.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#2_34489599
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: 71 Integrity of NCX/NKA/InsP3 complex is critical in removing calcium from the clefts between T-tubule surface and SR membrane, facilitating calcium decline during relaxation. Therefore, intracellular calcium equilibrium can be achieved by balancing calcium entry through LTCC clustered at BIN1-membrane and calcium removal by NCX anchored at ankyrin B-induced membrane. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128020029000029
Skeletal Muscle
Clara Franzini-Armstrong, Andrew G. Engel, in Muscle, 2012
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
T-tubules have a random, mostly longitudinal, disposition between the myofibrils during their initial formation but even at this stage they immediately form junctions with SR elements. The mature position of T-tubules within planes perpendicular to the fiber long axis (Figure 53.1A,B) is acquired gradually during the coordinated differentiation of myofibrils and membrane system. This reorientation takes up to a month in chick and mouse muscles and the association of the whole triad assembly with the appropriate myofibril location drives it, perhaps via ankyrin and the giant protein obscurin. However, longitudinal remnants of the T network are still present in the adult. The T-tubules actually carry an action potential in some but perhaps not all fibers, but a depolarization of the tubules rather than the action potential is a triggering event in EC coupling (7). The initial description of the SR (2) correctly identified this organelle as a differentiated form of the ubiquitous endoplasmic reticulum (ER), characterized by its abundance and its precise positioning and relationship to the myofibrils ( Figure 53.2 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#3_34492325
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: The mature position of T-tubules within planes perpendicular to the fiber long axis (Figure 53.1A,B) is acquired gradually during the coordinated differentiation of myofibrils and membrane system. This reorientation takes up to a month in chick and mouse muscles and the association of the whole triad assembly with the appropriate myofibril location drives it, perhaps via ankyrin and the giant protein obscurin. However, longitudinal remnants of the T network are still present in the adult. The T-tubules actually carry an action potential in some but perhaps not all fibers, but a depolarization of the tubules rather than the action potential is a triggering event in EC coupling (7). The initial description of the SR (2) correctly identified this organelle as a differentiated form of the ubiquitous endoplasmic reticulum (ER), characterized by its abundance and its precise positioning and relationship to the myofibrils ( Figure 53.2 ). The SR is composed of elements that repeat longitudinally with a period equal to that of the sarcomere. In the case of frog muscle, shown in Figure 53.2, for example, the SR shows a network of longitudinal elements opposite the A band, connected to the two enlarged cisternae on either side of the Z-line. The T-tubules are located in the space between the two SR cisternae ( Figure 53.2B) and the assembly of two SR and one T-tubule is called a triad. The SR, like the ER, is a totally internal membrane system that creates a segregated space: its lumen is not connected to either the cytoplasm or the extracellular space.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#4_34494842
|
Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: The SR is composed of elements that repeat longitudinally with a period equal to that of the sarcomere. In the case of frog muscle, shown in Figure 53.2, for example, the SR shows a network of longitudinal elements opposite the A band, connected to the two enlarged cisternae on either side of the Z-line. The T-tubules are located in the space between the two SR cisternae ( Figure 53.2B) and the assembly of two SR and one T-tubule is called a triad. The SR, like the ER, is a totally internal membrane system that creates a segregated space: its lumen is not connected to either the cytoplasm or the extracellular space. Sign in to download full-size image
Figure 53.2. The SR, seen after Golgi “staining” (A) and in standard thin section (B), forms a complex, continuous network that surrounds the myofibrils. In these fibers from the frog the T-tubules (vertical arrows in B) are located at the Z-lines. The junctional domains of the SR (jSR, oblique arrows) are wide, contain calsequestrin and directly face the T-tubules. The triads are the sites of calcium release during muscle activation and thus they are also called calcium release units (CRUs).
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#5_34496958
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: Sign in to download full-size image
Figure 53.2. The SR, seen after Golgi “staining” (A) and in standard thin section (B), forms a complex, continuous network that surrounds the myofibrils. In these fibers from the frog the T-tubules (vertical arrows in B) are located at the Z-lines. The junctional domains of the SR (jSR, oblique arrows) are wide, contain calsequestrin and directly face the T-tubules. The triads are the sites of calcium release during muscle activation and thus they are also called calcium release units (CRUs). The SR appears to be divided into segments by the presence of T-tubules in triads. However, some longitudinal continuity, allowing equilibration of the luminal content through the length of the fiber, is provided by small connections that bypass the interruption introduced by the presence of the T network (arrow in Figure 53.2A ). Thus the SR constitutes a reservoir of calcium whose content is equilibrated through the fiber. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123815101000533
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
Clara Franzini-Armstrong, in Current Topics in Membranes, 2010
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
A disordered arrangement of T tubules, with loss of the precise transverse orientation of the network is a common result of a variety of muscle pathologies.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#6_34499359
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: The SR appears to be divided into segments by the presence of T-tubules in triads. However, some longitudinal continuity, allowing equilibration of the luminal content through the length of the fiber, is provided by small connections that bypass the interruption introduced by the presence of the T network (arrow in Figure 53.2A ). Thus the SR constitutes a reservoir of calcium whose content is equilibrated through the fiber. View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123815101000533
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
Clara Franzini-Armstrong, in Current Topics in Membranes, 2010
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
A disordered arrangement of T tubules, with loss of the precise transverse orientation of the network is a common result of a variety of muscle pathologies. Cardiac muscle function is extremely dependent on well-regulated Ca 2+ movements, and thus it is highly sensitive to any alterations in the architecture of its SR/T tubule membrane system. Minor as well as profound alterations in Ca 2+ regulation and T tubule architecture have been detected in cardiac hypertrophy and failure ( Bers, 2006 ), reviewed by Brette and Orchard (2007). In view of these changes in the relationship between T tubules, CRUs and the myofibrils, several questions need to be addressed. One is whether changes in T tubule architecture are the cause of the result of the pathology; the second is whether T tubule disorder signals a disconnection of T tubules from CRUs or of CRUs from the myofibrils.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#7_34501939
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: Cardiac muscle function is extremely dependent on well-regulated Ca 2+ movements, and thus it is highly sensitive to any alterations in the architecture of its SR/T tubule membrane system. Minor as well as profound alterations in Ca 2+ regulation and T tubule architecture have been detected in cardiac hypertrophy and failure ( Bers, 2006 ), reviewed by Brette and Orchard (2007). In view of these changes in the relationship between T tubules, CRUs and the myofibrils, several questions need to be addressed. One is whether changes in T tubule architecture are the cause of the result of the pathology; the second is whether T tubule disorder signals a disconnection of T tubules from CRUs or of CRUs from the myofibrils. Since CRU anchor T tubules to the myofibrils, both would result in T network disarrangement. Further, is the disorder due to a regression from a fully differentiated architecture to a more primitive one, or is the expression of an ongoing process of degeneration and regeneration, where the latter does not achieve a final result? A partial answer to some of these questions comes from the observation that reduced e–c coupling effectiveness in experimental cardiac hypertrophy may be interpreted as a reduction in functional coupling of CaV1.2 and RyR2 channels ( Gomez et al., 1997) and traced to an apparent disconnection between RyR and CaV1.2 clusters in the failing heart ( Song et al., 2006 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#8_34504316
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: Since CRU anchor T tubules to the myofibrils, both would result in T network disarrangement. Further, is the disorder due to a regression from a fully differentiated architecture to a more primitive one, or is the expression of an ongoing process of degeneration and regeneration, where the latter does not achieve a final result? A partial answer to some of these questions comes from the observation that reduced e–c coupling effectiveness in experimental cardiac hypertrophy may be interpreted as a reduction in functional coupling of CaV1.2 and RyR2 channels ( Gomez et al., 1997) and traced to an apparent disconnection between RyR and CaV1.2 clusters in the failing heart ( Song et al., 2006 ). A similar, although more limited, separation of RyR and CaV1.2 clusters is found in a pan triadin null mouse model, where expression levels of all junctional proteins are decreased, with an impairment of e–c coupling and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia ( Chopra et al., 2009 ). T tubules in fast fibers of skeletal muscles respond in a very sensitive manner to a number of interventions that also influence the relationship of T tubules to SR and the frequency of CRUs. Disordered T networks with frequent longitudinal extensions; evidence of new T tubule formation and multiple SR–T tubule contacts (pentads, heptads) are found in denervated ( Takekura, Tamaki, Nishizawa, & Kasuga, 2003 );
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#9_34506680
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: A similar, although more limited, separation of RyR and CaV1.2 clusters is found in a pan triadin null mouse model, where expression levels of all junctional proteins are decreased, with an impairment of e–c coupling and susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia ( Chopra et al., 2009 ). T tubules in fast fibers of skeletal muscles respond in a very sensitive manner to a number of interventions that also influence the relationship of T tubules to SR and the frequency of CRUs. Disordered T networks with frequent longitudinal extensions; evidence of new T tubule formation and multiple SR–T tubule contacts (pentads, heptads) are found in denervated ( Takekura, Tamaki, Nishizawa, & Kasuga, 2003 ); eccentrically exercised ( Takekura, Fujinami, Nishizawa, Ogasawara, & Kasuga, 2001) and, on a slower time scale, in immobilized muscles ( Takekura, Kasuga, Kitada, & Yoshioka, 1996)
View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063582310660012
Muscles
In Cell Biology (Third Edition), 2017
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells, like that of nerve cells, is excitable (see Fig. 17.6) but, unlike that in nerves, it invaginates deeply to form T tubules that run across the entire cell ( Fig. 39.13 ). Depending on the species and type of striated muscle (skeletal versus cardiac), T tubules may be located either at the level of the Z disks or at the thick filament ends.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#10_34509121
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: eccentrically exercised ( Takekura, Fujinami, Nishizawa, Ogasawara, & Kasuga, 2001) and, on a slower time scale, in immobilized muscles ( Takekura, Kasuga, Kitada, & Yoshioka, 1996)
View chapter Purchase book
Read full chapter
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1063582310660012
Muscles
In Cell Biology (Third Edition), 2017
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells, like that of nerve cells, is excitable (see Fig. 17.6) but, unlike that in nerves, it invaginates deeply to form T tubules that run across the entire cell ( Fig. 39.13 ). Depending on the species and type of striated muscle (skeletal versus cardiac), T tubules may be located either at the level of the Z disks or at the thick filament ends. Inside the muscle cell, T tubules interact extensively with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) surrounding each myofibril. Historically, this SER was called sarcoplasmic reticulum. Terminal cisternae of SER are closely associated with T tubules at foot processes that can be visualized by electron microscopy. Together, T tubules and SER constitute a signal-transducing apparatus that converts depolarizations of the plasma membrane into a spike of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ to trigger contraction ( Fig. 39.14 ).
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#11_34511362
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: Inside the muscle cell, T tubules interact extensively with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) surrounding each myofibril. Historically, this SER was called sarcoplasmic reticulum. Terminal cisternae of SER are closely associated with T tubules at foot processes that can be visualized by electron microscopy. Together, T tubules and SER constitute a signal-transducing apparatus that converts depolarizations of the plasma membrane into a spike of cytoplasmic Ca 2+ to trigger contraction ( Fig. 39.14 ). An action potential moving through a T tubule triggers the release of Ca 2+ from SER into the cytoplasm ( Fig. 39.14 ). Ca 2+ binding to troponin allows myosin to interact with the thin filament, initiating contraction. This signal transduction process is called excitation–contraction coupling. Three transmembrane proteins located in the T tubule and the terminal cisternae of the SER cooperate to generate the transient Ca 2+ signal ( Fig.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#12_34513268
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: An action potential moving through a T tubule triggers the release of Ca 2+ from SER into the cytoplasm ( Fig. 39.14 ). Ca 2+ binding to troponin allows myosin to interact with the thin filament, initiating contraction. This signal transduction process is called excitation–contraction coupling. Three transmembrane proteins located in the T tubule and the terminal cisternae of the SER cooperate to generate the transient Ca 2+ signal ( Fig. 39.14 ). 1. A voltage-sensitive calcium channel (see Chapter 16) senses action potentials in the T tubule. These channels are called dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors, owing to their affinity for this class of drugs. The actual Ca 2+ channel of DHP receptors is not essential for skeletal muscle contraction, as external Ca 2+ is not required for contraction in the short term.
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_32768434#13_34515040
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Title: T-Tubule - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Headings: T-Tubule
T-Tubule
Ion Channel Trafficking
T-Tubules
Skeletal Muscle
T-tubules Are Surface Invaginations; the SR Is an Internal Membrane System
Structure and Function of Calcium Release Channels
2 T Tubules and CRUs Revert to More Primitive Forms Under Pathological Conditions
Muscles
Coupling Action Potentials to Contraction
The Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility
The SR Releases Stored Ca 2+ to Activate Contraction
Disorders of Muscle Excitability
Calcium couples muscle membrane excitation to filament contraction
Muscle physiology
Excitation–contraction coupling
EXERCISE | Muscle
Voltage-dependent Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Release
Content: 39.14 ). 1. A voltage-sensitive calcium channel (see Chapter 16) senses action potentials in the T tubule. These channels are called dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors, owing to their affinity for this class of drugs. The actual Ca 2+ channel of DHP receptors is not essential for skeletal muscle contraction, as external Ca 2+ is not required for contraction in the short term. 2. Ca 2+ release channels (see Fig. 26.13 ), concentrated in the terminal cisternae of SER, release Ca 2+ into the cytoplasm. A drug called ryanodine binds these
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/t-tubule
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_34493945#1_37526455
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Title: Photosynthesis – Definition, Steps, and Formula with Diagram
Headings: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
What is Photosynthesis
Where does Photosynthesis Occur
What Happens During Photosynthesis
Stages of the Process
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Importance of Photosynthesis
FAQs
Content: Apart from plants, photosynthesis is also found to occur in blue-green algae. What Happens During Photosynthesis
It involves a chemical reaction where water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll, and solar energy are utilized as raw materials (inputs) to produce glucose, oxygen, and water (outputs). Photosynthesis Equation
Stages of the Process
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: 1) The Light-dependent Reaction
Takes place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts only during the day in the presence of sunlight
High-energy phosphate molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the reducing agent NADPH are produced with the help of electron transport chain
2) The Light-independent or Dark Reaction ( Calvin cycle)
Takes place in the stroma of chloroplast in the absence of light that helps to fix carbon
ATP and NADPH produced in the light reaction are utilized along with carbon dioxide to produce sugar in the form of glucose
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Intensity of Light: The higher intensity of light increases the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature: Warmer the temperature, higher the rate of photosynthesis. The rate is highest between the temperatures of 25° to 35° C, after which it starts to decrease
Concentration of Carbon dioxide: Higher concentration of carbon dioxide increases the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches a certain point, beyond which no further effects are found
Although all the above factors together interact to affect the rate of photosynthesis, each of them individually is also capable of directly influencing the process without the other factors and thus called limiting factors. Importance of Photosynthesis
It serves two main purposes that are essential to support life on earth: Producing food for organisms that depend on others for their nutrition such as humans along with all other animals
Synthesizing oxygen by replacing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
FAQs
Q1.
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https://www.sciencefacts.net/photosynthesis.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_40329868#0_49770738
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Title: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise — Science Learning Hub
Headings: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Land ice – glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets
Sea ice
Melting ice and sea level rise
Thermal expansion and sea level rise
Climate change – additional implications
Nature of science
Activity ideas
Collection of related content
Useful links
Content: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise — Science Learning Hub
Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
One implication of climate change is sea level rise. Sea level is the average height of the ocean relative to the land, between the high and low tides. The rising global temperature is causing both land ice and sea ice to melt. Land ice and sea ice are not the same. They form differently, and the consequences of their melting affect the planet in different ways. Explore topics
Explore concepts
Citizen science
Teacher PLD
Sign in
Explore topics
Explore concepts
Citizen science
Teacher PLD
Sign in
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NOTIFICATIONS
Greenland ice shelf
An ice shelf extends from the land and floats on the water. Would you like to take a short survey? This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. Yes
No
Land ice – glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets
Glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets are land ice. They are all masses of frozen freshwater and are named for their different sizes and locations.
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https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2277-climate-change-melting-ice-and-sea-level-rise
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_40329868#8_49783460
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Title: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise — Science Learning Hub
Headings: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Land ice – glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets
Sea ice
Melting ice and sea level rise
Thermal expansion and sea level rise
Climate change – additional implications
Nature of science
Activity ideas
Collection of related content
Useful links
Content: Melting land ice is different. It adds water to the sea. This is similar to adding more water to the jug of ice and water. The volume of water in the jug increases – and will overflow if too much is added. Although melting sea ice does not cause sea level rise, it does have other implications for the global climate. Sea ice has a light-coloured surface and reflects some of the sunlight that hits it. When sea ice melts, it exposes the darker sea surface, which absorbs solar energy ( heat ). This causes further temperature rises and causes more ice to melt. Thermal expansion and sea level rise
Warming seawater also causes sea level rise. Water expands when it warms up – heat energy makes its molecules move around more and take up more space.
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https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2277-climate-change-melting-ice-and-sea-level-rise
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_40329868#9_49784888
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Title: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise — Science Learning Hub
Headings: Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Climate change, melting ice and sea level rise
Land ice – glaciers, ice shelves and ice sheets
Sea ice
Melting ice and sea level rise
Thermal expansion and sea level rise
Climate change – additional implications
Nature of science
Activity ideas
Collection of related content
Useful links
Content: Sea ice has a light-coloured surface and reflects some of the sunlight that hits it. When sea ice melts, it exposes the darker sea surface, which absorbs solar energy ( heat ). This causes further temperature rises and causes more ice to melt. Thermal expansion and sea level rise
Warming seawater also causes sea level rise. Water expands when it warms up – heat energy makes its molecules move around more and take up more space. Because the molecules are more spread out, the density decreases. Climate change – additional implications
The ocean is a complex and continuous body of water that covers two-thirds of our planet. Melting land and sea ice affect many of the properties that drive the ocean’s chemical, physical and biological processes. Read about the properties – and the impacts climate change will cause – in the articles Ocean temperature, Ocean density, Ocean salinity and Ocean motion (currents and circulation). Nature of science
For most of history, the only way to study sea ice was through fieldwork.
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https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2277-climate-change-melting-ice-and-sea-level-rise
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_46642983#15_64473006
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Title: When a study can’t be replicated | Science News for Students
Headings: When a study can’t be replicated
Science & Society
When a study can’t be replicated
Many factors can prevent scientists from repeating research and confirming results
By Janet Raloff
Educators and Parents, Sign Up for The Cheat Sheet
Trying to make sense of the numbers
Explainer: Global warming and the greenhouse effect
What to make of this?
Classroom Resources for This Article
Learn more
Content: Some investigators have concluded that it may be next to impossible to redo a study exactly. This can be true especially when a study works with subjects or materials that vary greatly. Cells, animals and people are all things that have a lot of variation. Due to genetic or developmental differences, one cell or individual may respond differently to stimuli than another will. Stimuli might include foods, drugs, infectious germs or some other aspect of the environment. Similarly, some studies involve conditions that are quite complicated. Examples can include the weather or how crowds of people behave. Consider climate studies. Computers are not yet big enough and fast enough to account for everything that affects climate, scientists note. Many of these factors will vary broadly over time and distance.
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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/when-study-cant-be-replicated
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_46642983#16_64474519
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Title: When a study can’t be replicated | Science News for Students
Headings: When a study can’t be replicated
Science & Society
When a study can’t be replicated
Many factors can prevent scientists from repeating research and confirming results
By Janet Raloff
Educators and Parents, Sign Up for The Cheat Sheet
Trying to make sense of the numbers
Explainer: Global warming and the greenhouse effect
What to make of this?
Classroom Resources for This Article
Learn more
Content: Similarly, some studies involve conditions that are quite complicated. Examples can include the weather or how crowds of people behave. Consider climate studies. Computers are not yet big enough and fast enough to account for everything that affects climate, scientists note. Many of these factors will vary broadly over time and distance. So climate scientists choose to analyze the conditions that seem the most important. They may concentrate on those for which they have the best or the most data. If the next group of researchers uses a different set of data, their findings may not match the earlier ones. Eventually, time and more data may show why the findings of an original study and a repeated one differ. One of the studies may be found weak or somewhat flawed.
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https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/when-study-cant-be-replicated
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51657475#2_75882074
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Title: 15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense - Scientific American
Headings: 15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense
15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense
In Brief
Creationism Vs. Evolution
Misleading Semantics of Creationism
Other Resources for Defending Evolution
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
John Rennie
Recent Articles
In the store
Scientific American
Content: The good news is that in 2005 the landmark legal case Kitzmiller v. Dover in Harrisburg, Pa., set binding precedent that the teaching of intelligent design in U.S. public schools is unconstitutional because the idea is fundamentally religious, not scientific. The bad news is that in response, creationists have reinvented their movement and pressed on. When they lost the ability to claim that creationist ideas are valid science, they switched to arguing that they were only supporting “academic freedom.” Worse, to further obscure the religious roots of their resistance, they now push for “critical analysis” of climate change, cloning research and other scientific endeavors that they paint as culturally oppressive. Consequently, besieged teachers and others are still likely to find themselves on the spot to defend evolution and refute creationism, by whatever name. Creationists' arguments are typically specious and based on misunderstandings of (or outright lies about) evolution. Nevertheless, even if their objections are flimsy, the number and diversity of the objections can put even well-informed people at a disadvantage. The following list recaps and rebuts some of the most common “scientific” arguments raised against evolution. It also directs readers to further sources for information and explains why creation science has no place in the classroom. These answers by themselves probably will not change the minds of those set against evolution.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/15-answers-to-creationist/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#0_76022512
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Behavior & Society
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
A criminologist contrasts the stories surrounding serial homicide with real data to help explain society’s macabre fascination with these tales
By Scott Bonn on October 24, 2014
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Ted Bundy in court, January 1980. Credit: Getty Images
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Excerpted with permission from Why We Love Serial Killers: The Curious Appeal of the World’s Most Savage Murderers, by Scott Bonn. Skyhorse Publishing. Copyright © 2014. Much of the general public’s knowledge concerning serial homicide is a product of sensationalized and stereotypical depictions of it in the news and entertainment media. Colorful story lines are written to pique the interest of audiences, not to paint an accurate picture of serial murder. By focusing on the larger-than-life media images of socially constructed “celebrity monsters,” the public becomes captivated by the stylized presentation of the criminals rather than the reality of their crimes. Media stereotypes and hyperbole create myths and great distortions in the public consciousness regarding the true dynamics and patterns of serial murder in the U.S.
The Reality of Serial Homicide in the U.S.
Serial killings account for no more than 1 percent of all murders committed in the U.S. Based on recent FBI crime statistics, there are approximately 15,000 murders annually, so that means there are no more than 150 victims of serial murder in the U.S. in any given year.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#1_76024676
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: Copyright © 2014. Much of the general public’s knowledge concerning serial homicide is a product of sensationalized and stereotypical depictions of it in the news and entertainment media. Colorful story lines are written to pique the interest of audiences, not to paint an accurate picture of serial murder. By focusing on the larger-than-life media images of socially constructed “celebrity monsters,” the public becomes captivated by the stylized presentation of the criminals rather than the reality of their crimes. Media stereotypes and hyperbole create myths and great distortions in the public consciousness regarding the true dynamics and patterns of serial murder in the U.S.
The Reality of Serial Homicide in the U.S.
Serial killings account for no more than 1 percent of all murders committed in the U.S. Based on recent FBI crime statistics, there are approximately 15,000 murders annually, so that means there are no more than 150 victims of serial murder in the U.S. in any given year. 1 The FBI estimates that there are between twenty-five and fifty serial killers operating throughout the U.S. at any given time. If there are fifty, then each one is responsible for an average of three murders per year. Serial killers are always present in society. However, the statistics reveal that serial homicide is quite rare and it represents a small portion of all murders committed in the U.S.
Persistent misinformation, stereotypes and hyperbole presented in the media have combined with the relative rarity of serial murder cases to foster a number of popular myths about serial murder. The most common myths about serial killers encompass such factors as their race, gender, intelligence, living conditions and victim characteristics.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#2_76026916
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: 1 The FBI estimates that there are between twenty-five and fifty serial killers operating throughout the U.S. at any given time. If there are fifty, then each one is responsible for an average of three murders per year. Serial killers are always present in society. However, the statistics reveal that serial homicide is quite rare and it represents a small portion of all murders committed in the U.S.
Persistent misinformation, stereotypes and hyperbole presented in the media have combined with the relative rarity of serial murder cases to foster a number of popular myths about serial murder. The most common myths about serial killers encompass such factors as their race, gender, intelligence, living conditions and victim characteristics. Myth #1: All Serial Killers Are Men. Reality: This is simply not true but it is understandable why the public would hold this erroneous belief. As late as 1998, a highly regarded former FBI profiler said “there are no female serial killers.”
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#3_76028387
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: Myth #1: All Serial Killers Are Men. Reality: This is simply not true but it is understandable why the public would hold this erroneous belief. As late as 1998, a highly regarded former FBI profiler said “there are no female serial killers.” The news and entertainment media also perpetuate the stereotypes that all serial offenders are male and that women do not engage in horrible acts of violence. When the lethality of a femme fatale is presented in book or film, she is most often portrayed as the manipulated victim of a dominant male. This popular but stereotypical media image is consistent with traditional gender myths in society which claim that boys are aggressive by nature while girls are passive. In fact, both aggressiveness and passivity can be learned through socialization and they are not gender specific. The reality concerning the gender of serial killers is quite different than the mythology of it.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#4_76029791
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: The news and entertainment media also perpetuate the stereotypes that all serial offenders are male and that women do not engage in horrible acts of violence. When the lethality of a femme fatale is presented in book or film, she is most often portrayed as the manipulated victim of a dominant male. This popular but stereotypical media image is consistent with traditional gender myths in society which claim that boys are aggressive by nature while girls are passive. In fact, both aggressiveness and passivity can be learned through socialization and they are not gender specific. The reality concerning the gender of serial killers is quite different than the mythology of it. Although there have been many more male serial killers than females throughout history, the presence of female serial killers is well documented in the crime data. In fact, approximately 17 percent of all serial homicides in the U.S. are committed by women. 2 Interestingly, only 10 percent of total murders in the U.S. are committed by women. Therefore, relative to men, women represent a larger percentage of serial murders than all other homicide cases in the U.S. This is an important and revealing fact that defies the popular understanding of serial murder. Myth #2:
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_51768087#5_76031516
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Title: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt] - Scientific American
Headings: 5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
5 Myths about Serial Killers and Why They Persist [Excerpt]
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: Although there have been many more male serial killers than females throughout history, the presence of female serial killers is well documented in the crime data. In fact, approximately 17 percent of all serial homicides in the U.S. are committed by women. 2 Interestingly, only 10 percent of total murders in the U.S. are committed by women. Therefore, relative to men, women represent a larger percentage of serial murders than all other homicide cases in the U.S. This is an important and revealing fact that defies the popular understanding of serial murder. Myth #2: All Serial Killers Are Caucasian. Reality: Contrary to popular mythology, not all serial killers are white. Serial killers span all racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. The racial diversity of serial killers generally mirrors that of the overall U.S. population. There are well documented cases of African-American, Latino and Asian-American serial killers.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/5-myths-about-serial-killers-and-why-they-persist-excerpt/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_52381887#8_77393698
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Title: Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media - Scientific American
Headings: Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media
Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media
Researchers have developed tools to study the cognitive, societal and algorithmic biases that help fake news spread
Bias in the brain
Bias in society
Bias in the machine
Understanding complex vulnerabilities
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: Both social media platforms and search engines employ them. These personalization technologies are designed to select only the most engaging and relevant content for each individual user. But in doing so, it may end up reinforcing the cognitive and social biases of users, thus making them even more vulnerable to manipulation. For instance, the detailed advertising tools built into many social media platforms let disinformation campaigners exploit confirmation bias by tailoring messages to people who are already inclined to believe them. Also, if a user often clicks on Facebook links from a particular news source, Facebook will tend to show that person more of that site’s content. This so-called “ filter bubble ” effect may isolate people from diverse perspectives, strengthening confirmation bias. Advertisement
Our own research shows that social media platforms expose users to a less diverse set of sources than do non-social media sites like Wikipedia. Because this is at the level of a whole platform, not of a single user, we call this the homogeneity bias. Another important ingredient of social media is information that is trending on the platform, according to what is getting the most clicks. We call this popularity bias, because we have found that an algorithm designed to promote popular content may negatively affect the overall quality of information on the platform.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/biases-make-people-vulnerable-to-misinformation-spread-by-social-media/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_52381887#9_77395837
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Title: Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media - Scientific American
Headings: Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media
Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media
Researchers have developed tools to study the cognitive, societal and algorithmic biases that help fake news spread
Bias in the brain
Bias in society
Bias in the machine
Understanding complex vulnerabilities
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: This so-called “ filter bubble ” effect may isolate people from diverse perspectives, strengthening confirmation bias. Advertisement
Our own research shows that social media platforms expose users to a less diverse set of sources than do non-social media sites like Wikipedia. Because this is at the level of a whole platform, not of a single user, we call this the homogeneity bias. Another important ingredient of social media is information that is trending on the platform, according to what is getting the most clicks. We call this popularity bias, because we have found that an algorithm designed to promote popular content may negatively affect the overall quality of information on the platform. This also feeds into existing cognitive bias, reinforcing what appears to be popular irrespective of its quality. All these algorithmic biases can be manipulated by social bots, computer programs that interact with humans through social media accounts. Most social bots, like Twitter’s Big Ben, are harmless. However, some conceal their real nature and are used for malicious intents, such as boosting disinformation or falsely creating the appearance of a grassroots movement, also called “astroturfing.” We found evidence of this type of manipulation in the run-up to the 2010 U.S. midterm election.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/biases-make-people-vulnerable-to-misinformation-spread-by-social-media/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_53099727#0_79216662
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Title: Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming - Scientific American
Headings: Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming
Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming
Smoldering garbage turns out to be a significant source of the greenhouse gases causing climate change
Content: Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming - Scientific American
Sustainability
Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming
Smoldering garbage turns out to be a significant source of the greenhouse gases causing climate change
By Andrea Thompson, Climate Central on September 2, 2014
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When atmospheric scientist Christine Wiedinmyer first went to Ghana in 2011 to investigate air pollution produced by burning different materials — from crop stubble to coal used in stoves — she noticed an unexpected potential source: burning piles of trash. Like most residents of developed nations who hadn’t traveled broadly in the developing world, the sight of smoldering rubbish piles, which contain anything from food waste to plastics to electronics, came as a surprise to Wiedinmyer, who works at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo.
“It’s just not something that I’ve been exposed to,” she told Climate Central. In the U.S., “we have waste management. We have people who pick up trash and take it away.” Advertisement
Ghana, Nepal, Mexico and other developing countries often lack the tax bases and infrastructure needed to put such systems into place. So residents and governments often burn piles of their trash in the open; removing the garbage from the land but transferring it to the skies. Some 40 percent of the world’s waste may be dealt with in this way. Wiedinmyer wondered if this burning waste could be an underappreciated source of air pollutants, from greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide to tiny particles and toxic chemicals that can harm human lungs.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/burning-trash-bad-for-humans-and-global-warming/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_53099727#1_79218931
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Title: Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming - Scientific American
Headings: Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming
Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming
Smoldering garbage turns out to be a significant source of the greenhouse gases causing climate change
Content: Advertisement
Ghana, Nepal, Mexico and other developing countries often lack the tax bases and infrastructure needed to put such systems into place. So residents and governments often burn piles of their trash in the open; removing the garbage from the land but transferring it to the skies. Some 40 percent of the world’s waste may be dealt with in this way. Wiedinmyer wondered if this burning waste could be an underappreciated source of air pollutants, from greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide to tiny particles and toxic chemicals that can harm human lungs. “I was curious to see how big that source was,” she said. Wiedinmyer set out to produce the first global estimates of burn-related pollution. The result, detailed in July in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, suggests that burning trash isn’t just bad for human health -- it could pump more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than had been realized. ‘First Best Guess’
Wiedinmyer pored through existing data and inventories and consulted one of the few people already investigating the phenomenon, Bob Yokelson, an atmospheric chemist at the University of Montana in Missoula, who had traveled widely to developing areas and was familiar with the trash burning around homes and villages. Advertisement
“If you do research or travel in developing worlds, you do see garbage burning in a lot of places,” he told Climate Central.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/burning-trash-bad-for-humans-and-global-warming/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_53940758#1_81064364
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Title: Do Prisons Make Us Safer? - Scientific American
Headings: Do Prisons Make Us Safer?
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?
New research shows that prisons prevent far less violent crime than you might think
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: We incarcerate for multiple reasons, including justice and punishment, but one of the main justifications is public safety. Putting individuals convicted of crimes, especially violent crimes, in prison is thought to make the rest of us safer. But how much safety does all this imprisonment actually buy us? A study I recently published with colleagues shows the answer is very little, especially in the long-term. There are good reasons to think prisons might prevent crime. The experience of imprisonment could deter someone from committing crimes to avoid prison in the future. Prison might provide opportunities for rehabilitation, such as drug and alcohol treatment, education, or counseling. And, at the very least, someone who is in prison cannot commit a crime in the community, an effect criminologists call “incapacitation.” Advertisement
Yet there are also good reasons to believe that prisons might actually increase crime. The harsh prison environment could exacerbate mental health problems, make people more prone to aggression, or make them cynical and distrustful of the legal system.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-prisons-make-us-safer/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_53940758#2_81065896
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Title: Do Prisons Make Us Safer? - Scientific American
Headings: Do Prisons Make Us Safer?
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?
New research shows that prisons prevent far less violent crime than you might think
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: The experience of imprisonment could deter someone from committing crimes to avoid prison in the future. Prison might provide opportunities for rehabilitation, such as drug and alcohol treatment, education, or counseling. And, at the very least, someone who is in prison cannot commit a crime in the community, an effect criminologists call “incapacitation.” Advertisement
Yet there are also good reasons to believe that prisons might actually increase crime. The harsh prison environment could exacerbate mental health problems, make people more prone to aggression, or make them cynical and distrustful of the legal system. Prisons could isolate prisoners from friends and family who might help them find jobs eventually. Or prisoners may learn from other prisoners how to be better criminals. To examine how prison affects violent crime, our study compared people sentenced to prison to those sentenced to probation supervision in the community, using data on all individuals sentenced for a felony in Michigan between 2003 and 2006. They were followed through 2015 to track convictions for violent crimes. The study focused on people who had committed a violent crime and were eligible for both prison or probation sentences.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-prisons-make-us-safer/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_55415801#12_84392113
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Title: How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body? - Scientific American
Headings: How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?
How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Recent Articles by Katherine Harmon
Content: What's the hottest temperature a healthy human can tolerate? We don't know that—no one knows that. There are different humans, different humidities, different types of temperature. Have we not evolved to cope with super hot weather? Certainly society has evolved in dealing with the heat—and that has been in the development of air conditioners. The number-one factor that ameliorates death from heat is access to air conditioning. And I've read that fans don't work to prevent overheating in really hot temperatures…
Not only does it not work, it actually makes it worse. We compare it to a convection oven. By blowing hot air on a person, it heats them up rather than cools them down. Are modern humans neglecting to do something our ancestors did to survive the heat?
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heat-wave-health/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_55415801#13_84393320
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Title: How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body? - Scientific American
Headings: How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?
How Does a Heat Wave Affect the Human Body?
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Recent Articles by Katherine Harmon
Content: The number-one factor that ameliorates death from heat is access to air conditioning. And I've read that fans don't work to prevent overheating in really hot temperatures…
Not only does it not work, it actually makes it worse. We compare it to a convection oven. By blowing hot air on a person, it heats them up rather than cools them down. Are modern humans neglecting to do something our ancestors did to survive the heat? I think it's always been a problem. There's history over hundreds of years of people dying of heat. Philadelphia in 1776 had a major heat wave that caused deaths. We're also living to older ages, and we're more urban now than we have been in the history of the human species. That intense crowding can combine with the heat island effect in big cities.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/heat-wave-health/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59767085#0_94011728
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Title: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Headings: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Mind
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
By Francesca Gino on November 17, 2015
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Instead of avoiding sarcasm completely in the office, the research suggests sarcasm, used with care and in moderation, can be effectively used and trigger some creative sparks. Credit: ©iStock
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“Sarcasm is the lowest form of wit but the highest form of intelligence,” wrote that connoisseur of wit, Oscar Wilde. Whether sarcasm is a sign of intelligence or not, communication experts and marriage counselors alike typically advise us to stay away from this particular form of expression. The reason is simple: sarcasm expresses the poisonous sting of contempt, hurting others and harming relationships. As a form of communication, sarcasm takes on the debt of conflict. And yet, our research suggests, there may also be some unexpected benefits from sarcasm: greater creativity. The use of sarcasm, in fact, promotes creativity for those on both the giving and receiving end of sarcastic exchanges.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-surprising-benefits-of-sarcasm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59767085#2_94014670
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Title: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Headings: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: Instead of avoiding sarcasm completely in the office, the research suggests sarcasm, used with care and in moderation, can be effectively used and trigger some creative sparks. Sarcasm involves constructing or exposing contradictions between intended meanings. The most common form of verbal irony, sarcasm is often used to humorously convey thinly veiled disapproval or scorn. “ Pat, don’t work so hard!”, a boss might say upon catching his assistant surfing the Internet. Early research on sarcasm explored how people interpret statements and found that, as expected, sarcasm makes a statement sound more critical. In one laboratory study, participants read scenarios in which, for instance, (1) one person did something that could be viewed negatively, such as smoking, and (2) a second person commented on the behavior to the first person, either literally (“I see you don’t have a healthy concern for your lungs”) or sarcastically (“I see you have a healthy concern for your lungs”). Participants rated sarcasm to be more condemning than literal statements. In a similar study, participants were encouraged to empathize either with a person behaving in a way that could be construed as negative or with a second person commenting on the first person’s behavior. Both perspectives prompted participants to rate sarcastic comments by the second person as more impolite relative to literal comments.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-surprising-benefits-of-sarcasm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59767085#6_94021898
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Title: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Headings: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: In one study, we assigned some participants to engage in either simulated sarcastic, sincere, or neutral dialogues by choosing from pre-written responses on a sheet of paper. Others were recipients of these different types of messages from others. Immediately after participants engaged in these “conversations,” we presented them with tasks testing their creativity. Not surprisingly, the participants exposed to sarcasm reported more interpersonal conflict than those in other groups. More interestingly, those who engaged in a sarcastic conversation fared better on creativity tasks. The processes involved in initiating and delivering a sarcastic comment improved the creativity and cognitive functioning of both the commenter and the recipient. This creativity effect only emerged when recipients picked up on the sarcasm behind the expresser’s message rather than taking mean comments at face value. Why might sarcasm enhance creativity? Because the brain must think creatively to understand or convey a sarcastic comment, sarcasm may lead to clearer and more creative thinking. To either create or understand sarcasm, tone must overcome the contradiction between the literal and actual meanings of the sarcastic expressions.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-surprising-benefits-of-sarcasm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59767085#7_94023570
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Title: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Headings: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: The processes involved in initiating and delivering a sarcastic comment improved the creativity and cognitive functioning of both the commenter and the recipient. This creativity effect only emerged when recipients picked up on the sarcasm behind the expresser’s message rather than taking mean comments at face value. Why might sarcasm enhance creativity? Because the brain must think creatively to understand or convey a sarcastic comment, sarcasm may lead to clearer and more creative thinking. To either create or understand sarcasm, tone must overcome the contradiction between the literal and actual meanings of the sarcastic expressions. This is a process that activates, and is facilitated by, abstraction, which in turn promotes creative thinking. Consider the following example, which comes from a conversation one of my co-authors on the research (Adam Galinsky, of Columbia) had a few weeks before getting married. His fiancée woke him up as he was soundly asleep at night to tell him about some new ideas she has for their upcoming wedding next month –many of which were quite expensive. Adam responded with some ideas of his own: “ Why don’t we get Paul McCartney to sing, Barack Obama to give a benediction and Amy Schumer to entertain people.”
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-surprising-benefits-of-sarcasm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59767085#9_94027082
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Title: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm - Scientific American
Headings: The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
The Surprising Benefits of Sarcasm
Sarcastic comments boost creativity, a study finds
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (S)
Content: His comment required his fiancée to recognize that there is a distinction between the surface level meaning of the sentence (actually signing up these people to perform) and the meaning that was intended. This is not the first set of studies showing that creativity can be boosted by things that would commonly be considered creativity killers. In one series of studies, for example, researchers found that moderate noise can be an untapped source of creativity, providing a welcome distraction that helps the brain make disparate associations. In addition, alcohol is believed to aid creativity, up to a point, by reducing focus and relaxing the mind. Sarcasm can be interpreted negatively, and thus cause relationship costs. So, how do we harness its creative benefits without creating the type of conflict that can damage a relationship? It comes down to trust. Our studies show that, given the same content and tone, sarcasm expressed toward or received from someone we trust is less conflict provoking than sarcasm expressed toward or received from someone we distrust. Of course, if we were to vary the tone and content, it would make a difference too – given an extremely harsh tone and critical content, even trust might not be enough. Advertisement
Given the risks and benefits of sarcasm, your best bet is to keep salty remarks limited to conversations with those you know well, lest you offend others—even as you potentially help them think more creatively.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-surprising-benefits-of-sarcasm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_59954647#10_94431197
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Title: Toxic Pesticide Banned after Decades of Use - Scientific American
Headings: Toxic Pesticide Banned after Decades of Use
Toxic Pesticide Banned after Decades of Use
Content: “For nearly 40 years, Temik has provided farmers with unsurpassed control of destructive pests, without compromising human health or environmental safety,” Bill Buckner, president and CEO of Bayer CropScience, said in a statement Tuesday. While it is known that high exposure can cause vomiting, diarrhea and neurotoxic effects, the potential for chronic health effects from low exposure remains poorly understood. It is not carcinogenic, although researchers found a high rate of colon cancer in pesticide applicators exposed to high levels. Its use has steeply declined in the U.S. over the past couple of decades, particularly on food crops. It is currently legal to use only on citrus, potatoes, dry beans, peanuts, soybeans, sweet potatoes, sugar beets and cotton. Its main use is to kill mites and nematodes on cotton, potatoes and citrus. In 2008, about 75,000 pounds were applied to California crops – almost entirely cotton - compared with more than half a million pounds in 1998, according to state Department of Pesticide Regulation data. Union Carbide was the sole manufacturer of aldicarb until 1987. Its plant in Bhopal, India, was making aldicarb when a pesticide called methyl isocyanate leaked, killing several thousand people in 1984. Aldicarb already has been banned in Europe, although it is still used, and perhaps manufactured, in other countries.
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/toxic-pesticide-banned-after-decades-of-use/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_60800591#7_96211750
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Title: What the Data Say about Police Shootings - Scientific American
Headings: What the Data Say about Police Shootings
What the Data Say about Police Shootings
Spotlight on a blind spot
Counting on the Feds
Content: The database considered to be the most complete is maintained by The Washington Post. In 2015, the newspaper began collecting information on fatal shootings from local news reports, public records and social media. Its records indicate that police officers shoot and kill around 1,000 civilians each year—about twice the number previously counted by the FBI. Sign up for Scientific American ’s free newsletters. Recognizing that ‘lethal force’ does not always involve a gun and doesn’t always result in death, two other media organizations expanded on this approach. In 2015 and 2016, UK newspaper The Guardian combined its original reporting with crowdsourced information to record all fatal encounters with the police in the United States, and found around 1,100 civilian deaths per year. Online news site VICE News obtained data on both fatal and non-fatal shootings from the country’s 50 largest local police departments, finding that for every person shot and killed between 2010 and 2016, officers shot at two more people who survived. Extrapolating from that, the actual number of civilians shot by the police each year is likely to be upwards of 3,000. Unofficial national databases have also popped up outside the major news organizations. Two small-scale private efforts, Fatal Encounters and Mapping Police Violence, aggregate and verify information from other databases with added details gleaned from social media, obituaries, criminal-records databases and police reports (see ‘Shootings by police—the data’).
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-the-data-say-about-police-shootings/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_60800591#8_96213743
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Title: What the Data Say about Police Shootings - Scientific American
Headings: What the Data Say about Police Shootings
What the Data Say about Police Shootings
Spotlight on a blind spot
Counting on the Feds
Content: In 2015 and 2016, UK newspaper The Guardian combined its original reporting with crowdsourced information to record all fatal encounters with the police in the United States, and found around 1,100 civilian deaths per year. Online news site VICE News obtained data on both fatal and non-fatal shootings from the country’s 50 largest local police departments, finding that for every person shot and killed between 2010 and 2016, officers shot at two more people who survived. Extrapolating from that, the actual number of civilians shot by the police each year is likely to be upwards of 3,000. Unofficial national databases have also popped up outside the major news organizations. Two small-scale private efforts, Fatal Encounters and Mapping Police Violence, aggregate and verify information from other databases with added details gleaned from social media, obituaries, criminal-records databases and police reports (see ‘Shootings by police—the data’). Advertisement
Credit: Nature; Sources: Map: Mapping Police Violence;
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-the-data-say-about-police-shootings/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_61728454#8_98271999
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Title: Digestive System: Role of Stomach and Small Intestine
Headings: Digestive System: Role of Stomach and Small Intestine
Digestive System: Role of Stomach and Small Intestine
Let’s see what happens to the food as it moves through various organs of the digestive system...
From the above overview, it is clear that...
Understanding The Digestion Process in Stomach and Small Intestine
Is Your Digestive System Making You Mentally Sick?
Gastroenteritis Explained
Content: Gastric lipase splits triglyceride fats into fatty acids and diglycerides. Pepsin breaks proteins into its constituent amino acids. The chemical digestion is only initiated in the stomach as the digestive enzymes only structurally simplify and prepare complex proteins and fats for further digestion. Small intestine is a 22 feet long muscular tube made up of 3 segments — duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Peristalsis is at work in this organ too. The duodenum is the initial-most, smallest section of small intestine that connects to the stomach through pyloric sphincter muscle. Chyme is mixed with bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas to complete its digestion here. The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine that serves as the primary site of nutrient absorption. The ileum is the final and the longest section of the small intestine that empties into the large intestine via the ileocecal sphincter. Complete absorption of nutrients that were missed in the jejunum, occurs here.
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https://www.scientificanimations.com/digestive-system/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_52_66337046#1_105328796
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Title: Chris Gardner’s Net Worth 2021, Age, Height, Wife, Son
Headings: Chris Gardner’s Net Worth 2021, Age, Height, Wife, Son
Chris Gardner’s Net Worth 2021, Age, Height, Wife, Son
Chris Gardner’s Net Worth 2021: $70 Million
Do you know how old and tall is he?
Table of Contents
Chris Gardner Age & Birthday
How Does Chris Gardner’s Net Worth Reach $70 Million in 2021?
Chris Gardner’s net worth in 2019-2020
Chris Gardner Height & Weight
Chris Gardner Wife & Son
Chris Gardner: The Pursuit of Happiness
Gardner’s Social Media Accounts
Summary
People also Love to Know
Source of Information
What do you think about Chris Gardner’s net worth 2021, Age, Wife, and Son? Comment below.
Content: Through this movie, he tried to share his struggle while raising a toddler son. Later he became a stockbroker and founded his brokerage firm named “Gardner Rich & Co” in 1987. But how does all this fame and popularity convert into cold hard cash? What sort of worth does an American businessman make? So, let’s dive deep to find out Chris Gardner ‘s net worth 2021 and how much this celebrity made his fortune. Do you know how old and tall is he? If you don’t know then you can go through this article about Chris Gardner’ s biography, net worth 2021, age, height, weight, family, and many more. Table of Contents
Chris Gardner Age & Birthday
How Does Chris Gardner’s Net Worth Reach $70 Million in 2021? Chris Gardner Height & Weight
Chris Gardner Wife & Son
Chris Gardner: The Pursuit of Happiness
Gardner’s Social Media Accounts
Summary
People also Love to Know
Source of Information
What do you think about Chris Gardner’s net worth 2021, Age, Wife, and Son?
|
https://www.scintillatingstars.com/chris-gardner-net-worth-2020-2021-age-height-wife-son/
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