Datasets:

---

gaussalgo

/

Canard_Wiki-augmented

like 1

Follow

Gauss Algorithmic 10

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon." ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "What did they do", "Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated," ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Vampire Weekend", "Departure of Batmanglij, Columbia Records and LP4 (2014 - present)", "who left", "Rostam Batmanglij announced his departure from the band on Twitter.", "why", "collaborate.", "What did he want", "Batmanglij contributing to the record. The album's working title was revealed to be Mitsubishi Macchiato.", "What did he move on to", "Koenig revealed in an elaborate Instragram update that during 2016 he had spent countless hours researching and writing music in libraries with grad students.", "When was it realesed", "Initially, this news was regarded a rumour, until the band's website revamp in 2018, in which a Sony Music copyright appeared on the site.", "What did he try to do next", "Additionally, he revealed that the album would feature a more 'spring-time' vibe and one of the songs would be entitled Flower Moon.", "What did they do", "Kacey Musgraves, after he attended one of her shows in September 2016. In an interview with Stereogum, he stated,", "What did they do", "The band's first show since their hiatus" ]

[ "was a Japanese daimyō of Iwanuma Domain in Mutsu Province of early-Edo period Japan\n\nMuneyoshi was the third son of Date Tadamune, the 2nd daimyō of Sendai Domain. His mother, Fusa, was a concubine and the daughter of Mitamura Matauemon. His childhood name was . From 1639, under his father's orders, he was raised by Suzuki Motonobu, a vassal of Sendai Domain, in Ōsaki, Shida District, as heir to the Suzuki clan. In 1649, at the time of his genpuku ceremony, he changed his name to .\n\nHowever, in 1653, the Tamura clan was revived, as requested by Megohime (Muneyoshi's grandmother, Date Masamune's wife) via her will, and Muneyoshi became Tamura Muneyoshi, with holdings totalling 10,000 koku in Iwagasaki, Kurihara, in what is now Miyagi Prefecture.\n\nIn 1658, following the death of Date Tadamune, the second daimyō of Sendai Domain. Sendai Domain was inherited by the young and impressionable Date Tsunamune, and the clan elders appointed Muneyoshi and his half-brother, Date Munekatsu as guardians. In 1660, Muneyoshi gained an additional 20,000 koku in what is now Ichinoseki, along with the courtesy title of Ukyō-no-daifu and Court rank of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. Munekatsu's daughter-in-law was the daughter of Tairō Sakai Tadakiyo. Through these connections, the Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi accused Tadamune of drunkenness and debauchery, who then removed from office for misrule and was confined to a secondary clan residence in Edo.\n\nThe infant Date Tsunamura was made daimyō of Sendai under the guardianship of his uncles. In 1662, Muneyoshi transferred his seat to what is now the city of Iwanuma, Miyagi and officially became daimyō of Iwanuma Domain, a subsidiary domain of Sendai, based in what is now the city of Iwanuma, Miyagi. He received the courtesy title of Oki-no-kami in 1670. According to waka poetry written about him, Muneyoshi had a mild personality and was popular, in contrast to the events of the Date Sōdō.\n\nThe ten years during which Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi ruled in place of the under-age Date Tsunamura were marked by violence and conflict in Sendai Domain. Events reached a climax in 1671 when Aki Muneshige, a powerful relative of the Date clan, complained to the shogunate of the mismanagement of the fief under Tsunamura and his uncles. In the ensuring Date Sōdō, Muneyoshi was relieved of his offices in 1671 and placed under house arrest. He was pardoned in 1672. In 1678, he died at the clan's Edo residence at the age of 42. He died at age 42, and his grave is at the clan mortuary temple of Tōzen-ji in Takanawa, Edo.\n\nSee also\n Tamura clan\n Date clan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Ichinoseki\" at Edo 300 \n\n1637 births\n1678 deaths\nTozama daimyo\nPeople of Edo-period Japan\nDate clan\nTamura clan", "The was a Japanese samurai clan who ruled Ichinoseki Domain in Mutsu Province during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. The family was closely related to the Date clan of Sendai Domain through intermarriage.\n\nOrigins\nThe Tamura clan claimed descent from Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, and were local gōzoku controlling Tamura shōen (later Tamura District) in what is now central Fukushima Prefecture since the Heian period.\n\nSengoku period\nThe clan rose to become a minor daimyō during the Sengoku period. In 1504, the Tamura clan moved from Moriyama to Miharu Castle in what is now Miharu, Fukushima. As a defense network, the clan set up its retainers in forty-eight subsidiary castles and outposts in the area.\n\nHowever, although the Tamura clan pledged allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Siege of Odawara, Hideyoshi felt that their efforts were insufficient, and dispossessed the clan in 1598, giving their territory to the Date clan. The Tamura survived as retainers to the Date.\n\nEdo period\nThe wife of Date Masamune was Megohime (1568–1653), also known as Lady Tamura, since she was the daughter and only child of Tamura Kiyoaki. Her paternal grandmother and maternal grandmother were also both daughters of Date Tanemune, making her Masamune’s second cousin. She had four children, the eldest of which (Date Tadamune) was Masamune’s successor to Sendai Domain. Although Masamune had agreed that their second son should succeed to the Tamura clan, this son (Date Munetsuna) died at the age of 16. In order to restore the Tamura clan, Date Tadamune’s son Date Muneyoshi was ordered to take the Tamura surname.\n\nThe restored Tamura clan was given 10,000 koku in Iwagasaki, Kurihara in what is now Miyagi Prefecture. When the young Date Tsunamura became daimyō of Sendai in 1660, Muneyoshi gained an additional 20,000 koku from territories in what is now Ichinoseki, Iwate. In addition, he became a guardian of Date Tsunamura together with Date Munekatsu. In 1662, Muneyoshi was transferred to the newly-created Iwanuma Domain in the Natori District, becoming daimyō of a subsidiary domain to Sendai Domain.\n\nIn 1695, his son Tamura Tatsuaki, transferred the seat of the domain to Ichinoseki Domain (30,000 koku). The clan remained at Ichinoseki until the Meiji restoration. The Ichinoseki holdings were completely surrounded by Sendai Domain.\n\nIchinoseki domain forces took part in the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei's attack on the Akita Domain in the late summer of 1868.\n\nIn the Meiji era, the former daimyō of Ichinoseki, Tamura Takaaki, was created viscount in the new kazoku peerage system.\n\nFamily Heads\nTamura Kiyoaki\n\nMain line (Ichinoseki)\n\nAs lord of Iwanuma\nTamura Muneyoshi (1637–1678)\nTamura Tatsuaki (1656–1708)\nAs lord of Ichinoseki\nTamura Takeaki (1656–1708)\n\nTamura Nobuaki (1670–1727)\nTamura Muneaki (1707–1755)\nTamura Murataka (1737–1782)\nTamura Murasuke (1763–1808)\nTamura Muneaki (1784–1827)\n\nTamura Kuniaki (1817–1840)\nTamura Kuniyuki (1820–1857)\nTamura Yukiaki (1850–1867)\nTamura Kuniyoshi (1852–1887)\nTamura Takaaki (1858–1922)\nAdmiral Tamura Hiroaki (1875-1945)\n\nSee also\n\nIchinoseki Domain\nSendai Domain\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\nKoyasu Nobushige (1880). Buke kazoku meiyoden 武家家族名誉伝 Volume 1. Tokyo: Koyasu Nobushige. (Accessed from National Diet Library, 13 August 2008)\nOnodera, Eikō (2005). Boshin Nanboku sensō to Tōhoku seiken. Sendai: Kita no Mori.\n\nExternal links\n 田村氏 at Harimaya.com \n\n \nJapanese clans" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)" ]

[ "Extelligence is a term coined by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen in their 1997 book Figments of Reality. They define it as the cultural capital that is available to us in the form of external media (e.g. tribal legends, folklore, nursery rhymes, books, videotapes, CD-ROMs, etc.)\n\nThey contrast extelligence with intelligence, or the knowledge and cognitive processes within the brain. Furthermore, they regard the 'complicity' of extelligence and intelligence as fundamental to the development of consciousness in evolutionary terms for both the species and the individual. 'Complicity' is a combination of complexity and simplicity, and Cohen and Stewart use it to express the interdependent relationship between knowledge-inside-one's-head and knowledge-outside-one's-head that can be readily accessed.\n\nAlthough Cohen's and Stewart's respective disciplines are biology and mathematics, their description of the complicity of intelligence and extelligence is in the tradition of Jean Piaget, Belinda Dewar and David A. Kolb. Philosophers, notably Popper, have also considered the relation between subjective knowledge (which he calls world 2), objective knowledge (world 1) and the knowledge represented by man-made artifacts (world 3).\n\nOne of Cohen and Stewart's contributions is the way they relate, through the idea of complicity, the individual to the sum of human knowledge. From the mathematics of complexity and game theory, they use the idea of phase space and talk about extelligence space. There is a total phase space (intelligence space) for the human race, which consists of everything that can be known and represented. Within this there is a smaller set of what is known at any given time. Cohen and Stewart propose the idea that each individual can access the parts of the extelligence space with which their intelligence is complicit.\n\nIn other words, there has to be, at some level, an appreciation of what is out there and what it means. Much of this 'appreciation' falls into the category of tacit knowledge and social and cultural learning. As an example, a dictionary may contain definitions of many words, but only some subset of those definitions might be understood by any particular reader.\n\nSee also \n Extended mind thesis\n Externalism\n Intelligence augmentation\n\nReferences \n\nIntelligence\n1990s neologisms\nConcepts in social philosophy", "The pedagogical relation refers to special kind of personal relationship between adult and child or adult or student for the sake of the child or student. The pedagogical relation is described by Hermann Nohl, Klaus Mollenhauer, and others in the Northern European human science pedagogical tradition. It has been discussed more recently in English by Max van Manen, Norm Friesen, Tone Saevi and others..\n\nIn the pedagogical relation, adult and child encounter each other in ways that are different from other relationships (e.g., friendship)\n\nIn the pedagogical relation the adult is directed toward the child. The relation is asymmetrical.. The adult is \"there\" for the child in a way that the child is not \"there\" for the adult.\nIn the pedagogical relation the adult wants or intends both what is good for the child in the present and in the future. This relationship is oriented to what the child or young person may become (without trying to predetermine it), but without ignoring what is important for the child in the present. These two, present needs and the likely requirements of the future, exist in constant tension this relation.\nThe pedagogical relation comes to an end. The child grows up and the asymmetry of the relation dissolves. As Klaus Mollenhauer explains, \"upbringing comes to an end when the child no longer needs to be \"called\" to self-activity, but instead has the wherewithal to educate himself.\"\nIn the pedagogical relation the adult is tactful. It is not about following rules and guidelines, but rather, about acting and also not acting according to what is appropriate for both the present and the future of a specific child in question.\nIn the pedagogical relation, the adult mediates the relationship of the child with the world. This can happen by protecting the child from certain aspects of the world; it often happens by simplifying certain aspects of the world for the child, by directing the child's attention through gestures of pointing and guiding.\n\nIn a text from 1933, educationist Herman Nohl describes the pedagogical relation as a relationship between a particular stance of the educator in relationship to the one being educated (educand):\n\nThe pedagogical relation, finally, has as its interest not necessarily the \"success\" of the student, but rather their \"subjectivation\"--their becoming a subject, a person, something that is to be pursued as an end in itself.\n\nReferences\nBiesta, G. (2012). No education without hesitation: Exploring the limits of educational relations. Keynote address to the Society for the Philosophy of Education. Philosophy of Education. Retrieved from\n\nFriesen, N. (2017). The pedagogical relation past and present: experience, subjectivity and failure. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 49(6), 743-756.\n\nNohl, H. (1933/2019). The Pedagogical Relation and the Community of Formation. Unpublished translation by Norm Friesen and Sophia Zedlitz.\n\nPedagogy\nInterpersonal relationships" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands" ]

[ "\"Crashed\" is the third U.S. rock single, (the fifth overall), from the band Daughtry's debut album. It was released only to U.S. rock stations on September 5, 2007. Upon its release the song got adds at those stations, along with some Alternative and Top 40 stations.\n\nThe song's release is like the release of \"What I Want\" in that while \"Over You\" was the mainstream third single, \"Crashed\" was the third single on U.S. rock stations.\n\nMusic video\nLike \"What I Want\" it did not have an official video, since the band made one for the main third single, \"Over You\" instead. It did however have an unofficial promo video that mixes black and white scenes of the band performing with clips from the ACC and SEC College Football season, which the song was used to open. This video can be viewed here.\n\nSong usage and live performances\nThe song, as mentioned, has been used to open the ACC and SEC College Football season and has been the opening number for the band's shows. In the United States, it was used in the Lego Bionicle advertisements featuring sets named \"Toa Mahri\".\n\nThey recently performed the track at the Rock And Roll 400, as well as on Late Show with David Letterman.\n\nChart performance\nThe song debuted on the Mainstream Rock chart for the week of October 6, 2007 at number 35, and peaked at number 24 on the chart.\n\nReferences\n\n2006 songs\n2007 singles\nDaughtry (band) songs\nSongs written by Chris Daughtry\nSong recordings produced by Howard Benson\n19 Recordings singles\nRCA Records singles", ", also known by its French language title \"Beaucoup de Bruit pour Rien\", is a song by Japanese rock band Tokyo Jihen, led by musician Ringo Sheena. It was a promotional song for the band's final original release, the extended play Color Bars, released on January 18, 2012.\n\nBackground and development \n\nIn 2010, the band performed their Discovery tour for their fifth album Dai Hakken. The extended play Color Bars was first announced on November 15, 2011, as a release featuring five songs each written by a different member of the band. \"Kon'ya wa Karasawagi\" represented the song vocalist Ringo Sheena wrote for the release. Vocalist Ringo Sheena made their first performance at the 62nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen on December 31, 2011, at which she and the band performed a medley of \"Onna no Ko wa Dare Demo\" and Sheena's solo song \"Carnation\".\n\nWriting and production \n\nThe song features lyrics and music by Sheena. The other Color Bars songs were songs that had existed before the release that were suggested but did not appear on other releases. \"Kon'ya wa Karasawagi\" was the final song, which Sheena struggled over on the best way to express. She wrote the lyrics in the image of Tokyo, and wrote the melody in the most natural way she composes songs, without deviating.\n\nPromotion and release \n\nThe song was first performed by the band during the Discovery tour, from September 30 until December 26, 2011. It was also a part of their Bon Voyage farewell tour in February 2012. At Sheena's mini-tour Chotto Shita Recohatsu 2014 to promote her album Gyakuyunyū: Kōwankyoku (2014), Sheena performed the song as a solo artist as the final song of the encore. The band also made an appearance on Music Station to perform the song on January 20, 2012.\n\nA music video for the song directed by Yuichi Kodama was unveiled on January 1, 2012. It features each band member in a different style of 1800s clothing, in a wooden building. Several scenes feature money being thrown into the air, and each member sits at a wooden desk signing their name to a contract. Sheena loads a rifle and shoots a member in a bathroom, followed by scenes of the band performing the song in a dance hall. The video was nominated for the Best Video of the Year award at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan.\n\nCritical reception \n\nCDJournal called the song a \"rhythmic and stylish pop song, injected with a jazzy essence by a Hammond organ-style piano sound, and felt the song was a homage for \"ever-changing Tokyo\". Listenmusic reviewer Yoshiki Aoyuki felt the song had a \"Shōwa latin kayō taste\" not unlike Sheena's solo songs \"Kabukichō no Joō\" (1998) \"Marunouchi Sadistic\" (1999). Both reviewer Reiko Tsuzura and Yuya Shimizu of Rolling Stone Japan called the \"jazz kayō\".\n\nChart rankings\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences \n\n2012 songs\nJapanese-language songs\nSongs written by Ringo Sheena\nTokyo Jihen songs\nMusic videos directed by Yuichi Kodama\n2011 songs" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\"." ]

[ "American singer, songwriter and record producer R. Kelly has released 12 studio albums, 5 compilation albums and 3 collaboration albums. Kelly has sold over 100 million records, making him the most successful R&B male artist of the 1990s and also one of the best selling musical artists of all time. He is listed by Billboard as the most successful R&B/Hip Hop artist of the past 25 years (1985–2010) and also the most successful R&B artist in history.\n\nThis is a list of unreleased songs recorded by R. Kelly.\n\nSongs\n\nSee also\n\n List of songs recorded by R. Kelly\n\nReferences\n\nR. Kelly songs\n\nKelly, R", "\"She's on the Left\" is a 1988 single by Jeffrey Osborne. The single was the most successful of Osborne's solo career, reaching the number-one spot on the Black Singles chart and becoming his only number one. \"She's on the Left\" was his last release to make the Hot 100 peaking at number forty-eight. The single also became one of Osborne's most successful on the dance chart peaking at number six.\n\nReferences\n \n\n1988 singles\nJeffrey Osborne songs\nSongs written by Tony Haynes\nSongs written by Jeffrey Osborne\n1988 songs\nSongs written by Robert Brookins" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs" ]

[ "Zdenko Runjić (26 October 1942 – 27 October 2004) was a Croatian songwriter. In his long career, he established himself as one of the most prolific and most popular songwriters of former Yugoslavia and Croatia.\n\nBiography\nRunjić was born on 26 October 1942 in the village of Garčin near Slavonski Brod. Many of his songs were inspired by the folk traditions of Dalmatia. The songs became classics and Runjić helped the careers of many notable Croatian musicians such as Oliver Dragojević, Doris Dragović and Meri Cetinić. He was especially successful at the prestigious Split Music Festival. He wrote almost 700 songs which sold several million copies in both albums and singles. More than 200 songs were written for Dragojević alone. He was also a successful businessman and music producer. He owned a record company called Skalinada which became one of the most prominent record companies of Croatia.\n\nIn 1993, following the dispute with the Split Music Festival organisers, he founded the rival music festival called Melodije Hrvatskog Jadrana (Melodies of the Croatian Adriatic) and it soon became the key music festival of the country. On 27 October 2004, Runjić died in Krapinske Toplice from a stroke while recovering from a heart attack.\n\nSee also\nCroatian music\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDiscography of Zdenko Runjić\nSome audio clips\n\nCroatian songwriters\n1942 births\n2004 deaths\nPeople from Slavonski Brod\nMusicians from Split, Croatia", "The discography of Radwimps consists of twelve studio albums, four video albums and 26 singles. Radwimps debuted as a musical act in 2003 through independent label Newtraxx, releasing the albums Radwimps (2003) and Radwimps 2: Hatten Tojō (2005). After being signed to major label Toshiba EMI, the band released their album Radwimps 3: Mujintō ni Motte Ikiwasureta Ichimai to increasing commercial success.\n\nRadwimps have had several commercially successful songs, including \"Futarigoto\" (2006) which was certified Platinum by the RIAJ. Their singles \"Order Made\" (2008) and \"Dada\" (2011) both peaked at the top of Oricon's singles charts. Many Radwimps songs that were not released as singles were successful in the digital market, and have been certified gold.\n\nTheir 2016 single \"Zenzenzense\" is the most popular song by the band, having reached more than 150 million views on their YouTube channel. The song was used as one of the four theme songs to the anime film , and was one of 26 songs the band composed for the film's soundtrack. It reached number-one on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 and charted for 63 weeks. It also received a digital download song certification of Triple Platinum from the Recording Industry Association of Japan for sales of 750,000.\n\nStudio albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nPromotional singles\n\nOther charted songs\n\nVideo albums\n\nMusic videos\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nDiscographies of Japanese artists\nRock music group discographies" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs", "Which of his songs were more successful than the other?", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he sang lead vocals too), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (" ]

[ "Gary Lee Conner (born Lee Gary Conner, August 22, 1962) is an American rock musician, best known as the guitarist for Screaming Trees.\n\nCareer \nOriginally from Ellensburg, Washington, Conner formed the band Explosive Generation with his brother Van Conner and Mark Pickerel in the early 1980s. That band later evolved into Screaming Trees with the addition of singer Mark Lanegan in 1985. The band moved to Seattle in the late 1980s to join that city's burgeoning alternative rock scene. Conner played on seven studio albums with Screaming Trees until the band split in 2000.\n\nConner released the album Mystery Lane in 1990, under the group name The Purple Outside. During the 1990s he made regular guest appearances on recordings by other alternative rock acts. After the demise of Screaming Trees, Conner retired from music for ten years, and re-emerged with a new band called The Microdot Gnome. That band released the album 4D Sugarcubes in 2010. Starting in 2016 he began releasing albums under his own name, most recently Revelations in Fuzz in 2021.\n\nSelected discography\nFor his work with Screaming Trees, see Screaming Trees discography.\nMystery Lane (The Purple Outside, 1990)\n4D Sugarcubes (The Microdot Gnome, 2010)\nEther Trippers (solo, 2016)\nUnicorn Curry (solo, 2018)\nRevelations in Fuzz (solo, 2021)\n\nReferences \n\nScreaming Trees members\nAmerican rock guitarists\nAmerican male guitarists\nGrunge musicians\n1962 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Kittitas County, Washington\n20th-century American guitarists\nPeople from San Bernardino County, California\n20th-century American male musicians", "Anthony Earle Peter Butler (born 13 February 1957) is a British bassist, best known for his work with Scottish rock band Big Country. He has also worked with On the Air, The Pretenders, Roger Daltrey, and Pete Townshend, among others.\n\nEarly life\nButler was born at Hammersmith Hospital in White City, London, England. His parents are of Dominican heritage.\n\nCareer\nIn the late 1970s Butler joined the short-lived band On the Air which also included drummer Mark Brzezicki and Simon Townshend (the younger brother of The Who's guitarist Pete Townshend). On the Air released two singles in 1980 and toured with the Scottish band The Skids, which was where Butler met Stuart Adamson. In 1982 Butler joined Adamson's new band Big Country with his drumming partner Mark Brzezicki, which went on to enjoy success internationally during the 1980s and 1990s, he remained in the band until the end of 2000.\n\nHe also did session work with other artists including Pete Townshend, Roger Daltrey and The Pretenders among others, and declined an invitation by Chrissie Hynde to join The Pretenders.\n\nIn 2007, to celebrate 25 years of Big Country, Butler reunited with founder members Bruce Watson and Mark Brzezicki to embark on a tour of the UK. He became lead vocalist for the first time, taking over from the deceased Stuart Adamson. The band toured during 2010–11 with Mike Peters of The Alarm on vocals. Butler left Big Country again in 2012, citing differences with his bandmates, to be replaced by former Simple Minds bassist Derek Forbes.\n\nButler moved to Cornwall with his family in the 1980s and became a further education teacher in the 2000s. As of 2017, Butler ran courses in music at Petroc College in Devon.\n\nWhile Butler did not join The Pretenders permanently, he did a couple of sessions with the Pretenders out of which came the 1982 singles \"My City Was Gone\" and \"Back on the Chain Gang.\"\n\nIn 2017/18 Butler released an autobiography and a solo album My Time.\n\nDiscography\n\nSolo albums\nTony Butler has released three solo albums:\nThe Great Unknown (1997)\nLife Goes On (2005)\nMy Time (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\nPretenders 977 Radio\n\nLiving people\n1957 births\nBig Country members\nBlack British rock musicians\nEnglish people of Dominica descent\nEnglish rock bass guitarists\nMale bass guitarists\nMusicians from London\nPeople from Shepherd's Bush\nThe Pretenders members" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs", "Which of his songs were more successful than the other?", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he sang lead vocals too), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (", "Did he work with other people outside his band?", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year," ]

[ "Hidden Valley is an unincorporated community in Jefferson Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, United States. The Hidden Valley Foundation is a large HOA (Home Owners Association) which comprises Hidden Valley, PA (15502) and the 1185 homes within its boundaries. The community is governed by an elected Board of Directors and is managed by a professional staff within the South Ridge Center. Hidden Valley provides the community with 24/7/365 services including private roads, grounds maintenance, security, social & recreational programs, amenities (pools, tennis courts, pickleball courts, play grounds, parks, trails, the Mountain Metric Bike Race, and others), Architectural Control and enforcement of the CCR's (Conditions, Covenants, and Restrictions) to maintain the HOA.\n\nFormally, Hidden Valley Foundation and the Hidden Valley Resort were one entity under developer control while Hidden Valley was building out. The developers control was sunsetted per the Declaration and as of January 1, 2020, the community of Hidden Valley through the Hidden Valley Foundation became a self governing community. The Hidden Valley Resort, a ski resort is located within the community, but is not part of the Hidden Valley Foundation (the HOA) along the southern side of Pennsylvania Route 31. The Pennsylvania Turnpike (Interstates 70/76) is within a few miles of the community, which lies in the Laurel Highlands. They also were expanding on the north side but was never successfull. So does anyone know what happened yes! I know from former research that the map changed they sold their company and were loosing money so decided to give up and sell it. Then the other thing is that there was thunderbird lift and that is now gone. Why well again they were wasting money and not many people rode on it anyways. If you’re interested in seeing a lift car go to the coffee shop called silver horse across the street from jumping jack’s and next door from foxes pizza.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.wunderground.com/US/PA/Hidden_Valley.html\n\nUnincorporated communities in Somerset County, Pennsylvania\nUnincorporated communities in Pennsylvania", "Freedom Songs were songs which were sung by participants in the civil rights movement. They are also called \"civil rights anthems\" or, in the case of songs which are more hymn-like, they are called \"civil rights hymns.\"\n\nFreedom songs were an important feature of the way of life which existed during the civil rights movement. The songs contained many meanings for all of the participants in the civil rights movement. Songs could embody sadness, happiness, joy, or determination among many other feelings. Freedom songs served as mechanisms for unity in the black community during the movement. The songs also served as a means of communication among the movement's participants when words were not enough. The song \"We Shall Overcome\" quickly became the unofficial anthem of the movement. Guy Carawan taught the popular freedom song during the spring of 1960 in a workshop held at Highlander Folk School, making the song extremely popular within the community.\n\nMusic of the civil rights era was crucial to the productivity of the movement. Music communicated unspeakable feelings and the desire for radical change across the nation. Music strengthened the movement, adding variety to different freedom progression strategies. Music was highly successful in that the songs were direct and repetitive, clearly and efficiently getting the message across. The melodies were simple with repetitious choruses, which allowed easy involvement within both black and white communities, furthering the spread of their message. There was often more singing than talking during protests and demonstrations, showing how powerful the songs really were. Nurturing those who came to participate in the movement was vital, and it would be done with songs. Participants in the movement felt a sense of connectedness with one another and through the songs, they also felt a sense of connectedness with the movement . Politically, freedom songs were often sung in order to grab the attention of the nation and force it to address the severity of racial segregation in the United States.\n\nFrequently, the songs had a Christian background, they were usually based on hymns. The words of hymns were slightly altered so their wording could be incorporated into civil rights protests, and reflect current situations as they were sung outside churches, particularly in the streets. Although most freedom songs were derived from hymns, some freedom songs were also derived from other genres. In order to accommodate people who were not very religious, rock and roll songs were altered and turned into freedom songs, this allowed a large number of activists to partake in the singing.\n\nIn several cases, these songs began as gospel songs or spirituals, the most famous of these songs were \"We Shall Overcome,\" \"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize\", \"This Little Light of Mine\", and \"Go Tell it on the Mountain\".\n\nNina Simone and other professional artists are also known for either writing or singing such songs. Two of these songs are:\n \"Mississippi Goddam\", from Nina Simone in Concert (1964).\n \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\", from Black Gold (1970).\n\nActivist Fannie Lou Hamer is known for singing songs at marches or other types of protests, particularly \"This Little Light of Mine.\" Zilphia Horton also played a role in the conversion of spirituals to civil rights songs.\n\nAdditional freedom songs\nSome 100 or so songs were commonly sung during the Civil Rights Movement protests which occurred during the 1960s. Some of the best-known or the most-influential songs are:\n \"A Change Is Gonna Come (song)\": Composed and performed by Sam Cooke; #12 on the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list of Rolling Stone magazine\n \"Oh, Freedom\": a spiritual dating back to slavery times\n \"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round\"\n \"Certainly Lord\": based on a spiritual\n \"Hold On\" (also known as \"Keep Your Eye On The Prize\"): Based on a spiritual\n \"How I Got Over\"\n \"I Love Everybody\", the most important song in the civil rights movement according to SCLC's James Bevel and Andrew Young, sometimes sung for an hour at a time.\n \"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus\": Adapted from a composition by Chico Neblett\n \"I'm Gonna Sit at the Welcome Table\": Adapted from a Spiritual\n \"I Woke Up This Mornin'\": Adapted from a Spiritual\n \"Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing\": Composed by James Weldon Johnson\n \"This Little Light of Mine\": Originally a spiritual, associated with Fannie Lou Hamer.\n \"We shall not be moved\": Also, likely originally, a labor union song.\n \"If I had a hammer\": A labor union song by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays.\n \"Hymn to Freedom\": Composed and performed by Oscar Peterson\n\nSee also\n Civil rights movement in popular culture\n Music in the movement against apartheid\n \"Strange Fruit,\" a significant anti-racist protest song from the 1930s\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n Everybody Says Freedom, by Pete Seeger & Bob Reiser. Norton, 1989\n When the Spirit Says Sing! The Role of Freedom Songs in the Civil Rights Movement, by Kerran Sanger. Taylor & Francis Inc, 1995\n Sing for Freedom: the Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through its Songs, by Guy and Candie Carawan, Sing Out Corporation 1990\n Goertzen, Chris. \"Freedom Songs.\" Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. Ed. Charlie T. McCormick and Kim Kennedy White. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011. 586–588. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 13 May 2014.\n\nExternal links\n The Songs – University of Illinois\n \"People Get Ready\": Music and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s – History Now\n PBS\n Coco Jams\n About.com Top 10 Civil Rights Songs\n The Power of Freedom Songs ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive\n The Mix: Songs Inspired By The Civil Rights Movement – A collection of 150 songs that were either sung during the movement or, afterwards, inspired by the movement. This list was produced by NPR Music to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Movement.\n\nHistory of African-American civil rights\nCivil rights movement in popular culture" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs", "Which of his songs were more successful than the other?", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he sang lead vocals too), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (", "Did he work with other people outside his band?", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year,", "Were the songs successfull?", "Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at #48 UK in August 1978," ]

[ "We All Need a Reason to Believe is the second studio album by American pop punk band Valencia. It was produced by Ariel Rechtshaid, who has done projects for We Are Scientists and Plain White T's. An early review from AbsolutePunk writer Drew Beringer stated the release proved Valencia is \"a band that can breathe new life into pop-punk\".\n\nThe album title comes from lyrics in the second track, \"Holiday\".\n\nRelease\nIn early April 2008, the band appeared at the Bamboozle Left festival. On April 8, the band posted a rough mix of \"Holiday\" online. It was mentioned that the track would feature on the band's next album, which was planned for release in late summer/early fall. In July, the band supported All Time Low on their headlining US tour. We All Need a Reason to Believe was made available for streaming on August 19 through the band's Myspace profile, before being released on August 26 through major label Columbia Records. In October and November, the band supported Bayside on their headlining US tour. On November 21, the band released a music video for \"Where Did You Go?\". In January and February 2009, the band went on a headlining tour of the US with support from Houston Calls. In February and March, the band toured Australia as part of the Soundwave festival. On April 30, a music video was released for \"The Good Life\". The band appeared at The Bamboozle festival in early May. Between late June and late August, the band performed on the Warped Tour.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Better Be Prepared\" — 3:09\n \"Holiday\" — 2:58\n \"Where Did You Go?\" (featuring Rachel Minton of Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer) — 3:21\n \"Head in Hands\" — 2:56\n \"Carry On\" — 3:41\n \"All at Once\" — 3:27\n \"Safe to Say\" — 3:21\n \"Listen Up\" (featuring Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line) — 3:39 \n \"I Can't See Myself\" — 3:39\n \"The Good Life\" — 4:02\n \"Free\" — 4:18\n\nBonus track\n \"Running Away\" – 3:30\n\nWe All Need a Reason to B-Side\n \"When Words Fail, This Music Speaks\" — 2:41\n \"Working\" — 2:32\n \"Running Away\" — 3:33\n \"A Better Place to Land\" — 3:26\n\nPersonnel\n Shane Henderson — vocals\n JD Perry — guitar\n Maxim Soria — drums\n George Ciukurescu — bass\n Brendan Walter — guitar\n Kenny Vasoli (The Starting Line) — guest vocals on \"Listen Up\"\n Rachel Minton (Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer) — guest vocals on \"Where Did You Go?\"\n Dana Nielsen — engineer\n\nReferences\n\n2008 albums\nValencia (band) albums\nColumbia Records albums", "Go Radio is an American rock band from Tallahassee, Florida, formed by former Mayday Parade vocalist, guitarist and lyricist Jason Lancaster in April 2007.\n\nThe band toured with The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, A Day to Remember, as well as Mayday Parade. They played the entire Vans Warped Tour in 2011, and again during 2013, which was their last tour as a band.\n\nThe band announced that they would break-up on October 6, 2013. The disbandment was apparently due to the lead singer, Jason Lancaster, setting priorities and putting his family first. Lancaster said in an interview on The Gunz Show that this reason for the band's break up was completely false. Jason has no intention of stopping with his music and is writing new music. Lancaster said that he felt Go Radio had run its course as a band and it was time to move on to the next chapter of his life. When they parted, each of the band members planned to continue making music on their own. \n\nIn September 2019, the band announced they had re-united and would begin making music again and were \"sharing ideas and working on songs.\"\n\nHistory\n\nFormation and Welcome to Life (2007–09)\nGo Radio formed in January 2007 before Jason Lancaster left Mayday Parade. Together with Matt 'Burns' Poulos, as well as Steven Kopacz and Patrick Hosey of the Florida band Don't Die Cindy, Lancaster started Go Radio. The name \"Go Radio\" was originally going to be the name of a Mayday Parade side project of Lancaster's. Hosey left the band in late 2007, and was replaced by Tony Planas.\n\nIn 2008 Go Radio released their debut EP Welcome to Life. Planas left the band in late 2008, and was replaced by Alex Reed, formerly of the Michigan band \"Carawae\". Reed contacted the band through Myspace and originally joined only as a touring guitarist, but was later promoted to a full-time member.\n\nDo Overs and Second Chances (2009–10)\nOn September 8, 2009 the band released their first studio update. They revealed that they were in the process of recording a new EP with producers Zack Odom and Kenneth Mount, both of whom produced Mayday Parade's A Lesson in Romantics (2007). On October 5, 2009, Go Radio released two of the songs from the EP on their Myspace. The band then signed to Fearless on January 21, 2010 and went on to release Do Overs and Second Chances as their Fearless debut on April 20, 2010.\n\nLucky Street (2010–11)\nIn the July 2010 issue of Alternative Press Lancaster revealed that he had begun writing for Go Radio's debut album for Fearless. On August 31, 2010 in Brooklyn, NY the band headed into the studio with Tim O'Heir. They finished recording on September 29, 2010. The resulting album, Lucky Street was released on March 1, 2011. The album was very well received by critics, and debuted number 77 on the US Billboard 200 and debuted within the top 20 of the US Billboard Rock, Independent, and Alternative Albums charts. On June 6, 2011, a music video for the single \"Any Other Heart\" premiered on Vevo.\n\nIn the summer of 2011 they played the entire Vans Warped Tour on the Nintendo 3DS Stage. Their next tour will be the first one that takes them overseas as they head to Australia to take part in the Soundwave Counter-Revolution mini-festival from September 24, 2011 until October 12, 2011.\n\nGo Radio announced the release of a deluxe edition of Lucky Street on October 24, 2011. It contains 8 tracks not seen on the original version of the album.\n\nClose the Distance (2012–13)\nIn early 2012 the band began demoing new songs for their second studio full length.\n\nOn March 1, 2012 Jason Lancaster announced that the band had finished recording. On April 20, 2012, the album is title Close the Distance was announced with a release date of August 14, 2012. The release date was pushed back to September 18, 2012. On July 16 the new release date was confirmed and the band announced their album art and track listing along with a preview for their first song \"Collide.\".\nTo promote their album, Go Radio started a share contest in which fans had the chance to unlock the new song off Close the Distance when the number of views, shares, and newsletter signups in total reached 20,000.\n\nOn July 18, two days after the contest started, fans had already reached the goal and the song premiered on Alternative Press magazine's website\n\nThe band joined the Vans Warped Tour for all of its 2013 tenure. This was their last major tour prior to their break up in October.\n\nHiatus (2013-19)\nOn October 6, 2013, the band announced their breakup, the band cited Lancaster's desire to settle down with his wife. Lancaster has stated that he will continue to make music on his own, realising his solo album, As You Are in mid-2014. Kopacz joined Anarbor as a touring drummer. Alex Reed joined another band from Tallahassee, Stages & Stereos as a guitarist.\n\nReunion (2019-present)\nOn September 29, 2019, the band announced that they have reunited and are currently working on new music. On November 25, 2019, the band released \"Goodnight Moon\", a fan favorite from Do Overs and Second Chances, as a single to celebrate their reunion. Paired with it was \"Say It Again\", their first new recording since their breakup in 2013. On July 24, 2020, the band released another single entitled \"So Love\".\n\nBand members\n\nCurrent members\n Jason Lancaster – lead vocals, piano, rhythm guitar (2007–13; 2019–present)\n Matt \"Burns\" Poulos – bass guitar, backing vocals (2007–13; 2019–present)\n Steven Kopacz – drums, percussion (2007–13; 2019–present)\n Alex Reed – lead guitar, backing vocals (2009–13; 2019–present)\n\nFormer members\n Patrick Hosey – lead guitar, backing vocals (2007)\n Tony Planas – lead guitar, backing vocals (2007–08)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n\nEPs\n\nSingles\n\nEarly unreleased demos\n \"Hollie Ollie Oxen Free\"\n \"That California Song\"\n \"I Wish It Would Snow\"\n\nCompilation appearances\n 'Tis The Season To Be Fearless with \"O Holy Night\", originally composed by Adolphe Adam.\n Punk Goes Pop 4 with \"Rolling in the Deep\" (Adele cover)\n\nTours\n\n2008\n The Scenic, Lannen Fall, The July Week – To Catch a Preda-Tour (supporting act, U.S.)\n\n2009\n The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus – Kick Your Own Ass Tour (opening act, 5/5 - 5/28 and 8/02 - 8/22 and 9/18, U.S.)\n\n2010\n A Day to Remember – Toursick 2010 (opening act, 4/19 - 5/16, U.S.)\n The Dangerous Summer – Reach for the Sun Tour 2010 (supporting act, 7/10 - 7/17, U.S.)\nSecondhand Serenade – Summer Tour (opening act, 7/20 - 8/8, U.S.)\n Mayday Parade – Fearless Friends Tour (opening act, supporting act on select dates, 10/13 – 11/28, U.S.)\n\n2011\n Emarosa w/ Chiodos, Go Radio, Decoder (supporting act, 2/15 - 3/5, U.S.)\n A Rocket to the Moon – On Your Side Tour (supporting act, 3/15 - 4/23, U.S.)\n Go Radio w/ Sparks the Rescue, This Century, Select Start – District Lines Tour (headliner, 5/5 - 5/28, U.S.)\n Warped Tour 2011 – Warped Tour 2011 (6/24 - 8/14, U.S. and Canada)\n Counter-Revolution - Counter-Revolution - (9/24, 9/25, 9/30, 10/2, 10/3, Australia) \n Yellowcard - Yellowcard Fall Tour (supporting act, 10/8 - 11/18, U.S and Canada)\n\n2012\n Go Radio w/ This Providence, Tyler Carter (ex-Woe, Is Me), Simple As Surgery, and Ivory Lights - Lucky Street Tour (headliner, 3/20 - 5/13, U.S) \n SafetySuit - Fall Tour (direct support, 9/7 - 10/5, U.S)\n Go Radio w/ Paradise Fears and Stages and Stereos - #GoToHell Tour (headliner, 11/2 - 12/4, U.S)\n\n2013\n The Summer Set w/ We Are the In Crowd, Go Radio and For the Foxes - Wake Up & Be Awesome Tour (supporting act, 2/21 - 3/30, U.S)\n Warped Tour 2013 – Warped Tour 2013 (6/15 - 8/4, U.S. and Canada)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nAlternative rock groups from Florida\nAmerican pop rock music groups\nFearless Records artists\nMusical groups established in 2007\nMusical groups from Tallahassee, Florida\nMusical quartets\nMusical groups disestablished in 2013\nMusical groups reestablished in 2019\n2007 establishments in Florida\n2013 disestablishments in Florida" ]

[ "Stewart Copeland", "The Police (1977-1986)", "What is the relation between Stewart and The police?", "1976, Copeland founded the Police with lead singer-bass guitarist Sting and guitarist Henry Padovani (who was soon replaced by Andy Summers), and they became one of the top bands", "Which song did the band release?", "The Police's early track list was mostly made of Copeland's compositions, including the band's first single \"Fall Out\" (Illegal Records, 1977) and the B side \"Nothing Achieving\".", "Were the songs successful?", "Though Copeland's songwriting contribution was reduced to a couple of songs per album as Sting started writing more material, he continued to co-arrange all the Police's songs", "Which of his songs were more successful than the other?", "Amongst Copeland's most notable songs are \"On Any Other Day\" (where he sang lead vocals too), \"Does Everyone Stare\" (", "Did he work with other people outside his band?", "Copeland also recorded under the pseudonym Klark Kent, releasing several UK singles in 1978 with one (\"Don't Care\") entering the UK Singles Chart that year,", "Were the songs successfull?", "Copeland played all the instruments and sang the lead vocals himself. Kent's \"Don't Care\", which peaked at #48 UK in August 1978,", "Did the band go on a tour?", "The Police stopped touring in 1984, and during this brief hiatus he released a solo album, The Rhythmatist." ]

[ "The 2017 TCR Ibérico Touring Car Series season was the first season of the TCR Iberico Touring Car Series, a merger of the TCR Spain and TCR Portugal series. The championship started at Autódromo do Estoril in Portugal on 30 April and ended at Algarve International Circuit in Portugal on 22 October.\n\nTeams and drivers\nHankook is the official tyre supplier.\n\nCalendar and results\nThe 2017 schedule was announced on 8 November 2016, with four event in Portugal and three events in Spain. The Portuguese rounds will count towards the TCR Portugal standings, while the Spanish rounds will cound towards the TCR Spain standings. An overall title will also be available.\n\nChampionship standings\n\nTCR Ibérico Touring Car Series\n\nDrivers' championship\n\nScoring systems\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.\n\nClass 2\n\nTCR Portugal Touring Car Championship\n\nDrivers' championship\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.\n\nTCR Spain Touring Car Championship\n\nDrivers' championship\n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nIbérico Touring Car Series\n2017 in Portuguese motorsport\n2017 in Spanish motorsport", "This article describes some of the 2019 seasons of TCR Series across the world.\n\nVLN TCR Class\n\nThe 2019 Veranstaltergemeinschaft Langstreckenpokal Nürburgring TCR Class was the third season for the TCR Class in the championship.\n\nTeams and drivers\n\nSome TCR cars come in other VLN classes.\n\nCalendar and results\n\nUAE Touring Car Championship \nThe 2018–19 UAE Touring Car Championship (also called NGK UAE Touring Car Championship for sponsorship reasons) is the 11th season of the UAE Touring Car Championship and the first that TCR class was featured.\n\nTeams and drivers \nAll teams are UAE–registered.\n\nCalendar and results \nAll Rounds are held in the United Arab Emirates.\n\nChampionship standings\n\nTCR Baltic Trophy \nThe 2019 TCR Baltic Trophy will be the third season of TCR Baltic Trophy, which is contested within the Baltic Touring Car Championship events. There will be also a standalone endurance class, which is contested within the supporting NEZ Endurance Championship. The winner of TCR Baltic in 2019 was Džiugas Tovilavičius.\n\nTeams and drivers\n\nCalendar and results \n\nScoring system\n\nChampionship standings \n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.\n\nTCR Ibérico Touring Car Series \nThe 2019 TCR Ibérico Touring Car Series season was the third season of the TCR Ibérico Touring Car Series. The championship started at Circuito do Estoril in Portugal on 13 April and ended at Algarve International Circuit in Portugal on 26 October.\n\nCalendar and results\n\nChampionship standings \n\n† – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed over 75% of the race distance.\n\nTCR Spa 500\n\nFIA Motorsport Games Touring Car Cup\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\n2019" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992," ]

[ "The Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS) is a test used by doctors to determine how severely migraines affect a patient's life. Patients are asked questions about the frequency and duration of their headaches, as well as how often these headaches limited their ability to participate in activities at work, at school, or at home.\n\nThe test was evaluated by the professional journal Neurology in 2001; it was found to be both reliable and valid.\n\nQuestions\nThe MIDAS contains the following questions:\n\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss work or school because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last 3 months was your productivity at work or school reduced by half or more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 1 where you missed work or school.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you not do household work because of your headaches?\n How many days in the last three months was your productivity in household work reduced by half of more because of your headaches? (Do not include days you counted in question 3 where you did not do household work.)\n On how many days in the last 3 months did you miss family, social or leisure activities because of your headaches?\n\nThe patient's score consists of the total of these five questions. Additionally, there is a section for patients to share with their doctors:\n\nWhat your Physician will need to know about your headache:\n\nA. On how many days in the last 3 months did you have a headache?\n(If a headache lasted more than 1 day, count each day.)\t\n\nB. On a scale of 0 - 10, on average how painful were these headaches? \n(where 0 = no pain at all and 10 = pain as bad as it can be.)\n\nScoring\nOnce scored, the test gives the patient an idea of how debilitating his/her migraines are based on this scale:\n\n0 to 5, MIDAS Grade I, Little or no disability \n\n6 to 10, MIDAS Grade II, Mild disability\n\n11 to 20, MIDAS Grade III, Moderate disability\n\n21+, MIDAS Grade IV, Severe disability\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMigraine Treatment\n\nMigraine", "\"How Do I Deal\" is a song by American actress Jennifer Love Hewitt from the soundtrack to the film I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. The song was released as a single on November 17, 1998, with an accompanying music video. The single became Hewitt's one and only appearance on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, peaking at number 59 in a seven-week run. Although not a big success in America, the single reached number five in New Zealand and peaked at number eight in Australia, where it is certified gold.\n\nTrack listings\nUS CD, 7-inch, and cassette single\n \"How Do I Deal\" (single version) – 3:23\n \"Try to Say Goodbye\" (performed by Jory Eve) – 3:36\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"How Do I Deal\" – 3:24\n \"Sugar Is Sweeter\" (performed by CJ Bolland) – 5:34\n\nAustralian CD single\n \"How Do I Deal\" – 3:23\n \"Sugar Is Sweeter\" (Danny Saber Remix featuring Justin Warfield, performed by CJ Bolland) – 4:57\n \"Try to Say Goodbye\" (performed by Jory Eve) – 3:35\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n143 Records singles\n1998 songs\n1999 singles\nJennifer Love Hewitt songs\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise)\nMusic videos directed by Joseph Kahn\nSong recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn\nSong recordings produced by David Foster\nSongs written for films\nWarner Records singles" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year." ]

[ "\"Make Some Noise\" is the second single from the album Make Some Noise by Krystal Meyers. The song was released in the United States and Japan in 2008.\n\nAbout \"Make Some Noise\"\n\"Make Some Noise\" was used by NBC in promoting its fall 2008 line-up. Its video made its world-wide internet video premiere on Yahoo Music on July 10, 2008. \"Make Some Noise\" was also recorded by Meyers with her singing portions of the song in Indonesian, Mandarin and Thai. These versions are available in the iTunes Worldwide Deluxe Edition and with the Make Some Noise bonus DVD.\n\n\"Make Some Noise\" is about making noise as you stand up for what is right. Krystal writes, \"I really want me and my generation to be a part of leaving a positive impact on the world, and that's what \"Make Some Noise\" is all about. We need to stand up for what we believe, and for who we are. Don't let anyone ignore you. Don't be afraid to take a stand, because we were born to make some noise!\" \n\nVideos of the song are available on the Make Some Noise bonus DVD.\n\nReferences\n\n2008 singles\nKrystal Meyers songs\nSongs written by Dave Derby\nSongs written by Vitamin C (singer)\nSongs written by Krystal Meyers\n2008 songs\nEssential Records (Christian) singles", "\"If I Were You\" is a 1995 single written by k.d. lang and Ben Mink and performed by k.d. lang. The single was the first single released from lang's third studio album, All You Can Eat (1995), on 18 September 1995.\n\n\"If I Were You\" reached number 24 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart and number four on the RPM Adult Contemporary chart. On the US Billboard charts, the single reached number 15 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 and was lang's second and final number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. Overseas, \"If I Were You\" peaked at number 23 in Australia, number 50 in New Zealand, and number 53 in the United Kingdom. Billboard named it lang's sixth-best song.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUS 7-inch and CD single\n \"If I Were You\" – 3:38\n \"Get Some\" – 3:37\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"If I Were You\" – 3:58\n \"Get Some\" – 3:37\n \"What's New Pussycat\" (live) – 2:44\n\nAustralian maxi-single\n \"If I Were You\" (album version)\n \"If I Were You\" (Close to the Groove edit)\n \"If I Were You\" (Smokin' Lounge Mix)\n \"If I Were You\" (Junior's X-Beat Mix)\n \"If I Were You\" (album edit)\n \"What's New Pussycat\" (live)\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of number-one dance singles of 1996 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\n1995 singles\n1995 songs\nK.d. lang songs\nMusic videos directed by Kevin Kerslake\nSongs written by Ben Mink\nSongs written by k.d. lang" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer" ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995." ]

[ "\"Any Last Werdz\" is the second and final single from Eazy-E's EP, It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa. It features Kokane and Cold 187um.\n\nThe single was released in 1994 as the follow-up to the popular \"Real Muthaphuckkin G's\" and was written by Eazy-E, Dirty Red and produced by Above the Law's Cold 187 um. Any Last Werdz did find some success on the charts, making it to #69 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #5 on the Hot Rap Singles. The music video would be his last before his death.\n\nSingle Track Listing\n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Car Hop / Gunz) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Anotha Murder Version) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Street Version) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Radio Edit) - 3:30 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Car Hop / No Gunz) - 5:11 \n\"Any Last Werdz\" (Instrumental) - 5:11\n\nReferences\n\nEazy-E songs\n1994 singles\nGangsta rap songs\nHorrorcore songs\n1993 songs", "Binaca Geetmala was a weekly countdown show of top filmi songs from Hindi cinema. It was popular and had millions of listeners. Binaca Geetmala was broadcast on Radio Ceylon from 1952 to 1988 and then shifted to the Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio network in 1989 where it ran until 1994. It was the first radio countdown show of Indian film songs, and has been quoted as being the most popular radio program in India during its run. Its name reflects its sponsorship by Binaca. \nBinaca Geetmala, and its subsequent incarnations named after Cibaca—Cibaca Sangeetmala, Cibaca Geetmala, and Colgate Cibaca Sangeetmala—ran from 1954 to 1994 on Radio Ceylon and then on Vividh Bharati. They also broadcast annual year-end lists from 1954 to 1993.\n\nMost No of songs by singer\n\nAmeen Sayani and Radio Ceylon\nThe show was hosted throughout its entire run by Ameen Sayani. It was very popular in India, with estimated listenership ranging from 900,000 to 2,000,000. It greatly increased the popularity of Radio Ceylon, making it the primary source of popular film music on radio for the Indian subcontinent. After 1998, the show aired on Vividh Bharati and was on for half an hour on Monday nights.\n\nPopularity ratings method\nAt its onset in 1952, the program did not rank songs, but rather played seven contemporary songs in no particular order. Later, the program started ranking the most popular Hindi film songs. \nThe songs were initially ranked by a combination of the number of records sold in India and listener votes. Popularity was gauged by record sales, verdicts from record store owners, and popularity among the or 'listeners clubs'. Each week, the would send the radio station their list of popular songs. The clubs were formed because it was possible for a record to be sold out at stores and although there was interest to buy more, the interest would not show up in record sales.\n\nThe year-end lists were compiled based on points earned by songs through the year. Between 1966 and 1970 there would sometimes be no points on the weekly broadcast, but the year-end show would be based on point system.\n\nLists of top songs per year\n\nSilver jubilee and LP record\nOn 12 December 1977, Binaca Geetmala celebrated its 25-year anniversary in a social gathering organized in Bombay. Many well known composers, poets, and singers attended the show.\n\nThe top songs from 1953 to 1977 were compiled and released in a two record volume set. Volume 1 has songs from 1953 to 1964; volume 2 has songs from 1965 to 1977. Between the songs on the volume set, there is commentary by Ameen Sayani.\n\nSee also\nAmeen Sayani\nBollywood songs\nRadio Ceylon\n\nReferences\n8 Binaca Geetmala 1964 Songs List\n\nMusic chart shows\nIndian radio programmes\nAll India Radio" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\"," ]

[ "Iz*One was a twelve-member South Korean and Japanese girl group formed in 2018 through Produce 48, a music competition reality show. The group achieved significant commercial success with its debut extended play Color*Iz (2018), released under Off the Record Entertainment, and won several new artist awards, including Best New Artist at the 20th Mnet Asian Music Awards, Rookie of the Year at the 33rd Golden Disc Awards, and the New Artist Award at the 28th Seoul Music Awards. The group's second EP, Heart*Iz (2019), was released to greater commercial success than its predecessor, and received Disc Bonsang nominations at the 34th Golden Disc Awards and the 29th Seoul Music Awards respectively. The EP's lead single, \"Violeta\", received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 21st Mnet Asian Music Awards.\n\nThe group earned its first ever daesang award nominations for its first studio album Bloom*Iz, released in February 2020. The album was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 12th Melon Music Awards and the 10th Gaon Chart Music Awards, while its lead single \"Fiesta\" was also nominated at both ceremonies for Best Dance – Female and Song of the Year – February respectively. Iz*One did not win any of the nominations but the group received its second Artist of the Year bonsang at the Melon Music Awards. Bloom*Iz garnered an additional Bonsang Award nomination at the 30th Seoul Music Awards. The group's follow-up EP, Oneiric Diary, released in June 2020, was also nominated alongside its predecessor at the Gaon Awards, for Album of the Year – 3rd Quarter. The group won its third Artist of the Year bonsang at the 3rd Fact Music Awards in December 2020.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nIz*One\nAwards", "The 54th Academy of Country Music Awards was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 7, 2019. Nominations were announced on February 20, 2019 by Reba McEntire during CBS This Morning, with Chris Stapleton and Dan + Shay leading with six nominations each. McEntire returned to host the awards for the sixteenth time.\n\nJason Aldean was presented with the ACM's rare honor \"Artist of the Decade\" by previous holder George Strait.\n\nWinners and Nominees \nThe winners are shown in bold.\n\nPerformances\n\nPresenters\n\nReception \nIn its review of the event, Rolling Stone Country praised that the ACMs took the opportunity to bring seasoned musicians Amanda Shires and Charlie Worsham \"into the fold\" by having them appear alongside Luke Combs and Keith Urban respectively but criticised that the ACMs did not introduce either of them or even feature them on screen. Worsham, who the reviewer believed should have been nominated for his own awards, performed \"mostly in the shadows\" and Shires, who \"helped transform [Combs' performance] with her lyrical playing\" was barely seen. Rolling Stone also praised Reba McEntire's hosting and the performances by Dierks Bentley and Brandi Carlile, Little Big Town, Miranda Lambert and Ashley McBryde but stated that it was \"baffling\" that Kacey Musgraves, who had five nominations and won the CMA Award for Album of the Year and four Grammy Awards including Best Country Album and the all-genre Album of the Year for Golden Hour, did not perform. Musgraves' win made her only the third artist (after Taylor Swift and the artists that appeared on Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?) to win the ACM, CMA and Grammy Awards for Best Country Album as well as the all-genre Grammy for Album of the Year.\n\nSee also\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\n\nReferences\n\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards\nAcademy of Country Music Awards" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\",", "did the album win any awards", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them." ]

[ "Sada Kristin Jackson (née, Irvine Spearman; born June 4, 1983) is an American Christian R&B and urban contemporary gospel artist and musician. She started her music career, in 2009, with the band Press Play, where she was the lead vocalist for two years. Her solo music career got underway, in 2015, with the release of the studio album, Long Story Short, independently, in 2015.\n\nEarly life\nSada Jackson was born Sada Kristin Irvine Spearman, on June 4, 1983, in Kansas City, Missouri, whose father is Grover and mother is Ileana, who raised her and her siblings, older brother, Justin, and younger brother, Ryan, in Kansas City, Kansas, at the Quindaro Church of God in Christ. This is where she would hone her singing acumen, at the age of three years. Her parents divorced in the mid-2000s. Her parents both got diagnosed with cancer, but are both still living, with her dad's in remission, while her mom's is still in the healing process.\n\nMusic career\nHer music recording career commenced in 2009, when she was a member of the Christian pop band, Press Play, where she was their lead vocalist for two years, until a catastrophic knee injury sidelined her, in June 2011. This caused her to depart the band, where she had to focus her efforts at healing the injury she sustained. She started her individual music recording career in 2015, with the studio album, Long Story Short, that released on January 27, 2015, independently. The album got reviewed by CCM Magazine, New Release Today and The Journal of Gospel Music, in three four star reviews. She sings the national anthem for the Kansas City Royals.\n\nPersonal life\nShe is married to Kenneth Roy \"Kenny\" Jackson, who is also her manager. They reside in Los Angeles, California.\n\nDiscography\nStudio albums\n Long Story Short (January 27, 2015, independent)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Website\n\n1983 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American songwriters\nAfrican-American Christians\nMusicians from Kansas City, Missouri\nMusicians from Kansas City, Kansas\nMusicians from Los Angeles\nSongwriters from Missouri\nSongwriters from Kansas\nSongwriters from California\n21st-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American people", "Fatima Rainey (born 24 July 1967) is a Swedish pop singer.\n\nRainey has released two studio albums through Warner Music Group of Japan. She was married to the Swedish actor and stand-up comedian Claes Malmberg.\n\nHer 1998 song \"Hey\" became a huge hit in South Africa and still popular till today. Also a dance hit in the Philippines.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n1997: Love Is a Wonderful Thing\n2001: Celebration\n\nCompilations \n1997: The Remix Collection\n\nSingles\n1997: \"Love Is a Wonderful Thing\"\n1997: \"I Gave You the Best\" (Remix)\n1997: \"Find Our Way Back\"\n1998: \"Hey\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Warner Music Japan discography\n Interview with Fatima Rainey \n\n1967 births\nLiving people\nSwedish pop singers\nSwedish women singers\nEnglish-language singers from Sweden" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\",", "did the album win any awards", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "is she still making music today", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles", "Lorraine Crosby (born 27 November 1960) is an English singer and songwriter. She was the female vocalist on Meat Loaf's 1993 hit single \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". Her debut album, Mrs Loud was released in 2008.\n\nEarly life\nCrosby was born in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne. Her father died in a road accident when his car collided with a bus when she was two years old, leaving her mother to raise Lorraine, her two sisters, and one brother. She attended Walker Comprehensive school. She sang in school and church choirs and played the violin in the orchestra, but did not start singing professionally until she was 20.\n\nWork with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman\nInspired by Tina Turner, Crosby searched the noticeboard for bands wanting singers at the guitar shop Rock City in Newcastle. After joining several bands she set up a five-piece cabaret band which toured extensively, playing to British and American servicemen throughout the early 1980s.\n\nBack in Newcastle, she met Stuart Emerson, who was looking for a singer for his band. They began writing together, and also became a couple. In the early 1990s, Crosby sent songwriter and producer Jim Steinman some demos of songs she had written with Emerson. Steinman asked to meet them so they decided to move to New York. They then followed Steinman after he moved to Los Angeles. Steinman became their manager and secured them a contract with Meat Loaf's recording label MCA. While visiting the label's recording studios on Sunset Boulevard, Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf, who was recording the song \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\". Cher, Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler were considered for the role. The song was a commercial success, becoming number one in 28 countries. However, as Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals, she did not receive any payment for the recording but she receives royalties from PRS, and so the credit \"Mrs. Loud\" was used on the album. Also, Crosby did not appear in the Michael Bay-directed music video, where model Dana Patrick mimed her vocals. Meat Loaf promoted the single with American vocalist Patti Russo performing the live female vocals of this song at his promotional appearances and concerts. Crosby also sang additional and backing vocals on the songs \"Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back\", \"Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are\", and \"Everything Louder Than Everything Else\" from the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell. On these three selections, she was credited under her real name rather than the alias of Mrs. Loud.\n\nSolo work\nCrosby regularly performed at holiday camps and social clubs in England until April 2005 when she took a break from live work.\n\nIn 2005, she sang a duet with Bonnie Tyler for the track \"I'll Stand by You\" from the album Wings. The song was written and composed by Stuart Emerson about Crosby's and Tyler's relationship. Also in 2005, Crosby appeared as a contestant on ITV's The X Factor. She performed \"You've Got a Friend\" and progressed to the second round after impressing judges Louis Walsh and Sharon Osbourne but Simon Cowell expressed doubt saying she \"lacked star quality.\"\n\nCrosby returned to live performances in April 2007. In November 2007, she appeared on the BBC Three television show Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate to Love discussing the Meat Loaf track \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" which featured at No. 76.\n\nIn November 2008, Crosby appeared at Newcastle City Hall with special guest Bonnie Tyler to launch her self-produced album entitled Mrs Loud. The concert was later repeated in March 2011. In April 2009, she was also featured on The Justin Lee Collins Show and performed a duet with Justin, singing the Meat Loaf song \"Dead Ringer for Love\". She also performed \"I'd Do Anything for Love\" with Tim Healy for Sunday for Sammy in 2012.\n\nCrosby performs in cabaret shows with her band along with her partner Stuart Emerson.\n\nCrosby appeared in the first round of BBC's second series of The Voice on 6 April 2013. She failed to progress when she was rejected by all four coaches.\n\nOther work\nIn the mid-1990s, Crosby appeared as an extra in several television series episodes.\n\nIn 2019, she joined Steve Steinman Productions in the show Steve Steinman's Anything for Love which toured the UK during 2019 and 2020, performing hits such as \"Good Girls Go to Heaven\", \"Holding Out for a Hero\" and dueting with Steinman on \"What About Love\" and \"I'd Do Anything for Love\", amongst others.\n\nIn 2020, she released a duet with Bonnie Tyler, \"Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)\" as a charity single in aid of the charity Teenage Cancer Trust.\n\nDiscography\nCrosby has provided backing vocals on Bonnie Tyler's albums Free Spirit (1995) and Wings (2005).\n\nStudio albums\n Mrs Loud (2008)\n\nSingles\n \"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" (with Meat Loaf) (1993)\n \"Through Thick and Thin (I'll Stand by You)\" (with Bonnie Tyler) (2020)\n\nOther recordings\n \"I'll Stand by You\" (with Bonnie Tyler) (2005)\n \"Double Take\" (with Frankie Miller) (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Newcastle upon Tyne (district)\nThe Voice UK contestants\n21st-century English women singers" ]

[ "Alison Krauss", "1992-1999: Rising success", "what happened in 1992", "Krauss' second Union Station album Every Time You Say Goodbye was released in 1992,", "how did it do", "she went on to win her second Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album of the year.", "what were some songs on it", "I don't know.", "what happened in 1999", "\"It Doesn't Matter\", which was featured in the second-season premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "anything else interesting between 92 and 99", "A Collection, a compilation of older releases and some covers of her favorite works by other artists, was released in 1995.", "were there any popular songs on those?", "Some of these covers include Bad Company's \"Oh Atlanta\",", "did the album win any awards", "Krauss also was nominated for four Country Music Association Awards and won all of them.", "is she still making music today", "I don't know.", "did she do anything else notable in that time period", "In addition, the track \"That Kind of Love\" was included in another episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer." ]

[ "Tai Orathai (; born March 27, 1980) is a Thai female luk thung (Thai country music) singer from Ubon Ratchatani, Thailand. She is also known as \"Sao Dok Yaah (Miss Grass Flower)\". The name \"Sao Dok Yahh\" comes from her debut album. The album sold more than two million copies in Thailand. Privately as well as on stage, she is recognized as a very polite person. That is one reason for her 10-year popularity. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in Faculty of Mass Communication from Ramkhamhaeng University.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life \nTai's real name is Orathai Dabkham. She was born on 27 March 1980, in the village of Khum San Chani, Tambon Pohn Swan, Amphoe Na Chaluai, in the Ubon Ratchatani Province. She is the daughter of Mr Sang Dabhkam and Mrs Nittaya Kaewthong. Her parents separated when she was 11 years old, and from thereon she lived with her grandmother, Khun Yai Thongkham Kaewthong. She is the first of four siblings. At a young age she had to help her grandmother raise her three younger brothers, which also meant that she needed to help her grandmother to find a source of income.\n\nStudio albums\n\nSpecial albums\n\nFilmography\n\nTV Series\n\nOther songs\n โปงลางอีนางเด้อ (Pong Lang Ee Nang Der)\n โลโซโบว์รัก (Lo So Bow Luk)\n เอียงแก้มคอย (Iong Gam Koy)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n \n Tai Orathai ที่ Google\n\nTai Orathai\nTai Orathai\nLiving people\n1980 births\nTai Orathai\nLao-language singers\nIsan-language singers", "A flower frog is a device used to help arrange flowers.\n\nSome, such as the Japanese kenzan, are utilitarian metal devices that fit into a vase or bowl and fix the stems by metal needles. Other designs use a number of holes or guides that stems could be fit through for arranging. A flurry of patents followed the metal flower frog popularity, all claiming to save the housewife time and allow her to quickly and creatively arrange flowers. Many types of flower frogs are art pieces with holes for flower stems and a container for holding water.\n\nExternal links\nFlower Frog Gazette\n\nFloristry" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production" ]

[ "Polish Film Chronicle () (1944–95) was a 10-minute-long newsreel shown in Polish cinemas prior to the main film. It continued the traditions of the pre-war Polish Telegraphic Agency, and in Communist Poland was often used as propaganda tool. The chronicle was for the first time presented in Polish cinemas on December 1, 1944. It was produced biweekly by Warsaw's Wytwornia Filmow Dokumentalnych i Fabularnych (Documentary and Feature Film Studio, WFDiF), with cooperation of Film Studio “Czolowka”.\n\nThe chronicle served as a propaganda tool of the government of the People's Republic of Poland. It presented current events, economy, sports and culture news, commentaries and opinion journalism, also entertainment, like private life of Irena Szewińska. Usually one newsreel consisted of five parts, each describing a different topic. In some cases, such as official holiday (e.g. International Workers' Day), whole newsreel was dedicated to the events of this holiday. Apart from cinemas, the chronicle was also presented in the 1960s by the Polish Television. In few selected cases the chronicle presented news from outside of Poland, but this was rare, as it concentrated on domestic issues. \n\nFirst editor-in-chief of the Polish Film Chronicle was Jerzy Bossak, and among its speakers were such renowned actors, as Władysław Hańcza and Andrzej Łapicki. Among other personalities who cooperated with the chronicle were Andrzej Munk and Władysław Szpilman. Almost all newsreels are black and white, although already in the 1950s, first colour productions were made, with the Sovcolor technology. Among colour newsreels are those which describe events of special importance, such as 1952 construction of the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, 1953 reconstruction of Warsaw Old Town, the 1000 years of Poland Parade (1966), or Mirosław Hermaszewski’s flight (1978). \n\nPolish Film Chronicle was cancelled at cinemas on January 1, 1995. Warsaw's Documentary and Feature Film Studio still exists, and continues to make newsreels.\n\nSources \n Historia o historii, czyli Polska Kronika Filmowa. Polish Radio article about the chronicle. 28.01.2013\n\nExternal links \n 1979 Polish Film Chronicle about winter of the century\n\nNewsreels\nBroadcasting in Poland\n1944 establishments in Poland\n1995 disestablishments in Europe\nShort film series", "No-Do is the colloquial name for Noticiario y Documentales, (\"News and Documentaries\"), a state-controlled series of cinema newsreels produced in Spain from 1943 to 1981 and closely associated with the 1939–1975 Francisco Franco's dictatorial regime.\n\nIn their heyday, the No-Do newsreels predictably contained a good deal of propaganda and effervescent reporting in favour of the Francoist State. They were a way in which Franco could have a monopoly over the news and supply public information, censorship and propaganda for the formation of public opinion favorable to the Spanish State. \n\nThe No-Do newsreels, tainted by their indelible association with the Francoist State, fell out of favour within a few years of Spain's transition to democratic government after Franco's death. The last No-Do was produced in 1981 prior to the operation's absorption into RTVE, Spain's state-controlled television and radio broadcaster.\nThe No-Do archive is an important asset of RTVE and is often mined for nostalgia programmes.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nRTVE\nFilm series introduced in 1943\n1981 disestablishments in Spain\nFilm organisations in Spain\nFrancoist Spain\nNewsreels\nPropaganda film units\nState-owned film companies\nSpanish films\n1943 establishments in Spain" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras" ]

[ "The shooting ratio or \"Bertolo code\" in filmmaking and television production is the ratio between the total duration of its footage created for possible use in a project and that which appears in its final cut.\n\nA film with a shooting ratio of 2:1 would have shot twice the amount of footage than was used in the film. In real terms this means that 120 minutes of footage would have been shot to produce a film of 60 minutes in length.\n\nWhile shooting ratios can vary greatly between productions, a typical shooting ratio for a production using film stock will be between 6:1 and 10:1, whereas a similar production using video is likely to be much higher. This is a direct result of the significant difference in price between video tape stock and film stock and the necessary processing. Although the decisions, styles and preferences of the filmmakers can affect the shooting ratio of a project greatly, the nature of the production (genre, form, single camera, multi-camera, etc.) greatly affects the typical range of the ratios seen – documentary films typically have the highest (often exceeding 100:1 following the rise of video and digital media) and animated films have the lowest (typically as close to 1:1 as possible, since the creation of footage frame by frame makes the time costs of animation extremely high compared to live action). Animated productions will often shoot acting reference (by animators of themselves and or others), location reference, and performance reference (taken of voice actors), but these pieces of reference footage are not regarded as counting towards the shooting ratio, as they were never intended to appear in the projects they were created for. Audition footage, screen tests, and location reference are similarly not counted towards a narrative film's shooting ratio, live action or animated, for the same reason. Since a documentary may potentially use any footage that is shot at any point for any reason, documentary productions do not have similar exceptions. Head slates, tail slates, and outtakes are counted live action shooting ratios because, although the footage is not intended for use in the final picture, it is contained on the same reels and masters as the footage that is intended for final picture. Animated and visual effects projects typically do not include slates as part of the shooting ratio, since they virtually are instantaneous and zero-cost to create in digital formats.\n\nIn modern productions, due to the rise of digital cinema, shooting ratios are less limited by price of stock and storage, since the vast majority of productions are now entirely or partially digital. Shooting ratios instead defined and limited by the expense (in time, labor, and money, and memory) of actually shooting and editing the film, rather than cost of raw media.\n\nReferences\n\nFilm and video terminology\nRatios\nTelevision terminology", "In the later years of The Three Stooges shorts, a tactic was used to cut costs by recycling footage from previous shorts. A typical example consists of using wrap-arounds: new footage is used for an opening, old footage is used for the middle, and new footage is used at the end to wrap things up.\n\nOne example involves the short Husbands Beware. Moe and Larry are shown enduring the agony of married life. As such, they feel that Shemp should be married too. They decide to trick him into getting married. Cut to footage from Brideless Groom where Moe falsely tells Shemp he will inherit $500,000 if he is married by the end of the day. Shemp is married, and the short then ends with new footage of Moe and Larry telling Shemp it was all a lie because he let Moe and Larry marry his two overweight sisters and got divorced.\n\nThis was mostly done with shorts featuring Shemp Howard as the previous third stooge Curly Howard was no longer involved in production. There are, however, exceptions, especially when Joe Besser came on board, and far-away shots of Curly could sort of pass for a shot of Joe. After Shemp's death in November 1955, four entries even went so far as to use recycled footage, and a double posing as Shemp (\"Fake Shemp\") in his place.\n\nThe following is a list of what shorts were recycled into new shorts, followed by a list of what new shorts used old footage.\n\nThree Stooges\n\nThree Stooges" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage." ]

[ "Saturation 70 is an incomplete film written by American writer-director Tony Foutz, and was to star then-five-year-old Julian Brian Jones, the son of Rolling Stone Brian Jones. The film also starred Michelle Phillips and Gram Parsons, as well as Stash Klossowski de Rola and Nudie Cohn. Douglas Trumbull was also attached to the project to provide special effects.\n\nThe plot of the story is an update of Alice in Wonderland. A Victorian-era child falls through a wormhole and ends up in a dystopian future Los Angeles where he meets a group of aliens, called the \"Kosmic Kiddies,\" who have come to Earth to save it from pollution.\n\nMuch of the principal photography for the film was already complete by the time the funding fell through in April 1970. Filmed scenes included: a shoot out in the Mayfair Market supermarket in Century City, a procession of Ford Edsels in a flying-V formation through the City of Industry, as well as scenes shot on Skid Row in Los Angeles and documentary footage of the 19th Annual Space Convention at Giant Rock, near Joshua Tree, organized by George Van Tassel. All of the scenes were shot guerrilla-style without permits.\n\nLegacy\nGram Parsons convinced the members of his band, The Flying Burrito Brothers, to pose wearing costumes for the film, and the picture appears on the cover of their album Burrito Deluxe. All that exists of the footage from the film is five minutes of footage of the original sixty set to The Flying Burrito Brothers' cover of the Rolling Stones song \"Wild Horses\" which also appears on Burrito Deluxe.\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\n1960s lost films\n1960s unfinished films\nAmerican films\nLost American films\n1960s science fiction films", "Ten Years in Manitoba is a Canadian documentary film, directed by James Freer and released in 1898. Although now lost, it is generally credited as the first known film by a Canadian filmmaker. Consisting of footage of various scenes from the province of Manitoba, the film was exhibited in the United Kingdom in April 1898 as part of a promotional campaign, sponsored by the Canadian Pacific Railway, to encourage immigration to the province.\n\nThe film was a compilation of short scenes, with titles including \"Six Binders at Work in Hundred Acre Wheatfield\", \"Harvesting Scene, with Trains Passing By\", \"Pacific and Atlantic Mail Trains\" and \"Arrival of CPR Express at Winnipeg\". Other scenes whose titles are not confirmed reportedly depicted Freer's own home and family, as well as footage of Thomas Greenway, the Premier of Manitoba, stooking grain on his own farm.\n\nThe Manitoba Historical Society has, however, confirmed that at least part of Freer's film appears to have consisted of footage filmed by other people; several months earlier, a Winnipeg bartender named Richard Hardie, an American filmmaker named E. H. Amet and an entertainment producer named Cosgrove were known to have been exhibiting kinetographs in various Manitoba communities that included farm harvesting footage, including Greenway stooking grain, although they engaged in a dispute through letters to the Winnipeg Free Press as to who had been the creator of the films. Freer appears to have acquired their films, and included them in Ten Years in Manitoba along with some of his own original footage.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1898 films\nCanadian films\nCanadian documentary films\nFilms shot in Manitoba\nLost Canadian films\nCompilation films\nFilms set in Manitoba\n1890s documentary films\nCanadian anthology films\n1890s lost films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect." ]

[ "Crimson Dragon Miniatures is a generic line of miniatures published by TAG Industries of Castalia, Ohio.\n\nContents\nCrimson Dragon Miniatures included 25mm scale figures that can be used in fantasy role-playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons or RuneQuest.\n\nTAG Industries went out of business in the 1980s, and its assets, including the Crimson Dragon Miniatures line, were purchased by Ravens Forge Miniatures in 1996.\n\nReception\nIn the January 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 81), Kim Eastland reviewed the first offerings in the Crimson Dragon Miniatures line, and commented, \"this initial line is... impressive.\" He liked the sculpts, noting the \"good detail and some nice touches (like the fighter mage's armor and magical sword.).\" Eastman was also impressed by size of some of the figurines, saying, \"What is most noticeable about the line is the company's fearlessness in casting big figures. The Messenger of the Gods is nearly 40 mm tall, and looks like he could be from some fantasy pantheon as he towers over most other figures.\" \n\nIn the May 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 85), Eastland reviewed two of the company's fantasy dinosaur miniatures and commented, \"For those miniaturists who love the unusual, TAG has created some fascinating creatures... A particularly nice touch is the crawling, lizardlike appearance of the Dragon, reminiscent of the old Lost World-type movies.\" \n\nIn the March-April 1985 edition of Space Gamer (No. 73), Edwin J. Rotondaro commented that \"CDM's strength lies in the unusual figures they produce. [...] If you are looking for something different in 25mm miniatures, check out their line. They may have just what you are looking for.\"\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nList of lines of miniatures\n\nMiniature figures", "The Outcasts is a set of miniatures published by RAFM Company.\n\nContents\nThe Outcasts was a line of 25mm figures consisting of nine individual figures, and two multi-figure sets.\n\nReception\nEdwin J. Rotondaro reviewed The Outcasts in Space Gamer No. 73. Rotondaro commented that \"If you play Aftermath or The Morrow Project, if you need some strange aliens for Traveller, or if you just want some extraordinary figures for whatever system you use, check these miniatures out.\"\n\nBob Kindel reviewed The Outcasts in Space Gamer No. 76. Kindel commented that \"The Outcasts, offered by Rafm, have a Road Warrior feel. Odd hairdos, primitive weapons, and little technological detail make them usable as reverted tribes/gangs.\"\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nList of lines of miniatures\n\nMiniature figures" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect.", "Can you name some of the academic figures?", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow," ]

[ "The Monihar Cinema Hall, or simply the Monihar (), is a movie theater located at Jessore district in Bangladesh. Country's largest movie theater Monihar was launched on 8 December 1983. Due to a construction style that was ahead of the era, the hall became popular within short time of its launch. Film lovers from different countries of the world including Japan, Korea, Africa, Australia, Russia and England came to watch movies. Monihar is widely considered as one of the most influential factors of Bangladeshi film industry.\n\nHistory \n\nDesigned by Kazi Mohammad Hanif, the Cinema Hall used to be the main concentration of Dhallywood. Whenever a new film was about to get released, it was almost customary that the movie premiere should be held at Monihar. After its launch, the first movie to air in the hall was Director Dewan Nazrul's 'Johnny' starring Sohel Rana and Bobita.\n\nRecent developments \n\nFor the first time in its history, Monihar's operation got terminated on 22 July 2012. Owner of the hall claimed that the closure of the building was due to continued attacks by mafias in the area and their extortion. Later the hall got reopened after 20 days; upon the assurance of the administration and amidst the plight of the family members of the employees. However, the situation of the hall has not improved. Recently the hall has fallen into financial crisis. Previously there were 100 people employed by the hall. The reduction in the workforce is due to a recession in the business. The 40 current employees are also in financial hardship. Not only the staff of the hall, there are hundreds of jobs around Monihar that are in the risk due to the lackluster performance of the hall.\n\nFeatures \n\nThe number of seats in the movie hall of 4 bigha land is 1,400. Post construction of the hall was completed by an artist named Vishasa under the supervision of famous painter SM Sultan. The movie hall on the 4th floor is fully air-conditioned. There is a community center, a residential hotel and 40 shops inside Monihar. There are ram stairs, flashes, chandeliers etc. At present, Monihar employs 40 employees.\n\nType of cinemas \n\n Bangladeshi movies\n Hollywood movies\n Indo-Bangla joint venture movies\n\nReferences \n\nCinemas and movie theaters\nEntertainment venues in Bangladesh\nCinema of Bangladesh", "Takht-e Foulad () is a historical cemetery in Isfahan, Iran. The cemetery is at least 800 years old. In the 13th century in the Ilkhanid era Takht-e Foulad was the most important cemetery in Isfahan and all of the famous personalities have a mausoleum in this cemetery. Unfortunately all of the mausoleums from the Ilkhanid era, except Baba Rokn ed-Din mausoleum, which is the oldest structure in Takht-e Foulad, have been destroyed. In the Safavid era there were 400 mausoleums in Takht-e Foulad, but there are now only 8 mausoleums from the Safavid era. In the Qajar era a large part of the cemetery was destroyed, but the cemetery hasn't lost its importance and by the end of Pahlavi era it was the most important cemetery in Isfahan. There are 20 structures from the Qajar era and 17 structures from the Pahlavi era in the cemetery. Before the Safavid age the cemetery had been known as Lessan ol-Arz and Baba Rokn ed-Din, but from the Safavid age until now its name is Takht-e Foulad.\n\nBy the demand of people authorities have established Takht-e Foulad Cultural and Religious Complex in 1994 for rebuilding, organizing, and repairing this valuable cemetery. Since 1994, many gravestones have been repaired and rebuilt by this institution.\n\nThe best days for visiting the cemetery are Thursdays and Fridays, because the most of mausoleums are open for visitors.\n\nMost important places in Takht-e Foulad\n\nBaba Rokn ed-Din mausoleum \nAlthough Baba Rokn ed-Din was a high ranking Baba in the 14th century, but there are few information about his life and works. The construction of the current building started in the era of Abbas I and was completed in the era of Safi.\n\nValeh mausoleum \nValeh Esfahani was a poet and calligrapher in Isfahan during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah. He died in 1814 and a mausoleum was built on his grave.\n\nMir section \nMany notabilities habe been buried in Takht-e Foulad. One of them is Mir Fendereski, the famous mystic and scholar in the Safavid era. His grave has been covered by a single large piece of marble stone. On the stone, the date of the Islamic calendar has been written, which is equal to 1640 in the Gregorian calendar. In a room next to the grave, a ghazal of Hafez (in Nastaliq script) has been made with stucco by Mir Emad, the famous calligrapher in the Safavid era. It is the only inscription by Mir Emad, which has been written on the wall of a building.\n\nBeside the Mir section and in the mausoleum of the leaders of Bakhtiari tribe, there is a painting, which shows Shaykh Bahai, Mir Fendereski and a lion.\n\nAgha Hossein Khansari mausoleum \nAgha Hossein Khansari was a very influential scientist in the court of Suleiman I. His mausoleum was the only mausoleum, which was built for a scientist.\n\nMohammad Jafar Abadei Tekyeh \nThe Mohammad Jafar Abadei Tekyeh belongs to the Qajar era and is located to the south of Roknolmolk mosque.\n\nReferences \n\nCemeteries in Iran\nBuildings and structures in Isfahan\nTourist attractions in Isfahan\nTakht-e Foulad" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect.", "Can you name some of the academic figures?", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow,", "Are there any famous people of the era that appear in the movie?", "Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Rio," ]

[ "The pull-off bottle cap (also known as RingCrown, RipCap or Ring-pull closure or pull off caps) is a bottle closure that can be opened without any tools. It has a ring that can be pulled in order to detach the cap from the bottle. The cap splits along scores in the cap, therefore loosens and can be removed from the bottle. Drink companies use ring pull caps to differentiate themselves from competitors.\n\nHistory\nALKA, the predecessor of the modern ring-pull caps, was introduced during the 1930s. ALKA had a seal made of natural cork. It became popular in Nordic countries and Mediterranean countries as an easy-to-open cap. ALKA was made of aluminium and had a tab or twin tabs that were pulled to remove the cap. There was no scoring on an ALKA cap. Production of the ALKA cap took place on the bottling line.\n\nIn 1974 AB Wicanders Korkfabriker of Sweden patented the MaxiCap. The MaxiCap was produced from 1979 at Wicanders’ factory in Hämeenlinna Finland, now known has Finn-Korkki Oy. A MaxiCap is an aluminium closure with scoring and a tab to pull. They were easier to use than the ALKA and pre-manufactured outside of the bottling plant. This allowed for increased production speeds on the bottling line.\nSoon after the MaxiCap came the RingCrown closure. Invented in the early 1980s it was originally called MaxiCrown and later became known as RingCrown. The RingCrown is easier to use than its predecessors because it has an attached ring rather than a static pull off tab.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStainless Steel Water Bottle\n\nBottles\nSeals (mechanical)", "The pull-off test, also called stud pull test in which an adhesive connection is made between a stud and the carrier (or object to be tested) by using a glue, possibly an epoxy or polyester resin, that is stronger than the bond that needs to be tested. The force required to pull the stud from the surface, together with the carrier, is measured. Simple mechanical hand-operated loading equipment has been developed for this purpose. When higher accuracy is required, tests can be performed with more advanced equipment called a bond tester. A bond tester provides more control and possibly automation. Applying the glue automatically and curing with UV light is the next step in automation. This methodology can also be used to measure direct tensile strength or/and the bond strength between two different layers.\n\nMIL-STD-883 methods 2011.9 destructive bond pull test and 2031.1 flip chip pull off test apply, as well as JEDEC JESD22-B109.\n\nPartial coring may be used, if necessary, to eliminate surface skin effects.\n\nReferences\n\nConcrete\nTests" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect.", "Can you name some of the academic figures?", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow,", "Are there any famous people of the era that appear in the movie?", "Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Rio,", "Were the effects easy to pull off?", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump" ]

[ "Natural color was a term used in the beginning of film and later on in the 1920s, and early 1930s as a color film process that actually filmed color images, rather than a color tinted or colorized movie. The first natural color processes were in the 1900s and 1910s and were two color additive color processes or red and green missing primary color blue, one additive process of time was Kinemacolor. By the 1920s, subtractive color was mostly in use with such processes as Technicolor, Prizma and Multicolor, but Multicolor was mostly never in use in the late 1920s, Technicolor was mostly in use. The only one who cared to mess with Multicolor was William Fox, probably because Multicolor was more cheaper of a process and at the time in 1929 William Fox was in debt. The difference between additive color and subtractive color were that an additive color film required a special projector that could project two components of film at the same time, a green record and a red record. But additive color didn't required a special projector, the two pieces of film were chemically formed together and was projected in one strip of film.\n\nOne of the first movies to use subtractive color was a silent film titled Cupid Angling (1918). In 1932, Walt Disney made the first film to use a red, green and blue color process (Technicolor), Flowers and Trees. Three years later, the first feature length movie to be filmed entirely in 3-color Technicolor was Becky Sharp.\n\n1900-1909\n\n1910s\nThe first color features were made in the 1910s. The very first was With Our King and Queen Through India (1912). In 1917, Technicolor made their first film, a two-color additive film entitled The Gulf Between (1917), The Gulf Between was also the first color feature in America, but rather than being filmed in Hollywood it was actually filmed in Jacksonville Florida. Today The Gulf Between is lost.\n\n1920s\nIn 1922, Technicolor made their second feature and also the first movie made in their second color process, called process 2. The movie was The Toll of the Sea. It was the first color feature made in Hollywood. The movie starred Anna May Wong. Wong never thought the movie would ever make it to the screen, but it did. In 1923, Paramount Pictures made the Cecil B. De Mille partial Technicolor epic The Ten Commandments, which would be remade 33 years later by DeMille in 1956, also in color by Technicolor. Also in 1923, Prizma was used to film the 1923 version of Vanity Fair. The third feature to be filmed entirely in color by Technicolor was Wanderer of the Wasteland, today a lost film, released in 1924. It was advertised as being filmed in 100% Natural Color. Technicolor made many more silent films in color through the years, but in 1929, the first talking picture to use a color (Technicolor) sequence was The Broadway Melody. The color hues of that sequence are lost; the sequence only survives in black-and-white television prints from the 1950s. That year, Warner Bros. made the first all color-all talking movie, On with the Show, which also only survives in black and white, with only a small fragment of surviving color, found in 2005. Later in 1929, the first color talking movies were being made, such as Paris (Warner Bros.), Rio Rita (RKO, first RKO color movie, color sequenced), Sally (Warner Bros., third all-color, all-talking feature), Gold Diggers of Broadway (Warner Bros., second all-color, all-talking feature), The Hollywood Revue (MGM's second musical, after The Broadway Melody) and many more. Most of the color talking movies made in 1929 mostly survive in 1950s black-and-white television copies or with color sequences cut. In 1929, Technicolor was so busy filming color movies that the Warner Bros. musical revue The Show of Shows (1929), which was originally going to be filmed in full color, had to be filmed only mostly in color, with 21 minutes in black and white, a seventeen-minute section of part one and a four-minute opening of part two. While most companies used Technicolor, William Fox, owner of Fox Movie Corporation, used Multicolor.\n\n1930s\nColor movies released in 1930 included The Life of the Party (Warner Bros.), Under a Texas Moon (Warner Bros.), Children of Pleasure (MGM), Chasing Rainbows (MGM), Show Girl in Hollywood (Warner Bros., one of Al Jolson's first color appearances), Viennese Nights (Warner Bros.), Hit the Deck (RKO Radio Pictures), and Leathernecking (RKO), The Cuckoos (RKO). Like 1929, the original color negatives for many movies of the year are considered lost and only survive in black-and-white due to the studios wanting more space in their film vaults so they threw away the films and aired them on black-and-white television before, but some color movies from this time have been found throughout the years.\n\nIn 1932, Walt Disney released the first three-color Technicolor film, Flowers and Trees. 1939, which is considered by many film buffs as Hollywood's greatest year, had hits in color, such as The Wizard of Oz, The Women, Dodge City and the most successful of them all, Gone with the Wind.\n\nColor film processes\nProcess has been explained in a 1940 publishing, and in a 2013 historic overview.\n\nSee also\n List of early color feature films \n His Supreme Moment (1925)\n\nReferences\n\nFilm and video technology", "Letters in the Wind () is a 2002 critically acclaimed Iranian film. It was the directorial debut of Ali Reza-Amini.\n\nStoryline\nThe story of the movie follows a group of newbie recruits to the Iranian Army, and their life in boot camp. It follows the lives of two of the soldiers, Taghi and Faramarz (eponymous actors), while the rest of the cast are deliberately left anonymous. It follows one of the soldiers (Taghi) on a day's leave to Tehran after he wins a bayonet-hoisting competition. The boot camp incidents center on a cassette recording of an unknown female voice, which everyone in camp takes turns to listen to. The Tehran furlough incidents center on the soldier Taghi playing back recorded messages on the phone to the family of each of the recruits at boot camp, recording the sounds of the city on cassette, and missing connections and getting into trouble due to his social ineptness. The movie ends after showing the discovery of the tapes recorded in Tehran by camp officials, and the news of the breakup of Faramarz and his girlfriend.\n\nDirection\nThe movie is directed in a crisp, unemotional, documentary style of narration, with little music, with the exception of street music in Tehran, and marching music at the training camp (notably the Colonel Bogey March). Tersely made, the film is however full of candid humor.\n\nControversy\nThe original 35 mm color version of the film was banned by the Government of Iran when the movie released in 2002. The movie was released in a gray tone digital version in the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival. The director based some parts of the movie on his own experiences in the Iran–Iraq War, referring to the movie as being made in the \"belly of the army\".\n\nReviews\nNeil Young's Film Lounge\n\nExternal links \n \n\nIranian films\n2002 films\nPersian-language films\n2002 directorial debut films" ]

[ "Zelig", "Production", "How did they make the film look like newsreels of the 1920s?", "Allen and cinematographer Gordon Willis used a variety of techniques, including locating some of the antique film cameras and lenses used during the eras", "Did they actually use any old footage?", "even going so far as to simulate damage, such as crinkles and scratches, on the negatives to make the finished product look more like vintage footage.", "Who appears in the old footage?", "The film uses cameo appearances by real figures from academia and other fields for comic effect.", "Can you name some of the academic figures?", "They include essayist Susan Sontag, psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim, Nobel Prize-winning novelist Saul Bellow,", "Are there any famous people of the era that appear in the movie?", "Charles Lindbergh, Al Capone, Clara Bow, William Randolph Hearst, Marion Davies, Charlie Chaplin, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Carole Lombard, Dolores del Rio,", "Were the effects easy to pull off?", "The virtually seamless blending of old and new footage was achieved almost a decade before digital filmmaking technology made such techniques in films like Forrest Gump", "Are any parts of the movie in color?", "Allen used newsreel footage and inserted himself and other actors into the footage using bluescreen technology." ]

[ "Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of an individual or group as a result of the attention given to them by mass media. A person may attain a celebrity status from having great wealth, their participation in sports or the entertainment industry, their position as a political figure, or even from their connection to another celebrity. 'Celebrity' usually implies a favorable public image, as opposed to the neutrals 'famous' or 'notable', or the negatives 'infamous' and 'notorious'.\n\nHistory\nIn his 2020 book Dead Famous: an unexpected history of celebrity, British historian Greg Jenner uses the definition:\n\nAlthough his book is subtitled \"from Bronze Age to Silver Screen\", and despite the fact that \"Until very recently, sociologists argued that celebrity was invented just over 100 years ago, in the flickering glimmer of early Hollywood\" and the suggestion that some medieval saints might qualify, Jenner asserts that the earliest celebrities lived in the early 1700s, his first example being Henry Sacheverell.\n\nAthletes in Ancient Greece were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking celebrity endorsement. Ancient Rome similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and Julius Caesar appeared on a coin in his own lifetime (a departure from the usual depiction of battles and divine lineage).\n\nIn the early 12th century, Thomas Becket became famous following his murder. He was promoted by the Christian Church as a martyr and images of him and scenes from his life became widespread in just a few years. In a pattern often repeated, what started as an explosion of popularity (often referred to with the suffix 'mania') turned into long-lasting fame: pilgrimages to Canterbury Cathedral where he was killed became instantly fashionable and the fascination with his life and death have inspired plays and films.\n\nThe cult of personality (particularly in the west) can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th century, whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. The establishment of cultural hot-spots became an important factor in the process of generating fame: for example, London and Paris in the 18th and 19th centuries. Newspapers started including gossip columns and certain clubs and events became places to be seen in order to receive publicity.\n\nTheatrical actors were often celebrities. Restaurants near theaters, where actors would congregate, began putting up caricatures or photographs of actors on celebrity walls in the late 19th century.\n\nThe movie industry spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th century and now, the familiar concept of the instantly recognizable faces of its superstars. Yet, celebrity was not always tied to actors in films, especially when cinema was starting as a medium. As Paul McDonald states in The Star System: Hollywood's Production of Popular Identities, \"in the first decade of the twentieth century, American film production companies withheld the names of film performers, despite requests from audiences, fearing that public recognition would drive performers to demand higher salaries.\" Public fascination went well beyond the on-screen exploits of movie stars and their private lives became headline news: for example, in Hollywood the marriages of Elizabeth Taylor and in Bollywood the affairs of Raj Kapoor in the 1950s. Like theatrical actors before them, movie actors were the subjects of celebrity walls in restaurants they frequented, near movie studios, most notably at Sardi's in Hollywood.\n\nThe second half of the century saw television and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star and the pop group, epitomised by Elvis Presley and the Beatles, respectively. John Lennon's highly controversial 1966 quote: \"We're more popular than Jesus now,\" which he later insisted was not a boast, and that he was not in any way comparing himself with Christ, gives an insight into both the adulation and notoriety that fame can bring. Unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors; for example, presenters, talk show hosts, and newsreaders. However, most of these are only famous within the regions reached by their particular broadcaster, and only a few such as Oprah Winfrey, Jerry Springer, or David Frost could be said to have broken through into wider stardom.\n\nIn the '60s and early '70s, the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases, the book was not written by the celebrity but by a ghost-writer, but the celebrity would then be available for a book tour and appearances on talk shows.\n\nProcess\n\nPeople may become celebrities in a wide range of ways; from their professions, following appearances in the media, or by complete accident. The term \"instant celebrity\" describes someone who becomes a celebrity in a very short time. Someone who achieves a small amount of transient fame (through, say, hype or mass media) may become labeled a \"B-grade celebrity\". Often, the generalization extends to someone who falls short of mainstream or persistent fame but who seeks to extend or exploit it.\n\nSuccess\nThere are no guarantees of successful celebrities. Besides exceptions, most celebrities are associated with the fields of sports, entertainment and politics.\n\nThough glamour and wealth may certainly play a role for only famous celebrities, most people in the sports and entertainments spheres live in obscurity and only a small percentage achieve fame and fortune.\n\nOutside of the sports and entertainment sphere, the top inventors, doctors, lawyers and scientists are unlikely to become celebrities even if they are enormously successful in their field due to society's disinterest in science, invention, medicine, and courtroom law which is not fictional. American microbiologist Maurice Hilleman is credited with saving more lives than any other medical scientist of the 20th century.\n\nFailure\n\nMany athletes who are unable to turn professional take a second job or even sometimes abandon their athletic aspirations in order to make ends meet. A small percentage of entertainers and athletes can make a decent living, but a vast majority will spend their careers toiling from hard work, determination, rejection, and frequent unemployment. For minor league to amateur athletes, earnings are usually on the lower end of the pay-scale. Many of them take second jobs on the side or even venture into other occupations within the field of sports such as coaching, general management, refereeing, or recruiting and scouting up-and-coming athletes.\n\nUnited States\n\nThe Screen Actors Guild, a union representing actors and actresses throughout Hollywood reports that the average television and film actor earns less than US$50,000 annually; the median hourly wage for actors was $18.80 in May 2015. Actors sometimes alternate between theater, television, and film or even branch into other occupations within the entertainment industry such as becoming a singer, comedian, producer, or a television host in order to be monetarily diversified, as doing one gig pays comparatively very little. For instance, David Letterman is well known for branching into late night television as a talk show host while honing his skills as a stand-up comedian, Barbra Streisand ventured into acting while operating as a singer, and Clint Eastwood achieved even greater fame in Hollywood as a film director and producer than for his acting credentials.\n\nAccording to American entertainment magnate Master P, entertainers and professional athletes make up less than 1% of all millionaires in the entire world. Less than 1% of all runway models are known to make more than US$1000 for every fashion showcase. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median wage for commercial and print models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006 and was also listed one of the top ten worst jobs in the United States.\n\nWealth\n\nForbes Celebrity 100\n\nForbes Magazine releases an annual Forbes Celebrity 100 list of the highest-paid celebrities in the world. The total earnings for all top celebrity 100 earners totaled $4.5 billion in 2010 alone.\n\nFor instance, Forbes ranked media mogul and talk show host, Oprah Winfrey as the top earner \"Forbes magazine’s annual ranking of the most powerful celebrities\", with earnings of $290 million in the past year. Forbes cites that Lady Gaga reportedly earned over $90 million in 2010. In 2011, golfer Tiger Woods was one of highest-earning celebrity athletes, with an income of $74 million and is consistently ranked one of the highest-paid athletes in the world. In 2013, Madonna was ranked as the fifth most powerful and the highest-earning celebrity of the year with earnings of $125 million. She has consistently been among the most powerful and highest-earning celebrities in the world, occupying the third place in Forbes Celebrity 100 2009 with $110 million of earnings, and getting the tenth place in the 2011 edition of the list with annual earnings equal to $58 million. Beyoncé has also appeared in the top ten in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017, and topped the list in 2014 with earnings of $115 million.\n\nEntrepreneurship and endorsements\n\nCelebrity endorsements have proven very successful around the world where, due to increasing consumerism, a person owns a status symbol by purchasing a celebrity-endorsed product. Although it has become commonplace for celebrities to place their name with endorsements onto products just for quick money, some celebrities have gone beyond merely using their names and have put their entrepreneurial spirit to work by becoming entrepreneurs by attaching themselves in the business aspects of entertainment and building their own business brand beyond their traditional salaried activities. Along with investing their salaried wages into growing business endeavors, several celebrities have become innovative business leaders in their respective industries, gaining the admiration of their peers and contributing to the country's economy.\n\nNumerous celebrities have ventured into becoming business moguls and established themselves as entrepreneurs, idolizing many well known American business leaders such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett. For instance, basketball legend Michael Jordan became an active entrepreneur involved with many sports-related ventures including investing a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, Paul Newman started his own salad dressing business after leaving behind a distinguished acting career, and rap musician Birdman started his own record label, clothing line, and an oil business while maintaining a career as a rap artist. Brazilian football legend and World Cup winner Ronaldo became the majority owner of La Liga club Real Valladolid in 2018. Other celebrities such as Tyler Perry, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg have become successful entrepreneurs through starting their own film production companies and running their own movie studios beyond their traditional activities of screenwriting, directing, animating, producing, and acting.\n\nVarious examples of celebrity turned entrepreneurs included in the table below are:\n\nTabloid magazines and talk TV shows bestow a great deal of attention to celebrities. To stay in the public eye and build wealth in addition to their salaried labor, numerous celebrities have participating and branching into various business ventures and endorsements. Many celebrities have participated in many different endorsement opportunities that include: animation, publishing, fashion designing, cosmetics, consumer electronics, household items and appliances, cigarettes, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, hair care, hairdressing, jewelry design, fast food, credit cards, video games, writing, and toys.\n\nIn addition to various endorsements, some celebrities have been involved with some business and investment-related ventures also include: and toddler related items, sports team ownership, fashion retailing, establishments such as restaurants, cafes, hotels, and casinos, movie theaters, advertising and event planning, management-related ventures such as sports management, financial services, model management, and talent management, record labels, film production, television production, publishing such as book and music publishing, massage therapy, salons, health and fitness, and real estate.\n\nAlthough some celebrities have achieved additional financial success from various business ventures, the vast majority of celebrities are not successful businesspeople and still rely on salaried labored wages to earn a living. Most businesses and investments are well known to have a 90 to 95 percent failure rate within the first five years of operation. Not all celebrities eventually succeed with their businesses and other related side ventures. Some celebrities either went broke or filed for bankruptcy as a result of dabbling with such side businesses or endorsements. Though some might question such validity since celebrities themselves are already well known, have mass appeal, and are well exposed to the general public. The average entrepreneur who is not well known and reputable to the general public does not the same marketing flexibility and status-quo as most celebrities allow and have. Therefore, compared to the average person who starts a business, celebrities already have all the cards and odds stacked in their favor. This means they can have an unfair advantage to expose their business ventures and endorsements and can easily capture a more significant amount of market share than the average entrepreneur.\n\nMass media phenomena\n\nCelebrities often have fame comparable to royalty. As a result, there is a strong public curiosity about their private affairs. The release of Kim Kardashian's sex tape with rapper Ray J in 2003 brought her to a new level of fame, leading to magazine covers, book deals, and reality TV series.\n\nCelebrities may be resented for their accolades, and the public may have a love/hate relationship with celebrities. Due to the high visibility of celebrities' private lives, their successes and shortcomings are often made very public. Celebrities are alternately portrayed as glowing examples of perfection, when they garner awards, or as decadent or immoral if they become associated with a scandal. When seen in a positive light, celebrities are frequently portrayed as possessing skills and abilities beyond average people; for example, celebrity actors are routinely celebrated for acquiring new skills necessary for filming a role within a very brief time, and to a level that amazes the professionals who train them. Similarly, some celebrities with very little formal education can sometimes be portrayed as experts on complicated issues. Some celebrities have been very vocal about their political views. For example, Matt Damon expressed his displeasure with 2008 US vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin, as well as with the 2011 United States debt-ceiling crisis.\n\nFamous for being famous\n\nFamous for being famous, in popular culture terminology, refers to someone who attains celebrity status for no particular identifiable reason, or who achieves fame through association with a celebrity. The term is a pejorative, suggesting the target has no particular talents or abilities. Even when their fame arises from a particular talent or action on their part, the term will sometimes still apply if their fame is perceived as disproportionate to what they earned through their own talent or work.\n\nThe coinages \"famesque\" and \"celebutante\" are of similar pejorative gist.\n\nInternet\nAlso known as being internet famous, contemporary fame does not always involve a physical red carpet.\n\nAsia\nA report by BBC highlighted a longtime trend of Asian internet celebrities such as Chinese celebrity Wang Hong (birth name Ling Ling). According to BBC, there are two kinds of online celebrities in China—those who create original content, such as Papi Jiang, who is regularly censored by Chinese authorities for cursing in her videos, and those such as Wang Hong and Zhang Dayi, who fall under the second category, as they have clothing and cosmetics businesses on Taobao, China's equivalent of Amazon.\n\nSocial networking and video hosting\nMost high-profile celebrities participate in social networking services and photo or video hosting platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat. Social networking services allow celebrities to communicate directly with their fans, removing the middle-man known as traditional media.Through social media many persons outside entartainment and sports sphere become celebrity in their own sphere. Social media humanizes celebrities in a way that arouses public fascination as evident by the success of magazines such as Us Weekly and People Weekly. Celebrity blogging have also spawned stars such as Perez Hilton who is well known for not only blogging but also outing celebrities.\n\nSocial media and the rise of the smartphone have changed how celebrities are treated and how people gain the platform of fame. Not everything is as concealed as it was back in old Hollywood because now everything is put out on the internet by fans or even the celebrity themselves. Websites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube allow people to become a celebrity overnight. For example, Justin Bieber got his start on YouTube by posting videos of him singing and got discovered. All of his fans got direct contact with his content and were able to interact with him on several social media platforms. Social media has substantially changed what it means to be a celebrity. Instagram and YouTube allow regular people to become rich and famous all from inside their home. It also allows fans to connect with their favorite celebrity without ever meeting them in person. Everything is being shared on social media so it makes it harder for celebrities to live private lives.\n\nSocial media sites have also contributed to the fame of some celebrities, such as Tila Tequila who became known through MySpace.\n\nFamilies\n\nAnother example of a celebrity is a family that has notable ancestors or is known for its wealth. In some cases, a well-known family is associated with a particular field. For example, the Kennedy family is associated with US politics; The House of Windsor with royalty; The Hilton and Rothschild families with business; the Jackson family with popular music; and the Osbourne, Chaplin, Kardashian, Baldwin, and Barrymore families with television and film.\n\nAccess restriction\nAccess to celebrities is strictly controlled by their entourage of staff which includes managers, publicists, agents, personal assistants, and bodyguards. Even journalists find it difficult to access celebrities for interviews. Writer and actor Michael Musto said, \"You have to go through many hoops just to talk to a major celebrity. You have to get past three different sets of publicists: the publicist for the event, the publicist for the movie, and then the celebrity's personal publicist. They all have to approve you.\"\n\nCelebrities often hire one or more bodyguards (or close protection officer) to protect themselves and their families from threats ranging from the mundane (intrusive paparazzi photographers or autograph-seeking fans) to serious (assault, kidnapping, assassination, or stalking). The bodyguard travels with the celebrity during professional activities (movie shoots or concerts) and personal activities such as recreation and errands.\n\nCelebrities also typically have security staff at their home, to protect them from similar threats.\n\nFifteen minutes of fame\n\n\"15 minutes of fame\" is a phrase often used in reference to short-lived publicity, and mistakenly attributed to Andy Warhol. Certain \"15 minutes of fame\" celebrities can be average people seen with an A-list celebrity, who are sometimes noticed on entertainment news channels such as E! News. These persons are ordinary people becoming celebrities, often based on the ridiculous things they do. \"In fact, many reality show contestants fall into this category: the only thing that qualifies them to be on TV is that they're real.\"\n\nHealth implications\n\nJohn Cleese said being famous offers some advantages such as financial wealth and easier access to things that are more difficult for non-famous people to access, such as the ability to more easily meet other famous or powerful people, but that being famous also often comes with the disadvantage of creating the conditions in which the celebrity finds themselves acting, at least temporarily (although sometimes over extended periods of time), in a superficial, inauthentic fashion.\n\nCommon threats such as stalking have spawned celebrity worship syndrome where a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal life. Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and music stars, the disparity in salaries in society seems to value professional athletes and entertainment industry-based professionals. One study found that singers, musicians, actors and athletes die younger on average than writers, composers, academics, politicians and businesspeople, with a greater incidence of cancer and especially lung cancer. However, it was remarked that the reasons for this remained unclear, with theories including innate tendencies towards risk-taking as well as the pressure or opportunities of particular types of fame.\n\nFame might have negative psychological effects, and may lead to increasingly selfish tendencies and psychopathy. An academic study on the subject said that fame has an addictive quality to it. When a celebrity's fame recedes over time, the celebrity may find it difficult to adjust psychologically.\n\nRecently, there has been more attention toward the impact celebrities have on health decisions of the population at large. It is believed that the public will follow celebrities' health advice to some extent. This can have positive impacts when the celebrities give solid, evidence-informed health advice, however, it can also have detrimental effects if the health advice is not accurate enough.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Goldman, Jonathan (2011) Modernism Is the Literature of Celebrity. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. \n Grinin, Leonid (2009) \"'People of Celebrity' as a New Social Stratum and Elite\". In Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Cultural Dimensions (pp. 183–206). Ed. by Leonid E. Grinin and Andrey V. Korotayev. Moscow: KRASAND/Editorial URSS, 2009.\n \n Schikel, Richard. Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity. New York: Doubleday, 1985.\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links", "Alia Bhatt is a British-Indian actress who is known for her work in Hindi films. She is the recipient of four Filmfare Awards: one Best Actress (Critics) for the road film Highway (2014) and three Best Actress for the crime drama Udta Punjab (2016), the spy thriller Raazi (2018) and the musical drama Gully Boy (2019). She has received additional Filmfare nominations for Best Actress for Highway (2014), the coming-of-age film Dear Zindagi (2016), and the romantic comedy Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017); and for Best Female Debut for Student of the Year (2012).\n\nBhatt was awarded the Screen Award and IIFA Award for Best Actress for Udta Punjab (2016), and won the Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female for Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017), Raazi (2018) and Gully Boy (2019), For Raazi (2018), she won a second Screen Award and second IIFA Award for Best Actress. She won her third Screen Award for Gully Boy (2019).\n\nFilm awards\n\n2010s\n\n2020s\n\nVogue Beauty Award \n2013 : Fresh face of the year\n2019 : Beauty Icon\n\nVogue Women of the Year Awards\n2019 : Performer Of The Year\n2018 : Vogue and Lamborghini Youth Icon Of The year\n\nGQ Awards\n2018 : Most Stylish women\n\nHT India's Most Stylish Awards\n2016 : The Readers' Choice Award (Female)\n2018 : Most Stylish Actress Jury Choice (Female)\n\nHT Mumbai's Most Stylish Awards \n2017 : Most Stylish Trendsetter (Female)\n\nMedia honours\n2020\n\n• Listed in Forbes Ashia's 100 Digital Star.\n\nOther honours\n\n2017\n\n• Listed in Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia• Listed in Forbes India top 100 celebrities\n\n2018\n\n• Listed in Forbes India top 100 celebrities\n\n2019\n\n• Grabs the top spot in Times most desirable Women 2018.\n\n• Second Most searched female actor \n\n• Listed in Forbes India top 10 celebrities\n\n• Features in top 25 Powerful Indian women of femina power list.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nBhatt, Alia" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry" ]

[ "Casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). It is the \"[s]tudy of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct.\" It remains a common tool for applied ethics.\n\nEtymology\nThe term and its agent noun \"casuist\" from 1600, ultimately derive from Latin noun (\"case, occurrence, etc.\"); even from the earliest attestations, the concept was intended as pejorative. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary says, quoting the Viscount Bolingbroke (1749), that the word \"[o]ften (and perhaps originally) applied to a quibbling or evasive way of dealing with difficult cases of duty.\" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (e.g., \"Casuistry destroys by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong\"). Often since the 17th century, the word has always carried a connotation of \"over-subtle reasoner, sophist.\"\n\nHistory\nCasuistry dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance (or \"confession\"). The term casuistry or Jesuitism quickly became pejorative with Blaise Pascal's attack on the misuse of casuistry. Some Jesuit theologians, in view of promoting personal responsibility and the respect of freedom of conscience, stressed the importance of the 'case by case' approach to personal moral decisions and ultimately developed and accepted a casuistry (the study of cases of consciences) where at the time of decision, individual inclinations were more important than the moral law itself.\n\nIn Provincial Letters (1656–57) the French mathematician, religious philosopher and Jansenist sympathiser, Blaise Pascal vigorously attacked the moral laxism of Jesuits who used casuistic reasoning in confession to placate wealthy Church donors, while punishing poor penitents. Pascal charged that aristocratic penitents could confess their sins one day, re-commit the sin the next day, generously donate the following day, then return to re-confess their sins and only receive the lightest punishment; Pascal's criticisms darkened casuistry's reputation.\n\nA British encyclopedia of 1900 claimed that it was \"popularly regarded as an attempt to achieve holy ends by unholy means.\"\n\nIt was not until publication of The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin, that a revival of casuistry occurred. They argue that the abuse of casuistry is the problem, not casuistry per se (itself an example of casuistic reasoning). Properly used, casuistry is powerful reasoning. Jonsen and Toulmin offer casuistry in dissolving the contradictory tenets of moral absolutism and the common secular moral relativism: \"the form of reasoning constitutive of classical casuistry is rhetorical reasoning\". Moreover, the ethical philosophies of Utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and Pragmatism commonly are identified as greatly employing casuistic reasoning.\n\nEarly modernity\nThe casuistic method was popular among Catholic thinkers in the early modern period, and not only among the Jesuits, as it is commonly thought. Famous casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose Summula casuum conscientiae (1627) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci (Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann (Theologia Moralis, 1625), John Azor (Institutiones Morales, 1600), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, Hermann Busembaum (d. 1668), etc. One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called \"laxist moral\" (i.e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through \"mental reservation\", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc.—all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters).\n\nThe progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a \"probable opinion\", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church. The controversy divided Catholic theologians into two camps, Rigorists and Laxists.\n\nCertain kinds of casuistry were criticized by early Protestant theologians, because it was used in order to justify many of the abuses that they sought to reform. It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity. By the mid-18th century, \"casuistry\" had become a synonym for specious moral reasoning. However, Puritans were known for their own development of casuistry.\n\nIn 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions (stricti mentalis), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Despite this papal condemnation, both Catholicism and Protestantism permit the use of ambiguous and equivocal statements in specific circumstances.\n\nLater modernity\nG. E. Moore dealt with casuistry in chapter 1.4 of his Principia Ethica, in which he claims that \"the defects of casuistry are not defects of principle; no objection can be taken to its aim and object. It has failed only because it is far too difficult a subject to be treated adequately in our present state of knowledge\". Furthermore, he asserted that \"casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation. It cannot be safely attempted at the beginning of our studies, but only at the end\".\n\nSince the 1960s, applied ethics has revived the ideas of casuistry in applying ethical reasoning to particular cases in law, bioethics, and business ethics, so the reputation of casuistry is somewhat rehabilitated.\n\nPope Francis, a Jesuit, has criticized casuistry as \"the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases\" in instances where a more holistic approach would be preferred.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n Bliton, Mark J. (1993). The Ethics of Clinical Ethics Consultation: On the Way to Clinical Philosophy (Diss. Vanderbilt)\n \n \n \n \n \n Carney, Bridget Mary. (1993). Modern Casuistry: An Essential But Incomplete Method for Clinical Ethical Decision-Making. (Diss., Graduate Theological Union).\n \n Carson, Ronald A. (1988). \"Paul Ramsey, Principled Protestant Casuist: A Retrospective.\" Medical Humanities Review, Vol. 2, pp. 24–35.\n Chidwick, Paula Marjorie (1994). Approaches to Clinical Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical Theory, Casuistry and Consultation. (Diss., U of Guelph)\n \n \n \n Drane, J.F. (1990). \"Methodologies for Clinical Ethics.\" Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 24, pp. 394–404.\n Dworkin, R.B. (1994). \"Emerging Paradigms in Bioethics: Symposium.\" Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 69, pp. 945–1122.\n Elliot, Carl (1992). \"Solving the Doctor's Dilemma?\" New Scientist, Vol. 133, pp. 42–43.\n Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (1991). The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity (Cambridge).\n Franklin, James (2001). The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins), ch. 4.\n Gallagher, Lowell (1991). Medusa's Gaze: Casuistry and Conscience in the Renaissance (Stanford)\n \n Green, Bryan S. (1988). Literary Methods and Sociological Theory: Case Studies of Simmel and Weber (Albany)\n \n Houle, Martha Marie (1983). The Fictions of Casuistry and Pascal's Jesuit in \"Les Provinciales\" (Diss. U California, San Diego)\n \n \n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. (1986). \"Casuistry\" in J.F. Childress and J. Macgvarrie, eds. Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics (Philadelphia)\n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. and Stephen Toulmin (1988). The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (California).\n Keenan, James F., S.J. and Thomas A. Shannon. (1995). The Context of Casuistry (Washington).\n Kirk, K. (1936). Conscience and Its Problems, An Introduction to Casuistry (London)\n \n \n \n \n Kuczewski, Mark G. (1994). Fragmentation and Consensus in Contemporary Neo-Aristotelian Ethics: A Study in Communitarianism and Casuistry (Diss., Duquesne U).\n \n \n Long, Edward LeRoy, junior (1954). Conscience and Compromise: an Approach to Protestant Casuistry (Philadelphia, Penn.: Westminster Press)\n \n \n Mackler, Aaron Leonard. Cases of Judgments in Ethical Reasoning: An Appraisal of Contemporary Casuistry and Holistic Model for the Mutual Support of Norms and Case Judgments (Diss., Georgetown U).\n \n \n McCready, Amy R. (1992). \"Milton's Casuistry: The Case of 'The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.' \" Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 393–428.\n \n \n \n Odozor, Paulinus Ikechukwu (1989). Richard A. McCormick and Casuistry: Moral Decision-Making in Conflict Situations (M.A. Thesis, St. Michael's College).\n Pack, Rolland W. (1988). Case Studies and Moral Conclusions: The Philosophical Use of Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (Diss., Georgetown U).\n Pascal, Blaise (1967). The Provincial Letters (London).\n \n Río Parra, Elena del (2008). Cartografías de la conciencia española en la Edad de Oro (Mexico).\n \n Seiden, Melvin (1990). Measure for Measure: Casuistry and Artistry (Washington).\n \n \n Smith, David H. (1991). \"Stories, Values, and Patient Care Decisions.\" in Charles Conrad, ed. The Ethical Nexus: Values in Organizational Decision Making. (New Jersey).\n \n \n Starr, G. (1971). Defoe and Casuistry (Princeton).\n \n Tallmon, James Michael (2001). \"Casuistry\" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–88.\n Tallmon, James Michael (1993). Casuistry and the Quest for Rhetorical Reason: Conceptualizing a Method of Shared Moral Inquiry (Diss., U of Washington).\n \n Taylor, Richard (1984). Good and Evil – A New Direction: A Foreceful Attack on the Rationalist Tradition in Ethics (Buffalo).\n \n \n \n Toulmin, Stephen (1988). \"The Recovery of Practical Philosophy.\" The American Scholar, Vol. 57, pp. 337–352.\n \n \n \n \n Weinstein, Bruce David (1989). The Possibility of Ethical Expertise (Diss. Georgetown U).\n \n \n Wildes, Kevin Wm., S.J. (1993). The View for Somewhere: Moral Judgment in Bioethics (Diss. Rice U).\n \n Zacker, David J. (1991). Reflection and Particulars: Does Casuistry Offer Us Stable Beliefs About Ethics? (M.A. Thesis, Western Michigan U).\n\nExternal links\n\n Dictionary of the History of Ideas: \"Casuistry\"\n Accountancy as computational casuistics, article on how modern compliance regimes in accountancy and law apply casuistry\n Mortimer Adler's Great Ideas – Casuistry\n Summary of casuistry by Jeramy Townsley\n Casuistry – Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy\n Casuistry – Oxford Encyclopedia of Rhetoric catalogued at she-philosopher.com\n\n \nScholasticism\nApplied ethics\nCommon law\nLegal reasoning", "Puritan casuistry is a genre of British religious literature, in the general area of moral theology, and recognised as founded about 1600. The work A Case of Conscience (1592) of William Perkins is considered foundational for the genre. So-called \"case divinity\" has been described as fundamental to Puritan culture. The underlying theological trend is said to be visible in George Gifford: evidence from life accentuated as \"proof of election\", to be obtained reflectively, and matching \"biblically promised effects\".\n\nIn line with the tenets of Reformed theology, the assurance of salvation could produce dilemmas on a spiritual level, and Puritan casuistry in part was a response to the need to address these issues as practical problems. Perkins, Richard Greenham, William Ames and Joseph Alleine were noted as authors who wrote in this area. From Ames, it was considered that reprobation can almost never know itself. More accurately, the issue is election, and the assurance of it, and Perkins addressed it as a preoccupation.\n\nOtherwise, the content of \"Puritan casuistry\" is still somewhat contested by scholars, because the element of casuistry is apparently lower than would be expected, if it were simply the casuistry of Puritanism. One explanation lies in a transformed, Protestant, meaning of \"casuistry\", as the \"sifting of the conscience\". Some of the content of confession is therefore implied, and so of devotional life. In terms of genre, devotional literature can be closer to the mark, than moral literature. It has been argued by a Jesuit author that \"casuistry\" here is a misnomer, and \"practical divinity\" more accurate.\n\nBackground in Early Modern casuistry\nThe medieval tradition in casuistry went under the name casus conscientiae, \"cases of conscience\". It took the form of moral principles shown as applied to particular situations. It was taken up by 17th century writers, both Catholic and Protestant. When Reformed theologians adopted casuistry, it was in a distinctive style: concise and biblical, and largely denying the separation of moral philosophy from theology. In the early 17th century the term \"practical theology\" was coming in, to cover \"cases of conscience\", though its scope could be wider than that.\n\nNotes\n\nPuritanism in England\nEthics literature\nSalvation in Protestantism\nBritish literature" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism." ]

[ "Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine. Beliefs that are \"held come what may\" are beliefs one is unwilling to give up, regardless of any evidence with which one might be presented.\n\nQuine held (on a perhaps simplistic construal) that there are no beliefs that one ought to hold come what may—in other words, that all beliefs are rationally revisable (\"no statement is immune to revision\"), and compared this to the simplification of quantum mechanics. Many philosophers argue to the contrary, believing that, for example, the laws of thought cannot be revised and may be \"held come what may\". Quine believed that all beliefs are linked by a web of beliefs, in which a belief is linked to another belief by supporting relations, but if one belief is found untrue, there is ground to find the linked beliefs also untrue. The latter statement is usually referred to as either confirmation holism or Duhem–Quine thesis.\n\nA closely related concept is hold more stubbornly at least, also popularized by Quine. Some beliefs may be more useful than others, or may be implied by a large number of beliefs. Examples might be laws of logic, or the belief in an external world of physical objects. Altering such central portions of the web of beliefs would have immense, ramifying consequences, and affect many other beliefs. It is better to alter auxiliary beliefs around the edges of the web of beliefs (considered to be sense beliefs, rather than main beliefs) in the face of new evidence unfriendly to one's central principles. Thus, while one might agree that there is no belief one can hold come what may, there are some for which there is ample practical ground to \"hold more stubbornly at least\".\n\nSee also\n Coherentism\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish phrases\nBelief\nConcepts in logic\nWillard Van Orman Quine", "Evidentialism is a thesis in epistemology which states that one is justified to believe something if and only if that person has evidence which supports said belief. Evidentialism is therefore a thesis about which beliefs are justified and which are not.\n\nFor philosophers Richard Feldman and Earl Conee, evidentialism is the strongest argument for justification because it identifies the primary notion of epistemic justification. They argue that if a person's attitude towards a proposition fits their evidence, then their doxastic attitude for that proposition is epistemically justified. Feldman and Conee offer the following argument for evidentialism as an epistemic justification:\n\n(EJ) Doxastic attitude D toward proposition p is epistemically justified for S at t if and only if having D toward p fits the evidence.\n\nFor Feldman and Conee one's doxastic attitude is justified if it fits one's evidence. EJ is meant to show the idea that justification is characteristically epistemic. This idea makes justification dependent on evidence.\n\nFeldman and Conee believe that because objections to EJ have become so prominent their defense for it is appropriate. The theses that object EJ are implying that epistemic justification is dependent upon the \"cognitive capacities of an individual or upon the cognitive processes or information-gatherings practices that lead to an attitude.\" For Feldman and Conee, EJ is in contrast to these theses; EJ contends that the epistemic justification for an attitude is only dependent upon evidence.\n\nCriticism\nPlantinga's Reformed Epistemology is a challenge against evidentialist epistemology. What Plantinga says is that the deliverances of reason consist of both properly basic beliefs and also beliefs based on propositional evidence. This is not the same as fideism, that is to say, \"a leap of faith.\" The properly basic beliefs are deliverances of reason.\n\nCritics of evidentialism sometimes reject the claim that a conclusion is justified only if one's evidence supports that conclusion. A typical counterexample goes like this. Suppose, for example, that Babe Ruth approaches the batter's box believing that he will hit a home run despite his current drunkenness and overall decline in performance in recent games. He realizes that, however unlikely it is that his luck will change, it would increase his chances of hitting a home run if he maintains a confident attitude. In these circumstances, critics of evidentialism argue that his belief that p = Babe Ruth will hit a home run is justified, even though his evidence does not support this belief.\n\nEvidentialists may respond to this criticism by forming a distinction between pragmatic or prudential justification and epistemic justification. In Babe Ruth's case, it is pragmatically justified that he believe p, but it is nevertheless epistemically unjustified: though the belief may be justified for the purpose of promoting some other goal (a successful at bat, in Ruth's case), it is not justified relative to the purely epistemic goal of having beliefs that are most likely to be true.\n\nA similar response follows the criticism that evidentialism implies all faith-based beliefs are unjustified. For example, fideism claims that evidence is irrelevant to religious beliefs and that attempts to justify religious beliefs in such a way are misguided. Superficially, fideism and evidentialism have mutually exclusive takes on religious beliefs, but evidentialists use the term \"justification\" in a much weaker sense than the one in which fideists most likely use it. Evidentialism merely defines the epistemic condition of a belief.\n\nAlthough evidentialism states that the content of the evidence does not matter, only that it constitutes valid justification towards some proposition, a skeptical criticism may be levelled at evidentialism from uncertainty theories. One's evidence may be objectively disproved at some point or it may be the case that one can never have absolute certainty of one's evidence. Given the logic of arguments concerning principles of uncertainty and randomness, skepticism towards knowledge merely becomes skepticism towards valid justification.\n\nLikewise, some say that the human mind is not naturally inclined to form beliefs based on evidence, viz. cognitive dissonance. While this may be the case, evidentialists admit, evidentialism is only meant to separate justified beliefs from unjustified beliefs. One can believe that evidentialism is true yet still maintain that the human mind is not naturally inclined to form beliefs based on evidence. He would simply have to conclude that the mind is not naturally inclined to form justified beliefs.\n\nThe infinite regress argument\n\nEvidentialism also faces a challenge from the infinite regress argument. This argument begins with the observation that, normally, one's supporting evidence for a belief consists of other beliefs. However, it seems that these other beliefs can do the job of justifying only if they themselves are already justified. And evidentialism demands that these supporting beliefs be justified by still further evidence if they are to be justified themselves. But this same reasoning would apply to the new, deeper level of supporting beliefs: they can only justify if they're themselves justified, and evidentialism therefore demands an even deeper level of supporting belief. And so on. According to this argument, a justified belief requires an endless supply of reasons. Some philosophers such as Thomas Nagel posit that this is an absurd conclusion.\n\nIn general, responses to this argument can be classified in the following ways:\n Foundationalism: There exist beliefs that are justified, but not because they are based on any other beliefs. These are called properly basic beliefs, and they are the foundation upon which all other justified beliefs ultimately rest.\n Coherentism: Justified beliefs are all evidentially supported by other beliefs, but an infinite set of beliefs is not generated, because the chains of evidential support among beliefs is allowed to move in a circle. On the resulting picture, a person's belief is justified when it fits together with the person's other beliefs in a coherent way in which the person's various beliefs mutually support one another.\n A modest reasoner subset of Coherentism would insist that all justifiable beliefs be statements about \"some objects\" since the negation/complement of a some statement is another some statement.\n Skepticism: There cannot be any justified beliefs.\n A modest reasoner subset of Scepticism like the subset of Coherentism would likewise insist and define all justifiable beliefs be statements about \"some objects\" since the negation/complement of a some statement is another some statement.\n Infinitism: Aside from these responses, some philosophers have said that evidential chains terminate in beliefs that are not justified. Others have said that, indeed, there can exist infinite chains of reasons.\n\nOf the main responses, coherentism and skepticism are clearly consistent with evidentialism. Coherentism allows evidential support for all of our justified beliefs in the face of the regress argument by allowing for circular chains of evidential support among beliefs. And the skeptic here is utilizing an evidentialist demand to arrive at her skeptical conclusion.\n\nBut because the resulting skepticism is so sweeping and devastating, and because so many reject the legitimacy of the circular reasoning embraced by the coherentist, foundationalism is the favored response of many philosophers to the regress argument. And foundationalism does not so clearly fit together with evidentialism. At first glance, at least, the \"basic\" beliefs of the foundationalist would appear to be counterexamples to the evidentialist's thesis, in that they are justified beliefs that are not rational because they are not supported by deeper evidence.\n\nNon-evidentialist theories of knowledge and justification\n\nMany contemporary epistemologists reject the view that evidential support is the whole story about the justification of beliefs. While no sensible epistemologists generally urge people to disregard their evidence when forming beliefs, many believe that a more complete theory would introduce considerations about the processes that initiate and sustain beliefs. An example of one such theory is reliabilism. The most influential proponent of reliabilism is Alvin Goldman. According to a crude form of reliabilism, S is justified in believing p if and only if S's belief in p is caused by a reliable process—a process that generally leads to true beliefs. Some of these reliable processes may require the processing of evidence; many others won't. So, Goldman would argue, evidentialism, on which the justification of a belief always turns completely on the issue of the belief's evidential support, is false. Likewise, evidentialism will be rejected by more sophisticated versions of reliabilism, some of which will allow evidence an important but limited role, as opposed to the all-encompassing role assigned to it by evidentialism.\n\nOther non-evidentialist theories include: the Causal Theory, according to which S knows p if and only if S's belief in p is causally connected in an appropriate way with S's believing p; and Robert Nozick's Truth Tracking Theory, according to which S knows p if and only if (i) p is true, (ii) S believes p, (iii) S's attitude toward p tracks the truth value of p in that, when p is not true, S does not believe p and when p is true, S does believe p.\n\nAnother alternative perspective, promoted by David Hume's 18th-century opponent, Presbyterian philosopher Thomas Reid, and perhaps hinted at by Hume himself, at least in some moods (though this is a very controversial issue in interpreting Hume), has it that some of our \"natural\" beliefs—beliefs we are led to form by natural features of the human constitution—have what can be called an \"innocent-until-proven-guilty\" status. Contrary to evidentialism, they can be justified in the absence of any effective evidence that supports them. They are justified just so long as one doesn't have good reason to think them false.\n\nA new account of the extent of our evidence is Timothy Williamson's claim that E=K: one's evidence is what one knows. (See Williamson's book, Knowledge and Its Limits (Oxford UP, 2000).) Going by the \"letter of the law,\" Williamson's resulting theory is not contrary to, but is rather an instance of, evidentialism. By allowing our evidence to encompass everything we know, Williamson is able to give thoroughly evidentialist accounts of many important epistemological concepts. But, traditionally, evidentialists have presupposed much more restrictive accounts of what our evidence is. Thus, Williamson's theory is opposed to the spirit of much traditional evidentialism, primarily because it turns evidentialism from an internalist account of justification to an externalist account (due to the factive nature of knowledge.) However, Williamson's work may point to a quite general way to modify traditional evidentialism to make it better able to meet the challenges it faces: whether or not one goes so far as to accept that E=K, broadening one's view of what constitutes our evidence may provide a way to address many of the objections to evidentialism, especially to those disinclined to swallow skeptical consequences of a view.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n .\n\nExternal links\n by Dan Mittag of the University of Rochester\n \n \n \n\nEpistemological theories\nJustification (epistemology)\nBelief\nEvidence\nInternalism and externalism" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism." ]

[ "You Can Hold Me Down is the debut album by William Tell, first released on March 13, 2007 through Universal Records and New Door Records.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Jeannie\" (William Tell) 3:01\n \"Slipping Under (Sing Along to Your Favorite Song)\" (PJ Smith, William Tell) 3:34\n \"Trouble\" (William Tell) 2:55\n \"Fairfax (You’re Still the Same)\" (William Tell) 2:49\n \"Like You, Only Sweeter\" (Darren Tehrani, William Tell) 3:41\n \"Maybe Tonight\" (William Tell, Mike Green) 3:13\n \"Young at Heart\" (William Tell) 2:46\n \"Sounds\" (William Tell, PJ Smith) 3:05\n \"Just For You\" (William Tell, Mike Green) 3:33\n \"You Can Hold Me Down\" (William Tell, Darren Tehrani) 3:23\n\nBest Buy hidden track:\n<li> \"You Can Hold Me Down\" (Tell, Tehrani) – 9:31\n features the hidden track \"After All\", beginning at about 4:30\n\niTunes Store bonus track:\n<li> \"Yesterday is Calling\" (James Bourne, Smith) – 3:43\n\nTarget bonus track:\n<li> \"Young at Heart (Acoustic)\" (Tell) – 2:46\n\nWal-Mart bonus tracks:\n<li> \"This Mess\" – 3:23\n<li> \"Katie (Where'd You Go?)\" – 3:48\n\nPersonnel\nWilliam Tell - vocals, guitars, bass\nBrian Ireland - drums, percussion\nAndrew McMahon - piano\n\nReferences\n\nYou Can Hold Me Down (William Tell album)", "\"Tell Me How You Feel\" is a song by American singer and actress Joy Enriquez. It samples \"Mellow Mellow Right On\" by Lowrell Simon. The song was released as the second single from her debut self-titled studio album in September 2000, peaking at number 17 on the US Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number 24 in Australia and number 14 in New Zealand, where it was certified Gold for sales of over 5,000.\n\nTrack listings\n\nUS CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" – 4:06\n Snippets from Joy Enriquez\n \"Shake Up the Party\"\n \"Situation\"\n \"I Can't Believe\"\n\nAustralian maxi-CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:04\n \"Between You and Me\" – 4:21\n \"How Can I Not Love You\" – 4:33\n\nEuropean CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (album version) – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:05\n\nEuropean maxi-CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (album version) – 4:06\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (Full Crew remix) – 4:05\n \"Dime mi amor\" (Spanish version) – 3:59\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\" (instrumental) – 4:05\n\nJapanese CD single\n \"Tell Me How You Feel\"\n \"How Can I Not Love You\"\n\nCharts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n at Discogs\n\n2000 singles\n2000 songs\n2001 singles\nArista Records singles\nSong recordings produced by Soulshock and Karlin\nSongs written by Kenneth Karlin\nSongs written by Soulshock" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case." ]

[ "Puritan casuistry is a genre of British religious literature, in the general area of moral theology, and recognised as founded about 1600. The work A Case of Conscience (1592) of William Perkins is considered foundational for the genre. So-called \"case divinity\" has been described as fundamental to Puritan culture. The underlying theological trend is said to be visible in George Gifford: evidence from life accentuated as \"proof of election\", to be obtained reflectively, and matching \"biblically promised effects\".\n\nIn line with the tenets of Reformed theology, the assurance of salvation could produce dilemmas on a spiritual level, and Puritan casuistry in part was a response to the need to address these issues as practical problems. Perkins, Richard Greenham, William Ames and Joseph Alleine were noted as authors who wrote in this area. From Ames, it was considered that reprobation can almost never know itself. More accurately, the issue is election, and the assurance of it, and Perkins addressed it as a preoccupation.\n\nOtherwise, the content of \"Puritan casuistry\" is still somewhat contested by scholars, because the element of casuistry is apparently lower than would be expected, if it were simply the casuistry of Puritanism. One explanation lies in a transformed, Protestant, meaning of \"casuistry\", as the \"sifting of the conscience\". Some of the content of confession is therefore implied, and so of devotional life. In terms of genre, devotional literature can be closer to the mark, than moral literature. It has been argued by a Jesuit author that \"casuistry\" here is a misnomer, and \"practical divinity\" more accurate.\n\nBackground in Early Modern casuistry\nThe medieval tradition in casuistry went under the name casus conscientiae, \"cases of conscience\". It took the form of moral principles shown as applied to particular situations. It was taken up by 17th century writers, both Catholic and Protestant. When Reformed theologians adopted casuistry, it was in a distinctive style: concise and biblical, and largely denying the separation of moral philosophy from theology. In the early 17th century the term \"practical theology\" was coming in, to cover \"cases of conscience\", though its scope could be wider than that.\n\nNotes\n\nPuritanism in England\nEthics literature\nSalvation in Protestantism\nBritish literature", "Casuistry ( ) is a process of reasoning that seeks to resolve moral problems by extracting or extending theoretical rules from a particular case, and reapplying those rules to new instances. This method occurs in applied ethics and jurisprudence. The term is also commonly used as a pejorative to criticize the use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions (as in sophistry). It is the \"[s]tudy of cases of conscience and a method of solving conflicts of obligations by applying general principles of ethics, religion, and moral theology to particular and concrete cases of human conduct. This frequently demands an extensive knowledge of natural law and equity, civil law, ecclesiastical precepts, and an exceptional skill in interpreting these various norms of conduct.\" It remains a common tool for applied ethics.\n\nEtymology\nThe term and its agent noun \"casuist\" from 1600, ultimately derive from Latin noun (\"case, occurrence, etc.\"); even from the earliest attestations, the concept was intended as pejorative. Indeed, the Oxford English Dictionary says, quoting the Viscount Bolingbroke (1749), that the word \"[o]ften (and perhaps originally) applied to a quibbling or evasive way of dealing with difficult cases of duty.\" Its textual references, except for certain technical usages, are consistently pejorative (e.g., \"Casuistry destroys by distinctions and exceptions, all morality, and effaces the essential difference between right and wrong\"). Often since the 17th century, the word has always carried a connotation of \"over-subtle reasoner, sophist.\"\n\nHistory\nCasuistry dates from Aristotle (384–322 BC), yet the zenith of casuistry was from 1550 to 1650, when the Society of Jesus used case-based reasoning, particularly in administering the Sacrament of Penance (or \"confession\"). The term casuistry or Jesuitism quickly became pejorative with Blaise Pascal's attack on the misuse of casuistry. Some Jesuit theologians, in view of promoting personal responsibility and the respect of freedom of conscience, stressed the importance of the 'case by case' approach to personal moral decisions and ultimately developed and accepted a casuistry (the study of cases of consciences) where at the time of decision, individual inclinations were more important than the moral law itself.\n\nIn Provincial Letters (1656–57) the French mathematician, religious philosopher and Jansenist sympathiser, Blaise Pascal vigorously attacked the moral laxism of Jesuits who used casuistic reasoning in confession to placate wealthy Church donors, while punishing poor penitents. Pascal charged that aristocratic penitents could confess their sins one day, re-commit the sin the next day, generously donate the following day, then return to re-confess their sins and only receive the lightest punishment; Pascal's criticisms darkened casuistry's reputation.\n\nA British encyclopedia of 1900 claimed that it was \"popularly regarded as an attempt to achieve holy ends by unholy means.\"\n\nIt was not until publication of The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (1988), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin, that a revival of casuistry occurred. They argue that the abuse of casuistry is the problem, not casuistry per se (itself an example of casuistic reasoning). Properly used, casuistry is powerful reasoning. Jonsen and Toulmin offer casuistry in dissolving the contradictory tenets of moral absolutism and the common secular moral relativism: \"the form of reasoning constitutive of classical casuistry is rhetorical reasoning\". Moreover, the ethical philosophies of Utilitarianism (especially preference utilitarianism) and Pragmatism commonly are identified as greatly employing casuistic reasoning.\n\nEarly modernity\nThe casuistic method was popular among Catholic thinkers in the early modern period, and not only among the Jesuits, as it is commonly thought. Famous casuistic authors include Antonio Escobar y Mendoza, whose Summula casuum conscientiae (1627) enjoyed a great success, Thomas Sanchez, Vincenzo Filliucci (Jesuit and penitentiary at St Peter's), Antonino Diana, Paul Laymann (Theologia Moralis, 1625), John Azor (Institutiones Morales, 1600), Etienne Bauny, Louis Cellot, Valerius Reginaldus, Hermann Busembaum (d. 1668), etc. One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called \"laxist moral\" (i.e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through \"mental reservation\", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc.—all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters).\n\nThe progress of casuistry was interrupted toward the middle of the 17th century by the controversy which arose concerning the doctrine of probabilism, which stipulated that one could choose to follow a \"probable opinion\", that is, supported by a theologian or another, even if it contradicted a more probable opinion or a quotation from one of the Fathers of the Church. The controversy divided Catholic theologians into two camps, Rigorists and Laxists.\n\nCertain kinds of casuistry were criticized by early Protestant theologians, because it was used in order to justify many of the abuses that they sought to reform. It was famously attacked by the Catholic and Jansenist philosopher Pascal, during the formulary controversy against the Jesuits, in his Provincial Letters as the use of rhetorics to justify moral laxity, which became identified by the public with Jesuitism; hence the everyday use of the term to mean complex and sophistic reasoning to justify moral laxity. By the mid-18th century, \"casuistry\" had become a synonym for specious moral reasoning. However, Puritans were known for their own development of casuistry.\n\nIn 1679 Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five of the more radical propositions (stricti mentalis), taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. Despite this papal condemnation, both Catholicism and Protestantism permit the use of ambiguous and equivocal statements in specific circumstances.\n\nLater modernity\nG. E. Moore dealt with casuistry in chapter 1.4 of his Principia Ethica, in which he claims that \"the defects of casuistry are not defects of principle; no objection can be taken to its aim and object. It has failed only because it is far too difficult a subject to be treated adequately in our present state of knowledge\". Furthermore, he asserted that \"casuistry is the goal of ethical investigation. It cannot be safely attempted at the beginning of our studies, but only at the end\".\n\nSince the 1960s, applied ethics has revived the ideas of casuistry in applying ethical reasoning to particular cases in law, bioethics, and business ethics, so the reputation of casuistry is somewhat rehabilitated.\n\nPope Francis, a Jesuit, has criticized casuistry as \"the practice of setting general laws on the basis of exceptional cases\" in instances where a more holistic approach would be preferred.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n Bliton, Mark J. (1993). The Ethics of Clinical Ethics Consultation: On the Way to Clinical Philosophy (Diss. Vanderbilt)\n \n \n \n \n \n Carney, Bridget Mary. (1993). Modern Casuistry: An Essential But Incomplete Method for Clinical Ethical Decision-Making. (Diss., Graduate Theological Union).\n \n Carson, Ronald A. (1988). \"Paul Ramsey, Principled Protestant Casuist: A Retrospective.\" Medical Humanities Review, Vol. 2, pp. 24–35.\n Chidwick, Paula Marjorie (1994). Approaches to Clinical Ethical Decision-Making: Ethical Theory, Casuistry and Consultation. (Diss., U of Guelph)\n \n \n \n Drane, J.F. (1990). \"Methodologies for Clinical Ethics.\" Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization, Vol. 24, pp. 394–404.\n Dworkin, R.B. (1994). \"Emerging Paradigms in Bioethics: Symposium.\" Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 69, pp. 945–1122.\n Elliot, Carl (1992). \"Solving the Doctor's Dilemma?\" New Scientist, Vol. 133, pp. 42–43.\n Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (1991). The Ends of Human Life: Medical Ethics in a Liberal Polity (Cambridge).\n Franklin, James (2001). The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins), ch. 4.\n Gallagher, Lowell (1991). Medusa's Gaze: Casuistry and Conscience in the Renaissance (Stanford)\n \n Green, Bryan S. (1988). Literary Methods and Sociological Theory: Case Studies of Simmel and Weber (Albany)\n \n Houle, Martha Marie (1983). The Fictions of Casuistry and Pascal's Jesuit in \"Les Provinciales\" (Diss. U California, San Diego)\n \n \n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. (1986). \"Casuistry\" in J.F. Childress and J. Macgvarrie, eds. Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics (Philadelphia)\n \n \n Jonsen, Albert R. and Stephen Toulmin (1988). The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning (California).\n Keenan, James F., S.J. and Thomas A. Shannon. (1995). The Context of Casuistry (Washington).\n Kirk, K. (1936). Conscience and Its Problems, An Introduction to Casuistry (London)\n \n \n \n \n Kuczewski, Mark G. (1994). Fragmentation and Consensus in Contemporary Neo-Aristotelian Ethics: A Study in Communitarianism and Casuistry (Diss., Duquesne U).\n \n \n Long, Edward LeRoy, junior (1954). Conscience and Compromise: an Approach to Protestant Casuistry (Philadelphia, Penn.: Westminster Press)\n \n \n Mackler, Aaron Leonard. Cases of Judgments in Ethical Reasoning: An Appraisal of Contemporary Casuistry and Holistic Model for the Mutual Support of Norms and Case Judgments (Diss., Georgetown U).\n \n \n McCready, Amy R. (1992). \"Milton's Casuistry: The Case of 'The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.' \" Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Vol. 22, pp. 393–428.\n \n \n \n Odozor, Paulinus Ikechukwu (1989). Richard A. McCormick and Casuistry: Moral Decision-Making in Conflict Situations (M.A. Thesis, St. Michael's College).\n Pack, Rolland W. (1988). Case Studies and Moral Conclusions: The Philosophical Use of Case Studies in Biomedical Ethics (Diss., Georgetown U).\n Pascal, Blaise (1967). The Provincial Letters (London).\n \n Río Parra, Elena del (2008). Cartografías de la conciencia española en la Edad de Oro (Mexico).\n \n Seiden, Melvin (1990). Measure for Measure: Casuistry and Artistry (Washington).\n \n \n Smith, David H. (1991). \"Stories, Values, and Patient Care Decisions.\" in Charles Conrad, ed. The Ethical Nexus: Values in Organizational Decision Making. (New Jersey).\n \n \n Starr, G. (1971). Defoe and Casuistry (Princeton).\n \n Tallmon, James Michael (2001). \"Casuistry\" in The Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Ed. Thomas O. Sloane. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–88.\n Tallmon, James Michael (1993). Casuistry and the Quest for Rhetorical Reason: Conceptualizing a Method of Shared Moral Inquiry (Diss., U of Washington).\n \n Taylor, Richard (1984). Good and Evil – A New Direction: A Foreceful Attack on the Rationalist Tradition in Ethics (Buffalo).\n \n \n \n Toulmin, Stephen (1988). \"The Recovery of Practical Philosophy.\" The American Scholar, Vol. 57, pp. 337–352.\n \n \n \n \n Weinstein, Bruce David (1989). The Possibility of Ethical Expertise (Diss. Georgetown U).\n \n \n Wildes, Kevin Wm., S.J. (1993). The View for Somewhere: Moral Judgment in Bioethics (Diss. Rice U).\n \n Zacker, David J. (1991). Reflection and Particulars: Does Casuistry Offer Us Stable Beliefs About Ethics? (M.A. Thesis, Western Michigan U).\n\nExternal links\n\n Dictionary of the History of Ideas: \"Casuistry\"\n Accountancy as computational casuistics, article on how modern compliance regimes in accountancy and law apply casuistry\n Mortimer Adler's Great Ideas – Casuistry\n Summary of casuistry by Jeramy Townsley\n Casuistry – Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy\n Casuistry – Oxford Encyclopedia of Rhetoric catalogued at she-philosopher.com\n\n \nScholasticism\nApplied ethics\nCommon law\nLegal reasoning" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues." ]

[ "Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. (1858 – May 17, 1942) was the American lawyer located in Springfield, Ohio, who wrote the \"flying machine\" patent application that resulted in the patent granted to Dayton inventors Wilbur and Orville Wright on May 22, 1906.\n\nEarly life\nNot much is known about Toulmin's early years. Born in 1858 to Joshua Morton S. Toulmin (1823–1896) and Frances Hellen (1828–1916), Toulmin had four brothers and three sisters. In 1882 at age 24, Toulmin graduated from The George Washington University Law School. For the next four years after graduating from law school, Toulmin practiced patent law in Washington, D.C.\n\nBefore the hiring\n\nToulmin arrived in Springfield, Ohio from Washington D.C. in 1886 because it was a center of innovation and invention that required legal representation for patent proceedings. He set up his law firm in the Bushnell Building located at 14 East Main Street in Springfield. In 1888, Toulmin married Rosamond Evans (d. 1947); they had two children who lived past infancy: Morton Warwick Evans and Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. (1890–1965). When Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. joined the law firm, his father renamed the firm Toulmin & Toulmin.\n\nThe hiring\nApplying for a U.S. Patent on their flying machine was never far from the Wrights' minds. Their first attempt to get a patent on their invention failed, largely because they wrote the patent application themselves. Also contributing to its demise was their inability to demonstrate a \"practical flying machine.\" At that time, the U.S. Patent Office had begun to receive a flood of patent applications for aerial craft of all descriptions, real and imagined, and had adopted a policy of only approving applications for inventions involving flying machines if the benchmark of \"practicality\" could be met and demonstrated. The practicality benchmark has long since been discarded by the U.S. Patent Office as being unworkable.\n\nFollowing the U.S. Patent Office examiner's advice for the brothers to work with a patent attorney, Wilbur began searching for a qualified lawyer. Two friends, John Kirby and Will Ohmer, recommended that Wilbur contact Toulmin.\n\nOn January 14, 1904, Wilbur Wright wrote to Toulmin for an appointment for advice and assistance with filing a new application. Eight days later, on January 22, Wilbur traveled to Springfield, Ohio, to see Toulmin. Toulmin took Wilbur and Orville seriously when they came to announce that they wanted to patent a flying machine. The Wright brothers hired Toulmin that day and placed the Wright patent case in his hands.\n\nToulmin was confident that he could use the original application as a starting point for a broad, airtight patent that would protect the brothers' invention. But he warned Wilbur and Orville that the process would be lengthy, and he recommended that they keep quiet about the details of their aircraft. Based on Toulmin's direction, the Wrights decided on secrecy until their patent was secured, during which time they continued to work at building a real, practical machine.\n\nToulmin urged that the Wrights not seek a patent on their aircraft but only on its system for in-air control. They followed his recommendation that they apply for a patent based on the three-axis control system of their 1902 Glider instead of their powered 1903 or 1904 Flyers in order to avoid having to present a working model to a highly doubting Patent Office. In addition, Toulmin advised the Wrights to patent not just the mechanisms that allowed them to warp or flex a wing but, more importantly, to patent the idea of roll control itself.\n\nToulmin was able to interpret the Wrights' complex laboratory and field work down to their essential breakthrough. Wilbur walked into Toulmin's office wanting to patent an airplane and walked out wanting to patent only the control system. According to Wilbur, he and Orville immediately liked Toulmin and his services.\n\nOrville and/or Wilbur would travel to Springfield by the interurban streetcar from Dayton to meet with Toulmin at the Patent Law Office of Toulmin & Toulmin. After their initial meeting, Wilbur met Toulmin thirteen days later on February 4, 1904 to discuss foreign patent applications, while Orville and Charlie Taylor started constructing three new engines to replace the 1903 engine wrecked beyond repair after the end of the fourth flight of December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk.\n\nOn June 21, 1907, Orville journeyed to Springfield, Ohio, to consult Toulmin regarding a new patent on a device for maintaining automatic stability in an airplane. Orville made a second trip on June 26. It is also known that on January 20, 1908 and June 15, 1908 Orville traveled to Springfield to consult Toulmin on Wright patents.\n\nThe patent\n\nThe patent application Toulmin drew up gave the Wrights sole claim to the only system ever devised for the in-air control of a fixed-wing flying machine. By April 1904, the Wrights' patent had been filed not only in the United States but in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy, and, Wilbur wrote, \"probably Russia.\" The U.S. patent issued in 1906.\n\nClaim 1 of the patent reads: In a flying-machine, a normally flat aeroplane having lateral marginal portions capable of movement to different positions above or below [sic] the normal plane of the body of the aeroplane, such movement being about an axis traverse to the line of flight, whereby said lateral marginal portions may be moved to different angles relative to the normal plane of the body of the aeroplane so as to present to the atmosphere different angles of incidence, and means for so moving said lateral marginal portions, substantially described.\n\nOn deciphering the patent legalese, it becomes apparent that Toulmin did not patent the airplane. Rather, Toulmin patented airplane (flying-machine) wing edges (lateral marginal portions) that normally are flat but may move up and down in a direction that is different from the airplane's line of flight and may be moved to different angles. Although the patent particularly addressed a solid wing with a portion of the wing (the marginal portions) being flexed (warped) to provide lift, the patent claim was not so limiting. In particular, Toulmin's genius as a patent attorney predicated and helped the Wright Brothers patent slats, the spoiler, the aileron, the flaps, the elevator, and the Rudder for an airplane (see picture above). Without these, an airplane cannot be controlled any more than a car can be controlled without movable wheels. Without a license to the Wright brothers' patent, it was not legally possible to build or fly a controllable airplane in the early 20th century. Unsurprisingly, the verbal and legal attacks by competitors on the Wright Brothers began almost immediately.\n\nAfter the patent\nPatent litigation was a costly endeavor. In a January 22, 1910 letter to Wilbur, Toulmin suggested that the most economical way for the Wright brothers to proceed would be to enter into a retainer agreement with Toulmin & Toulmin, paying US$12,000 (about US$132,000 in 2006 inflation-adjusted dollars) for the first two years and US$10,000 per year (US$110,000 inflation adjusted to 2006) for the subsequent five. This would permit Toulmin to devote his full attention to the Wright brothers litigation, he suggested. Even though the amounts requested were reasonable, it took the Wright brothers only two days to reject that proposal. It may have been money that ended the relationship between Toulmin and the Wright brothers.\n\nIn April 1910, Toulmin issued a statement saying that attacks on the Wright brothers was wholly unjustified.\n\nBy 1911 Toulmin's prized clients were operating the world's first aircraft factory and the world's first flight-training school while fighting an armful of patent-infringement suits.\n\nOn February 13 and 15, 1911, William Joseph Hammer, consulting engineer, and James W. See, mechanical engineer, gave depositions that were taken at the office of H. A. Toulmin, Dayton, Ohio.\n\nOn January 9–10, 1912. Wilbur and Orville give depositions in Dayton in Erastus E. Winkley v. Orville & Wilbur Wright lawsuit. Testimony was given on the conception of their patent no. 1,075,533, filed by Toulmin on February 10, 1908. Several drawings used for their patent application and correspondence with Katharine Wright and Harry A. Toulmin regarding it are introduced into the record.\n\nLater in life\nToulmin handled five patent applications for the Wright brothers over a period of 17 years, spurring more than 13 years of fierce legal battles over the intellectual property rights he helped to create. As a result of Toulmin's success in keeping others from using the Wright brothers' ideas, aircraft manufacturers established the Aircraft Manufacturers Association to coordinate the World War I wartime aircraft manufacturing in the United States and formed a patent pool four months after the United States joined the war, in July, 1917, with the approval of the U.S. government. All patent litigation ceased automatically and royalties were reduced to one percent and free exchange of inventions and ideas took place among all the airframe builders. Toulmin channeled his success and notoriety into authoring more than 30 books on a wide variety of topics, including the Truman Committee of President Harry S. Truman. Several of Toulmin's books were published well after his death in 1942.\n\nHistory's view\n\nToulmin was a pioneer patent lawyer who assisted the Wright brothers in the creation of the age of flight. In honor of the patent's centennial anniversary and the 101st anniversary of the last flight of the 1905 Wright Flyer, commemorative groups in Dayton and Springfield, Ohio on October 5, 2006, distributed a commemorative booklet (see above images) and unveiled the Harry A. Toulmin Sr. Memorial Sculpture on downtown Springfield's Fountain Square, across from the restored Bushnell Building where Toulmin maintained his office. The 8-foot (2.4 m) sculpture, a bronze work by artist Michael Major, received a ceremonial flyover by a replica of the 1911 Wright model B. The Bushnell Building is recognized as part of Ohio's National Road Scenic Byway for its being the place where Toulmin helped the Wrights acquire patents for their flying machine. The Harry Toulmin Room in the Bushnell Building seats 50 people.\n\nThe collection of Wilbur's and Orville Wright's papers in the Library of Congress includes significant correspondence with the Wrights' lawyers concerning their business affairs, including Toulmin, as well as lawyers Frederick P. Fish, H. Springmann, and Pliny W. Williamson.\n\nLegacy\nDespite his death in 1942, the legacy of Harry Toulmin Sr. affected those around him through the 1990s.\n\nIn 1852, Toulmin's father-in-law, Warwick Evans, was the first medical school graduate from Georgetown University Medical Center. Evans went on to become an anatomy professor and prominent physician.\n\nIn 1888, Toulmin Sr. married Rosamond Evans (d. 1947); they had two children: Morton Warwick Evans and Harry Aubrey Toulmin Jr. (1890–1965). Toulmin Jr. graduated from Wittenberg University in Ohio and the University of Virginia School of Law. Following in his father's footsteps, Toulmin Jr. became a patent attorney and joined his father's law firm, renamed Toulmin & Toulmin. To distinguish the two, Toulmin Sr. was known by family and close friends as Aubrey \"Aircraft\" and Toulmin Jr. was known as \"Lawyer\" Harry. There are no living descendants of Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. \n\nEventually, the Toulmin & Toulmin law firm moved to the Schwind Building, in Dayton, Ohio (a building which played a role in the Dayton Woman's Suffrage Association and subsequently became the Moraine Embassy Apartments). Among Toulmin & Toulmin's clients was the Tucker Corporation, and the firm name appears on the design patent covering Preston Tucker's design for the Tucker Sedan.\n\nLike many patent attorneys, Toulmin Jr. eventually began working as an in-house lawyer for a corporation. In April 1947, Toulmin Jr. was elected the chairman of the board of the Tucker Corporation. Five months later, on September 26, 1947, Harry A. Toulmin Jr. resigned as chairman of the board from the Tucker Corporation in a letter to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This letter contributed to the SEC investigation of Preston Tucker and the demise of the Tucker Corporation.\n\nHarry Jr. was a prolific inventor. Over 200 patents in a wide field of technologies were issued to him. Toulmin Jr. went on to form Central Pharmaceuticals Inc.\n\nAt the time of his death in 1965, Toulmin Jr. left his shares in his company, Central Pharmaceuticals Inc., worth $1 million at the time, in a trust fund to be managed by his widow, Virginia B. Toulmin. By the terms of the trust, the balance at the time of Virginia's death was to be transferred to Georgetown University Medical Center in honor of Harry Toulmin Jr.'s grandfather Warwick Evans. Georgetown University is the rival school of George Washington University, the school where Harry Toulmin Sr. received his law degree.\n\nMrs. Toulmin took control of Central Pharmaceuticals as president and built Central into a thriving drug manufacturer. In 1995, Mrs. Toulmin sold Central Pharmaceuticals for $178 million to the German pharmaceutical giant Schwarz Pharma.\n\nThe Toulmin trusts were the subject of substantial legal problems. Both Toulmin Sr. and Toulmin Jr. had testamentary trusts, and some of the $178 million was shared between the two trusts. Toulmin Jr.'s first wife, Margaret McCarty, was a life beneficiary under Toulmin Sr.'s trust, where the remainder after Toulmin Jr.'s first wife death was to be allotted to the living descendants of Toulmin Sr.'s grandfather. After the death of Margaret McCarty on September 29, 1994, the Toulmin Sr. remainder trust money had grown to a considerable sum. Since the Toulmin Sr. remainder trust money was to revert under Toulmin Sr.'s will to descendants of his grandfather per stirpes, it became necessary for the executors of Harry Aubrey Toulmin Sr. to trace the living descendants of Toulmin Sr.'s grandfather, Theophilus Lindsey Toulmin (1820?–1895?). On April 21, 1996, eighty-two senior representatives of every surviving branch of Theophilus Lindsey Toulmin received a letter addressing the trust and their potential inheritance from Toulmin Sr.\n\nBy 1997, Virginia had reached the age of 72 and the Georgetown University trust fund grew to $62 million. At that time, the donation was the biggest to a Washington-area university and the 17th largest private gift to U.S. higher education. The largest previous private gift to the school was $17 million, which was donated anonymously in 1996.\n\nVirginia died in 2010.\n\nWorks\n\nPublished books\n Social historians, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1911)\n Bothering business, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1925)\n Trade-mark profits and protection, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1926)\n Air service, American expeditionary force, 1918, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1927)\n Millions in mergers by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1929)\n Executives' business law, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1931)\n Graphic course of patentable inventions, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1935)\n With Pershing in Mexico, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1935)\n Digest of federal laws pertaining to fair competition in industry,: With chart of government departments, bureaus and commissions in charge of the administration of these laws, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n Inventions and patents, (The Ohio state university. Research foundation lectures 1st) (The Ohio state university. Research foundation lectures 1st) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n Trade agreements and the anti-trust laws: Including forms and an analysis of the Robinson-Patman Act by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n The Truman Committee of President Harry S. Truman by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1937)\n The importance of invention to the nation, by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1938)\n The law of foods, drugs and cosmetics by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1942)\n The law of foods, drugs and cosmetics: 1945 pocket supplement by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1945)\n The Trade-mark act of 1946,: Analyzed, annotated and explained by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1946)\n Trade agreements and the anti-trust laws: Supplement. 1946– by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1946)\n Diary of democracy;: The Senate War Investigating Committee by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1947)\n International contracts and the anti-trust laws: With typical forms of agreements, indictments, complaints, and decrees by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1947)\n How to keep invention records, together with an explanation of the nature of industrial property by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1948)\n A treatise on the anti-trust laws of the United States: And including all related trade regulatory laws by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1949)\n Patents and the anti-trust laws of the United States,: Including trade-marks and copyrights by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1950)\n \"Antitrust laws of the United States\" and leading antitrust cases of 1954 by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1955)\n Trade-mark handbook by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1957)\n A treatise on the law of foods, drugs, and cosmetics by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1958)\n Patent law for the executive and engineer by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1958)\n Making mergers pay (American Management Association. General management series) (American Management Association. General management series) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1967)\n A treatise on the law of foods, drugs and cosmetics: 1969 supplement,(combined supplement to volumes 1,2,3 and 4, 2d ed.) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1969)\n The city manager;: A new profession (Metropolitan America) by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1974)\n Light duty vehicle driveability investigation by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1978)\n Handbook of patents by Harry Aubrey Toulmin (1980)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n compiled by Bruce Calvert-Toulmin. Toulmin Sr. is identified by number 13311643 and Bruce Calvert-Toulmin is identified by number 13215A2822, making Toulmin Sr. the great uncle(?) of Bruce Calvert-Toulmin.\n\nAmerican lawyers\nPatent attorneys\n1858 births\n1942 deaths\nPeople from Springfield, Ohio\nWright brothers\nGeorge Washington University Law School alumni", "The unseen species problem is commonly referred to in ecology and deals with the estimation of the number of species represented in an ecosystem that were not observed by samples. It more specifically relates to how many new species would be discovered if more samples were taken in an ecosystem. The study of the unseen species problem was started in the early 1940s by Alexander Steven Corbet. He spent 2 years in British Malaya trapping butterflies and was curious how many new species he would discover if he spent another 2 years trapping. Many different estimation methods have been developed to determine how many new species would be discovered given more samples. The unseen species problem also applies more broadly, as the estimators can be used to estimate any new elements of a set not previously found in samples. An example of this is determining how many words William Shakespeare knew based on all of his written works. The unseen species problem can be broken down mathematically as follows:\n\nIf independent samples are taken, , and then if more independent samples were taken, the number of unseen species that will be discovered by the additional samples is given by with being the second set of samples.\n\nHistory\nIn the early 1940s Alexander Steven Corbet spent 2 years in British Malaya trapping butterflies. He kept track of how many species he observed, and how many members of each species were captured. For example, he captured only 2 members of 74 different species. When he returned to the United Kingdom, he approached statistician Ronald Fisher, and asked how many new species of butterflies he could expect to catch if he went trapping for another two years. In essence, Corbet was asking how many species he observed zero times. Fisher responded with a simple estimation: for an additional 2 years of trapping, Corbet could expect to capture 75 new species. He did this using a simple summation (data provided by Orlitsky in Table 1 below in the Example section):Here, corresponds to the number of individual species which were observed times. Fisher's sum was later confirmed by Good–Toulmin.\n\nEstimators \nTo estimate the number of unseen species, let be number of future samples () divided by the number of past samples (), or . Let be the number of individual species observed times (for example, if there were 74 species of butterflies with 2 observed members throughout the samples, then ).\n\nThe Good–Toulmin estimator \nThe Good–Toulmin estimator was developed by I. J. Good and G. H. Toulmin in 1953. The estimate of the unseen species based on the Good–Toulmin estimator is given byThe Good–Toulmin Estimator has been shown to be a good estimate for values of . The Good–Toulmin estimator also approximates that This means that estimates to within as long as .  However, for , the Good–Toulmin estimator fails to capture accurate results. This is because, if , increases by for with , meaning that if , grows super-linearly in , but can grow at most linearly with . Therefore, when , grows faster than and does not approximate the true value.\n\nTo compensate for this, Efron and Thisted showed that a truncated Euler transform can also be a usable estimate: with and where is the location chosen to truncate the Euler transform.\n\nThe smoothed Good–Toulmin estimator \nSimilar to the approach by Efron and Thisted, Alon Orlitsky, Ananda Theertha Suresh, and Yihong Wu developed the smooth Good–Toulmin estimator. They realized that the Good–Toulmin estimator failed for because of the exponential growth, and not its bias. Therefore, they estimated the number of unseen species by truncating the series. Orlitsky, Suresh, and Wu also noted that for distributions with , the driving term in the summation estimate is the term, regardless of which value of is chosen. To solve this, they selected a random nonnegative integer , truncated the series at , and then took the average over a distribution about . The resulting estimator is. This method was chosen because the bias of shifts signs due to the coefficient. Averaging over a distribution of therefore reduces the bias. This means that the estimator can be written as the linear combination of the prevalence: Depending on the distribution of chosen, the results will vary. With this method, estimates can be made for , and this is the best possible.\n\nSpecies discovery curve \nThe species discovery curve can also be used. This curve relates the number of species found in an area as a function of the time. These curves can also be created by using estimators (such as the Good–Toulmin estimator) and plotting the number of unseen species at each value for .\n\nA species discovery curve is always increasing, as there is never a sample that could decrease the number of discovered species. Furthermore, the species discovery curve is also decelerating; the more samples taken, the fewer unseen species are expected to be discovered. The species discovery curve will also never asymptote, as it is assumed that although the discovery rate might become infinitely slow, it will never actually stop. Two common models for a species discovery curve are the logarithmic and the exponential function.\n\nExample – Corbet's butterflies \nAs an example, consider the data Corbet provided Fisher in the 1940s. Using the Good–Toulmin model, the number of unseen species is found using. This can then be used to create a relationship between and .\n\nThis relationship is shown in the plot below.\nFrom the plot, it is seen that at , which was the value of that Corbet brought to Fisher, the resulting estimate of is 75, matching what Fisher found. This plot also acts as a species discovery curve for this ecosystem, and defines how many new species will be discovered as increases (and more samples are taken).\n\nOther uses \nThere are numerous uses for the predictive algorithm. Knowing that the estimators are accurate, it allows scientists to extrapolate accurately the results of polling people by a factor of 2. They can predict the number of unique answers based on the number of people that have answered similarly. The method can also be used to determine the extent of someone's knowledge. A prime example is determining how many unique words Shakespeare knew based on the written works we have today.\n\nExample – How many words did Shakespeare know? \nBased on research done by Thisted and Efron, of Shakespeare's known works, there are 884,647 total words. The research also found that there are at total of different words that appear more than 100 times. Therefore, the total number of unique words was found to be 31,534. Applying the Good–Toulmin model, if an equal number of works by Shakespeare were discovered, then it is estimated that unique words would be found. The goal would be to derive for . Thisted and Efron estimate that , meaning that Shakespeare most likely knew over twice as many words as he actually used in all of his writings.\n\nSee also \n\n Species discovery curve\n Alexander Steven Corbet\n Ronald Fisher\n German tank problem\n\nReferences \n\nEcology\nBiostatistics" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "How did Toulmin relate this to moral issues?", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning:" ]

[ "Problematic integration theory is a theory of communication that addresses the processes and dynamics of how people receive, evaluate, and respond to information and experiences. The premises of PI are based on the view that message processing, specifically the development of probabilistic and evaluative orientations (our perceptions of something's likelihood of occurring and its value, respectively), is a social and cultural construction. In situations where there is agreement between probabilistic orientation (a person's constructed belief about an object's likelihood, i.e., how likely something is to occur) and evaluative orientation (a person's constructed belief about an object's value), integration is in harmony, i.e., not problematic. However, when there is disagreement between these orientations about an object (i.e., an event, thing, person, idea, outcome, etc.), then integration becomes problematic. This disharmony leads to conflict and discomfort, which can manifest itself as cognitive, communicative, affective, and/or motivational.\n\nHistory \nAustin Babrow first introduced the theory of Problematic Integration (PI) in 1992. Babrow brought together a diverse and interdisciplinary literature (from the field of communication and related disciplines, like psychology, sociology, and philosophy) to serve as building blocks for his new theory. Among the theoretical underpinnings that support PI are: uncertainty reduction theory; the theory of belief in a just world; analysis of decision-making; the theory of and motivation and self-esteem; and cognitive dissonance. However, despite integrating elements from these theories, PI has striking differences (e.g., unlike URT, PI does not assume that uncertainty is an undesirable situation, nor does it suggest that resolution of uncertainty is always necessary or desirable).\n\nConcepts \n\nProblematic Integration is a type of message-processing communication theory that relates to theories of decision making and persuasion. Problematic Integration Theory (PI) proposes that: (1) people orient themselves to the world by forming both probabilistic and evaluative orientations; (2) that probability and evaluation are not independent from one another; (3) that probability and evaluation are socially based and socially constructed, and that probability and evaluation are integral to our daily experience; and, (4) that integration of these orientations can be problematic. Probabilistic orientation is an assessment of the likelihood of an event or outcome. Evaluative orientation is an assessment of the favorability of an outcome. Often, assessments of probability and value are cooperative and easily integrated. However, as the theory's title implies, there are occasions when integration becomes problematic. PI proposes that integration becomes more difficult as:\n clarity of object probability decreases\n object value conflicts increase\n or, there is an increase in the divergence between object expectation and desire\n\nEssentially, problematic integration is what we experience when our probabilistic and evaluative orientations conflict with one another, causing instability and disharmony. Conflict arising from problematic integration may or may not be significant. The more important a value and the more central an issue (or object, to use PI terminology) is to one's beliefs or cultural values, the more likely that problematic integration will cause greater discomfort.\n\nAssumptions of problematic integration theory\n\nBabrow identified four distinct manifestations, or forms, of problematic integration:\n Divergence\n Ambiguity\n Ambivalence\n Impossibility\n\nThe first of these integrative predicaments, divergence, arises when there is a discrepancy between what we believe to be true or to be likely to occur and what we want to be true (the desired outcome). Ambiguity arises when the probability or value of an object (i.e., situation, outcome, thing, etc.) is unclear or highly uncertain. Babrow explained, that “in ambiguous situations, neither the outcome, nor the probability of the outcome is known, though the latter has restrictions” (Babrow, 1992, p. 112). Uncertainty occurs when an unknown factor obscures or complicates the development of one's orientation (probability and evaluation) toward an outcome. Ambiguity has also been described as uncertainty about what is unknown. Ambivalence is borne from one of two conditions: (1) an individual is forced to choose between two similarly valued alternatives; or (2) an individual is forced to choose between mutually exclusive alternatives. The last form of PI, impossibility, occurs upon the realization or belief that an outcome is will not happen. Impossibility is recognized as different from a form of divergence, because only impossibility denotes a sense of certainty. Responses to impossibility can range from a sense of futility, to one of increased motivation to deny the impossibility. All of these situations give rise to conflict.\n\nThe role of communication in problematic integration theory\n\nCommunication is both a source of, a medium, and a method for resolving conflict. Communication is a source of problematic integration in that knowledge and evaluative orientations are the result of communication, probabilistic and evaluative orientations are based on and developed through message and meaning-making (forms of communication), and communication is itself \"an object of thought\" and is therefore an object \"of probabilistic and evaluative orientations.\" It is also possible that a person experiencing problematic integration will seek new information or new sources of information to bolster or reinforce a desired probabilistic or evaluative orientation. This could also be seen engaging in as a form of cognitive dissonance. Communication is seen as a medium of problematic integration because communication inherently involves or is based on probabilistic and evaluative orientations, or communication is about probability and value. Communication is influenced by and formed from culture; thus, communication is a medium of PI, as and the formation of probabilistic and evaluative orientations derives from cultural frameworks. Lastly, communication is a resource for PI as we try to resolve and manage conflict caused by problematic integration through communication (internal, interpersonal, etc.).\n\nBecause communication may be a source, medium, and/or method for resolving problematic integration, it is possible for conflict to manifest as \"extended chains\" of problematic integration. Such extended chains occur through forms, foci, and layers of experience. By extended chains, it is meant that experiences of problematic integration and efforts to resolve problematic integration may lead to development of a new form of PI. As conflict between probability and value develops around a focal point (or topic), it can lead to conflict regarding a new topic (e.g., stress and anxiety about earning an end-of-year bonus at work can lead to new worries about personal finances, sense of self-worth, and/or one's status and career prospects at work). Problematic integration becomes shared (or chained) through layers of experience when people discuss and relate their struggles with others. In this process of communicating our conflicts, others may share in our problematic integration through empathy and sympathy. Babrow proposed that communication becomes more important to resolve problematic integration as the conflict or integration becomes more difficult.\n\nCritique and analysis\n\nAs mentioned above, Problematic Integration Theory is a type of communication theory that examines how we make meaning of information and experiences, and how we handle uncertainty. PI differs from Uncertainty Reduction Theory and other axiomatic and predictive communication theories in a number of ways. PI proposes that there are numerous and varied meanings of the term uncertainty. Unlike URT, PI predicts that experiencing uncertainty does not automatically lead to a desire to reduce the uncertainty. Further, PI proposes that: (1) uncertainty is not always \"bad; (2) uncertainty has a single or narrow meaning; (3) reduction of uncertainty is not always possible; (4) any resolution of uncertainty is not necessarily final; and, (5) integrative dilemmas do not necessarily have an identifiable or singular cause.\n\nProblematic Integration Theory (PI) falls under the socio-psychological and socio-cultural communication traditions. PI began with a focus on intra- and inter-personal contexts, but has been applicable in many contexts, including interpersonal, small group, and organizational; thus, it has a broad scope of application. PI is considered an interpretive/hermeneutic approach of theory rather than positivistic/empirical (i.e., predictive) or critical.\n\nRelated work: uncertainty management theory\n\nBabrow's theory shares some common ideas with Uncertainty Management Theory (UMT), which was developed by Dale Brashers (2007, A theory of communication and uncertainty management. In B. Whaley & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication theory (pp. 201–218). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum). For a comparison of the perspectives, see Bradac (2001).\n\nCurrent usage \n\nThe complexity of PI and the multiplicity of its manifestations makes it difficult to operationalize, measure, and apply. However, this breadth of scope also indicates that it may have extremely wide-ranging applications and opportunities for research. Because the concepts within PI are based on cultural definitions, PI is seen as being overly responsive to external conceptual influences; thus, making it potentially falsifiable.\n\nPI has been used within the realm of Health Communication studies in order to assess methods of educating, and communicating with, patients facing a variety chronic or life-threatening conditions. In 2003, Babrow received the prestigious Woolbert Award for scholarship of exceptional originality and influence from the National Communication Association for his work with PI.\n\nPI has been used extensively in analysis of the health care system, particularly in regard to communication between health care providers and patients. The health-care system inherently involves communication between health-care providers (e.g., doctors, nurses, various therapists, dietitians, social workers, counselors, etc.), patients, and members of the patient's social and support network (e.g., family members, friends, members of support groups, etc.). Because understanding and communicating diagnoses, prognoses, treatment plans, expectations, and more can be complicated and because this communication relies on the communication skills of the various people involved, health-care situations offer ample opportunity to examine problematic integration. Research in this area has revealed that information is used to decrease and increase uncertainty, depending on the situation. In some cases, patients may seek information to reduce stressful uncertainty. However, in other cases, the care team and the patient may need to increase uncertainty in order to increase optimism and allow for re-evaluation of a given situation. PI has been used to study communication involving various medical issues, including breast cancer, the treatment of diabetes in the elderly, end-of-life issues, and pregnancy.\n\nProblematic Integration has also been used to evaluate organizational communication. Organizations, comprising networks and hierarchies of individuals, by their very nature, create complex webs of various dynamic social and cultural relationships. Moreover, most organizations do not exist for themselves, but for an external audience, client, or consumer; thereby, increasing the nature, types, and numbers of relationships. Communication within these relationships will very likely give rise to instances of uncertainty. In the context of such complex systems of communication, PI takes on a much different appearance than intrapersonal situations. An organization's structure, system design, and strategy can create, maintain, or help reduce problematic integration.\n\nOne area of this study has been problematic integration arising from internal bureaucracy or organizational rules or objectives and how this conflict involves matters of formal rationality (a quantitative calculation of an action or choice) or substantive rationality (a value judgment of consequences of an action or choice).\n\nIn examining marketing strategies for tourism, PI has been used to suggest methods for decreasing uncertainty for potential customers and thereby increasing transactions from the on-line shoppers for the related retail businesses (\"converting lookers to bookers\").\n\nAs mentioned above, PI lends itself to application to a broad scope of issues. A few other examples of areas of interest to which PI has been applied include:\n Risk study and evaluation\n Family and relationships\n Narrative communication\n Mass media and media Studies (e.g., news reporting)\n Marketing and advertising\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nBabrow, Austin S. (1992). Communication and problematic integration: Understanding and diverging probability and value, ambiguity, ambivalence, and impossibility. Communication Theory, 2(2), 95-130.\n\nBerger, C. R. (1986). Uncertain outcome values in predicted relationships: Uncertainty reduction theory then and now. Human Communication Research, 13, 34-38.\n\nBerger, C. R. (1987). Communicating under uncertainty. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.\n\nBerger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.\n\nEinhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1987). Decision making under ambiguity. In R. M. Hogarth & M. W. Reder (Eds.), Rational choice: The contrast between economics and psychology (pp. 41–66). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.\n\nFestinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.\n\nHines, S.C., Babrow, A.S., Badzek, L., & Moss, A. (2001). From coping with life to coping with death: Problematic integration for the seriously ill elderly. Health Communication, 13(3), 327-342.\n\nLerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum.\n\nRaynor, J. O., & McFarlin, D. B. (1986). Motivation and self-esteem. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 315–349). New York: Guilford.\n\nWest, Richard and Turner, Lynn; Introducing Communication Theory: Analysis and Application, McGraw Hill, 2010, Print.\n\nCommunication\nCommunication theory", "\"Problematic\" is the name of Five Star's very first single, released 30 September 1983.\n\nThe song was performed on BBC TV's Pebble Mill at One show, which brought the band to public attention. According to Five Star's father/manager, Buster Pearson, RCA records were on the phone offering the band a record contract before the end of their performance.\n\nFive Star were asked to perform \"Problematic\" on the show as that particular edition was focusing on unemployment, trying to find work, and the problems that come with it. The song was simply about a young girl leaving school, trying to find work.\n\nAlthough credited to Five Star, the b-side \"Big Funk\" is an instrumental track written, arranged and produced by Buster Pearson with no involvement from the band members. He had already released the track as a single in 1973 credited to the Buster Pearson Band.\n\n\"Problematic\" failed to chart in the UK.\n\n7” Single:\n\n1. Problematic\n\n2. Big Funk \n \n\n12” Single:\n \n1. Problematic (Extended Version)\n\n2. Problematic\n\n3. Big Funk \n\nThe 12\" single and a picture disc version of the 7\" single were re-pressed by the Five Star Fan Club in 1989 and sold to members.\n\nThe 7\" and 12\" versions of \"Problematic\" were released as digital downloads on 18 July 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nFive Star songs\n1983 singles\nSongs written by George Hargreaves (politician)\n1983 songs" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "How did Toulmin relate this to moral issues?", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning:", "what were the three problematic situations?", "first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways;" ]

[ "Paradise is the third release, by the Christian third-wave ska band, The Insyderz. Released in 1998, paradise is the band's only CD single. The song \"Our Wars\" contains numerous references to Star Wars, and \"Just What I Needed\" is a cover of The Cars song.\n\nTrack listing \n \"Paradise\"\n \"Our Wars\"\n \"Just What I Needed\"\n \"Our Wars\" (Dark Fader mix)\n \"Paradise\" (Karaoke mix)\n\nReferences\n\nThe Insyderz albums\n1998 EPs", "What Is the Third Estate? () is a political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French writer and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). The pamphlet was Sieyès' response to finance minister Jacques Necker's invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized.\n\nIn the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the third estate – the common people of France – constituted a complete nation within itself and had no need of the \"dead weight\" of the two other orders, the first and second estates of the clergy and aristocracy. Sieyès stated that the people wanted genuine representatives in the Estates-General, equal representation to the other two orders taken together, and votes taken by heads and not by orders. These ideas came to have an immense influence on the course of the French Revolution.\n\nSummary\nThe pamphlet is organized around three hypothetical questions and Sieyès' responses. The questions and responses are: \nWhat is the Third Estate? Everything.\nWhat has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing.\nWhat does it desire to be? To become something...\n\nThroughout the pamphlet, Sieyès argues that the first and second estates are simply unnecessary, and that the Third Estate is in truth France's only legitimate estate, representing as it does the entire population. Thus, he asserts, it should replace the other two estates entirely. \nThe Third Estate bears the weight of the majority of tax.\n\nSee also\nEstates of the realm\nPluralism (political philosophy)\nModernism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nExcerpts from What is the Third Estate? Internet History Sourcebooks – Fordham University. Retrieved 9 January 2013.\n\nPolitical history of the Ancien Régime\n1789 non-fiction books\nPamphlets of the French Revolution" ]

[ "Stephen Toulmin", "The revival of casuistry", "what was the revival of casuistry?", "By reviving casuistry (also known as case ethics), Toulmin sought to find the middle ground between the extremes of absolutism and relativism.", "what were some of his beliefs about this?", "Casuistry employs absolutist principles, called \"type cases\" or \"paradigm cases,\" without resorting to absolutism.", "can you tell me more about these \"cases\"?", "It uses the standard principles (for example, sanctity of life) as referential markers in moral arguments. An individual case is then compared and contrasted with the type case.", "what else is interesting about casuistry?", "Casuistry was practiced widely during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to resolve moral issues.", "How did Toulmin relate this to moral issues?", "Through the procedure of casuistry, Toulmin and Jonsen identified three problematic situations in moral reasoning:", "what were the three problematic situations?", "first, the type case fits the individual case only ambiguously; second, two type cases apply to the same individual case in conflicting ways;", "what is the third?", "third, an unprecedented individual case occurs, which cannot be compared or contrasted to any type case." ]

[ "Ian Douglas Macdonald (born 29 November 1945) is a former Australian politician who served as a Senator for Queensland from 1990 to 2019, representing the Liberal Party. He was Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government (1998–2001) and Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation (2001–2006) in the Howard Government. He was defeated at the 2019 federal election, having been the longest-serving incumbent member of parliament for the final years of his career.\n\nEarly life \nMacdonald was born in Brisbane, Queensland, and was a solicitor before entering politics. He was also a Councillor in the Burdekin Shire Council 1979–90. He was Vice-President of the Liberal Party in Queensland from 1987 to 1990.\n\nEarly political career \nIn 1992, Macdonald was appointed to the Opposition Shadow Ministry under Liberal leader John Hewson as Shadow Minister for Local Government and the Australian Capital Territory. In 1994, following Alexander Downer's accession to the party leadership, Macdonald was given the positions of Shadow Minister for Regional Development and Shadow Minister for Infrastructure and continued to serve at these positions under Opposition leader John Howard.\n\nHoward Government \nFollowing the election of the Howard Government, Macdonald was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for the Environment in 1996. In 1998, MacDonald was appointed to the Second Howard Ministry as Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government.\n\nIn 2001, Macdonald was appointed Minister for Forestry and Conservation in the Third Howard Ministry. His portfolio was renamed Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation in November 2002. He continued in this position in the Fourth Howard Ministry until January 2006 when he lost his position in a Cabinet reshuffle triggered by the retirement of Robert Hill.\n\nReturn to Opposition \nFollowing the defeat of the Howard Government in 2007, Macdonald was appointed to the Opposition Shadow Ministry of Brendan Nelson as Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader of the Opposition and Shadow Minister for Northern Australia. On 22 September 2008, following the election of Malcolm Turnbull as Opposition Leader, Macdonald lost his position as Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader of the Opposition but retained the position of Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Northern Australia.\n\nIn 2009, Macdonald lost his position in the Shadow Cabinet following Tony Abbott's accession to the Liberal leadership, but was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Northern and Remote Australia. In 2010, he also took on the position of Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for the Defence Force and Defence Support.\n\nFinal years in parliament \nOn 16 September 2013, following the election of the Abbott Government, it was announced that despite Tony Abbott's stated aim of ministry continuity Macdonald had been dropped from the frontbench. Senator Macdonald described this day as the \"one of the worst\" days in his life.\n\nIn June 2014, Macdonald joined Senator Cory Bernardi in expressing opposition to the Government's proposed deficit levy, claiming that he did not believe the increase \"goes far enough.\" He also threatened to cross the floor over the proposed fuel excise hike.\n\nIn July 2018, Macdonald was demoted to fourth position on the LNP ticket, from which victory was considered very unlikely. In the 2019 federal election he lost his senate seat, and ceased to be a senator from 1 July 2019.\n\nControversy \nOn 3 November 2011 during debate on carbon tax legislation, Macdonald stated \"GetUp! is the Hitler Youth wing of the Greens political movement.\" Senator Macdonald stood by his comments when challenged. While he later apologised to the Jewish community for this remark, he did not withdraw the comment in Parliament. He also once likened Stephen Conroy to Joseph Goebbels.\n\nIn September 2015 during Senate Question Time, Macdonald made an interjection toward NSW Labor Senator Doug Cameron based on Cameron's strong and distinctive Scottish accent. Macdonald interjected 'learn to speak Australian'. SA Labor Senator Penny Wong interrupted proceedings later to have Macdonald withdraw his comment. Macdonald revised his comment to say \"learn to speak Australian, mate\".\n\nOn 9 February 2017, Macdonald stated that he was likely to oppose the Federal Government move to abolish the lifetime gold pass, entitling politicians who had been elected prior to 2012 to 10 free business class flights per year. ABC News reported that Macdonald stated in the Liberal Party Room that \"it's about time someone stood up for politicians entitlements\".\n\nOn 30 May 2017, the senator was on ABC Local Radio Darwin discussing the benefits of shifting public servants from Canberra to more regional areas such as Darwin and regional Queensland. He further went on to say that public servants should be sacked if they refuse to \"get out of their very privileged lives\" in Canberra, Sydney or Melbourne, after no public servants volunteered to move.\n\nOn 9 April 2019, Macdonald asked if Penny Wong is related to Chinese billionaire Huang Xiangmo.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Ian Macdonald on TheyVoteForYou.org.au\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1945 births\nLiving people\nLiberal National Party of Queensland members of the Parliament of Australia\nLiberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia\nMembers of the Australian Senate\nMembers of the Australian Senate for Queensland\nMembers of the Cabinet of Australia\n21st-century Australian politicians\n20th-century Australian politicians", "The 2019 Budapest Assembly election was held on 13 October 2019, concurring with other local elections in Hungary. Voters elected the Mayor of Budapest, and the mayors of the 23 districts directly, while 9 seats in the assembly were distributed proportionally, taking into account votes cast for losing district mayoral candidates.\n\nMayor \n\nGergely Karácsony was elected mayor with 50.86% of the vote, defeating incumbent István Tarlós who held the office since 2010.\n\nDistrict mayors \nThe opposition won the majority of district mayoral races.\n\n Italics denote a mayor not running for reelection\n\nIn case of joint candidates, bold denotes the party to which the candidate personally belongs.\nIn the 23 districts, 14 opposition or opposition supported candidates won, with 9 government-aligned or government-supported mayors. This is a sharp improvement for the opposition as they previously only occupied 4 of these mayorships.\n\nIn most of the cities, the assembly majority is composed of members aligned with the mayor, except:\n X., with a Fidesz-KDNP mayor, and no clear majority\n XX., with an independent (Fidesz-KDNP supported) mayor, and opposition majority\n XXI., with a Fidesz-KDNP mayor, and no clear majority\n XXII., with a Fidesz-KDNP mayor, and opposition majority\nIn XXIII., the mayor's civil organization together with Fidesz-KDNP members have a majority.\n\nParty list seats \n\nCandidates elected on the Fidesz–KDNP list:\n István Tarlós (1.) – did not take his seat\n Gábor Bagdy (2.)\n Zsolt Láng (4.)\n Zsófia Hassay (5.)\n Zsolt Wintermantel (8.) – did not take his seat\n Gábor Tamás Nagy (14.)\n\nCandidates elected on the Momentum–DK–MSZP–Dialogue–LMP list:\n Kata Tüttő (2., MSZP)\n Erzsébet Gy. Németh (3., DK)\n Gábor Havasi (4., Momentum)\n\nNumber in parentheses is the candidate's original position on the list, as some list candidates were elected to a mayorship.\n\nTarlós announced on 15 October 2019, that he won't take his seat. This caused Attila Ughy (list position 15) to take his seat instead. Zsolt Wintermantel did not take either his seat on 28 October; he was replaced by Gábor Pintér, according to the request of the Fidesz–KDNP alliance. Botond Sára (9.) and Tamás Hoffmann (11.) were elected into the local representative bodies in their districts, therefore they were excluded from the party compensation list.\n\nBreakdown of seats \nThe opposition won a majority in the Assembly, breaking over 15 years of a Fidesz majority.\n\nDetailed results \n\nItalics means incumbent, bold means winner of the election.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n2019 in Hungary\nBudapest\nLocal elections in Hungary\nHistory of Budapest" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut" ]

[ "Lee Shin-young (born January 24, 1998) is a South Korean actor. He had roles in the Korean television series Crash Landing on You (2019) and How to Buy a Friend (2020).\n\nEarly life\nLee was born on January 24, 1998, in South Korea.\n\nCareer\n\n2018–present: Acting debut\nLee made his acting debut in the web series Just One Bite (2018). He went on to roles in It's Okay To Be Sensitive 2 (2019) and Just One Bite 2 (2019). He played First Lieutenant Park Kwang-beom in the hit drama Crash Landing on You. Lee also starred in the KBS drama How to Buy a Friend alongside Shin Seung-ho in 2020.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision series\n\nWeb series\n\nMusic video appearances\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal \n (in Korean)\n \n \n \n\n1998 births\nLiving people\nSouth Korean male television actors\n21st-century South Korean male actors", "Harold Saul Guskin (May 25, 1941 – May 10, 2018) was an American actor and acting coach. He coached Glenn Close, James Gandolfini and Gabriel Macht.\n\nEarly life \nHe learned playing the trombone in high school but replaced it with theatre, then he started attending acting classes and did bachelor's degree in drama at Rutgers University, then earned a master's from Indiana University.\n\nCareer \n\nIn 1970, Guskin began teaching at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, then moved to the New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he was not happy with academic world. In the 1980 he joined the Public Theater for three years where he did workshops to introduced his acting techniques.\n\nHe published a book \"How to Stop Acting\" (2003) a book about acting techniques.\n\nDeath \nOn May 10, 2018, he died in Park Ridge, New Jersey. His wife reported the cause of death as a pulmonary embolism. He had contracted primary progressive aphasia, a rare form of dementia, over decade before his death.\n\nReferences \n\n1941 births\n2018 deaths\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican acting coaches\n20th-century American male actors\nMale actors from New York City\nDeaths from pulmonary embolism\nTisch School of the Arts faculty\nIllinois Wesleyan University faculty\nIndiana University alumni\nRutgers University alumni" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey," ]

[ "\"What Did I Do to You?\" is a song recorded by British singer Lisa Stansfield for her 1989 album, Affection. It was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. The song was released as the fourth European single on 30 April 1990. It included three previously unreleased songs written by Stansfield, Devaney and Morris: \"My Apple Heart,\" \"Lay Me Down\" and \"Something's Happenin'.\" \"What Did I Do to You?\" was remixed by Mark Saunders and by the Grammy Award-winning American house music DJ and producer, David Morales. The single became a top forty hit in the European countries reaching number eighteen in Finland, number twenty in Ireland and number twenty-five in the United Kingdom. \"What Did I Do to You?\" was also released in Japan.\n\nIn 2014, the remixes of \"What Did I Do to You?\" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Affection and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology. They were also featured on The Collection 1989–2003 box set (2014), including previously unreleased Red Zone Mix by David Morales.\n\nCritical reception\nThe song received positive reviews from music critics. Matthew Hocter from Albumism viewed it as a \"upbeat offering\". David Giles from Music Week said it is \"beautifully performed\" by Stansfield. A reviewer from Reading Eagle wrote that \"What Did I Do to You?\" \"would be right at home on the \"Saturday Night Fever\" soundtrack.\"\n\nMusic video\nA music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Philip Richardson, who had previously directed the videos for \"All Around the World\" and \"Live Together\". It features Stansfield with her kiss curls, dressed in a white outfit and performing with her band on a stage in front of a jumping audience. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 1,6 million views as of October 2021.\n\nTrack listings\n\n European/UK 7\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK/Japanese CD single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix Edit) – 4:20\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n UK 10\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix) – 5:52\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 5:19\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 4:17\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:59\n\n European/UK 12\" single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"My Apple Heart\" – 4:22\n\"Lay Me Down\" – 3:19\n\"Something's Happenin'\" – 3:15\n\n UK 12\" promotional single\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix) – 7:59\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub) – 6:31\n\n Other remixes\n\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix) – 7:45\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nLisa Stansfield songs\n1990 singles\nSongs written by Lisa Stansfield\n1989 songs\nArista Records singles\nSongs written by Ian Devaney\nSongs written by Andy Morris (musician)", "\"What Would Steve Do?\" is the second single released by Mumm-Ra on Columbia Records, which was released on February 19, 2007. It is a re-recorded version of the self-release they did in April 2006. It reached #40 in the UK Singles Chart, making it their highest charting single.\n\nTrack listings\nAll songs written by Mumm-Ra.\n\nCD\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\"Without You\"\n\n7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"What Would Steve Do? (Floorboard Mix)\"\n\nGatefold 7\"\n\"What Would Steve Do?\"\n\"Cute As\"\n\nReferences\n\n2007 singles\nMumm-Ra (band) songs\n2006 songs\nColumbia Records singles" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two" ]

[ "This is a list of Number 1 hit singles in 1961 in New Zealand from the Lever Hit Parade.\n\nChart\n\nReferences\n\n Number One Singles Of 1961\n\n1961 in New Zealand\n1961 record charts\n1961\n1960s in New Zealand music", "This is a list of Number 1 hit singles in 1964 in New Zealand from the Lever Hit Parade.\n\nChart\n\nReferences\n\n Number One Singles Of 1964\n\n1964 in New Zealand\n1964 record charts\n1964\n1960s in New Zealand music" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two", "Are there any hit singles from this record?", "Run It" ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "Morris Massey (born 1939) is a marketing professor/sociologist, and producer of training videos.\n\nEducation\nHis undergraduate and M.B.A. degrees are from the University of Texas, Austin, and his Ph.D. in business is from Louisiana State University.\n\nCareer\nDuring the late 1960s through the 1970s, as an Associate Dean and Professor of Marketing, at the University of Colorado at Boulder, he received four awards for teaching excellence.\n\nDr Massey was honored with the W.M. McFeely award presented by the International Management Council for \"significant contribution to the field of management and human relations.\" During the 1980s and 90s he was the #1 ranked resource for the Young Presidents Organization International. In What Works At Work (Lakewood Publications, 1988) he was cited as one of the 27 most influential workplace experts of the time. His work is focused on values, generations, and Significant Emotional Events (SEE).\n\nDevelopment of values\nMorris Massey has described three major periods during which values are developed.\n\n1. The Imprint Period. Up to the age of seven, we are like sponges, absorbing everything around us and accepting much of it as true, especially when it comes from our parents. The confusion and blind belief of this period can also lead to the early formation of trauma and other deep problems. The critical thing here is to learn a sense of right and wrong, good and bad. This is a human construction which we nevertheless often assume would exist even if we were not here (which is an indication of how deeply imprinted it has become).\n\n2. The Modeling Period. Between the ages of eight and thirteen, we copy people, often our parents, but also other people. Rather than blind acceptance, we are trying on things like suit of clothes, to see how they feel. We may be much impressed with religion or our teachers. You may remember being particularly influenced by junior school teachers who seemed so knowledgeable—maybe even more so than your parents.\n\n3. The Socialization Period. Between 13 and 21, we are very largely influenced by our peers. As we develop as individuals and look for ways to get away from the earlier programming, we naturally turn to people who seem more like us. Other influences at these ages include the media, especially those parts which seem to resonate with the values of our peer groups.\n\nRetirement\nHe retired in 1995 from the consulting/speaking circuit and now lives with his wife, Judith Ford Massey, in New Orleans, Louisiana. They have twin sons, Ryan Massey and Blake Massey.\n\nVideo programs \n What You Are Is Where You Were When... AGAIN!\n Just Get It!\n Flashpoint: When Values Collide\n The Original Massey Tapes - 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When\n The Original Massey Tapes - 3: What You Are Is\n The Original Massey Tapes - 4: What You Are Is Where You See\n What You Are Is What You Choose…So Don't Screw It Up\n Dancing With The Bogeyman\n The Massey Triad Program 1: What You Are Is Where You Were When\n The Massey Triad Program 2: What You Are is Not What You Have To Be\n The Massey Triad Program 3: What You Are Is Where You See\n\nSee also \n Significant Emotional Event (SEE)\n University of Colorado at Boulder\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Changing Minds\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nLouisiana State University alumni" ]

[ "Chris Brown", "2005-2006: Chris Brown and acting debut", "How did he begin his acting debut?", "On June 13, 2006, Brown released a DVD entitled Chris Brown's Journey,", "What did he do in 2005?", "Released on November 29, 2005, the self-titled Chris Brown album debuted at number two", "Are there any hit singles from this record?", "Run It", "What else is significant during this time period/", "Brown the first male act" ]

[ "The Nullity of Marriage Act 1971 was an act that defined valid reasons for annulment according to British law. This act was the first time in British law that marriage was explicitly defined by statute as being between a male and a female. A marriage could therefore be annulled if the partners were not respectively male and female.\n\nThe provisions of the Act were incorporated into the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the Act itself was repealed. The provision that a marriage must be between a male and a female has subsequently been overturned by the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013.\n\nContents \nThe first clause of the act states that lack of consent in a marriage due to mental health problems, duress, or a mistake in getting married were grounds for a marriage to be void. The second clause stated that, if the partners getting married were not male and female, then the marriage was void. The third clause states that epilepsy attacks at the time of marriage was no longer a valid reason for annulment. The act only applied to marriages if there had been a marriage ceremony. The act came into force on August 1, 1971.\n\nSee also\n Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom\n Marriage in the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Commentary on the Nullity of Marriage Act 1971, from (1972), STATUTES. The Modern Law Review, 35: 57–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb01319.x\n\nUnited Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1971\nRepealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament\nMarriage law in the United Kingdom", "The Holy Days and Fasting Days Act 1551 (5 & 6 Edw 6 c 3) was an Act of the Parliament of England.\n\nIt is commonly stated that this act is still in force and attention is drawn to a portion of the act that states citizens must walk to a Christian church on Christmas Day. In fact, what had not been repealed of this act in previous legislation was repealed as part of the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1969, under section 1 of, and Part II of the Schedule to, the 1969 act.\n\nSection 2\nThis section, from \"it is also\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 3\nThis section, from \"it is enacted\" to \"abovesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 5\nThis section, from \"and it is\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 6\nThis section, from \"and it is\" to first \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nSection 7\nThis section, from \"and be it\" to \"aforesaide\" was repealed by section 1(1) of, and Part I of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1888.\n\nReferences\nHalsbury's Statutes\n\nActs of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)\n1551 in law\n1551 in England" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)" ]

[ "Colten Sopp (born May 18, 1991), better known by the ring name Colten Gunn, is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to the promotion All Elite Wrestling, where he is part of the stable Gunn Club alongside his father Billy and his brother Austin.\n\nEarly life \nSopp attended Florida State University, graduating in 2013. Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, he worked in the construction industry in Southern California.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nAll Elite Wrestling (2020–present) \n\nSopp was trained to wrestle by his father, Billy Gunn. On June 17, 2020, he appeared with the Jacksonville, Florida-based promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW), accompanying his father to ringside for his match against Maxwell Jacob Friedman on AEW Dynamite and being confronted by Friedman's bodyguard Wardlow. Later that month, Sopp's father filed a trademark for \"Colten Gunn\". On episode #53 of the web television show AEW Dark, which aired on September 22, Sopp accompanied his father and his brother to ringside for a tag team match.\n\nSopp made his professional wrestling debut with AEW on November 11, 2020 as \"Colten Gunn\", teaming with his father and his brother Austin (as \"Gunn Club\") to defeat BSHP King, Joey O'Riley, and Sean Maluta in a six-man tag team match. The match was broadcast on episode #62 of AEW Dark on November 17, 2020. He returned in the following weeks, teaming with his father and brother in further six-man tag team matches and tag team matches. As part of Gunn Club, Gunn became a member of Cody Rhodes' Nightmare Family stable. On the March 3, 2021 episode of AEW Dynamite, Gunn Club were at ringside for a tag team match pitting Rhodes and Red Velvet against Shaquille O'Neal and Jade Cargill; during the match, Austin Gunn attacked O'Neal at ringside, prompting him to beat down Austin and Colten. Gunn wrestled his first match on pay-per-view at Revolution on March 7, 2021, competing alongside Austin in a \"casino\" tag team battle royal. Throughout the remainder of 2021, Gunn primarily teamed with his father in tag team bouts on AEW Dark and AEW Dark: Elevation. Gunn wrestled his first match on AEW Dynamite on August 25, 2021, teaming with his father and brother to defeat The Factory in a six-man tag team match. On the September 1, 2021 episode of AEW Dynamite, the Gunn Club turned heel by attacking Paul Wight. In November 2021, the Gunn Club began a short feud with Darby Allin and Sting that saw Colten sustain his first defeat on the December 1, 2021 episode of Dynamite when he was pinned by Sting; this loss also marked the end of the Gunn Club's undefeated streak in AEW. On February 9, 2022, in a match which would air two days later on AEW Rampage, Colten and Austin Gunn wrestled for the AEW World Tag Team Championship, losing to reigning champions Jurassic Express.\n\nProfessional wrestling style and persona \nGunn's finishing move is the Colt 45, a butterfly neckbreaker. He previously used a leg drop bulldog, also called the Colt 45; his father Billy Gunn used the same move, calling it the Fame-Ass-Er. Gunn and his brother Austin/his father also use the 3:10 to Yuma as a double-team maneuver: a back body drop by Colton into a neckbreaker by Austin/Billy.\n\nIn November 2021, professional wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter \"feud\" with the Gunn Club, referring to Colten and Austin as \"Ass Boys\", in reference to Billy Gunn's \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick during the Attitude Era. While Billy Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of the Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches. Billy Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and teasing mooning the crowd as he did during his days as Mr. Ass.\n\nPersonal life \nSopp is the son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn. His brother, Austin Gunn, is also a professional wrestler.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\n1991 births\nAll Elite Wrestling personnel\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nFlorida State University alumni\nLiving people\nProfessional wrestlers from Florida\nSportspeople from Orlando, Florida", "Austin Sopp (born August 26, 1994), better known by the ring name Austin Gunn, is an American professional wrestler, Rapper and reality television personality currently signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW) where he is part of the stable Gunn Club alongside his father and his brother Colten. Gunn is a second-generation professional wrestler, as he is a son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nRing of Honor (2019)\nIn June 2019, Gunn confirmed that he had signed a contract with Ring of Honor (ROH). He made his ROH debut on August 26, 2019 in a dark match as part of the ROH Top Prospect Tournament, defeating Brian Johnson in the quarterfinals and Dante Caballero in the semifinals. On September 28, 2019, Gunn was defeated by Dak Draper in the finals of the Top Prospect Tournament.\n\nAll Elite Wrestling (2020–present)\nOn January 9, 2020, it was announced that Gunn had officially signed with All Elite Wrestling.\n\nOn January 14, 2020, Gunn made his AEW debut in a tag team match on AEW Dark teaming with his father Billy Gunn as The Gunn Club defeating the team of Peter Avalon and Shawn Spears. Gunn suffered a torn PCL injury during the match. On November 4, 2020, Gunn, who had previously been involved with his father in tag team matches on Dark, officially made his debut on AEW Dynamite, teaming with not only his father, but also Cody Rhodes to defeat Dark Order members 10, John Silver and Colt Cabana. \nOn the November 17, 2020 episode of Dark, Austin's brother Colten, now wrestling as a fellow Gunn Club member, would team with Austin and their father in a match which saw the Gunn Club defeat BSHP King, Joey O’Riley and Sean Maluta by pinfall in a six man tag team match. The three man Gunn Club would then defeat Cezar Bononi, KTB, and Seth Gargis in another six man tag team match on the November 24, 2020 episode of Dark. On the December 8, 2020 episode of Dark The three man Gunn Club-which entered the ring on a golf cart with the words \"Taz Taxi\" on the side, defeated Shawn Dean, Sean Maluta & RYZIN. On February 9, 2022, in a match which would air two days later on AEW Rampage, Austin and Colten Gunn wrestled for the AEW Tag Championship, losing to reigning champions Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus).\n\nSomewhat outside of AEW, in November 2021 Ring of Honor wrestler Danhausen began a Twitter feud with the Gunn Club, referring to Colten and Austin as \"Ass Boys\", in reference to Billy Gunn's infamous \"Mr. Ass\" gimmick in the Attitude Era. While Billy Gunn himself initially had no comment, the rest of Gunn Club despised the nickname after fans began chanting \"Ass Boys\" during their matches. Billy Gunn finally commented when he surprised his sons by wearing an \"Ass Boys\" shirt, encouraging them to \"embrace the assness\" and even started teasing mooning the crowd again.\n\nOther media\nOn December 6, 2021, it was revealed that Gunn would be featured in the E! reality television series Relatively Famous: Ranch Rules.\n\nPersonal life\nSopp was born on August 26, 1994 in Orlando, Florida. He is a son of professional wrestler Billy Gunn and the brother of professional wrestler Colten Gunn. Sopp attended Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida from 2013 to 2017 he graduated with a degree in elementary education.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1994 births\nAll Elite Wrestling personnel\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nLiving people\nProfessional wrestlers from Florida\nRollins College alumni\nSportspeople from Orlando, Florida\nParticipants in American reality television series\nAmerican male rappers" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)", "What happened between Billy and Gunn", "Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring." ]

[ "The Weston Dodgers are a defunct Tier II Junior \"A\" ice hockey team from Weston, Ontario, Canada. They were a part of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The franchise was previously known as the Woodbridge Dodgers from 1953 to 1962, and became the Weston Dodgers after that.\n\nHistory\nThe Dodgers started out in Woodbridge, Ontario as part of the Toronto Metro Junior B Hockey League. In 1962, the Dodgers were moved to Weston. With the formation of the Junior A Ontario Hockey Association, the Dodgers moved up in the OPJHL in 1972.\n\nMoved in 1972, the Dodgers played five seasons of OPJHL Hockey. Their best season was their first season where they finished in 6th place overall, but it is doubtful they ever made the playoffs after that year. After four straight losing seasons, the Dodgers folded in 1977.\n\nSeason-by-season results\n\nPlayoffs\n1973 Lost Quarter-final\nWexford Raiders defeated Weston Dodgers 4-games-to-1\n1974 DNQ\n1975 DNQ\n1976 Lost Quarter-final\nWeston Dodgers defeated Newmarket Flyers 3-games-to-2\nToronto Nationals defeated Weston Dodgers 2-games-to-none\n1977 DNQ\n\nSutherland Cup appearances\n1964: Waterloo Siskins defeated Weston Dodgers 4-games-to-1\n\nExternal links\nOHA Website\n\nDefunct ice hockey teams in Canada\nIce hockey teams in Ontario", "The Temiscaming Royals were a Junior ice hockey team based in Témiscaming, Quebec, Canada. They were members of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League, but originated in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League.\n\nHistory\nThe announcement of the Temiscaming Royals as the first Quebec-based team in the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League came on April 4, 2007.\n\nThe expansion of the Royals makes them the ninth team in the independent GMHL and one of six 2007 expansion teams. Temiscaming is roughly 65 kilometers from North Bay, Ontario and will make for decent locational rivalries with the Nipissing Alouettes and Espanola Kings.\n\nThe Temiscaming Royals played their first game on September 7, 2007 in Verner, Ontario against the Nipissing Alouettes. The Royals defeated the Alouettes 6-4 for their first ever win.\n\nThe Royals were undefeated in regulation in their first fourteen games of the season. Their first loss came on November 1, 2007, 7-4, at the hands of the Nipissing Alouettes, largely in part to Alouettes former goaltender Tristan Jones and his 58 save performance. The Royals would later acquire Jones at the deadline to help Piche guide the Royals on their playoff run.\n\nOn January 4, 2008, the Royals hosted the Moscow Selects All-star team in an exhibition game. The Selects won the game by a score of 9-3. This was the sixth game of seven that the Moscow team played against different GMHL clubs.\n\nIn the 07-08 Greater Metro Junior A playoffs, the Temiscaming Royals selected to play the Espanola Kings in the 1st round. Game 1 took place in Temiscaming with the Royals defeating the Kings with a score of 8-0 to win their first ever playoff game in team history. Marc Desgagnes recorded the first ever Temiscaming Royals playoff goal in the team's history. Guillaume Piche recorded the first ever win and shutout in the club's playoff history.\n\nIn June 2008, the GMHL announced that the Royals have left the league with ambitions of joining the NOJHL. Temsicaming is the second Québécois team in NOJHL history, after the Rouyn-Noranda Capitales who were in the league from 1989 to 1996.\n\nOn September 7, 2008, the Royals played their first Northern Ontario Jr. game against the North Bay Skyhawks. The Skyhawks won 2-0. The Royals first NOJHL win came on September 19, 2008, as they defeated the Sudbury Jr. Wolves 9-5 at home.\n\nOn December 4, 2010, Matt Zawadzki recorded a 48 save shutout against the Abitibi Eskimos. With his shutout he has the Royals first ever shutout in NOJHL history.\n\nOn May 7, 2011, the NOJHL's Spring AGM was concluded. The Royals were officially listed as disbanded from the league. Owner Steve McCharles has failed to make a deal with a group from Temiscaming for a sale. That group turned around and negotiated with the Town of Temiscaming and created a new team in the GMHL called the Temiscaming Titans and took the Royals' allotted ice time. McCharles then failed to make a deal with an ownership group from Kirkland Lake, Ontario and left the team to fold.\n\nSeason-by-Season Standings\n\nPlayoffs\n2008 Lost Semi-final\nTemiscaming Royals defeated Espanola Kings 4-games-to-none in bye round\nTemiscaming Royals defeated King Wild 4-games-to-2 in quarter-final\nInnisfil Lakers defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-2 in semi-final\n2009 Lost Quarter-final\nNorth Bay Skyhawks defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-none in quarter-final\n2010 Lost Quarter-final\nAbitibi Eskimos defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-one in quarter-final\n2011 Lost Quarter-final\nSudbury Jr. Wolves defeated Temiscaming Royals 4-games-to-none in quarter-final\n\nHead coaches\n\nTeam Captains\nMichael Sauvageau, 2007–08\nPier-Paul Landry, 2008–09\n No Captain, 2009–10\nRobin Mendelsohn, 2010–11\n\nAll Time Royals\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTemiscaming Royals Webpage\n\nSport in Abitibi-Témiscamingue\nIce hockey teams in Quebec\nNorthern Ontario Junior Hockey League teams" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)", "What happened between Billy and Gunn", "Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "Were they ever defeated?", "just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt" ]

[ "The Second Battle of Clusium took place during Sulla's Second Civil War. Forces under the future triumvir Pompey defeated a 30,000 strong force under Carrinas, Brutus Damasippus and Marcius Censorinus, killing 20,000 of them. After the battle the defeated army largely dissolved, with many soldiers going home. All three defeated commanders escaped and took their remaining forces to the Samnites, who had declared for them.\n\nReferences \n\nPompey\nClusium", "The 2009 All-Ireland Minor Camogie Championship is a competition for age graded development squad county teams in the women's team field sport of camogie was won by Kilkenny, who defeated Clare by eight points in the final, played at Semple Stadium Thurles. 2009 Kilkenny 5-10 Clare 3-8.\n\nB Division\nThe Minor B final was won by Limerick who defeated Waterford by one point in a dramatic final at Mallow. Waterford defeated Derry 1–9 to 0–9 at Ashbourne and Limerick defeated Wexford 3–16 to 3–9 in the semi-finals. Naomi Carroll and Chloe Morey scored three points each. The Minor C final was won by Laois. Sarah Ann Fitzgerald scored 2–2 to help Laois defeat Carlow in the final by five points. Laois defeated Roscommon in the minor C semi-final by 8–12 to 1–1 and Carlow defeated Cavan.\n\nArrangements\nClare defeated Cork 1–9 to 0–11 in the semi-final at Kilmallock, while ’s Denise Gaule scored 3–7 and Aoife Murphy 2–3 as Kilkenny defeated Tipperary by 5–15 to 3–4.\n\nThe Final\nFive goals before half-time, two of them from Denise Gaule, enabled Kilkenny win the final. They lead 5.05 to 1.04 at the break\n\nFinal stages\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Camogie Association\n\nMinor\nAll-Ireland Minor Camogie Championship" ]

[ "Billy Gunn", "Billy and Chuck (2001-2002)", "What happened between Billy and Gunn", "Chuck proposed to Billy, asking him to be his \"partner for life\" and gave him a wedding ring.", "Were they ever defeated?", "just before they tied the knot, they revealed that the entire ordeal was a publicity stunt", "Who defeated them?", "Three Minute Warning defeated Billy Gunn and Chuck Palumbo." ]

[ "Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus was a Roman commander during Sulla's civil wars. When Pompey rebelled, Brutus was one of the three commanders sent against him. In an unnamed battle, the first of Pompey's career, Brutus was defeated. When Sullan forces defeated their opponents, Brutus massacred many neutral senators to prevent them from welcoming Sulla. In the Second battle of Clusium, Brutus and one of the last remaining Marian forces were heavily defeated. The defeated Marian commanders went to the Samnites, with whom they marched on Rome, but were defeated outside its gates by forces led by Sulla and Crassus.\n\nReferences\n\nAncient Roman generals\n1st-century BC Romans\nJunii Bruti", "Defeated is an unincorporated community in Smith County, Tennessee, United States. It is located northeast of Carthage along Defeated Creek, a tributary of the Cumberland River (the lower part of the creek and the adjacent section of the river are both part of Cordell Hull Lake). State Route 85 passes through the community.\n\nDefeated is named for the events that took place in the late 18th century along the banks of Defeated Creek. John Peyton, one of the earliest settlers and explorers of Smith County, and his surveying party were camped along the creek when they were attacked by a band of Cherokees led by Hanging Maw and driven out of the area.\n\nDefeated was the site of a post office from 1824 until 1929. The post office had the name Montrose from 1824 through 1880, when the name was changed to Defeated.\n\nDefeated is home to the Defeated Creek Marina, which lies along the Defeated Creek section of Cordell Hull Lake. The marina is home to a boat dock and ramp, rental cabins, and numerous recreational facilities.\n\nReferences\n\nUnincorporated communities in Smith County, Tennessee\nUnincorporated communities in Tennessee" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases" ]

[ "The 2020 President's Cup was to be the seventh President's Cup contested for. The match was to be played between the champions of 2019 League of Ireland Premier Division and 2019 FAI Cup, Dundalk, and Shamrock Rovers. It was due to take place on 9 February 2020, at Oriel Park but was postponed due to Storm Ciara. A new date for the match was to be announced but that did not happen due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nSee also\n 2019 FAI Cup\n 2019 League of Ireland Premier Division\n\nReferences\n\nPresident of Ireland's Cup\n2\nDundalk F.C. matches\nShamrock Rovers F.C. matches\nPresident's Cup", "The 1999 Nunavut general election was the first general election in the territory and was held on 15 February 1999, to elect the members of the 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut.\n\nAlthough Nunavut did not become a territory until 1 April 1999 the election was held early to enable the members to assume their duties on that date.\n\nThe territory operates on a consensus government system with no political parties; the premier is subsequently chosen by and from the MLAs.\n\nPaul Okalik was chosen to be Premier of Nunavut.\n\nElected\n\nSee also\n 1st Legislative Assembly of Nunavut\n\nReferences\n\n1999\nNunavut general\n1999 in Nunavut\nFebruary 1999 events in Canada" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City," ]

[ "Samantha Logic (born October 22, 1992) is an American basketball player. She also played for the San Antonio Stars of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She played college basketball at the University of Iowa. A 5'9\" point guard from Racine, Wisconsin, Logic played for the Hawkeyes from 2011 to 2015, earning All-American honors in her senior season. Logic was named a third-team All-American by the Associated Press and a first-team All-American by the United States Basketball Writers Association after averaging 13.4 points, 7.0 rebounds and 8.1 assists per game. Logic also received the Senior CLASS Award for the 2014–15 season.\n\nIowa statistics\n\nSource\n\nWNBA Draft 2015 \nLogic was one of 12 players selected by the WNBA to attend the 2015 draft. She is the first player from the University of Iowa to be invited to attend the event. Logic was chosen by the Atlanta dream as the 10th choice in the 2015 WNBA Draft. She was subsequently traded to the San Antonio Stars for a 2016 second round draft pick.\n\nSee also\n List of NCAA Division I basketball players with 5 or more career triple-doubles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIowa Hawkeyes bio\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nAll-American college women's basketball players\nAmerican women's basketball players\nAtlanta Dream draft picks\nAtlanta Dream players\nBasketball players from Wisconsin\nIowa Hawkeyes women's basketball players\nMcDonald's High School All-Americans\nParade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)\nPoint guards\nSan Antonio Stars players\nSportspeople from Racine, Wisconsin", "This is a list of dignitaries at the state memorial service of Nelson Mandela, the former President of South Africa. Mr Mandela died on 5 December 2013. Many heads of state and government attended the state memorial service on Tuesday, 10 December 2013 at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg. The memorial service was one of the largest gatherings of world leaders. It was also the largest funeral in the history of South Africa, and the African continent itself.\n\nTwo UN Secretary Generals, both presidents of EU (Council and Commission), two French presidents, four United States Presidents and four UK Prime Ministers attended the funeral service. In total, more than 500 VIP dignitaries from 19 supranational organizations and approximately 190 countries had arrived for this event. Some of the dignitaries later attend the Burial ceremony on 15 December 2013 at Mandela's hometown, Qunu.\n\nThis memorial event is the largest in the world in terms of foreign leaders, surpassing the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005.\n\nDignitaries\n\nHeads of state and government\n\nOther royalty\n\nGovernment representatives\n\nInternational organisations\n\nFormer heads of state\n\nOther guests\n\nThis section is a partial list of notable guests who attended the memorial service.\nBono, Irish U2 vocalist and activist\nRichard Branson, British businessman, founder of Virgin Group\nLaura Bush, Former First Lady, spouse of former US President George W. Bush\nNaomi Campbell, British model\nChelsea Clinton, daughter of former US President Bill Clinton\nHillary Clinton, former US Secretary of State (Governmental representatives).\nPeter Gabriel, British singer\nBill Gates, American businessman, founder and president of Microsoft\nJesse Jackson, American civil rights activist, minister, and politician\nHenry Kissinger, former US Secretary of State (Governmental representatives).\nAnnie Lennox, British singer-songwriter\nFrancois Pienaar, South African rugby player\nCharlize Theron, South African-American actress\nDesmond Tutu, South African Anglican Archbishop\nOprah Winfrey, American television personality and actress\n\nNon-attendance\n: Former Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, who frequently attended funerals of world leaders during his term of office, did not attend. Germany's former leaders did not usually attend world leaders's funeral.\n: Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif was expected to attend the service but had to cancel his visit due to the visit of his Russian counterpart in Tehran. \n: Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu did not attend the memorial service citing financial and security reasons.\n: The ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs decided to not send a delegation because of the time constraint. Instead, Foreign Minister David Lin personally visited the Liaison Office of South Africa to convey condolences over the death of Mandela. In addition, the Representative of the ROC to South Africa visited the Union Buildings in Pretoria to view the remains of Mandela and pay respects on behalf of the ROC government.\n: Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra was expected to attend but declined due to ongoing protests against her government.\n: The 14th Dalai Lama was expected to attend the service but was denied a visa by the South African government.\n: Pope Francis was sent an invitation to attend either the memorial or state funeral. He did not attend either because it was against the tradition that Popes do not usually attend funerals of world leaders.\n: President Trương Tấn Sang did not attend the service due to the time constraint. The country was represented by Mr Đào Việt Trung, Chairman of the Presidential Office.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nNelson Mandela" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (often shortened to \"Anything Can Happen\") is the second physical single, and third overall, by Enter Shikari and the second single to be released from their debut album Take to the Skies. It was released on 18 February 2007 for digital download and on 5 March 2007 on both CD and 7\" vinyl. It is the band's highest charting single, charting at #27 in the UK single chart, and number 1 on the UK indie chart. There are two remixes of the song, Colon Open Bracket Remix and Grayedout Mix. Both are up for download on their official download store.\n\nTrack listing\n\n CD\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n \"Keep It on Ice\" (Rou) - 2:51\n\n 7\"\n\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 4:40\n \"Kickin' Back on the Surface of Your Cheek\" (Rou, Enter Shikari) - 3:50\n\nOriginal version\nIn the original version of the song, a sample is heard from the introduction of the popular 1960s TV series Stingray in which the character says \"Anything can happen in the next half hour\". This is, however, not heard in the re-recorded version.\n\nChart performance\n\nPersonnel\n\nEnter Shikari\nRoughton \"Rou\" Reynolds - vocals, electronics\nLiam \"Rory\" Clewlow - guitar\nChris Batten - bass, vocals\nRob Rolfe - drums\nProduction\nEnter Shikari - production\nJohn Mitchell - recording\nBen Humphreys - recording\nMartin Giles - mastering\nKeaton Henson - illustration, design\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Video - \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour...\" video.\n Original Video - Original video using the 2004 EP version of the song.\n Stingray Introduction - The phrase can be heard at 0:44\n\n2007 singles\nEnter Shikari songs\nSong articles missing an audio sample\n2007 songs", "\"Anything Could Happen\" is a song by English singer and songwriter Ellie Goulding from her second studio album, Halcyon (2012). It was released on 17 August 2012 as the album's lead single. Written and produced by Goulding and Jim Eliot of English electropop duo Kish Mauve, the song received positive reviews from music critics. \"Anything Could Happen\" peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. Outside the United Kingdom, \"Anything Could Happen\" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Poland, the top 20 of the charts in Australia, the Czech Republic Ireland and New Zealand and the top 50 of the charts in the United States.\n\nThe accompanying music video was directed by Floria Sigismondi and filmed in Malibu, California. The video depicts Goulding and her on-screen boyfriend getting into a car accident. \"Anything Could Happen\" was used in the Beats by Dre's #ShowYourColor campaign commercial and in the trailer for the second season of the HBO series Girls. The song has been covered by The Script, Fun and Fifth Harmony.\n\nBackground and composition\nGoulding appeared on Fearne Cotton's BBC Radio 1 show on 9 August 2012 for the premiere of the song. She told Cotton, \"I've been with this song a long time and I've had to listen to it a lot to get it just how I wanted it.\"\n\nDuring a behind-the-scenes featurette for the \"Anything Could Happen\" music video, Goulding told MTV News, \"I suppose it's one of those songs where I sort of talk about bits of my childhood, but also about my friendship with this person, and, um, I suppose it's a song of realization [...] And it's called 'Anything Could Happen,' [so] I'm hoping it will make people go out and propose to their girlfriends or go on that holiday they never ended up doing. I hope it will provoke positivity, as opposed to make people really sad.\"\n\nAccording to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, \"Anything Could Happen\" is written in the key of C major and has a moderate tempo of 103 beats per minute. Goulding's vocals span from G3 to E5 in the song.\n\nCritical reception\n\"Anything Could Happen\" received positive reviews from critics, with most praising the lyrical content and Goulding's vocals. Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave \"Anything Could Happen\" four out of five stars, stating, \"'After the war we said we'd fight together/ I guess we thought that's what humans do,' the electro-folk starlet serenades over a booming bass synth and choppy piano, before bursting into a sky-soaring chorus that manages to keep up with her haunting, high-pitched \"ooohs\". The result is a gothic love anthem that, truth be told, we'd happily see replace 'Puppy Love' at wedding receptions for years to come.\" Entertainment Weekly commented that with \"Anything Could Happen\", Goulding \"strikes shimmery synth-pop gold again.\" Erin Thompson of the Seattle Weekly called the song \"lovely\" and \"impactful\", while commending Goulding for \"writing songs that unfold like stories\". \"Anything Could Happen\" was ranked number 84 by the Village Voices annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"Anything Could Happen\" debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart, selling 49,680 copies in its first week. The single stayed at number five the following week, selling 37,895 copies. As of August 2013, it had sold 326,836 copies in the UK.\n\nIn the United States, \"Anything Could Happen\" debuted at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart on the issue dated 8 September 2012, before rising to number three on 20 October upon its release to radio. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 75 for the week of 27 October 2012, peaking at number 47 in its tenth week on the chart. It also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart during the final week of 2012. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 17 January 2013, and platinum on 24 July 2013. As of January 2014, the song had sold 1,166,000 copies in the US.\n\nThe song performed moderately elsewhere, reaching number two in Poland, number 16 in the Czech Republic, Ireland and New Zealand, number 20 in Australia, number 37 in Canada and number 66 in Germany.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Anything Could Happen\" was directed by Floria Sigismondi. In an interview with Carson Daly on his 97.1 AMP Radio show on 6 August 2012, Goulding stated that the video would be filmed the following day in Malibu, California. The video revolves around a couple's car crash near a Malibu beach. \"I find myself on a rock, with no idea how I've been there\", she told Fuse. \"I've been in a car crash. I end up being a mermaid-type thing.\" She added, \"I wanted to do a big video with big effects by the ocean [...] I wanted to do something really epic.\" Goulding declined offers of a stuntwoman to help her shoot the video, and instead performed her own stunts, such as being dropped onto a roof.\n\nOn 5 September, the \"Anything Could Happen\" video debuted via Goulding's YouTube channel. The video shows Goulding in a car with her on-screen boyfriend as they observe waves crashing on a beach. Goulding is then seen waking up on the beach, singing to the song, and walking around the beach finding silver floating spheres and triangled shaped mirrors. Goulding is also seen close up crying while singing and then bleeding out of her nose. The video continues to show Goulding and the on-screen boyfriend in a car crash, meeting up again in their \"after life\" on the beach. Later, Goulding is shown looking on to the car crash from above, while observing her blood-covered boyfriend, with a big fluffy pink ball holding her up by ropes. The video ends as Goulding floats away from the crash scene.\n\nLyric video\nIn late July 2012, Goulding invited fans via Facebook to contribute to a lyric video for \"Anything Could Happen\" by submitting photos related to the song's lyrics using Instagram. The lyric video premiered on Goulding's YouTube channel on 9 August 2012.\n\nBen & Ellie Edit\nA second music video, titled the Ben & Ellie Edit, was released on Goulding's YouTube channel on 9 October 2012. This version all shot close up and cross fading into different scenes. The video begins with the text \"Ellie Goulding\", and flashes of a car driving and Goulding in multiple shots of her body. Once the song begins, Goulding starts singing, multiple shots of her being shown, close-up, side view, and bright lights, singing along.\n\nUse in media and cover versions\nGoulding is featured performing \"Anything Could Happen\" in the Beats by Dre commercial as part of their #ShowYourColor campaign, which debuted in September 2012, alongside the likes of Miami Heat player LeBron James and fellow Universal Music artists Lil Wayne and MGK.\n\nThe track was also used in the trailer for the second season of the HBO comedy-drama series Girls and in an episode of the Fox sitcom New Girl. It was also used in the trailer for the fourth season of the Network Ten comedy-drama series Offspring in Australia. The track was also used by TBS during the intro for game one of the 2012 ALDS between the Oakland Athletics and the Detroit Tigers. The song is also featured as the background music for the HTC Vive commercial, with Emily Blunt, Jennifer Garner, Michelle Yeoh and Juliette Lewis.\n\nThe song was covered in BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge by both Irish alternative rock band the Script and American indie pop band Fun on 27 November 2012 and 26 February 2013, respectively. In December 2012, the girl group Fifth Harmony performed \"Anything Could Happen\" in the semi-finals and finals on the second season of The X Factor (U.S.). Melissa Benoist, Jacob Artist and Kevin McHale covered the song in the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the Fox series Glee, \"I Do\", aired 14 February 2013. Goulding joined Taylor Swift for a surprise performance of the song during Swift's Red Tour at Los Angeles' Staples Center on 23 August 2013. On 14 December 2013, Goulding performed \"Anything Could Happen\" on tenth series finale of The X Factor with finalist Luke Friend. The track has also been featured in the 2013 teen film, G.B.F. starring Michael J. Willett, Paul Iacono and Sasha Pieterse.\n\nNotable performances\nOn September 30, 2021 Goulding performed the song surrounded by floating cloud structures and white-clad dancers as part of the opening ceremony of Expo 2020 held under the fair's centerpiece, the Al Wasl Dome in Dubai, U.A.E.\n\nTrack listings\n\nCredits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of Halcyon.\n\n Ellie Goulding – vocals, production\n Jim Eliot – production, drums, synths, piano, percussion, drum programming, sound effects\n London Community Gospel Choir – choir\n Sally Herbert – choir arrangement, choir conducting\n Graham Archer – choir recording engineering\n Joel M. Peters – choir recording engineering assistance\n Tom Elmhirst – mixing\n Ben Baptie – mixing assistance, additional engineering\n Naweed – mastering\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of number-one dance singles of 2012 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Lyrics at elliegoulding.com\n\n2012 singles\n2012 songs\nEllie Goulding songs\nInterscope Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Floria Sigismondi\nPolydor Records singles\nSongs written by Ellie Goulding\nSongs written by Jim Eliot" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills." ]

[ "Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was a professional wrestling event produced by New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It took place on January 4, 1998 in the Tokyo Dome. Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome was the seventh January 4 Tokyo Dome Show held by NJPW. The show drew 55,000 spectators and $6,000,000 in ticket sales. One of the focal points of the show was the retirement of wrestling legend Riki Choshu, who would wrestle five times that night against select opponents in what was billed as the Riki Road Final Message 5, the completion of \na months-long \"retirement tour\" for Choshu. The show also featured successful defenses of the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, which made Final Power Hall in Tokyo Dome the first January 4 Tokyo Dome show to not have a single championship change hands. Besides the five Riki Road Final Message 5 matches the show featured eight additional matches.\n\nProduction\n\nBackground\nThe January 4 Tokyo Dome Show is NJPW's biggest annual event and has been called \"the largest professional wrestling show in the world outside of the United States\" and the \"Japanese equivalent to the Super Bowl\".\n\nStorylines\nFinal Power Hall in Tokyo Dome featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNJPW.co.jp \n\n1998 in professional wrestling\n1998 in Tokyo\nJanuary 1998 events in Asia\n1998", "The former State Road 827, was an east–west road that stretched along the southern edge of the Hillsboro Canal, originally extending from Sixmile Bend to present-day Parkland. Now County Road 827, the road is locally known as Browns Farms Road and Loxahatchee Road in two segments, while a third is unnamed.\n\nWhen the route was established in 1945, it extended from its western terminus, being what is now U.S. Route 27 to its eastern terminus being an intersection with U.S. Route 441 and State Road 7) in Broward County.\n\nRoute description\nThe former SR 827 crossed a vast stretch of the Everglades wetlands along the opposite side of the Hillsboro Canal from the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge and through a region managed by the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.\n\nHistory\nThe road was established in 1945. It extended from the intersection between it and then-US 441-SR 80, which was re designated as State Road 880 after US 441/SR 80 was rerouted several miles north.\n\nAfter the establishment of the Everglades Wildlife Management Area by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission in the 1960s, the portion of SR 827 within its boundaries was removed from the state highway system, creating a gap in the route. Shortly afterward, a second section east of Browns Farm was reverted to Palm Beach County control (many commercially prepared maps from the 1970s to the present show this second section as part of County Road 827). For at least two decades, SR 827 was an \"interrupted\" State Road.\n\nBy 1990, the Broward County segment was transitioned from State to County control; the northwestern section followed suit within a few years and became CR 827. Despite indications from several commercial maps, only the part of the original SR 827 northwest of Browns Farm is currently signed as CR 827.\n\nMajor intersections\n\nReferences\n\n827\n827\n827\n827" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "What was the road show?", "Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006" ]

[ "Queen B may refer to:\n\nPeople\n\nQueen Bee, a nickname given in the 1990's to former Junior Mafia member Lil Kim. \nQueen B , a nickname for Beyonce\nQueen B, a nickname for Sofia Esper\nLil Queen B, a nickname for Analu Arsave\nQueen B/Bey, a nickname for Beyonce\nQueen B/Bee, a nickname for Beyonce\nQueen B, a nickname for the former queen Beatrix of the Netherlands\nQueen B, a nickname for South African TV and Radio personality Bonang Matheba\n\nEntertainment\n\nMusic \n\"Queen B.\", a 2007 song by Puscifer\n\nTelevision\n Queen B, a 2005 TV movie starring Alicia Silverstone\n \"Queen B.\", an episode of the TV series Popular\n Queen B. (Arrested Development), the season four episode of Arrested Development TV series\n\nSee also \n Queen bee (disambiguation)", "Abdul Salaam Mumini is a Ghanaian film maker.\n\nCareer\nHis first film was God Loves Prostitutes, which starred Nollywood star Genevieve Nnaji. Salaam's Venus Film Production is responsible for the discovery of the likes of Van Vicker, Jackie Aygemang, Nadia Buari and a host of emerging others.\n\nCredits\n Return of Beyonce\n Beyonce\n Mummy's Daughter\n Wedlock of the Gods\n Darkness of Sorrow\n My mothers Heart\n Divine Love\n Heart of Men\n The Game\n Foreplay\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nGhanaian film producers\nGhanaian screenwriters\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "What was the road show?", "Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006", "Did Beyonce participate?", "I don't know." ]

[ "That article shows the list and details of the managers in their spells at Colo-Colo.\n\nChronology\nThe letter c means Caretaker manager.\n\nMost successful managers\nThe following table, shows the most successful managers according to the club's history (totals include competitive matches only):\n\nTable correct as of 12 March 2013\n\n (*): International tournament runner-up.\n\nColo-Colo managers, List of\nColo-Colo", "The Celebrity Game is an Australian game show that aired in two different formats. The original series, based on an American game show, People Will Talk was hosted by Bert Newton on the Nine Network in 1969 as Australia's Celebrity Game. The later series, based on the game of charades, involving two teams of celebrities, was hosted by Mike Preston on Network Ten ran from 1976 to 1977.\n\nGameplay\nIn the original 1969 version, similar to the 1964 American version, a panel of nine celebrities were asked a question on a popular topic, and three contestants were then asked to choose a celebrity and to tell how that contestant voted. After every three turns, if all three contestants correctly guessed the celebrity's answers, they each won $10; if two contestants were successful, they received $20; if one contestant was successful, that contestant received $30.\n\nIn the 1976–77 version, two teams of three celebrities and a contestant competed in the game of charades, where one player acted out a word or phrase, often by pantomiming similar-sounding words, and the other players guessed the word or phrase. The celebrity regulars included Joy Chambers, Joe Martin, Johnny Pace, Harriet, Stuart Wagstaff and Barry Creyton.\n\nSee also\n List of Australian game shows\n Pyramid, Australian game show\n Give Us a Clue\n People Will Talk\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1960s Australian game shows\n1970s Australian game shows\nNetwork 10 original programming\nNine Network original programming\n1969 Australian television series debuts\n1969 Australian television series endings\n1976 Australian television series debuts\n1977 Australian television series endings\nBlack-and-white Australian television shows" ]

[ "Dreamgirls (film)", "Premieres, road show engagements, and general releases", "What was the premier date?", "Dreamgirls premiered on December 4, 2006 at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City,", "Did all of the stars attend?", "I don't know.", "Did anything of interest happen at the premier?", "The film's Los Angeles premiere was held on December 11 at the Wilshire Theater in Beverly Hills.", "What was the road show?", "Dreamgirls debuted with three special ten-day roadshow engagements beginning on December 15, 2006", "Did Beyonce participate?", "I don't know.", "Were the shows successful?", "Dreamgirls earned a total of $851,664 from the roadshow engagements, playing to sold-out houses on the weekends." ]

[ "A Song for ×× (the \"××\" is silent) is the debut album by Japanese pop artist Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 1, 1999, by Avex Trax. Primarily a rock-pop album, it features musical composition and arrangements by Yasuhiko Hoshino, Mitsuru Igarashi, and others.\n\n\"Poker Face\" was released as the album's lead single on April 8, 1998. Entering the Oricon chart at number twenty, it became her first charting single. Four further singles were released to promote A Song for ××: \"You\", \"Trust\", \"For My Dear...\", and Depend on You\". All of them were top twenty hits in Japan, with the latter three reaching the top ten.\n\nThe album debuted atop the Oricon Charts with first week sales of 548,210 copies; it topped the chart for five weeks, a remarkable feat for a debut album. Its high first week sales were partly due to its debut sales being the first and second week sales combined (Oricon only has 51 weeks instead of 52). The album charted for 63 weeks and was certified Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipments exceeding one million copies in the country. As of 2008, A Song for ×× is Japan's 139th best selling album of all time.\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nCharts\nOricon Sales Chart (Japan)\n\n Total sales: 1,610,000 (Japan)\n Total sales: 1,910,000 (Avex)\n\nSingles\n\nTotal Single Sales: 775,000\n\nTotal Album and Single Sales: 2,385,000\n\nReferences \n\nAyumi Hamasaki albums\n1999 debut albums\nAvex Group albums\nJapanese-language albums", "New home sales is an economic indicator which records sales of newly constructed residences in the United States of America. \nThe United States Census Bureau publishes new home sales statistics monthly on their website. Statistics are reported as unadjusted monthly rates and seasonally adjusted annual rates.\n\nEconomic significance\n\nBecause new home sales trigger consumption, they have significant market impact upon release. New home sales also serve as a good indicator of economic turning points due to its consumer income sensitivity. Generally, when economic conditions slow down, new home sales serves as an early indicator of such a depression.\n\nLimitations\n\nSeveral cautions apply when interpreting new home sales statistics:\n\n Statistics exclude any new houses that were not built for immediate sale. For example, in the situation where a purchaser commissions a builder to build a house on a lot that the purchaser already owns, this housing unit would not be included in the statistics. Other construction statistics, such as Permits, starts and completions, do include virtually all new residential construction.\n Sales are reported as of the month that a customer signs a sales contract or the builder accepts a deposit. The house can be in any stage of construction.\n Sales are not reduced to account for sales contracts which are subsequently cancelled by the customer or the builder. However, in those situations where a cancellation occurs, the house is not re-counted upon a subsequent sale to another customer.\n\nSee also\n Economic reports\n FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data)\n\nExternal links\n New Residential Sales definitions and statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau\n\nEconomic indicators\nHousing in the United States" ]

[ "Michele Bachmann", "Early life, education, and early career" ]

[ "Boy Erased: A Memoir is a 2016 memoir by Garrard Conley recounting his childhood in a fundamentalist Arkansas family that enrolled him in conversion therapy. According to The Week, it aims to bridge the cultural divide—\"one that makes gay conversion therapy seem a natural choice in some places and unfathomable in others\". It was adapted into the 2018 film Boy Erased.\n\nSynopsis\nThe only child of a car salesman and soon-to-be Baptist pastor, Conley was \"terrified and conflicted about his sexuality\". At 19, while in college, he was outed as gay to his parents by another student who had raped him. His parents gave him the choice of being disowned or going to gay conversion therapy that promised to \"cure\" his homosexuality. The timing came as his father was about to be ordained as a Baptist minister. Conley was enrolled in a Love in Action ex-gay program, and recounts the harm he was subjected to there in the name of curing his sexuality. He recounts the months of counseling he underwent followed by a two-week intensive intervention. He also includes other participants' accounts and a \"Timeline of the Ex-Gay Movement\".\n\nBackground\nConley's hope is that his story will expose ex-gay groups and gay conversion therapy programs as lacking in compassion and more likely to cause harm than cure anything, especially when participants are told, as he was, that they are \"unfixable and disgusting over and over again\".\n\nReception\n The Bay Area Reporter wrote, \"Conley's memoir oscillates between his revelations, good and bad, during time spent in the fold of the ex-gay ministry during his two-week stint in the 'Source' trial program, and his personal and familial history [that led up to] induction in the program.\" Its reviewer called the book \"well-written, compelling, disturbing, and ultimately quite bracing ... an important, refreshingly unsentimental perspective on the dangers and abuses of ex-gay therapy ministries, an atrocious, damaging, hypocritical network that still operates today\".\nEdge Media Network wrote, \"Testimonies like Boy Erased are a necessary part of getting rid of ex-gay ministries or, really, any kind of program in which the explicit aim is to change the identity (in this case, the sexuality) of the subjects.\"\n The Washington Post'''s reviewer Jamie Brickhouse wrote: \"It's a powerful convergence of events that Conley portrays eloquently, if a bit earnestly. Conley was full of confusing contradictions—as deeply embedded in the teachings of the Bible as he was in the prose of great literature.\"\n Michigan Quarterly Review wrote, \"It's in part Conley's deft hand with prose, in part his ability to transcend trauma to render an honest, visceral picture of himself.\"\n GLBT Reviews wrote, \"Conley had much to confront as he inwardly acknowledged his homosexuality, including layers upon layers of family complexity, but as he unspools his eventful journey, he brings readers deep into his mind and soul for a satisfying ride.\"\n Kirkus Reviews wrote, \"Readers follow Conley through a very difficult process of self-identification that sheds light on the degrees of intolerance that are still present in today's world. At times, the text feels a bit passive; some readers may expect more blatant outrage. Nevertheless, Conley has chosen to expose ex-gay therapy as abusive, and that is important.\"\n GLBT Publishers Weekly stated, \"This timely addition to the debate on conversion therapy will build sympathy for both children and parents who avail themselves of it while still showing how damaging it can be.\"\n Out Smart Magazine stated, \"Boy Erased digs deep into a life lived in shadow, the story of a survivor and not of the establishment (which have largely been the voices heard speaking out about ex-gay therapy).\"\n\nFilm adaptation\n\nIn 2018, Joel Edgerton wrote and directed Boy Erased,'' a film adaptation of the memoir. Lucas Hedges stars as a character based on Conley, with Nicole Kidman and Russell Crowe in supporting roles as his conservative parents.\n\nReferences \n\n2016 non-fiction books\nBooks about conversion therapy\nAmerican memoirs\nLGBT autobiographies\n2010s LGBT literature\nLGBT literature in the United States\nMemoirs adapted into films\nRiverhead Books books", "David Matheson is a campaigner known for advocacy of conversion therapy. In 2019, he announced he was divorcing his wife of 34 years and intended to live as a gay man. He previously led the organization Journey into Manhood.\n\nMatheson was an early protege of Joseph Nicolosi, who founded the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH).\n\nMatheson, a Mormon, said “he was not renouncing his religious faith, or the entirety of his work as a conversion therapist, despite dating men. But he did criticise the \"shame-based, homophobic-based system\" of his upbringing in the Mormon church.”\n\nHe and his wife had three children and one grandchild.\n\nCareer\nMatheson has a master’s in counseling and guidance from Brigham Young University and began full-time practice in New Jersey in 2004. He counseled only men and the goal was always to develop what he called “gender wholeness.”\n\nPublications\nMatheson, David (1993) \"The Transition from Homosexuality: The Role of Evergreen International,\" Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy: Vol. 19 : No. 1 , Article 7.\n\nReferences \n\nConversion therapy practitioners\nLiving people\nBrigham Young University alumni\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPeople self-identified as ex-ex-gay" ]

[ "Michele Bachmann", "Early life, education, and early career", "What shaped her thoughts about gay conversion therapy?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Lady Camilla Dorothy Godolphin Osborne (formerly Harris and Dempster; born 14 August 1950) is an English heiress. She is the only child of John Osborne, 11th Duke of Leeds.\n\nEarly life and family \nLady Camilla Osborne was born on 14 August 1950 to John Osborne, 11th Duke of Leeds, and his second wife, Audrey Young. She grew up in Jersey, where her parents moved to avoid heavy taxes.\n\nHer parents divorced in 1955 after her mother had an affair with a Guards officer. Her mother later remarried to Sir David Roland Walter Lawrence, 3rd Baronet.\n\nOsborne's father married a third time in 1955 to Caroline Fleur Vatcher.\n\nIn 1963, at age 13, Osborne's father died without male issue. Due to the entail limiting the peerages to males only, she could not inherit her father's titles. The titles of her father passed to his cousin Sir D'Arcy Osborne, making him the 12th Duke of Leeds. When D'Arcy Osborne died in 1964 without issue, the Dukedom of Leeds and all the other peerages became extinct.\n\nWhile she was not able to inherit the dukedom from her father, she did inherit money from his personal estate upon his death along with an annual allowance. In 1971 she inherited £1,000,000 (equivalent to £12,970,000 in 2016) from the family trust.\n\nOsborne studied philosophy and English at Newcastle University, but left after a year.\n\nPersonal life \nOsborne married Julian Brownlow Harris and in 1972 gave birth to a daughter, Emily Kate Godolphin Harris. The couple later divorced. In 1975 she became engaged to Christopher Moorsom, but later called off the engagement.\n\nOsborne married a second time to Nigel Richard Patton Dempster in 1977 at the Chelsea Register Office. The couple spent the first years of their marriage living separately. She gave birth to another daughter, Louisa Beatrix Dempster, in 1979. The marriage was dissolved in 2002. Nigel Dempster and Lady Camilla remained close after their divorce. Dempster died on 12 July 2007. Osborne was present at his funeral.\n\nOsborne stated that she believed her father, having sold the family estate Hornby Castle, lived an unhappy life without purpose.\n\nIn 2004, Osborne sold a painting by William Oram that had been painted for one of the Dukes of Leeds.\n\nOsborne was featured in the BBC Two documentary The Last Dukes.\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\n1950 births\nDaughters of English dukes\nCamilla\nPeople associated with Newcastle University", "Habibah bint Ubayd-Allah () is the daughter of Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh and Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan.\n\nFamily background \nHabibah's father was the brother of Zaynab bint Jahsh, whom Muhammad married at some point, thus is Muhammad Habibah's aunt's husband. \n\nAfter her parents got divorced, due to her father abandoning Islam for Christianity, her mother married Muhammad. Thus, Muhammad became her step-father as well. She married Dawud ibn Urwah ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqifi.\n\nShe has been recorded with the odd name \"Habibah bint Umm Habibah bint Abu Sufyan\" in some Islamic Biography books. This could be due to her father leaving Islam.\n\nNotes \n\nFemale Sahabah\n7th-century Arabs" ]

[ "Michele Bachmann", "Early life, education, and early career", "What shaped her thoughts about gay conversion therapy?", "I don't know.", "Did she see her father much after her parents divorced?", "After her parents divorced, Bachmann's father, David John Amble, moved to California, and Bachmann was raised by her mother," ]

[ "\"100 Grandkids\" is a song recorded by American rapper Mac Miller for his third studio album GO:OD AM (2015). It was released on August 7, 2015, by Warner Bros. Records as the lead single from Miller's major label debut album. The song is divided into two parts: \"Grandkids\", produced by Sha Money XL, and \"100 Grand\" produced by ID Labs.\n\nBackground\nMiller premiered \"100 Grandkids\" at the Grassroots Music Festival in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on July 31, 2015. The song was officially released by Warner Bros. Records as the lead single from his third studio album and major label debut GO:OD AM on August 7, 2015.\n\n\"100 Grandkids\" is a two-part song, split between \"Grandkids\"—promising to give his mother grandkids—and \"100 Grand\"—recalling when he \"first made a hundred grand\". The first part was produced by Sha Money XL, and the second by ID Labs. Miller described the two parts as \"thinking about your future\" and \"thinking about yourself\", respectively. The song samples P. Diddy, Black Rob and Mark Curry's \"Bad Boy for Life\" and Norman Connors' \"Last Tango in Paris\".\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was released on the same day as the official audio. Directed by Nick Walker, the video is split into two parts like the song, beginning with Miller rapping as the moon in a play performed by children dressed in costumes. It transitions to Miller rapping in an empty parking lot beside a car bouncing with hydraulics.\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n \"100 Grandkids\" – 4:38\nDigital download – Radio Edit\n \"100 Grandkids (Short Radio Edit)\" – 3:58\n\nPersonnel\n\n Malcolm McCormick – lead vocals (as Mac Miller), songwriting\n Elle Varner – additional background vocals\n Michael Clervoix – production (as Sha Money XL), songwriting\n Eric Dan – production (as ID Labs), songwriting, mixing\n Jeremy Kulousek – production (as ID Labs), songwriting, recorded by\n Zach Vaughan – production (as ID Labs), songwriting\n Josh Berg – additional production, recorded by\n Dorsey Wesley – songwriting\n Drayton Goss – songwriting\n Mark Curry – songwriting\n Robert Ross – songwriting\n Jamel Fisher – songwriting\n Gato Barbieri – songwriting\n Dory Previn – songwriting\n Jaslyn Taylee-Edgar – choir\n Jordan Dame – choir\n Nikki Leonti – choir\n Ryan Edgar – choir\n Christian Wunderlich – guitar\n Ben Adamson – organ, trumpet\n Chris Athens – mastering\n Dave Huffman – mastering\n\nCredits adapted from Tidal and ASCAP.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2015 singles\n2015 songs\nMac Miller songs\nSongs written by Mac Miller\nSongs with lyrics by Dory Previn", "Jan Youren (born 1943 in Boise, Idaho) is a retired rodeo competitor. She rode bareback horses and bulls, competing for 51 years and winning many world titles. She rodeoed until the age of 63, when she retired with 5 world championships in bareback bronc riding, 13 reserve championships in bareback, and 15 reserve championships in bull riding. She was inducted into the Cowgirl Hall of Fame in 1993. She was inducted into the Idaho Rodeo Hall of Fame in 2015.\n\nLife\nJan Youren was born in 1943 near Garden Valley, Idaho. Youren's father was a rodeo competitor. He competed in bareback bronc riding, bull riding, and wild horse racing. Youren was riding calves when she was about 5 years old, mostly at the Cattleman's convention. When she was 11 years old, her father came home saying that he had seen something she would really like. He explained about the girls riding bareback broncs and horses who were competing in a rodeo the same way men did. Sterling Alley, her father, put on his own rodeo for Youren just so she could ride. For Idaho, it was one of the first. “He entered me in every event. I’d never even seen a barrel race at that time,” she said. “I would have done anything for my dad, anything to get a little higher in my daddy’s eyes.” Regardless of her age and inexperience, she won the bareback brong riding and the cowriding events. Youren became dedicated to the bareback bronc riding event since her first ride. She won her first prize at the age of 11, in one of Idaho’s first rodeos for women.\n\nCareer\nYouren and some others established the Idaho Girls Rodeo Association. She also joined the Girls Northwest Rodeo Association when it was formed in 1957. In the beginning, Youren competed locally in a 600 mile radius. Starting in 1975, she joined the association that became today's Women's Professional Rodeo Association. She started competing in trips up to 1,500 miles long. While still competing, she got married (four times total). She bore 15 children. Jan has 8 kids, 7 step kids, 64 grandkids and over 100 great grandkids. She sometimes traveled with her children.\n\nRetirement\nShe rodeoed until the age of 63, when she retired with 5 world championships in bareback bronc riding, 13 reserve championships in bareback bronc riding, and 15 reserve championships in bull riding.\n\nReferences\n\n1943 births\nLiving people\nBareback bronc riders\nBull riders\nAmerican female equestrians\nCowgirl Hall of Fame inductees\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Michele Bachmann", "Early life, education, and early career", "What shaped her thoughts about gay conversion therapy?", "I don't know.", "Did she see her father much after her parents divorced?", "After her parents divorced, Bachmann's father, David John Amble, moved to California, and Bachmann was raised by her mother,", "How many grandkids did she end up with?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Christianity and abortion has a long and complex history. There is scholarly disagreement on how early Christians felt about abortion. Some scholars have concluded that early Christians took a nuanced stance on what is now called abortion, and that at different and in separate places early Christians have taken different stances. Other scholars have concluded that early Christians considered abortion a sin at all stages; though there is disagreement over their thoughts on what type of sin it was and how grave a sin it was held to be. Some early Christians believed that the embryo did not have a soul from conception, and consequently opinion was divided as to whether early abortion was murder or ethically equivalent to murder. Some early Christian texts nonetheless condemned abortion without distinction: Luker mentions the Didache, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and Saint Basil. Early church councils punished women for abortions that were combined with other sexual crimes, as well as makers of abortifacient drugs, but, like some early Church Fathers such as Basil of Caesarea, did not make distinction between \"formed\" and \"unformed\" fetuses.\n\nWhile Gregory of Nyssa and Maximus the Confessor held that human life already began at conception, Augustine of Hippo affirmed Aristotle's concepts of ensoulment occurring some time after conception, after which point abortion was to be considered homicide, while still maintaining the condemnation of abortion at any time from conception onward.\n\nThomas Aquinas reiterated Aristotle's views of successive souls: vegetative, animal, and rational. This would be the Catholic Church's position until 1869, when the limitation of automatic excommunication to abortion of a formed fetus was removed, a change that has been interpreted as an implicit declaration that conception was the moment of ensoulment. Most early penitentials imposed equal penances for abortion whether early-term or late-term, but later penitentials in the Middle Ages normally distinguished between the two, imposing heavier penances for late-term abortions and a less severe penance was imposed for the sin of abortion \"before [the foetus] has life\".\n\nContemporary Christian denominations have nuanced positions, thoughts and teachings about abortion, especially in extenuating circumstances. The Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and most evangelical Protestants oppose deliberate abortion as immoral, while allowing what is sometimes called indirect abortion, namely, an action that does not seek the death of the fetus as an end or a means but that is followed by the death as a side effect. Some mainline Protestant denominations such as the Episcopal Church, United Church of Christ, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, among others, are more permissive of abortion. More generally, some Christian denominations can be considered opposed to abortion while others may be considered in favor of abortion rights.\n\nInfluences\n\nBoth ancient Greek thought and ancient Jewish thought are considered to have affected early Christian thought about abortion. According to Bakke and Clarke &Linzey, early Christians adhered to Aristotle's belief in delayed ensoulment, and consequently did not see abortion before ensoulment as homicide. Lars Østnor says this view was only \"presaged\" by Augustine, who belongs to a period later than that of early Christianity. According to David Albert Jones, this distinction appeared among Christian writers only in the late fourth and early fifth century, while the earlier writers made no distinction between formed and unformed, a distinction explicitly rejected by 4th-century Saint Basil of Caesarea, who also, though earlier than Saint Augustine, does not belong to the early-Christianity period. While the Hebrew text of the Bible only required a fine for the loss of a fetus, whatever its stage of development, the Jewish Septuagint translation, which the early Christians used, introduced a distinction between a formed and an unformed fetus and treated destruction of the former as murder. It has been commented that \"the LXX could easily have been used to distinguish human from non-human fetuses and homicidal from non-homicidal abortions, yet the early Christians, until the time of Augustine in the fifth century, did not do so.\"\n\nThe view of early Christians on the moment of ensoulment is also said to have been not the Aristotelian, but the Pythagorean:\n\nScholars generally agree that abortion was performed in the classical world, but there is disagreement about the frequency with which abortion was performed and which cultures influenced early Christian thought on abortion. Some writers point to the Hippocratic Oath as evidence that condemnation of abortion was not a novelty introduced by the early Christians. Some writers state that there is evidence that some early Christians believed, as the Greeks did, in delayed ensoulment, or that a fetus does not have a soul until quickening, and therefore early abortion was not murder; Luker says there was disagreement on whether early abortion was wrong. Other writers say that early Christians considered abortion a sin even before ensoulment. According to some, the magnitude of the sin was, for the early Christians, on a level with general sexual immorality or other lapses; according to others, they saw it as \"an evil no less severe and social than oppression of the poor and needy\".\nThe society in which Christianity expanded was one in which abortion, infanticide and exposition were commonly used to limit the number of children (especially girls) that a family had to support. These methods were often used also when a pregnancy or birth resulted from sexual licentiousness, including marital infidelity, prostitution and incest, and Bakke holds that these contexts cannot be separated from abortion in early Christianity. Johannes M. Röskamp agrees that one reason for Christian disapproval of abortion was that it was linked with attempts to conceal adultery, but stresses that the main reason was the \"all new concept\" of concern for the fetus,which, Michael J. Gorman declares, \"distinguishes the Christian position from all pagan disapproval of abortion\".\n\nEarly Christianity\n\nEarly Christian thought on abortion is interpreted in different ways. At different times, early Christians held different beliefs about abortion, while yet considering it a grievous sin.\n\nThe earliest Christian texts on abortion condemn it with \"no mention of any distinction in seriousness between the abortion of a formed foetus and that of an unformed embryo\".\n\nAccording to sociologist Kristin Luker: After the beginning of the Christian era... legal regulation of abortion as existed in the Roman Empire was designed primarily to protect the rights of fathers rather than rights of embryos....induced abortion is ignored in the most central Judeo-Christian writings: it was not mentioned in the Christian or the Jewish Bible, or in the Jewish Mishnah or Talmud. Abortion, it is true, was denounced in early Christian writings such as the Didache and by early Christian authors such as Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, and St. Basil. But church councils, such as those of Elvira and Ancyra, which were called to specify the legal groundwork for Christian communities, outlined penalties only for those women who committed abortion after a sexual crime such as adultery or prostitution. Most importantly, perhaps, from the third century A.D. onward, Christian thought was divided as to whether early abortion - the abortion of an \"unformed\" embryo - was in fact murder. Different sources of church teachings and laws simply did not agree on the penalties for abortion or on whether early abortion is wrong.\n\nHowever, that the early Christians agreed in rejecting abortion is more generally accepted. They condemned it as a serious sin, even before ensoulment. While agreeing that abortion was seen as a sin, some writers consider that those Christians viewed early abortion as on the same level as general sexual immorality, or that they saw it as a grave contra-life sin like contraception and sterilization, while others hold that it was for them \"an evil no less severe and social than oppression of the poor and needy\". Even in cases where abortion was seen as more than a sexual crime, the practice was still sometimes associated with sexual immorality.\n\nPatristic writings\n\nIn the late 1st century or early 2nd century, the Didache explicitly condemned abortion, as did the Apocalypse of Peter in the 2nd century. Some early Christians considered abortion wrong in all circumstances, and early synods imposed penalties for abortions that were combined with some form of sexual crime and on the making of abortifacient drugs: the early 4th-century Synod of Elvira imposed denial of communion even at the point of death on those who committed the \"double crime\" of adultery and subsequent abortion, and the Synod of Ancyra imposed ten years of exclusion from communion on manufacturers of abortion drugs and on women aborting what they conceived by fornication (previously, such women and the makers of drugs for abortion were excluded until on the point of death). Basil the Great (330-379) imposed the same ten-year exclusion on any woman who purposely destroyed her unborn child, even if unformed. Abortion was sometimes regarded as worse than murder, but Basil thus imposed for it a lesser penance than the twenty-year exclusion that he imposed for intentional homicide, apparently because abortion was likely to be due to fear and shame rather than malice.\n\nSeveral historians have written that prior to the 19th century most Catholic authors did not regard termination of pregnancy before \"quickening\" or \"ensoulment\" as an abortion.\n\nIn the 13th century physician and cleric Peter of Spain wrote a book called Thesaurus Pauperum (literally Treasure of the Poor) containing a long list of early-stage abortifacients, including rue, pennyroyal, and other mints. Peter of Spain became Pope John XXI in 1276.\n\nSome prominent theologians, such as John Chrysostom and Thomas Sanchez, believed that post-quickening abortion was less sinful than deliberate contraception. John Chrysostom believed that late-stage abortion was not as bad as deliberately killing an already-born person, whereas contraception was definitely worse than murder, according to him.\n\nLater Christian thought on abortion \n\nFrom the 4th to 16th Century AD, Christian philosophers, while maintaining the condemnation of abortion as wrong, had varying stances on whether abortion was murder. Under the first Christian Roman emperor Constantine, there was a relaxation of attitudes toward abortion and exposure of children. Bakke writes, \"Since an increasing number of Christian parents were poor and found it difficult to look after their children, the theologians were forced to take into account this situation and reflect anew on the question. This made it possible to take a more tolerant attitude toward poor people who exposed their children.\"\n\nEnsoulment\nAugustine believed that an early abortion is not murder because, according to the Aristotelian concept of delayed ensoulment, the soul of a fetus at an early stage is not present, a belief that passed into canon law. Nonetheless, he harshly condemned the procedure: \"Sometimes, indeed, this lustful cruelty, or if you please, cruel lust, resorts to such extravagant methods as to use poisonous drugs to secure barrenness; or else, if unsuccessful in this, to destroy the conceived seed by some means previous to birth, preferring that its offspring should rather perish than receive vitality; or if it was advancing to life within the womb, should be slain before it was born.\"(De Nube et Concupiscentia 1.17 (15))\n\nThomas Aquinas and Pope Innocent III also believed that a fetus does not have a soul until \"quickening,\" or when the fetus begins to kick and move, and therefore early abortion was not murder, though later abortion was. Aquinas held that abortion was still wrong, even when not murder, regardless of when the soul entered the body. Pope Stephen V and Pope Sixtus V opposed abortion at any stage of pregnancy.\n\nProtestant Reformation\nIn general, the Protestant Reformers retained the teaching of their time against abortion. Neither Martin Luther nor John Calvin wrote individual works discussing only the question of abortion per se, although in 1542, Luther wrote a pamphlet entitled Comfort for Women Who Have Had a Miscarriage.\n\nIn his commentary on Exodus 21:22, John Calvin wrote:\n\n...the unborn, though enclosed in the womb of his mother, is already a human being, and it is an almost monstrous crime to rob it of life which it has not yet begun to enjoy. If it seems more horrible to kill a man in his own house than in a field, because a man's house is his most secure place of refuge, it ought surely to be deemed more atrocious to destroy the unborn in the womb before it has come to light.\n\nIn his 1535–1545 Commentary on Genesis, when discussing Chapter 25, verses 1 through 4, Luther noted,\nHow great, therefore, the wickedness of human nature is! How many girls there are who prevent conception and kill and expel tender fetuses, although procreation is the work of God! Indeed, some spouses who marry and live together in a respectable manner have various ends in mind, but rarely children.’ The God who declares that we are to be fruitful and multiply regards it as a great evil when human beings destroy their offspring.\nIn a letter written in 1544, Luther strongly condemned a woman who reportedly had another person jump on her belly to induce an abortion.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Early Christian Views on Abortion (Chapter 2 of M.J. Elsakkers, Reading between the lines: Old Germanic and early Christian views on abortion)\n\nChristian thought, early\nAbortion\nCatholic Church and abortion", "The Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians (PLAGAL) is a United States-based interest group opposed to legalized elective abortion and supportive of alternatives to abortion.\n\nThe group was founded by Tom Sena in 1990 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Washington, D.C., under the name \"Gays Against Abortion\". The name was changed to \"Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians\" in early 1991. Despite both names, the group is inclusive of all LGBT people, as well as straight allies. Its first President was Philip Arcidi, who was elected in 1994.\n\nPositions\nPLAGAL has pointed to some research that shows a link between abortion and breast cancer that has generally been rejected by the medical community. They have also taken the position that even if a woman is infected with HIV she should not abort the fetus because there are ways to prevent the transmission of the virus from the mother. They support expanding access to antiretroviral drugs for all people who need such treatment, including pregnant women and their fetuses. In March 2005, PLAGAL came out in support of legislation introduced by Maine state legislator Brian Duprey, which assuming that science would discover a significant genetic component to homosexuality, would make it illegal for a woman to selectively abort a fetus based on predicted sexual orientation.\n\nReaction from the gay community\nSince the religious right is perceived as dominating the pro-life movement, LGBT pro-choicers question why any LGBT person would want to align themselves with a social movement that has traditionally opposed not only legalized abortion, but often also LGBT rights.\n\nLGBT pro-lifers counter that their beliefs on abortion derive from beliefs regarding nonviolence, human rights, and the interconnectedness of human rights. Although some PLAGAL members are otherwise conservative, they span the entire political spectrum. PLAGAL President Cecilia Brown, for example, is a member of the Green Party. Another national officer, Jackie Malone, is outspoken on disability rights.\n\nAs early as 1994, Chuck Volz, co-founder of the now-defunct Delaware Valley PLAGAL chapter, started a row in the local gay media when he condemned the sponsors of the Philadelphia AIDS walk for diverting \"crucial funds\" to assist in the abortion of HIV positive children.\n\nMost of the debate within the gay and lesbian community remains peaceful, if not always civil. However, in 1995 PLAGAL applied for participation in Boston's annual Pride parade and was denied. PLAGAL set up a table along the parade route, where members distributed literature. During the parade, the table was surrounded by angry hecklers who tore up PLAGAL's leaflets, leading to police asking PLAGAL to leave the parade area to restore order.\n\nAt the 2000 Millennium March for Equality, major gay rights interest groups such as the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation and the Human Rights Campaign endorsed pro-choice public policies, despite the protests from PLAGAL.\n\nReactions from the pro-life community\nThe reaction from the pro-life community is divided. Some pro-life advocates see their position as part of a more secular, human rights position and sent letters of support for PLAGAL. Some of these individuals and organisations affiliate their opposition to abortion as part of a consistent life ethic. Others see the struggle against abortion in more pragmatic terms and welcomed the support of PLAGAL, without care for their positions on other issues.\n\nStill other pro-life advocates that see their position as part of a broader conservative religious movement, opposed the inclusion of an LGBT organization at pro-life events. The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., denied a request to allow PLAGAL to cosponsor a pro-life conference in January 2009, citing the group's support for same-sex marriage and condoning of homosexual sexual activity.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAnti-abortion organizations in the United States\nOrganizations established in 1990\nLGBT organizations in the United States\nLGBT conservatism in the United States" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films" ]

[ "On Native Soil is a 2006 documentary by Linda Ellman narrated by Kevin Costner and Hilary Swank. The film analyzes the efforts by the families of 9/11 victims to create the 9/11 Commission and what information was revealed by it.\n\nExternal links \n The official website to the documentary\n \n\n2006 films\n2006 documentary films\nEnglish-language films\nFilms scored by Michael Tavera\nDocumentary films about the September 11 attacks\nAmerican documentary films\nAmerican films\n9/11 Commission", "The Katy series is a set of novels by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, writing under the pen-name of Susan Coolidge. The first in the series, What Katy Did, was published in 1872 and followed the next year by What Katy Did at School. What Katy Did Next was released in 1886. Two further novels, Clover (1888) and In the High Valley (1890), focused upon other members of the eponymous character's family. The series was popular with readers in the late 19th century.\n\nThe series was later adapted into a TV series entitled Katy in 1962, and two films, one also called Katy in 1972 and What Katy Did in 1999.\n\nNovels\n What Katy Did\n What Katy Did at School\n What Katy Did Next\n Clover\n In the High Valley\n\nAdaptions\n Katy (TV series, 1962)\n Katy (film, 1972)\n What Katy Did (film, 1999)\n\nLiterary Criticism\nCritics are divided about how much the series played into period gender norms and often compare the series to Little Women. Foster and Simmons argue for its subversion of gender in their book What Katy Read: Feminist Re-Readings of ‘Classic’ Stories for Girls by suggesting the series “deconstructs family hierarchies”.\n\nInfluence\nThe series is unusual for its time by having an entry which focuses not on the family life at home but at school in What Katy Did at School.\n\nIn a 1995 survey, What Katy Did was voted as one of the top 10 books for 12-year-old girls.\n\nSee also\n\nSarah Chauncey Woolsey\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSeries details at Fantastic Fiction\n\nKaty series\n1870s novels\nNovel series\nSeries of children's books\nNovels by Susan Coolidge\n1880s novels\n1890s novels\n1962 American television series debuts\n1972 films\n1999 films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)" ]

[ "Pyramix is the first remix album and sixth album by rapper/DJ, Egyptian Lover. The album was released in 1993 for Egyptian Empire Records and was produced by The Egyptian Lover himself. The album was both a commercial and critical failure and did not make it to any billboard charts or feature any hit singles.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Pyramix\" – 1:56\n\"Dance\" – 1:53\n\"The Lover\" – 5:26\n\"I Want Cha\" – 2:19\n\"Computer Power (Version II)\" – 5:25\n\"Kinky Nation (Kingdom Kum)\" – 2:34\n\"Egypt, Egypt\" – 6:44\n\"Planet E (Remix)\" – 7:04\n\"Egypt's Revenge (Mega Mix)\" – 5:27\n\"Get High, Get X'D, Get Drunk, Get Sex'd\" – 5:48\n\nReferences\n\nEgyptian Lover albums\nAlbums produced by Egyptian Lover\n1993 remix albums", "Active Pensionists (Danish: Aktive Pensionister) was a political party in Denmark.\n\nHistory\nActive Pensionists was established in 1997. The party ran in 2001 in Copenhagen (507 votes), Frederikshavn (212 votes) and Skagen Municipality (19 votes). They did not get any municipal seats.\n\nIn 2005, Active Pensionists ran in Greve Municipality (43 votes), Vejle Municipality (158 votes), Fredericia Municipality (679) and Copenhagen Municipality (232 votes). They did not manage to get any municipal seats.\n\nThe party has not run for municipal elections since 2005, and is assumedly dissolved.\n\nElection results\n\nMunicipal elections\n\nReferences\n\nPolitical parties in Denmark\nPensioners' parties\n1997 establishments in Denmark\nPolitical parties established in 1997\nDefunct political parties in Denmark" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film." ]

[ "So, What's Your Price? () is a 2007 documentary directed by Olallo Rubio about media, power, and the consumer culture in Mexico and United States. It debuted in Mexico on May 18, 2007, and had several screenings on the United States, the DVD version was released on October 16, 2007.\n\nProduction\nOriginally, the idea was that Olallo Rubio direct a documentary, so it could be sold as a straight to DVD film, while the money earned would go to the finance of This Is Not A Movie, another project of Olallo. Eventually, the project got bigger and it was called So, What's Your Price, using the budget of $100,000. The film was shot in the streets of New York and Mexico City. The film was first screened at a film festival in Guadalajara. In April 2007, it was announced that the film was going to be released May 18, 2007 in Mexico City. The film enjoyed positive reviews, so it was released in different places in Mexico. In July 2007, it was screened in New York with very positive reviews, and in October 2007 it was released on DVD.\n\nPlot\nThe film is about the differences between the United States and Mexico, with different opinions by people on the street, or sellers. It talks about drugs, money, the human body, the price of living, and how people see each other.\n\nRelease\nOn October 16, 2007 the DVD was released in a 2-disc special edition, with several extras, which included, two audio commentaries by the director, one in Spanish and one in English, the making of documentary called A Film For Sale, a podcast that includes fragments of interviews on the radio with the director, an interview with Stephen A. Bezruchka, the trailers, and a photo gallery.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nDocumentary films about consumerism\nMexican documentary films\n2007 films\n2007 documentary films\n2000s English-language films\n2000s Spanish-language films\nMexican films", "Patrick Douglas Selmes Jackson (26 March 1916 – 3 June 2011) was an English film and television director.\n\nBiography\n\nBorn in Eltham, to a formerly affluent family which was severely affected by the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and his father's long-term illness and early death ending Jackson's formal education. He joined the GPO Film Unit on his 17th birthday as a messenger boy after his mother persuaded her MP, Sir Kingsley Wood, then also postmaster general, to find work for her son. Rising to production assistant, he was part of the crew for the short film Night Mail (1936). The voice narrating the poem by W.H. Auden (\"This is the Night Mail crossing the border, bringing the cheque and the postal order.\") was Jackson himself. He directed a number of documentaries, the first being The Horsey Mail (1938) about the rural postal service in Suffolk. The First Days (1939), co-directed by Harry Watt and Humphrey Jennings, was the first of the wartime documentaries, in this instance concerned with the 'Phoney War' period.\n\nJackson's debut feature film was Western Approaches (1944), a semi-documentary war film for what was now the Ministry of Information's Crown Film Unit. For what became a three-year project, Jackson took on the writing, direction, editing and casting (of non-professional actors) a film about merchant seamen. Featuring an extended period on location at sea, the lifeboat sequences alone took six-months to complete.\n\nAfter the war, Jackson spent three years in Hollywood under contract to MGM, although the only film he directed during this period was Shadow on the Wall (1950), based on the novel Death in the Doll's House by Lawrence P. Bachmann and Hannah Leessuch. His film Encore (1951) was in competition at the 1952 Cannes Film Festival . White Corridors (1951), a semi-documentary drama about a hospital in the regions, was critically well received at the time. What a Carve Up! (1961), a film in the old dark house genre, was the most commercially successful of Jackson's later feature films.\n\nJackson worked in television during the 1960s and 1970s. Impressed by the stage work of Patrick McGoohan, he seems to have been involved in casting him for Danger Man (US:Secret Agent), episodes of which he directed. Apart from McGoohan's The Prisoner (1967), he was also involved with episodes of The Saint and The Professionals.\n\nJackson died on 3 June 2011 aged 95.\n\nFilms and television series\n\nWestern Approaches (documentary feature, 1944)\nWhite Corridors (1951)\nEncore! (1951)\nThe Feminine Touch (1956)\nThe Birthday Present (1957)\nVirgin Island (US Our Virgin Island, 1958)\nSeven Keys (1961)\nWhat a Carve Up! (1961)\nDon't Talk to Strange Men (1962)\nSeventy Deadly Pills (1964)\nThe Prisoner (4 episodes; 1967–1968)\nThe Famous Five (2 episodes; 1978)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1916 births\n2011 deaths\nEnglish film directors\nPeople from Eltham\nPeople educated at Bryanston School" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film.", "what was the film about?", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state," ]

[ "The following is a list of films produced by Paramount Pictures and released (or scheduled to be released) in the 2020s.\n\nAll films listed are theatrical releases unless specified.\nA ‡ signifies a streaming release exclusively through Paramount+ or any other streaming service.\nA § signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on Paramount+.\n\nReleased\n\nUpcoming\n\nUndated films\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Paramount Pictures Complete Library\n\n 2020-2029\nLists of films by studio\nAmerican films by studio\n2020s in American cinema\nLists of 2020s films", "Any Gun Can Play () is a 1967 spaghetti Western starring Gilbert Roland, Edd Byrnes and George Hilton. The film is directed by Enzo G. Castellari. The film is about a group of cowboys searching for gold, double-leading to double crosses as they continually change allegiances and get the upper hand only to be thwarted by fellow outlaws, mysterious insurance investigators and each other.\n\nCast\n\nRelease\nAny Gun Can Play was released in Italy in 1967. The film has also been released under the English titles Go Kill and Come Back and Blood River.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n1967 films\n1967 Western (genre) films\nSpaghetti Western films\nItalian films\n1960s Italian-language films\nEnglish-language Italian films\n1960s English-language films\nFilms directed by Enzo G. Castellari\nFilms scored by Francesco De Masi\nFilms shot in Almería\nFilms scored by Alessandro Alessandroni\n1960s multilingual films\nItalian multilingual films" ]

[ "Shyam Benegal", "Feature films", "What films did he create?", "Ankur (The Seedling)", "Did it get any awards?", "won the 1975 National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film.", "what was the film about?", "It was a story of economic and sexual exploitation in his home state,", "Were there any other films he released?", "), Nishant (1975), Manthan (1976) and Bhumika (1977)." ]

[ "The DRDO Nishant is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a branch of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Armed Forces. The Nishant UAV is primarily tasked with intelligence gathering over enemy territory and also for reconnaissance, training, surveillance, target designation, artillery fire correction, damage assessment, ELINT and SIGINT. The UAV has an endurance of four hours and thirty minutes. Nishant has completed development phase and user trials.\n\nThe 380 kg (840 lb) Nishant UAV requires rail-launching from a hydro-pneumatic launcher and is able to be recovered by a parachute system. Launches at a velocity of 45 m/s are carried out in 0.6 second with 100 kW power and subsequent launches can be carried out in intervals of 20 minutes. The Mobile Hydro-Pneumatic Launcher (MHPL) system mounted on a Tatra truck weighs 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) and boasts of a life cycle of 1000 launches before requiring overhaul. Nishant is one of the few UAVs in the world in its weight-class capable of being catapult-launched and recovered by using parachute, thus eliminating the need for a runway as in case of conventional take-off and landing with wheels.\n\nDevelopment\nTo meet the Army's operational requirement of a RPV (remotely piloted vehicle), it was decided in September 1988 that DRDO would undertake the indigenous development of the UAV. The General Staff Qualitative Requirement (GSQR) was finalised by the Army in May 1990. The Nishant RPV made its first test flight in 1995. In July 1999, for the first time the Indian army deployed its new Nishant UAV system in the fight against guerilla forces backed by Pakistan in Kashmir Valkey. Nishant, which had been developed for battlefield surveillance and reconnaissance needs of the Indian Army, was test flown again in early 2002. The indigenous Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Nishant developed by ADE, DRDO had completed its 100th flight by June 15, 2002. The Indian Army has placed an order for 12 Nishant UAVs along with ground support systems. Nishant Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by DRDO for Indian Army was successfully flight tested near Kolar on 20 June 2008. Nishant has completed development phase and user trials. The present flight tests are pre confirmatory trials before induction into services.\n\nTest flight with Wankel engine\nOn Sunday, 5 April 2009 DRDO launched a test flight of the Nishant UAV. The main goal was to test the performance of the Wankel engine used on the UAV. An abandoned World War II runway at a village near Kolar played host to the first ever flight of this indigenous rotary engine-powered UAV. The flight took off on early Sunday morning and climbed to an altitude of before cruising for a duration of 35 minutes. The air vehicle was recovered safely at the intended place at a dried-up lake, after a total flight duration of 40 min. The engine, a Wankel rotary type, was jointly designed and developed by National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) and Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). The provisional flight clearance for the first indigenous prototype engine was given by the certifying agency, the Regional Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification. The engine was cleared for flight after rigorous ground endurance test runs. The Wankel engine weighs about 30 kg (70 lb), and this engine type is known for its high power-to-weight ratio in a single rotor category.\n\nDRDO was satisfied with the test results. The performance of the engine during the flight met the requirements of the first flight of an engine in the air vehicle. This 55 hp indigenous engine is expected to replace the present imported engine of Nishant. The critical core engine, including the special cylinder composite nickel–silicon carbide coating and special aluminium alloy castings, was designed and developed by NAL. VRDE developed engine peripherals such as the ignition and fuel systems and ADE developed flight testing. The reconnaissance UAV, which has completed its user trials with the Indian Army, is expected to be handed over to the army shortly.\n\nNishant UAV again underwent crucial confirmatory user trials at Pokhran in April 2010. The trials began April 20 and were supposed to last for one week. A senior Army official at Pokhran said the trials are moving forward in a very satisfactory manner. “We are checking three crucial parameters: video quality, tracking ability and fall of gunshot [missed distance after firing]. These input performances are critical to our operations in the forward areas,” the official said. DRDO has delivered the first four UAVs to the Indian Army at a cost of 800 million ($17.9 million).\n\nAccording to The Times Of India, two UAVs crash-landed in Jaisalmer district near the India-Pakistan border due to change in wind direction on April 28 and April 30. Confirming the news, a DRDO official said, \"The user trials were going on and during the flight there were some technical snags owing to which the craft was landed using parachutes.\" He said, \"But the landing was done safely and no one was hurt in the process. Though before our officials could reach to get the craft back, villagers damaged the aircraft and took away some equipment.\"\n\nOn 3 February 2011 Nishant UAV successfully completed confirmatory trials conducted by the Indian Army at Pokhran, Rajasthan\n\nA wheeled version of the Nishant UAV, named panchi, is under taxi trail as of September 2014, will be flight tested soon. UAV is capable of operating from semi-prepared runway, thereby reducing the turnaround time between missions, which is major advantage over the current catapult launched Nishant\n\nFeatures\n Day/night capability training vehicle\n Battlefield reconnaissance & surveillance,\n Target tracking and localization\n Artillery fire correction\n All terrain mobility\n Target designation (using integral laser target designator)\n Endurance: 4 h 30 min\n\nVariants\n Nishant catapult\n Panchi (Nishant Wheeled version)\n\nGround support systems\n\nGround control station (GCS)\nAntenna vehicle/Ground Data Terminal (GDT)\nAvionics preparation vehicle (APV)\nMechanical maintenance vehicle\nUAV transportation vehicle\nPower supply vehicle\n\nLaunch & recovery\n Launch: Mobile hydropneumatic launcher (MHPL) system\n Recovery: Parachute + landing bags\n\nFormer operators\n\n Indian Army – 4 (all lost)\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nUnmanned military aircraft of India\nSingle-engined pusher aircraft\nTwin-boom aircraft\nNishant", "Lagna Pahave Karun () is a 2013 Indian Marathi-language romantic comedy film directed by Ajay Naik, and produced by Kiran Deshpande and Mohan Damle under the banners of Solariz International and Sprints Arts Creations respectively.\n\nThe film stars Umesh Kamat and Mukta Barve; it is the third collaboration between Kamat and Barve after Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta (2012) and also features Tejashri Pradhan and Siddharth Chandekar. The film follows Aditi Tilak (Barve) and Nishant Barve (Kamat) who set up their own matrimonial agency based on modern principles rather than horoscopes.\n\nThe soundtrack and background score were composed by Ajay Naik while the cinematography, art direction, and editing were handled by Abhijeet Abde, Padmanabh Damle and Suchitra Sathe respectively. The film was released on 4 October 2013.\n\nPlot \nNishant Barve is an Indian software designer who works and stays in America. During his return to India, he loses his job in the US. He decides to meet and inform his fiancée, Madhura Godbole. When Nishant is going to meet his fiancée he accidentally meets Aditi Tilak, a girl who plans to have her own matrimonial agency. Learning that his fiancée is more interested in the American lifestyle than him, Nishant breaks up with her.\n\nOnce again Nishant accidentally meets Aditi and she shares her dream to have her own matrimonial agency with him. Nishant applies for another job in the United States but is more interested in Aditi's proposal of a matrimonial agency, so he decides not to go to the interview. Praful Patel and his girlfriend decide to assist Aditi in her proposal. Nishant and Aditi, along with their associates, plan innovative ideas on getting people married. They decide not to check the horoscopes of the couple. Thus they start their matrimonial agency, \"Shubhvivaah\".\n\nRahul Kulkarni and Aanandi meet each other through Shubhvivaah and decide to get married. Soon people are attracted by this new way of getting married. On the wedding day of Rahul and Aanandi Nalini Dixit, a renowned astrologer and owner of a successful marriage bureau in Pune declares that their horoscopes don't match and the marriage won't last for more than six months. However, Nishant and Aditi are not affected by this and meanwhile fall in love with each other.\n\nNishant proposes to Aditi and tells her that he rejected his job and a luxurious life in the USA just for her incomplete proposal of matrimonial agency as he loves her. Aditi tells Nishant that no one has ever loved her as he does but she has not thought over it. On the other hand, Rahul and Aanandi start facing problems in their married life because of Aanandi's rigid nature. Aditi and Nishant keep suggesting to Rahul ways to keep Aanandi happy but in vain. One day, Rahul and Aanandi have a bad fight, after which Rahul meets with an accident.\n\nAditi, out of guilt for the failure of Aanandi and Rahul's marriage, stops her marriage institution. An enraged Nishant tells Aditi that she is wrong in her decision and shows his disappointment and disagreement with her decision and decides to leave for America. Meanwhile, Aanandi realizes her mistake and reconciles with Rahul. Nishant learns about Aditi's past. Aditi had lost her parents and twice her prospective grooms died. People blamed Aditi's destiny for this and no one dared to marry her or keep any kind of relation with her.\n\nNishant then understands why Aditi is always scared and insecure and how she did not respond to his marriage proposal, as she loves him and does not want him to get harmed due to her. Nishant meets Aditi and tells her that its high time she needs to move on and get married, if not with him then with someone else, and settle down. The film ends with Nishant and Aditi sharing a hug (indicating that Aditi has accepted Nishant's marriage proposal) and going somewhere hand in hand.\n\nCast \nMukta Barve as Aditi Tilak, owner of the matrimonial agency \"Shubhvivaah\"\nUmesh Kamat as Nishant Barve, Aditi's love interest and partner in ownership of \"Shubhvivaah\"\nSiddharth Chandekar as Rahul Kulkarni, he gets married with Aanadi through Shubhvivaah\nTejashri Pradhan as Aanandi Rahul Kulkarni, Rahul's wife\nSwati Chitnis as Nalini \"Nallutai\" Dixit, an astrologer who is against Shubhvivaah\nJayant Sawarkar as Aditi's grandfather, he is an astrologer\nManasi Magikar as Nishant's mother\nSeema Chandekar as Rahul's mother\nUmesh Damle as Nishant's father\nShrikar Pitre as Praful Patel, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\nSayali Deodhar as Praful's girlfriend, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\nPriyanka Barve as Madhura Godbole, Nishant's ex-fiancé\nRahul Navel as Vitthhal, Aditi and Nishant's assistant\n\nProduction \nLagna Pahave Karun was produced by Kiran Deshpande and Mohan Damle under the banner of Solariz International and Sprints Arts Creations respectively. It was co-produced by Sanjeev Langarkande and Ashish Deshpande and written by Kshtij Patwardhan and Sameer Vidwans based on a story by Ajay Naik.\n\nThe film was shot at various locations in Pune and Alibaug.\n\nUmesh Kamat was the first to sign onto the film. Mukta Barve was chosen in as the female lead. Siddharth Chandekar and Tejashree Pradhan were later signed on for pivotal roles. Pradhan and Chandekar play Aanadi and Rahul, respectively. Swati Chitnis also played a vital role in the film.\n\nReception \nDaily News and Analysis wrote about the film \"Clever writing, well-etched out characters, witty dialogue and brilliant performances make this film a fun watch\". Indian Nerve stated that \"Lagna Pahave Karun is the story of enduring and making things work without faltering\". The film received 3.5 stars from Marathistars.com. Rajshri Marathi also wrote good reviews about the film.\n\nSoundtrack \n\nThe music for Lagna Pahave Karun is composed by Ajay Naik. Ajay Naik has also composed the original background score. The lyrics are penned by Ambarish Deshpande, Ajay Naik, Vaibhav Joshi, Kshitij Patwardhan. The soundtrack which included seven songs was released on 28 August 2013 by Everest Entertainment.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n on Hotstar\n\nIndian films\n2013 films\nMarathi-language films\nIndian romantic musical films\n2010s musical comedy-drama films\n2010s romantic musical films\n2013 romantic comedy-drama films\nIndian romantic comedy-drama films\n2010s Marathi-language films\n2013 comedy films\n2013 drama films" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing" ]

[ "Critique of Religious Thought () is a book by the Syrian philosopher and thinker, Sadiq Jalal Al-Azm. It was published in its first edition in 1969 by Dar Al-Tali`a in Beirut, and then it was republished in dozens of editions. Upon its publication, the book caused (and still now) a sensation in the Arab and Islamic worlds. Because of it, Al-Azm was subjected to trial and legal prosecutions in Beirut at the time. This was done under the pretext of \"stirring up sectarian, sectarian and racist strife\" and \"inciting conflict between the various sects of the nation or contempt of religions.\n\nAt the end of the second edition of his book, Al-Azm attached documents about his trial in Lebanon, including the indictment, the interrogation, and the court’s decision that dropped the charges brought against him, because what he wrote: “not a crime, but falls within the framework of freedom of thought, opinion and expression,” and includes “scientific research.” and includes scientific and philosophical criticism.\n\nTrial \nAl-Azm complied with the court’s decision on December 19, 1969, under the pretext of “disdain for both the Christian and Islamic religions” in his book, denying that what he wrote was directed at religious beliefs, as much as religious thought was concerned with reason and not belief.\n\nAl-Azm was released a week later, and he was tried on the 27th of the same month, and the ruling was issued dismissing the case on July 7, 1970 AD.\n\nAnd soon the case against Al-Azm was closed, at that time the Lebanese Minister of Interior, Kamal Jumblatt.\n\nReferences \n\n1969 books\nPhilosophy books\nArabic-language books", "The Kirkjuból witch trial was a witch trial that took place in Kirkjuból in 1656, in what is today Ísafjörður, in Iceland. It is the most famous witch trial in Iceland.\n\nWitch trial\nThe plaintiff in the trial was pastor Jón Magnússon (author), who had been suffering poor health since 1654. He contended that his illness, as well as what he described as demonic disturbances in his household and in the surrounding district, were brought on by sorcery practiced by two members of his own congregation, who also sang in the choir, a father and son both named Jón Jónsson. The elder Jón confessed to owning a book about magic and that he had used it against Jón Magnússon. The son also confessed to having made the pastor ill and of having used magical signs and farting runes (Fretrúnir) against a girl. The curse of farting was intended to be relentless; to not only humiliate the victim, but also to bring about chronic abdominal discomfort and weakness.\n\nBoth father and son were found guilty of sorcery and were executed by burning at the stake. After they were executed, the priest was awarded all their material holdings. Claiming that the disturbances and sicknesses did not cease, he then accused a Thuridur (Þuríður) Jónsdóttir, the daughter/sister of the Jónssons, of witchcraft. The case was brought to Þingvellir, was dismissed and the woman let free. She later countersued for wrongful persecution and was vindicated. She was awarded the pastor's belongings as compensation. In Iceland, magic was often practiced and not necessarily associated with the Devil, but the religious and secular authorities, influenced directly or indirectly by Denmark and Germany, had a different view on the subject.\n\nIn fiction \nThe witch trial inspired a film by Hrafn Gunnlaugsson in 2000 called \"Myrkrahöfðinginn\", or \"The Prince of Darkness\". The film's storyline departs markedly from the original court records and the account written by Jón Magnússon in the 17th century, which is known by the title Píslarsaga Síra Jóns Magnússonar, or Story of Sufferings of Jón Magnússon.\n\nReferences \n\nhttp://www.newliving.com/issues/may_2004/articles/mystical%20iceland.html \nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080331183727/http://www.vestfirdir.is/galdrasyning/executed.php\nJan Guillou, Häxornas försvarare, Piratförlaget 2002 ()\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080327073140/http://www.vestfirdir.is/galdrasyning/famous_cases.php\nZarrillo, Dominick The Icelandic Witch Craze of the Seventeenth Century. In Academia.edu., from 2018 https://www.academia.edu/36665790/The_Icelandic_Witch_Craze_of_the_Seventeenth_Century\n\n17th century in Iceland\nWitch trials in Iceland\n1656 in law\n1656 in Europe" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper." ]

[ "What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank is a 2012 short story collection by the American writer Nathan Englander. The book was first published on February 7, 2012 through Knopf and collects eight of Englander's short stories, including the title story \"What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank.\"\n\nThe title of the collection takes its influence from Raymond Carver's 1981 short story collection What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. The book was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, losing to Adam Johnson's The Orphan Master's Son. Englander's collection was awarded the 2012 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award.\n\nStories\n\"What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank\" was originally published in the December 12, 2011 edition of The New Yorker and was included in The Best American Short Stories of 2012. Like Carver's story, \"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,\" Englander's story centers around two middle-aged married couples sitting around a table and sharing a bottle of liquor (in Carver's story, it is gin and in Englander's, vodka and pot). The story is told by a first-person present narrator who is married to Debbie and they live together in South Florida. Debbie's childhood friend from Yeshiva school, Lauren, who is now known as Shoshana, is visiting from Jerusalem with her husband, Mark, who has adopted the name, Yerucham. The narrator describes Shoshana and Yerucham as having gone \"off to the Holy Land and went from Orthodox to ultra-Orthodox.\" The climax of the story occurs when Debbie and Shoshana revive a childhood game, the Anne Frank game, in which they speculate who among their non-Jewish friends would save them in the event of a second Holocaust.\n\"Sister Hills\" \"traces the growth of a small Israeli settlement from a couple of shacks into a thriving Jerusalem suburb, depicts the emotionally fraught relationship between two neighbors: one, named Rena, loses her husband and her three sons to the war and unhappy accident; the other, named Yehudit, has nine children and lives a vibrant, satisfying life. When Yehudit’s daughter Aheret was a baby, on the verge of death from a high fever, Yehudit was so desperate she indulged an old superstition: to outsmart the Angel of Death, she 'sold' Aheret to Rena for a pittance. Aheret survived, grew up to be a young woman, and now Rena, alone and bitter, decides to reclaim her, insisting that the girl forfeit her freedom and come to live with her as a caregiver.\"\n\"How We Avenged the Blums\" first appeared in The Atlantic (Summer/Fall 2005) and was included in the Best American Short Stories 2006. \n\"Peep Show\" was originally published in the July 26, 1999 edition of The New Yorker. Its protagonist, Allen Fein (formerly known as Ari Feinberg) is on his way to the Port Authority to go home to his pregnant, \"beautiful blond Gentile wife,\" when he encounters three rabbis from his old school at a peep show. Upon seeing the rabbis, Fein feels enormous guilt for leaving his religion. He also feels guilt for having been, as he believes, unfaithful to his wife, Claire, whom he imagines is on the other side of a partition as a performer in the peep show along with his mother.\n\"Everything I Know About My Family On My Mother's Side\" first appeared in Esquire in July 2008 and was included in Best American Nonrequired Reading 2009. \n\"Camp Sundown\"\n\"The Reader\" first appeared in Electric Literature in September 2011. \n\"Free Fruit for Young Widows\" was originally published in the May 17, 2010 edition of The New Yorker and was included in Best American Short Stories 2011.\n\nReception\nCritical reception for What We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank has been mostly positive and the book received praise from the Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, and the Jewish Book Council.\n\nIn The New York Times, Michiko Kakutani gave the book a mixed-to-positive review, stating: \"At his best, Mr. Englander manages to delineate such extreme behavior with a combination of psychological insight, allegorical gravity and sometimes uproarious comedy\" but that \"In several instances, however, the delicate narrative balance slips from Mr. Englander’s grasp.\" Kakutani also notes: \"It’s the title story and “Everything I Know About My Family” that point to Mr. Englander’s evolution as a writer, his ability to fuse humor and moral seriousness into a seamless narrative, to incorporate elliptical — yes, Carver-esque — techniques into his arsenal of talents to explore how faith and family (and the stories characters tell about faith and family) ineluctably shape an individual’s identity.\"\n\nJames Lasdun's review for The Guardian was more positive, adding: \"If there is an abiding theme, it is the way in which notions of right and wrong, guilt and innocence, victim and oppressor, shift over time as memories fade or new perspectives open up on old struggles.\" Lasdun also offered praise for Englander: \"The new book (which comes garlanded with praise from just about every A-list author in America) turns out to be a remarkable collection, not least because of its courageous determination to push forward in the direction hinted at by that last story.\" He did, however characterize the title story as a \"dud, or semi-dud\" and noted: \"But I suspect Englander might have pulled it off if he hadn't constrained himself so tightly within the terms of Carver's scrupulous realism.\"\n\nThe book received an honourable mention in the Sophie Brody Award 2013.\n\nExternal links\nWhat We Talk About When We Talk About Anne Frank\nHow We Avenged the Blums\nEverything I Know About My Family on My Mother's Side\nFree Fruit for Young Widows\n\nReferences\n\n2012 short story collections\nAlfred A. Knopf books\nSingle-writer short story collections", "Happy talk, also called banter, is the additional and often meaningless commentary interspersed into television news programs by news anchors and others on set. \n\nIt may consist of simple jokes or simply a modified wording in asking a question of another reporter. For instance, instead of a simple handoff to a sportscaster, an anchor might say, \"So, Erin, what the heck happened out on that field today? Is our team going down the tubes?\" \"Happy talk\" may also refer to a format of news which encourages such commentary.\n\nOrigins\nHappy talk was created by Al Primo, who also created the Eyewitness News format.\n\nCriticism\nHappy talk has been derided by some who prefer a more \"traditional\" and staid newscast, though it has been happening in some places since the early days of broadcasting. Employing it can backfire—some newscasters are not comfortable with happy talk and fail in their attempts to do it, and some anchor teams may not have the chemistry or working relationship to be able to pull it off believably.\n\nOther uses\nIt is also the title of former CBS correspendent Fred Graham's book called Happy Talk: Confessions of a TV Newsman.\n\nOnline\nIn the popular book on web usability, Don't Make Me Think, Steve Krug identifies a kind of writing where website authors eagerly share unnecessary information about their own website. Happy talk consists of things such as:\n welcoming messages\n details of the process of creating the website such as how long it took\n information about the design of the website such as rationale\n superfluous instructional advice\n\nKrug says that those who write happy talk do so under the misconception that visitors to the site will find it interesting, but visitors actually want to save time and get things done.\n\nSee also\nInfotainment\nLeast offensive programming\n\nReferences\n\nTelevision news\nTelevision terminology\n1970s neologisms" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him." ]

[ "In the United States, the trial penalty refers to the difference between the smaller sentence offered to a defendant in a plea bargain prior to a criminal trial versus the larger sentence the defendant could receive if they elect to go to trial. It sits at the center of a legal debate over whether trial penalties abridge defendants' Sixth Amendment right to trial.\n\nBackground\nIn a plea bargain, a criminal defendant waives their right to trial and agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge than would have been brought against them at trial or agrees to plead guilty to the original charge in exchange for a sentence that is less than the maximum possible. Plea bargaining is pervasive in the United States, with most criminal defendants accepting a plea deal rather than going to trial. At the federal level, just 2% of defendants elect to go to trial. \n\nThe constitutionality of plea bargaining has been repeatedly affirmed by the United States Supreme Court (e.g. Brady v. United States), provided that the defendant enter into the plea deal voluntarily.\n\nDefinition\nThe trial penalty is the \"discrepancy between the sentence the prosecutor is willing to offer in exchange for a guilty plea and the sentence that would be imposed after a trial\". Many plea bargains require that the defendant waive certain constitutional rights, such as the right to challenge unlawfully procured evidence and the right to appeal; the loss of these rights is also sometimes considered part of the trial penalty.\n\nCriticism\n\nRight to trial\nCritics argue that the trial penalty has the effect of depriving defendants' of their Sixth Amendment right to \"a speedy and public trial\". A 2015 statistical analysis of federal cases by Andrew Chongesh Kim concluded that defendants who exercise their right to trial are penalized with sentences 64% longer than they would have received had they accepted a plea deal. Kim argues that this makes trial by jury \"less of a right and more of a trap for fools\". \n\nThe National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) has been a particularly harsh critic of the trial penalty, arguing that it is \"now so severe and pervasive that it has virtually eliminated the constitutional right to a trial\", which has had the consequence of replacing the system of trial by jury laid out in the United States Constitution with a system of plea bargains. Trial penalties, they point out, impose such harsh sanctions on choosing to go to trial—with prosecutors sometimes threatening multi-decade prison sentences if a plea deal of only a few years is not accepted—that trial penalties amount to coercing defendants to plead guilty. This coercion, they argue, renders plea bargains unconstitutional. \n\nThe lawyer Alan Dershowitz has also called the trial penalty unconstitutional. In the Wall Street Journal, he argued that trial penalties render most plea bargains unconstitutional because they amount to a punishment for exercising the right to trial, and any right is abridged \"when you're punished for exercising it\".\n\nPresumption of innocence\nThe National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL) has argued that trial penalties strip defendants of their presumption of innocence, pointing out that the \"pressures defendants face in the plea bargaining process are so strong even innocent people can be convinced to plead guilty to crimes they did not commit\". The Association argues that this casts doubt \"on the assumption that defendants who plead guilty do so voluntarily\".\n\nReferences\n\nCriminal law\nEthically disputed judicial practices\nLegal terminology\nCivil liberties in the United States", "The Women's time trial of the 2013 UCI Road World Championships took place on 24 September 2013 in the region of Tuscany, Italy. The course of the race was 22.05 km from Parco delle Cascine to the Nelson Mandela Forum in Florence.\n\nEllen van Dijk from the Netherlands lived up her expectations as main favourite and won the time trial by dominating the race, beating perennial podium finisher Linda Villumsen and the surprising American Carmen Small.\n\nQualification\nAll National Federations may enter 4 riders of whom 2 may start. Besides of that, the outgoing World Champion and the continental champions may take part in addition to this number.\n\nParticipating nations\n\n32 nations participated in the women's time trial.\n\n Australia\n Austria\n Belgium\n Belarus\n Brazil\n Canada\n Colombia\n Croatia\n Denmark\n Spain\n Finland\n France\n Germany\n Italy\n Jordan\n Japan\n Latvia\n Lithuania\n Mexico\n Mongolia\n Netherlands\n Norway\n New Zealand\n Poland\n Russia\n Slovenia\n Switzerland\n Sweden\n Thailand\n Uganda\n Ukraine\n United States\n\nPreview\nEllen van Dijk, the Dutch National time trial Champion and the number 5 in the time trial at the 2012 UCI Road World Championships was the absolute favourite. She won many time trials in the 2013 women's road season. Of the 10 time trials she rode she won eight of them including the time trial at the prestigious Giro d'Italia Femminile and a week before the championships the Chrono Champenois – Trophée Européen. Van Dijk did not win two time trials, Emma Johansson from Sweden beat her in the Emakumeen Euskal Bira and Shara Gillow from Australia in the Thüringen Rundfahrt der Frauen.\n\nHanna Solovey, a Ukrainian track cyslint, won the time trial at the European Road Championships, the only race she rode before the World Championships. With an average speed of over 47 km/h it was the fastest average speed in a time trial of the season. Linda Villumsen, who was on the podium in the last four editions, and Evelyn Stevens were other podium candidates.\n\nSchedule\n\nSource\n\nRace\nDanish mountain biker Annika Langvad, who finished 6th in the end, was the early leader after setting a time of 28' 27\" and stayed in the hot seat for a long time. German Trixi Worrack, the first of the final 10 riders to finish, took over the lead after finishing in a time of 28' 19\". The main favourites started last and showed some fast intermediate times at the two intermediate time points after and . The Dutch Ellen van Dijk was the fastest from the start by riding 20 second faster than Linda Villumsen and 24 seconds faster than Carmen Small at the first time point. At the second split the gaps were 25 and 28 seconds respectively. Van Dijk lost one second to Villumsen in the final five kilometres but her margin was large enough to win her second world title of the championship after winning the team time trial with her squad on Sunday. For Villumsen it was her fifth consecutive time on the world championship time trial podium, but never won the rainbow jersey.\n\nMedalists reactions\n\n Ellen van Dijk \nVan Dijk lived up the expectations as main favourite and won the time trial by dominating the race.\n\"I'm super happy. It's difficult to describe how I feel now,\" she said after the race. \"I'm so excited because I dreamt so long of this one and the pressure was high to finish it off. It's great to have won. My intention was to start fast but I wanted to keep going a bit longer than I did. I maybe got over excited and a went too fast, but I maintained the time difference and so it was all ok.\" This race was the seasons' main goal for Van Dijk. She had been tested on her time trial position during the season and found a better position which she was able to maintain for almost half an hour. Van Dijk told she practiced the course twice in August at 5:00am to avoid traffic and made video recordings of the course to get to know the turns. She had watched the video over and over again until she could dream it.\n\n Linda Villumsen \nVillumsen rode the New Zealand National Time Trial Championships in January before backing off until June. She rode the Giro Rosa and won La Route de France and the time trial at the Tour Cycliste Féminin International de l'Ardèche before heading to World Championships. \"It was a different year for me but a good year.\" She said in an interview. \"I started late and with a different approach. I trained more at home and then did race after race. I enjoyed it. I was still there on the podium so I can thank my team for helping me this far.\" Villumsen, a former a Danish national road race champion, switched her nationality in 2010 from Danish to New Zealand. It was her fifth straight podium at the world championships in the time trial. She took her first bronze in 2009, 2010 and 2012, and won silver in her former home country in 2011. \"It's not bad luck.\" Villumsen said. \"If someone is better, they deserve to win. Ellen van Dijk has been riding very well all throughout the year, she has won all kinds of time trials, short ones, long ones. She really deserved to win. A place on the podium is still nice. I go close every year but something is missing. I'll try to work it out and go all the way to the top perhaps next year.\"\n\n Carmen Small \nSmall, American national time trial champions, considered retirement in 2012 before signing by . She won her first medal at the World Championships.\n“I’m pretty surprised, I didn’t expect to actually podium. I thought top five would be a really good ride for me. Jim Miller (USA Cycling vice president of athletics) and I met before and I really wanted Jim in the car talking to me because he was in the car at Nationals with me when I won. I just buried myself in the last 500 meters. I knew it was going to hurt, but it hurts for everyone. With 100 meters to go I wanted to quit, but I did one more click down on my gears and I just counted the pedal strokes to get me to the finish. This hurt worse than I’ve ever hurt before.\" She also felt sorry for Evelyn Stevens who missed a place on the podium by 0.04 seconds. \"It's a very bittersweet feeling for me. Evelyn is a good friend, a teammate and a fellow countryman. We've spent a lot of time together this season and it's hard to have been beaten and have it be so close\".\n\nFinal classification\nOf the 48 riders on the starting list, 3 riders did not start.\n\nDNS = did not start\n|}\n\nReferences\n\nWomen's time trial\nUCI Road World Championships – Women's time trial\n2013 in women's road cycling" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts." ]

[ "Laurien Magee (c. 1689, Islandmagee, Ireland – 1710, Islandmagee, Ireland), was an alleged witch and one of the eight supposed victims put to death during the Islandmagee Witch trial.\n\nWitch trial\nLaurien Magee was one of the eight women that Mary Dunbar claimed were the witches that had attacked her in spectral form. Laurien was found guilty of Witchcraft as the other seven women were.\n\nRecords during this time were lost during the Irish Civil War when the Public Records Office were burned, because of this exact records of what happened to Mary Dunbar and the eight women convicted were lost.\n\nSee also \nIslandmagee Witch Trial\nFlorence Newton\nAlice Kyteler\n\nReferences \n\n1689 births\n1710 deaths\nPeople executed for witchcraft\n18th-century Irish women", "Disturbing the Peace () is a 2009 documentary film directed by the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei. In the movie, Ai Weiwei and Pu Zhiqiang talk to the police and they try to find out what happened to a female colleague after a police raid during their way to Chengdu as the witnesses for the trial of the civil rights advocate Tan Zuoren.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2009 films\nChinese documentary films\nChinese films\n2009 documentary films\nAi Weiwei" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts.", "And what happened during the trial", "Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss," ]

[ "The women's 100 metres at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held at Hayward Field on 22 and 23 July.\n\nMedalists\n\nRecords\n\nResults\n\nHeats\nQualification: The first 3 of each heat (Q) and the 3 fastest times (q) qualified\n\n Tenorio was originally disqualified for a false start, but was reinstated and allowed to effectively run a solo time trial. As her time would have been sufficient to merit a non-automatic qualifying spot, an extra slot was created to ensure Abreu, the slowest of the existing 'non-automatic' qualifiers did not lose out.\n\nSemifinals\nQualification: The first 2 of each heat (Q) and the 2 fastest times (q) qualified\n\nFinal\nWind: -1.0 m/s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n 100 metres schedule\n\n100 metres\n100 metres at the World Athletics U20 Championships\n2014 in women's athletics", "40 Days and 40 Nights: Darwin, Intelligent Design, God, OxyContin, and Other Oddities on Trial in Pennsylvania is a 2007 non-fiction book about the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial of 2005. Author Matthew Chapman, a journalist, screenwriter and director (and the great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin) reported on the trial for Harper's magazine.\n\nReception \nAustin Cline of About.com gave the book four-and-a-half-stars-out-of-five rating, stating: \"There are bound to be many books written about this trial and I don't know if Chapman's will be the best source of information — either about the trial itself or the larger issues involved. It will, however, almost certainly stand out as one of the most enjoyable and entertaining to read.\"\n\nJohn Dupuis of ScienceBlogs gave the book a positive review, saying that \"Chapman uses some of the same strategies in the Dover as he did in the first book on the Scopes Trial. He tells the story of the trial as a story about people: the lawyers, the defendants, the townspeople, the media. And a colourful lot they were, making those aspects of the book very entertaining and compelling. The weakness of the book is related to those colourful characters — the chronicle of the trial itself never really seemed to come alive for me in the same way that his telling of the Scopes trial did.\"\n\nReferences \n\n2007 non-fiction books\nCriticism of intelligent design\nEnglish-language books\nUnited States creationism and evolution case law\nEducation in York County, Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts.", "And what happened during the trial", "Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss,", "And did he lose the trial", "the jury convicted him on four of the five counts but acquitted him on count three," ]

[ "Dado (or Dodon) (died 980) was the Count of Pombia from 967. The comitatus of Pombia, in what is now Northern Italy, included Novara at the time.\n\nHe was possibly the son of Adalbert, Count of Pombia, or possibly of Berengar II or his half-brother Anscar of Spoleto. He was the father of Guibert, Count of Biandrate; Arduin (955-1015), Margrave of Ivrea (990-1015) and King of Italy (1002-1014); and Amadeus, Count of Pombia.\n\nHe was married to the granddaughter of Arduin Glaber and was a nephew of King Berengar II.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nChaume, M. Les origines du duché de Bourgogne.\n\nAnscarids\n980 deaths\n10th-century Italian nobility\nYear of birth unknown", "Solms-Braunfels was a County with Imperial immediacy in what is today the federal Land of Hesse in Germany.\n\nSolms-Braunfels was a partition of Solms, ruled by the House of Solms, and was raised to a Principality of the Holy Roman Empire in 1742. Solms-Braunfels was partitioned between: itself and Solms-Ottenstein in 1325; itself and Solms-Lich in 1409; and itself, Solms-Greifenstein and Solms-Hungen in 1592. Solms-Braunfels was mediatised to Austria, Hesse-Darmstadt, Prussia and Württemberg in 1806.\n\nRulers\n\nCounts of Solms-Braunfels (1258–1742) \n\n Henry III, Count 1258–1312 (died 1312), elder son of Henry II, Count of Solms\n Bernhard I, Count 1312–49 (died 1349), second son of Henry III\n Otto I, Count 1349–1410 (died 1410)\n Bernhard II, Count 1409–59 (died 1459)\n Otto II, Count 1459–1504 (1426–1504)\n Bernhard III, Count 1504–47 (1468–1547)\n Philipp, Count 1547–81 (1494–1581)\n Konrad, Count 1581–92 (1540–1592)\n Johann Albrecht I, Count 1592–1623 (1563–1623); his third daughter was Amalia, wife of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange \n Konrad Ludwig, Count 1623–35 (1595–1635)\n Johann Albrecht II, Count 1635–48 (1599–1647)\n Heinrich Trajectinus, Count 1648–93 (1639–1693)\n Wilhelm I, Count of Solms-Greifenstein (1570–1635)\n Wilhelm II, Count of Solms-Greifenstein (1609–1676)\n Wilhelm Moritz, Count of Solms-Greifenstein 1676–1720, and of Solms-Braunfels 1693–1720 (1651–1720)\n Friedrich Wilhelm, Count 1720–42 (1696–1761), created Reichsfürst 1742\n\nPrinces of Solms-Braunfels (1742–1806) \n\n Friedrich Wilhelm, 1st Prince 1742–61 (1696–1761)\n Ferdinand Wilhelm Ernst, 2nd Prince 1761–83 (1721–1783)\n Wilhelm Christian Karl, 3rd Prince 1783–1837, mediatized 1806 (1759–1837)\n\nMediatized Princes of Solms-Braunfels \n\n Ferdinand Wilhelm Ernst, 2nd Prince of Solms-Braunfels 1761–83 (1721–1783)\n Wilhelm Christian Karl, 3rd Prince 1783–1837, mediatized 1806 (1759–1837)\n Friedrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, 4th Prince 1837–73 (1797–1873)\n Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Solms-Braunfels (1770–1814)\n Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich of Solms-Braunfels (1801–1868)\n Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm, 5th Prince 1873–80 (1835–1880)\n Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 6th Prince 1880–91 (1836–1891)\n Georg Friedrich Victor, 7th Prince 1891–1970 (1890–1970)\nThe main branch of the princely House of Solms-Braunfels became extinct with Georg Friedrich Victor in 1970. Braunfels Castle was inherited by the last Prince's son-in-law, the Count of Oppersdorff who changed the family name in 1969 to Oppersdorff-Solms-Braunfels. An Austrian side branch continues to exist.\n\nReferences\n\n \nFormer states and territories of Hesse" ]

[ "Scooter Libby", "Trial, conviction, and sentencing", "What was his trial about", "second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper.", "What did he talk to the reporter about", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "Libby retained attorney Ted Wells of the firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison to represent him.", "How did the trial go", "Libby pleaded not guilty to all five counts.", "And what happened during the trial", "Judge Reggie Walton denied Libby's motion to dismiss,", "And did he lose the trial", "the jury convicted him on four of the five counts but acquitted him on count three,", "What was count 3", "the second charge of making false statements when interviewed by federal agents about his conversations with Time reporter Matthew Cooper." ]

[ "Word guessing refers to a method of reading where a beginner reader doesn't know what a word is in a sentence, so he/she guesses what the word is and reads the rest of the sentence to confirm their guess, e.g. The fox jumped over the dog. If you didn't know the word \"jumped\" then you might read it as: \"joo-mp-ed\" then you would read the rest of the sentence and realise that it was actually \"jumped\".\n\nReferences\n\nReading (process)", "Noura Hussein Hammad () is a Sudanese woman who was sentenced to death by hanging on 10 May 2018 for killing her husband after he raped her. Hussein's legal team was given two weeks to appeal the sentence. In June 2018, Sudan commuted her sentence to five years in prison and a restitution payment of 337,000 Sudanese pounds (US $18,700).\n\nShe was forced into marriage at age 16; the marriage was arranged when she was 15. The defendant claimed the rape occurred while she was restrained by her husband's family members immediately after her marriage. The husband's family declined opportunities to pardon Hussein or accept financial compensation in lieu of her execution. The case caused worldwide outrage.\n\nProtests against her sentence \nMore than a million people, as of 24 May 2018, signed a petition \"Justice for Noura\" against her execution. Amnesty International issued a statement, according to which Noura is a victim and the sentence \"an intolerable act of cruelty\". The death penalty highlights the failure of the Sudanese authorities to tackle child marriage, forced marriage and marital rape, AI said. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Women, the United Nations Population Fund and the UN Office of the Special Adviser on Africa have all called for clemency while Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres voiced his opposition to the sentence through a spokesman. More recently, the court in Sudan overturned Noura's death sentence, instead subjecting her to a 5 year prison sentence and a fine.\n\nIn Literature:\nThis issue was written about by Emtithal Mahmoud in her chapter 'Sharia state (of mind)' in the book 'Feminists don't wear pink and other lies' by Scarlett Curtis. She described in a poem that what Hussein did was \"an act of bravery of self-defence of desperation\".\n\nReferences\n\nSudanese women\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nWomen sentenced to death\nForced marriage\nMarital rape\nViolence against women in Africa\nVictims of human rights abuses\nHuman rights abuses in Sudan\nSudanese prisoners sentenced to death" ]

[ "Corazon Aquino", "Constitutional and political reforms" ]

[ "A constitutional plebiscite was held in the Philippines on 2 February 1987. The plebiscite is pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 3 which was issued on 25 March 1986 by President Corazon Aquino. It abolished the Office of the Prime Minister and the Regular Batasang Pambansa (English: National Assembly). Multi-party elections were held accordingly in 1987.\n\nBackground of the new constitution\nIn 1986, following the People Power Revolution which ousted Ferdinand Marcos as president, and following her own inauguration, Corazon Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, declaring a national policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, protecting their basic rights, adopting a provisional constitution, and providing for an orderly transition to a government under a new constitution.\nPresident Aquino later issued Proclamation No. 9, creating a Constitutional Commission (popularly abbreviated as \"ConCom\" in the Philippines) to frame a new constitution to replace the 1973 Constitution, which took effect during the martial law regime of her predecessor. President Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds, including several former senators and congressmen, a former Supreme Court Chief Justice (Roberto Concepcion), a Catholic bishop (Teodoro Bacani), and a noted film director (Lino Brocka). President Aquino also deliberately appointed five members, including former Labor Minister Blas Ople, who had been allied with President Marcos until the latter's ouster. After the Commission had convened, it elected as its president Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, who had emerged as a leading figure in the anti-Marcos opposition following her retirement as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.\n\nThe Commission finished the draft charter within four months after it was convened. Several issues were heatedly debated during the sessions, including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka walked out of the Commission before its completion (formally resigning on August 28, 1986), and two other delegates dissented from the final draft. The ConCom completed their task on October 12, 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. After a period of nationwide information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on February 2, 1987. More than three-fourths of all votes cast were for ratification. Thus, it was on February 2, 1987 that the 1987 Constitution took effect. On February 11, 1987, President Aquino, other government officials, and the Armed Forces of the Philippines, pledged allegiance to the Constitution. Since then, February 2 has been celebrated as Constitution Day, the date of the plebiscite.\n\nResults\n\nSee also\nCommission on Elections\nPolitics of the Philippines\nPhilippine elections\nPhilippine Constitution\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website of the Commission on Elections\n Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines\n\n1987 elections in the Philippines\n1987 referendums\nConstitutional referendums in the Philippines\nPresidency of Corazon Aquino", "Since 2017, a series of protests against judiciary reforms have occurred in Poland. Since Law and Justice took power in Poland in 2015, its influence rapidly extended to the judicial branch, through contended nominations that produced the 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis. The Law and Justice party argues that the reforms are needed to improve the efficiency of the judiciary, but the opposition, supported by a significant number of members of the judiciary, has been very critical of the reforms. The reforms have also been criticized by a number of international bodies. The European Commission invokes the Article 7 of the European Treaty against E.U. member Poland, denouncing recent judiciary reforms putting it under the political control of the ruling majority and citing \"serious risk [to] the independence of the judiciary and the separation of powers\".\n\nThe Polish judicial disciplinary panel law, approved by the Sejm on 20 December 2019. The bill empowers the Disciplinary Chamber at the Supreme Court of Poland to punish judges who engage in \"political activity\", including questioning the political independence of the panel. Punishment of judges may be a fine, reduction of salary, or termination from their position. The bill also changes the manner in which the head of the Supreme Court of Poland is appointed. Giving the government, in effect, the ability to control and sack judges the legislation violates EU judicial system legislation. Donald Tusk warned the bill might force Poland out of the EU. The Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights and the Committee for the Defence of Democracy organized protests throughout Poland against the bill.\n\nIn February 2020, former Constitutional Tribunal judges, including former Constitutional Tribunal presidents Andrzej Rzepliński (2010-2016), , , , and Andrzej Zoll described the tribunal as having \"virtually been abolished\".\n\nBy 2020, fourteen out of the fifteen judges had been appointed to the Constitutional Tribunal by the Sejm since the return in power of PiS in 2015, which was seen by the former tribunal presidents and judges as one of the signs of a lack of checks and balances against PiS' domination of three branches of government power.\n\nSee also\n2015–present Polish constitutional crisis\n2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis\nPolish judicial disciplinary panel law\n2020 Polish protests (disambiguation)\nMedia Without Choice\n\nReferences\n\nLegal history of Poland\nControversies in Poland\nProtests in Poland" ]

[ "Corazon Aquino", "Constitutional and political reforms", "What constitutional reforms did Aquino carry out?", "Immediately after assuming the presidency, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a revolutionary government." ]

[ "How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee is a short story by Owen Wister that was published in book form in 1907. It is a satire about spelling reform efforts of the time, which also humorously and in a good-natured manner pokes fun at academia in general, and the folly of typical professors' endeavors.\n\nPlot\nThe story's protagonist is Chickle University professor Masticator B. Fellow, and is about his efforts to enlist the story narrator's support for spelling reform. Fellow advocates spelling all English words in a simpler, phonetic manner in order to make spelling easier for children and foreigners. Debates quickly ensue regarding whose pronunciation should be considered standard for phonetic spelling.\n\nThe story then changes focus to a couple who are attending the convention for spelling reform. This couple is much more interested in their blossoming romance than they are spelling reform. The narrator finds the woman of this couple attractive, attempts to woo her, and a love triangle ensues, forming some basis of suspense for the plot. The book ends with neither Fellow's attempts at spelling reform nor the narrator's attempts to win a woman's esteem proving the least bit successful.\n\nBackground\nIn August 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered that all federal publications use revised spellings of 300 words based on the work of the Simplified Spelling Board. Wister's story lampooned the change with his story, implying that these spelling changes went too far.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nEntire book, How Doth the Simple Spelling Bee, (1907) complete with illustrations at Google Books\n\n1907 American novels\nNovels by Owen Wister", "Susan L. Shirk (born 1945) is an expert on Chinese politics and former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State during the Clinton administration. She was in the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs (with responsibility for People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mongolia). She is currently a professor at the School of Global Policy and Strategy at the University of California, San Diego. She is also a Senior Director of Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where she assists clients with issues related to East Asia. She is married to Samuel L. Popkin, another prominent UCSD professor.\n\nEarly life\nSusan Shirk was born circa 1945. She received her B.A. in political science from Mount Holyoke College in 1967, her M.A. in Asian studies at the University of California, Berkeley in 1968, and her Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. She first traveled to China in 1971 as a member of the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars.\n\nCareer\nShirk is the Ho Miu Lam Endowed Chair of China and Pacific Relations in the School of Global Policy and Strategy at the University of California, San Diego and Director of the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC). She heads the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue, a track II diplomatic initiative.\n\nSelected books\nChina: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise, 2007\nHow China Opened Its Door: The Political Success of the PRC's Foreign Trade and Investment Reform, 1994\nThe Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, 1993\nThe Challenge of China and Japan: Politics and Development in East Asia, 1985\n Competitive Comrades, 1982\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n - Albright Stonebridge Group Bio\nBiography - National Committee on North Korea\nChina and the United States: Conversation with Susan Shirk\nSusan Shirk to Speak on North Korea - Mount Holyoke College.\nThe Body Politic: North Korea - interview with University of California\n\nUnited States Department of State officials\nAmerican women diplomats\nAmerican diplomats\nUniversity of California, San Diego faculty\nMount Holyoke College alumni\nMIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni\nUniversity of California, Berkeley alumni\n1945 births\nLiving people\nAmerican women political scientists\nAmerican political scientists\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "Corazon Aquino", "Constitutional and political reforms", "What constitutional reforms did Aquino carry out?", "Immediately after assuming the presidency, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a revolutionary government.", "How were her attempts at political reform received?", "the new Constitution of the Philippines, which put strong emphasis on civil liberties, human rights and social justice, was overwhelmingly approved by the Filipino people." ]

[ "The most serious attempted coup d'état against the government of Philippine President Corazon Aquino was staged beginning December 1, 1989, by members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines belonging to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) and soldiers loyal to former President Ferdinand Marcos. Metro Manila was shaken by this Christmas-time coup, which almost seized the Malacañang Palace. It was completely defeated by the Philippine government by December 9, 1989.\n\nBackground \nPhilippine politics between 1986 and 1991 was punctuated by Aquino's desperate struggle to survive physically and politically a succession of coup attempts, culminating in a large, bloody, and well-financed attempt in December 1989. This attempt involved upwards of 3,000 troops, including elite Scout Rangers and marines, in a coordinated series of attacks on Camp Crame and Camp Aquinaldo, Fort Bonifacio, Cavite Naval Base, Villamor Air Base, and on Malacañan Palace itself, which was dive-bombed by vintage T-28 aircraft. Although Aquino was not hurt in this raid, the situation appeared desperate, for not only were military commanders around the country waiting to see which side would triumph in Manila, but the people of Manila, who had poured into the streets to protect Aquino in February 1986, stayed home this time.\n\nCoup \nThe coup was led by military officers, including Lt. Colonel Gregorio Honasan, General Edgardo Abenina, and retired General Jose Ma. Zumel, and staged by an alliance of the RAM, led by Honasan, and Zumel. At the onset of the coup, the rebels seized Villamor Airbase, Fort Bonifacio, Sangley Airbase, Mactan Airbase in Cebu, and portions of Camp Aguinaldo. The rebels set patrols around the runway of Ninoy Aquino International Airport effectively shutting it down. From Sangley Airbase, the rebels launched planes and helicopters which bombarded and strafed Malacañan Palace, Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo. Three hours after the fall of Villamor Air Base, Aquino went on air to address her people, and said that \"We shall smash this naked attempt once more\". At that point the government counterattack began. Seven army trucks headed for Channel 4, and fierce fighting occurred there. Ramos and Renato de Villa monitored the crises from Camp Crame, the Constabulary headquarters. With loyal forces hard-pressed by the rebels, Aquino requested U.S. military assistance, at the behest of her military commanders, and it was granted. 120 marines, part of an 800-strong U.S. contingent stationed at Subic Naval Base, were deployed at the grounds of the U.S. Embassy as a defensive measure. President Aquino stated that the loyal forces lacked the ability to contain the rebel forces. American help was crucial to the Aquino cause, clearing the skies of rebel aircraft and allowing loyalists to consolidate their forces. While many mutineers surrendered, Aquino declared: \"We leave them two choices; Surrender or die\". Government F-5 jets sortied and challenged rebel planes culminating in the destruction of the rebel T-28 Trojans. Government forces recaptured all military bases save for Mactan Airbase by December 3, but rebel forces retreating from Fort Bonifacio occupied 22 high-rise buildings along the Ayala business area in Makati. The government claimed the coup was crushed, but fierce fighting continued through the weekend, with Camp Aguinaldo set ablaze by the rebel howitzers. The occupation of Makati lasted until December 7, while the rebels surrendered Mactan Airbase on December 9. The official casualty toll was 99 dead (including 50 civilians) and 570 wounded.\n\nThe United States military supported the Aquino government during this coup. Operation \"Classic Resolve\" involved the use of US airpower from the aircraft carriers and and F-4 Phantom II fighters from Clark Air Base. The United States Air Force jets retook the skies for Aquino. The US planes had clearance to \"...buzz the rebel planes at their base, fire in front of them if any attempted to take off, and shoot them down if they did\".\n\nAmerican involvement \nAquino found it necessary to request United States support to put down this uprising. Then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell recalled Aquino calling the White House and asking for the USAF to bomb a nearby air base to prevent the aircraft from attack the Malacañang Palace. Powell and Admiral Huntington Hardisty instead decided to instruct US F-4 pilots to take off from Clark Air Base and buzz the mutinous air base in a manner that demonstrated \"extreme hostile intent,\" with further instructions to shoot down any planes that did takeoff. In November–December 1989 US forces moved to evacuate Americans during the coup attempt, and generally protect US interests in the Philippines. During this operation, a large special operations force was formed, USAF fighter aircraft patrolled above rebel air bases, and two aircraft carriers were positioned off the Philippines.\n\nIn early December 1989, participated in Operation Classic Resolve, President Bush's response to Philippine President Corazon Aquino's request for air support during the rebel coup attempt. Bush approved the use of US F-4 fighter jets stationed at Clark Air Base on Luzon to buzz the rebel planes at their base, fire in front of them if any attempted to take off, and shoot them down if they did. The buzzing by US planes soon caused the coup to collapse. On 2 December 1989 President Bush reported that on 1 December US fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from the US Navy base at Subic Bay to protect the US Embassy in Manila. Meanwhile, USS Enterprise remained on station while conducting flight operations in the waters outside Manila Bay.\n\nCIA documents suggested that Aquino asked for assistance for air strikes against RAM positions, but Washington declined since it was a \"political risk\".\n\nEffects\n\nPolitical and economic fallout \nPolitically this coup was a disaster for Aquino. Her vice president, Salvador Laurel, openly allied himself with the coup plotters and called for her to resign. Even Aquino's staunchest supporters saw her need for United States air support as a devastating sign of weakness. Most damaging of all, when the last rebels finally surrendered, they did so in a triumphant televised parade and with a promise from the government that they would be treated \"humanely, justly, and fairly.\" One of the devastating results of this insurrection was that just when the economy had finally seemed to turn around, investors were frightened off, especially since much of the combat took place in the business haven of Makati. Tourism, a major foreign-exchange earner, came to a halt. Business leaders estimated that the mutiny cost the economy US$1.5 billion.\n\nDavide Commission \nFollowing the failure of this coup, President Aquino established a fact-finding commission headed by COMELEC chair Hilario Davide Jr. to investigate and provide a full report on the series of coup attempts against her government. The report became known as the Davide Commission Report.\n\nParticipants of the December 1989 coup later blamed perceived deficiencies in the Aquino government in areas such as graft and corruption, bureaucratic inefficiency, and lenient treatment of communist insurgents as the reasons for the coup. In response, the Davide Commission recommended several short-term and long-term countermeasures, including the establishment of a civilian national police force, a crackdown on corruption in the military, a performance review of appointive government officials, reforms in the process of military promotions, a review of election laws in time for the 1992 presidential elections, and a definitive statement on the part of Aquino on whether she intended to run for re-election in 1992.\n\nLater coups d'état \nIn 1990, there were other coup attempts in March and October. The Hotel Delfino siege happened on March 4, when suspended Cagayan governor Rodolfo Aguinaldo directed his private army estimated at 300 men to seize the Hotel Delfino in Tuguegarao, Cagayan. This incident followed Aguinaldo's indictment on charges of rebellion and murder relating to his support for the failed Dec. 1-9 coup attempt. Brig. Gen. Oscar Florendo, armed forces chief of Civil Military Relations, was dispatched by President Aquino to serve Aguinaldo with an arrest warrant. Florendo was taken hostage in the hotel along with more than 50 other guests. After hours of standoff between the two sides, nearly 1,000 government troops launched an attack to dislodge Aguinaldo's forces from the hotel; the government prevailed when more than 100 of Aguinaldo's men surrendered and about 90 were captured. Florendo was shot at the Delfino by one of Aguinaldo's men and later died of his wounds. At least a dozen others were killed in or around the hotel; scores of civilian supporters of Aguinaldo were arrested; and a truck with assault rifles, mortars, and crates of ammunition was captured. During this melee, Aguinaldo fled with about 90 fighters for mountains in the north.\n\nSeven months later on October 4, the tenth and last coup attempt happened in an army base in Mindanao where Col. Alexander Noble and 21 others mutinied for two days until they surrendered on October 6 as it failed.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n \n\nRebellions in the Philippines\nPolitical history of the Philippines\nPhilippine Coup Attempt, 1989\nPhilippines\nAttempted coups in the Philippines\nPresidency of Corazon Aquino\nDecember 1989 events in Asia", "Aquino may refer to:\n\n Aquino, Italy, a small town in Frosinone, Italy\n Aquino (surname), including a list of people\nAquino family, a political family in the Philippines \nAquino, a book about Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Corazon Aquino by author Mel White" ]

[ "Corazon Aquino", "Constitutional and political reforms", "What constitutional reforms did Aquino carry out?", "Immediately after assuming the presidency, President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a revolutionary government.", "How were her attempts at political reform received?", "the new Constitution of the Philippines, which put strong emphasis on civil liberties, human rights and social justice, was overwhelmingly approved by the Filipino people.", "What other political reforms did Aquino attempt?", "She abolished the 1973 Constitution that was in force during Martial Law, and by decree issued the provisional 1986 Freedom Constitution" ]

[ "Freedom of peaceful assembly, sometimes used interchangeably with the freedom of association, is the individual right or ability of people to come together and collectively express, promote, pursue, and defend their collective or shared ideas. The right to freedom of association is recognized as a human right, a political right and a civil liberty.\n\nThe terms freedom of assembly and freedom of association may be used to distinguish between the freedom to assemble in public places and the freedom to join an association. Freedom of assembly is often used in the context of the right to protest, while freedom of association is used in the context of labor rights and in the Constitution of the United States is interpreted to mean both the freedom to assemble and the freedom to join an association.\n\nHuman rights instruments\nFreedom of assembly is included in, among others, the following human rights instruments:\n Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 20\n International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights – Article 21\n European Convention on Human Rights – Article 11\n American Convention on Human Rights – Article 15\n\nNational and regional constitutions that recognize freedom of assembly include:\n Bangladesh – Articles 37 and 38 of the Constitution of Bangladesh guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.\n Brazil – Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil\n Canada – S. 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which forms part of the Constitution Act, 1982\n France – Article 431-1 of the Nouveau Code Pénal\n Germany – Article 8 GG (Grundgesetz, Basic Law)\n Hungary – Article VIII (1) of the Fundamental Law\n India – Fundamental Rights in India\nIndonesia – Article 28E(3) of the Constitution of Indonesia\n Ireland – Article 40.6.1° of the Constitution, as enumerated under the heading \"Fundamental Rights\"\n Italy – Article 17 of the Constitution\n Japan – Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan\n Macau Basic Law - Article 27\n Malaysia – Article 10 of the Constitution of Malaysia\n Mexico – Article 9 of the Constitution of Mexico\n New Zealand – Section 16 New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990\n Norway – Section 101 of the Constitution of Norway \n Pakistan - Article 16 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973\n Philippines – Article III, Section 4 of the Constitution of the Philippines\n Poland – Article 57 of the Constitution of Poland\n Russia – Articles 30 and 31 of the Constitution of Russia guarantee the freedom of association and peaceful assembly.\n South Africa Bill of Rights – Article 17\n Spain – Article 21 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978\n Sweden – Chapter 2 of The Instrument of Government\n Taiwan (Republic of China) – Article 14 guarantees freedom of assembly and association.\n Turkey – Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.\n UAE – The UAE Constitution protects freedom of peaceful assembly.\n United States – First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States\n\nSee also\n\n Free speech zone\n Right to protest\n Strategy-31\n Unlawful assembly\n United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly OSCE/ODIHR, 2007\n Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2nd edition) Venice Commission and OSCE/ODIHR, 2010\n\n \nHuman rights by issue", "The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius () is the supreme law of Mauritius, according to Chapter I, Section 2 of the constitution, if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution, that other law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. The current Constitution was adopted in 1968. It defines Mauritius as a sovereign democratic State which shall be known as the Republic of Mauritius. The Constitution guarantees to the citizen his fundamental rights: right to liberty and protection of the law, freedom of conscience, freedom of association, of movement and of opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of creed and of religious belief as well as the right to private property. The individual rights protected in the Constitution are mainly negatively rights, as opposed to positive rights. The Constitution establishes clearly the separation of powers between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. The Constitution establishes a Supreme Court with unlimited jurisdiction to hear all cases, as well as two courts of appeal, divisions of the Supreme Court, to hear intermediate civil and criminal cases.\n\nSee also\n Constitution of Mauritius (1885) The Constitution of Mauritius in PDF\n Supreme Court of Mauritius\n Politics of Mauritius\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Constitution of Mauritius\n Attorney General of Mauritius" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000" ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000", "What happened in 1998?", "On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single \"Nishi e Higashi e\" (nishiehigashie)," ]

[ "Sweet, Soft N' Lazy (The Exclusive Collection) is the first compilation album by French-Belgian singer Viktor Lazlo.\n\nThe album was released following the success of Lazlo's German-French duet single Das erste Mal tat's noch weh with Stefan Waggershausen in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The single peaked at No. 6 on the German single charts and was a massive success. The single Ansiedad was another success for Lazlo, charting in Germany and Belgium. It was also part of the official soundtrack for Lazlo's movie Boom Boom, a Spanish romantic comedy.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nAlbum\n\nSingle releases\n\nReferences\n\n1990 albums\nViktor Lazlo albums\nPolydor Records albums", "Collaborations 2 is the tenth studio album by Punjabi singer Sukshinder Shinda, released on 26 February 2009 worldwide making his second collaborated album. The album was also released internationally to USA, Canada, and U.K.\n\nThe album was preceded by the lead single, Ghum Shum Ghum Shum which featured Rahat Fateh Ali Khan. The song was also Shinda's first with Rahat. Following the success of his first single, Yarrian Banai Rakhi Yaarian featuring Jazzy B, was released which was another success. Despite success with two singles from the album, the album received positive reviews.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n2009 albums" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000", "What happened in 1998?", "On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single \"Nishi e Higashi e\" (nishiehigashie),", "Was the single a success?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Don Juan Manuel's Tales of Count Lucanor, in Spanish Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio (Book of the Examples of Count Lucanor and of Patronio), also commonly known as El Conde Lucanor, Libro de Patronio, or Libro de los ejemplos (original Old Castilian: Libro de los enxiemplos del Conde Lucanor et de Patronio), is one of the earliest works of prose in Castilian Spanish. It was first written in 1335.\n\nThe book is divided into four parts. The first and most well-known part is a series of 51 short stories (some no more than a page or two) drawn from various sources, such as Aesop and other classical writers, and Arabic folktales.\n\nTales of Count Lucanor was first printed in 1575 when it was published at Seville under the auspices of Argote de Molina. It was again printed at Madrid in 1642, after which it lay forgotten for nearly two centuries.\n\nPurpose and structure\n\nA didactic, moralistic purpose, which would color so much of the Spanish literature to follow (see Novela picaresca), is the mark of this book. Count Lucanor engages in conversation with his advisor Patronio, putting to him a problem (\"Some man has made me a proposition...\" or \"I fear that such and such person intends to...\") and asking for advice. Patronio responds always with the greatest humility, claiming not to wish to offer advice to so illustrious a person as the Count, but offering to tell him a story of which the Count's problem reminds him. (Thus, the stories are \"examples\" [ejemplos] of wise action.) At the end he advises the Count to do as the protagonist of his story did.\n\nEach chapter ends in more or less the same way, with slight variations on: \"And this pleased the Count greatly and he did just so, and found it well. And Don Johán (Juan) saw that this example was very good, and had it written in this book, and composed the following verses.\" A rhymed couplet closes, giving the moral of the story.\n\nOrigin of stories and influence on later literature\nMany of the stories written in the book are the first examples written in a modern European language of various stories, which many other writers would use in the proceeding centuries. Many of the stories he included were themselves derived from other stories, coming from western and Arab sources.\n\nShakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew has the basic elements of Tale 35, \"What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\".\n\nTale 32, \"What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth\" tells the story that Hans Christian Andersen made popular as The Emperor's New Clothes.\n\nStory 7, \"What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana\", a version of Aesop's The Milkmaid and Her Pail, was claimed by Max Müller to originate in the Hindu cycle Panchatantra.\n\nTale 2, \"What happened to a good Man and his Son, leading a beast to market,\" is the familiar fable The miller, his son and the donkey.\n\nIn 2016, Baroque Decay released a game under the name \"The Count Lucanor\". As well as some protagonists' names, certain events from the books inspired past events in the game.\n\nThe stories\n\nThe book opens with a prologue which introduces the characters of the Count and Patronio. The titles in the following list are those given in Keller and Keating's 1977 translation into English. James York's 1868 translation into English gives a significantly different ordering of the stories and omits the fifty-first.\n\n What Happened to a King and His Favorite \n What Happened to a Good Man and His Son \n How King Richard of England Leapt into the Sea against the Moors\n What a Genoese Said to His Soul When He Was about to Die \n What Happened to a Fox and a Crow Who Had a Piece of Cheese in His Beak\n How the Swallow Warned the Other Birds When She Saw Flax Being Sown \n What Happened to a Woman Named Truhana \n What Happened to a Man Whose Liver Had to Be Washed \n What Happened to Two Horses Which Were Thrown to the Lion \n What Happened to a Man Who on Account of Poverty and Lack of Other Food Was Eating Bitter Lentils \n What Happened to a Dean of Santiago de Compostela and Don Yllán, the Grand Master of Toledo\n What Happened to the Fox and the Rooster \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Hunting Partridges \n The Miracle of Saint Dominick When He Preached against the Usurer \n What Happened to Lorenzo Suárez at the Siege of Seville \n The Reply that count Fernán González Gave to His Relative Núño Laynes \n What Happened to a Very Hungry Man Who Was Half-heartedly Invited to Dinner \n What Happened to Pero Meléndez de Valdés When He Broke His Leg \n What Happened to the Crows and the Owls \n What Happened to a King for Whom a Man Promised to Perform Alchemy \n What Happened to a Young King and a Philosopher to Whom his Father Commended Him \n What Happened to the Lion and the Bull \n How the Ants Provide for Themselves \n What Happened to the King Who Wanted to Test His Three Sons \n What Happened to the Count of Provence and How He Was Freed from Prison by the Advice of Saladin\n What Happened to the Tree of Lies \n What Happened to an Emperor and to Don Alvarfáñez Minaya and Their Wives \n What Happened in Granada to Don Lorenzo Suárez Gallinato When He Beheaded the Renegade Chaplain \n What Happened to a Fox Who Lay down in the Street to Play Dead \n What Happened to King Abenabet of Seville and Ramayquía His Wife \n How a Cardinal Judged between the Canons of Paris and the Friars Minor \n What Happened to the King and the Tricksters Who Made Cloth \n What Happened to Don Juan Manuel's Saker Falcon and an Eagle and a Heron \n What Happened to a Blind Man Who Was Leading Another \n What Happened to a Young Man Who Married a Strong and Ill-tempered Woman\n What Happened to a Merchant When He Found His Son and His Wife Sleeping Together \n What Happened to Count Fernán González with His Men after He Had Won the Battle of Hacinas \n What Happened to a Man Who Was Loaded down with Precious Stones and Drowned in the River \n What Happened to a Man and a Swallow and a Sparrow \n Why the Seneschal of Carcassonne Lost His Soul \n What Happened to a King of Córdova Named Al-Haquem \n What Happened to a Woman of Sham Piety \n What Happened to Good and Evil and the Wise Man and the Madman \n What Happened to Don Pero Núñez the Loyal, to Don Ruy González de Zavallos, and to Don Gutier Roiz de Blaguiello with Don Rodrigo the Generous \n What Happened to a Man Who Became the Devil's Friend and Vassal \n What Happened to a Philosopher who by Accident Went down a Street Where Prostitutes Lived \n What Befell a Moor and His Sister Who Pretended That She Was Timid \n What Happened to a Man Who Tested His Friends \n What Happened to the Man Whom They Cast out Naked on an Island When They Took away from Him the Kingdom He Ruled \n What Happened to Saladin and a Lady, the Wife of a Knight Who Was His Vassal \n What Happened to a Christian King Who Was Very Powerful and Haughty\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n Sturm, Harlan\n\n Wacks, David\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Internet Archive provides free access to the 1868 translation by James York.\nJSTOR has the to the 1977 translation by Keller and Keating.\nSelections in English and Spanish (pedagogical edition) with introduction, notes, and bibliography in Open Iberia/América (open access teaching anthology)\n\n14th-century books\nSpanish literature\n1335 books", "\"What Happened to Us\" is a song by Australian recording artist Jessica Mauboy, featuring English recording artist Jay Sean. It was written by Sean, Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim and Israel Cruz. \"What Happened to Us\" was leaked online in October 2010, and was released on 10 March 2011, as the third single from Mauboy's second studio album, Get 'Em Girls (2010). The song received positive reviews from critics.\n\nA remix of \"What Happened to Us\" made by production team OFM, was released on 11 April 2011. A different version of the song which features Stan Walker, was released on 29 May 2011. \"What Happened to Us\" charted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 14 and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). An accompanying music video was directed by Mark Alston, and reminisces on a former relationship between Mauboy and Sean.\n\nProduction and release\n\n\"What Happened to Us\" was written by Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz and Jay Sean. It was produced by Skaller, Cruz, Rohaim and Bobby Bass. The song uses C, D, and B minor chords in the chorus. \"What Happened to Us\" was sent to contemporary hit radio in Australia on 14 February 2011. The cover art for the song was revealed on 22 February on Mauboy's official Facebook page. A CD release was available for purchase via her official website on 10 March, for one week only. It was released digitally the following day.\n\nReception\nMajhid Heath from ABC Online Indigenous called the song a \"Jordin Sparks-esque duet\", and wrote that it \"has a nice innocence to it that rings true to the experience of losing a first love.\" Chris Urankar from Nine to Five wrote that it as a \"mid-tempo duet ballad\" which signifies Mauboy's strength as a global player. On 21 March 2011, \"What Happened to Us\" debuted at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number 14 the following week. The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for selling 70,000 copies. \"What Happened to Us\" spent a total of ten weeks in the ARIA top fifty.\n\nMusic video\n\nBackground\nThe music video for the song was shot in the Elizabeth Bay House in Sydney on 26 November 2010. The video was shot during Sean's visit to Australia for the Summerbeatz tour. During an interview with The Daily Telegraph while on the set of the video, Sean said \"the song is sick! ... Jessica's voice is amazing and we're shooting [the video] in this ridiculously beautiful mansion overlooking the harbour.\" The video was directed by Mark Alston, who had previously directed the video for Mauboy's single \"Let Me Be Me\" (2009). It premiered on YouTube on 10 February 2011.\n\nSynopsis and reception\nThe video begins showing Mauboy who appears to be sitting on a yellow antique couch in a mansion, wearing a purple dress. As the video progresses, scenes of memories are displayed of Mauboy and her love interest, played by Sean, spending time there previously. It then cuts to the scenes where Sean appears in the main entrance room of the mansion. The final scene shows Mauboy outdoors in a gold dress, surrounded by green grass and trees. She is later joined by Sean who appears in a black suit and a white shirt, and together they sing the chorus of the song to each other. David Lim of Feed Limmy wrote that the video is \"easily the best thing our R&B princess has committed to film – ever\" and praised the \"mansion and wondrous interior décor\". He also commended Mauboy for choosing Australian talent to direct the video instead of American directors, which she had used for her previous two music videos. Since its release, the video has received over two million views on Vevo.\n\nLive performances\nMauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" live for the first time during her YouTube Live Sessions program on 4 December 2010. She also appeared on Adam Hills in Gordon Street Tonight on 23 February 2011 for an interview and later performed the song. On 15 March 2011, Mauboy performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Sunrise. She also performed the song with Stan Walker during the Australian leg of Chris Brown's F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011. Mauboy and Walker later performed \"What Happened to Us\" on Dancing with the Stars Australia on 29 May 2011. From November 2013 to February 2014, \"What Happened to Us\" was part of the set list of the To the End of the Earth Tour, Mauboy's second headlining tour of Australia, with Nathaniel Willemse singing Sean's part.\n\nTrack listing\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Just Witness Remix) – 3:45\n\nCD single\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Album Version) – 3:19\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (Sgt Slick Remix) – 6:33\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:39\n\nDigital download – Remix\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Jay Sean (OFM Remix) – 3:38\n\nDigital download\n \"What Happened to Us\" featuring Stan Walker – 3:20\n\nPersonnel\nSongwriting – Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg, Jeremy Skaller, Rob Larow, Khaled Rohaim, Israel Cruz, Jay Sean\nProduction – Jeremy Skaller, Bobby Bass\nAdditional production – Israel Cruz, Khaled Rohaim\nLead vocals – Jessica Mauboy, Jay Sean\nMixing – Phil Tan\nAdditional mixing – Damien Lewis\nMastering – Tom Coyne \nSource:\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly chart\n\nYear-end chart\n\nCertification\n\nRadio dates and release history\n\nReferences\n\n2010 songs\n2011 singles\nJessica Mauboy songs\nJay Sean songs\nSongs written by Billy Steinberg\nSongs written by Jay Sean\nSongs written by Josh Alexander\nSongs written by Israel Cruz\nVocal duets\nSony Music Australia singles\nSongs written by Khaled Rohaim" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000", "What happened in 1998?", "On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single \"Nishi e Higashi e\" (nishiehigashie),", "Was the single a success?", "I don't know.", "What happened in 1999?", "On January 13, 1999, \"Hikari no Sasu Hou E\" (Guang noShe suFang he), their 16th single, was released, followed by their seventh album, Discovery, on February 3, 1999." ]

[ "Le Cousin is a 1997 French film directed by Alain Corneau.\n\nPlot \nThe film deals with the relationship of the police and an informant in the drug scene.\n\nAwards and nominations\nLe Cousin was nominated for 5 César Awards but did not win in any category.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1997 films\n1997 crime films\nFilms about drugs\nFilms directed by Alain Corneau\nFrench crime films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films", "The African National Congress was a political party in Trinidad and Tobago. The party first contested national elections in 1961, when it received just 0.5% of the vote and failed to win a seat. They did not put forward any candidates for the 1966 elections, but returned for the 1971 elections, in which they received 2.4% of the vote, but again failed to win a seat as the People's National Movement won all 36. The party did not contest any further elections.\n\nReferences\n\nDefunct political parties in Trinidad and Tobago" ]

[ "Mr. Children", "1998-2000", "What happened in 1998?", "On February 11, 1998, they released their 14th single \"Nishi e Higashi e\" (nishiehigashie),", "Was the single a success?", "I don't know.", "What happened in 1999?", "On January 13, 1999, \"Hikari no Sasu Hou E\" (Guang noShe suFang he), their 16th single, was released, followed by their seventh album, Discovery, on February 3, 1999.", "Did they win any awards?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked" ]

[ "Katrina Carlson is an American singer-songwriter. She currently resides in Santa Monica, California with her husband, Kenneth A. Carlson, and her three children, Mackenzie, Alexander and Ruby Rose.\n\nEarly life\nCarlson was born and grew up in Paradise Valley, Arizona, the youngest of 11 children. By the age of 12, she was playing both piano and guitar, and composing songs. Carlson attended college at Brown University, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in International Relations, Foreign Policy and Diplomacy with a focus in Nuclear Arms Control. After graduating from college, Carlson moved to New York City and was admitted to the Manhattan School of Music and Brooklyn College’s opera program.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly years\nDuring her time in New York, she appeared in an Off-Broadway Cole Porter review, You Never Know. She also lived in Washington, D.C. where she performed in many plays and musicals at various theaters.\n\nIn 1993, Carlson moved to Santa Monica, California, where she continued to perform in local and regional theater. Carlson also garnered appearances in films and television shows including: In the Line of Fire, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as a Bajoran Officer and Special Delivery. Carlson placed two of her songs, \"I Never Believed\" and \"Bring it On\" in Special Deliverys soundtrack.\n\nApples For Eve\nIn 1999, Carlson started her own record label, Kataphonic Records. Carlson released her debut record, Apples For Eve, in September 2001. The album was produced by Emmy Award-winning producer Ron Cohen. Three songs from Apples for Eve, \"I Know You By Heart\", \"Friday Night\" and \"Winning’s Everything\", were featured in the documentary feature film Go Tigers!. \"Winning’s Everything\" was used on NBC's Lost and the title track \"Apples For Eve\" was featured on the daytime drama Passions. Carlson's song \"Friday Night\" aired as the theme song for ABC's TGIF Friday Night line up in the fall/winter of 2003–2004.\n\nCarlson was a finalist in the Rolling Stone/Jim Beam emerging Artist series in 2002, finishing second.\n\nUntucked\nCarlson's second album, Untucked, was released in May 2003. David Darling, best known as a member of the Boxing Gandhis and for his work with Meredith Brooks and Brian Setzer, produced the album. Special guests on the disc included Goo Goo Doll drummer Mike Malinin, Oingo Boingo bassist John Avila, hit singer-songwriter Benny Mardones and drummer Josh Freese (Nine Inch Nails, A Perfect Circle, Guns N' Roses).\n\nFour singles from the Untucked CD spent a combined 18 months in the Top 30 of the Billboard and R&R Adult Contemporary charts: \"Suddenly Beautiful\", \"Drive\", \"Count On Me\", and \"I Know You By Heart\". Carlson’s success on the Billboard charts with these singles put Kataphonic Records in the Top #20 in Billboard's 2005 Adult Pop Power Players special issue (July 23, 2005) with Gregg Bell at the helm as general manager of the label. Other record labels on the Adult Pop Power Players list included Columbia, Epic, Universal, Island Def Jam, Warner Bros, Atlantic, Capitol, Interscope, and Lava.\n\nThe first single from Untucked was the pop ballad \"I Know You By Heart\", which featured Benny Mardones, best known for his 1980's hit single \"Into The Night\". Later in 2006, Carlson would perform the duet \"This Time\" with Mardones' for his 2006 album Let's Hear It for Love. Nationally syndicated radio host Delilah was a big fan of the track and played it on her show, and Carlson also appeared on the Delilah show on several occasions. \"Drive\", a cover of the Cars' 1984 hit, was a bonus track on the Untucked CD and was recorded immediately following the album sessions. A mash up of Carlson's \"Drive\" and the original \"Drive\", featuring the Cars' Benjamin Orr, spent 3 weeks at No. 1 on Los Angeles radio station KBIG FM and also hit the Top 5 at sister station KOST FM. In their review of the \"Suddenly Beautiful\" single, Billboard magazine declared the song \"beautiful, indeed\".\n\nCarlson had numerous songs from the Untucked album included on television shows. Dawson's Creek featured \"I Know You By Heart\" and \"Blue Steak Cadillac\", and \"Dive\" appeared on the Bravo reality show Blowout 3. In 2008, \"Go-To Girl\" and \"Getaway Car\" were also featured on the teen drama South Of Nowhere.\n\nCarlson won two awards at the 2003 Los Angeles Music Awards. Untucked was selected as \"Best Independent Pop Album\", and \"Dive\" was selected as \"Indie Single of the Year\".\n\nIn 2005, \"Suddenly Beautiful\" was featured on the Music Is Hope compilation. The record was issued on Robby Takac's (Goo Goo Dolls) Good Charamel records and also included tracks by Goo Goo Dolls and Ani DiFranco.\n\nAlso in 2005, Carlson released the original song \"You Are Christmas\", produced by Tal Herzberg. Musicians on the track include Tim Pierce and John Beasley. In December 2005, the television show Extra! aired the song as well as an interview with Carlson.\n\nIn 2008, the track \"Mother\" was included on Stork Tunes: Songs for a Happy Birth Day, a compilation released by the March of Dimes foundation. Billy Joel, Kenny Loggins, Norah Jones, The Dixie Chicks and Celine Dion also appeared on the disc.\n\nHere and Now\nHere and Now, was released August 2007. Ron Aniello produced the record and played guitar, bass and keyboards. Matt Chamberlain played drums on the record.\n\nHere and Now'''s first single was an updated take on the Howard Jones classic \"No One Is to Blame\", with a guest appearance by Jones himself on vocals and piano. The single reached No. 20 on the Billboard chart and hit No. 1 on the ACQB chart, making it Carlson's first No. 1 song. Billboard Magazine's review of the track described the song as \"utterly charming\".\n\nCarlson's audience grew significantly in 2008 when \"Feel For Me\" was featured in two episodes of the N Network's 3rd season of the teen drama South of Nowhere. \"Feel For Me\" was eventually released as the third single from Here and Now.Here and Nows lead-off track, \"Be The One\", won first place in the Pop category at Indie International Songwriting Contest and \"Be The One\" music video won first place at the Indie Gathering. In September 2007, Extra! premiered the \"Be The One\" video on their show.\n\nIn 2008, Carlson played a show at the Briar Rose Winery in Temecula with special guest host Kate Linder of the daytime drama The Young and the Restless. Her performance inspired Briar Rose winery to name their 2007 Estate Zinfandel \"Katrina\".\n\nAlso in 2008, Carlson was selected to attend hit country songwriter Jeffrey Steele's Songwriting Bootcamp. Hundreds of people applied from the US and beyond, and only twelve people were selected. The bootcamp is a three-day, three night songwriting event where songwriters get one-on-one coaching and critiquing from Jeffrey Steele.\n\nIn her career, Carlson has performed with Lindsey Buckingham, Howard Jones, Chicago, Kenny Loggins, Rick Springfield, Eddie Money, Julie Roberts, Joan Jett, Tal Bachman, Richard Marx, and Kimberly Locke amongst others.\n\nKatrina Carlson is endorsed by Fender Guitars, Taylor Guitars, Martin Guitars and Dean Markley Strings.\n\nDiscography\nAlbums\n Apples for Eve (2001)\n Untucked (2003)\n Drive (2003)\n You Are Christmas (2005)\n Here and Now (2007)\n Rock Your Beautiful (2009)\n\nCompilation Appearances\n 4th Annual NSAI Song Contest (2004) – New Shoes\n Women at Work (2005) – Underground\n Music Is Hope (2005) – Suddenly Beautiful\n Stork Tunes (2008) – Mother\n Los Angeles Women in Music – Best of the Best Soiree (2007–2008) – Here and Now\n Stomp Out Cancer (2008)'' – Count On Me\n\nAwards\n 2002 Finalist in the Rolling Stone/Jim Beam emerging Artist series\n 2003 Untucked won \"Best Independent Pop Album\" at the Los Angeles Music Awards\n 2003 \"Dive\" won \"Indie Single of the Year\" at the Los Angeles Music Awards\n 2004 \"New Shoes\" was a Runner-up in the 4th Annual CMT song Contest\n 2006 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2007 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2008 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2008 \"Be The One\" music video won 1st place in The Indie Gathering contest\n 2008 \"Be The One\" won 1st place in the Pop Category at the Indie International Songwriting Contest\n\nRadio charts\nBillboard/R&R AC (Nielsen BDS-based)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nAmerican women guitarists\nAmerican women singer-songwriters\nPeople from Paradise Valley, Arizona\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n21st-century American women\nSinger-songwriters from Arizona", "Damon Fox is a Los Angeles multi-instrumentalist/songwriter/producer. He is primarily recognized as the lead singer, keyboardist of the psychedelic prog metal outfit Bigelf. He can be heard on several platinum albums, including Alicia Keys’ As I Am and Christina Aguilera's Stripped and Back To Basics. Damon’s keyboards also appear on releases from Matt Sorum (Guns & Roses), Cheap Trick, and Courtney Love. Since 2016, he is a touring musician with the British rock band The Cult, and continues to tour worldwide with Bigelf.\nFox made a guest appearance on season six of RuPaul’s Drag Race for one challenge. The episode’s challenge was for the competing queens to makeover straight men as brides. The brides appeared on the behind the scenes show ‘Untucked’ with their spouses dresses as grooms. Fox’s makeover was performed by drag fan favorite Darienne Lake.\n\nDiscography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Bigelf Official Website\n The Cult Official Website\n\nAmerican rock guitarists\nAmerican rock keyboardists\nLiving people\n21st-century American keyboardists \nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race," ]

[ "The 1955 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1955 college football season. The Falcons did not have an official stadium during the season, and remained without one until the 1962 season when Falcon Stadium opened. They were led by first-year head coach Robert V. Whitlow and played the first season for the Air Force falcons football program. The Falcons were independent, and played only freshmen teams of other schools. Air Force finished with a record of 4–4.\n\nSchedule\n\nReferences\n\nAir Force\nAir Force Falcons football seasons\nAir Force Falcons football", "The 1956 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy in the 1956 NCAA University Division football season. The Falcons did not have an official stadium during the season, and remained without one until the 1962 season when Falcon Stadium opened. Led by first-year head coach Buck Shaw, it was the second season for the football program. The Falcons were independent, and finished with a record of\n\nSchedule\n\nPersonnel\n\nReferences\n\nAir Force\nAir Force Falcons football seasons\nAir Force Falcons football" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race." ]

[ "Zvi Harry Hurwitz (; August 29, 1924 – October 1, 2008), also known as Harry Zvi Hurwitz, was a noted South African Jewish journalist and community leader who moved to Israel, where he served as an Israeli diplomat and adviser to prime ministers Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir before founding the Menachem Begin Heritage Center.\n\nEarly years\nHurwitz was born in 1924 in Liepāja, Latvia to Maishe and Malshen (Kutisker) Hurwitz, who migrated to Johannesburg in what was then the Union of South Africa with their two sons when Harry was ten-years-old. In so doing, the family avoided what would have been almost certain death during the Holocaust, when all but 20 or 30 of the city's 7,000 Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany and Latvian collaborators.\n\nZionist activity\nLatvia was the birthplace of Betar, the Revisionist Zionist youth movement, which the young Hurwitz joined when he heard Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism, speak a year before his family's departure. Hurwitz went on to become a national leader of Betar and Revisionist organizations in South Africa, and later headed the South African Zionist Federation. A professional journalist, he served for 25 years as the editor of The Jewish Herald, a weekly that was the organ of the United Zionist Revisionist Party of Southern Africa, and was a frequent broadcaster, television commentator and public speaker.\n\nIn 1964, Hurwitz was one of Jabotinsky's pallbearers when he and his wife were reburied on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.\n\nA long-time supporter of Menachem Begin, Hurwitz first met the future Prime Minister of Israel in 1946 during a visit to Mandatory Palestine following the 22nd Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland, when Begin, as the commander of the Irgun, was still in the underground hiding from British authorities. The two continued to maintain contact after Israel gained independence and throughout Begin's two stints as Leader of the Opposition and his service as Minister without Portfolio in a national unity government.\n\nGovernment service\nFollowing Begin's 1977 election as Prime Minister, Hurwitz and his wife, Freda, made aliyah, settling in Jerusalem. He subsequently joined the Prime Minister's Office as Adviser for External Information, and served in that capacity until 1980, when he was appointed Minister of Information at the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C. He returned to Jerusalem in mid-1983 to become Adviser to the Prime Minister for Diaspora Affairs, first under Begin and then, following Begin's resignation, under Yitzhak Shamir. He held that position until Shamir was replaced as prime minister by Yitzhak Rabin in July 1992.\n\nMenachem Begin Heritage Center\nUpon Begin's death in March 1992, Hurwitz proposed the establishment of a living memorial to Israel's sixth prime minister based on the American presidential library concept. It was the first such institution in Israel. To bring that project to fruition he organized the Menachem Begin Heritage Foundation which, under his leadership, raised $20 million to construct the Menachem Begin Heritage Center in Jerusalem, opposite Mount Zion.\n\nIn 1998, at Hurwitz's urging, then-Knesset member Reuven Rivlin proposed the Menachem Begin Commemoration\nLaw, which was adopted with support from almost 100 of the Israeli parliament's 120 members. The law established the future Begin Center as the official, state-funded memorial for Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Opened in 2004, the Center provides a framework for students, soldiers, citizens, and tourists to learn about and experience the life of Menachem Begin, identify his place in history and examine his life's work. The Begin Center houses a museum, archives, library, and research center and hosts a variety of programs \"to achieve its goal of passing on to future generations Begin's belief in democracy and parliamentarianism, his vision of peace for a secure Israel, social justice, and the return of Jews to Israel.\"\n\nAwards\nHurwitz was presented with the 2005 Prime Minister's Prize by Israel's Presidents and Prime Ministers Memorial Council in recognition of his role in establishing the Center and, in 2008, a Yakir Zion Award by the South African Zionist Federation in Israel.\n\nDeath\nHurwitz served as head of the center until he died on October 1, 2008, at the age of 84 after suffering a massive heart attack at his son's home on Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year. He was buried in the section reserved for Irgun veterans at the Har HaMenuchot cemetery in Jerusalem. Eulogies were delivered by Moshe Arens, Benny Begin, Benjamin Netanyahu, Reuven Rivlin, family members, and Begin Center colleagues.\n\nThe Center later named its foyer in honor of the Hurwitz family and annually awards the Harry Hurwitz Hasbara in Action Prize.\n\nPublished works\nHurwitz was the author of Begin: His Life, Works and Deeds, Gefen Publishing House, 2004, , which was previously issued as Begin: A Portrait by B'nai B'rith Book Service, 1994, . It was a revised and updated version of Begin: A Portrait, The Jewish Herald (PTY) Ltd., 1977, , which was the first Begin biography ever written.\n\nHe also co-edited (with Yisrael Medad) the posthumously-published Peace in the Making: The Menachem Begin-Anwar Sadat Personal Correspondence, Gefen Publishing House, 2011, .\n\nTrivia\nDue to a case of mistaken identity after a different man with the same name died, The Jerusalem Post published an obituary of Hurwitz on January 15, 2001 entitled \"A Noble Spirit,\" written by Shmuel Katz, who was his predecessor as Begin's Adviser for External Information. \"The first thing I did after reading my own obituary was call up my friend Shmuel Katz who wrote it and thank him for all the lovely things he said about me,\" Hurwitz, who had a sense of humor, told the Post afterwards. \"Not everyone has the privilege of reading their own obituary, and it was a lovely one.\" A few days later, at a special meeting on the subject of South African Jewry held at the Jewish Agency, participants were asked to introduce themselves and state where they resided. When his turn came, Hurwitz announced \"Harry Hurwitz from heaven.\"\n\nHurwitz later framed a copy of the subsequent Post article in which the newspaper acknowledged the error and hung it on his office wall. (In the end, Hurwitz outlived Katz by almost five months and it was he who attended the other's funeral.)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMenachem Begin Heritage Center\n\n1924 births\n2008 deaths\nLatvian emigrants to South Africa\nLatvian Jews\nSouth African Jews\nSouth African Zionists\nBetar members\nIrgun members\nSouth African newspaper editors\nSouth African people of Latvian-Jewish descent\nIsraeli Jews\nIsraeli people of Latvian-Jewish descent\nSouth African emigrants to Israel\nIsraeli civil servants\nIsraeli diplomats\nIsraeli biographers\nBurials at Har HaMenuchot\n20th-century biographers", "XHITT-FM 88.7 is a public radio station in Tijuana, Mexico, owned by the Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana.\n\nWhile the technological institute had sought a station since 1977, XHITT received its initial permit on September 30, 1986, but transmissions did not begin until June 13, 1987, at 5:17 p.m., when Héctor Magaña, the station manager, exclaimed \"¡Buenas tardes, Tijuana!\" (Good afternoon, Tijuana!) on the station. Formal transmissions began on October 29.\n\nReferences\n\nRadio stations in Tijuana\nRadio stations established in 1987\nPublic radio in Mexico" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television," ]

[ "The 2013 Pulitzer Prizes were awarded on April 15, 2013 by the Pulitzer Prize Board for work during the 2012 calendar year.\n\nPrizes\nThere were 21 prizes awarded in three categories.\n\nJournalism\n\nLetters and drama\n\nMusic\n\nSpecial Citation\nNot awarded in 2013.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPulitzer Prize official website\n\nPulitzer Prizes by year\nPulitzer Prize\nPulitzer\nPulitzer Prize\nPulitzer Prize\nApril 2013 events in the United States", "The Pulitzer Prize for Photography was one of the American Pulitzer Prizes annually awarded for journalism. It was inaugurated in 1942 and replaced by two photojournalism prizes in 1968: the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography and \"Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography\", which was later renamed Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography in 2000.\n\nThe Pulitzer Prizes were established by the bequest of Joseph Pulitzer, which suggested four journalism awards, and were inaugurated beginning 1917. By 1942 there were eight Pulitzers for journalism; for several years now there have been 14 including the two for photojournalism.\n\nWinners\nThere were 26 simple Photography prizes awarded in 26 years including two in 1944 (for 1943 work) and none in 1946.\n\nReferences\n\nPhotojournalism awards\nPhotography\n\nAwards established in 1942\n1942 establishments in the United States\nPulitzer Prize" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television,", "Were there prizes?", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"What Happens Tomorrow\" is a song by British pop rock band Duran Duran from their 11th studio album, Astronaut (2004). It was released on 18 January 2005 as the second single from that album. The song debuted at number 11 in the UK Singles Chart on 6 February 2005 and was the second single from the album to peak at number two in Italy.\n\nAbout the song\nThe track was originally debuted on an American Internet radio station in 2003 while the band were hunting around for a record deal. During the outro, bassist John Taylor announced that it would be a single later on in the year.\n\nThe version of \"What Happens Tomorrow\" played on the radio was an early demo featuring an extended bridge, which would be removed by the time the track was released on Astronaut; parts of the track were re-worked to become the b-side \"Silent Icy River\".\n\nMusic video\nThe video, which showed the band as constellations, was directed by the duo of Smith n' Borin (Frank Buff Borin and Ryan Smith). It was nominated on the Visual Effects Society Awards 2005 for \"Outstanding Visual Effects in a Music Video\" for media artists Jerry Steele, Jo Steele, Brian Adler and Monique Eissing.\n\nPlayboy Playmate Nicole Marie Lenz and Steve Talley (American Pie Presents: The Naked Mile) appear in the video.\n\nB-sides, bonus tracks and remixes\nB-sides on various releases included \"(Reach Up For The) Sunrise (Eric Prydz Mix)\", \"Silent Icy River\", and \"What Happens Tomorrow (Harry Peat Mix)\".\n\nTrack listings\nCD: Epic / 6756501 (UK)\n \"What Happens Tomorrow\" – 4:04\n \"(Reach Up For The) Sunrise (Eric Prydz Edit)\" – 3:36\n\nThe full-length mix was released on a promotional 12 inch during the \"Sunrise\" campaign.\n\nCD Epic / 6756502 (UK)\n \"What Happens Tomorrow\" – 4:04\n \"Silent Icy River\" – 2:54\n \"What Happens Tomorrow (Harry Peat Mix)\" – 4:04\n \"What Happens Tomorrow (video)\" – 4:04\n\nCD Epic / 6756532 (International)\n \"What Happens Tomorrow\" – 4:04\n \"Silent Icy River\" – 2:54\n \"What Happens Tomorrow (Harry Peat Mix)\" – 4:04\n \"(Reach Up For The) Sunrise (Eric Prydz Mix)\" – 6:46\n\nDigital Downloads Only\n \"What Happens Tomorrow (Peter Rauhofer's Reconstruction Mix)\" – 8:56\n \"What Happens Tomorrow (Peter Rauhofer's Reconstruction Dub)\" – 8:49\n\nCD: Epic / SAMPCS145991 (UK)\n \"What Happens Tomorrow\" – 4:05\n\nPersonnel\n Simon Le Bon – vocals \n Nick Rhodes – keyboards\n John Taylor – bass guitar\n Roger Taylor – drums\n Andy Taylor – guitar\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nCovers, samples, and media references\nIn 2005, \"What Happens Tomorrow\" was used in a promotional spot for the U.S. digital cable network Fox Soccer Channel; Simon Le Bon and John Taylor had also appeared in a separate spot for the network.\n\nThe song was also used in a promotional spot for Flight 29 Down on Canada's Family Channel.\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nDuran Duran songs\nSongs written by Simon Le Bon\nSongs written by Warren Cuccurullo\nSongs written by Nick Rhodes", "Katrina Carlson is an American singer-songwriter. She currently resides in Santa Monica, California with her husband, Kenneth A. Carlson, and her three children, Mackenzie, Alexander and Ruby Rose.\n\nEarly life\nCarlson was born and grew up in Paradise Valley, Arizona, the youngest of 11 children. By the age of 12, she was playing both piano and guitar, and composing songs. Carlson attended college at Brown University, where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors in International Relations, Foreign Policy and Diplomacy with a focus in Nuclear Arms Control. After graduating from college, Carlson moved to New York City and was admitted to the Manhattan School of Music and Brooklyn College’s opera program.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly years\nDuring her time in New York, she appeared in an Off-Broadway Cole Porter review, You Never Know. She also lived in Washington, D.C. where she performed in many plays and musicals at various theaters.\n\nIn 1993, Carlson moved to Santa Monica, California, where she continued to perform in local and regional theater. Carlson also garnered appearances in films and television shows including: In the Line of Fire, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as a Bajoran Officer and Special Delivery. Carlson placed two of her songs, \"I Never Believed\" and \"Bring it On\" in Special Deliverys soundtrack.\n\nApples For Eve\nIn 1999, Carlson started her own record label, Kataphonic Records. Carlson released her debut record, Apples For Eve, in September 2001. The album was produced by Emmy Award-winning producer Ron Cohen. Three songs from Apples for Eve, \"I Know You By Heart\", \"Friday Night\" and \"Winning’s Everything\", were featured in the documentary feature film Go Tigers!. \"Winning’s Everything\" was used on NBC's Lost and the title track \"Apples For Eve\" was featured on the daytime drama Passions. Carlson's song \"Friday Night\" aired as the theme song for ABC's TGIF Friday Night line up in the fall/winter of 2003–2004.\n\nCarlson was a finalist in the Rolling Stone/Jim Beam emerging Artist series in 2002, finishing second.\n\nUntucked\nCarlson's second album, Untucked, was released in May 2003. David Darling, best known as a member of the Boxing Gandhis and for his work with Meredith Brooks and Brian Setzer, produced the album. Special guests on the disc included Goo Goo Doll drummer Mike Malinin, Oingo Boingo bassist John Avila, hit singer-songwriter Benny Mardones and drummer Josh Freese (Nine Inch Nails, A Perfect Circle, Guns N' Roses).\n\nFour singles from the Untucked CD spent a combined 18 months in the Top 30 of the Billboard and R&R Adult Contemporary charts: \"Suddenly Beautiful\", \"Drive\", \"Count On Me\", and \"I Know You By Heart\". Carlson’s success on the Billboard charts with these singles put Kataphonic Records in the Top #20 in Billboard's 2005 Adult Pop Power Players special issue (July 23, 2005) with Gregg Bell at the helm as general manager of the label. Other record labels on the Adult Pop Power Players list included Columbia, Epic, Universal, Island Def Jam, Warner Bros, Atlantic, Capitol, Interscope, and Lava.\n\nThe first single from Untucked was the pop ballad \"I Know You By Heart\", which featured Benny Mardones, best known for his 1980's hit single \"Into The Night\". Later in 2006, Carlson would perform the duet \"This Time\" with Mardones' for his 2006 album Let's Hear It for Love. Nationally syndicated radio host Delilah was a big fan of the track and played it on her show, and Carlson also appeared on the Delilah show on several occasions. \"Drive\", a cover of the Cars' 1984 hit, was a bonus track on the Untucked CD and was recorded immediately following the album sessions. A mash up of Carlson's \"Drive\" and the original \"Drive\", featuring the Cars' Benjamin Orr, spent 3 weeks at No. 1 on Los Angeles radio station KBIG FM and also hit the Top 5 at sister station KOST FM. In their review of the \"Suddenly Beautiful\" single, Billboard magazine declared the song \"beautiful, indeed\".\n\nCarlson had numerous songs from the Untucked album included on television shows. Dawson's Creek featured \"I Know You By Heart\" and \"Blue Steak Cadillac\", and \"Dive\" appeared on the Bravo reality show Blowout 3. In 2008, \"Go-To Girl\" and \"Getaway Car\" were also featured on the teen drama South Of Nowhere.\n\nCarlson won two awards at the 2003 Los Angeles Music Awards. Untucked was selected as \"Best Independent Pop Album\", and \"Dive\" was selected as \"Indie Single of the Year\".\n\nIn 2005, \"Suddenly Beautiful\" was featured on the Music Is Hope compilation. The record was issued on Robby Takac's (Goo Goo Dolls) Good Charamel records and also included tracks by Goo Goo Dolls and Ani DiFranco.\n\nAlso in 2005, Carlson released the original song \"You Are Christmas\", produced by Tal Herzberg. Musicians on the track include Tim Pierce and John Beasley. In December 2005, the television show Extra! aired the song as well as an interview with Carlson.\n\nIn 2008, the track \"Mother\" was included on Stork Tunes: Songs for a Happy Birth Day, a compilation released by the March of Dimes foundation. Billy Joel, Kenny Loggins, Norah Jones, The Dixie Chicks and Celine Dion also appeared on the disc.\n\nHere and Now\nHere and Now, was released August 2007. Ron Aniello produced the record and played guitar, bass and keyboards. Matt Chamberlain played drums on the record.\n\nHere and Now'''s first single was an updated take on the Howard Jones classic \"No One Is to Blame\", with a guest appearance by Jones himself on vocals and piano. The single reached No. 20 on the Billboard chart and hit No. 1 on the ACQB chart, making it Carlson's first No. 1 song. Billboard Magazine's review of the track described the song as \"utterly charming\".\n\nCarlson's audience grew significantly in 2008 when \"Feel For Me\" was featured in two episodes of the N Network's 3rd season of the teen drama South of Nowhere. \"Feel For Me\" was eventually released as the third single from Here and Now.Here and Nows lead-off track, \"Be The One\", won first place in the Pop category at Indie International Songwriting Contest and \"Be The One\" music video won first place at the Indie Gathering. In September 2007, Extra! premiered the \"Be The One\" video on their show.\n\nIn 2008, Carlson played a show at the Briar Rose Winery in Temecula with special guest host Kate Linder of the daytime drama The Young and the Restless. Her performance inspired Briar Rose winery to name their 2007 Estate Zinfandel \"Katrina\".\n\nAlso in 2008, Carlson was selected to attend hit country songwriter Jeffrey Steele's Songwriting Bootcamp. Hundreds of people applied from the US and beyond, and only twelve people were selected. The bootcamp is a three-day, three night songwriting event where songwriters get one-on-one coaching and critiquing from Jeffrey Steele.\n\nIn her career, Carlson has performed with Lindsey Buckingham, Howard Jones, Chicago, Kenny Loggins, Rick Springfield, Eddie Money, Julie Roberts, Joan Jett, Tal Bachman, Richard Marx, and Kimberly Locke amongst others.\n\nKatrina Carlson is endorsed by Fender Guitars, Taylor Guitars, Martin Guitars and Dean Markley Strings.\n\nDiscography\nAlbums\n Apples for Eve (2001)\n Untucked (2003)\n Drive (2003)\n You Are Christmas (2005)\n Here and Now (2007)\n Rock Your Beautiful (2009)\n\nCompilation Appearances\n 4th Annual NSAI Song Contest (2004) – New Shoes\n Women at Work (2005) – Underground\n Music Is Hope (2005) – Suddenly Beautiful\n Stork Tunes (2008) – Mother\n Los Angeles Women in Music – Best of the Best Soiree (2007–2008) – Here and Now\n Stomp Out Cancer (2008)'' – Count On Me\n\nAwards\n 2002 Finalist in the Rolling Stone/Jim Beam emerging Artist series\n 2003 Untucked won \"Best Independent Pop Album\" at the Los Angeles Music Awards\n 2003 \"Dive\" won \"Indie Single of the Year\" at the Los Angeles Music Awards\n 2004 \"New Shoes\" was a Runner-up in the 4th Annual CMT song Contest\n 2006 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2007 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2008 Finalist in the Billboard Songwriting Contest\n 2008 \"Be The One\" music video won 1st place in The Indie Gathering contest\n 2008 \"Be The One\" won 1st place in the Pop Category at the Indie International Songwriting Contest\n\nRadio charts\nBillboard/R&R AC (Nielsen BDS-based)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nAmerican women guitarists\nAmerican women singer-songwriters\nPeople from Paradise Valley, Arizona\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n21st-century American women\nSinger-songwriters from Arizona" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television,", "Were there prizes?", "I don't know.", "What happens in Untucked?", "renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show, documenting them packing their belongings and leaving" ]

[ "Here is a list of all of KF Tirana's Cup seasons from 1939 till end of most recent season. This list shows where they finished the season, how many ties won or lost, how many goals they scored and conceded, how many wins draws and losses they had throughout the season, goal difference, winning difference and number of matches played.\n\nAlbanian Cup Performance Table\n\n Appearances: 70 Seasons\n Winners: 16 Times\n Runners-up: 10 Times\n Semi Finals: 36 Times\n Quarter Finals: 55 Times\n Ties Won: 194 Times\n Ties Lost: 53 Times\n\n Data missing from few of Cup seasons, thus the correct total figures in bold differ from some of added sums on the table above.\n\nAll Finals results\n\nHead-to-head\n\n Data missing from few of Cup seasons, thus the correct total figures in bold differ from some of added sums on the table above.\n Last updated: 70th Cup\n\nRecent seasons\n\nAlso look\n\nKF Tirana Statistics in Albanian Superliga\n\nReferences\n\nKF Tirana", "Svenska Cupen damer (the \"Ladies Swedish Cup\") is the main Swedish women's association football knock-out tournament.\n\nA separate Svenska Cupen exists for men.\n\nRounds and teams\n First round – 52 teams (Division 1 and below)\n Second round – 40 teams (26 remaining teams from Round 1 + 14 teams from Elitettan)\n Third round – 32 teams (20 remaining teams from Round 2 + 12 teams from Damallsvenskan)\n Fourth round – 16 teams\n Fifth round – quarter finals\n Sixth round – semi finals\n Seventh round – final\n\nHow district teams qualify\nThere are a number of districts in the Swedish football organization, and each of them receives a number of spots in the Swedish Cup, due to how many licensed players they have. For an example, Värmlands FF receives three spots and Västergötlands FF receives seven spots.\n\nPrevious winners\nSeasons 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 were played as fall/spring; all other seasons were played spring/fall.\n\nThe cup was also called Folksam Cup between 1981 and 1996.\n\nThe winners are:\n\nClubs by title\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWebsite at Swedish FA\nCup at women.soccerway.com\n\n (women)\nCup (women)\nSweden (women)\n1981 establishments in Sweden\nRecurring sporting events established in 1981\nFootball cup competitions in Sweden" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television,", "Were there prizes?", "I don't know.", "What happens in Untucked?", "renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show, documenting them packing their belongings and leaving", "How many seasons are there?", "For the show's tenth season, Untucked returned to television." ]

[ "\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" is a 2010 science fiction/magical realism short story by American writer Harlan Ellison. It was first published in Realms of Fantasy.\n\nPlot summary\nA scientist creates a tiny man. The tiny man is initially very popular, but then draws the hatred of the world, and so the tiny man must flee, together with the scientist (who is now likewise hated, for having created the tiny man).\n\nReception\n\"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" won the 2010 Nebula Award for Best Short Story, tied with Kij Johnson's \"Ponies\". It was Ellison's final Nebula nomination and win, of his record-setting eight nominations and three wins.\n\nTor.com calls the story \"deceptively simple\", with \"execution (that) is flawless\" and a \"Geppetto-like\" narrator, while Publishers Weekly describes it as \"memorably depict(ing) humanity's smallness of spirit\". The SF Site, however, felt it was \"contrived and less than profound\".\n\nNick Mamatas compared \"How Interesting: A Tiny Man\" negatively to Ellison's other Nebula-winning short stories, and stated that the story's two mutually exclusive endings (in one, the tiny man is killed; in the other, he becomes God) are evocative of the process of writing short stories. Ben Peek considered it to be \"more allegory than (...) anything else\", and interpreted it as being about how the media \"give(s) everyone a voice\", and also about how Ellison was treated by science fiction fandom.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAudio version of ''How Interesting: A Tiny Man, at StarShipSofa\nHow Interesting: A Tiny Man, at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\nNebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works\nShort stories by Harlan Ellison", "\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" is a song written by Billy Livsey and Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in February 2001 as the third and final single from his self-titled album. The song reached number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in July 2001. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.\n\nContent\nThe song is about man who is giving his woman the option to leave him. He gives her many different options for all the things she can do. At the end he gives her the option to stay with him if she really can’t find anything else to do. He says he will be alright if she leaves, but really it seems he wants her to stay.\n\nChart performance\n\"If You Can Do Anything Else\" debuted at number 60 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 3, 2001.\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\n2001 singles\n2000 songs\nGeorge Strait songs\nSongs written by Billy Livsey\nSongs written by Don Schlitz\nSong recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)\nMCA Nashville Records singles" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television,", "Were there prizes?", "I don't know.", "What happens in Untucked?", "renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show, documenting them packing their belongings and leaving", "How many seasons are there?", "For the show's tenth season, Untucked returned to television.", "Anything else interesting about it?", "Untucked replaces the basic green room of Under the Hood with two decorated rooms that were until season 6 sponsored by Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc.:" ]

[ "This is a list of bills sponsored by John McCain in the United States Senate.\n\nNumber by Congress \n100th United States Congress: 39 bills sponsored\n101st United States Congress: 63 bills sponsored\n102nd United States Congress: 211 bills sponsored\n103rd United States Congress: 144 bills sponsored\n104th United States Congress: 217 bills sponsored – 8 became law\n105th United States Congress: 224 bills sponsored – 3 became law.\n106th United States Congress: 167 bills sponsored\n107th United States Congress: 232 bills sponsored\n108th United States Congress: 189 bills sponsored – 2 became law.\n109th United States Congress: 143 bills sponsored – 4 became law.\n110th United States Congress: 38 bills sponsored\n\nSpecific bills and acts \nClimate Stewardship Acts: Co-sponsor Joe Lieberman. (failed)\nBipartisan Campaign Reform Act: Co-sponsor Russ Feingold.\nDetainee Treatment Act\n\nSee also \nHouse and Senate career of John McCain, until 2000\nSenate career of John McCain, 2001–present\n\nLegislation\nMcCain, John", "BAFTA Cymru (or BAFTA in Wales or WAFTA ) is the Welsh branch of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and was founded in 1987.\n\nThe British Academy Cymru Awards were established in 1991, with the first annual awards ceremony held on 30 November 1991. The annual ceremony takes place in Cardiff to recognise achievement in production, performance and craft categories in Welsh-made films and television programmes and by those of Welsh birth or residence. These are separate from the UK-wide British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Film Awards, although films and programmes recognised by BAFTA Cymru may also feature at BAFTA's national awards.\n\nCategories \n Television Drama (sponsored by Bad Wolf) \n Factual Series \n Entertainment Programme (sponsored by University of Wales Trinity Saint David) \n News and Current Affairs (sponsored by Working Word) \n Children's Programme (sponsored by FOR Cardiff) \n Single Documentary (sponsored by Aberystwyth University) \n Short Film (sponsored by University of South Wales) \n Game (sponsored by Games Design at Glyndŵr University) \n Presenter (sponsored by Deloitte) \n Director: Fiction (sponsored by Champagne Taittinger) \n Writer (sponsored by The Social Club. Agency) \n Editing (sponsored by Gorilla) \n Actor (sponsored by AUDI) \n Actress (sponsored by Waterstone Homes) \n Photography Factual (sponsored by Genero) \n Photography and Lighting (sponsored by ELP) \n Sound (sponsored by AB Acoustics) \n Original Music (sponsored by Yr Egin) \n Costume Design (sponsored by DRESD) \n Siân Phillips Award (sponsored by Pinewood Studios Group) \n Outstanding Contribution to Television\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBritish Academy Cymru Awards (BAFTA official website)\nBAFTA official website\n\nOrganizations established in 1987\n1987 establishments in Wales\nTelevision in Wales\nCinema of Wales\n\nWelsh awards" ]

[ "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Untucked", "What is Untucked?", "In this companion series, RuPaul presents a documentary of contestants' conversation in the green room, replays pertinent moments from Drag Race,", "When did it air?", "LOGOonline published a webisode of Under the Hood after each episode of Drag Race.", "When did it begin?", "Starting with the second season of Drag Race in 2010, Logo reformatted Under the Hood, increased its production budget, moved it from the web to television,", "Were there prizes?", "I don't know.", "What happens in Untucked?", "renovated version also follows contestants following their elimination from the show, documenting them packing their belongings and leaving", "How many seasons are there?", "For the show's tenth season, Untucked returned to television.", "Anything else interesting about it?", "Untucked replaces the basic green room of Under the Hood with two decorated rooms that were until season 6 sponsored by Absolut Vodka and Interior Illusions, Inc.:", "Who sponsored it after 6?", "the Interior Illusions Lounge and the Gold Bar. FormDecor sponsored the Lounge for season 6. These" ]

[ "Beyond the Tesseract is a text-based adventure game developed in 1983 by Canadian author David Lo for the TRS-80. The game was notable for its unique take on the genre and approach to mathematical entities and abstract concepts.\nIn one section the player must navigate a text adventure game, inside the text adventure game. In another the player, while asleep, derives a proof using physical representations of various symbolic logic components.\n\nThe game is intentionally vague using a VERB NOUN gameplay mechanic with a vocabulary of just 200.\n\nIn 1988 the game was ported to Atari ST, MS-DOS and Solaris environments and, in 2003, to interactive fiction standard of machine-independent Z-code.\n\nOriginal release notes \n\nScenario:\n\"You have reached the final part of your mission. You have\ngained access to the complex, and all but the last procedure has\nbeen performed. Now comes a time of waiting, in which you must\nsearch for the hidden 12-word message that will aid you at the\nfinal step. But what choice will you make when that time comes?\"\n\nThe scenario for the adventure is meant to be vague. Once the\nadventure has been completed, the scenario will hopefully become\nclear.\n\nInstructions:\nThis adventure recognizes the standard commands for moving\n(N, E, S, W), taking inventory (I), manipulating objects (GET,\nDROP, LOOK), and saving games (SAVE, LOAD), as well as many\nothers. Use 2-word 'verb noun' commands, such as 'use stack' or\n'get all'. Only the first four letters of each word are\nsignificant. The adventure recognizes about 200 words, so if\none word does not work, try another.\n\nNotes:\n\"The \"stack\" is an acronym for Space Time Activated Continuum\nKey. You will find this object very useful. Try the command\n\"use stack\".\"\n\nThis adventure is abstract and a bit on the technical side.\nBasic knowledge of the names of interesting mathematical objects\nwould be a definite asset in solving the puzzles. However,\ndetailed knowledge of the technical background is not necessary,\nalthough it will make the adventure more enjoyable and reduce\nthe amount of comments of the form \"Was that supposed to be funny\nor what? I don't get it.\"\n\nThere is no carry limit, no death traps, and over 200 words in\nthe program's vocabulary, so the player can hopefully concentrate on\nsolving the adventure instead of solving the program. The map\nof the adventure can be draw on a grid. All it takes is a\nlittle experimenting to put all the subsets of locations\ntogether \"logically\".\n\nHistory:\nThe idea of a mathematically abstract adventure came about\nduring the summer of 1983, when I was reading the book \"Godel,\nEscher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid\". I had just read an\narticle on writing adventures, and I thought about doing my own\narticle on adventure writing. I did start on the article, and\none of the examples of how varied puzzles can be is a\nmathematical adventure where the player has to \"use a\nprobability function to cross a field of improbability to get to\na vortex.\" Sadly the article was never finished, although\nremnants of it can be found in the ADV.DOC file. I started\nthinking more and more about a mathematically abstract\nadventure, and Tesseract was born!\n\nThe very first adventure that I wrote was in 1982, titled \"Hall\nof the Mountain King\" (find the Crystal of Light). Tesseract\nVersion 1.0 was the second of the three TRS-80 BASIC adventures\nthat I wrote in a two-month adventure-frenzy during the summer\nof 1983. The first was \"Project Triad\" (defuse the bomb on the\nspace station), and the third was \"Codename Intrepid\" (deliver a\npackage to another agent).\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Various versions of the game are available for free legal download\n\n1980s interactive fiction\n1983 video games\nAtari ST games\nDOS games\nTRS-80 games\nVideo games about video games\nVideo games developed in Canada", "a TEN Talk (originally 10Talk) is a short presentation on a topic of the speaker's choosing given at a BarCamp type conference. It derives from a TED Talk and originated at the 2012 RefreshCache v4 developer conference (now defunct) in Gilbert, Arizona during the open floor demo time with a description of \"Fast paced 10 minute presentations by the you and the other leaders among us.\" Since the term was still somewhat new at the time, a \"What is a Ten-Talk?\" page was created on the RefreshCache site with the following abbreviated description so potential Ten-Talk presenters would know exactly what was expected of them:\n \n A Ten-Talk is a fast-paced, ten minute POLISHED presentation on an interesting topic that you think will appeal to the Church IT / Web Developer audiences.\n \n Here are some examples of Ten-Talk topics:\n (1) Have you implemented something at your church that has been a radical success or epic failure? We can learn from either of these!\n (2) Do you have an inspirational message that can lead others to action? Even better if you can share how this message inspired you to action and then show us what you did.\n (3) Have you spent time researching and understanding something in the world of ministry software or Church IT? Maybe you are an expert in [redacted]. Present this to the Church IT Network /RefreshCache community and share what you know. Your research may help another church find the solution to a problem they are facing, or save them the trouble of doing all the research you just did by realizing it won't work for them.\n\nIt was later adopted at the national Church IT Round Table conference held in February 2013 in Phoenix, Arizona when the two events began to intermingle and used again in 2014 at the Peoria, Illinois event where it was re-described as \"10Talks (or TEN-Talks) are 10 minute, fast paced talks on a topic. These are perfect sessions for raising awareness about a topic, tool, or idea that you think your peers should know.\"\n\nIts use outside of CITRT conferences is thought to begin with the WLAN professionals summit in February 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nPresentation" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde and Wolverine is a six-issue comic book limited series written by Chris Claremont and illustrated by Al Milgrom, and published by Marvel Comics between November 1984 and April 1985.\n\nA spin-off of the series Uncanny X-Men, it chronicles a Japanese adventure of two of the most popular X-Men of the time, Kitty Pryde and Wolverine.\n\nPublication history\nIn the introductory pages of the hardcover edition of Kitty Pryde and Wolverine (published 2008), Milgrom explains that the mini-series was powered by three main ideas. Firstly, Wolverine was the \"hottest property around\" that the X-Men franchise had, so stories with him would sell well. Secondly, Kitty Pryde was \"Chris' [Claremont] baby\", and Claremont was eager to develop this character further. Thirdly, Milgrom himself saw this as a unique chance to work with Marvel Comics legend Claremont.<ref name=editorial>Kitty Pryde and Wolverine, hardcover edition (2008), \"Introduction with Al Milgrom\"</ref>\n\nClaremont then wrote a story in which he could bring in new angles on the two characters. Kitty Pryde — previously little more than a sweet and innocent \"kid sister\" for the older X-Men, a literary foil to provide light-hearted moments — was portrayed as troubled with \"teenager self-doubt and self-deprecation\", \"searching for her very soul\" and going through the coming of age. Wolverine was put into the honor-driven, mystical Japanese culture, in which he was no longer the X-Men's campy hardman but \"grim and gritty\".\n\nTo express the atypically dark and personal story, Milgrom also adapted his drawing style, using bolder, darker and more dynamic strokes. In the end, he was very satisfied with the project.\n\nIn six issues, writer Chris Claremont takes Kitty Pryde fresh from her breakup with Colossus in Uncanny X-Men #183 and puts her through a trial of fire in which she confronts her inner demons and emerges victorious. Claremont also plays off the contrast between Kitty and the battle-hardened Wolverine, and the two very different characters establish a platonic, brother-and-sister-like rapport (beginning a tradition of sorts for Wolverine and young female sidekicks). A testament to his newfound esteem for her character, Wolverine would even consider Kitty as a potential leader for the X-Men, were it not for her sheer youth, in later issues of the regular series.Kitty Pryde and Wolverine is also responsible for establishing Kitty's superhero image, finally settling on a costume which she would wear into the early 1990s, and choosing the codename \"Shadowcat\" (having previously flitted between \"Ariel\" and \"Sprite\"), which she took on after this adventure and has held on until today.\n\nPlot summary\nKitty Pryde's father Carmen has run into trouble with the Japanese Yakuza. In order to help him, Kitty follows him on a business trip but is captured by mob boss Shigematsu and the evil ninja Ogun, who brainwashes her into becoming a deadly ninja assassin. After she has perfected her skills, Ogun orders her to kill Wolverine, Ogun's former student, who has come to Japan to look for Kitty. \n\nA masked Kitty almost kills Wolverine, before she is knocked out by Logan's friend Yukio and comes to her senses. Terrified at having been turned into a killing machine, Kitty wants to flee, but Logan challenges her to overcome her conditioning by focusing on her inner strength. When Kitty, Yukio and Logan vanquish their opponents, Kitty has the chance to kill Ogun. But she balks, stating she cannot do it. For Wolverine, it is the proof that she is truly herself again. When Ogun tries to kill her, Wolverine impales him on his claws. Carmen Pryde exposes Shigematsu's schemes, turning himself in, and they return to the United States.\n\nCollected editions\nThe story was reprinted several times; once in Wolverine And Gambit (issues 62 to 68), then later in June 2008 (in premiere hardback form, ), in 2009's Wolverine Omnibus Volume 1, and also as part of the Marvel's Mightiest Heroes partworks series, in issue No. 117, simply titled Kitty Pryde''.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kitty Pryde and Wolverine plot summaries and covers @ uncannyxmen.net\n\nComics by Chris Claremont\nWolverine (comics) titles", "Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. is a comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. The series was written by Larry Hama.\n\nPublication history \nThe series began publication in 1997 and ended in 1998.\n\n\"The Calling\" (December, 1997)\n\"The Mission\" (January, 1998)\n\"Pryde Goeth Before a Fall\" (February, 1998)\n\nPlot \nKitty Pryde is called in by S.H.I.E.L.D. to investigate a virus infection in the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier's computer, only to discover that it is her old nemesis, Ogun.\n\nThe series also features Wolverine as a secondary character and there is information revealed about his past such as that he used to work for the Puzzle Palace with Nick Fury during the Cold War. (The Puzzle Palace was the nickname for the National Security Agency (NSA), the cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States that was founded in 1952.) We also see Logan meet a very young Carol Danvers, for the first time in the past.\n\nReception \nCharlie Jane Anders of io9.gizmodo believes the series would be a good series to adapt into the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. television series and ranked it at sixth place on her list.\n\nSee also \n 1997 in comics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Kitty Pryde, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. at the Comic Book DB\n \n\nS.H.I.E.L.D. titles\nX-Men titles" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography", "How did Kitty Pryde get her superpowers?", "Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers." ]

[ "María José Maza (born October 9, 1990 in Guayaquil) is a model and beauty pageant contestant.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life\nShe was born in Guayaquil, María José speaks Spanish and English, and she is graduated Engineering in Sales Administration at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil.\n\nPageantry\n\nMiss Ecuador 2011 \nMaza competed in Miss Ecuador 2011 where she was a favorite but at the end of final night she was unplaced.\n\nMiss Bikini International 2011 \nAs Miss Ecuador 2011's contestant she was designed by Miss Ecuador Organization the represent to the country at Miss Bikini International 2011 where she was on top 12 in Qingdao, China. 94 countries participated.\n\nMiss Panamerican 2013 \nShe was the Ecuadorian represent to Miss Panamerican International 2013 in Los Angeles, California, USA, and she won the second crown to Ecuador.\n\nMiss Caraibes Hibiscus 2013 \nIn 2013 she was designed to represent Ecuador in Miss Caraibes Habicus 2013 in Saint Maarten where she placed as 2nd Runner-up.\n\nMiss Earth Ecuador 2014 \nShe was designated on August, 2014 by José Hidalgo, the director of Miss Earth Ecuador, as the national representative to compete in Miss Earth 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Miss Ecuador website\n\n1990 births\nLiving people\nEcuadorian beauty pageant winners\nEcuadorian people of Spanish descent\nMiss Earth 2014 contestants\nEcuadorian female models\n21st-century Ecuadorian women", "Lidia Lwow-Eberle nom de guerre \"Ewa\" (14 November 1920 – 5 January 2021) was a Russian born Polish nationalist and paramedic. She was arrested by the communist authorities and she was imprisoned \"for life\". She later married and became an archaeologist.\n\nLife\nLwow-Eberle was born in the Russian town of Plyos in 1920. Her parents were Barbara (born Tuganove) and Leon Lvov. In 1921 her family moved to Poland where her father taught in a secondary school. In time her father became an agronomist. After 1930 her family moved again where her father worked near Vilnius. She graduated in 1939 when she got to know Janina Wasałojć and Zygmunt Szendzielarz.\n\nBy 1943 she was part of a unit commanded by Antoni Burzynski where she was known as \"Ewa\". The unit was captured and some of the force were killed. Although she was born a Russian, this was not important at the time. The important point was that she was working to create a Polish state.\n\nDuring the war she served as a paramedic in one unit who were captured and then she joined her friend Janina Wasałojć as a nurse in the Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade which was commanded by another acquaintance Major Zygmunt Szendzielarz. She rose to be a second lieutenant after fighting the Germans near Worziany in 1944 and then three days later a Soviet partisan group. She was wounded in the battle with the Germans. In February 1945, Major Szendzielarz's wife died and after that time he became her partner. \n\nThey were both arrested by the communist authorities. They were arrested on 30 June 1948. She was in Osielec when she was arrested and the others arrested included and his wife , Captain Henryk Borowski and Lt. Col. Antoni Olechnowicz. She was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1950 and Major Szendzielarz was sentenced to death. He was killed on 9 February 1951 in Mokotów Prison. \n\nShe and Wanda Czarnecka-Minkiewicz were released in 1956 and she set out on a new career as an archaeologist. She married a historian Jan Eberle in 1961 and she graduated in archaeoloogy in 1962. She worked at the Museum of Warsaw taking credit for setting up the Museum of the Guild of Leather-based Crafts.\n\nIn 2013 it was announced that the authorities had discovered unmarked graves in \"Meadows in Powązki\" in Warsaw. Amongst them was her post war partner who was identified using DNA comparisons with his close relatives.\n\nLwow-Eberle died in Warsaw aged 100 years old on 5 January 2021. Her military funeral was in Warsaw on 22 January at the Powązki Military Cemetery.\n\nReferences\n\n1920 births\n2021 deaths\nPeople from Privolzhsky District, Ivanovo Oblast\nPolish archaeologists\nPolish centenarians\nHome Army members\nPolish women in World War II resistance\nBurials at Powązki Military Cemetery" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography", "How did Kitty Pryde get her superpowers?", "Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers.", "Where was she born?", "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde." ]

[ "Sarah Kramer is a Canadian vegan cookbook author. She is the best-selling author of How It All Vegan, The Garden of Vegan, La Dolce Vegan! and Vegan A Go-Go!. In 2012, she released Go Vegan! w/Sarah Kramer, one of the world's first vegan cookbook iPhone/iPad apps. \nKramer has written for publications such as Herbivore Magazine, Veg News and Shared Vision. She runs a popular vegan website/blog at govegan.net. She had a small vegan boutique called Sarah's Place that opened in 2011 and closed 2 years later after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Sarah did treatment in 2013 and now works full time at the business Tattoo Zoo that she co-owns with her wife, Geri Kramer in Victoria, BC. Sarah and Geri have a podcast called Meet The Kramers in which they discuss their 25-year marriage in relation to Geri's coming out as a trans woman in 2019.\n\nBooks\n How It All Vegan (with Tanya Barnard) (1999) \n The Garden Of Vegan (with Tanya Barnard) (2003) \n La Dolce Vegan (2005) \n Vegan A Go-Go! (2008) \n How It All Vegan: 10th Anniversary Edition (2009)\n\nPodcast \n\n Meet The Kramers podcast\n\nSee also\n Vegan\n List of vegans\n\nReferences\n\nInterviews and articles\n Article in Shared Vision\n Podcast Interview on Vegan Freak Radio\n Interview with The Cookbook Store\n Interview with Abebooks.com\n\nExternal links\n Meet The Kramers podcast\n Tattoo Zoo\n Sarah's Blog\n GoVegan.net, Sarah's website\n Arsenal Pulp Press, Sarah's publisher\n\nChefs of vegan cuisine\nCanadian women chefs\nCanadian food writers\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nWriters from Regina, Saskatchewan\nCanadian cookbook writers\nVegan cookbook writers", "The 1980 United States Olympic trials for track and field were held at Hayward Field in Eugene, Oregon. These were the first such trials organized by the new national governing body for the sport of track and field, The Athletics Congress formed one year earlier as required by the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. Previous trials had been organized by the AAU. The eight-day competition lasted from June 21 until June 29.\n\nUnlike any of the previous or subsequent years, the Olympic trials in 1980 did not select representatives to the 1980 Summer Olympics. By this point in the year, President Jimmy Carter had already announced the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its flagrant human rights violations. This affected the competition. Some athletes did not compete or did not persevere through illness or injury as they might have if Olympic bids were on the line. Subsequently, some athletes, notably Tom Hintnaus and Gary Fanelli, chose to compete for other countries. Others like Franklin Jacobs retired.\n\nThe only qualifiers to another meet from this meet came from two women's exhibition events, the 400 m hurdles and 5000 meters, who were invited to the 1980 World Championships in Athletics. Many of the top 3 from this meet ran in the alternative to the Olympics, the Liberty Bell Classic, a few weeks later.\n\nThe trials for the men's and women's marathon were held May 24 in Buffalo, New York, and the trials for the men's 50 km race walk were held May 10 in Niagara Falls, New York.\n\nMen's results\nKey:\n.\n\nMen track events\n\nMen field events\n\nNotes\n\nWomen's results\n\nWomen track events\n\nWomen field events\n\nExternal links\nMen's 5000m Highlights \nHeptathlon and women's shot put Highlights\n\nReferences\n\nUS Olympic Trials\nTrack, Outdoor\nUnited States Summer Olympics Trials\nOlympic Trials (track and field)\nOlympic Trials (track and field)" ]

[ "Kitty Pryde", "Fictional character biography", "How did Kitty Pryde get her superpowers?", "Kitty started to have headaches at age thirteen, signaling the emergence of her mutant powers.", "Where was she born?", "Katherine Anne \"Kitty\" Pryde was born in Deerfield, Illinois, to Carmen and Theresa Pryde.", "How did she meet the X-men?", "She was approached by both the X-Men's Charles Xavier and the Hellfire Club's White Queen," ]

[ "\"Imperial\" was the second story arc from Grant Morrison's run on the Marvel Comics title New X-Men, running from issues #118-126. It further explored the origin behind the character Cassandra Nova as well as giving more depth to the student body at the Xavier Institute, specifically the Stepford Cuckoos, Beak, and Angel Salvadore.\n\nPlot\n\nAs mutant culture takes center stage in the world media, a new movement propagated by book The Third Species begins to affect human/mutant relations. Several school shootings occur where the assailant takes mutant organs to graft to themselves, believing they will transcend to a higher state of evolution (somehow superior to the natural mutations occurring). Cyclops and Emma investigate the impetus behind this movement by confronting John Sublime, the book's author. He reveals himself to be leader of the U-Men, a radical group that doesn't improve themselves by changing their own genes, but by harvesting mutant parts from unwilling donors. Cyclops and Emma are taken hostage for fatal surgery.\n\nMeanwhile, Wolverine is following a lead on a new mutant, arriving just in time to stop a crew of U-men from killing Angel Salvadore for her insect wings. Despite her reluctance in accepting her mutation, and anyone's help in coming to grips with it, she does follow Wolverine back to the Institute, where several squads of U-men are about to assault and slaughter the student body. Jean Grey, with help from her students, fends off the attack, eventually manifesting a phoenix raptor display in psychic dominance. Emma Frost and Cyclops escape from their captors, with Emma confronting John about the damage done to her cosmetically enhanced face, threatening to drop him from the highrise window his office sits in. John forces himself from Emma's grip, seemingly convinced by Martha Johansson, a floating brain in a jar John used to exert psychic control of his captives.\n\nBack at the mansion, Hank McCoy staggers from his ICU bed onto the front lawn. He cradles Cassandra Nova's body in his arms, revealing that Professor Xavier's mind has been switched and he is trapped. Emma and Jean psychically probe Nova's body, discovering that she and Xavier were fraternal twins, but the instant Xavier became aware, he tried to kill his twin in the womb.\n\nIn the far reaches of space, the Shi'ar empire is being slowly torn apart by the possessed Charles Xavier. Empress Lilandra sends Smasher through 4-space to warn the Earth of the villainess' coming. Smasher arrives in a field populated by cows, and he loses consciousness before finding someone to spread his message.\n\nThe X-Men convene in Cerebra to share what they know about Cassandra Nova. As Jean and Emma's psychic excavation reveals, she is a living entity of pure emotional energy, who used Charles' DNA to form a body. In her mind, the universe and the womb that housed her brother are one and the same. Only she and Charles Xavier are real. Thus, her competition for survival is her twin \"brother,\" and he must be killed. Inside a body booby trapped with numerous degenerative disorders, Xavier telepathically requests a last press conference for the X-Men to communicate his final message to humanity about mutantkind. Cyclops leaves to Xorn, in an attempt to find a way to save Xavier from dying.\n\nDuring the press conference, Beast discovers that the minor annoyance of a flu epidemic is in fact, a systematic nano-Sentinel attack. This news is overshadowed, however, by the sudden reveal that the Imperial Guard is about to sterilize the entirety of mutantkind, starting with the X-Men. Aboard the Shi'ar Superdestroyer, Cyclops pleads with his and Xorn's captors that the Charles Xavier they are allied with is the very same Cassandra Nova entity they seek to fight, to no avail. At the X-mansion, the Stepford Cuckoos ally with Angel to overthrow the invading Shi'ar, while Jean and Beast shelter the rest of the student body and the visiting media. Beast and Wolverine fend off the assaults of the Guardians, when Smasher is finally found and able to convince Gladiator of the X-Men's innocence. As Cassandra Nova drives Lilandra to command her fleet to die, Cyclops and Xorn fight their way to freedom, saving Lilandra in the process.\n\nAngel and the Cuckoos find Beak, who advises using the Guardian Stuff to free Emma Frost. Xorn heals the X-Men of their sentinel infestations. Afterwards, Jean Grey and Charles Xavier trick Cassandra into using Cerebra for her original goal of erasing mutantkind; however, the moment she uses Cerebra to connect to the worldwide mutant population, she finds one thing in common to all of them: Charles. In the same moment, Jean Grey, who at the moment was becoming increasingly more powerful due to a manifestation of the Phoenix Force, psionically attacks Cassandra and forces her out of the Professor's body. With Charles Xavier's mind restored to his body, Emma Frost uses Stuff's malleable body as a trick to entice Cassandra Nova back into her own body, now a mental prison for her boundless energy. Finally, Charles Xavier is now miraculously able to use his legs.\n\nMajor consequences\nIntroduced the characters Angel Salvadore, John Sublime, the U-Men, and the Stepford Cuckoos.\nXorn joins the X-Men.\n\nCollected editions\nThe series has been collected into a trade paperback:\n\nImperial (collects New X-Men #118-126, )\n\nAs well as:\n\nNew X-Men Omnibus (collects New X-Men #114-154 and Annual 2001, 992 pages, December 2006 )\n New X-Men by Grant Morrison Ultimate Collection: Volume 1 (collects New X-Men #114-126, and Annual 2001, 376 pages, May 2008, )\n\nReferences\n\nNew X-Men story arcs\nSterilization in fiction", "Professor X (Charles Francis Xavier) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as the founder and sometimes leader of the X-Men. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The X-Men #1 (September 1963).\n\nXavier is a member of a subspecies of humans known as mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. He is an exceptionally powerful telepath, who can read and control the minds of others. To both shelter and train mutants from around the world, he runs a private school in the X-Mansion in Salem Center, located in Westchester County, New York. Xavier also strives to serve a greater good by promoting peaceful coexistence and equality between humans and mutants in a world where zealous anti-mutant bigotry is widespread.\n\nThroughout much of the character's history in comics, Xavier is a paraplegic using a standard or modified wheelchair. One of the world's most powerful mutant telepaths, Xavier is a scientific genius and a leading authority in genetics. He has devised Cerebro and other equipment to enhance psionic powers and detect and track people with the mutant gene.\n\nFrom a social policy and philosophical perspective, Xavier deeply resents the violent methods of those like his former close friend and occasional enemy, the supervillain Magneto. Instead, he has presented his platform of uncompromising pacifism to see his dream to fruition – one that seeks to live harmoniously alongside humanity with full civil rights and equality for mutants. Xavier's actions and goals have been compared to those of Martin Luther King Jr. and the American civil rights struggle, whereas Magneto is often compared with the more militant civil rights activist Malcolm X.\n\nThe character's creation and development occurred during the civil rights struggle of the early 1960s; Xavier's first appearance was in 1963. The fictionalized plight of mutantkind faced with intolerance and prejudice was meant to illuminate to audiences of the day what was transpiring across the United States and to promote ideals of tolerance and equality for all.\n\nPatrick Stewart portrayed the character in the first three films in the X-Men film series and in various video games, while James McAvoy portrayed a younger version of the character in the 2011 prequel X-Men: First Class. Both actors reprised the role in the film X-Men: Days of Future Past. Stewart would reprise the role in the film Logan (2017), while McAvoy would further appear as his younger iteration of the character in X-Men: Apocalypse (2016), Deadpool 2 (2018) and Dark Phoenix (2019). Harry Lloyd portrayed the character in the third season of the television series Legion.\n\nPublication history\n\nCreated by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, Professor X first appeared in X-Men #1 (September 1963).\n\nCreation and influences\nStan Lee has stated that the physical inspiration of Professor Xavier was from Academy Award-winning actor Yul Brynner. Professor Xavier's character development has been inspired by Martin Luther King Jr.\n\nWriter Scott Lobdell established Xavier's middle name to be Francis in Uncanny X-Men #328 (January 1996).\n\nCharacter\nXavier's goals are to promote the peaceful affirmation of mutant rights, to mediate the co-existence of mutants and humans, to protect mutants from violent humans, and to protect society from antagonistic mutants, including his old friend, Magneto. To achieve these aims, he founded Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters (later named the Xavier Institute) to teach mutants to explore and control their powers. Its first group of students was the original X-Men (Cyclops, Iceman, Marvel Girl, Angel, and Beast). Xavier's students consider him a visionary and often refer to their mission as \"Xavier's dream\". He is highly regarded by others in the Marvel Universe, respected by various governments, and trusted by several other superhero teams, including the Avengers and the Fantastic Four. However, he also has a manipulative streak which has resulted in several significant fallings-out with allies and students.\n\nHe often acts as a public advocate for mutant rights and is the authority most of the Marvel superhero community turns to for advice on mutants. Despite this, his status as a mutant himself and originator of the X-Men only became public during the 2001 story \"E Is for Extinction\". He also appears in almost all of the X-Men animated series and in many video games, although usually as a non-playable character. Patrick Stewart plays him in the 2000s X-Men film series, as well as providing his voice in some of the X-Men video games (including some not connected to the film series).\n\nAccording to BusinessWeek, Charles Xavier is listed as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics.\n\nIn a number of comics, Xavier is shown to have a dark side, a part of himself that he struggles to suppress. Perhaps the most notable appearance of this character element is in the Onslaught storyline, in which the crossover event's antagonist is a physical manifestation of that dark side. Also, Onslaught is created in the most violent act Xavier claims to have done: erasing the mind of Magneto. In X-Men #106 (August 1977), the new X-Men fight images of the original team, which have been created by what Xavier says is his \"evil self ... who would use his powers for personal gain and conquest\", which he says he is normally able to keep in check. In the 1984 four-part series titled The X-Men and the Micronauts, Xavier's dark desires manifest themselves as the Entity and threaten to destroy the Micronauts' universe.\n\nIn other instances, Xavier is shown to be secretive and manipulative. During the Onslaught storyline, the X-Men find Xavier's files, the \"Xavier Protocols\", which detail how to kill many of the characters, including Xavier himself, should the need ever arise, such as if they went rogue. Astonishing X-Men vol. 3, #12 (August 2005) reveals that when Xavier realizes that the Danger Room has become sentient, he keeps it trapped and experiments on it for years, an act that Cyclops calls \"the oppression of a new life\" and equates to humanity's treatment of mutants (however, X-Men Legacy #220 - 224 reveals that Xavier did not intend for the Danger Room to become sentient: it was an accident, and Xavier sought a way to free Danger, but was unable to find a way to accomplish this without deleting her sentience as well).\n\nFictional character biography\n\nCharles Francis Xavier was born in New York City to the wealthy Dr. Brian Xavier, a well-respected nuclear scientist, and Sharon Xavier. The family lives in a very grand mansion estate in Westchester County because of the riches his father's nuclear research has brought them. He later grows up to attend Pembroke College at the University of Oxford, where he earns a Professorship in Genetics and other science fields, and goes on to live first in Oxford and then London for a number of years. Crucially, as he enters late adolescence, Xavier inherits the mansion-house he was raised in, enabling him not only to continue to live in it, but also to turn it in to Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters, which he begins together with the first of the X-Men.\n\nBrian, his father, dies in an accident when Xavier is still very young, and Brian's science partner Kurt Marko comforts and then marries the grieving Sharon. When Xavier's telepathic mutant powers emerge, he discovers Marko cares only about his mother's money.\n\nAfter the wedding, Kurt moves in with the Xaviers, bringing with him his son Cain. Kurt quickly grows neglectful of Sharon, driving her to alcoholism, and abuses both Charles and Cain. Cain takes out his frustrations and insecurities on his stepbrother. Charles uses his telepathic powers to read Cain's mind and explore the extent of his psychological damage, which only leads to Cain becoming more aggressive toward him and the young Xavier feeling Cain's pain firsthand.\n\nSharon dies soon after, and a fight erupts between Cain and Charles that causes some of Kurt's lab equipment to explode. Mortally wounded, Kurt drags the two children out before dying, and admits he was partly responsible for Brian's death.\n\nWith help from his superhuman powers and natural genius, Xavier becomes an excellent student and athlete, though he gives up the latter, believing his powers give him an unfair advantage. Due to his powers, by the time he graduates from high school, Charles loses all of his hair. He graduates with honors at the age of 16 from Bard College. In graduate studies, he receives Ph.D.s in Genetics, Biophysics, Psychology, and Anthropology with a two-year residence at Pembroke College, University of Oxford. He also receives an M.D. in Psychiatry while spending several years in London. He is later appointed Adjunct Professor at Columbia University. Origins of Marvel Comics: X-Men #1 (2010) presents a different version of events, suggesting a scholarship to the University of Oxford rescued him from his abusive home, after which he \"never looked back\", suggesting he began his academic career as a very young man at Oxford. His stepbrother is resentful of him.\n\nAt graduate school, he meets a Scottish girl named Moira Kinross, a fellow genetics student with whom he falls in love. The two agree to get married, but soon, Xavier is drafted into the Korean War. He carves himself a niche as a soldier in search and rescue missions alongside Shadowcat's father, Carmen Pryde, and witnesses Cain's transformation into Juggernaut when he touches a ruby with an inscription on it in an underground temple. During the war, he receives a letter from Moira telling him that she is breaking up with him. He later discovers that Moira married her old boyfriend Joseph MacTaggert, who abuses her.\n\nDeeply depressed when Moira broke off their engagement without explanation, Xavier began traveling around the world as an adventurer after leaving the army. In Cairo, he meets a young girl named Ororo Munroe (later known as Storm), who is a pickpocket, and the Shadow King, a powerful mutant who is posing as Egyptian crime lord Amahl Farouk. Xavier defeats the Shadow King, barely escaping with his life. This encounter leads to Xavier's decision to devote his life to protecting humanity from evil mutants and safeguarding innocent mutants from human oppression.\n\nXavier visits his friend Daniel Shomron, who runs a clinic for traumatized Holocaust victims in Haifa, Israel. There, he meets a man going by the name of Magnus (who would later become Magneto), a Holocaust survivor who works as a volunteer in the clinic, and Gabrielle Haller, a woman driven into a catatonic coma by the trauma she experienced. Xavier uses his mental powers to break her out of her catatonia and the two fall in love. Xavier and Magneto become good friends, although neither immediately reveals to the other that he is a mutant. The two hold lengthy debates hypothesizing what will happen if humanity is faced with a new super-powered race of humans. While Xavier is optimistic, Magneto's experiences in the Holocaust lead him to believe that humanity will ultimately oppress the new race of humans as they have done with other minorities. The two friends reveal their powers to each other when they fight Nazi Baron Wolfgang von Strucker and his Hydra agents, who kidnap Gabrielle because she knows the location of their secret cache of gold. Magneto attempts to kill Strucker but Xavier stops him. Realizing that his and Xavier's views on mutant-human relations are incompatible, Magneto leaves with the gold. Charles stays in Israel for some time, but he and Gabrielle separate on good terms, neither knowing that she is pregnant with his son, who grows up to become the mutant Legion.\n\nIn a strange town near the Himalayas, Xavier encounters an alien calling himself Lucifer, the advance scout for an invasion by his race, and foils his plans. In retaliation, Lucifer drops a huge stone block on Xavier, crippling his legs. After Lucifer leaves, a young woman named Sage hears Xavier's telepathic cries for help and rescues him, bringing him to safety, beginning a long alliance between the two.\n\nIn a hospital in India, he is brought to an American nurse, Amelia Voght, who looks after him and, as she sees to his recovery, they fall in love. When he is released from the hospital, the two moved into an apartment in Bombay together. Amelia is troubled to find Charles studying mutation, as she is a mutant and unsettled by it, though she calms when he reveals himself to be a mutant as well. They eventually move to the United States, living on Xavier's family estate. But the night Scott Summers moves into Xavier's mansion, Amelia leaves him, believing Charles would have changed his view and that mutants should lie low. Yet he is recruiting them to what she believes is a lost cause. Charles tries to force her to stay with his mental powers, but immediately ashamed by this, lets her go. She later becomes a disciple of Magneto.\n\nOver the years, Charles makes a name for himself as geneticist and psychologist, apparently renowned enough that the Greys were referred to him when no other expert could help their catatonic daughter, Jean. Xavier trains her in the use of her telekinesis, while inhibiting her telepathic abilities until she matures. Around this time, he also starts working with fellow mutation expert, Karl Lykos, as well as Moira MacTaggert again, who built a mutant research station on Muir Island. Apparently, Charles had gotten over Moira in his travels to the Greek island of Kirinos. Xavier discusses his candidates for recruitment to his personal strike force, the X-Men, with Moira, including those he passes over, which are Kurt Wagner, Piotr Rasputin, Pietro and Wanda Maximoff, and Ororo Munroe. Xavier also trains Tessa in order to spy on Sebastian Shaw.\n\nXavier founded Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters, which provides a safe haven for mutants and teaches them to master their abilities. In addition, he seeks to foster mutant-human relations by providing his superhero team, the X-Men, as an example of mutants acting in good faith, as he told FBI agent Fred Duncan. With his inherited fortune, he uses his ancestral mansion at 1407 Graymalkin Lane in Salem Center, Westchester County, New York as a base of operations with technologically advanced facilities, including the Danger Room - later, Fantomex mentions that Xavier is a billionaire with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Presenting the image of a stern teacher, Xavier makes his students endure a rigorous training regime.\n\nXavier's first five students are Marvel Girl, Cyclops, Beast, Iceman, and Angel, who become the original X-Men. After he completes recruiting the original team of X-Men, he sends them into battle with Magneto.\n\nThroughout most of his time with the team, Xavier uses his telepathic powers to keep in constant contact with his students and provides instructions and advice when needed. In addition, he uses a special machine called Cerebro, which enhances his ability to detect mutants and to allow the team to find new students in need of the school.\n\nAmong the obstacles Xavier faces is his old friend, Magneto, who has grown into an advocate of mutant superiority since their last encounter and who believes the only solution to mutant persecution is domination over humanity.\n\nWhen anthropologist Bolivar Trask resurfaces the \"mutant problem\", Xavier counters him in a televised debate, however, he appears arrogant and Trask sends his mutant-hunting robot Sentinels to terrorize mutants. The X-Men dispatch them, but Trask sees the error in his ways too late as he is killed by his creations.\n\nAt one point, Xavier seemingly dies during the X-Men's battle with the sub-human Grotesk, but it is later revealed that Xavier arranged for a reformed former villain named Changeling to impersonate him while he went into hiding to plan a defense against an invasion by the extraterrestrial Z'Nox, imparting a portion of his telepathic abilities to the Changeling to complete the disguise.\n\nWhen the X-Men are captured by the sentient island Krakoa, Xavier assembles a new team to rescue them, including Cyclops' and Havok's long-lost brother, Vulcan, along with Darwin, Petra, and Sway. This new team, composed of students of Dr. Moira MacTaggert, was sent to rescue the original X-Men from Krakoa. However, after rescuing Cyclops, McTaggert's former students were seemingly killed. Upon Cyclops' return, Xavier removed Cyclops' memories of the death of Vulcan and his teammates; and began assembling yet another team of X-Men.\n\nXavier's subsequent rescue team consists of Banshee, Colossus, Sunfire, Nightcrawler, Storm, Wolverine, and Thunderbird. After the mission, the older team of X-Men, except for Cyclops, leave the school, believing they no longer belong there, and Xavier mentors the new X-Men.\n\nXavier forms a psychic bond across galaxies with Princess Lilandra from the Shi'ar Empire. When they finally meet, it is love at first sight. She implores the professor to stop her mad brother, Shi'ar Emperor D'Ken, and he instantly aids her by deploying his X-Men. When Jean Grey returns from the Savage Land to tell him that all the X-Men are dead, he shuts down the school and travels with Lilandra to her kingdom, where she is crowned Empress and he is treated like a child or a trophy husband.\n\nXavier senses the changes taking place in Jean Grey, and returns to Earth to help and resume leadership of the X-Men. Shortly thereafter he battles his pupil after she becomes Dark Phoenix and destroys a populated planet in the Shi'ar Empire. It hurts Xavier to be on the opposite side of Lilandra, but he has no other choice but to challenge the Shi'ar Imperial Guard to a duel over the fate of the Phoenix. Xavier would have lost against the greater power of the Dark Phoenix, but thanks to the help Jean Grey gives him (fighting her Phoenix persona), Xavier emerges victorious; she later commits suicide in order to prevent herself from endangering more innocent lives.\n\nWhen the X-Men fight members of the extraterrestrial race known as the Brood, Xavier is captured by them, and implanted with a Brood egg, which places Xavier under the Brood's control. During this time, Xavier assembles a team of younger mutants called the New Mutants, secretly intended to be prime hosts for reproduction of the aliens. The X-Men discover this and return to free Xavier, but they are too late to prevent his body from being destroyed with a Brood Queen in its place; however, his soul remains intact. The X-Men and Starjammers subdue this monstrous creature containing Xavier's essence, but the only way to restore him is to clone a new body using tissue samples he donated to the Starjammers and transfer his consciousness into the clone body. This new body possesses functional legs, though the psychosomatic pain Xavier experienced after living so long as a paraplegic takes some time to subside. Subsequently, he even joins the X-Men in the field, but later decides not to continue this practice after realizing that his place is at the school, as the teacher of the New Mutants.\n\nAfter taking a teaching position at Columbia University in Uncanny X-Men #192, Xavier is severely injured and left for dead as the victim of a hate crime. Callisto and her Morlocks, a group of underground-dwelling mutants, get him to safety. One of the Morlocks partially restores Xavier's health, but Callisto warns Xavier that he is not fully healed and that he must spend more time recuperating and restrain himself from exerting his full strength or powers, or his health might fail again. Xavier hides his injuries from the others and resumes his life.\n\nCharles meets with former lover Gabrielle Haller on Muir Isle and discovers that they had a child. The boy, David, is autistic and suffers from dissociative identity disorder and has vast psionic powers like his father. After helping him and his team to escape from David's mind, Xavier promises he will always be there for him.\n\nA reformed Magneto is arrested and put on trial. Xavier attends the trial to defend his friend. Andrea and Andreas Strucker, the children of presumed dead Baron von Strucker, crash the courtroom to attack Magneto and Xavier. Xavier is seriously injured. Dying, he asks a shocked Magneto to look after the X-Men for him. Lilandra, who has a psychic bond with Xavier, feels that he is in great danger and heads to Earth. There, she and Corsair take Xavier with them so Shi'ar advanced technology can heal him.\n\nXavier leaves Magneto in charge of the school, but some of the X-Men are unwilling to forgive their former enemy. Cyclops loses a duel for the leadership of the X-Men against Storm, then leaves them and joins the other four original X-Men to form a new team called X-Factor.\n\nIn the meantime, Charles becomes stranded in space with the Starjammers, but he is reunited with his lover Lilandra and relishes his carefree lifestyle. He serves as a member of the Starjammers aboard the starship Starjammer, mobile in the Shi'ar Galaxy. He becomes consort to the Princess-Majestrix Lilandra while in exile, and when she later resumes her throne he takes up residence with her in the Imperial palace on the Shi'ar homeworld. Xavier joins Lilandra in her cause to overthrow her sister Deathbird, taking on the powers of Phoenix temporarily wherein he is named Bald Phoenix by Corsair, but sees that he must return to help the X-Men.\n\nXavier eventually becomes imprisoned by the Skrulls during their attempted invasion of the Shi'ar Empire. Xavier breaks free from imprisonment by Warskrull Prime, and is reunited with the X-Men. A healthy Xavier returns from the Shi'ar Empire and is reunited with both the current and original X-Men teams, and resumes his leadership responsibilities of the united teams. In a battle with his old foe, the Shadow King, in the \"Muir Island Saga\", Xavier's spine is shattered, returning him to his former paraplegic state, while his son David is seemingly killed. In the following months, Xavier rebuilds the mansion, which previously was rebuilt with Shi'ar technology, and restructures the X-Men into two teams.\n\nWhile holding a mutant rights speech, Xavier is nearly assassinated by Stryfe in the guise of Cable, being infected with a fatal techno-organic virus. For reasons of his own, the villain Apocalypse saves him. As a temporary side-effect, he gains full use of his legs and devotes his precious time to the youngest recruit on his team, Jubilee.\n\nWith all his students now highly trained adults, Professor Xavier renames his school the Xavier Institute For Higher Learning. Also, he assumes control of a private institution, the Massachusetts Academy, making it a new School for Gifted Youngsters. Another group of young mutants is trained here, Generation X, with Banshee and Emma Frost as headmaster and headmistress, respectively.\n\nProfessor X is for a time the unknowing host of the evil psionic entity Onslaught, the result of a previous battle with Magneto. In that battle, Magneto uses his powers to rip out the adamantium bonded to Wolverine's skeleton, and a furious Xavier wipes Magneto's mind, leaving him in a coma. From the psychic trauma of Xavier using his powers so violently and the mixing of Magneto's and Xavier's repressed anger, Onslaught is born. Onslaught wreaks havoc, destroying much of Manhattan, until many of Marvel's superheroes—including the Avengers, the Fantastic Four and the Hulk—destroy him. Xavier is left without his telepathy and, overcome with guilt, leaves the X-Men and is incarcerated for his actions. He later returns to the X-Men after Operation: Zero Tolerance, in which he is shocked by the cruel act of being turned over to the mutant-hating Bastion, following a clash with the sentient Cerebro and a team of impostor X-Men.\n\nXavier questions his dream again and Magneto shortly thereafter is confronted by the X-Men. After the battle, the UN concedes Genosha to Magnus, and Wolverine is angered by Xavier stopping him from getting his revenge on Magneto. Charles and Logan are later trapped in a dimension with different laws of physics, wherein they have to coordinate their moves together and, in the process, gain a better understanding of the other's views.\n\nApocalypse kidnaps the fabled \"Twelve\" special mutants (Xavier included) whose combined energies would grant him omnipotence. After Apocalypse's defeat with the help of Skrull mutants, Xavier goes with the young Skrulls known as Cadre K to train them and free them from their oppressors, and eventually returns to aid in Legacy Virus research.\n\nMystique and her Brotherhood start a deadly assault on Muir Isle by releasing an altered form of the Legacy Virus, all in retaliation against the election campaign of Robert Kelly, a seeming mutant-hater. Mystique blows up Moira MacTaggert's laboratory complex, fatally wounding her. Charles goes to the astral plane to meet with her and retrieve information on the cure to the Legacy Virus, but after gathering the information does not want to leave her alone. If not for Jean and Cable talking him down and pulling him back, the professor would have died with his first love, who states she has no regrets.\n\nAs Beast cures the Legacy Virus, many infected Genoshan mutants recover overnight, providing Magneto, the current ruler of Genosha, with an army to start the third World War. He demands Earth's governments accept him as their leader, and abducts and crucifies Xavier in Magda Square for all to see. A loyal member of Magneto's Acolytes, Amelia Voght, can't stand to see her former lover punished in such a manner and sets him free. Jean Grey and rather untrained newcomers, as most of the team are elsewhere, distract Magneto and Wolverine guts him. Xavier is too late to intervene.\n\nXavier's evil twin Cassandra Nova, whom Xavier attempted to kill while they were both in their mother's womb, orders a group of rogue Sentinels to destroy the independent mutant nation of Genosha. Magneto, who is Genosha's leader, appears to die along with the vast majority of the nation's inhabitants. Nova then takes over Xavier's body. Posing as Xavier, she reveals his mutation to the world, something he needed to do but did not want to sully his reputation over, before going into space and crippling the Shi'ar Empire. The X-Men restore Xavier, but Lilandra, believing that too much disaster has come from the Shi'ar's involvement with the X-Men, annuls her marriage to Xavier. Lilandra previously had gone insane and tried to assassinate Charles on a trip to Mumbai. During this period, a mutant named Xorn joins the X-Men. Xorn uses his healing power to restore Xavier's use of his legs.\n\nWhen the X-Men receive a distress call from a Scottish island, they are surprised to find Juggernaut with nowhere to go, as the island was destroyed by his further-mutated partner in crime, Black Tom Cassidy, who died. Xavier reaches out to his stepbrother and offers him a place in his mansion, with Cain reluctantly accepting. The Juggernaut redeems himself over the next few weeks and joins the X-Men. Xavier finds out that Cain's father preferred him to his own flesh and blood and that they both thought they deserved the abuse they incurred by Kurt; Cain believed this because his father loved someone else's child more than him, and Charles felt guilty about getting in the way. That it is why neither of them stopped Kurt Marko with their powers.\n\nNow outed as a mutant, Xavier makes speeches to the public about mutant tolerance. He also founds the X-Corporation, or X-Corp (not to be confused with the X-Corps), with offices all over the world. The purpose of the X-Corp is to watch over mutant rights and help mutants in need. As a result of being out, the school no longer hides the fact that it is a school for mutants and it opens its doors for more mutant (and even human) students to come in. A student named Quentin Quire and members of his gang start a riot at the Xavier Institute during an open house at the school. As a result, Quire and two other students are killed. Uncertain about his dream's validity, Xavier announces that he will step down as headmaster and be succeeded by Jean Grey. Afterwards, Xorn reveals himself to be Magneto, having apparently not died in the Sentinel raid on Genosha. Magneto undoes the restoration of Xavier's ability to walk, kidnaps him, and destroys the X-Mansion (killing several of the students). Then Xorn/Magneto assaults New York, where Cyclops, Fantomex and a few students confront him. After the rest of the X-Men arrive, Xorn/Magneto kills Jean Grey with an electromagnetically induced stroke, and Wolverine decapitates him. With Jean dead, Xavier leaves the school to Cyclops and Emma Frost, to bury Xorn/Magneto in Genosha. In a retcon of Grant Morrison's storyline, there Xavier meets the \"real\" Magneto, who mysteriously survived Cassandra Nova's assault. The two resolve their differences and attempt to restore their friendship, leading a team of mutants, the Genoshan Excalibur, to rebuild and restore order to the destroyed island nation.\n\nAt the mansion, the Danger Room (the X-Men's simulated reality training chamber) gains sentience, christens itself \"Danger\", assumes a humanoid form, and attacks the X-Men before leaving to kill Xavier. With Magneto's help, Xavier holds off Danger until the X-Men arrive. Danger flees, but not before revealing to Colossus that Xavier has known it to be sentient ever since he upgraded it. Colossus is especially offended by this because he had been held captive and experimented upon by Danger's ally, Ord of the Breakworld. Ashamed, Xavier tries to explain to them that by the time he realized what was happening, he could see no other course. The disgusted X-Men leave.\n\nHouse of M\nIn a prelude to House of M, Magneto's daughter Scarlet Witch suffers a mental breakdown and causes the death of several Avengers. Magneto brings her to Xavier and asks him to use his mental powers to help her. Although aided by Doctor Strange and the appearance of Cassandra Nova, Xavier is unsuccessful. Xavier orders a meeting of the X-Men and Avengers to decide Wanda's fate. Her brother Quicksilver, believing the heroes plan to kill her, speeds off to Genosha and convinces Wanda that she could right the wrongs she inflicted by using her powers to alter reality.\n\nQuicksilver somehow forces a tearful Wanda to reveal to him her heart's desires of Magneto, the assembled New Avengers, and the X-Men, and then uses her powers to make them all real. Thanks to Magneto, though, this re-imagined world is a place where a much more numerous mutant-kind are the dominant species, humans a disenfranchised and oppressed 'silent majority', and Magneto himself rules supreme. In this reality, the only proof that Charles Xavier ever existed is a secret monument in Magneto's palace garden, with the engraved message \"He died so Genosha could live\".\n\nAfter mutant Layla Miller restores the memories of some of the X-Men and Avengers, they head to Genosha where they discover that Magneto has erected a memorial garden for Xavier commemorating his death. Emma is horrified until Cloak fades into the grave and discovers there is no body inside. After a battle, Scarlet Witch again uses her powers to restore reality and, as a slight against her father, causes a large majority mutants to lose their powers, leaving the mutant race on the brink of extinction and causing the lost powers to become an energy mass, the Collective. With reality restored, Xavier is still missing and the X-Men are unable to detect him with Cerebro<ref>House of M #1-8</ref>.\n\nDeadly Genesis\nXavier returns when Cyclops' and Havok's long-lost brother, Vulcan, is revived by the Collective energy released as a result of the \"House of M\" incident. Vulcan then attacks the X-Men. Xavier, now depowered but able to walk in the wake of \"House of M\", reveals that he had gathered and trained another team of X-Men (this one composed of students of Dr. Moira MacTaggert) sometime between the original team and the new X-Men team introduced in Giant Size X-Men #1. This team included Vulcan as a member. Like the \"Giant Size\" X-Men team, McTaggert's former students were sent to rescue the original X-Men from Krakoa, the living island. However, after rescuing Cyclops, McTaggert's former students were seemingly killed. Upon Cyclops' return, Xavier removed Cyclops' memories of the death of Vulcan and his teammates and began assembling the \"Giant Size\" X-Men. Vulcan skirmishes with the X-Men and eventually flees into space.\n\nIn spite of Cyclops' feelings, Xavier forms a new team including Havok and Darwin, the lone other survivors of Moira's students. Xavier seeks to confront Vulcan before he can enact his vengeance against the Shi'ar empire, which killed Vulcan's mother. While en route to the Shi'ar homeworld, Xavier is abducted and is later thrown into the M'Kraan Crystal by Vulcan. Darwin follows Xavier into the crystal and pulls Xavier out. This somehow restores Xavier's lost telepathy. With help from his longtime lover, Lilandra, Xavier escapes back to Earth with several of his X-Men.\n\nUpon Xavier's return to Earth, as seen in the World War Hulk storyline, he begins to search for lost mutants such as Magneto. Charles' search for more mutants is interrupted by the Hulk, who was sent into extraterrestrial exile by the Illuminati, a group of powerful superbeings to which Xavier belongs. Xavier had no part in (and did not know of) the Hulk exile decision, but Xavier admits to Hulk that he would have concurred to a temporary exile so Bruce Banner could be cured of transforming into the Hulk. However, he also tells the Hulk he would not have agreed to permanent exile. Xavier attempts to surrender to the Hulk, but after viewing the X-Mansion's large graveyard dedicated to post-M-Day mutant deaths, The Hulk concludes the mutants have suffered enough and leaves the Mansion grounds on his own accord. While the X-Men tend to the wounded, Cyclops finally forgives Professor X.\n\nMessiah Complex\nWhile using Cerebra and talking to Beast during the Messiah Complex storyline, Charles detects a new mutant so powerful it fries Cerebra's system. He asks Cyclops to send out a team to find out about the mutant. Once the team has come back empty handed, he argues with Scott for not telling him about the team he deployed to find former Acolytes. Scott tells him outright that he doesn't need him to run the X-Men anymore. This upsets Charles and annoys him later on when he overhears Cyclops briefing X-Factor on the situation. He also approaches the New X-Men in an attempt to help them figure out a non-violent way to help against the Purifiers, but is quickly rebuked by Surge, who questions where he was when they were getting attacked the first time, and that they didn't need to learn from him. Charles questions Cyclops' decision to send X-Force to hunt down his own son, Cable, in front of the students. Cyclops then tells Xavier that he is a distraction that will keep getting in the way and that he must leave the mansion. Xavier is contacted by Cable, who lost the mutant newborn to the traitorous actions of Bishop, who in turn lost the child to the Marauders, and tells him that he is the only one who can help Cable save the future. In the final fight, Xavier is accidentally shot in the head by Bishop. Immediately afterward Xavier's body disappears and Cyclops declares that there are no more X-Men.\n\nProfessor Xavier survives Bishop's gunshot but falls into a coma. Xavier is kidnapped by Exodus, Tempo, and Karima Shapandar. Exodus tries to heal Xavier, Xavier mentally fights Exodus. Exodus finally approaches Magneto, who is apparently still depowered, for help. Magneto and Karima Shapandar are able to stir Xavier's memories and coax him out of his coma, though Xavier remains slightly confused and partly amnesiac. Later, Exodus confronts Magneto about Joanna Cargill's injury (Magneto was forced to shoot a laser through her eyeball in order to prevent her attempted an assassination of Xavier). Exodus nearly kills Magneto, and Xavier drags Exodus onto the Astral Plane, putting Xavier's own newly restored mind at stake. Xavier defeats Exodus after a harrowing psionic battle, and Exodus reveals the reason he abducted Xavier and to restore his mind: Exodus wants Xavier to lead the Acolytes and find the mutant messiah child (now under the guardianship of Cable) in order to indoctrinate the child into their cause. Xavier refuses. Emma Frost's telepathy picks up on the psychic fight, and Emma informs Cyclops that Xavier is alive. Xavier parts company with Magneto and Karima to try to regain his lost memories by visiting people from his past.\n\nThe first person Charles visits is Carter Ryking, who had gone insane after losing his powers. Charles reads Carter's memories and discovers that when the two were children they were used as test subjects by Nathan Milbury of the Black Womb Project, with the approval of Charles' father, Doctor Brian Xavier. Xavier makes the connection Milbury and X-Men villain, Mister Sinister, who has apparently long been manipulating Charles' life in addition to other X-Men. Afterwards, he discovers he has been targeted by assassins.\n\nCharles eventually discovers Mister Sinister had set up Charles, Sebastian Shaw, Juggernaut, and Ryking (Hazard) as potential new hosts for Sinister's mind. Bleeding slowly to death, he apparently gives in to Sinister becoming the new Mister Sinister. But in reality, Xavier is still battling Sinister for control of his body. As Sebastian Shaw and Gambit destroy Sinister's Cronus Machine, the device that he used to transfer his consciousness into new hosts, Xavier drives Sinister out of his body permanently. Xavier thanks Shaw and Gambit for their help and declares he must go and see Cyclops immediately. Professor X returns to the X-Mansion to find it destroyed after recent events. Afterwards, Xavier leaves the ruins of the X-Mansion to secretly meet up Cyclops by psychically coercing his former student for the visit. Xavier explains to Cyclops about the recent events with Mr. Sinister and tries to explain to Cyclops how Sinister has been manipulating Scott's and Jean's lives since when they were children. Xavier attempts to have Scott give him permission to scan Scott's mind for traces of Sinister's influences, but instead, Scott turns the tables on Xavier by revealing that he has secretly invited Emma Frost into their entire meeting and also into Xavier's mind.\n\nWhile in his mind, Emma forces Xavier to relive each of his morally ambiguous decisions under altruistic pretenses. As the issue continues, Charles realizes his human arrogance and that while some of his decisions were morally wrong, he must move forward with his life and deal with the consequences. Emma ends her incursion into Xavier's mind by reminding him of Moira MacTaggert's last words. As he reflects on Moira's words, Xavier gives Cyclops his blessing to lead the X-Men and leaves to find his own path. Following his encounter with Wolverine (in the \"Original Sin\" Arc) Professor Xavier seeks out his step-brother, the unstoppable Juggernaut in an attempt to reform him. After a conversation about the meaning of the word \"Juggernaut\" and a review of Juggernaut and Xavier's shared history Xavier offers Cain an empty box as a gift. Confused by Xavier's gift Cain attempts to kill the Professor bringing an entire sports bar down over their heads in the process. Later Cain battles the X-Men in his full Juggernaut armor and conquers the planet. Just as everything appears to be under the Juggernaut's control Xavier reappears and informs him that everything that has just taken place except for Juggernaut destroying the bar took place in Cain's mind. A baffled Cain demands to know how Xavier managed to overcome his psychically shielded helmet to which the Professor replies that he decided to visit Cain in his sleep. Professor Xavier then informs him that he now understands Cain as a person and that he will not attempt to get in his way or reform him again. But Xavier also warns Cain that if he gets in the way of the Professor's path to redemption Xavier will stop him permanently. Following his encounter with Cain it has been revealed that Xavier is now searching for Rogue.\n\nAfter his bruising encounter with Cyclops and Emma Frost, Professor X is forced to revisit the biggest challenge and the biggest failure of his career, Wolverine, when the feral mutant asks for Charles' help in freeing his son from the clutches of the Hellfire Club. As the two search for Daken, Wolverine reveals that when he first joined the X-Men he attempted to assassinate Xavier due to some unknown programming. In response, the Professor broke Logan's mind and rebuilt it so that any and all programming he received was forgotten. Logan also revealed that the real reason Xavier asked him to join the X-Men was that Charles \"needed a weapon\". Eventually Professor Xavier and Wolverine locate Sebastian Shaw's mansion and attack his minions, just as they are about to enter a bomb explodes from within catching them both off guard. From the wreckage emerges an angry Sebastian who immobilizes Wolverine. Meanwhile, Miss Sinister knocks Daken unconscious and has him taken to the med lab in the mansion's basement. As Shaw prepares to deliver a killing blow to Xavier, Wolverine recovers and stops him telling Xavier to rescue his son. Professor Xavier locates the med lab and after a quick psychic battle with Miss Sinister enters Daken's fractured mind. While in Daken's mind Xavier discovers Romulus's psychic tampering and comments that Daken's mind is even more broken than Wolverine's was. Before Xavier can heal Daken a psychic bomb explodes causing Xavier to become comatose and Daken to wake up. Miss Sinister arrives and attempts to manipulate Daken who reveals that the psychic bomb in his head restored his memories and stabs Miss Sinister in the chest. Meanwhile, Wolverine defeats Shaw and enters the mansion to find Daken standing over an unconscious Xavier preparing to kill him. Wolverine tells Daken that he won't let him hurt Xavier and the two fight. Overcome with guilt over what happened to Daken and Itsu, Wolverine allows himself to be beaten. Just as Daken appears to have won Xavier pulls both of them onto the astral plane revealing that the psychic bomb had little effect on him because his psyche was already shattered. Xavier then explains to Wolverine and Daken that Romulus is solely responsible for Itsu's death and that he lied to Daken about everything because he wanted Wolverine to become his weapon. As the three converse, Daken returns to the physical plane and prevents Shaw from killing Xavier. With the truth revealed Wolverine and Daken decide to kill Romulus. As the two depart Wolverine tells Xavier that he forgives him for all of the dark moments in their history. Wolverine acknowledges that Professor Xavier allowed him to become a hero. Wolverine then tells the Professor that he hopes he will one day be able to forgive him for choosing to kill Romulus.\n\nProfessor Xavier recruits Gambit to go with him to Australia to find and help Rogue who is currently staying at the X-Men's old base in the Outback; unaware Danger is using Rogue as a conduit for her revenge against him.\n\nIn a prelude to the \"Secret Invasion\" storyline, Professor X was at the meeting of the Illuminati when it came to the discussion about the Skrulls planning an invasion by taking out Earth's heroes and posing as them. He claims he was unable to distinguish that Black Bolt had been replaced by a Skrull, and his powers were tested quickly by the Black Bolt Skrull. Professor X leaves after learning even he can no longer trust the others, yet appears to have severely restricted the number of people he informs of the forthcoming alien invasion, as the X-Men were not prepared for the Skrulls, at least at first. Xavier has not seen again during the events of Secret Invasion, though his X-Men in San Francisco are successful at repelling the invaders there through the use of the modified Legacy Virus.\n\nDark Reign\nDuring the Dark Reign storyline, Professor X convinces Exodus to disband the Acolytes. A H.A.M.M.E.R. helicopter arrives and from inside appears Norman Osborn, who wants to talk to him. During the Dark Avengers' arrival in San Francisco to enforce martial law and squelch the anti-mutant riots occurring in the city, Xavier appears (back in his wheelchair) in the company of Norman Osborn and publicly denounces Cyclops' actions and urges him to turn himself in. However, this Xavier was revealed to be Mystique who Osborn found to impersonate Xavier in public. The real Xavier is shown in prison on Alcatraz and slowly being stripped of his telepathic powers while in psionic contact with Beast, who was arrested earlier for his part in the anti-mutant riots. It was also revealed by Emma Frost that she and Professor X are both Omega Class Telepaths when she manages to detect the real Professor X. Professor X helps Emma Frost enter Sentry's mind. However, as Emma frees him of the Void's influence, a minute sliver of the entity itself remains in her mind. Xavier quickly tells her to remain in her diamond armor state to prevent the Void from gaining access to her psi-powers. Professor X is later seen with Emma Frost where Beast is recuperating.\n\nAfter what happened at Utopia, Xavier has come to live on the risen Asteroid M, rechristened Utopia, along with the rest of the X-Men, X-Club, and mutant refugees and is also allowed to join the Utopia lead council (Cyclops, Storm, Namor, Iceman, Beast, Wolverine and Emma Frost). While he no longer continues to openly question every move that Cyclops makes, he is still concerned about some of his leadership decisions. Xavier had wanted to return to the mainland in order to clear his name, but in the aftermath of Osborn declaring Utopia as a mutant detention area, Cyclops refused to let him leave, stating that it would be a tactical advantage to have him as an ace in the hole in case the need arose. To that end, he has kept Xavier out of the field and instead relied on Emma Frost, Psylocke and the Stepford Cuckoos respectively for their own psionic talents. While attending the funeral of Yuriko Takiguchi, Magneto arrives at Utopia, apparently under peaceful motives. Xavier does not believe it, and attacks Magneto telepathically, causing Cyclops to force him to stand down. He later apologizes to Magneto for acting out of his old passions from their complicated relationship, which Magneto accepts.\n\nSecond Coming\nDuring the Second Coming storyline, Professor Xavier is seen on Utopia delivering a eulogy at Nightcrawler's funeral. Like the other X-Men, he is deeply saddened by Kurt's death and anxious about the arrival of Cable and Hope. Xavier is seen using his powers to help his son Legion control his many personalities and battle the Nimrods. At the conclusion of Second Coming Professor X is seen surveying the aftermath of the battle from a helicopter. As Hope descends to the ground and cradles Cable's lifeless arm, Xavier reflects on everything that has transpired and states that, while he feels that Hope has indeed come to save mutant kind and revive his dream, she is still only a young woman and will have a long and difficult journey before she can truly achieve her potential.\n\nAvX\nDuring the \"Avengers vs. X-Men\" storyline, the Phoenix Force is split into five pieces and bonded with Cyclops, Emma Frost, Namor, Colossus and Magik (who become known as the Phoenix Five). Eventually, Cyclops and Frost come to possess the full Phoenix Force, and Professor X is instrumental in confronting them both, and dies in the ensuing battle with Cyclops. The Phoenix Force is subsequently forced to abandon Cyclops as a host by the efforts of both Hope Summers and the Scarlet Witch.\n\nXavier's body is later stolen by the Red Skull's S-Men while the group also captures Rogue and Scarlet Witch. Xavier's brain is removed and fused to the brain of the Red Skull. After Rogue and Scarlet Witch snapped out of the fight they were in, they find the lobotomized body of Professor X. Red Skull uses the new powers conferred upon him by Professor X's brain to provoke anti-mutant riots. His plans are foiled by the Avengers and the X-Men, and the Skull escapes.\n\nProfessor X's spirit is later seen in the Heaven dimension along with Nightcrawler's spirit at the time when Azazel invades Heaven.\n\nDuring the AXIS storyline, a fragment of Professor X's psyche (which had escaped the scrubbing of his memories) still existed in Red Skull's mind preventing him from unleashing the full potential of Professor X's powers. During a fight with the Stark Sentinels, Doctor Strange and Scarlet Witch attempt to cast a spell to invert the axis of Red Skull's brain and bring out the fragment of Professor X to defeat Onslaught. Doctor Strange was targeted and captured by the Sentinels before they could cast the spell. When Magneto arrived with his supervillain allies, Doctor Doom and Scarlet Witch attempted to cast the inversion spell again and Red Onslaught was knocked unconscious and reverted to his Red Skull form. Although they did not know whether Professor X was now in control, the Avengers decided to be cautious and take Red Skull to Stark Tower. It was later revealed that the spell had actually caused all the heroes and villains present to undergo a \"moral inversion\" rather than simply bringing out Professor X in the Skull, with the result that the Skull and other villains became heroic while the Avengers and X-Men present became villainous. Eventually, the inversion was undone.\n\nAfter the Skull mounts a telepathic assault that nearly allows him to take control of the Avengers, he is defeated when Deadpool places Magneto's old helmet on Rogue, allowing her to knock out the Skull and take him to Beast. Beast is subsequently able to perform brain surgery on the Skull, extracting the part of Xavier's brain that was grafted onto the villain's own brain without causing any apparent damage to the Skull. Rogers attempts to claim the fragment for himself, but Rogue flies up and incinerates the fragment with the aid of the Human Torch, the two expressing hope that Xavier will rest in peace.\n\nResurrection\nThe astral form of Professor Xavier has since been revealed to be imprisoned in the Astral Plane after Shadow King somehow acquired it upon Professor X's death. After what appeared to be years in the Astral Plane, Professor X is able to trick Shadow King into playing him in a 'game' that lures Rogue, Mystique and Fantomex onto the Astral Plane, while turning others into carriers for the Shadow King's 'contagious' psychic essence. With the Shadow King certain of his victory, he fails to realize that Xavier's apparent 'surrender' to his game was really just him biding his time until the Shadow King's influence was distracted long enough for him to drop his already-subtly-weakened guard long enough for Xavier to break his bonds, luring in the three aforementioned X-Men as their identities were already fundamentally malleable. With the Shadow King defeated, Xavier is apparently returned to the real world in the body of Fantomex, Fantomex reasoning that nobody really knows who he is as an individual beyond his status as one of the X-Men whereas this act of sacrifice will ensure that he is remembered for a great deed.\n\nProteus has spent years trapped in a psionic hellscape of the Astral Plane, where The Shadow King reigned supreme, only to escape last issue. Part of the reason that he could was the escape of Charles Xavier (who now chooses to go by X, since he is now in a younger body after escaping), and now X leads the X-Men directly into an ambush, as Proteus has warped an entire village with his powers, leading to a mind-to-mind battle that leaves X on the receiving end of a psychic beatdown.\n\nProteus has started his garden and his seeds are planted all over the world. Psylocke is in command and has a plan which mainly consists of Archangel using metal and Mystique morphing into his mother. Once they drain him, Rogue and Bishop convert his energy and release him back to the universe. Whilst this all went down Psylocke and X combined forces to burn out the seeds across the planet. As they are working on it they discover they are not enough to accomplish the task. X mentions the network of psychics the Shadow King was using and that Betsy who is in control should tap into it. She agrees and does so yet unbeknownst to her X was possessed by the Shadow King who violently erupts from X's head.\n\nFollowing X's apparent death after the Shadow King exploded from his skull, the psychic villain tears the X-Men apart until X literally pulls himself back together (a feat he later refuses to explain), and he and Psylocke team up to harness the power of all of Earth's psychics to destroy the Shadow King. As Psylocke says she feels no psychic trace of him anywhere, X implants comforting post-hypnotic psychic suggestions in his allies and then erases their memories (including allowing Warren Worthington to switch between his identities at will). Only Psylocke's memory is left intact, with X telling her she will be the one to \"keep him honest\" while he embarks on a new mission.\n\nDawn of X\nX has since made his presence known to his former students and reveals his new plan for all mutantkind. Now clad in a Cerebro-like helmet, Xavier has apparently abandoned his dream for peaceful coexistence, and had turned Krakoa into a sovereign nation state for mutants as well as use it to apparently heal the X-Men from their ordeals during the showdown against the forces of O.N.E. He then leads the X-Men into planting in seeds in strategic locations around the world and Mars, which, overnight, grow into massive plantlike \"Habitats\". As it turns out, these \"Habitats\" – and the plants that grew them – are extensions of Krakoa. Through the advancement of mutant technology combined with Krakoa's unique abilities as a living mutant island, Professor X and the X-Men have embassies around the world. Also through this combination of technology and mutant power, Xavier have developed three drugs that could change human life – a pill that extends human life by five years, an adaptable universal antibiotic, and a pill that cures \"diseases of the mind, in humans\".” In exchange for recognizing the sovereignty of Krakoa, Professor X will give these drugs to mankind, with mutants living in peace on the island.\n\nXavier and Magneto later meet with Raven Darkholm inside his sanctum. The two mutant leaders both greatly pleased with the success of her mission as she presents what they'ed petitioned her to steal. A mysterious USB tab containing sensitive information stolen from Damage Control, Mystique would inquire for her payment as she'd met their demands. However, Xavier mentions that he still had more demands that needed to be met as they were building their protected future of Homo Sapiens Superior, seeming to psychokinetically beckon the contents of her theft into his hands while Mystique questions how much more needed to be done for his ultimate pet project.\n\nXavier and Magneto reveal the contents of the USB drive to Cyclops, which are shown to be information on Orchis, an organization dedicated to responding to a large-scale mutant threat and the plans of a Mother Mold. They believe that the creation of the Mother Mold will herald a new generation of Sentinels and along with it, Nimrod. They task Cyclops with assembling a team to destroy the Mother Mold station. Although the team (composed of Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Wolverine, Nightcrawler, Husk, Mystique, Archangel, and Monet) is successfully, they are all killed in the process. X mourns them, vowing \"No more.\"\n\nXavier is revealed to have upgraded Cerebro with the help of Forge, which is now able to copy and store the minds of mutants in a database. After the Five (Hope Summers, Goldballs, Elixir, Proteus, and Tempus) are able to grow the bodies of deceased mutants, Xavier is able to copy the minds back in these empty shells. Thus, he is able to resurrect Cyclops's team, thanking them for what they did. At the U.N., Xavier, Beast, and Emma celebrate with other ambassadors for the recognition of Krakoa as a sovereign nation. Xavier telepathically converses with Emma, revealing that he knows that she manipulated the Russian ambassador to abstain from the vote, before thanking her for her service. Two days after the U.N. vote, Xavier, Magneto, and Wolverine are in Krakoa waiting besides several portals. While Wolverine expresses his misgivings about the upcoming event, Xavier and Magneto assure him all will be alright. Soon after, several villainous mutants, including Mister Sinister, Sebastian Shaw, Exodus, Selene (comics) and Apocalypse arrive through the portals. Apocalypse in particular expresses satisfaction at arriving and Krakoa responds in the same way. Magneto and Xavier reveal that they have invited all mutants, even those who have fought against them in the past, to Krakoa, to form a society. The assembled villainous mutants agree to their terms, and Xavier shakes Apocalypse's hand, welcoming him and the others to their home.\"\n\nWhile peace reigns on Krakoa, a mysterious team of assassins HALO drops into the island and assassinates Xavier.\n\nPowers and abilities\nProfessor X is a mutant who possesses vast telepathic powers, and is among the strongest and most powerful telepaths in the Marvel Universe. He is able to perceive the thoughts of others or project his own thoughts within a radius of approximately . Xavier's telepathy once covered the entire world; although following this, Magneto altered the Earth's electromagnetic field to restrict Xavier's telepathic range. While not on Earth, Xavier's natural telepathic abilities have reached across space to make universal mental contact with multiple alien races. With extreme effort, he can also greatly extend the range of his telepathy. He can learn foreign languages by reading the language centers of the brain of someone adept, and alternately \"teach\" languages to others in the same manner. Xavier once trained a new group of mutants mentally, subjectively making them experience months of training together, while only hours passed in the real world.\n\nXavier's vast psionic powers enable him to manipulate the minds of others, warp perceptions to make himself seem invisible, project mental illusions, cause loss of particular memories or total amnesia, and induce pain or temporary mental and/or physical paralysis in others. Within close range, he can manipulate almost any number of minds for such simple feats. However, he can only take full possession of one other mind at a time, and must strictly be within that person's physical presence. He is one of the few telepaths skilled enough to communicate with animals and even share their perceptions. He can also telepathically take away or control people's natural bodily functions and senses, such as sight, hearing, smell, taste, or even mutant powers. A side effect of his telepathy is that he has an eidetic memory and his brain can assimilate and process impossibly huge amounts of raw data in an astonishingly short amount of time. He has displayed telepathic prowess sufficient to confront Ego the Living Planet (while aided by Cadre K) as well as narrowly defeat Exodus. However, he cannot permanently \"reprogram\" human minds to believe what he might want them to believe even if he wanted to do so, explaining that the mind is an organism that would always recall the steps necessary for it to reach the present and thus 'rewrite' itself to its original setting if he tried to change it. However, his initial reprogramming of Wolverine lasted several years, despite Wolverine overcoming the reprogramming much faster than an ordinary human because of his healing factor.\n\nHe is able to project from his mind 'bolts' composed of psychic energy, enabling him to stun the mind of another person into unconsciousness, inflict mental trauma, or even cause death. These 'bolts' inflict damage only upon other minds, having a negligible effect on non-mental beings, if any. The manner in which Xavier's powers function indicates that his telepathy is physical in some way, as it can be enhanced by physical means (for example, Cerebro), but can also be disrupted by physical means (for example, Magneto's alteration of the Earth's magnetic field).\n\nXavier can perceive the distinct mental presence/brain waves of other superhuman mutants within a small radius of himself. To detect mutants to a wider area beyond this radius, he must amplify his powers through Cerebro and subsequently Cerebra, computer devices of his own design which are sensitive to the psychic/physical energies produced by the mind.\n\nProfessor X can project his astral form into a psychic dimension known as the astral plane. There, he can use his powers to create objects, control his surroundings, and even control and destroy the astral forms of others. He cannot project this form over long distances.\n\nUncanny X-Men writer Ed Brubaker has claimed that, after being de-powered by the Scarlet Witch, and then re-powered by the M'Kraan Crystal, Charles' telepathy is more powerful than was previously known. However, the extent of this enhancement is unknown. Years prior to initial publishing, Charles Xavier had an ill-defined level of Telekinesis. This aspect of his powers were potent enough to cause catastrophic system disruption in computerized appliances. Such an attribute would eventually fade over time, contrary to their dissipation, however. His evil counterpart Cassandra Nova Xavier would come into such abilities in her own right, indicating he still possessed the potential for said abilities. An indication later proven true after his death and resurgence within the younger, stronger body of Charlie Cluster 7. Where the Professor, now going by the moniker of X, took to fashioning a Cerebro like a helmet for himself which acts as a focusing device for his psionic powers. Having used it to galvanize latent aspects of his X-Gene in order to stimulate some dormant properties, seemingly using telekinesis to will a flash drive on Mystique's person into his hand.\n\nCharles Xavier is a genius with multiple doctorates. He is a world-renowned geneticist, a leading expert in mutation, possesses considerable knowledge of various life sciences, and is the inventor of Cerebro. He possesses Ph.D.s in Genetics, Biophysics, Psychology, and Anthropology, and an M.D. in Psychiatry. He is highly talented in devising equipment for utilizing and enhancing psionic powers. He is also a great tactician and strategist, effectively evaluating situations and devising swift responses.\n\nDuring his travels in Asia, Xavier learned martial arts, acquiring \"refined combat skills\" according to Magneto. When these skills are coordinated in tandem with his telepathic abilities, Xavier is a dangerous unarmed combatant, capable of sensing the intentions of others and countering them with superhuman efficiency. He also has extensive knowledge of pressure points.\n\nCharles Xavier was also given possession of the Mind Gem. It allows the user to boost mental power and access the thoughts and dreams of other beings. Backed by the Power Gem, it is possible to access all minds in existence simultaneously. Like all other former Illuminati members, Xavier has sworn to never use the gem and to keep its location hidden.\n\nXavier Protocols\nThe Xavier Protocols are a set of doomsday plans created by Professor X. The protocols detail the best way to kill many powerful mutant characters, including the X-Men and Xavier himself, should they become too large of a danger. The Xavier Protocols are first mentioned during the \"Onslaught\" crossover and first seen in Excalibur #100 in Moira MacTaggert's lab. Charles Xavier compiled a list of the Earth's most powerful mutants and plans on how to defeat them if they become a threat to the world. They are first used after Onslaught grows too powerful. Only parts of the actual protocols are ever shown. In the \"Operation: Zero Tolerance\" crossover Bastion obtains an encrypted copy of the protocols, intending to use them against the X-Men. However, Cable infiltrates the X-Mansion and secures all encrypted files before Bastion has a chance to decrypt them. Due to the tampering of Bastion and his Sentinels, the X-Mansion computer system Cerebro gains autonomy and seeks to destroy the X-Men by employing its knowledge of the Xavier Protocols. In a virtual environment created by Professor X, Cerebro executes the Xavier Protocols against the X-Men.\n\nEach protocol is activated by the presence of a different combination of X-Men and were written by Xavier himself:\n Code 0-0-0 (Charles Xavier) was activated by Moira MacTaggert, Cyclops, and Jean Grey. This file is both an entry on Charles Xavier, as well as an introduction to the Xavier Protocols. It contained a holographic image of Charles Xavier, reading the following message: \"Moira, Scott, Jean; if you three are seeing these images, then I have become a mortal threat to my X-Men. In this instance, I must be stopped by any means necessary. Some years ago, I made a study of various forms of possible defense against my own psychic abilities. The image next to me is that of an anti-psionic armor. The wearer should be protected from my talent. When I finish speaking, a blueprint for this armor will be downloaded.\"\n Code 0-2-1 (Wolverine) was activated by Archangel, Cyclops, and Jean Grey.\n Code 1-3-9 (Cable) was activated by Cyclops, Jean Grey, and Cannonball.\n\nOther X-Men who have faced their Xavier Protocols are Colossus, Rogue, Shadowcat, Nightcrawler, Storm, and Gambit.\n\nOther versions\n\n1602\nProfessor X is Carlos Javier in the miniseries Marvel 1602 (set in the alternative reality known as Earth-311), set at the end of the Elizabethan Era in an alternative universe. In this reality Carlos Javier set up a school for the Witchbreed in order to train them and prepare them to survive in a world that distrusted and hated them. He hid them away and would only send them out on mercy missions to retrieve other witchbreed who were in danger. When the young man named Werner – born with angel's wings – was to be burnt at the stake by the Inquisition, Javier sent his team leader, Scotius Summerisle, and Roberto Trefusis to rescue the boy. They did, and brought him back to Javier's school.\n\nNicholas Fury, the Queen of England's spymaster, came to visit Javier at his school and warn him of the danger posed by Elizabeth's death and the eventual rise to power of King James of Scotland, who had no love for witchbreed. Javier acknowledged the threat, but did nothing about it, though he showed Fury his team of super-powered youths. Fury also asked a favor, and requested that Javier use his powers to read the thoughts of a captured assassin. All Javier could tell him what that he was one of three; another was to kill a girl from the colonies, and the third, the queen. Fury later sent his protégé, Peter Parquagh, to Javier's school, to warn him that Fury would be coming for him in the name of King James soon, and that Javier should go quietly, rather than risk a war that would have serious consequences. Javier agreed, and when Fury arrived with an army of men, he and his students went without a fight.\n\nWhile captive, Javier joined a discussion with Fury and Doctor Strange—the physician and magician of Queen Elizabeth. Strange told them that the world was coming to an end and the only way to save it would be to launch an attack on the castle of Otto von Doom, and steal away the treasure of the Templars and the survivors from the Four of the Fantastick. Fury disbelieved him, thinking his friend Sir Richard Reed dead, but Javier read Strange's mind, revealing that Strange thought he was telling the truth; and so it was decided. They traveled upon a ship that Javier's student Jean Grey lifted into the air with her mind, while Javier bolstered her powers with his own, and they flew to Latveria. Javier and Jean remained in meditation the whole way; keeping the ship afloat, for if they set down they would not get airborne again.\n\nAs the battle commenced, Javier led his men. He sent Angel and Scotius down to silence the cannons, while he ordered Roberto to deflect cannonballs, which he himself would try to steer off course via the cannoneer's minds. His beast-like student Henry he asked to protect the ship from the flying minions of Doom that soon boarded the ship from the air. When the Captain of the Fantastick raged against his stone prison beneath Castle Doomstadt, it freed the members of the Captain's crew, along with Donal (Thor) and Matthew Murdoch. Donal quickly used the staff that was his greatest treasure, and turned himself into the Thunder God, Thor. When Thor created a massive storm to use against Doom, Roberto used the sudden moisture in the air to freeze the cannons and save their ship. Doom also used Thor's storm to electrify the golden globe he held-a distraction given to him by Donal-but it exploded in his face; scarring him and bringing him to the brink of death. Victorious, Thor and the members of the Fantastick joined Javier's crew, and with Thor's help they got the boat to sea, as Jean Grey had collapsed.\n\nThe band of heroes set sail for the New World to fix the tear in time that had created the weather anomalies circling the globe, as well as endangering the universe itself. On the way, Jean Grey's body finally gave up under the strain of the use of her powers, and as per her final wish, she was flown into the air and vaporized by Scotius’ eye blasts, falling to the sea as ash; but not before Angel saw an image of an immense, flaming bird in the air. Almost to the Roanoke Colony, Javier sensed a trio of ships making their way to the New World; the first, Virginia Dare returning to the colonies with her time-traveling friend; the second, containing James’ men, set to kill Fury; and the third, the witchbreed Enrique with his two children. Enrique was an old friend of Javier's, later set against him. Javier's group intercepted Enrique's boat first, and Roberto encased it in ice to imprison them, while Javier demanded to know what they were doing. Enrique explained that the winds had taken them to the New World, but Javier did not trust him.\n\nJavier soon participated in another group discussion; this led by the severed head of Doctor Strange, brought from England by his wife, Clea. Strange told them through his head that the faux-Indian Rojhaz was actually a visitor from the future, Captain America, whose arrival had jeopardized the universe itself. In order to fix it, the heroes would have to return him to the rift. They soon found the rift, and Javier had no choice but to make a deal with his old friend, Enrique, who was the only one with the power to open the rift to put the man back. Enrique agreed without hearing the proposal, but demanded that his own terms be meet when his job was done. As Javier had no other choice, he agreed. Together with Enrique, Thor, and Fury, they opened the rift enough for Fury to drag Captain America through, and it closed, healing the universe permanently. Though instead of reverting things back to the way they should have been, it separated the universe from the original, creating a pocket universe where the out-of-time heroes continued to exist.\n\nBefore parting, Enrique explained his terms: that he would head north, and no one would follow him or investigate him; and that Javier would teach his children, Wanda and Petros, but not reveal to them that he was their father, though he would return one day to fetch them. Javier agreed, and parted with his old friend.\n\nAge of Apocalypse\nIn the Age of Apocalypse, Charles Xavier was killed when he sacrificed himself to save Erik Lensherr from his own future son, David Haller (Legion), who had gone back in time to eliminate Magneto in the belief that his father would thus be there for him and succeed in his dream without Magneto to 'hinder' his efforts. As a result, Magneto founded the X-Men and sought human/mutant co-existence in Xavier's name- even naming his new son with Rogue 'Charles' after his friend- but Haller's rampage also prompted Apocalypse to awaken decades before the world was ready for him, resulting in Apocalypse conquering North America and most of the world, eventually forcing Magneto's X-Men to attempt a daring mission to gain the power necessary to go back in time and save Xavier from Haller as they recognised how vital Xavier was to the future.\n\nAmalgam Comics\nIn the Amalgam Comics community, Charles Xavier was combined with DC's Dr. Fate and Marvel's Doctor Strange to create Dr. Strangefate. He was the only character aware of the nature of the Amalgam Comics universe.\n\nHe was also combined with Martian Manhunter to create Mr. X, leader of the JLX (a mash up of the X-Men and Justice League).\n\nDeadpool Corps\nIn the second issue of Prelude to Deadpool Corps, Deadpool visits a universe where Prof. X runs an orphanage for troubled kids that includes Kidpool (kid version of Deadpool), Cyclops, Wolverine, Angel, and Colossus, with Storm being the headmistress and Beast as a teacher. In this universe, the professor has a fondness for Emma Frost who runs an orphanage for girls that includes Jean Grey and Rogue. He tries to get her attention by wearing wigs, throwing a dance for both orphanages, and trying to alter her memory.\n\nExiles\n In the first mission of the Exiles they release an evil Professor X from prison, assuming that he was the 'teacher' who was needed to help the mutants of this world as many of their original realities featured Professor X as a benevolent teacher similar to his mainstream version. Having learned that Magneto was the teacher they were meant to save, they freed the other heroes from prison, with Mimic killing Xavier by getting up-close with a telepathic blocker designed by Forge and impaling him in the head with Wolverine's claws.\n On the world of the Sons of Iron and Daughters of the Dragon, the New Exiles face a squad of alternative 'core X-Men' who are loyal to Lilandra. These X-Men are led by an alternative version of Xavier who is codenamed 'Black Cloak,' which is reference to his clothes. Xavier is able to walk on this world and carries a spear. The astral form of his head appears above his and he tends to mostly use his powers to prey upon the fears of his enemies. Xavier is unable to enter Psylocke's mind.\n\nHouse of M\nWhen the Scarlet Witch altered reality so Magneto ruled over the Earth and mutants were the dominant species, Professor X is initially depicted as missing; Wolverine attempts to locate him but his search turns up fruitless. Later on Genosha, Magneto is seen staring at a grave for the Professor, with the epitaph \"He died so Genosha could live\". However, when the grave is searched by Cloak, he finds there is no body. The question of Xavier's status in this world was left open-ended until House of M: Civil War, detailing the history of Magneto in this world. Xavier, while living, sought out Magneto when the latter was attempting to halt the oppression of mutantkind, declaring war on humans. He saved Magneto's life from a sniper attack and joined him, hoping to influence Magneto's actions into benevolence. He was crippled during the mutant takeover of Genosha and slowly grew more distant from Magneto as the latter's actions grew more bloodthirsty. Ultimately, when the United States sent a team onto Genosha to assassinate Magneto, Xavier found himself trying to appeal to a furious Bucky Barnes, who stabbed Xavier through the chest. What became of his body afterwards is unknown.\n\nMarvel Zombies\nIn the Marvel Zombies one-shot Marvel Zombies: Dead Days, a zombified Alpha Flight attacks the X-Mansion. Storm informs the X-Men during the battle that Alpha Flight has ripped Xavier to pieces. Cyclops, trying not to deal with the fact that Xavier is dead, continues to fight. In the Marvel Zombies/Army of Darkness crossover, a zombified Beast informs Doctor Doom of Xavier's death, and that it was the Zombie Reed Richards who reprogrammed Cerebro to seek out humans.\n\nIn Marvel Zombies Return however, another alternative Xaiver is zombified and turned into a human-detection system, his brain being permanently connected up to Cerebro so that he can find any remaining human beings.\n\nMutant X\nIn the alternative reality known as Mutant X, Professor X believing in harmony between man and mutant, formed, along with his friend Magnus, the X-Men and led the team towards that peaceful goal . However, the day they fought the Shadow King, everything changed. The good in Xavier was corrupted, and he left the team to explore his powers further. When he returned, it was during an attack by the Juggernaut. Xavier fired a blast at Juggernaut, but it missed and killed Magneto's lover Moira MacTaggert, instead. Xavier left the X-Men for good then, and traveled the world seeking out telepaths, whom he captured and incarcerated around the globe. He joined forces with Sinister in a bid to transfer all the mental energy of all the world's telepaths into himself. To that end, they created the X-Man, and Xavier took control of S.H.I.E.L.D., captured Gambit's adopted daughter Raven, and had Fury attempt to kill the X-Men with a nuclear strike. Xavier met up with The Six in New York, \"fleeing\" from Apocalypse and the Four Horsemen. However, when Xavier made several attempts to abduct Scotty, Havok was alerted to the truth by Jean Grey and Magneto, and realized who the true villain was. After a pitched battle, Xavier donned his psychic armor, and he and Sinister released a giant replica of Galactus in order to induce fear in the citizens of Earth, on which Xavier could feed his power. In the end, the replica was destroyed and the Six beat the fear phantoms that had comprised it. Xavier turned on Sinister and destroyed him, and X-Man ran off, leaving Scotty and Raven, who with X-Man were to be Xavier's psychic batteries, to help Havok blast away at Xavier. Xavier was knocked out of his armor and fled the scene, but not before unleashing a blast at Havok that hit Brute when he jumped in front of it to save Alex. Fortunately, the blast temporarily restored Hank to his former levels of intelligence, and he was able to devise cures for his friends before the effect faded away. Xavier was later summoned by Dr. Strange to help fight the Beyonder (Goblin Queen) by adding his psychic power to others to help Havok reach a higher plane of reality. While hooked up to the psychic amplification machine, Xavier was about to be killed by Dracula when he was saved by Bloodstorm, who staked her former master.\n\nRuins\nWarren Ellis' Ruins was set in an alternative version of the Marvel Universe where \"everything went wrong\". In this world, \"President X\" leads a corrupt regime over the United States. He moved the White House from Washington to Westchester, New York, letting the capital fall to waste and corruption. He never formed the X-Men, with only Warren Worthington working for him as a secret serviceman. Some of his would-be X-Men are locked in a Texan prison by his orders and are sometimes forcibly deformed in an effort to keep their powers under control. He was known to frequently visit and verbally abuse them \"leaving them all sobbing and throwing up\". The Avengers were depicted in this world as a Californian pro-secessionist revolutionary cell that opposed Xavier's regime, who were all killed when the Avengers Quinjet was shot down. President X also started the 'Genoshan Police Action', also known as the 'Genoshan War'.\n\nShadow Xavier\nIn the first arc of New Excalibur the team is brought together partly as a response to a clash between Dazzler and a group of homicidal mutants bearing a resemblance to the Original X-Men. It turns out that these are the X-Men of an alternative universe where Charles Xavier is possessed by the Shadow King and has gone on to use his mind-controlled and thoroughly corrupted X-Men to wipe out all the other superhumans. This version of Xavier can walk, and insists that his followers refer to him as 'Master'.\n\nHe, along with the Shadow King, are killed by Lionheart.\n\nUltimate Marvel\nIn the Ultimate Marvel continuity, Professor Charles Xavier is the world's most powerful telepath, the founder and patron of the X-Men and a world-famous lecturer for pacifism and mutant emancipation. In contrast to his mainstream version, he is publicly open about his mutant status from the beginning and also has limited telekinetic abilities. He leaves his wife Moira MacTaggert, whom he collaborated with to create new therapies and surgical techniques for their mutant patients, and their sick son David to pursue Magneto's dream of a mutant society, but Magneto turns on him, crippling him with a shard of metal through his spine.\n\nXavier also repeatedly tampers with other people's minds to reach his goals, but he recognizes his flaws. In one instance, Xavier finds that Iceman has told a girl several secrets about the X-Men and is forced to erase the conversation from their minds. He generally believes that reading minds without permission is unacceptable, or so he leads his students to believe. In Ultimate X-Men #40, when Angel flies away, the Professor sends Storm after him because he telepathically knows that Angel is attracted to her. Similarly, Beast questions whether Xavier has made Storm love him.\n\nIn this timeline, his former love interests include Mystique and Emma Frost. In Ultimate X-Men #77, he tells Cyclops that he is in love with Jean. He also has a pet cat which he has named Mystique.\n\nIn Ultimate X-Men #78, Xavier is apparently killed by Cable who was trying to prevent the horrible events in the future. In Ultimate X-Men #80 it is revealed that he is in fact alive, and a captive of Cable in the future. It has also been revealed that Cable has repaired his spine and is training Xavier to fight against Apocalypse. However, once the battle came, Jean Grey manifested as the Phoenix and destroyed Apocalypse. Jean returned everything back to normal, giving Xavier a \"fresh start\". As she did so however, she undid the repair to his spine that Cable had performed, leaving him once again crippled. Xavier reformed the X-Men upon return as the Headmaster of the Xavier Institute.\n\nSoon after, Xavier left the school temporarily to aid Moira in some research on Muir Island. While he's away, the school is attacked by Alpha Flight whose mutant powers are enhanced by a drug called Banshee. Furthermore, it is revealed that Colossus has been using Banshee during his entire time at the Xavier's School, in order to use his power without pain. Due to the sudden and apparently rampant use of the drug, Xavier and Jean begin screening all the students for traces of Banshee. However, it is later revealed the Banshee drug was created by Xavier himself, during his time in the Savage Land, and that it was created from Wolverine's blood. When Xavier tested Banshee, he was given powers that mimicked Wolverine's, including claws, enhanced senses, and a healing factor. Xavier and Magneto, however, deemed the drug too dangerous and stopped production of it. When Wolverine discovered that he was the source of the drug and that Xavier was responsible for its initial creation, Wolverine attacked Muir Island. Xavier admits to creating the drug but denies that he is responsible for its continued creation and use. It is revealed then that Moira got hold of Xavier's research and began creating and selling the drug in order to finance Muir Island. Moira, who had used the drug to give herself a sonic scream, begins to do battle with Wolverine, and Xavier evacuates the children moments before the research facility explodes.\n\nIn the Ultimatum story arc, Charles informs all mutants that Magneto is behind the actions. Magneto confronts Charles, explaining that he believes that he shall act as God did to cleanse the world and usher in an era of mutant supremacy. When Charles states that Magneto is not God and that he will stop him as he always has in the past, Magneto then snaps Charles's neck, killing him.\n\nHe recently returned, revealed as Rogue's benefactor, secretly sending her on an undercover mission and stating that he doesn't want his former students to know about his plan. It is unconfirmed if this is truly Xavier, as both William Stryker, Alex Summers and Quicksilver have been seen talking to their supposedly dead loved ones, hinting at a foe mentally manipulating several characters.\n\nX-Men Noir\nIn X-Men Noir, Charles Xavier is a psychiatrist who ran the \"Xavier School for Exceptionally Wayward Youth\", in Westchester where he took in juvenile delinquents, but instead of reforming them, he actually further trained them in criminal talents, due to his belief that sociopathy was in fact the next state in human behavioral evolution. The paper in which he stated this led to his expulsion from the American Psychological Association. He is currently in Riker's Island, awaiting charges after the truth about his reform school were made public. Xavier had been framed by Chief of Detectives Eric Magnus for the murder of one of his own students: Warren. Magnus had murdered Warren after Xavier refused to make his X-Men join Magnus' Brotherhood.\n\nX-Treme X-Men\nAn alternative of Earth-616's Professor X is shown, there was seemingly little to distinguish Charles Xavier until the day he was kidnapped by the forces of the Savior (unbeknownst to him, an alternative of himself), who removed his head from his body, placed in a life-giving \"jar\", and placed it with the heads of all the other alternative Xaviers put through the same procedure and made to scan the multiverse for the next mutants to be kidnapped. When the Savior was defeated, the collective of Xavier heads put themselves to work finding a new home for the people of the world they had been kidnapped to. However, in the process, all of the heads exploded, except one. This Xavier head would later aide a cross-dimension X-Men team in defeating ten evil Xaviers who are scattered throughout the multiverse and threaten existence itself. During the X-Termination crossover, AoA Nightcrawler's trip home resulted in the release of three evil beings that destroy anyone they touch. Several casualties resulted, including the AoA's Sabretooth, Horror Show, and Fiend, as well as the X-Treme X-Men's Xavier and Hercules.\n\nIn other media\n\nProfessor X has appeared on a number of animated television shows including the X-Men animated series voiced by Cedric Smith, X-Men: Evolution voiced by David Kaye, and in Wolverine and the X-Men voiced by Jim Ward.\n\nHe has appeared in eleven live-action X-Men feature films to date. He is played by Patrick Stewart in X-Men, X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, X-Men Origins: Wolverine, The Wolverine, and Logan and by James McAvoy in X-Men: First Class, X-Men: Apocalypse, Deadpool 2 and Dark Phoenix. Both actors play him at different time-periods in X-Men: Days of Future Past.\n\nHarry Lloyd portrays a young Charles Xavier in the television series Legion.\n\nHe has also appeared in a number of books and video games.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Sanderson, Peter ( April 17, 2006). X-Men: The Ultimate Guide. DK CHILDREN (3rd ed.). .\n Barney-Hawke, Syd, Moreels, Eric J. ( April 1, 2003). Marvel Encyclopedia Volume 2: X-Men. Marvel Comics. .\n Yaco, Linc, Haber, Karen (February 2004). The Science of the X-Men. I Books/Marvel. .\n Marvel Entertainment ( May 7, 2003). The Marvel Universe Roleplaying Game. Marvel Comics. .\n\nExternal links\n \n UncannyXmen.net Spotlight on Professor X\n \n\nCharacters created by Jack Kirby\nCharacters created by Stan Lee\nComics characters introduced in 1963\nFictional anthropologists\nFictional characters from New York City\nFictional characters with disability\nFictional characters with eidetic memory\nFictional characters with paraplegia\nFictional empaths\nFictional geneticists\nFictional human rights activists\nFictional hypnotists and indoctrinators\nFictional Korean War veterans\nFictional pacifists\nFictional principals and headteachers\nFictional professors\nFictional psychologists\nFictional twins\nFictional University of Oxford people\nMarvel Comics male superheroes\nMarvel Comics martial artists\nMarvel Comics mutants\nMarvel Comics orphans\nMarvel Comics telepaths\nNew Mutants\nSuperhero schoolteachers\nX-Men members\n\nja:X-メン#登場人物" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)" ]

[ "Ignition is a compilation album by the American garage rock band, The Music Machine, and was released on June 27, 2000 on Sundazed Records (see 2000 in music). It includes an assortment of rare singles, outtakes, and previously unreleased material spanning from when the group went under the moniker, the Raggamuffins, in 1965, to their disbandment in 1969. The Raggamuffins were a folk rock trio led by Sean Bonniwell, and the prototype group that developed an experimental hard-edge sound, before recruiting two additional members and becoming the Music Machine. By 1969, all the original members, except Bonniwell, departed the group, which was then known as the Bonniwell Music Machine. Though the band would no longer produce hits, such as \"Talk Talk\" and \"The People In Me\", it was Bonniwell's most ambitious recording period as he incorporated elements of psychedelia and pop rock into the group's music.\n\nThe four songs \"Two Much\", \"Push Don't Pull\", \"Talk Me Down\", and \"Chances\", were all composed and recorded in 1965, when the group was known as the Raggamuffins, and were previously unreleased. They featured a mixture of the band's folk rock roots and the protopunk better assimilated with the Music Machine. Among other songs was \"Black Snow\", which later appeared on Bonniwell's solo album, Close in 1969, and \"Smoke & Water\", a rehearsal song that was demoed. In addition, the commercially unsuccessful single \"Advice and Consent\", the outtake \"Dark White\", and \"Citizen Fear\" were some of the latest recordings by The Music Machine before their disbandment. The remaining material was rare and obscure tracks by the group, with the majority being penned by Bonniwell.\n\nTrack listing\n\n\"Everything Is Everything\"\n\"Two Much\"\n\"Advise and Consent\"\n\"This Should Make You Happy\"\n\"Black Snow\"\n\"Chances\"\n\"Mother Nature, Father Earth\"\n\"Talk Me Down\"\n\"Dark White\"\n\"Push Don't Pull\"\n\"Smoke and Water\"\n\"King Mixer\"\n\"Unca Tinka Ty\"\n\"Citizen Fear\"\n\"Worry\"\n\"Worry\" (alternate version)\n\"Tell Me What Ya Got\"\n\"Point of No Return\"\n\"902\"\n\nPersonnel\n\nSean Bonniwell - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, horn\nMark Landon - lead guitar\nRon Edgar - drums\nDoug Rhodes - bass guitar, keyboards, tambourine, backing vocals\nKeith Olsen - bass guitar, backing vocals\nJeane Harris - drums\nEddie Jones - bass guitar\nHarry Garfield - keyboards\n\nReferences\n\n2000 compilation albums\nSundazed Records compilation albums\nThe Music Machine albums", "Rec. (stylized as [REC.]) is the debut solo extended play (EP) by South Korean singer Yuju. It was released by Konnect Entertainment on January 18, 2022. The album consists of five songs, including the title track \"Play\". This is her first solo release since she joined Konnect Entertainment after GFriend's disbandment.\n\nBackground and release \nOn September 1, 2021, following GFriend's disbandment and her departure from Source Music, Yuju signed an exclusive contract with Konnect Entertainment as a soloist.\n\nOn January 3, 2022, it was reported that Yuju will debut on January 18 with the extended play titled [REC.]. The following day, the schedule of the EP was released. Preorders began on January 5. On the same day, it was confirmed that the title track of the album is called \"Play\" and was written and composed by herself. On January 6, a concept film for the EP was published on Konnect Entertainment official YouTube channel. The day after, the track listing of the album was released, confirming that it has five songs, all written by Yuju herself. The next two days, two concept photos of Yuju were released: \"Take 1\" on January 8 and \"Take 2\" on January 9. On January 10, a lyric poster spoiled a lyric of the title track \"Play\" :\n\nThe first teaser for \"Play\" was released on January 12. The album sampler of the EP was released then two days later, followed by a live version of the sampler as a special gift on January 16. The following day, Konnect Entertainment revealed the second and final teaser for \"Play\".\n\nThe EP was released on January 18 along with the music video for \"Play\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences \n\n2022 debut EPs\nK-pop EPs\nKorean-language EPs" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know." ]

[ "\"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" is the title of a number-one R&B single by singer Tevin Campbell. To date, the single is Campbell's biggest hit peaking at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and spending one week at number-one on the US R&B chart. The hit song is also Tevin's one and only Adult Contemporary hit, where it peaked at number 43. The song showcases Campbell's four-octave vocal range from a low note of E2 to a D#6 during the bridge of the song.\n\nTrack listings\nUS 7\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental) – 5:00\n\n12\" vinyl\nA \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:16\t\nB \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (album version) – 5:02\n\nUK CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:16\n \"Goodbye\" (7\" Remix Edit) – 3:48\n \"Goodbye\" (Sidub and Listen) – 4:58\n \"Goodbye\" (Tevin's Dub Pt 1 & 2) – 6:53\n\nJapan CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" – 4:10\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (instrumental version) – 4:10\n\nGermany CD\n \"Tell Me What You Want Me to Do\" (edit) – 4:10\n \"Just Ask Me\" (featuring Chubb Rock) – 4:07\n \"Tomorrow\" (A Better You, Better Me) – 4:46\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSee also\nList of number-one R&B singles of 1992 (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nTevin Campbell songs\n1991 singles\n1991 songs\nSongs written by Tevin Campbell\nSongs written by Narada Michael Walden\nSong recordings produced by Narada Michael Walden\nWarner Records singles\nContemporary R&B ballads\nPop ballads\nSoul ballads\n1990s ballads", "\"Tell Me What You Want\" is the fourth single by English R&B band Loose Ends from their first studio album, A Little Spice, and was released in February 1984 by Virgin Records. The single reached number 74 in the UK Singles Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n7” Single: VS658\n \"Tell Me What You Want) 3.35\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Dub Mix)\" 3.34\n\n12” Single: VS658-12\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Version)\" 6.11\n \"Tell Me What You Want (Extended Dub Mix)\" 5.41\n\nU.S. only release - 12” Single: MCA23596 (released 1985)\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Extended Remix)\" 6.08 *\n \"Tell Me What You Want (U.S. Dub Version)\" 5.18\n\n* The U.S. Extended Remix version was released on CD on the U.S. Version of the 'A Little Spice' album (MCAD27141).\n\nThe Extended Version also featured on Side D of the limited gatefold sleeve version of 'Magic Touch'\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tell Me What You Want at Discogs.\n\n1984 singles\nLoose Ends (band) songs\nSong recordings produced by Nick Martinelli\nSongs written by Carl McIntosh (musician)\nSongs written by Steve Nichol\n1984 songs\nVirgin Records singles" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels." ]

[ "A museum label, also referred to as a caption or tombstone, is a label describing an object exhibited in a museum or one introducing a room or area. Museum labels tend to list the artist's name, the artwork's name, the year the art was completed, and the materials used. They may also include a summary, description, the years the artist lived, and the dimensions of the work. When such labels are used in an art gallery setting they often also include the price of the artwork.\n\nIncreasingly, labels in non-English-speaking countries have labels in English as well as the main local language, and in some parts of the world, labels in three or more languages are common.\n\nHistory\n\nThe first known museum labels are from the Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum originally dating to circa 530 BCE.\n\nThe museum labels of the 20th century and 21st century BCE items found in Ennigaldi's museum were labeled in three different languages on clay cylinders as to what the centuries-old objects were.\n\nSome of these artifacts were:\n a kudurru, Kassite boundary marker (carved with a snake and emblems of various gods).\n part of a statue of King Shulgi.\n clay cone that was part of a building at Larsa.\n\nMuseum-like behavior occurred as early as the 19th-century BCE which gave indications of steps of labeling and cataloging antiquities.\nA \"museum label\" cylinder tablet describing 100-year-old antiquity objects of circa 2000 BCE read,\n\nBy the end of the 19th century, object labels, usually with less information than modern examples, had become standard in Western museums.\n\nLabel types\n\nIntroduction labels\nIntroduction labels are typically large, placed on a wall, and intended to give a broad summary of the contents of one or more galleries. They have large font sizes that can be read from many paces away.\n\nKim Kenney, curator of the William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum says that the first label a visitor should see should explain the exhibit display in general. The introduction label should be a \"teaser\" and talk about the main sections of the exhibit to encourage people to explore the rest. If there is something significant or special within the main exhibit, it should be introduced here. At this point, the visitor should have a general sense for what the museum is about. Visitors should understand immediately what they are going to see and they should be motivated to see the entire exhibit. Perhaps a brochure would accompany the introduction explaining the main museum, the price, and the hours.\n\nSection labels \nA section label is a small introduction consisting of sub-topics in a museum exhibition. Kenney says they should represent the \"meat\" of the museum. If the section is large, perhaps more than one section label is in order. The description should consist of approximately 100–200 words. The visitor should not be strained to read all the labels, so they should be on the short side if anything.\n\nObject labels\n\nObject labels are the smallest of the museum labels. Their scope is limited to the individual objects they are displayed next to. Typically, the title of the work or a descriptive title phrase is given, followed by the name and often, the dates of the artist, and the date and place the object was created. The artist may precede the title. The materials or technique of the object are normally given, either before or after any short passage describing or interpreting the object. Increasingly, object labels may include a brief description or commentary. \n\nIf the object is included in an audio guide or some other form of tour, there may be a symbol indicating this. Kenney says she prefers object labels contain a one word title followed by a 25–50 word description for a museum label. She explains that people want specific aspects of the object they might not notice at first glance or might not have already known (i.e. something unusual, material made of, date of artifact, who made). Most people want to know specifics like when it was made, why it was made, usage and when it became part of the museum.\n\nThe lowest part of the label, after a gap, usually has other information in note form, often in a smaller font size. An accession number is often given, and often the accession date. Practice varies as to whether accession dates and donor information are included. Some donations, especially from government organizations, may specify a credit on the label. Loaned objects are usually specified in some way. It is the opinion of Kenney that donor information clutters up the object label. She believes it is better to give a list of donors on a general credit panel, but this does not seem very common, at least for expensive objects like some paintings.\n\nA different approach to layout is to put all the main \"data\", usually on the left, and then beside it the description or commentary. When a number of small objects are displayed together, they are normally given small numbers beside them, which tie in to a group label.\n\nUse of digital technologies\n\nThere are studies recently done that demonstrate the feasibility of a wireless Web-based tool for an in-gallery paperless digital label system, perhaps in the form of \"Digital Label Towers\" or wall mounted digital displays. Some concepts that could be used then is changing configurations of the museum labels, digitally updating the electronic museum label, usability on various display systems, and integrate third party content. \n\nSome museums use barcodes or QR codes on their labels (such as for QRpedia).\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nCasey, Wilson, Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World, Penguin, 2009, .\nLeón, Vicki, Uppity women of ancient times, Conari Press, 1995, .\nWoolley, Leonard, Ur \"of the Chaldees\": the final account, Excavations at Ur, Herbert Press, 1982, .\nWoolley, Leonard, Excavations at Ur — A Record of Twelve Years Work by Sir Leonard Woolley, Ernest Benn Limited, 1955, printed in Great Britain.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLabel\nMuseology", "Threshold House is one of several record labels created by Coil to release their own work and that of affiliated projects. Associated labels include Eskaton and Chalice. It is also the name for the official Coil website.\n\nThe label was initially a vanity label of sorts, as all releases were manufactured and distributed by other labels, most prominently World Serpent Distribution. Following the bankruptcy of World Serpent, the label continued independently.\n\nThe logo for Threshold House is a castle-like building, possibly what Coil have referred to as \"The East Tower\" in past interviews, and a moon. It is also very similar to artist recreations of the buildings at Catalhoyuk.\n\nAfter the death of John Balance and the disbanding of Coil, Peter Christopherson started a solo effort, The Threshold HouseBoys Choir, based on the name Threshold House.\n\nReleases\n\nLOCI\nThe series of \"LOCI\" were released when Coil resided in England.\n\nTHRESH & THBKK\nThe \"THRESH\" and \"THBKK\" series began with Peter Christopherson's relocation to Bangkok, Thailand.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n List of electronic music record labels\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Threshold House\n\nElectronic music record labels\nVanity record labels\nBritish record labels\nRecord labels established in 1987" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels.", "What were some of the other labels", "Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies." ]

[ "This is the discography of the hard rock band Magnum, which is headed by vocalist Bob Catley and guitarist/songwriter Tony Clarkin. Originally formed around 1972 they released their first single in 1975 (a cover of Sweets for My Sweet that did not chart) and their first album Kingdom of Madness in 1978. They continued recording and releasing albums until 1995 when they split. However, they re-formed in 2001 and have released albums every few years since. Many compilations and live albums were released in the gap, as well as Bob and Tony forming Hard Rain before re-forming Magnum with long-time keyboard player Mark Stanway.\n\nStudio albums\n\nLive albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nThere have also been many other compilations across various labels.\n\nCharted singles\n\nVideos and DVDs\n\nReferences\n\nDiscographies of British artists\nRock music group discographies", "The discography of pureNRG, a Christian pop group, consists of four studio albums, one remix album and a compilation album. They have also released three DVDs and four music videos.\n\nAlbums\n\nStudio albums\n\nCompilation albums\n\nChristmas albums\n\nRemix albums\n\nChart history\n\n Note: — means that the album did not make the chart.\n\nDVDs\n\nMusic videos\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nDiscographies of American artists\nPop music group discographies" ]

[ "Thursday (band)", "No Devolucion and disbandment (2011-2015)", "was no devolucion and disbandment an album", "I don't know.", "what can you tell me interesting", "In late May 2002, the group announced they had signed to Island Records, following a bidding war between other major labels.", "What were some of the other labels", "Up to this point, Full Collapse had sold 111,000 copies.", "did they have other albums", "the band issued their third album and major label debut, War All the Time, on September 16, 2003 to critical acclaim and strong commercial performance." ]

[ "Tri-Angle is the debut studio album by South Korean pop group TVXQ, released on October 11, 2004 by S.M. Entertainment. It sold 242,540 copies and became the eighth most successful album of the year in South Korea. The first single \"Hug\" debuted with 169,532 copies sold in 2004, peaking at number four on the national monthly chart. As of 2014, it sold 242,890 copies. In November 2004, the Japanese version of \"Hug\" was released in Japan by Rhythm Zone, ultimately selling 4,710 copies.\n\nThe second single, \"The Way U Are\" debuted at number two on the national chart and sold 214,069 copies. By the end of the year, the single sold 300,226 copies. The album's last title single \"Tri-Angle\" uses a sample from the Symphony No. 40 in G minor by Mozart. The single also features the vocals of BoA and rock band the TRAX.\n\nTri-Angle has sold approximately 309,000 copies as of 2011.\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\n2004 debut albums\nTVXQ albums\nSM Entertainment albums\nKorean-language albums", "The Polish hip hop scene was born in the early 1990s, due to the popularity of American rap. Nevertheless, rap style in Polish music has its deep roots in the 1980s Polish punk rock, alternative rock, disco and funk music.\n\nPolish hip-hop artists are well-known performers across Europe, especially in the former Eastern Bloc. Many rappers from Poland are collaborating with artists from Europe, the USA and even Cuba.\n\nHistory\nThe first album by a Polish performer was East on the Mic by PM Cool Lee, which featured two songs in Polish. Lee was from Kielce, but Warsaw soon emerged as a center for hip hop, after KOLOR, a radio station, began broadcasting Kolor Shock, hosted by Bogna Świątkowska, Paul Jackson, an African American expatriate, Sylvia Opoku from London, and DJ Volt, whose crew, 1kHz, became performing stars in their own right in 1995. Volt also founded the first Polish independent hip hop label, Beat Records. Although the label did not last long, it did introduce groups like Trzyha and Molesta. In Poznań, PH Kopalnia's Polski Rap - Zakazane Piosenki (Polish rap - Forbidden Songs).\nNow known as Liroy, the former PM Cool Lee released Alboom in 1995, which included the hit \"Scyzoryk\" (Penknife).\n\nThe most recognizable Polish hip hop band abroad is probably WWO, which is no longer active since 2006. Sokół (who is also the owner of the Prosto Label and the Prosto Wear company) since then recorded 3 albums with Pono and 2 with Marysia Starosta (who was also Sokół's fiancée). Jędker abandoned the Polish rap scene to make dance music with Robert M as Monopol (for which he is mocked and disrespected by the present Polish rap scene and most of the listeners) and DJ Deszczu Strugi is an owner of Otra Barwa Studio.\n\nList of best-selling hip-hop music artists in Poland\n\nGeneral\n\nRappers\n\nBands\n\nDuets\n\nSingers\n\nProducers\n\nForeign\n\nSee also\nList of Polish musicians and musical groups#Hip-hop/rap\n\nNotes \na. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Alboom (1995) - 4xPlatinum - 800,000 copies sold, Bafangoo Cz.1 (1996) - Gold - 100,000 copies sold, L (1997) - Gold - 100,000 copies sold, Dzień Szakala (Bafangoo Cz.2) (1999) - Platinum - 100,000 copies sold, and Bestseller (2001) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold. \nb. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Slums Attack: Na legalu? (2001) - Platinum - 100,000 copies sold, Najlepszą obroną jest atak (2005) - Gold - 17,500 copies sold, Szacunek ludzi ulicy (2006) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Fturując (2006) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Reedukacja (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and CNO2 (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Peja: Styl życia G'N.O.J.A. (2008) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, and Na serio (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nc. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for O.S.T.R.: HollyŁódź (2007) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Ja tu tylko sprzątam (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, O.c.b. (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Tylko dla dorosłych (2010) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and Jazz, dwa, trzy (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. For O.S.T.R. & Hades: Haos (2014) - 30,000 copies sold. For O.S.T.R. & Marco Polo: Kartagina (2013) - 15,000 copies sold. For POE (Projekt Ostry Emade) Złodzieje zapalniczek (2010) - 15,000 copies sold.\nd. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Równonoc. Słowiańska Dusza (2012) - Diamond - 75,000 copies sold.\ne. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Skandal (1998) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold, and Molesta i kumple (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nf. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Sokół & Marysia Starosta: Czysta brudna prawda (2011) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold, and Czarna biała magia (2013) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. For Sokół fest Pono: Teraz pieniądz w cenie (2007) - 15,000 copies sold.\ng. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Droga (2009) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Jedność (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, Lojalność (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Braterstwo (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nh. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: W 63 minuty dookoła świata (1998) - Gold - 50,000 copies sold.\ni. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Kwiaty zła (2008) - Platinum - 15,000 copies sold , Dowód rzeczowy nr 1 (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Dowód rzeczowy nr 2 (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nj. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Miuosh: Piąta strona świata (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Prosto przed siebie (2012) - Platinum - 30,000 copies sold. Fo Onar & Miuosh Nowe światło (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nk. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Wideoteka (2003) - Gold - 35,000 copies sold.\nl. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: WGW (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Jeden z Was (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nm. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Witam was w rzeczywistości (2005) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Życie na kredycie (2005) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nn. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Nie pytaj o nią (2008) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold, and Zapiski z 1001 nocy (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\no. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Rekontatk (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\np. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Pezet & Małolat: Dziś w moim mieście (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Pezet: Radio Pezet. Produkcja Sidney Polak (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nq. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Mezo, Tabb & Kasia Wilk: Eudaimonia (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nr. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Note2 (2009) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, FuckTede/Glam Rap (2010) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Mefistotedes (2012) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, and Elliminati (2013) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold.\ns. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: Złodzieje czasu (2009) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Dolina klaunoow (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nt. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Łona & Webber: Cztery i pół (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\nu. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Kali: 50/50 (2011) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold, Gdy zgaśnie Słońce (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paluch & Kali: Milion dróg do śmierci (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paluch: Lepszego życia diler (2013) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nw. Based on album certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: 23:55 (2010) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. \nx. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: for Ten Typ Mes: Kandydaci na szaleńców (2011) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold. For Popek: Monster (2013) - Gold - 7,500 copies sold. For Firma: Nasza broń to nasza pasja (2011) - Gold - 5,000 copies sold. For Zeus: Zeus. Nie żyje (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Parias: Parias (2011) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold. For Paktofonika: Muzyka z filmu Jesteś Bogiem (2012) - Gold - 15,000 copies sold.\ny. Based on albums certified by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry: The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2004) - Platinum - 20,000 copies sold, Encore (2004) - Gold - 20,000 copies sold, The Eminem Show (2002) - Gold 20,000 copies sold, The Marshall Mathers (2000) - Platinum 40,000 copies sold.\n\nReferences\n\nAdditional sources\n For certification criteria by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry between 2002-2005 (with time frame) Radek Miszczak, Andrzej Cała: Beaty, Rymy, Życie: Leksykon muzyki hip-hop. Poznań, Poland: Kurpisz S.A., 2005, page 22. .\n For certification criteria by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry before 2002 (without time frame)" ]

[ "Cat Power", "Personal life" ]

[ "Designing Your Life: How to Build a Well-Lived, Joyful Life is a book by Bill Burnett and Dave Evans that aims to help readers organize themselves through journaling and design thinking.\n\nThe New York Times best-selling book was published in 2016 by Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group and utilizes a series of exercises throughout its eleven chapters in order to provide others with a sense of structure in their lives. These creative and thought provoking exercises allow the reader to reflect on their life and determine what they should do with their future. They can then generate a road map and plan how to accomplish their goals.\n\nAbout the authors \nBill Burnett is the current executive director of the Design Program at Stanford. He has a BS and MS in product design and has designed numerous products throughout his career. He obtained a design award for designing the first ever slate computer and also helps advise startups. He is also currently on the Board of VOZ. \n\nDave Evans currently works alongside Burnett at the Design Program at Stanford. At a young age he worked at Apple where he helped design and market their first mouse. He then joined Electronic Arts as the first VP of Talent. In addition to co-writing Designing Your Life, he currently works with startups and non profit organizations.\n\nSummary of chapters\n\nStart Where You Are \nThe book asks the reader to reflect on four areas of life: health, work, play, and love, and to gauge each of them on a scale of 1-10. This self analysis is done in order for the reader to get a sense of what aspects of their life need the most (or least) attention. The book also promotes the idea of writing about each of these facets of life and how they intertwine with the uniqueness offered by the individual in the situation who is adhering to the journey within and through the process.\n\nBuilding a Compass \nIn this chapter, the book assumes the reader now has a good starting point and is ready to build a \"compass\" that will help guide them through life. The compass is made up of a workview and a lifeview. The workview revolves on what the reader's perceptions of work are and how important it is to them. The lifeview involves the philosophical questions of what gives life meaning. After assessing the workview and lifeview, the reader is on their way to creating their compass.\n\nWayfinding \nThis chapter includes the first real journaling exercise where the reader is asked to write down their day-to-day activities. They are then told to gauge them on engagement and energy. This is done in the hopes that the reader gains a sense of what activities are important to them and which ones seem unnecessary.\n\nGetting Unstuck \nThis chapter places an emphasis on aiding those who feel stuck in life, whether it be an undesirable job or schoolwork. In order for the reader to find interest in life, the book proclaims that conducting a mind map for day-to-day activities along with the exercise from the chapter before it can help readers find activities that they may find more interesting.\n\nDesign Your Lives \nHere the book encourages using the data that has been accumulated so far to conduct a plan for the future. This plan can be long or short term. The book once again proclaims the power of journaling and offers sample charts on how the reader should plan their future.\n\nPrototyping \nNow the book tells its readers to prototype their future plans. This means gathering information through experiences or conversations with others. This can help the reader realize what needs to be done in order for their future goals to become achieved.\n\nHow Not to Get a Job \nHere the book shifts its focus from designing future plans to getting a good job. It provides some subtle tips and tricks that can make the reader more hire-able and appear more professional. It proclaims that when finding a job, one should focus on the needs of the employer instead of their own needs.\n\nDesigning Your Dream Job \nThe book acknowledges that not everyone may get their dream job, but that it is important to make good decisions that can lead something close to that dream job. Journaling once again advised in order for the reader to self reflect and realize what their dream job may be.\n\nChoosing Happiness \nThe book explains to the reader that happiness does not necessarily mean having everything one could desire. It places an emphasis on getting rid of things that are not necessary. It also helps explain that one should not dwell on past mistakes or bad decision making and that they should instead focus on ways to improve their decision making abilities.\n\nFailure Immunity \nFailure is explained as something that is inevitable and that the reader must develop a form of \"failure immunity\" in order to embrace their mistakes and learn from them. It also recommends logging the reader's failures in their journal so that they can better remember them and think of a way to solve them.\n\nBuilding a Team \nThis chapter emphasizes the importance of others. Friends and family are necessary when the reader is in times of need. The book tells the importance of teamwork in order to overcome the toughest of obstacles that may lie in one's way. Building a strong team is vital to success and happiness in life.\n\nConclusion - A Well-Designed Life \nThe book closes by explaining that the methods learned throughout the chapters will always be useful. It explains that even after retirement, it is still necessary for one to design their life in order to achieve maximum happiness and satisfaction. It then makes a comparison of life to a design project that constantly needs to be created.\n\nReferences \n\nSelf-help books", "Alice Dayrell Caldeira Brant (August 28, 1880 – June 20, 1970) was a Brazilian juvenile writer. When she was a teenager, she kept a diary, which describes life in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil which was then published in 1942. The diary was published under a pen name Helena Morley. When it was originally published it was in portuguese under the title Minha Vida de Menina. The diary was then translated in to English by Elizabeth Bishop in 1957.\n\nBiography \n\nShe was born in Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil to an English father and a Brazilian mother. Her father worked as a diamond miner. The diary chronicles Brant's daily life, and covers her teenage years until 1895.\n\nIn 1900 Brant married Augusto Mário Calderia Brant, they had five children together. Brant says that she published her diaries in order to act as a role model for younger females who may read the book. She wrote that the diary was a way to show young women what becoming an adult means, and in this way she is acting like a grandmother to the reader. One of her daughters, Ignez Caldeira Brant, married with Abgar Renault, Brazilian Ministry of Education (1955-1956) and of the federal accountability office, Tribunal de Contas da União (1967-1973).\n\nPublished Work \nBrant's only published work is The Diary of Helena Morley, which she began writing when she attended the Normal School. The diary discusses her daily life in the diamond mining town of Diamantina, romantic interests, but it also deals with heavier topics like loss. The book also discusses relationships, marriage in particular, but also social affairs and Brant's dreams. The topics of the book make it so that it could be a diary of a present day teenager rather than one 60 years ago. Since Brant discusses her everyday life, insights about that point in history are able to be gained by reading the diary, particularly about the effects of the abolition of slavery. There is very little documentation about life post emancipation, making the diary an important resource for historians. Brant is praised for her ability to add humor to the discussion of racism, which typically is associated with seriousness. Another reason Brant's book was so popular is the nostalgic that it brings the reader, the provincial life of a small town, that the reader is able to find peace in the description of the simple life.\n\nReception \nThe book attracted attention like many other diaries of young women. The prevalence of young female diaries is explained for many of the same reasons Brant's own diary is popular. That they allow the reader to feel young again and reminisce about when they were a teenager. Some of the first attention that was drawn to Brant for her work was after Alexandre Eulálio praised Brant for her work these praises placed Brant among classic Brazilian authors. French author Georges Bernanos also made the public aware of the book. Elizabeth Bishop was originally drawn to the work in 1952, then in 1957 Bishop published her English translation of the book. Bishop says that she was drawn to Brant's work because of Brant's impressive skills of observation and ability to recreate a scene using only words. Some have compared Brant's work to Jane Austen that even though she was from a small town in Brazil, its style is like work from England.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n 1957 Time article on Brant and her book\n Letters, photos, and texts about Helena Morley - Alice Dayrell Caldeira Brant - Agosto de 2003 collected by the writer and educator Vera Brant.\n\n1880 births\n1970 deaths\nPeople from Minas Gerais\nBrazilian people of English descent\nBrazilian women writers\nBrazilian writers" ]

[ "Cat Power", "Personal life", "What is important for the reader to know about her personal life?", "In 2001, Marshall was romantically involved with a runway model, Daniel Currie." ]

[ "Alexandra Najarro (born June 3, 1993) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater. She placed 13th at the 2012 Four Continents Championships.\n\nPersonal life \nNajarro was born on June 3, 1993 in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. Fluent in English and French, she also speaks Polish and Spanish, the mother tongues of her parents.\n\nCareer \nNajarro began skating at age five at the Mississauga Figure Skating Club with her mother Eva as her coach. She appeared in the small role of Snowplow Sam in the 2005 Disney movie Ice Princess.\n\nNajarro won the 2008 Canadian national novice title and began appearing on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series the following season.\n\nNajarro placed fourth at the 2011 and 2012 Canadian Championships. She was selected to represent Canada at the 2012 Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado; she placed 14th in the short program, 12th in the free skate, and 13th overall.\n\nNajarro did not compete in the 2012–13 season. She placed sixth at the 2014 Canadian Championships.\n\nPrograms\n\nCompetitive highlights \nJGP: Junior Grand Prix\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1993 births\nCanadian female single skaters\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Richmond Hill, Ontario", "Pernille Sørensen (born 20 February 1998) is a Danish figure skater. She is the 2014 Denkova-Staviski Cup champion, and a two-time Danish national champion (2015, 2018). She has competed in the final segment at two European Championships (2018, 2019) and the 2014 World Junior Championships.\n\nPersonal life\nPernille Sørensen was born on 20 February 1998 in Esbjerg, Denmark. She is the daughter of Gitte and Peter Sørensen and has a brother, Nicki, who is five years younger.\n\nCareer\nSørensen began skating in 2001. In 2010, she relocated with her family from Esbjerg to Odense, following three years of commuting to Odense for her training. Coached by Pernille Gormsen, she debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 2011.\n\n2012–2013 season \nSørensen was coached in Odense by Andrzej Strzelec before switching to Alexei Fedoseev. She was assigned to the 2013 World Junior Championships in Milan, Italy but did not reach the free skate.\n\n2013–2014 season \nSørensen continued to train under Alexei Fedoseev in Odense. At the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, she qualified for the free skate and finished 18th overall.\n\n2014–2015 season \nSørensen made her senior international debut, at the 2014 International Cup of Nice, and became the Danish senior national champion for the first time. As of January 2015, she is coached by Kalle Strid and Martin Johansson in Copenhagen. She did not reach the final at the 2015 European Championships in Stockholm, Sweden, placing 27th in the short program. Sørensen placed 4th at the 2015 Nordic Championships in Stavanger, Norway. At the 2015 World Junior Championships she did not advance to the final.\n\n2015–2016 season \nSørensen reached her personal best score at the 2015 NRW Trophy, placing 4th. She was eliminated after the short program at the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Slovakia. On 12 February 2016, the Danish Skating Union announced that she had decided to stop her career.\n\n2017–2018 season \nSørensen returned to international competition in September 2017 at the Slovenia Open.\n\nPrograms\n\nCompetitive highlights \nCS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1998 births\nDanish female single skaters\nLiving people\nPeople from Esbjerg" ]

[ "Cat Power", "Personal life", "What is important for the reader to know about her personal life?", "In 2001, Marshall was romantically involved with a runway model, Daniel Currie.", "Did she have any highlights in her personal life?", "Around 2003 she bought a house in South Beach, Miami," ]

[ "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books", "I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film based on the 1973 novel.\n\nI Know What You Did Last Summer may also refer to:\n\nFranchise\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (novel), a 1973 suspense novel for young adults by Lois Duncan\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise)\nI Still Know What You Did Last Summer, a 1998 slasher film and a sequel to the 1997 film\nI'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer, a 2006 horror film released straight to DVD and the third installment in the series\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (TV series), a 2021 Amazon Prime TV series\n\nOther uses\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (Supernatural), an episode of the TV series Supernatural\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (The Vampire Diaries), an episode of the TV series The Vampire Diaries\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (Scream), an episode of the TV series Scream\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer (song)\", a 2015 song by Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\", a 2015 song by Jacob Whitesides featuring Kelly Rowland\n\nSee also\nI Know What You'll Do Next Summer, a third-season episode of the mystery series Veronica Mars" ]