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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#1_13848753
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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Fletching is one of the best ways to make money in RuneScape. Casting High Level Alchemy on Yew Longbows, Magic Shortbows, and Magic Longbows are an increasingly popular way to make quick cash. It is also a relatively easy skill, requiring few items to make bows as well as taking less time (as opposed to casting High Alchemy on steel plates, which requires 5 iron, 10 coal just to make one plate). This guide will explain more information of the monetary benefits of fletching in section 4.8. A drawback to fletching is that many find it boring. Some love fletching and find it relaxing, but everyone has a different opinion. It is also a members-only skill, so if you cancel your membership you will no longer have your primary means of making cash. In addition, you need a fairly high fletching level to make significant profits (level 70 and up); more information about this later. Overall, if you do not like making arrows or bows, do not take up this skill.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#2_13850013
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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Some love fletching and find it relaxing, but everyone has a different opinion. It is also a members-only skill, so if you cancel your membership you will no longer have your primary means of making cash. In addition, you need a fairly high fletching level to make significant profits (level 70 and up); more information about this later. Overall, if you do not like making arrows or bows, do not take up this skill. The point of RuneScape is to have fun, and you should find the skill you like to do best and concentrate on that instead, even if it does not make as much money and has more drawbacks. Most skills can produce an income. Only those who truly enjoy fletching, or at least can tolerate it, should continue with this guide. 2.0 - How to Fletch
2.1 - Bows
To make a bow, simply use a knife with a log and create a "shortbow" or "longbow." Then take a flax plant and spin it on a spinning wheel to make a bowstring.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#3_13851242
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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The point of RuneScape is to have fun, and you should find the skill you like to do best and concentrate on that instead, even if it does not make as much money and has more drawbacks. Most skills can produce an income. Only those who truly enjoy fletching, or at least can tolerate it, should continue with this guide. 2.0 - How to Fletch
2.1 - Bows
To make a bow, simply use a knife with a log and create a "shortbow" or "longbow." Then take a flax plant and spin it on a spinning wheel to make a bowstring. Use this with your unstrung bow and you are done! The table below shows experience gained from making a complete bow. Half of the experience is gained for carving the bow, and the other half is gained by stringing it. Picture
Name
Level
XP
Shortbow
5
10
Longbow
10
20
Oak Shortbow
20
33
Oak Longbow
25
50
Composite Ogre Bow
30
90
Willow Shortbow
35
66
Willow Longbow
40
83
Maple Shortbow
50
100
Maple Longbow
55
116.5
Yew Shortbow
65
135
Yew Longbow
70
150
Magic Shortbow
80
166.5
Magic Longbow
85
183
2.2 - Arrows
The base of any arrow is the shaft. To make a shaft, chop down any regular tree.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#4_13852720
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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Use this with your unstrung bow and you are done! The table below shows experience gained from making a complete bow. Half of the experience is gained for carving the bow, and the other half is gained by stringing it. Picture
Name
Level
XP
Shortbow
5
10
Longbow
10
20
Oak Shortbow
20
33
Oak Longbow
25
50
Composite Ogre Bow
30
90
Willow Shortbow
35
66
Willow Longbow
40
83
Maple Shortbow
50
100
Maple Longbow
55
116.5
Yew Shortbow
65
135
Yew Longbow
70
150
Magic Shortbow
80
166.5
Magic Longbow
85
183
2.2 - Arrows
The base of any arrow is the shaft. To make a shaft, chop down any regular tree. Use your handy-dandy knife to make arrow shafts (the same way you would an unstrung bow). One log will make 15 arrow shafts. Next, you need feathers to place at the end of your arrows. You can obtain these from chickens, the fishing shop, or other players. After this, you need to smith arrowheads.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#5_13853981
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
Use your handy-dandy knife to make arrow shafts (the same way you would an unstrung bow). One log will make 15 arrow shafts. Next, you need feathers to place at the end of your arrows. You can obtain these from chickens, the fishing shop, or other players. After this, you need to smith arrowheads. If you want to make iron arrows, make iron bars. One iron bar will make 15 arrowheads. Now, to attach them all together you must use your feathers on the shafts then use your arrowheads on the headless arrows. An update has now made it easier to fletch arrows via the "Make X" option. This way you won't have to hurt your hand by riddling your mouse with clicks!
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#6_13854941
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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If you want to make iron arrows, make iron bars. One iron bar will make 15 arrowheads. Now, to attach them all together you must use your feathers on the shafts then use your arrowheads on the headless arrows. An update has now made it easier to fletch arrows via the "Make X" option. This way you won't have to hurt your hand by riddling your mouse with clicks! With the Big Chompy Bird Hunting quest, you can make Ogre Arrows. These arrows require different materials then regular arrows and can only the Ogre Bow uses the arrows. Here is how to make them. For the arrow shaft, go to the area that the Chompy quest takes place in. You will see pointy Achey trees.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#7_13855905
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
With the Big Chompy Bird Hunting quest, you can make Ogre Arrows. These arrows require different materials then regular arrows and can only the Ogre Bow uses the arrows. Here is how to make them. For the arrow shaft, go to the area that the Chompy quest takes place in. You will see pointy Achey trees. Cut these down and use a knife with them to make Ogre arrow shafts. Use feathers with the shafts to make Flighted Ogre Arrows. Kill some wolves (the best place is White Wolf Mountain) and use a chisel with the wolf bones to make Ogre Arrowheads and attach them to the arrows. NOTE: When making Ogre shafts and Arrow tips, you receive an uneven amount of shafts/tips every time.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#8_13856882
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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Cut these down and use a knife with them to make Ogre arrow shafts. Use feathers with the shafts to make Flighted Ogre Arrows. Kill some wolves (the best place is White Wolf Mountain) and use a chisel with the wolf bones to make Ogre Arrowheads and attach them to the arrows. NOTE: When making Ogre shafts and Arrow tips, you receive an uneven amount of shafts/tips every time. For example, one Achey log may give 3 shafts, while another gives 6. It is the same thing with the arrowheads. In addition, 4 feathers are required for every Ogre arrow shaft. The experience gained from the arrows varies as well. Picture
Name
Level
XP
15 Arrow Shafts
1
5
Headless Arrow
1
1
Bronze Arrow
1
1.3
Ogre Arrow
5
Varies
Bronze Brutal Arrow
7
1.4
Iron Arrow
15
2.5
Iron Brutal Arrow
18
2.6
Steel Arrow
30
5
Steel Brutal Arrow
33
5.1
Black Brutal Arrow
38
6.4
Mithril Arrow
45
7.5
Mithril Brutal Arrow
49
7.5
Adamant Arrow
60
10
Adamant Brutal Arrow
62
10.1
Runite Arrow
75
12.5
Runite Brutal Arrow
77
12.5
Dragon Arrow
90
15
2.3 - Crossbows
The ability to carefully craft crossbows is an ancient dwarven art.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#9_13858364
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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For example, one Achey log may give 3 shafts, while another gives 6. It is the same thing with the arrowheads. In addition, 4 feathers are required for every Ogre arrow shaft. The experience gained from the arrows varies as well. Picture
Name
Level
XP
15 Arrow Shafts
1
5
Headless Arrow
1
1
Bronze Arrow
1
1.3
Ogre Arrow
5
Varies
Bronze Brutal Arrow
7
1.4
Iron Arrow
15
2.5
Iron Brutal Arrow
18
2.6
Steel Arrow
30
5
Steel Brutal Arrow
33
5.1
Black Brutal Arrow
38
6.4
Mithril Arrow
45
7.5
Mithril Brutal Arrow
49
7.5
Adamant Arrow
60
10
Adamant Brutal Arrow
62
10.1
Runite Arrow
75
12.5
Runite Brutal Arrow
77
12.5
Dragon Arrow
90
15
2.3 - Crossbows
The ability to carefully craft crossbows is an ancient dwarven art. To make a crossbow, use a knife on any type of log, and choose to make a crossbow stock (cannot be done with magic logs) - this method also uses the "make-x" option. Using the Smithing skill, you are able to make "limbs" for the crossbow using one metal bar at an anvil. As each metal has a different flexibility and weight, the type of limb needed for the crossbow is determined by the type of wood you used to make the stock. Other combinations will not work. Once you have both, merge the stock and the limbs together, to make an unstrung crossbow.
| 4,195 | 5,481 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#10_13860024
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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To make a crossbow, use a knife on any type of log, and choose to make a crossbow stock (cannot be done with magic logs) - this method also uses the "make-x" option. Using the Smithing skill, you are able to make "limbs" for the crossbow using one metal bar at an anvil. As each metal has a different flexibility and weight, the type of limb needed for the crossbow is determined by the type of wood you used to make the stock. Other combinations will not work. Once you have both, merge the stock and the limbs together, to make an unstrung crossbow. Once you've done so, you are able to string it using a crossbow string (cooked beef made into sinew, then spun at a spinning wheel - level 3 Cooking and 10 Crafting required). Picture
Stock
Picture
Name
Level
Total XP
Final
Name
Wood
Bronze limb
9
24
Bronze crossbow
Oak
Blurite limb
Must have completed
The Knight's Sword quest
24
64
Blurite crossbow
Willow
Iron limb
39
88
Iron crossbow
Teak
Steel limb
46
108
Steel crossbow
Maple
Mithril limb
54
128
Mithril crossbow
Mahogany
Adamant limb
61
164
Adamant crossbow
Yew
Runite limb
69
200
Runite crossbow
2.4 - Bolts
Adding tips to the ends of bolts never used to be very common practice amongst Runescapians. However, since several new bolt types have been added to the game, quite a number of people have been utilising them. With the exception of the barbed bolttips and the mithril grapple, you are able to simply use a chisel to cut other gems, and choose an option to make bolttips, gaining a small amount of fletching XP (included in the total XP column). You are able to add these tips to metal bolts you have made using the Smithing skill.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#11_13862064
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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Once you've done so, you are able to string it using a crossbow string (cooked beef made into sinew, then spun at a spinning wheel - level 3 Cooking and 10 Crafting required). Picture
Stock
Picture
Name
Level
Total XP
Final
Name
Wood
Bronze limb
9
24
Bronze crossbow
Oak
Blurite limb
Must have completed
The Knight's Sword quest
24
64
Blurite crossbow
Willow
Iron limb
39
88
Iron crossbow
Teak
Steel limb
46
108
Steel crossbow
Maple
Mithril limb
54
128
Mithril crossbow
Mahogany
Adamant limb
61
164
Adamant crossbow
Yew
Runite limb
69
200
Runite crossbow
2.4 - Bolts
Adding tips to the ends of bolts never used to be very common practice amongst Runescapians. However, since several new bolt types have been added to the game, quite a number of people have been utilising them. With the exception of the barbed bolttips and the mithril grapple, you are able to simply use a chisel to cut other gems, and choose an option to make bolttips, gaining a small amount of fletching XP (included in the total XP column). You are able to add these tips to metal bolts you have made using the Smithing skill. Once this has been done, you are even able to enchant them to have special abilities when versing players or monsters. Picture
Name
Level
Tips Made
Picture
Bolt Type
XP (per tip added)
Total XP per
Final
Name
Opal bolttips
11
12
Bronze bolt
1.6
20.2
Opal bolts
Jade bolttips
26
12
Blurite bolt
2.4
30.8
Jade bolts
Pearl bolttips
41
6 (small oyster)
24 (large oyster)
Iron bolt
3.2
22.2
79.8
Pearl bolts
Red topaz bolttips
48
12
Steel bolt
3.9
49.8
Red topaz bolts
Barbed bolttips
51
-
Bronze bolt
9.5
9.5
Barbed bolts
Saphire bolttips
56
12
Mithril bolt
4.7
60.4
Sapphire bolts
Emerald bolttips
58
12
Mithril bolt
5.5
71
Emerald bolts
Mithril grapple tip
59
-
Mithril bolt
11
11
Mithril grapple
Ruby bolttips
63
12
Adamant bolt
6.3
81.6
Ruby bolts
Diamond bolttips
65
12
Adamant bolt
7
91
Diamond bolts
Dragonstone bolttips
71
12
Rune bolt
8.2
106.4
Dragonstone bolts
Onyx bolttips
73
24
Rune bolt
9.4
234.6
Onyx bolts
2.5 - Darts
Making darts is quite simple, but it is rarely used. Simply make dart tips by using a metal bar on an anvil and add feathers to them using the double-click method. Each bar will make 10 dart tips, which will then become 10 Darts. Picture
Name
Level
XP
Bronze Dart
1
1.8
Iron Dart
22
3.2
Steel Dart
37
7.5
Mithril Dart
52
11.2
Adamant Dart
67
15
Runite Dart
81
18.8
3.0 - Training Methods & Locations
This is simply what you should fletch at each level.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#12_13865136
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
Once this has been done, you are even able to enchant them to have special abilities when versing players or monsters. Picture
Name
Level
Tips Made
Picture
Bolt Type
XP (per tip added)
Total XP per
Final
Name
Opal bolttips
11
12
Bronze bolt
1.6
20.2
Opal bolts
Jade bolttips
26
12
Blurite bolt
2.4
30.8
Jade bolts
Pearl bolttips
41
6 (small oyster)
24 (large oyster)
Iron bolt
3.2
22.2
79.8
Pearl bolts
Red topaz bolttips
48
12
Steel bolt
3.9
49.8
Red topaz bolts
Barbed bolttips
51
-
Bronze bolt
9.5
9.5
Barbed bolts
Saphire bolttips
56
12
Mithril bolt
4.7
60.4
Sapphire bolts
Emerald bolttips
58
12
Mithril bolt
5.5
71
Emerald bolts
Mithril grapple tip
59
-
Mithril bolt
11
11
Mithril grapple
Ruby bolttips
63
12
Adamant bolt
6.3
81.6
Ruby bolts
Diamond bolttips
65
12
Adamant bolt
7
91
Diamond bolts
Dragonstone bolttips
71
12
Rune bolt
8.2
106.4
Dragonstone bolts
Onyx bolttips
73
24
Rune bolt
9.4
234.6
Onyx bolts
2.5 - Darts
Making darts is quite simple, but it is rarely used. Simply make dart tips by using a metal bar on an anvil and add feathers to them using the double-click method. Each bar will make 10 dart tips, which will then become 10 Darts. Picture
Name
Level
XP
Bronze Dart
1
1.8
Iron Dart
22
3.2
Steel Dart
37
7.5
Mithril Dart
52
11.2
Adamant Dart
67
15
Runite Dart
81
18.8
3.0 - Training Methods & Locations
This is simply what you should fletch at each level. You also need to bring up your Woodcutting skill along with fletching, unless you plan to buy all your logs. This is very pricey and disfavored, as those who have the money to buy their way to 85 fletching do not NEED the extra cash obtained by it. Just woodcut everything you fletch and you will be fine. 3.1 - What should you fletch at this level? Levels 1-30
For the beginning levels, either arrows or bows will get you far.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#13_13867450
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
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You also need to bring up your Woodcutting skill along with fletching, unless you plan to buy all your logs. This is very pricey and disfavored, as those who have the money to buy their way to 85 fletching do not NEED the extra cash obtained by it. Just woodcut everything you fletch and you will be fine. 3.1 - What should you fletch at this level? Levels 1-30
For the beginning levels, either arrows or bows will get you far. Bows are good, as they are faster and require less item gathering. Always make the best possible bow you can make, unless your woodcutting level is not high enough to chop efficiently. Start with Shortbows and work your way up to level 30. Levels 30-50
For this level range you can still make bows, however in order to speed up the leveling process it is a good idea to make a few thousand steel arrows. Remember, you do not "fail" when making bows and arrows, so level 30 is as good as 50 when it comes to quality.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#14_13868695
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
Bows are good, as they are faster and require less item gathering. Always make the best possible bow you can make, unless your woodcutting level is not high enough to chop efficiently. Start with Shortbows and work your way up to level 30. Levels 30-50
For this level range you can still make bows, however in order to speed up the leveling process it is a good idea to make a few thousand steel arrows. Remember, you do not "fail" when making bows and arrows, so level 30 is as good as 50 when it comes to quality. Again, you should always fletch the highest-level bow/arrow you can, unless your woodcutting level restricts you. Levels 51-70
The fastest way to get from level 51 to 70 is making willow longbows. Willow logs are 30-40gp each so it won't cost you much, also you get some money back by selling the bows to various shops. Levels 70+
Here is where the real magic begins. Fletch yew longbows for the best money until your fletching is level 85, and after that you can make magic longbows if you have the money to buy Magic logs or if you have the time to woodcut a lot of them.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#15_13870087
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
Again, you should always fletch the highest-level bow/arrow you can, unless your woodcutting level restricts you. Levels 51-70
The fastest way to get from level 51 to 70 is making willow longbows. Willow logs are 30-40gp each so it won't cost you much, also you get some money back by selling the bows to various shops. Levels 70+
Here is where the real magic begins. Fletch yew longbows for the best money until your fletching is level 85, and after that you can make magic longbows if you have the money to buy Magic logs or if you have the time to woodcut a lot of them. During this time your woodcut should be higher than 75. If you cut all the yews that you fletch it will be 85+. If you have a lot of time, you could try woodcutting (Note that 85+ woodcutting and a good spot are recommended to efficiently chop magic logs). However, if you're powertraining then buying is the way to go. 3.2 - What is a good strategy for leveling?
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_8983496#16_13871324
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=2
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Fletching - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Fletching
|
During this time your woodcut should be higher than 75. If you cut all the yews that you fletch it will be 85+. If you have a lot of time, you could try woodcutting (Note that 85+ woodcutting and a good spot are recommended to efficiently chop magic logs). However, if you're powertraining then buying is the way to go. 3.2 - What is a good strategy for leveling? Fletching Bows
The basic strategy for fletching is to get through the bows as quickly as p
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#0_13872078
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
Old-School RuneScape Skill Guides
» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
Table of Contents
1.0 - Introduction
2.0 - Equipment
3.0 - Hunter Training Areas
3.1 - Woodland
3.2 - Jungle
3.3 - Desert
3.4 - Snow
3.5 - Graahk
3.6 - Swamp
3.7 - Lava
3.8 - Falconry
3.9 - Worldwide
4.0 - Hunting
4.1 - Tracking
4.2 - Bird Hunting
4.3 - Butterfly Catching
4.4 - Fall Trapping
4.5 - Box Trapping
4.6 - Net Trapping
4.7 - Pitfall Trapping
4.8 - Falconry
5.0 - Clothes
6.0 - Strategies
7.0 - Impetuous Impulses
8.0 - Frequently Asked Questions
9.0 - Quests for Experience
1.0 - Introduction
The Hunter skill is unlike many other skills in-game, being based moreover on patience above training strategy. Players that have started this skill have experienced tracking and catching numerous animals, most of which are newly introduced. The Hunter skill also introduced a new range of equipment, some of which includes tribal-like helms, capes, gloves, and even live animals! In order to start hunting you must buy hunting equipment from players or from hunting stores. Hunting stores are located in Yanille and Nardah (south-east of Pollnivneach ). Once you have your equipment, you're all set to hunt. The first animals you are able to hunt are Crimson Swifts and Polar Kebbits. The Crimson Swifts are located in the Jungle Hunting Area, and the Polar Kebbits are located in the Snow Hunting Area. For more details visit their respective sections. 2.0 - Equipment
There is a lot of hunter equipment that is available from hunter stores in certain places throughout RuneScape.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#1_13874039
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Once you have your equipment, you're all set to hunt. The first animals you are able to hunt are Crimson Swifts and Polar Kebbits. The Crimson Swifts are located in the Jungle Hunting Area, and the Polar Kebbits are located in the Snow Hunting Area. For more details visit their respective sections. 2.0 - Equipment
There is a lot of hunter equipment that is available from hunter stores in certain places throughout RuneScape. These include traps, snares and different tools used to trap or provoke the creatures of Runescape. The following table describes all of the Hunter equipment you can purchase and use from Hunter stores: Picture
Name
Level
Used for
Bird Snare
1
Catching hunter birds. Noose wand
1
Catching tracking creatures. Butterfly net
15
Catching hunter butterflies.
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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These include traps, snares and different tools used to trap or provoke the creatures of Runescape. The following table describes all of the Hunter equipment you can purchase and use from Hunter stores: Picture
Name
Level
Used for
Bird Snare
1
Catching hunter birds. Noose wand
1
Catching tracking creatures. Butterfly net
15
Catching hunter butterflies. Butterfly jar
15
Storing hunter butterflies. Rabbit snare
27
Catching rabbits (upon completion of Eagles' Peak ). Box trap
27
Catching box trap creatures. Teasing stick
31
Catching pitfall creatures. Torch
39
For smoking traps to remove your scent.
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Butterfly jar
15
Storing hunter butterflies. Rabbit snare
27
Catching rabbits (upon completion of Eagles' Peak ). Box trap
27
Catching box trap creatures. Teasing stick
31
Catching pitfall creatures. Torch
39
For smoking traps to remove your scent. Must be lit to smoke traps. Magic box
71
Catching imps. Hunter Crossbow
50 *
Your everyday ranging needs. * - The Hunter Crossbow requires level 50 ranged to use, and gives +55 range attack bonus. It uses kebbit bolts, which are akin to adamant arrows in power.
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Must be lit to smoke traps. Magic box
71
Catching imps. Hunter Crossbow
50 *
Your everyday ranging needs. * - The Hunter Crossbow requires level 50 ranged to use, and gives +55 range attack bonus. It uses kebbit bolts, which are akin to adamant arrows in power. 3.0 - Hunter Training Areas
Scattered across RuneScape are 6 Hunting Areas. These 6 areas are the only areas in which you can train hunting on (Excluding Imps, which require 71 Hunter. These are located all around RuneScape). In these Hunting Areas players witness hunting animals. Not all hunting animals are located in the same area;
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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3.0 - Hunter Training Areas
Scattered across RuneScape are 6 Hunting Areas. These 6 areas are the only areas in which you can train hunting on (Excluding Imps, which require 71 Hunter. These are located all around RuneScape). In these Hunting Areas players witness hunting animals. Not all hunting animals are located in the same area; hence there are 6 climates that suit each hunting animal. All hunting areas are marked by the on the Mini-map. Information about each animal and their hunting area are located below. 3.1 - Woodland
The Woodland Hunting Area is located in South of Piscatoris, and North of Gnome Stronghold. Here lies most of the kebbit race, along with a few other selections of animals.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#6_13878753
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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hence there are 6 climates that suit each hunting animal. All hunting areas are marked by the on the Mini-map. Information about each animal and their hunting area are located below. 3.1 - Woodland
The Woodland Hunting Area is located in South of Piscatoris, and North of Gnome Stronghold. Here lies most of the kebbit race, along with a few other selections of animals. Below is a chart of the animals that are within the Piscatoris Hunting Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Common Kebbit
Tracking
3
36
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Common Kebbit Fur
Copper Longtails
Bird Hunting
9
61
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Brown Feathers
Ruby Harvest
Butterfly Catching
15
24
Ruby Harvest
Wild Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
23
128
Bones, Kebbit Claws
Rabbit
Snaring
27
144
Bones, Raw Rabbit Meat, Rabbit Foot
Ferret
Box Trapping
27
115.2
Ferret
Prickly Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
37
204
Bones, Kebbit Spikes
Razor-backed Kebbit
Tracking
49
348
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Long Kebbit Spikes **
Chinchompa
Box Trapping
53
198
Chinchompa
From
Picture
Name
Notes
Wild kebbit
Kebbit claw
At level 32 crafting you can use Kebbit claws on leather or dragonhide vambraces to give them an added +2 strength bonus. Rabbit
Rabbit's foot
Can be strung at level 37 crafting to make a rabbit-foot necklace, which greatly increases the chance of obtaining a bird's nest whilst woodcutting. Prickly kebbit
Kebbit spikes
Can be fletched to make kebbit bolts used with the Hunter Crossbow, and are akin to adamant bolts in their power. Use a chisel on them to make into hunter bolts.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#7_13880689
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Below is a chart of the animals that are within the Piscatoris Hunting Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Common Kebbit
Tracking
3
36
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Common Kebbit Fur
Copper Longtails
Bird Hunting
9
61
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Brown Feathers
Ruby Harvest
Butterfly Catching
15
24
Ruby Harvest
Wild Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
23
128
Bones, Kebbit Claws
Rabbit
Snaring
27
144
Bones, Raw Rabbit Meat, Rabbit Foot
Ferret
Box Trapping
27
115.2
Ferret
Prickly Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
37
204
Bones, Kebbit Spikes
Razor-backed Kebbit
Tracking
49
348
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Long Kebbit Spikes **
Chinchompa
Box Trapping
53
198
Chinchompa
From
Picture
Name
Notes
Wild kebbit
Kebbit claw
At level 32 crafting you can use Kebbit claws on leather or dragonhide vambraces to give them an added +2 strength bonus. Rabbit
Rabbit's foot
Can be strung at level 37 crafting to make a rabbit-foot necklace, which greatly increases the chance of obtaining a bird's nest whilst woodcutting. Prickly kebbit
Kebbit spikes
Can be fletched to make kebbit bolts used with the Hunter Crossbow, and are akin to adamant bolts in their power. Use a chisel on them to make into hunter bolts. Razorback kebbit
Long Kebbit spikes
These are fletched to make long kebbit bolts. These are used with the Hunter Crossbow, and are akin to adamant bolts in their power. Use a chisel on them to make into long hunter bolts. Chinchompa
Chinchompa
Can be used as a range weapon. They have short, medium and long fuses that can be changed to give a greater chance at hitting a target.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#8_13882641
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Razorback kebbit
Long Kebbit spikes
These are fletched to make long kebbit bolts. These are used with the Hunter Crossbow, and are akin to adamant bolts in their power. Use a chisel on them to make into long hunter bolts. Chinchompa
Chinchompa
Can be used as a range weapon. They have short, medium and long fuses that can be changed to give a greater chance at hitting a target. For example a long fuse has a greater chance of hitting a target further away. 3.2 - Jungle
The Jungle Hunting Area is located south of Feldip Hills, which is south of Yanille. This hunting area is home of the Crimson Swifts, which is one of the first animals you are required to hunt in order to bring your level higher. The jungle is also one of the most efficient training areas for hunters that have attained level 30-40 hunting. Below are the animals located in the Jungle Hunting Area:
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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For example a long fuse has a greater chance of hitting a target further away. 3.2 - Jungle
The Jungle Hunting Area is located south of Feldip Hills, which is south of Yanille. This hunting area is home of the Crimson Swifts, which is one of the first animals you are required to hunt in order to bring your level higher. The jungle is also one of the most efficient training areas for hunters that have attained level 30-40 hunting. Below are the animals located in the Jungle Hunting Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Crimson Swifts
Bird Hunting
1
34
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Red Feathers
Feldip Weasel
Tracking
7
48
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Feldip Weasel Fur
Tropical Wagtail
Bird Hunting
19
95.2
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Stripy Feathers
Spined Larupias
Pitfall Trapping
31
180
Tatty or Perfect Larupia Fur, big bones
Barbtailed Kebbits
Deadfall Trapping
33
168
Bones, Barb-tailed Harpoon
Black Warlock
Butterfly Catching
45
54
Black Warlock
Carnivorous Chinchompa
Box Trapping
63
265
Red Chinchompa
From
Picture
Name
Notes
Tropical Wagtail
Stripy Feathers
These are used to catch Rainbow fish, which heal 11hp, at level 38 with a fly-fishing rod, and level 38 cooking to cook. Carnivorous
Chinchompa
Red Chinchompa
Can be used as a range weapon. They have short, medium and long fuses that can be changed to give a greater chance at hitting a target. For example a long fuse has a greater chance of hitting a target further away. 3.3 - Desert
The Desert Hunting Area is located east of Shantay Pass, just over the bridge lying east.
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Crimson Swifts
Bird Hunting
1
34
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Red Feathers
Feldip Weasel
Tracking
7
48
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Feldip Weasel Fur
Tropical Wagtail
Bird Hunting
19
95.2
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Stripy Feathers
Spined Larupias
Pitfall Trapping
31
180
Tatty or Perfect Larupia Fur, big bones
Barbtailed Kebbits
Deadfall Trapping
33
168
Bones, Barb-tailed Harpoon
Black Warlock
Butterfly Catching
45
54
Black Warlock
Carnivorous Chinchompa
Box Trapping
63
265
Red Chinchompa
From
Picture
Name
Notes
Tropical Wagtail
Stripy Feathers
These are used to catch Rainbow fish, which heal 11hp, at level 38 with a fly-fishing rod, and level 38 cooking to cook. Carnivorous
Chinchompa
Red Chinchompa
Can be used as a range weapon. They have short, medium and long fuses that can be changed to give a greater chance at hitting a target. For example a long fuse has a greater chance of hitting a target further away. 3.3 - Desert
The Desert Hunting Area is located east of Shantay Pass, just over the bridge lying east. This hunting area includes an abundance of Golden Warblers and Orange Salamanders, perfect for Hunters levelled 20-50. Due to the small range of animals, and a semi-large training area, hunters now have more space for animals to trap. To use the Orange salamander as a weapon, you must first give it fuel. You need to mix 15 swamp tar and one marrentill in a mortar and pestle and feed it to the lizard. Once fuelled up, it can be used as melee, range and mage weapons depending on the style you choose.
| 5,282 | 6,857 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9006293#11_13887655
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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This hunting area includes an abundance of Golden Warblers and Orange Salamanders, perfect for Hunters levelled 20-50. Due to the small range of animals, and a semi-large training area, hunters now have more space for animals to trap. To use the Orange salamander as a weapon, you must first give it fuel. You need to mix 15 swamp tar and one marrentill in a mortar and pestle and feed it to the lizard. Once fuelled up, it can be used as melee, range and mage weapons depending on the style you choose. Below is a list of animals located within the Desert training Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Golden Warblers
Bird Hunting
5
47.5
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Orange Feathers
Desert Devils
Tracking
13
66
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Desert Devil Fur
Orange Salamander
Net Trapping
47
224
Orange Salamander
3.4 - Snow
The chilly frozen part of Hunting is located North-East of Rellekka. This hunting area contains a good amount of butterflies, so it is strongly recommended to come here for butterfly hunting between levels 30-40. The Snow Hunting area also contains Polar Kebbits, which are another beginning animal for hunters. Below is a list of animals located in the Snow Hunting Area:
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Below is a list of animals located within the Desert training Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Golden Warblers
Bird Hunting
5
47.5
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Orange Feathers
Desert Devils
Tracking
13
66
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Desert Devil Fur
Orange Salamander
Net Trapping
47
224
Orange Salamander
3.4 - Snow
The chilly frozen part of Hunting is located North-East of Rellekka. This hunting area contains a good amount of butterflies, so it is strongly recommended to come here for butterfly hunting between levels 30-40. The Snow Hunting area also contains Polar Kebbits, which are another beginning animal for hunters. Below is a list of animals located in the Snow Hunting Area: Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Polar Kebbits
Tracking
1
30
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Polar Kebbit Fur
Cerulean Twitches
Bird Hunting
11
64.6
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Blue Feathers
Sapphire Glacialis
Butterfly Catching
25
34
Sapphire Glacialis
Snowy Knight
Butterfly Catching
35
44
Snowy Knight
Sabre-Toothed Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
51
200
Bones, Kebbit Teeth
Sabre-Toothed Kyatts
Pitfall Trapping
55
300
Big bones, (Tatty) Kyatt Fur
3.5 - Horned Graahks
Just north of Cairn Isle is the area where Horned Graahks can be found. Cairn Isle is located just off the west coast of Karamja. As the name suggests, the area only contains Horned Graahks, so don't come expecting to find a bounty of different creatures. Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Horned Graahk
Pitfall Trapping
41
240
Big bones, (tatty) Horned Graahk Fur
3.6 - Swamp
The Swamp Hunting Area is located South-East of Canafis. This hunting area is only for players who wish to seek the Swamp Lizards.
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Polar Kebbits
Tracking
1
30
Bones, Raw Beast Meat, Polar Kebbit Fur
Cerulean Twitches
Bird Hunting
11
64.6
Bones, Raw Bird Meat, Blue Feathers
Sapphire Glacialis
Butterfly Catching
25
34
Sapphire Glacialis
Snowy Knight
Butterfly Catching
35
44
Snowy Knight
Sabre-Toothed Kebbit
Deadfall Trapping
51
200
Bones, Kebbit Teeth
Sabre-Toothed Kyatts
Pitfall Trapping
55
300
Big bones, (Tatty) Kyatt Fur
3.5 - Horned Graahks
Just north of Cairn Isle is the area where Horned Graahks can be found. Cairn Isle is located just off the west coast of Karamja. As the name suggests, the area only contains Horned Graahks, so don't come expecting to find a bounty of different creatures. Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Horned Graahk
Pitfall Trapping
41
240
Big bones, (tatty) Horned Graahk Fur
3.6 - Swamp
The Swamp Hunting Area is located South-East of Canafis. This hunting area is only for players who wish to seek the Swamp Lizards. Not only are the swamp lizards difficult to reach by walking, it is required that you complete the Priest in Peril, and Nature Spirit quests before reaching the hunting areas. Below are details about the Swamp Lizard. To use this as a weapon, you must first give it fuel. You need to mix 15 swamp tar and a guam leaf in a mortar and pestle and feed it to the lizard. Once fuelled up, it can be used as melee, range and mage weapons depending on the style you choose.
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Not only are the swamp lizards difficult to reach by walking, it is required that you complete the Priest in Peril, and Nature Spirit quests before reaching the hunting areas. Below are details about the Swamp Lizard. To use this as a weapon, you must first give it fuel. You need to mix 15 swamp tar and a guam leaf in a mortar and pestle and feed it to the lizard. Once fuelled up, it can be used as melee, range and mage weapons depending on the style you choose. Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Swamp Lizard
Net Trapping
29
152
Swamp Lizard
3.7 - Lava
The Lava Hunting Areas are spread out throughout the map, each containing a type of salamander. The Hunting Area for Red Salamanders is located South-West of Ardougne. An easy way to get here is to teleport to Castle Wars with a Ring of Dueling, then walk north, or to use the spirit trees to the battlefield of Khazard and then walk west. The Hunting Area for Black Salamanders is located in level 20 Wilderness, in the far east by the Hill Giants. Below is a compiled list of information for these animals.
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http://2007rshelp.com/skills.php?id=24
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Hunter - OSRS RuneScape Skill Guides - Old School RuneScape Help
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» Runescape Skill Guides » Hunter
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Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
Swamp Lizard
Net Trapping
29
152
Swamp Lizard
3.7 - Lava
The Lava Hunting Areas are spread out throughout the map, each containing a type of salamander. The Hunting Area for Red Salamanders is located South-West of Ardougne. An easy way to get here is to teleport to Castle Wars with a Ring of Dueling, then walk north, or to use the spirit trees to the battlefield of Khazard and then walk west. The Hunting Area for Black Salamanders is located in level 20 Wilderness, in the far east by the Hill Giants. Below is a compiled list of information for these animals. To use these as weapons, you need to give them fuel. You need to mix 15 swamp tar in a mortar and pestle, using tarromin for the Red salamander and Harralander for the Black salamander. Once fuelled up, these can be used as melee, range and mage weapons depending on the style you choose. Picture
Name
Type
Level Required
Experience
Drop (s)
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
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Team: Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
Team: Slovenia/Background/Immune response
From 2008.igem.org
The problem Modern vaccines Immune response Flagellin
Motivation Engineered flagellin vaccine Antigen-TLR fusion vaccine
Engineered flagellin vaccine Antigen-TLR fusion vaccine "Real-life" results Biobricks
Methods Safety References Notebook
Acknowledgements Sponsors
Cooperation between Innate and Adaptive Immune Response
Schematic representation of immune response against pathogens based on the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity components. Immunity is a state of sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease or other unwanted biological invasion. It is divided in a non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive) components. The term innate immunity is due to its constant presency in healthy individuals and generally refers to responses that do not require previous exposures to the pathogen, whereas adaptive immunity develops more slowly and is specific to a particular pathogen and involves immunological memory. The adaptive immunity consists of humoral immunity in which antibodies neutralize and eradicate extracellular microbes and toxins and cell-mediated immunity in which T-lymphocytes play a key role. The most important is the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Until recently innate immunity was largely ignored as the adaptive immunity was thought to play a key role in the immune response. Now it became clear that innate immunity has an important role as the first line of defense against pathogens as well as in development of an adaptive immune response.
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
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The term innate immunity is due to its constant presency in healthy individuals and generally refers to responses that do not require previous exposures to the pathogen, whereas adaptive immunity develops more slowly and is specific to a particular pathogen and involves immunological memory. The adaptive immunity consists of humoral immunity in which antibodies neutralize and eradicate extracellular microbes and toxins and cell-mediated immunity in which T-lymphocytes play a key role. The most important is the cooperation between innate and adaptive immunity. Until recently innate immunity was largely ignored as the adaptive immunity was thought to play a key role in the immune response. Now it became clear that innate immunity has an important role as the first line of defense against pathogens as well as in development of an adaptive immune response. The polarization of immune response largely depends on the initial signals that are brought by innate immunity. There are some essential signals, required to induce T- and B-cell responses. Innate immune signals modulate the quantity and the quality of adaptive immune response and are required to initiate an effective immune response, that mainly depends on the nature of the pathogen. There are two separated ways of antigen processing, which enable the immune system to appropriately respond against extracellular and intracellular pathogens, respectively. Briefly, we will focus on the immune response against extracellular pathogens.
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
|
The polarization of immune response largely depends on the initial signals that are brought by innate immunity. There are some essential signals, required to induce T- and B-cell responses. Innate immune signals modulate the quantity and the quality of adaptive immune response and are required to initiate an effective immune response, that mainly depends on the nature of the pathogen. There are two separated ways of antigen processing, which enable the immune system to appropriately respond against extracellular and intracellular pathogens, respectively. Briefly, we will focus on the immune response against extracellular pathogens. As the pathogen invades the host, its pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) is being recognised by the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) on APC, for instance dendritic cell (signal 1 in immune activation). Pathogen recognition and APC activation is the first signal needed for activation of immune response. After internalisation (phagocytosis) antigens are processed into peptides. These antigen-derived peptides are presented by major histocompatibility complex MHC class 2 (MHC II) molecules on APC surface for recognition by CD4 + T lymphocytes that have T-cell receptor specific for the same peptides. TCR recognition of specific peptide represents signal 2 in immune activation.
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
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Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
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As the pathogen invades the host, its pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) is being recognised by the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) on APC, for instance dendritic cell (signal 1 in immune activation). Pathogen recognition and APC activation is the first signal needed for activation of immune response. After internalisation (phagocytosis) antigens are processed into peptides. These antigen-derived peptides are presented by major histocompatibility complex MHC class 2 (MHC II) molecules on APC surface for recognition by CD4 + T lymphocytes that have T-cell receptor specific for the same peptides. TCR recognition of specific peptide represents signal 2 in immune activation. The last step - signal 3 in immune activation is co-stimulation, which depends on the interactions between costimulatory molecules, such as B7 and CD40 on APC and CD-28 and CD40L on CD4 + T. All this is happening at the first stages of immune response and leads to the expression of appropriate immune mediators, such as cytokines, that enable the polarization of immune response in a direction, that is potentially optimal for pathogen eradication. For example, when IL-12 is absent or set of interleukins like IL-4 and IL-10 are present, T-helper 2 (Th2) cell polarization occurs. Th2 cells produce interleukin IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and participate in phagocytosis-independent responses. They provide B-cell help and the induction of IgG1, IgE and IgA, which all provide the defense against extracellular pathogens. For instance, IL-4, that is produced by Th2 cells, promotes IgE heavy chain class switching.
| 2,283 | 3,896 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9048966#4_13903233
|
http://2008.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune_response
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
|
The last step - signal 3 in immune activation is co-stimulation, which depends on the interactions between costimulatory molecules, such as B7 and CD40 on APC and CD-28 and CD40L on CD4 + T. All this is happening at the first stages of immune response and leads to the expression of appropriate immune mediators, such as cytokines, that enable the polarization of immune response in a direction, that is potentially optimal for pathogen eradication. For example, when IL-12 is absent or set of interleukins like IL-4 and IL-10 are present, T-helper 2 (Th2) cell polarization occurs. Th2 cells produce interleukin IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and participate in phagocytosis-independent responses. They provide B-cell help and the induction of IgG1, IgE and IgA, which all provide the defense against extracellular pathogens. For instance, IL-4, that is produced by Th2 cells, promotes IgE heavy chain class switching. These antibodies are effective against helminths, since IgE has Fc, which is recognized by Fc-ξRI on eosinophills, that finally eradicate the parasitic infection. So it is obvious, that interactions between Th and B-cells is of a great importance. B-cells are a special type of APC's that are a part of adaptive immune response. In contrast to macrophages and dendritic cells, which have extracellulary exposed PAMP's, B-cells retain specific B cell receptors (BCR) that are basically membrane-bound immunoglobulins, which bind a particular antigen. After B cell encounters and recognizes a fitting (cognate) native antigen with its B-cell receptor, internalization, antigen processing and presentation of antigen derived peptides in MHC II molecules occurs (for B cell is APC).
| 2,977 | 4,675 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9048966#5_13905280
|
http://2008.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune_response
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
|
These antibodies are effective against helminths, since IgE has Fc, which is recognized by Fc-ξRI on eosinophills, that finally eradicate the parasitic infection. So it is obvious, that interactions between Th and B-cells is of a great importance. B-cells are a special type of APC's that are a part of adaptive immune response. In contrast to macrophages and dendritic cells, which have extracellulary exposed PAMP's, B-cells retain specific B cell receptors (BCR) that are basically membrane-bound immunoglobulins, which bind a particular antigen. After B cell encounters and recognizes a fitting (cognate) native antigen with its B-cell receptor, internalization, antigen processing and presentation of antigen derived peptides in MHC II molecules occurs (for B cell is APC). This leads to the interaction with previously activated Th cell that carries T-cell receptor, specific for the same antigenic component, that is presented in MHC II molecules of B cell. Only after this specific interaction B-cell receives an additional signals from a T-helper cell which leads to a clonal expansion and differentiation of a B-cell that carries an appropriate BCR. The net result is a production of antibodies of the same specifity and later on, also affinity maturation and heavy chain class switching, which all is necessary for effective humoral response. The final stage is an establishment of a memory B-cell repertoire, that quickly responds to a subsequent exposition to the cognate antigen. In contrary, defense against intracellular pathogens is carried out by different strategy since humoral response is not effective against intracellular patogens, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria.
| 3,897 | 5,596 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9048966#6_13907328
|
http://2008.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune_response
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
|
This leads to the interaction with previously activated Th cell that carries T-cell receptor, specific for the same antigenic component, that is presented in MHC II molecules of B cell. Only after this specific interaction B-cell receives an additional signals from a T-helper cell which leads to a clonal expansion and differentiation of a B-cell that carries an appropriate BCR. The net result is a production of antibodies of the same specifity and later on, also affinity maturation and heavy chain class switching, which all is necessary for effective humoral response. The final stage is an establishment of a memory B-cell repertoire, that quickly responds to a subsequent exposition to the cognate antigen. In contrary, defense against intracellular pathogens is carried out by different strategy since humoral response is not effective against intracellular patogens, such as viruses and intracellular bacteria. In that case, cytosolic antigens are presented within MHC class 1 (MHC I) molecules, which can be found on all nucleated cells, for all these cells could be infected by viruses. Antigenic peptides, presented in MHC I molecules, are recognised by CD8 + T cells, which then, with help of Th cells differentiate into CTL. These kill infected cells and eradicate infection. Very simplified, we can say, that the result (polarization) of immune response depends on which player of innate branch of immune response (e.g., dendritic cell) recognized invading pathogen, how the peptides derived from antigenic components were presented (MHC I or MHC II molecules) and which immunomodulatory molecules were produced (e.g. IL-12). Therefore, cooperation between initial innate and subsequent adaptive response is needed for effective functioning of the immune system and immune response.
| 4,676 | 6,474 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9048966#7_13909470
|
http://2008.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune_response
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response - 2008.igem.org
|
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune response
|
In that case, cytosolic antigens are presented within MHC class 1 (MHC I) molecules, which can be found on all nucleated cells, for all these cells could be infected by viruses. Antigenic peptides, presented in MHC I molecules, are recognised by CD8 + T cells, which then, with help of Th cells differentiate into CTL. These kill infected cells and eradicate infection. Very simplified, we can say, that the result (polarization) of immune response depends on which player of innate branch of immune response (e.g., dendritic cell) recognized invading pathogen, how the peptides derived from antigenic components were presented (MHC I or MHC II molecules) and which immunomodulatory molecules were produced (e.g. IL-12). Therefore, cooperation between initial innate and subsequent adaptive response is needed for effective functioning of the immune system and immune response. Retrieved from " http://2008.igem.org/Team:Slovenia/Background/Immune_response "
| 5,597 | 6,555 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#0_13910774
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
Visit the new site
Escher’s Droste Effect
This is an Adobe Pixel Bender filter to create Escher’s Droste Effect in After Effects and Photoshop CS4. Read the blog post to find out more about the background of the image transformation. Animating the effect
When used with After Effects things really start to get interesting...
If you have fun or success using these filters for personal or commercial projects then please let me know! Download and installation
Download the Droste effect filter for After Effects and Photoshop CS4
See the Pixel Bender Toolkit page on Adobe labs for details on getting PBT up and running on your machine. After Effects: Just put the Pixel Bender .pbk filters in a folder within the Plug-ins/Effects/ directory of your installation then it will be available from the Effects menu. Photoshop: See the release notes for installing the Pixel Bender plugin. Quickstart
These are the steps you should follow for best results: Set the size to match the source image.
| 0 | 1,024 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#1_13912226
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Just put the Pixel Bender .pbk filters in a folder within the Plug-ins/Effects/ directory of your installation then it will be available from the Effects menu. Photoshop: See the release notes for installing the Pixel Bender plugin. Quickstart
These are the steps you should follow for best results: Set the size to match the source image. Adjust the centerShift so that the spiral is centered on the area you want to repeat. If the source image is a 24-bit PNG with a transparent centre section (like a picture frame) then set transparentInside to 1. If the image has a transparent outside (like a flower cut-out) set transparentOutside to 1
Adjust the innerRadius in combination with tweaking the centerShift values until the repeated section aligns nicely. Adjust the center parameter to frame the overall image. Basic settings:
| 685 | 1,516 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#2_13913466
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Adjust the centerShift so that the spiral is centered on the area you want to repeat. If the source image is a 24-bit PNG with a transparent centre section (like a picture frame) then set transparentInside to 1. If the image has a transparent outside (like a flower cut-out) set transparentOutside to 1
Adjust the innerRadius in combination with tweaking the centerShift values until the repeated section aligns nicely. Adjust the center parameter to frame the overall image. Basic settings: Periodicity: sets the number of times the image is repeated on each level of the spiral. For picture frame type images leave this as 1. For circular images small adjustments might be needed to get a nice repeating spiral but it is always worth trying the setAutoPeriodicity setting. The strand setting is the number of arms on the spiral.
| 1,024 | 1,855 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#3_13914705
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Periodicity: sets the number of times the image is repeated on each level of the spiral. For picture frame type images leave this as 1. For circular images small adjustments might be needed to get a nice repeating spiral but it is always worth trying the setAutoPeriodicity setting. The strand setting is the number of arms on the spiral. When set greater than 1 and applied to an image like a flower that has an outside transparency then strandMirror for seamless tiling. Enable the antialiasing option to super-sample the image and smooth out the fine details. Basic settings: 0 strands (classic Droste), 1 strand, 2 strands, single strand with increased periodicity
Advanced mapping options: Increase the levelStart so that the image fills the outer area.
| 1,516 | 2,275 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#4_13915872
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
When set greater than 1 and applied to an image like a flower that has an outside transparency then strandMirror for seamless tiling. Enable the antialiasing option to super-sample the image and smooth out the fine details. Basic settings: 0 strands (classic Droste), 1 strand, 2 strands, single strand with increased periodicity
Advanced mapping options: Increase the levelStart so that the image fills the outer area. Increase the levels until the centre of the spiral has filled in. Change rotatePolar to enable polar rotation. Unchecking the twist option will tile the untwisted annular section effectively unrolling a circular image. Advanced settings: untwist, enable poles, enable poles with increased periodicity and hyper droste.
| 1,856 | 2,594 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#5_13917019
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Increase the levels until the centre of the spiral has filled in. Change rotatePolar to enable polar rotation. Unchecking the twist option will tile the untwisted annular section effectively unrolling a circular image. Advanced settings: untwist, enable poles, enable poles with increased periodicity and hyper droste. Tutorials
There is a very nice video podcast on using the filter over at Creative Cow thanks to Carl Larson. Changelog
17/11/2008 v1.0: Initial release
25/09/2009 v1.1: Tidied up the code and controls. Added a rotateSpin parameter to rotate the untransformed image, works well with the rotatePolar control.
| 2,276 | 2,901 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9055842#6_13918055
|
http://2008.sub.blue/projects/droste.html
|
Escher's Droste Effect • subblue
|
Escher’s Droste Effect
Escher’s Droste Effect
Animating the effect
Download and installation
Quickstart
Basic settings:
Advanced mapping options:
Tutorials
Changelog
|
Tutorials
There is a very nice video podcast on using the filter over at Creative Cow thanks to Carl Larson. Changelog
17/11/2008 v1.0: Initial release
25/09/2009 v1.1: Tidied up the code and controls. Added a rotateSpin parameter to rotate the untransformed image, works well with the rotatePolar control. Added anti-aliasing option: 1 = no AA, 2 = 4x samples, 3 = 9x samples.
| 2,594 | 2,972 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9059219#0_13918843
|
http://2009lincolnpennies.com/
|
2009lincolnpennies.com
|
2009lincolnpennies.com
2009lincolnpennies.com
|
2009lincolnpennies.com
2009lincolnpennies.com
| 0 | 45 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9059456#0_13919127
|
http://2009stimuluscheck.net/2009/05/stimulus-check/
|
Stimulus Check | 2010 Stimulus Check & 2009 Stimulus Check
|
Stimulus Check
Stimulus Check
|
Stimulus Check | 2010 Stimulus Check & 2009 Stimulus Check
← Will the american taxpayers receive a stimulus check for 2009? 2009 Stimulus Check →
Stimulus Check
Posted on May 30, 2009 by admin
Stimulus Check is a term that first used during the 2008 year when President Bush sent out $600 Stimulus Checks to every man and women in American in hopes of stimulating the ailing economy. The 2008 stimulus check was sent out over the course of several months based on the recipients last 2 digits of their SSN. The stimulus check became popular because it was free money that the government was handing out to everyone. At this point the economy was showing signs of slowing down as the lay offs were continuing to mount. People were looking forward to their stimulus check that was supposed to be used to spend in retail stores to stimulate the economy, but many people used this stimulus check money to pay their bills. In early 2009 people were wondering when there 2009 stimulus check was going to come and if they were going to get one and when. The stimulus check was once again being eyed as free money that was to be handed out to everyone to help cover their bills and expenses, not so much as the original purpose of the stimulus check in 2008 when President Bush designed the original stimulus check to stimulate the economy. During late 2008 into 2009 what started with President Bush and later President Obama began to bail out many of the large corporations right and left. It was several billion here for this company then another similar amount for another.
| 0 | 1,569 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9059456#1_13920992
|
http://2009stimuluscheck.net/2009/05/stimulus-check/
|
Stimulus Check | 2010 Stimulus Check & 2009 Stimulus Check
|
Stimulus Check
Stimulus Check
|
People were looking forward to their stimulus check that was supposed to be used to spend in retail stores to stimulate the economy, but many people used this stimulus check money to pay their bills. In early 2009 people were wondering when there 2009 stimulus check was going to come and if they were going to get one and when. The stimulus check was once again being eyed as free money that was to be handed out to everyone to help cover their bills and expenses, not so much as the original purpose of the stimulus check in 2008 when President Bush designed the original stimulus check to stimulate the economy. During late 2008 into 2009 what started with President Bush and later President Obama began to bail out many of the large corporations right and left. It was several billion here for this company then another similar amount for another. In Feb 2009 President Obama signed the $800 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 into effect that provided stimulus funds for companies for bailouts and stimulus checks for retried and other tax benefits for those working. The large out cry from the American people about where is my stimulus check. Had the government taken that bailout money and given a single stimulus check to everyone, it could have amounted to several grand each. Instead President Obama sent out the 2009 stimulus check and other stimulus initiatives outlined by the 2009 stimulus act. No related posts.
| 718 | 2,165 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9059456#2_13922723
|
http://2009stimuluscheck.net/2009/05/stimulus-check/
|
Stimulus Check | 2010 Stimulus Check & 2009 Stimulus Check
|
Stimulus Check
Stimulus Check
|
In Feb 2009 President Obama signed the $800 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 into effect that provided stimulus funds for companies for bailouts and stimulus checks for retried and other tax benefits for those working. The large out cry from the American people about where is my stimulus check. Had the government taken that bailout money and given a single stimulus check to everyone, it could have amounted to several grand each. Instead President Obama sent out the 2009 stimulus check and other stimulus initiatives outlined by the 2009 stimulus act. No related posts. This entry was posted in 2009 Stimulus Check, Obama, Stimulus Check and tagged Stimulus Check. Bookmark the permalink . ← Will the american taxpayers receive a stimulus check for 2009? 2009 Stimulus Check →
| 1,570 | 2,372 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9062092#0_13923820
|
http://200dma.com/
|
200 DMA, 200 DAY MOVING AVERAGE
|
200 DMA
200 DMA
200 Day Moving Average
200 DMA Defined: "What is the the 200 dma?"
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average is one of the most important indicators available to many longer term investors. The 200 dma can be used to assist investor decisions for the stock market, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA important?
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets.
For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses.
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image.
November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low.
November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important?
In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices.
November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important. Prices in oil fell for over a year after crossing below the 200 dma.
200 DMA - Check in with us on Facebook
Please stop in on Facebook and give us your comments, likes and interact with us about 200 DMA. Your feedback will help us and is very much appreciated. Cheers!
|
200 DMA, 200 DAY MOVING AVERAGE
200 DMA
200 Day Moving Average
200 DMA Defined: " What is the the 200 dma?" 200 DMA Definition
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average is one of the most important indicators available to many longer term investors. The 200 dma can be used to assist investor decisions for the stock market, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 DMA is used by investors to signal for changes in direction of stock markets, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 dma or 200 Day Moving Average represents a longer term view of the trend of a tradeable security
Stock Market investors could have avoided major losses by following the 200 dma during major stock market crashes of 1929 and the stock market crash of 1987 and many other stock market crashes
200 dma is considered technical analysis
Stock Market Technicians use tools like the 200 dma to help them decide whether they should invest in individual stocks, gold, oil or other tradeable commodities
200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA important? 200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA Important? The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets. For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses. Investors use technical indicators like the 200 dma as a trade signal
Nasdaq is a popular Stock Market Exchange
The Nasdaq Composite is a index that generalizes the prices of approximately 4000 individual stocks traded on the Nasdaq Exchange
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average.
| 0 | 2,046 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9062092#1_13928412
|
http://200dma.com/
|
200 DMA, 200 DAY MOVING AVERAGE
|
200 DMA
200 DMA
200 Day Moving Average
200 DMA Defined: "What is the the 200 dma?"
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average is one of the most important indicators available to many longer term investors. The 200 dma can be used to assist investor decisions for the stock market, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA important?
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets.
For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses.
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image.
November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low.
November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important?
In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices.
November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important. Prices in oil fell for over a year after crossing below the 200 dma.
200 DMA - Check in with us on Facebook
Please stop in on Facebook and give us your comments, likes and interact with us about 200 DMA. Your feedback will help us and is very much appreciated. Cheers!
|
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets. For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses. Investors use technical indicators like the 200 dma as a trade signal
Nasdaq is a popular Stock Market Exchange
The Nasdaq Composite is a index that generalizes the prices of approximately 4000 individual stocks traded on the Nasdaq Exchange
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image. November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low. November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important?
| 1,094 | 2,505 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9062092#2_13932360
|
http://200dma.com/
|
200 DMA, 200 DAY MOVING AVERAGE
|
200 DMA
200 DMA
200 Day Moving Average
200 DMA Defined: "What is the the 200 dma?"
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average is one of the most important indicators available to many longer term investors. The 200 dma can be used to assist investor decisions for the stock market, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA important?
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets.
For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses.
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image.
November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low.
November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important?
In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices.
November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important. Prices in oil fell for over a year after crossing below the 200 dma.
200 DMA - Check in with us on Facebook
Please stop in on Facebook and give us your comments, likes and interact with us about 200 DMA. Your feedback will help us and is very much appreciated. Cheers!
|
FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image. November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low. November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important? In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices. November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important.
| 2,047 | 3,009 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9062092#3_13935857
|
http://200dma.com/
|
200 DMA, 200 DAY MOVING AVERAGE
|
200 DMA
200 DMA
200 Day Moving Average
200 DMA Defined: "What is the the 200 dma?"
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average is one of the most important indicators available to many longer term investors. The 200 dma can be used to assist investor decisions for the stock market, individual stocks, oil, gold or other tradeable securities
200 DMA, Why is the 200 DMA important?
The 200 dma or 200 day moving average has proved to be a successful tool to avoid long term losses in the stock market. Investors using a technique of selling out of stock portfolios when the major stock market index moves below the 200 dma or 200 day moving average would have avoided major losses in the past bear markets.
For example, the of the Nasdaq Stock Market Index chart on the right shows that investors selling when trading drops below the 200 day moving average beginning in September 2000 would avoid avoiding 24 more months of agonizing losses.
November 12, 2016
Facebook (FB) prices are testing the 200 day moving average. The FB chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. FB has previously found support on the 200 dma in 2015 and early 2016 as indicated with the black circles on the image.
November 11, 2016
Oil prices have been testing the support of the 200 dma or 200 day moving average. The Chart shows the green line which is the 200 day moving average. Early in week, prices held above the 200 dma, however, on November 11, prices plunged below the 200 dma with a lower low.
November 12, 2016
Why is the 200 dma important?
In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices.
November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important. Prices in oil fell for over a year after crossing below the 200 dma.
200 DMA - Check in with us on Facebook
Please stop in on Facebook and give us your comments, likes and interact with us about 200 DMA. Your feedback will help us and is very much appreciated. Cheers!
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In this example chart, the chart displayed is of Gold prices during 2015. As can been seen, each time the price of gold crossed or approached the 200 dma, prices resisted from rising to higher levels. The resistance at the 200 dma gave gold traders a clue as to the future direction of gold prices. November 12, 2016
The chart below is an ETF that is used by traders to take positions in the direction of oil prices. The chart provides a good example of why paying attention to the 200 dma is important. Prices in oil fell for over a year after crossing below the 200 dma. 200 DMA - Check in with us on Facebook
Please stop in on Facebook and give us your comments, likes and interact with us about 200 DMA. Your feedback will help us and is very much appreciated. Cheers!
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9067880#0_13939163
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http://2010lincolncents.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#0_13940193
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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Conference « constructedenvironment
constructedenvironment
An international CONFERENCE, a scholarly JOURNAL, a BOOK series, and an online KNOWLEDGE COMMUNITY
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Search for: Next annual conference: International Conference on the Constructed Environment
Constructed Environment Conference 2011
Background
Welcome to the website of the 2011 International Conference on the Constructed Environment. The conference will be held at the University Center in Chicago, USA from 29-30 October 2011. This conference will explore the forms and functions of the constructed environment during a time of dramatic and at times disruptive change. The conference is a cross-disciplinary forum which brings together researchers, teachers and practitioners to discuss the past character and future shape of the built environment. The resulting conversations weave between the theoretical and the empirical, research and application, market pragmatics and social idealism. In professional and disciplinary terms, the conference traverses a broad sweep to construct a transdisciplinary dialogue which encompasses the perspectives and practices of: architecture, anthropology, business, design, economics, education, engineering, environmental design, industrial design, interior design, landscape architecture, sociology, town and regional planning, and transportation.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#1_13941842
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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This conference will explore the forms and functions of the constructed environment during a time of dramatic and at times disruptive change. The conference is a cross-disciplinary forum which brings together researchers, teachers and practitioners to discuss the past character and future shape of the built environment. The resulting conversations weave between the theoretical and the empirical, research and application, market pragmatics and social idealism. In professional and disciplinary terms, the conference traverses a broad sweep to construct a transdisciplinary dialogue which encompasses the perspectives and practices of: architecture, anthropology, business, design, economics, education, engineering, environmental design, industrial design, interior design, landscape architecture, sociology, town and regional planning, and transportation. We invite prospective participants to submit a presentation proposalfor one of the following parallel session options: a 30-minute paper; a 60-minute workshop; a jointly presented 90-minute colloquiumsession; or a virtualsession.
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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We invite prospective participants to submit a presentation proposalfor one of the following parallel session options: a 30-minute paper; a 60-minute workshop; a jointly presented 90-minute colloquiumsession; or a virtualsession. We also encourage innovative presentation formats, such as roundtables, staged dialogues, screenings and performances. Parallel sessions are loosely grouped into streamsreflecting different perspectives or disciplines. Each stream forms a talking circle, an informal forum for focused discussion of issues and conference themes. Participants may choose to submit written papersbefore or after the conference for possible publication in the peer reviewed The International Conference on the Constructed Environment. Virtual participants also have the option to submit papers for consideration by the journal.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#3_13944145
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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We also encourage innovative presentation formats, such as roundtables, staged dialogues, screenings and performances. Parallel sessions are loosely grouped into streamsreflecting different perspectives or disciplines. Each stream forms a talking circle, an informal forum for focused discussion of issues and conference themes. Participants may choose to submit written papersbefore or after the conference for possible publication in the peer reviewed The International Conference on the Constructed Environment. Virtual participants also have the option to submit papers for consideration by the journal. All registered conference participants receive a complimentary online subscription to the journal when registration is finalized. This subscription is valid until one year after the conference end-date. If you would like to know more about this conference, bookmark the Constructed Environment Conferencewebsite and return for further information and regular updates. You may also wish to subscribe to ‘The Constructed Environment’, the Newsletterof the conference and journal. For all inquiries, please contact the Conference Secretariat.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#4_13945490
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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All registered conference participants receive a complimentary online subscription to the journal when registration is finalized. This subscription is valid until one year after the conference end-date. If you would like to know more about this conference, bookmark the Constructed Environment Conferencewebsite and return for further information and regular updates. You may also wish to subscribe to ‘The Constructed Environment’, the Newsletterof the conference and journal. For all inquiries, please contact the Conference Secretariat. Background
International Conference on the Constructed Environment
The Constructed Environment Conference is held annually in different locations around the world. The Inaugural Constructed Environment Conference was held in Venice, Italy in 2010alongside the 12th Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale. The International Conference on the Constructed Environment is a presenter’s conference, comprised of numerous parallel sessions. The Conference organizing committee is inviting proposals to present 30-minute papers, or 60-minute workshops or 90-minute colloquium sessions. These may be:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#5_13946833
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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Background
International Conference on the Constructed Environment
The Constructed Environment Conference is held annually in different locations around the world. The Inaugural Constructed Environment Conference was held in Venice, Italy in 2010alongside the 12th Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale. The International Conference on the Constructed Environment is a presenter’s conference, comprised of numerous parallel sessions. The Conference organizing committee is inviting proposals to present 30-minute papers, or 60-minute workshops or 90-minute colloquium sessions. These may be: Academic or research papers, or
Presentations describing educational initiatives. The International Journal of the Constructed Environment
All registered participants (including virtual participants) have the option to submit papers to The International Journal of the Constructed Environment. Papers submitted for publication will be fully refereed through a peer review process. The publication decision is based on the referees’ reports. For more information about the journal please visit the Publish Your Paperpage.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9068863#6_13948155
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http://2011.constructedenvironment.com/
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Academic or research papers, or
Presentations describing educational initiatives. The International Journal of the Constructed Environment
All registered participants (including virtual participants) have the option to submit papers to The International Journal of the Constructed Environment. Papers submitted for publication will be fully refereed through a peer review process. The publication decision is based on the referees’ reports. For more information about the journal please visit the Publish Your Paperpage. Conference-2011
Conference Overview
Call for Papers
Register
Ideas
Advisory Board
Location
Program
Plenary Speakers
Graduate Scholar Recipients
Sessions
Online Presentations
Frequently Asked Questions
Accommodation
Activities and Extras
Community
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Past Conferences
© Common Ground Publishing|
Entries Feed| Comments Feed|
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#0_13949274
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
From 2011.igem.org
Back to the Team: Baltimore/Solutions Page
Corrosive, penetrates latex gloves, do not inhale or ingest, use under a hood, flammable or explosive if mixed with air at teperatures over 102 degrees Fahrenheit, special storage conditions
Contents
[ hide]
1 Chemical Formula
2 Safe Usage
3 Safe Storage
4 Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
5 If Spilled
6 Bibliography
Chemical Formula
Glacial acetic acid is a trivial name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Although it is classified as a weak acid, acetic acid is highly dangerous to skin. A common abbreviation for acetic acid is HOAc, where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH3−C (=O)−.
Common Names: ethanoic acid, vinegar (a dilute solution of acetic acid - for safety data on vinegar, click here), glacial acetic acid, ethylic acid, methanecarboxylic acid, vinegar acid
Safe Usage
This chemical penetrates ordinary latex gloves. Use nitrile rubber gloves. Double-gloving is a good precaution. You should wear full protection in addition to non-latex gloves:
| 0 | 1,281 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#1_13951056
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
A common abbreviation for acetic acid is HOAc, where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH3−C (=O)−.
Common Names: ethanoic acid, vinegar (a dilute solution of acetic acid - for safety data on vinegar, click here), glacial acetic acid, ethylic acid, methanecarboxylic acid, vinegar acid
Safe Usage
This chemical penetrates ordinary latex gloves. Use nitrile rubber gloves. Double-gloving is a good precaution. You should wear full protection in addition to non-latex gloves: lab coat, googles or face mask, covered lower extremities. Good ventilation is very important when working with this chemical. You should ALWAYS use this chemical under a ventilation hood. See also the Team: Baltimore/Working under the Hood Page.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#2_13952261
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
lab coat, googles or face mask, covered lower extremities. Good ventilation is very important when working with this chemical. You should ALWAYS use this chemical under a ventilation hood. See also the Team: Baltimore/Working under the Hood Page. Safe Storage
Because of its low conbustion temperature, glacial acetic acid is best stored in a refrigerator or -4 degree Centigrade freezer. This is much safer than storing it in an ordinary lab cabinet, even if it is a locked, metal cabinet. It is generally shiped in a small-necked glass container. The small neck reduces splash hazard if there is a spill, and the glass is not affected by the corrosive properties of the acid. It should not be stored near strong oxidizers like sodium peroxide, nitric acid and chromic acid, strong acids, or strong bases like chlorine bleach.
| 1,282 | 2,108 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#3_13953565
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
Safe Storage
Because of its low conbustion temperature, glacial acetic acid is best stored in a refrigerator or -4 degree Centigrade freezer. This is much safer than storing it in an ordinary lab cabinet, even if it is a locked, metal cabinet. It is generally shiped in a small-necked glass container. The small neck reduces splash hazard if there is a spill, and the glass is not affected by the corrosive properties of the acid. It should not be stored near strong oxidizers like sodium peroxide, nitric acid and chromic acid, strong acids, or strong bases like chlorine bleach. NIOSH Advises storage under the following conditions: Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids, strong bases, food and feedstuffs . Store in original container. Well closed.
| 1,527 | 2,297 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#4_13954811
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
NIOSH Advises storage under the following conditions: Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids, strong bases, food and feedstuffs . Store in original container. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Class II Combustible Liquid: Fl. P. at or above 100°F and below 140°F.
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#5_13955690
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Class II Combustible Liquid: Fl. P. at or above 100°F and below 140°F. Incompatibilities & Reactivities Strong oxidizers (especially chromic acid, sodium peroxide & nitric acid), strong caustics [Note: Corrosive to metals.] Exposure Routes inhalation, skin and/or eye contact
Symptoms irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; skin sensitization;
| 2,298 | 2,788 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#6_13956669
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
|
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
Incompatibilities & Reactivities Strong oxidizers (especially chromic acid, sodium peroxide & nitric acid), strong caustics [Note: Corrosive to metals.] Exposure Routes inhalation, skin and/or eye contact
Symptoms irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; eye, skin burns; skin sensitization; dental erosion; black skin, hyperkeratosis; conjunctivitis, lacrimation (discharge of tears); pharyngeal edema, chronic bronchitis
Target Organs Eyes, skin, respiratory system, teeth
First Aid Eye: Irrigate immediately Skin:
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#7_13957660
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
dental erosion; black skin, hyperkeratosis; conjunctivitis, lacrimation (discharge of tears); pharyngeal edema, chronic bronchitis
Target Organs Eyes, skin, respiratory system, teeth
First Aid Eye: Irrigate immediately Skin: Water flush immediately Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately
Respirator Recommendations
NIOSH/OSHA
Up to 50 ppm: ( APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode£ (APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge (s)£ (APF = 50) Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge (s) (APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister (APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece (APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
If Spilled
Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection:
| 2,789 | 3,747 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#8_13959112
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
|
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
Water flush immediately Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately
Respirator Recommendations
NIOSH/OSHA
Up to 50 ppm: ( APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode£ (APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge (s)£ (APF = 50) Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and organic vapor cartridge (s) (APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister (APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece (APF = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece
If Spilled
Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously neutralize spilled liquid with sodium carbonate only under the responsibility of an expert. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Bibliography
CDC's NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0002.html
NIOSH's International Chemical Safety Cards Card Number:
| 3,014 | 4,177 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9073412#9_13960769
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http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes
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Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes - 2011.igem.org
|
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes
Contents
Chemical Formula
Safe Usage
Safe Storage
Hazardous Properties and Proper Emergency Procedures
Respirator Recommendations
If Spilled
Bibliography
|
chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously neutralize spilled liquid with sodium carbonate only under the responsibility of an expert. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Bibliography
CDC's NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0002.html
NIOSH's International Chemical Safety Cards Card Number: ICSC 0363 See http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0363.html
Oxford University's Hands-On Education Group at http://cartwright.chem.ox.ac.uk/hsci/chemicals/ethanoic_acid.html
The MSDS (Materials Safety Data Sheet) for glacial acetic acid at http://wwwsci.seastarchemicals.com/safety/06AceticMSDSRev2008.pdf
Retrieved from " http://2011.igem.org/Glacial_Acetic_Acid_Safety_Notes "
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9078464#0_13962062
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http://2011.igem.org/Solution_III
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Solution III - 2011.igem.org
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Solution III
Solution III
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Solution III - 2011.igem.org
Solution III
From 2011.igem.org
Solution III for the plasmid DNA purification process is
5M Potassium Acetate 60.0 ml See Mixing Solutions: Mystery Solved Glacial Acetic Acic 11.5 ml CAUTION! See Glacial Acetic Acid Safety Notes Distilled water 28.5 ml
The resulting solution is 3 M with respect to potassium and 5 M with respect to acetate. Potassium Acetate is C_2H_3K_2, with a molar mass of 98.15 gr/mole. Make 5M Potassium Acetate (100 ml is good), and autoclave on liquid cycle at 121 degrees C for 15 min. It is also a good idea to autoclave some water and a GLASS storage bottle that can hold at least 150ml. After autoclaving, measure the 5 M Potassium Acetate and Distilled Water into the clean, autoclaved glass storage bottle rather than a beaker. Before adding the glacial acetic acid read the Team: Baltimore/Working under the Hood Page. Work under the Ventilation Hood and wear coat, googles, and double gloves, carefully open the glacial acetic acid bottle.
| 0 | 1,001 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9078464#1_13963298
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http://2011.igem.org/Solution_III
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Solution III - 2011.igem.org
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Solution III
Solution III
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It is also a good idea to autoclave some water and a GLASS storage bottle that can hold at least 150ml. After autoclaving, measure the 5 M Potassium Acetate and Distilled Water into the clean, autoclaved glass storage bottle rather than a beaker. Before adding the glacial acetic acid read the Team: Baltimore/Working under the Hood Page. Work under the Ventilation Hood and wear coat, googles, and double gloves, carefully open the glacial acetic acid bottle. Glacial acetic acid is often stored in a large bottle with a small neck, and always stored cold. Use a disposable pipette and a pipette liquid drawer (green thing with the white gear) to measure the 11.5 ml of acetic acid and add to the bottle (which is now also under the hood) containing your Potassium Acetate and water solution. You now have Solution III. Store in the -4 degree C freezer, well-labeled with a cautionary note stating the contents include glacial acetic acid. Retrieved from " http://2011.igem.org/Solution_III "
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#0_13964524
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http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
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Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
Explore
Experience the GoNorth! Beringia 2011 adventure learning expedition live - February 21 through May 28, 2011
Logistics
Dog Yard
Visit the amazing Polar Huskies now! Kennel
Meet the true superstars: the Polar Huskies! Polar Husky Biscuits
Got a dog? Know a dog? Get your FRESH dog biscuits today and help us fund raise at PolarHusky.com
Polar Husky World
Follow Lightning into the Polar Husky World - Discover why the Polar Huskies are considered specialized forces. The Ropes
The Ropes: from the type of sled to the way the dogs run and get connected to the sled.
| 0 | 665 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#1_13965538
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http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
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Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Polar Husky Biscuits
Got a dog? Know a dog? Get your FRESH dog biscuits today and help us fund raise at PolarHusky.com
Polar Husky World
Follow Lightning into the Polar Husky World - Discover why the Polar Huskies are considered specialized forces. The Ropes
The Ropes: from the type of sled to the way the dogs run and get connected to the sled. Freja \Fi\nologies
Daily Phenology Observations by Freja the retired Polar Husky. Adopt a Polar Husky
Support Adventure Learning at the University of Minnesota - GoNorth! and the Polar Huskies! Joring
Activities to try with your dog! Puppy Pen
Meet Hershey's puppies - and help name the newest Polar Husky Superstar!
| 318 | 982 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#2_13966552
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http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
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Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Freja \Fi\nologies
Daily Phenology Observations by Freja the retired Polar Husky. Adopt a Polar Husky
Support Adventure Learning at the University of Minnesota - GoNorth! and the Polar Huskies! Joring
Activities to try with your dog! Puppy Pen
Meet Hershey's puppies - and help name the newest Polar Husky Superstar! Meet Team
GoNorth! is all about teamwork - here is your chance to meet our brave explorers! Mille Porsild
Mille Porsild from Denmark - Executive Director and Expedition Leader of GoNorth! Christine Germano
Christine Germano, GoNorth! expedition team member!
| 665 | 1,241 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#3_13967477
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http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
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Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Meet Team
GoNorth! is all about teamwork - here is your chance to meet our brave explorers! Mille Porsild
Mille Porsild from Denmark - Executive Director and Expedition Leader of GoNorth! Christine Germano
Christine Germano, GoNorth! expedition team member! Joar Ulsom
Joar Ulsom, GoNorth! expedition team member! Chris Ripken
Chris Ripken, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Teacher Explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Tasha Erding
Tasha Erding, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Student explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Basecamp
Meet the team members at Education and Expedition Basecamp
Our Sponsors
GoNorth!
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#4_13968485
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http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Joar Ulsom
Joar Ulsom, GoNorth! expedition team member! Chris Ripken
Chris Ripken, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Teacher Explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Tasha Erding
Tasha Erding, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Student explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Basecamp
Meet the team members at Education and Expedition Basecamp
Our Sponsors
GoNorth! would not happen without them. Meet the organizations, corporations and individuals that make it possible! Maps & Data
Explore Beringia and the Team's expedition route! Route
Explore the expedition route on various forms of maps and investigate each community along the route. Data
Explore the Arctic through Data!
| 1,241 | 1,955 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#5_13969551
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
would not happen without them. Meet the organizations, corporations and individuals that make it possible! Maps & Data
Explore Beringia and the Team's expedition route! Route
Explore the expedition route on various forms of maps and investigate each community along the route. Data
Explore the Arctic through Data! Satellite
Satellite Images
Historic Maps
Historic Maps
Topo Index
Which maps should the Team take along with them? First Map
The "Vinland map" is believed to be a fifteenth-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a thirteenth-century original
Circumpolar
View a map of the Circumpolar Region! North America
The latest map of North America! Outline Maps
Blank Outline Maps for you to download and work with! Cool Science
Science is COOL - Check it out!
| 1,640 | 2,402 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#6_13970670
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Satellite
Satellite Images
Historic Maps
Historic Maps
Topo Index
Which maps should the Team take along with them? First Map
The "Vinland map" is believed to be a fifteenth-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a thirteenth-century original
Circumpolar
View a map of the Circumpolar Region! North America
The latest map of North America! Outline Maps
Blank Outline Maps for you to download and work with! Cool Science
Science is COOL - Check it out! Field Research
A group effort! Cool Scientists
Meet Our Team of COOL Researchers! What's Climate Change to You? What is climate change to you? Around the world young people are pairing up with scientists to explore this question!
| 1,955 | 2,632 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#7_13971703
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Field Research
A group effort! Cool Scientists
Meet Our Team of COOL Researchers! What's Climate Change to You? What is climate change to you? Around the world young people are pairing up with scientists to explore this question! Beringia
Beringia: from the people, to the land, climate, geography, resources and more! Flora
The Vegetation of Beringia
Fauna
The Animals that call the area on and around Beringia 'home'
Alaska
Oceans
Ocean covers more than 70% of earth's surface. Learn about its geology, geography, ecology and much more. Sedna
The Sea Goddess rules the ocean, the fish and sea mammals...
Geology
From tides to waves to gyers and more... learn how the geology of the ocean impacts us all.
| 2,402 | 3,110 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#8_13972765
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Beringia
Beringia: from the people, to the land, climate, geography, resources and more! Flora
The Vegetation of Beringia
Fauna
The Animals that call the area on and around Beringia 'home'
Alaska
Oceans
Ocean covers more than 70% of earth's surface. Learn about its geology, geography, ecology and much more. Sedna
The Sea Goddess rules the ocean, the fish and sea mammals...
Geology
From tides to waves to gyers and more... learn how the geology of the ocean impacts us all. Geography
Learn about the Geography of the ocean: from exploration to sanctuaries to the Law of the Sea and the 5 oceans. Ecology
Millions of species, over 50% of life on earth, calls the ocean home. Resources
Oceans offer humans unending resources for recreation, transportation, food, medicine and oil and minerals. Climate Change
The ocean is a climate machine and its changing with climate.
| 2,632 | 3,505 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#9_13973994
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Geography
Learn about the Geography of the ocean: from exploration to sanctuaries to the Law of the Sea and the 5 oceans. Ecology
Millions of species, over 50% of life on earth, calls the ocean home. Resources
Oceans offer humans unending resources for recreation, transportation, food, medicine and oil and minerals. Climate Change
The ocean is a climate machine and its changing with climate. Pollution
Is it good idea that we use the ocean as our garbage dump? Investigate
Just the facts for you to learn more. Snow
Explore snow! Green A-Z
Green A-to-Z with Sustainable Sable
Study Resources
Additional resources that support the Curriculum. Footprint
Our 'ecological footprint' is what we consume and the 'footprint' it leaves on the earth.
| 3,110 | 3,856 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#10_13975092
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Pollution
Is it good idea that we use the ocean as our garbage dump? Investigate
Just the facts for you to learn more. Snow
Explore snow! Green A-Z
Green A-to-Z with Sustainable Sable
Study Resources
Additional resources that support the Curriculum. Footprint
Our 'ecological footprint' is what we consume and the 'footprint' it leaves on the earth. Sense of Place
What's your sense of place? Climate Chaos
How is our planet changing? What can you do? Arctic Realities
The Arctic is 'the canary in the coal mine' - Watch Arctic realities, learn about facts of climate change with the ACIA movie
Basics
Learn the Basics...
Climate Graphs
Interactive graphs: Is the climate changing?
| 3,505 | 4,189 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#11_13976131
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Sense of Place
What's your sense of place? Climate Chaos
How is our planet changing? What can you do? Arctic Realities
The Arctic is 'the canary in the coal mine' - Watch Arctic realities, learn about facts of climate change with the ACIA movie
Basics
Learn the Basics...
Climate Graphs
Interactive graphs: Is the climate changing? Analyze the data! CO2
The most important of the greenhouse gases released by human activity
Oceans
Take Action
10 simple things you can do
Traditional Knowledge
The way in which people make sense of their surroundings
Watch The Change
Our Climate is Changing
A to Z
Polar Husky A to Z
Itchalik
For the Arctic-obsessed - satisfy your craving to know even more! Wumpa
Fun games and lesson activities for preschool and up - visit Wumpa's World! Support
GoNorth! Teachers - Download free curriculum, talk to your fellow teachers, find tutorials.
| 3,856 | 4,735 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#12_13977373
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Analyze the data! CO2
The most important of the greenhouse gases released by human activity
Oceans
Take Action
10 simple things you can do
Traditional Knowledge
The way in which people make sense of their surroundings
Watch The Change
Our Climate is Changing
A to Z
Polar Husky A to Z
Itchalik
For the Arctic-obsessed - satisfy your craving to know even more! Wumpa
Fun games and lesson activities for preschool and up - visit Wumpa's World! Support
GoNorth! Teachers - Download free curriculum, talk to your fellow teachers, find tutorials. Get Support! Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
image courtesy of: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Distribution: image courtesy of: plants.usda.gov/
Description:
| 4,190 | 4,893 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#13_13978442
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
Get Support! Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
image courtesy of: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Distribution: image courtesy of: plants.usda.gov/
Description: The Arctic willow is the northernmost woody plant in the world! The Arctic willow is a very small creeping willow. It has dull leaves that are pale green with long, white hairs towards the tip. The Arctic willow also has rooting branches. It only grows to be about 1-15 cm (0.39-5.9 in) in height.
| 4,736 | 5,191 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#14_13979249
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
The Arctic willow is the northernmost woody plant in the world! The Arctic willow is a very small creeping willow. It has dull leaves that are pale green with long, white hairs towards the tip. The Arctic willow also has rooting branches. It only grows to be about 1-15 cm (0.39-5.9 in) in height. The male and female catkins (flower clusters) are on separate plants. The Arctic willow grows in the tundra and on rocky moorland (upland areas). Its habitat is in the harsh Arctic environments. Even in these harsh conditions the Arctic willow is a long-lived plant that grows extremely slow. In Greenland there was an Arctic willow found to be 236 years old.
| 4,893 | 5,551 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#15_13980250
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
The male and female catkins (flower clusters) are on separate plants. The Arctic willow grows in the tundra and on rocky moorland (upland areas). Its habitat is in the harsh Arctic environments. Even in these harsh conditions the Arctic willow is a long-lived plant that grows extremely slow. In Greenland there was an Arctic willow found to be 236 years old. There are many Arctic animals that feed on the Arctic willow, such as: muskox, caribou, Arctic hare, ptarmigan and lemmings. The bark, twigs, and seeds are consumed. The Inuit make use of the Arctic willow as well. The twigs of the Arctic willow are used for fuel and as wicking.
| 5,192 | 5,831 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#16_13981233
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
There are many Arctic animals that feed on the Arctic willow, such as: muskox, caribou, Arctic hare, ptarmigan and lemmings. The bark, twigs, and seeds are consumed. The Inuit make use of the Arctic willow as well. The twigs of the Arctic willow are used for fuel and as wicking. The Arctic willow is also used for medicine such as: relieving tooth aches, helping to stop bleeding, help heal wounds, and to cure diarrhea and indigestion. Parts of the Arctic willow are also eaten and have a high source of vitamin C and they have a sweet taste. Source courtesy of: blueplanetbiomes.org/arctic_willow.htm, plants.usda.gov, wikipedia.org and The Nature and Wildlife Guide to Greenland, Benny Gensbøl (2005)
Friend's Email Address:
| 5,551 | 6,280 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9080190#17_13982311
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/
|
Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Arctic Willow Salix arctica
|
The Arctic willow is also used for medicine such as: relieving tooth aches, helping to stop bleeding, help heal wounds, and to cure diarrhea and indigestion. Parts of the Arctic willow are also eaten and have a high source of vitamin C and they have a sweet taste. Source courtesy of: blueplanetbiomes.org/arctic_willow.htm, plants.usda.gov, wikipedia.org and The Nature and Wildlife Guide to Greenland, Benny Gensbøl (2005)
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| 5,832 | 6,399 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#0_13983225
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
Explore
Experience the GoNorth! Beringia 2011 adventure learning expedition live - February 21 through May 28, 2011
Logistics
Be "in the know!" Research Beringia in Alaska, Inupiat , ocean and energy exploration, find study resources & more! Dog Yard
Visit the amazing Polar Huskies now! Kennel
Meet the true superstars: the Polar Huskies! Polar Husky Biscuits
Got a dog? Know a dog? Get your FRESH dog biscuits today and help us fund raise at PolarHusky.com
Polar Husky World
Follow Lightning into the Polar Husky World - Discover why the Polar Huskies are considered specialized forces.
| 0 | 680 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#1_13984254
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
Kennel
Meet the true superstars: the Polar Huskies! Polar Husky Biscuits
Got a dog? Know a dog? Get your FRESH dog biscuits today and help us fund raise at PolarHusky.com
Polar Husky World
Follow Lightning into the Polar Husky World - Discover why the Polar Huskies are considered specialized forces. The Ropes
The Ropes: from the type of sled to the way the dogs run and get connected to the sled. Freja \Fi\nologies
Daily Phenology Observations by Freja the retired Polar Husky. Adopt a Polar Husky
Support Adventure Learning at the University of Minnesota - GoNorth! and the Polar Huskies!
| 379 | 972 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#2_13985195
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
The Ropes
The Ropes: from the type of sled to the way the dogs run and get connected to the sled. Freja \Fi\nologies
Daily Phenology Observations by Freja the retired Polar Husky. Adopt a Polar Husky
Support Adventure Learning at the University of Minnesota - GoNorth! and the Polar Huskies! Joring
Activities to try with your dog! Puppy Pen
Meet Hershey's puppies - and help name the newest Polar Husky Superstar! Meet Team
GoNorth! is all about teamwork - here is your chance to meet our brave explorers! Mille Porsild
Mille Porsild from Denmark - Executive Director and Expedition Leader of GoNorth!
| 680 | 1,284 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#3_13986147
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
Joring
Activities to try with your dog! Puppy Pen
Meet Hershey's puppies - and help name the newest Polar Husky Superstar! Meet Team
GoNorth! is all about teamwork - here is your chance to meet our brave explorers! Mille Porsild
Mille Porsild from Denmark - Executive Director and Expedition Leader of GoNorth! Christine Germano
Christine Germano, GoNorth! expedition team member! Joar Ulsom
Joar Ulsom, GoNorth! expedition team member! Chris Ripken
Chris Ripken, GoNorth!
| 972 | 1,446 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#4_13986967
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
Christine Germano
Christine Germano, GoNorth! expedition team member! Joar Ulsom
Joar Ulsom, GoNorth! expedition team member! Chris Ripken
Chris Ripken, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Teacher Explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Tasha Erding
Tasha Erding, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Student explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Basecamp
Meet the team members at Education and Expedition Basecamp
Our Sponsors
GoNorth! would not happen without them. Meet the organizations, corporations and individuals that make it possible! Maps & Data
Explore Beringia and the Team's expedition route!
| 1,284 | 1,922 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#5_13987955
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
and 5Gyres expedition team member - Teacher Explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Tasha Erding
Tasha Erding, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Student explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon
Basecamp
Meet the team members at Education and Expedition Basecamp
Our Sponsors
GoNorth! would not happen without them. Meet the organizations, corporations and individuals that make it possible! Maps & Data
Explore Beringia and the Team's expedition route! Route
Explore the expedition route on various forms of maps and investigate each community along the route. Data
Explore the Arctic through Data! Satellite
Satellite Images
Historic Maps
Historic Maps
Topo Index
Which maps should the Team take along with them? First Map
The "Vinland map" is believed to be a fifteenth-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a thirteenth-century original
Circumpolar
View a map of the Circumpolar Region! North America
The latest map of North America!
| 1,447 | 2,402 |
msmarco_v2.1_doc_00_9087054#6_13989271
|
http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/bearberry/
|
*Bearberry - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com
|
Flora
Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
|
Route
Explore the expedition route on various forms of maps and investigate each community along the route. Data
Explore the Arctic through Data! Satellite
Satellite Images
Historic Maps
Historic Maps
Topo Index
Which maps should the Team take along with them? First Map
The "Vinland map" is believed to be a fifteenth-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a thirteenth-century original
Circumpolar
View a map of the Circumpolar Region! North America
The latest map of North America! Outline Maps
Blank Outline Maps for you to download and work with! Cool Science
Science is COOL - Check it out! Field Research
A group effort! Cool Scientists
Meet Our Team of COOL Researchers! What's Climate Change to You?
| 1,922 | 2,627 |
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