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' s ▁life ▁instead ▁of ▁completely ▁restart ing ▁the ▁game , ▁re app ear ing ▁at ▁the ▁Golden ▁Castle ▁while ▁leaving ▁all ▁objects ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁last ▁left , ▁but ▁this ▁will ▁also ▁reg ener ate ▁any ▁drag on ▁previously ▁killed ▁as ▁well . ▁The ▁ability ▁to ▁reset ▁the ▁player ' s ▁av atar ▁without ▁reset ting ▁the ▁entire ▁game ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁examples ▁of ▁a ▁" continue ▁game " ▁option ▁in ▁video ▁games . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁offers ▁three ▁different ▁skill ▁levels . ▁Level ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁easiest , ▁as ▁it ▁uses ▁a ▁simplified ▁room ▁layout ▁and ▁doesn ' t ▁include ▁the ▁White ▁Castle , ▁bat , ▁Rh ind le ▁the ▁red ▁drag on , ▁nor ▁invisible ▁ma zes . ▁Level ▁ 2 ▁is ▁the ▁full ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁with ▁the ▁various ▁objects ▁appearing ▁in ▁set ▁positions ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁Level ▁ 3 ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁Level ▁ 2 , ▁but ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁is ▁random ized ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁more ▁challeng ing ▁game . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁player ▁can ▁use ▁the ▁difficulty ▁switch es ▁on ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁to ▁further ▁control ▁the ▁game ' s ▁difficulty ▁by ▁affect ing ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁drag ons : ▁one ▁switch ▁controls ▁the ▁drag ons ' ▁b ite ▁speed , ▁and ▁one ▁causes ▁them ▁to ▁fle e ▁when ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁w ield ing ▁the ▁sword . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁the |
▁developer ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁console , ▁At ari , ▁Inc , ▁and ▁program med ▁by ▁At ari ▁employee ▁Warren ▁Robin ett . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁At ari ▁program mers ▁were ▁generally ▁given ▁full ▁control ▁on ▁the ▁cre ative ▁direction ▁and ▁development ▁cycle ▁for ▁their ▁games , ▁but ▁this ▁required ▁them ▁to ▁plan ▁for ▁their ▁next ▁game ▁as ▁they ▁ne ared ▁completion ▁of ▁their ▁current ▁one ▁to ▁stay ▁product ive . ▁Robin ett ▁was ▁finishing ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁S lot ▁R ac ers ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁Stan ford ▁Art ific ial ▁Int elligence ▁Labor atory ▁by ▁Julius ▁Smith , ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁friends ▁he ▁was ▁sharing ▁a ▁house ▁with . ▁There , ▁he ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁computer ▁text ▁game ▁Col oss al ▁C ave ▁Advent ure , ▁created ▁by ▁Will ▁Crow ther ▁and ▁modified ▁by ▁Don ▁Wood s . ▁After ▁playing ▁the ▁game ▁for ▁several ▁hours , ▁he ▁was ▁inspired ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁graph ical ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁In sp ired ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁text ▁game ▁Col oss al ▁C ave ▁Advent ure , ▁Robin ett ▁began ▁design ing ▁his ▁graphics - based ▁game ▁on ▁a ▁H ew lett - Pack ard ▁ 1 6 1 1 A ▁micro processor ▁computer ▁around ▁May ▁to ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Robin ett ▁was ▁aware ▁early ▁on ▁that ▁memory ▁use ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁critical : ▁At |
ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁cart ridge ▁R OM s ▁have ▁only ▁ 4 0 9 6 ▁bytes ▁( 4 ▁K B ), ▁and ▁the ▁system ▁has ▁ 1 2 8 ▁bytes ▁of ▁RAM ▁for ▁program ▁variables ; ▁in ▁contrast , ▁Col oss al ▁C ave ▁Advent ure ▁uses ▁hundreds ▁of ▁kil oby tes ▁of ▁memory . ▁The ▁final ▁game ▁uses ▁nearly ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁available ▁memory ▁( including ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁cart ridge ▁storage ▁for ▁Robin ett ' s ▁E aster ▁egg ), ▁with ▁ 1 5 ▁un used ▁bytes ▁from ▁the ▁R OM ▁capacity . ▁Robin ett ▁cred its ▁Ken ▁Thompson , ▁his ▁professor ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley , ▁with ▁teaching ▁him ▁the ▁skills ▁needed ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁limited ▁memory ▁efficiently . ▁Thompson ▁had ▁required ▁his ▁students ▁to ▁learn ▁the ▁C ▁programming ▁language ; ▁Robin ett ▁carried ▁techniques ▁from ▁that ▁language ▁into ▁his ▁programming ▁of ▁Advent ure . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁first ▁identified ▁ways ▁to ▁translate ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁Col oss al ▁C ave ▁Advent ure ▁into ▁simple , ▁easy - to - recogn ize ▁graphics ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁could ▁interact ▁with ▁directly , ▁replacing ▁text - based ▁commands ▁with ▁jo yst ick ▁controls . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁system ' s ▁graph ical ▁hardware , ▁Robin ett ▁noted ▁the ▁drag ons ▁ended ▁up ▁looking ▁more ▁like ▁du cks . ▁Robin ett ▁developed ▁work ar ounds ▁for ▁various ▁technical ▁limitations ▁of ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 . ▁The ▁system ▁has |
▁only ▁one ▁play field ▁and ▁five ▁memory - ma pped ▁registers ▁available ▁to ▁represent ▁moving ▁objects . ▁ ▁Only ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁registers ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁representing ▁more ▁complex ▁spr ites . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁used ▁those ▁for ▁objects ▁and ▁cre atures ▁within ▁the ▁game . ▁He ▁used ▁the ▁register ▁originally ▁designated ▁for ▁the ▁ball ▁in ▁games ▁such ▁as ▁P ong ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁player ' s ▁av atar . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁he ▁used ▁the ▁registers ▁assigned ▁for ▁miss iles , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁bul lets ▁in ▁Com bat , ▁for ▁additional ▁walls ▁in ▁the ▁playing ▁field ▁to ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁represent ▁different ▁rooms ▁within ▁the ▁game ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁play field . ▁Another ▁hardware ▁limitation ▁forces ▁the ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁sides ▁of ▁nearly ▁every ▁screen ▁to ▁be ▁mirror ▁images ▁of ▁each ▁other ; ▁this ▁fost ered ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁game ' s ▁confusing ▁ma zes . ▁The ▁exceptions ▁include ▁two ▁screens ▁in ▁the ▁black ▁castle ▁c ata com bs ▁and ▁two ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁hall way ▁beneath ▁the ▁Y ellow ▁Castle . ▁These ▁two ▁hall way ▁screens ▁are ▁mirror ed , ▁but ▁contain ▁a ▁vertical ▁" wall " ▁object ▁in ▁the ▁room ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁non - sym met rical ▁shape , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁secret ▁door ▁for ▁an ▁E aster ▁egg . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁over c ame ▁these ▁limitations ▁to ▁introduce ▁concepts ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁un famil iar ▁to ▁players . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁construct ▁different ▁rooms ▁in ▁the |
▁games ▁( th irty ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁version ), ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁most ▁games ▁took ▁place ▁only ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁screen . ▁Furthermore , ▁off - screen ▁objects ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁bat ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁move ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁programming ▁behavior . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁technical ▁limitations , ▁Robin ett ▁had ▁strugg led ▁with ▁At ari ' s ▁management ▁over ▁the ▁game . ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Advent ures ▁development , ▁At ari , ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁Warner ▁Communic ations , ▁had ▁h ired ▁Ray ▁K ass ar ▁as ▁general ▁manager ▁of ▁their ▁Cons umer ▁Division , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁later ▁promoted ▁to ▁president ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁At ari ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁K ass ar ▁interact ed ▁with ▁the ▁program mers ▁rarely ▁and ▁generally ▁treated ▁their ▁contributions ▁with ▁ind ifference . ▁Robin ett ▁was ▁initially ▁disc ou rag ed ▁from ▁working ▁on ▁Advent ure ▁by ▁his ▁super visor , ▁George ▁Sim cock , ▁who ▁said ▁the ▁am bit ious ▁game ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁done ▁based ▁on ▁knowing ▁how ▁much ▁memory ▁Col oss al ▁C ave ▁Advent ure ▁used . ▁When ▁Robin ett ▁developed ▁a ▁working ▁prototype ▁within ▁a ▁month , ▁the ▁management ▁at ▁At ari ▁were ▁im pressed , ▁encourag ing ▁him ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁game ▁contrary ▁to ▁his ▁super visor ' s ▁initial ▁response . ▁The ▁management ▁later ▁tried ▁to ▁conv ince ▁Robin ett ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁tie - in ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁up coming ▁Super man ▁movie , ▁which ▁was |
▁owned ▁by ▁Warner ▁Communic ation . ▁Robin ett ▁remained ▁committed ▁to ▁his ▁initial ▁idea . ▁Instead , ▁At ari ▁developer ▁John ▁D unn ▁agreed ▁to ▁take ▁Robin ett ' s ▁prototype ▁source ▁code ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Super man ▁game . ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁prototype , ▁completed ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁had ▁only ▁about ▁eight ▁rooms , ▁a ▁single ▁drag on , ▁and ▁two ▁objects , ▁and ▁Robin ett ▁recognized ▁that ▁the ▁game , ▁though ▁demonstr ating ▁what ▁he ▁had ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁do , ▁was ▁b oring . ▁He ▁put ▁the ▁game ▁aside ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁and ▁came ▁back ▁with ▁additional ▁ideas ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁game , ▁finishing ▁it ▁by ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Two ▁changes ▁that ▁Robin ett ▁added ▁were ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁being ▁e aten ▁by ▁the ▁drag on , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁means ▁to ▁reset ▁the ▁av atar ▁if ▁this ▁should ▁happen , ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁the ▁sword ▁object , ▁which ▁could ▁kill ▁the ▁drag on . ▁Robin ett ▁found ▁the ▁various ▁possibilities ▁that ▁arose ▁from ▁this ▁combination ▁of ▁elements ▁improved ▁the ▁excitement ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁made ▁three ▁drag ons , ▁re using ▁the ▁same ▁code ▁for ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁all ▁three . ▁The ▁magnet ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁work ▁around ▁a ▁potential ▁situation ▁where ▁the ▁player ▁could ▁drop ▁an ▁object ▁into ▁a ▁wall ▁space ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁irre tr iev able . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁worked ▁with ▁Steve ▁Hard ing |
, ▁the ▁author ▁for ▁nearly ▁all ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁game ▁manual s ▁at ▁that ▁point ▁in ▁time , ▁to ▁develop ▁the ▁plot ▁for ▁the ▁game . ▁Hard ing ▁developed ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁plot ▁after ▁playing ▁the ▁game ▁himself , ▁with ▁Robin ett ▁revis ing ▁elements ▁where ▁he ▁saw ▁fit . ▁Robin ett ▁states ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁come ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁names ▁for ▁the ▁three ▁drag ons ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁offering ▁a ▁friend ' s ▁suggestion ▁for ▁" K n ub ber r ub " ▁for ▁the ▁bat . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁submitted ▁the ▁source ▁code ▁for ▁Advent ure ▁to ▁At ari ▁management ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 9 ; ▁he ▁left ▁At ari ▁soon ▁after ward . ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁At ari ▁some ▁time ▁later , ▁though ▁the ▁exact ▁date ▁is ▁unclear . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁interview , ▁Robin ett ▁re called ▁the ▁release ▁date ▁as ▁being ▁Christmas ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁though ▁noted ▁he ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁company ▁by ▁this ▁point ▁and ▁was ▁travel ing ▁in ▁Europe ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁but ▁knew ▁the ▁game ▁had ▁been ▁released ▁world wide ▁by ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁A ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁date ▁is ▁also ▁listed ▁in ▁various ▁other ▁sources . ▁At ari ▁began ▁advert ising ▁the ▁game ▁as ▁" coming ▁soon " ▁in ▁its ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁catalog , ▁and ▁several ▁sources ▁indicate ▁the ▁game ▁was ▁released ▁that ▁year , ▁after ▁the ▁At ari ▁ |
2 6 0 0 ▁version ▁of ▁Space ▁Inv aders ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁All ▁text ▁label ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁including ▁the ▁S ears ▁release ▁show ▁a ▁copy right ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁E aster ▁egg ▁ ▁Gener ally ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁" message , ▁trick , ▁or ▁unusual ▁behavior ▁hidden ▁inside ▁a ▁computer ▁program ▁by ▁its ▁cre ator ", ▁the ▁E aster ▁egg ▁concept ▁was ▁popular ized ▁by ▁Advent ure , ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁corpor ate ▁culture ▁at ▁At ari . ▁After ▁At ari ' s ▁ac quisition ▁by ▁Warner ▁Communic ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁culture ▁cl ash ▁between ▁the ▁execut ives ▁from ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁the ▁Californ ian ▁program mers ▁who ▁were ▁more ▁laid ▁back . ▁At ari ▁removed ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁game ▁developers ▁from ▁their ▁products , ▁seeing ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁prevent ▁compet itors ▁from ▁ident ifying ▁and ▁l uring ▁away ▁At ari ' s ▁program mers . ▁At ari ' s ▁dec isions ▁led ▁to ▁several ▁program mers ▁leaving ▁the ▁company ; ▁not ably , ▁David ▁C rane , ▁Larry ▁Kap lan , ▁Alan ▁Miller , ▁and ▁Bob ▁White head ▁all ▁left ▁At ari ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁recognition ▁and ▁roy alt ies ▁from ▁the ▁company , ▁and ▁formed ▁Activ ision , ▁which ▁started ▁making ▁third - party ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁in ▁competition ▁with ▁At ari . ▁ ▁Robin ett , ▁as ▁a ▁means |
▁to ▁leave ▁his ▁name ▁in ▁his ▁game , ▁included ▁a ▁hidden ▁message ▁in ▁Advent ure ▁ident ifying ▁himself ▁as ▁the ▁cre ator , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁supposed ly ▁hidden ▁messages ▁left ▁on ▁various ▁songs ▁recorded ▁by ▁The ▁Beat les . ▁In ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁game ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Robin ett ▁considered ▁the ▁message ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁self - prom otion , ▁not ing ▁that ▁At ari ▁had ▁paid ▁him ▁only ▁around ▁ ▁per ▁year ▁without ▁any ▁roy alt ies , ▁while ▁At ari ▁would ▁sell ▁one ▁million ▁units ▁of ▁a ▁game ▁at ▁ ▁ap ie ce . ▁This ▁secret ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁E aster ▁eggs ▁in ▁a ▁video ▁game . ▁ ▁Within ▁Advent ure , ▁the ▁E aster ▁egg ▁is ▁accessed ▁by ▁first ▁retr ieving ▁the ▁" G ray ▁D ot " ▁from ▁the ▁black ▁castle ▁c ata com bs ▁in ▁difficulty ▁levels ▁ 2 ▁or ▁ 3 . ▁The ▁dot ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁pixel ▁object ▁which ▁is ▁embedded ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁wall ▁of ▁a ▁se aled ▁chamber ▁accessible ▁only ▁with ▁the ▁bridge , ▁and ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁b ounce ▁the ▁av atar ▁along ▁the ▁bottom ▁wall ▁to ▁pick ▁it ▁up . ▁The ▁dot ▁becomes ▁invisible ▁when ▁carried ▁or ▁dropped ▁in ▁most ▁rooms , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁when ▁in ▁a ▁c ata com bs ▁passage ▁or ▁when ▁held ▁over ▁a ▁normal ▁wall . ▁The ▁dot ▁is ▁also ▁not ▁attract ed ▁to ▁the ▁magnet , ▁unlike ▁all ▁other ▁in animate ▁objects ▁in ▁Advent ure . |
▁The ▁player ▁must ▁bring ▁the ▁dot ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁other ▁objects ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁cor rid or ▁below ▁the ▁yellow ▁castle . ▁This ▁causes ▁the ▁bar rier ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁screen ▁to ▁bl ink ▁rapidly , ▁and ▁the ▁player ▁av atar ▁is ▁then ▁able ▁to ▁push ▁through ▁the ▁wall ▁into ▁a ▁new ▁room ▁displaying ▁the ▁words ▁" Created ▁by ▁Warren ▁Robin ett " ▁in ▁text ▁which ▁continu ously ▁changes ▁color . ▁ ▁Robin ett ▁kept ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁dot ▁and ▁the ▁hidden ▁room ▁a ▁secret ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁year , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁mention ▁it ▁to ▁anyone ▁at ▁At ari ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁departure . ▁He ▁was ▁uns ure ▁of ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁discovered ▁by ▁other ▁At ari ▁personnel ▁prior ▁to ▁publishing . ▁The ▁dot ▁was ▁not ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁game ' s ▁manual , ▁as ▁the ▁manual ' s ▁author ▁was ▁una ware ▁of ▁the ▁dot ' s ▁existence . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁game ▁was ▁released , ▁Adam ▁Clay ton , ▁a ▁fifteen - year - old ▁from ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁discovered ▁how ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁dot ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁secret ▁room , ▁and ▁sent ▁a ▁letter ▁to ▁At ari ▁explaining ▁the ▁steps ▁he ▁used ▁to ▁do ▁this . ▁Robin ett ▁had ▁already ▁quit ▁the ▁company ▁by ▁this ▁point , ▁so ▁At ari ▁task ed ▁design ers ▁with ▁finding ▁the ▁responsible ▁code . ▁The ▁employee ▁who ▁found ▁it ▁said ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁were ▁to ▁fix ▁it , ▁he |
▁would ▁change ▁the ▁message ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁say ▁" Fixed ▁by ▁Brad ▁Stewart ". ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁new ▁read - only ▁memory ▁( ROM ) ▁mask , ▁or ▁memory ▁chip , ▁was ▁around ▁ ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁game ' s ▁release , ▁making ▁this ▁change ▁a ▁cost ly ▁ende avor . ▁Steve ▁Wright , ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁software ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁At ari ▁Cons umer ▁Division , ▁argued ▁for ▁retain ing ▁the ▁message , ▁bel ieving ▁it ▁gave ▁players ▁additional ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁find ▁it ▁and ▁play ▁their ▁games ▁more , ▁and ▁suggested ▁these ▁were ▁like ▁E aster ▁eggs ▁for ▁players ▁to ▁find . ▁At ari ▁eventually ▁decided ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁D ot ▁in - game , ▁and ▁dub bed ▁such ▁hidden ▁features ▁" E aster ▁eggs ", ▁saying ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁adding ▁more ▁such ▁secre ts ▁to ▁later ▁games . ▁Wright ▁made ▁it ▁an ▁official ▁policy ▁at ▁At ari ▁that ▁all ▁future ▁games ▁should ▁include ▁E aster ▁eggs , ▁often ▁limited ▁to ▁being ▁the ▁initial s ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁developer . ▁ ▁The ▁E aster ▁egg ▁text ▁with ▁Warren ▁Robin ett ' s ▁name ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁version ▁on ▁the ▁At ari ▁Class ics ▁ 1 0 - in - 1 ▁TV ▁Games ▁stand alone ▁g aming ▁unit , ▁replaced ▁with ▁" TEXT ?" ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁most ▁subsequent ▁re issues ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁however . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁More ▁than ▁one ▁million ▁copies ▁of ▁At ari ' s |
▁Advent ure ▁were ▁sold . ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁received ▁mostly ▁positive ▁reviews ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁immediately ▁after ▁its ▁release ▁and ▁has ▁generally ▁been ▁viewed ▁posit ively ▁since ▁then . ▁ ▁Norman ▁How e ▁review ed ▁Advent ure ▁in ▁The ▁Space ▁G amer ▁No . ▁ 3 1 . ▁How e ▁commented ▁that ▁" Ad vent ure ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁game , ▁as ▁video ▁games ▁are ▁measured . ▁It ▁is ▁neither ▁as ▁interesting ▁nor ▁as ▁complex ▁as ▁Super man , ▁but ▁it ▁shows ▁great ▁promise ▁for ▁things ▁to ▁come . ▁If ▁you ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁At ari ▁game ▁computer , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁entertain ing ▁cart ridge ▁to ▁have ." ▁ ▁Bill ▁K unk el ▁and ▁Frank ▁Lan ey ▁in ▁the ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁issue ▁of ▁Video ▁magazine ▁called ▁Advent ure ▁a ▁" major ▁design ▁break through " ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁" sh at ters ▁several ▁video - game ▁convent ions " ▁such ▁as ▁scoring ▁and ▁time ▁limits . ▁They ▁added ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" m uch ▁more ▁am bit ious " ▁than ▁average ▁home ▁video ▁games , ▁but ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁graphics ▁were ▁under wh el ming , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁hero ▁being ▁a ▁simple ▁square . ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁book ▁How ▁to ▁Win ▁at ▁Home ▁Video ▁Games ▁called ▁it ▁too ▁un predict able ▁with ▁an ▁" il log ical ▁mission ", ▁con cluding ▁that ▁" even ▁devoted ▁strateg ists ▁may ▁soon ▁t ire ▁of ▁Advent ures ▁excess ive ▁trial ▁and ▁error ." ▁Electron ic |
▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁game ' s ▁" graphics ▁are ▁t ame ▁stuff ", ▁but ▁it ▁" st ill ▁has ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁fasc inate " ▁and ▁that ▁" the ▁action ▁advent ure ▁concepts ▁introduced ▁in ▁Advent ure ▁are ▁still ▁vi able ▁today ". ▁ ▁Jer emy ▁Par ish ▁of ▁ 1 UP . com ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁that ▁Advent ure ▁is ▁" a ▁work ▁of ▁interpret ive ▁br ill iance " ▁that ▁" cle ver ly ▁extracted ▁the ▁basic ▁elements ▁of ▁expl oration , ▁combat ▁and ▁tre asure ▁hunting ▁from ▁the ▁text ▁games ▁and ▁converted ▁them ▁into ▁icons ", ▁but ▁also ▁conced ed ▁that ▁it ▁" se ems ▁almost ▁un play ably ▁basic ▁these ▁days ". ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁As ▁the ▁first ▁action - ad vent ure ▁video ▁game ▁and ▁first ▁console ▁fant asy ▁game , ▁Advent ure ▁established ▁its ▁names ake ▁genre ▁on ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁graph ical ▁advent ure ▁game ▁on ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁console , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁video ▁game ▁to ▁contain ▁a ▁widely ▁known ▁E aster ▁egg , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁allow ▁a ▁player ▁to ▁use ▁multiple , ▁port able , ▁on - screen ▁items ▁while ▁expl oring ▁an ▁open - ended ▁environment , ▁making ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁examples , ▁even ▁as ▁small ▁and ▁primitive ▁as ▁it ▁is , ▁of ▁an ▁open ▁world ▁game . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁has ▁been ▁voted |
▁the ▁best ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁game ▁in ▁numerous ▁pol ls , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁noted ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁step ▁in ▁the ▁adv ancement ▁of ▁home ▁video ▁games . ▁Game Pro ▁ranked ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 8 th ▁most ▁important ▁video ▁game ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 1 UP . com ▁listed ▁it ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁games ▁ever ▁made ▁in ▁its ▁" The ▁Ess ential ▁ 5 0 " ▁feature . ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly ▁named ▁Advent ure ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 . ▁ ▁A ▁sequ el ▁to ▁Advent ure ▁was ▁first ▁announced ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁The ▁planned ▁sequ el ▁eventually ▁evol ved ▁into ▁the ▁S word quest ▁series ▁of ▁games . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁a ▁sequ el ▁written ▁by ▁Curt ▁V end el ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁At ari ▁on ▁the ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁ 2 ▁system . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁At ari Age ▁released ▁a ▁self - pub lished ▁sequ el ▁called ▁Advent ure ▁II ▁for ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 5 2 0 0 , ▁which ▁is ▁heavily ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁original ; ▁its ▁name ▁is ▁used ▁with ▁permission ▁from ▁At ari ▁Inter active . ▁Robin ett ▁himself ▁took ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁using ▁items ▁from ▁Advent ure ▁into ▁his ▁next ▁game , ▁Rock y ' |
s ▁Bo ots , ▁but ▁added ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁combine ▁them ▁to ▁form ▁new ▁items . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁the ▁novel ▁and ▁film ▁versions ▁of ▁Re ady ▁Player ▁One , ▁the ▁E aster ▁egg ▁in ▁Advent ure ▁is ▁prom in ently ▁mentioned ▁as ▁the ▁insp iration ▁for ▁a ▁contest ▁to ▁find ▁an ▁E aster ▁egg ▁hidden ▁in ▁the ▁fict ional ▁virtual ▁reality ▁game ▁O AS IS , ▁and ▁finding ▁the ▁secret ▁room ▁within ▁Advent ure ▁is ▁a ▁core ▁plot ▁element ▁within ▁both ▁versions , ▁with ▁foot age ▁from ▁the ▁game ▁( specific ally ▁the ▁E aster ▁egg ) ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁film ▁version . ▁ ▁Re - re leases ▁ ▁At ari ▁Class ics ▁ 1 0 - in - 1 ▁TV ▁Games ▁( Stand alone ▁hardware ▁unit , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁At ari : ▁ 8 0 ▁Classic ▁Games ▁in ▁One ▁( PC , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁( Stand alone ▁hardware ▁unit , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁At ari ▁Anth ology ▁( Play Station ▁ 2 , ▁X box , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁ 2 ▁( Stand alone ▁hardware ▁unit , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Game ▁Room ▁( X box ▁ 3 6 0 , ▁PC , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁At ari ▁Great est ▁H its ▁( N intendo ▁D S , ▁iOS , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁At |
ari ▁Flash back ▁ 3 ▁( Stand alone ▁hardware ▁unit , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁ 4 ▁( Stand alone ▁hardware ▁unit , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁At ari ▁V ault ▁( PC , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁Class ics , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 ▁( PS 4 , ▁X Box 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁and ▁Switch ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁At ari ▁Flash back ▁Port able , ▁ 6 0 ▁game ▁and ▁ 7 0 ▁game ▁versions ▁( 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁at ▁At ari ▁Man ia ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁at ▁At ari Age ▁ ▁Warren ▁Robin ett ' s ▁Advent ure ▁page ▁including ▁game ▁map ▁and ▁software ▁design ▁presentation ▁( Power Point ) ▁ ▁Advent ure ▁manual ▁at ▁the ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Action - ad vent ure ▁games ▁Category : At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 ▁games ▁Category : At ari ▁ 2 6 0 0 - only ▁games ▁Category : At ari ▁games ▁Category : Drag ons ▁in ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Open ▁world ▁video ▁games ▁Category : M aze ▁games ▁Category : So ftware ▁written ▁primarily ▁in ▁assembly ▁language ▁Category : Single - player ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁U met |
ić ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Don ji ▁K uk ur uz ari ▁municipality ▁in ▁central ▁Cro atia . ▁It ▁is ▁connected ▁by ▁the ▁D 3 0 ▁highway . ▁ ▁Geography ▁U met ić ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ban ov ina . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁region ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁K raj ina ▁Ser bs ▁during ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁ 7 3 ▁inhabitants . ▁ 1 9 9 1 : ▁ 1 3 6 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁S vet oz ar ▁B oro e vić ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁S is ak - M oslav ina ▁County ▁Category : Ser b ▁communities ▁in ▁Cro atia <0x0A> </s> ▁Wh itle y ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁a ▁temporary ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁former ▁Col ne ▁Valley ▁and ▁Hal st ead ▁Railway , ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Bird bro ok , ▁Es sex . ▁It ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Bird bro ok ▁station . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Dis used ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Es sex ▁Category : Form er ▁Col ne ▁Valley ▁and ▁Hal st ead ▁Railway ▁stations ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁Category : 1 8 6 2 ▁establish ments |
▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Johan ' s ▁sp iny ▁mouse ▁( A com ys ▁j oh ann is ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁rod ent ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mur idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Ben in , ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso , ▁Cam ero on , ▁Ch ad , ▁Gh ana , ▁M ali , ▁Niger , ▁Niger ia , ▁and ▁T ogo . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁dry ▁shr ub land , ▁subt rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁dry ▁low land ▁grass land , ▁and ▁rock y ▁areas . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A com ys ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Cooper ▁Lake ▁or ▁Lake ▁Cooper ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Places ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Cooper ▁Lake ▁( New ▁York ) ▁ ▁Cooper ▁Lake , ▁Colorado , ▁ad jo ins ▁Slo an ▁Lake ▁ ▁Cooper ▁Lake ▁( Tex as ) ▁ ▁Cooper ▁Lake ▁State ▁Park , ▁Texas ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁Lake ▁Cooper ▁( V ict oria ), ▁near ▁Cor op , ▁Victoria ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁ ▁Cooper ▁Lake ▁( m icro architecture ), ▁the ▁cod ename ▁for ▁a ▁processor ▁micro architecture ▁developed ▁by ▁Intel ▁as ▁the ▁successor ▁to ▁Cas cade ▁Lake <0x0A> </s> ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Electric ity ▁Board ▁was ▁an ▁electric ity ▁distribution ▁utility ▁in ▁England , ▁serving ▁the ▁North ▁East ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁History ▁Form ed ▁as ▁the ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Electric ity |
▁Board ▁( NE EB ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁national isation ▁of ▁the ▁electric ity ▁industry ▁by ▁the ▁Electric ity ▁Act ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁priv at ised ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁renamed ▁as ▁Northern ▁Electric . ▁ ▁National ised ▁industry ▁ ▁The ▁NE EB ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁electric ity ▁from ▁the ▁electric ity ▁generator ▁( the ▁Central ▁Electric ity ▁Gener ating ▁Board ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁and ▁its ▁distribution ▁and ▁sale ▁of ▁electric ity ▁to ▁customers . ▁The ▁key ▁people ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁were : ▁Chair man ▁G . M . ▁Green ▁( 1 9 6 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁E . ▁B ates ▁( 1 9 6 4 , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁Full ▁time ▁member ▁J . ▁F . ▁Sk ip sey ▁( 1 9 6 4 ). ▁ ▁The ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁customers ▁supplied ▁by ▁the ▁Board ▁was : ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁electric ity , ▁in ▁G Wh , ▁sold ▁by ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Electric ity ▁Board ▁over ▁its ▁oper ational ▁life ▁was : ▁{ ▁ <0x09> " version ": ▁ 2 , ▁ <0x09> " width ": ▁ 6 0 0 , ▁ <0x09> " height ": ▁ 2 0 0 , ▁ <0x09> " data ": ▁[ ▁ <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " name ": ▁" table ", ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " values ": |
▁[ ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 2 5 9 3 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 3 9 2 3 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 5 7 7 4 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 8 2 2 5 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 8 4 9 1 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " x ": ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " y ": ▁ 8 8 5 9 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> { |
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<0x09> }, ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " width ": ▁{ ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " scale ": ▁" x ", ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " band ": ▁" true ", ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> " offset ": ▁- 1 ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> } ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> } ▁ <0x09> <0x09> <0x09> } ▁ <0x09> <0x09> } ▁ <0x09> ] ▁} ▁ ▁Fle et ▁vehicles ▁ ▁The ▁NE EB ▁transport ▁fleet ▁was ▁easily ▁identified ▁by ▁its ▁distinct ive ▁orange ▁colour ▁and ▁company ▁logo . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁National ▁Archives ▁ ▁Category : E lect ric ▁power ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Util ities ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁I x odes ▁tri ang ul ice ps ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁t icks ▁from ▁the ▁family ▁I x od idae ▁that ▁fe eds ▁on ▁such ▁m amm als ▁as ▁sh rew , ▁r ats , ▁m ice , ▁h edge h ogs , ▁fo xes , ▁squ ir rel s , ▁mol es , ▁rabb its ▁and ▁har es . ▁It ▁also ▁frequently ▁fe eds ▁on ▁horses ▁and ▁humans . ▁It ▁is ▁mostly ▁found ▁in ▁European ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Belg ium , ▁Den mark , ▁France , ▁Germany , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Ireland , ▁Poland , ▁Norway , ▁Sweden , ▁Switzerland , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁northern ▁parts ▁of ▁Spain , ▁at ▁elev ations ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁Bel arus , |
▁Bulg aria , ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Sloven ia , ▁Mold ova , ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Russia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Map ▁of ▁species ▁distribution ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Category : T icks ▁Category : Anim als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Category : A ra chn ids ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : Par as it ic ▁ar th rop ods ▁of ▁m amm als ▁Category : I x od idae <0x0A> </s> ▁G og i ▁Top ad ze ▁( b . ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁T bil isi ) ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Indust ry ▁Will ▁Save ▁Georgia ▁party . ▁ ▁Biography ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁high ▁school ▁and ▁continued ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Poly techn ic ▁Institute ▁of ▁Food ▁and ▁chemical ▁techn ologies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁the ▁Institute ▁After ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁the ▁food ▁industry ▁as ▁a ▁scientific ▁- ▁research ▁inst itute ▁of ▁scientific ▁- ▁worker . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Top ad ze ▁of ▁Moscow ▁in ▁organ ic ▁chem istry ▁on ▁scientific ▁Research ▁Institute . ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁he ▁def ended ▁his ▁th esis , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁candidate ▁of ▁technical ▁sciences . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁R fer l ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Georgia ▁( country ) ▁Category : L iving |
▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁De emed ▁status ▁is ▁a ▁hospital ▁acc red itation ▁for ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Getting ▁de emed ▁status ▁ ▁Me eting ▁Cond itions ▁for ▁Cover age ▁and ▁Cond itions ▁of ▁Part icip ation ▁For ▁any ▁organization ▁to ▁receive ▁fund ing ▁from ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁Medic are ▁and ▁Med ica id ▁Services ▁( C MS ), ▁that ▁organization ▁must ▁meet ▁either ▁the ▁" Cond itions ▁for ▁Cover age " ▁or ▁the ▁" Cond itions ▁of ▁Part icip ation ". ▁These ▁are ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁minimal ▁standards ▁which ▁must ▁be ▁met ▁before ▁C MS ▁will ▁ever ▁issue ▁any ▁re imb urs ement ▁for ▁Medic are ▁and ▁Med ica id ▁Services . ▁Two ▁kinds ▁of ▁organizations ▁can ▁review ▁a ▁health ▁care ▁provider ▁to ▁check ▁for ▁comp liance ▁with ▁these ▁conditions ▁- ▁either ▁a ▁state ▁level ▁ag ency ▁acting ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁C MS , ▁or ▁a ▁national ▁acc red itation ▁ag ency ▁like ▁the ▁J oint ▁Commission . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁focus ▁for ▁these ▁minimal ▁gu idel ines ▁are ▁the ▁End ▁Stage ▁Ren al ▁D ise ase ▁Program , ▁amb ul atory ▁surg ical ▁cent ers , ▁and ▁organ ▁proc ure ment ▁organizations . ▁ ▁The ▁standards ▁for ▁care ▁for ▁n urs ing ▁homes ▁were ▁distributed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁N urs ing ▁Home ▁Reform ▁Act . ▁ ▁Out pat ient ▁clin ics ▁cannot ▁receive ▁de emed ▁status . ▁A ▁consequence ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁C MS ▁payment ▁systems |
▁can ▁be ▁more ▁complicated ▁at ▁small ▁clin ics ▁than ▁at ▁large ▁hosp it als ▁for ▁the ▁same ▁procedures . ▁ ▁Cond itions ▁for ▁Cover age ▁and ▁Cond itions ▁of ▁Part icip ation ▁apply ▁to ▁these ▁kinds ▁of ▁organizations : ▁ ▁Am bul atory ▁S urg ical ▁Cent ers ▁( ASC s ) ▁Community ▁M ental ▁Health ▁Cent ers ▁( CM HC s ) ▁Com pre h ensive ▁Out pat ient ▁Re h abil itation ▁Fac ilities ▁( C OR F s ) ▁Crit ical ▁Access ▁H osp it als ▁( CA H s ) ▁End - Stage ▁Ren al ▁D ise ase ▁Fac ilities ▁Feder ally ▁Qual ified ▁Health ▁Cent ers ▁Home ▁Health ▁A gen cies ▁H osp ices ▁H osp it als ▁Hospital ▁Sw ing ▁B eds ▁Inter mediate ▁Care ▁Fac ilities ▁for ▁Ind ividual s ▁with ▁Intel lect ual ▁Dis abilities ▁( IC F / I ID ) ▁Organ ▁Pro c ure ment ▁Organ izations ▁( OP Os ) ▁Port able ▁X - R ay ▁Supp liers ▁Program s ▁for ▁All - In clus ive ▁Care ▁for ▁the ▁E lder ly ▁Organ izations ▁( P ACE ) ▁C lin ics , ▁Re h abil itation ▁A gen cies , ▁and ▁Public ▁Health ▁A gen cies ▁as ▁Pro viders ▁of ▁Out pat ient ▁Phys ical ▁Ther apy ▁and ▁Spe ech - Language ▁Path ology ▁Services ▁Psych iat ric ▁H osp it als ▁Relig ious ▁Non med ical ▁Health ▁Care ▁Institution s ▁R ural ▁Health ▁C lin ics ▁Long ▁Term ▁Care ▁Fac ilities |
▁Trans plant ▁Cent ers ▁ ▁When ▁any ▁of ▁these ▁organizations ▁are ▁review ed , ▁the ▁survey ▁checks ▁quality ▁ass urance ▁and ▁not ▁" continu ous ▁quality ▁improvement ". ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁the ▁process ▁checks ▁for ▁minimal ▁expect ations , ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁see ▁whether ▁the ▁facility ▁is ▁actually ▁impro ving . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁about ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁hosp it als ▁were ▁el ig ible ▁to ▁receive ▁C MS ▁fund ing ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁being ▁review ed ▁by ▁the ▁J oint ▁Commission . ▁ ▁The ▁Medic are ▁Im prov ements ▁for ▁Pat ients ▁and ▁Pro viders ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁removed ▁the ▁de emed ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁Commission ▁and ▁directed ▁it ▁to ▁re - apply ▁to ▁C MS ▁to ▁seek ▁continued ▁authority ▁to ▁review ▁hosp it als ▁for ▁C f C ▁and ▁Co P . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Acc red itation ▁▁ ▁Category : M edic are ▁and ▁Med ica id ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁Category : Qual ity ▁ass urance ▁Category : He alth ▁care ▁quality <0x0A> </s> ▁" St umble ▁and ▁Fall " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁English ▁ind ie ▁rock ▁band ▁Raz or light ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁nin th ▁track ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁debut ▁album ▁Up ▁All ▁Night . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁January , ▁reaching ▁number ▁ 2 7 ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁singles ▁chart . ▁▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁also ▁covered ▁by |
▁Irish ▁music ian ▁Duke ▁Special ▁on ▁the ▁download able ▁EP ▁When ▁The ▁Bear ▁By tes . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ 7 " ▁" St umble ▁and ▁Fall " ▁" We ▁All ▁Get ▁Up " ▁CD 1 ▁" St umble ▁and ▁Fall " ▁" For ▁Georgia " ▁CD 2 ▁" St umble ▁and ▁Fall " ▁" Control " ▁" R ip ▁It ▁Up " ▁( To er ag ▁Demo ) ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁singles ▁Category : R az or light ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Bor rell ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁B jör n ▁Å gren ▁Category : 2 0 0 4 ▁songs ▁Category : Vert igo ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Pi eter ▁Bo elm ans ▁ter ▁Sp ill ▁ ▁( ▁– ▁) ▁was ▁a ▁Dutch ▁male ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Bo elm ans ▁ter ▁Sp ill ▁was ▁a ▁big ▁center - forward ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁H FC . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁national ▁football ▁team , ▁playing ▁ 3 ▁matches . ▁He ▁played ▁his ▁first ▁match ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁against ▁England . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Dutch ▁international ▁football ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁death s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Al k ma ar ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : D utch ▁football ers |
▁Category : N ether lands ▁international ▁football ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ric io ▁Germ án ▁" P ato " ▁Mar get ic ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁in ▁Av ellan eda , ▁Argentina ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Argent ine ▁footballer . ▁ ▁He ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁Argentina ▁before ▁playing ▁five ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁career ▁▁ ▁Mar get ic ' s ▁professional ▁career ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁for ▁Club ▁At let ico ▁San ▁Tel mo ▁from ▁the ▁Is la ▁Ma ci el ▁district ▁of ▁Av ellan eda . ▁▁ ▁He ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Express ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁then ▁moved ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁Chicago ▁St ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁where ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁win ▁NAS L ▁Soccer ▁Bow ls ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁first ▁team ▁all ▁star ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁a ▁second ▁team ▁selection ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁an ▁honor able ▁mention ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁While ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁St ing ▁he ▁earned ▁the ▁nick name ▁" Mag ic ▁Man ". ▁Mar get ic ▁played ▁in ▁ 1 3 0 ▁NAS L ▁games , ▁scoring ▁ 4 2 ▁goals ▁and |
▁ 5 9 ▁ass ists ▁for ▁ 1 4 3 ▁points , ▁which ▁ranks ▁him ▁ 3 4 th ▁all - time ▁in ▁the ▁league . ▁Mar get ic ▁scored ▁the ▁last ▁goal ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁NAS L ▁in ▁the ▁ 8 2 nd ▁minute ▁of ▁game ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Soccer ▁Bowl ▁series . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁NAS L , ▁Mar get ic ▁played ▁six ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁Major ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁St ing , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Com ets , ▁Cleveland ▁Cr unch ▁and ▁Ta com a ▁Stars , ▁and ▁nine ▁seasons ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Power ▁and ▁Detroit ▁Rock ers . ▁He ▁also ▁appeared ▁briefly ▁for ▁Bor uss ia ▁Dort mund ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 - 8 9 . ▁ ▁Co aching ▁He ▁has ▁spent ▁the ▁past ▁several ▁years ▁running ▁P ato ' s ▁Magic ▁Soccer , ▁a ▁Michigan ▁non - pro fit ▁prom oting ▁youth ▁s occer ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Youth ▁Soccer ▁League ▁and ▁the ▁Michigan ▁State ▁Premier ▁Soccer ▁Program . ▁He ▁also ▁does ▁rec ruit ing ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Fire . ▁He ▁now ▁coach es ▁and ▁heads ▁the ▁Magic ▁Soccer ▁Club ▁in ▁Michigan . ▁P ato ▁and ▁Magic ▁Soccer ▁Club ▁partner ▁with ▁cam ps ▁and ▁classes ▁running ▁through ▁the ▁Ro chester ▁Av on ▁Rec re ation ▁Author ity ▁( R AR A ) ▁in ▁Ro chester , ▁M I . ▁R AR A ▁is ▁the ▁recre ation ▁department |
▁for ▁Ro chester ▁and ▁Ro chester ▁Hills , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁NAS L / M IS L ▁stats ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁Association ▁players ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁football ers ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁people ▁of ▁Cro at ian ▁descent ▁Category : B or uss ia ▁Dort mund ▁players ▁Category : B undes liga ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Power ▁( A IS A ) ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁Power ▁( N PS L ) ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁St ing ▁( M IS L ) ▁players ▁Category : Ch icago ▁St ing ▁( N AS L ) ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Cr unch ▁( original ▁M IS L ) ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Express ▁players ▁Category : Det roit ▁Rock ers ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Germany ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁s occer ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁Com ets ▁( original ▁M IS L ) ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁Ind oor ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁players ▁Category : |
N orth ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁ind oor ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 8 4 – 2 0 0 1 ) ▁players ▁Category : N orth ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Av ellan eda ▁Category : T a com a ▁Stars ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁R ille ▁ ▁( G erman ▁for ▁' gro ove ') ▁is ▁typically ▁used ▁to ▁describe ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁long , ▁narrow ▁de press ions ▁in ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁Moon ▁that ▁res emble ▁channels . ▁The ▁Latin ▁term ▁is ▁r ima , ▁pl ural ▁r ima e . ▁Typ ically ▁a ▁r ille ▁can ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁several ▁kilom eters ▁wide ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁kilom eters ▁in ▁length . ▁However , ▁the ▁term ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁used ▁lo os ely ▁to ▁describe ▁similar ▁structures ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁plan ets ▁in ▁the ▁Sol ar ▁System , ▁including ▁Mars , ▁Ven us , ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mo ons . ▁All ▁bear ▁a ▁struct ural ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Struct ures ▁Three ▁types ▁of ▁r ille ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁lun ar ▁surface : ▁▁ ▁S inu ous ▁r illes ▁me ander ▁in ▁a ▁cur ved ▁path ▁like ▁a ▁m ature ▁river , ▁and ▁are ▁commonly ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁col lapsed ▁la va ▁tub es ▁or ▁ext inct ▁la va |
▁flows . ▁They ▁usually ▁begin ▁at ▁an ▁ext inct ▁vol cano , ▁then ▁me ander ▁and ▁sometimes ▁split ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁followed ▁across ▁the ▁surface . ▁Vall is ▁Sch r ö ter i ▁in ▁Ocean us ▁Pro cell ar um ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁sin uous ▁r ille , ▁and ▁R ima ▁Had ley ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁visited ▁by ▁humans , ▁on ▁the ▁Apol lo ▁ 1 5 ▁mission . ▁ ▁Another ▁prominent ▁example ▁is ▁R ima ▁Her ig on ius . ▁ ▁Ar cu ate ▁r illes ▁have ▁a ▁smooth ▁curve ▁and ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁dark ▁lun ar ▁mar ia . ▁They ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁formed ▁when ▁the ▁la va ▁flows ▁that ▁created ▁a ▁mare ▁co o led , ▁contract ed ▁and ▁s ank . ▁These ▁are ▁found ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁moon , ▁examples ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁near ▁the ▁south - western ▁border ▁of ▁Mare ▁T ran qu ill itat is ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁south - e astern ▁border ▁of ▁Mare ▁Hum orum . ▁ ▁R ima ▁Sul p ici us ▁Gall us ▁is ▁a ▁clear ▁example ▁in ▁south western ▁Mare ▁Ser en itat is . ▁ ▁Stra ight ▁r illes ▁follow ▁long , ▁linear ▁paths ▁and ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁grab ens , ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁cr ust ▁that ▁have ▁s unk ▁between ▁two ▁parallel ▁fault s . ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁readily ▁identified ▁when ▁they ▁pass ▁through ▁cr aters ▁or ▁mountain ▁ranges . ▁Vall is ▁Al pes ▁is ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁largest ▁gra ben ▁r ille |
, ▁indeed ▁it ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁too ▁large ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁r ille ▁and ▁is ▁itself ▁bis ected ▁by ▁a ▁linear ▁r ille ; ▁R ima ▁Ari ada eus , ▁west ▁of ▁Mare ▁T ran qu ill itat is , ▁is ▁a ▁clearer ▁example . ▁ ▁R illes ▁which ▁show ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁structure ▁are ▁term ed ▁hy brid ▁r illes . ▁R ima ▁H yg inus ▁in ▁Sin us ▁Med ii ▁is ▁an ▁example , ▁initially ▁formed ▁through ▁a ▁fault ▁and ▁subsequently ▁subject ▁to ▁vol can ic ▁activity . ▁ ▁Form ation ▁P rec ise ▁formation ▁mechan isms ▁of ▁r illes ▁have ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁determined . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁different ▁types ▁are ▁formed ▁by ▁different ▁processes . ▁Common ▁features ▁shared ▁by ▁lun ar ▁r illes ▁and ▁similar ▁structures ▁on ▁other ▁bodies ▁suggest ▁that ▁common ▁caus ative ▁mechan isms ▁operate ▁widely ▁in ▁the ▁solar ▁system . ▁Le ading ▁theories ▁include ▁la va ▁channels , ▁col lapsed ▁la va ▁tub es , ▁near - sur face ▁di ke ▁intr usion , ▁nu ée ▁ar d ente ▁( py ro cl astic ▁cloud ), ▁subs idence ▁of ▁la va - cover ed ▁bas in ▁and ▁cr ater ▁flo ors , ▁and ▁t ect onic ▁extension . ▁On - site ▁exam ination ▁would ▁be ▁necessary ▁to ▁clarify ▁exact ▁methods . ▁ ▁S inu ous ▁r illes ▁According ▁to ▁NASA , ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁lun ar ▁sin uous ▁r illes ▁remains ▁controvers ial . ▁The ▁Had ley ▁R ille ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 |
. 5 km ▁wide ▁and ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁m ▁deep ▁sin uous ▁r ille . ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁giant ▁condu it ▁that ▁carried ▁la va ▁from ▁an ▁er upt ive ▁vent ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁Top ographic ▁information ▁obtained ▁from ▁the ▁Apol lo ▁ 1 5 ▁photograph s ▁supports ▁this ▁possibility ; ▁however , ▁many ▁puzz les ▁about ▁the ▁r ille ▁remain . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁A rach no id ▁( astro ge ology ) ▁ ▁Cha os ▁terrain ▁ ▁Dark ▁d une ▁spot ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁Moon ▁ ▁L un ar ▁la va ▁t ube ▁ ▁Mart ian ▁sp iders ▁ ▁Planet ary ▁ge ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁General ▁▁ ▁E wen ▁A . ▁Whit aker , ▁M apping ▁and ▁N aming ▁the ▁Moon , ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁. ▁ ▁American ▁Astronom ers ▁Report : ▁What ▁Form ed ▁the ▁Moon ' s ▁S inu ous ▁R illes ?, ▁Sky ▁& ▁T eles cope , ▁Vol . ▁XX VI , ▁No . ▁ 1 , ▁July , ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Atlas ▁of ▁L un ar ▁S inu ous ▁R illes ▁ ▁Category : Ge ological ▁features ▁on ▁the ▁Moon ▁Category : Val le ys ▁and ▁can y ons ▁on ▁Mars ▁Category : Plan et ary ▁ge ology ▁Category : Vol can ic ▁land forms <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Children ' s ▁O wn ▁Museum ▁originally ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 |
▁as ▁a ▁temporary ▁exhib it ▁at ▁the ▁Har bour front ▁Centre ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁museum ▁operated ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁Mc L augh lin ▁Planet arium . ▁In ▁, the ▁COM ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁O wn ▁Media ▁Museum , ▁developing ▁content ▁for ▁schools ▁and ▁cultural ▁cent res ▁across ▁Ontario . ▁The ▁museum ▁is ▁led ▁by ▁Museum ▁Director ▁Che ▁Mar ville ▁and ▁Mc Lu han ▁Sch olar ▁Dr . ▁Robert ▁Log an . ▁Currently ▁the ▁museum ▁has ▁no ▁permanent ▁facility ▁and ▁is ▁seeking ▁a ▁new ▁home , ▁but ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁special ▁interactive ▁work sh ops ▁and ▁programs , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 / 2 0 1 3 ▁Family ▁Program ming ▁at ▁Har bour front ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁program ▁at ▁the ▁C N ▁Tower . ▁An ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁article ▁at ▁the ▁Toronto ▁Star ' s ▁Parent Cent ral . ca ▁website ▁reported ▁on ▁a ▁planned ▁new ▁vent ure ▁called ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Mobile ▁Media ▁Museum , ▁described ▁as ▁" a ▁collaboration ▁between ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁O wn ▁Museum ▁and ▁the ▁Mc Lu han ▁Leg acy ▁Network , ▁a ▁group ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁vision ary ▁Canadian ▁icon ▁Marshall ▁Mc Lu han ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Children ' s ▁museum s ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Def unct ▁museum s ▁in ▁Toronto |
<0x0A> </s> ▁ 4 0 ▁år ▁i ▁folk park ens ▁t j än st ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁W ize x ▁compilation ▁album , ▁consisting ▁of ▁r ere cord ings . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁released ▁during ▁the ▁band ' s ▁ 4 0 th ▁anni versary ▁year . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Miss ▁De ci bel ▁( L asse ▁Hol m , ▁G ert ▁L eng str and ) ▁Dj up a ▁v atten ▁ ▁( L ars ▁D ied ric son , ▁Ul f ▁Georg sson ) ▁Det ▁v ack raste ▁som ▁finns ▁( Det ▁v ak r este ▁som ▁fins ) ▁( R olf ▁L ø v land , ▁Jan ▁Te igen , ▁Dan ne ▁Str å hed ) ▁Al la ▁vill ▁till ▁him m elen ▁( M å ns ▁As pl und , ▁Jason ▁Dia k ité ) ▁M jö ln ar ens ▁I ré ne ▁( Å ke ▁Ger hard , ▁Leon ▁Land gren ) ▁När ▁vi ▁rör ▁var ann ▁( S ometimes ▁When ▁We ▁Touch ) ▁( Dan ▁Hill , ▁Ing ela ▁F ors man ) ▁T io ▁mil ▁k var ▁till ▁Kor p il om bol o ▁ ▁( A gn eth a ▁F ält skog , ▁B jör n ▁Ul va eus , ▁Peter ▁H imm el str and ) ▁Har ▁du ▁gl ö mt ▁( Jan ▁Ask er l ind , ▁Con ny ▁Mod ig ) ▁En ▁v ag ab ond ▁( J oh an ▁L anger , ▁Jan ▁Ask er l ind |
) ▁Fred ag sk v äll ▁i ▁par ken ▁( S ara ▁V arga , ▁Lars ▁Hä gg l und ) ▁Jag ▁är ▁född ▁till ▁att ▁sk rat ta ▁och ▁le ▁( B orn ▁with ▁a ▁Sm ile ▁on ▁my ▁Face ) ▁( R og er ▁Hol man , ▁Simon ▁May , ▁Lars ▁H ag elin , ▁Tommy ▁St j ern feld t ) ▁Det ▁är ▁dej ▁j ag ▁vä nt ar ▁på ▁( Det ' ▁l ige ▁det ) ▁( S ø ren ▁Bund ga ard , ▁Dan ne ▁Str å hed ) ▁Som ▁en ▁s ång ▁( L asse ▁Hol m , ▁Mon ica ▁F ors berg ) ▁Du ▁för gy ll er ▁mitt ▁liv ▁( P reci ous ▁to ▁Me ) ▁( Ph il ip ▁Se ym our , ▁Eric ▁I vers en ) ▁Sk ick a ▁S MS ▁( S ara ▁V arga , ▁Lars ▁Hä gg l und ) ▁V ä gen ▁hem ▁( Kar l - G er hard ▁Lund kv ist ) ▁T us en ▁och ▁en ▁n att ▁( L ars ▁D ied ric son , ▁G ert ▁L eng str and ) ▁Jag ▁kan ▁se ▁en ▁ äng el ▁( John ny ▁Th un q v ist , ▁K aj ▁S ven ling ) ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : Comp ilation ▁albums ▁by ▁Swedish ▁artists ▁Category : W ize x ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H arrow ▁by - e lection ▁of ▁ 1 |
9 4 1 ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁by - e lection ▁was ▁held ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁inc umb ent ▁Conserv ative ▁MP , ▁Is id ore ▁Sal mon . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁candidate ▁Norman ▁B ower . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁by - e lection , ▁H arrow ' s ▁elect or ate ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁quad ru ple d ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁and ▁stood ▁at ▁ 1 6 8 , 5 9 4 ▁vot ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁H arrow ▁by - e lection ▁H arrow , 1 9 4 1 ▁H arrow ▁by - e lection ▁H arrow , 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁M idd les ex <0x0A> </s> ▁Ara e oc oc cus ▁p ect in atus ▁is ▁a ▁plant ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Ara e oc oc cus . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁Pan ama , ▁and ▁Colombia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁p ect in atus ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Pan ama ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Costa ▁Rica <0x0A> </s> ▁Jules ▁O mer ▁John ▁M alf roy ▁( 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁prominent ▁New |
▁Zealand ▁lawyer , ▁legal ▁ad visor ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁and ▁an ▁early ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁rugby ▁union ▁international . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" lost ▁l ions " ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁participation ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁British ▁L ions ▁tour ▁to ▁Argentina , ▁which , ▁although ▁ret ros pect ively ▁recogn ised ▁as ▁a ▁L ions ▁tour , ▁did ▁not ▁confer ▁Test ▁status ▁on ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁enc oun ters ▁with ▁the ▁Argentina ▁national ▁rugby ▁union ▁team . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Jules ▁M alf roy ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁the ▁el dest ▁son ▁of ▁Camil le ▁M . ▁M alf roy , ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Forest ▁Department , ▁Well ington . ▁The ▁M alf roy ▁family ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Jean ▁Bapt iste ▁M alf roy ▁originally ▁from ▁Mac orn ay , ▁L ons - le - Sa un ier , ▁J ura , ▁France , ▁a ▁mill er , ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Joseph ine ▁Pr ic arde . ▁Jean ▁Bapt iste ▁along ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁sons , ▁Jean ▁Michel ▁Camil le ▁M alf roy , ▁usually ▁known ▁as ▁Camil le , ▁and ▁Jules ▁C é zar ▁M alf roy , ▁( the ▁el dest ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁brothers ), ▁joined ▁the ▁r ush ▁to ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁gold fields ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁and ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 |
8 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Jules ▁M alf roy ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁H ok it ika , ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁primary ▁education . ▁He ▁spent ▁one ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁Boys ' ▁High ▁School ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁the ▁Wait aki ▁Boys ' ▁High ▁School . ▁At ▁Wait aki ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁pre fect ▁and ▁mat ric ulated ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁He ▁then ▁entered ▁a ▁legal ▁office ▁in ▁Christ ch urch ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁studied ▁law ▁at ▁Can ter bury ▁College . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁he ▁want ▁to ▁Well ington ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁Victoria ▁University ▁College ▁and ▁secured ▁his ▁LL . B . ▁degree ▁whilst ▁ear ning ▁his ▁living ▁in ▁legal ▁offices . ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁study ▁for ▁hon ours ▁in ▁law ▁and ▁LL . M ., ▁whilst ▁pract ising ▁as ▁both ▁a ▁bar r ister ▁and ▁solic itor ▁in ▁the ▁employ ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁firm ▁of ▁Bell , ▁Gul ly , ▁Mack en zie , ▁and ▁O ' Le ary . ▁M alf roy , ▁was ▁nominated ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁as ▁the ▁Well ington ▁candidate ▁for ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁for ▁the ▁Rh odes ▁Sch olar ship . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁awarded ▁the ▁Jacob ▁Joseph ▁Sch olar ship ▁for ▁law ▁research ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁and ▁again ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Rh odes ▁scholar ship ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁However , ▁from ▁Victoria ▁University ▁College ▁he |
▁gained ▁a ▁law ▁trav elling ▁scholar ship ▁that ▁took ▁him ▁to ▁Tr inity ▁Hall , ▁Cambridge . ▁ ▁Sport ▁M alf roy ▁was ▁both ▁a ▁rugby ▁footballer ▁and ▁ath lete , ▁having ▁represented ▁Well ington ▁province ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁in ▁rugby ▁union . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁he ▁represented ▁Well ington ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁amateur ▁athlet ic ▁championship ▁meeting ▁and ▁f room ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁represented ▁his ▁college ▁in ▁athlet ics ▁at ▁the ▁E aster ▁tournament . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁University ▁football ▁team ▁which ▁went ▁to ▁Sydney . ▁He ▁again ▁represented ▁New ▁Zealand ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁n ug get ty ▁little ▁chap , ▁with ▁an ▁ab norm ally ▁long ▁st ride " ▁whilst ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁University ▁and ▁Well ington ▁sides . ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁hur d ler ▁he ▁gained ▁distinction ▁coming ▁second ▁to ▁H . ▁E . ▁Wilson ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁champion ships ▁over ▁the ▁ 4 4 0 - yard ▁race . ▁ ▁At ▁Cambridge ▁he ▁gained ▁his ▁rugby ▁blue ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁from ▁here ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁tour ▁to ▁Argentina . ▁On ▁this ▁tour ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁un c apped ▁players ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁players ▁not ▁selected ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁tests . ▁Despite ▁being ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁Great |
▁Britain ▁side , ▁he ▁never ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁for ▁his ▁national ▁side . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ▁entered ▁Tr inity ▁Hall , ▁Cambridge , ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁H ark ness ▁Fellow ship , ▁under ▁which ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁special ise ▁in ▁international ▁law ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁Ber keley ▁College , ▁California . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁he ▁att ained ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁wing ▁commander ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁a ▁legal ▁expert ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁government . ▁ ▁Personal ▁and ▁later ▁life ▁Jules ▁M alf roy ' s ▁younger ▁brother ▁was ▁Cam ▁M alf roy , ▁a ▁well - known ▁tennis ▁player ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁a ▁flying ▁ace ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁Jules ▁M alf roy ▁married ▁Charlotte ▁Georg iana ▁Rose ▁Mary ▁Som erset , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Charles ▁Edward ▁Henry ▁Som erset ▁and ▁Ed ith ▁Mort en ▁We ather ly , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁Hall , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : B rit ish ▁and ▁Irish ▁L ions ▁rugby ▁union ▁players ▁from ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Category : C amb ridge ▁University ▁R . U . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁rugby ▁union ▁players |
▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Wait aki ▁Boys ' ▁High ▁School <0x0A> </s> ▁Har ik umar ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁T amil ▁film ▁actor , ▁who ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁T amil ▁films . ▁He ▁is ▁probably ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁in ▁his ▁debut ▁Th ooth uk udi ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁Mad ur ai ▁S amb avam ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁Moreover , ▁he ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁ch ore ograph er ▁in ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁films . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁As ▁actor ▁ ▁As ▁ch ore ograph er ▁ ▁As ▁director ▁The al ▁( T BA ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : T amil ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁in ▁T amil ▁cinema ▁Category : Ind ian ▁ch ore ograph ers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Ernest ▁Oak ley ▁( 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁full - back ▁for ▁S under land . ▁He ▁had ▁ 5 ▁children . ▁Billy , ▁Pr isc illa , ▁Phill ip , ▁Stuart ▁and ▁Helen . ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Elizabeth ▁Wood ▁before ▁his ▁death . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T yn em outh ▁Category |
: English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁full back s ▁Category : Se aton ▁Del aval ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B ly th ▁Spart ans ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : S under land ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Read ing ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : N orth am pton ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : K etter ing ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B irt ley ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁' T acker ' ▁Anthony ▁Com er ford ▁( 1 9 3 2 ▁in ▁Liverpool ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁in ▁Liverpool ). ▁T acker ▁Com er ford ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁organ ised ▁crime ▁figure ▁involved ▁in ▁n arc ot ics ▁and ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁crim inals ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁international ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing ▁network ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁A ▁long time ▁figure ▁in ▁Liverpool ' s ▁under world , ▁Com er ford ▁domin ated ▁criminal ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁Mer se ys ide - area ▁sp ending ▁over ▁ 3 4 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁during ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁his ▁criminal ▁career . ▁ ▁Although ▁arrested ▁by ▁Mer se ys ide ▁Police ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ing ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁li ver ▁cancer ▁before ▁he ▁could ▁be ▁brought ▁to ▁trial . ▁A ▁month |
▁following ▁his ▁death , ▁police ▁were ▁granted ▁the ▁£ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁seized ▁from ▁his ▁home ▁following ▁his ▁arrest , ▁however , ▁this ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁family ▁members ▁who ▁requested ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁money ▁returned . ▁Under ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁Pro ceed s ▁of ▁Crime ▁Act , ▁police ▁were ▁eventually ▁granted ▁a ▁For fe iture ▁Order ▁by ▁the ▁Liverpool ▁Mag istr ates ▁Court , ▁following ▁an ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁M oney ▁Lau nd ering ▁Investig ation ▁Team , ▁the ▁family ▁with d rew ▁their ▁claim . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Court ▁Case ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁drug ▁tra ff ick ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar h op ala ▁cam de o , ▁the ▁l il ac ▁o ak blue , ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ly ca en idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Freder ic ▁Moore ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Ind om al ay an ▁real m ▁( S ik kim ▁to ▁Ass am , ▁Bh ut an , ▁Man ip ur , ▁Bur ma , ▁Th ailand ▁and ▁Vietnam ). ▁ ▁Sub species ▁Ar h op ala ▁cam de o ▁cam de o ▁( Ind ia : ▁S ik kim ▁to ▁Ass am , ▁Bh ut an , ▁Man ip ur , ▁Bur ma , ▁Th ailand , ▁Vietnam ) ▁Ar h op ala |
▁cam de o ▁se b ong a ▁T yt ler , ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁( Ind ia ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ar h op ala ▁Bo is du val , ▁ 1 8 3 2 ▁at ▁Mark ku ▁Sav ela ' s ▁Le pid optera ▁and ▁Some ▁Other ▁Life ▁Form s ▁▁ ▁Category : Ar h op ala ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Asia ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Freder ic ▁Moore <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁complex ▁analysis , ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁mathematics , ▁the ▁identity ▁theorem ▁for ▁hol omorphic ▁functions ▁states : ▁given ▁functions ▁f ▁and ▁g ▁hol omorphic ▁on ▁a ▁domain ▁D ▁( open ▁and ▁connected ▁subset ), ▁if ▁f ▁= ▁g ▁on ▁some ▁, ▁ ▁having ▁an ▁accum ulation ▁point , ▁then ▁f ▁= ▁g ▁on ▁D . ▁▁ ▁Thus ▁a ▁hol omorphic ▁function ▁is ▁completely ▁determined ▁by ▁its ▁values ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁open ▁neighborhood ▁in ▁D , ▁or ▁even ▁a ▁count able ▁subset ▁of ▁D ▁( prov ided ▁this ▁contains ▁a ▁conver ging ▁sequence ). ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁true ▁for ▁real - d iffer enti able ▁functions . ▁In ▁comparison , ▁hol omorph y , ▁or ▁complex - d iffer enti ability , ▁is ▁a ▁much ▁more ▁rig id ▁notion . ▁Inform ally , ▁one ▁sometimes ▁summar izes ▁the ▁theorem ▁by ▁saying ▁hol omorphic ▁functions ▁are ▁" hard " ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to , ▁say , ▁continuous ▁functions ▁which |
▁are ▁" soft "). ▁ ▁The ▁under pin ning ▁fact ▁from ▁which ▁the ▁theorem ▁is ▁established ▁is ▁the ▁expand ability ▁of ▁a ▁hol omorphic ▁function ▁into ▁its ▁Taylor ▁series . ▁ ▁The ▁connected ness ▁assumption ▁on ▁the ▁domain ▁D ▁is ▁necessary . ▁For ▁example , ▁if ▁D ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁dis joint ▁open ▁set , ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁ ▁on ▁one ▁open ▁set , ▁and ▁ ▁on ▁another , ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁ ▁on ▁one , ▁and ▁ ▁on ▁another . ▁ ▁Lemma ▁▁ ▁If ▁two ▁hol omorphic ▁functions ▁f ▁and ▁g ▁on ▁a ▁domain ▁D ▁agree ▁on ▁a ▁set ▁S ▁which ▁has ▁an ▁accum ulation ▁point ▁c ▁in ▁D , ▁then ▁f ▁= ▁g ▁on ▁a ▁disk ▁in ▁ ▁centered ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁To ▁prove ▁this , ▁it ▁is ▁enough ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁ ▁for ▁all ▁. ▁▁ ▁If ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁case , ▁let ▁m ▁be ▁the ▁smallest ▁non negative ▁integer ▁with ▁. ▁By ▁hol omorph y , ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁following ▁Taylor ▁series ▁representation ▁in ▁some ▁open ▁neighborhood ▁U ▁of ▁c : ▁ ▁By ▁continu ity , ▁h ▁is ▁non - zero ▁in ▁some ▁small ▁open ▁disk ▁B ▁around ▁c . ▁But ▁then ▁f − g ≠ 0 ▁on ▁the ▁pun ct ured ▁set ▁B − { c }. ▁This ▁contradict s ▁the ▁assumption ▁that ▁c ▁is ▁an ▁accum ulation ▁point ▁of ▁{ f ▁= ▁g }. ▁ ▁This ▁lemma ▁shows ▁that ▁for ▁a ▁complex ▁number ▁a , ▁the ▁fi ber ▁f − |
1 ( a ) ▁is ▁a ▁discrete ▁( and ▁therefore ▁count able ) ▁set , ▁unless ▁f ▁ ≡ ▁a . ▁ ▁Proof ▁▁ ▁Define ▁the ▁set ▁on ▁which ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁Taylor ▁expansion : ▁ ▁We ' ll ▁show ▁ ▁is ▁non empty , ▁open , ▁and ▁closed . ▁Then ▁by ▁connected ness ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁must ▁be ▁all ▁of ▁, ▁which ▁implies ▁ ▁on ▁. ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁lemma , ▁ ▁in ▁a ▁disk ▁centered ▁at ▁ ▁in ▁, ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁Taylor ▁series ▁at ▁, ▁so ▁, ▁ ▁is ▁non empty . ▁ ▁As ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁hol omorphic ▁on ▁, ▁, ▁the ▁Taylor ▁series ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁at ▁ ▁have ▁non - zero ▁radius ▁of ▁convergence . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁open ▁disk ▁ ▁also ▁lies ▁in ▁S ▁for ▁some ▁r . ▁So ▁S ▁is ▁open . ▁ ▁By ▁hol omorph y ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁they ▁have ▁hol omorphic ▁derivatives , ▁so ▁all ▁ ▁are ▁continuous . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁closed ▁for ▁all ▁. ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁intersection ▁of ▁closed ▁sets , ▁so ▁it ' s ▁closed . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : The or ems ▁in ▁complex ▁analysis ▁Category : Art icles ▁containing ▁proofs <0x0A> </s> ▁" Al ways ▁On ▁My ▁Mind ▁" ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁single ▁by ▁Australian ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer ▁R ani . ▁Re leased ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁her ▁debut ▁studio ▁album , ▁The ▁In finite ▁Blue ▁( |
1 9 9 8 ), ▁the ▁song ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 3 3 ▁on ▁the ▁A RI A ▁Ch arts ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁A RI A ▁Music ▁Awards ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁two ▁awards : ▁Best ▁Pop ▁Release ▁and ▁Best ▁New ▁Tal ent . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁debut ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Paul ▁Gray ▁( song writer ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ph or ad end ron ▁nick rent ian um ▁is ▁a ▁hem ip ar as it ic ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁Sant al aceae ▁( pre viously ▁Vis c aceae ) ▁family , ▁native ▁to ▁Peru . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁syn onym s . ▁ ▁Description ▁P . ▁nick rent ian um ▁is ▁a ▁dio e cious ▁plant , ▁with ▁p inn ately ▁ve ined ▁leaf - bl ades ▁( 1 4 ▁cm ▁by ▁ 4 . 5 ▁cm ) ▁on ▁a ▁pet io le ▁which ▁is ▁about ▁▁ 1 ▁cm ▁long . ▁The ▁male ▁infl ores c ence ▁( on ▁a ▁ 2 ▁cm ▁ped un cle ) ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 . 5 ▁cm ▁long ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁ 9 ▁fert ile ▁intern odes . ▁ ▁No ▁p ist ill ate ▁plants ▁were ▁seen ▁by ▁Ku ij t . ▁▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁very ▁like ▁Ph or ad end ron ▁und ul atum |
, ▁but ▁diff ers ▁significantly ▁in ▁being ▁dio e cious . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁P . ▁nick rent ian um ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁Job ▁Ku ij t , ▁who ▁gave ▁it ▁the ▁specific ▁ep ith et , ▁nick rent ian um , ▁to ▁honour ▁Daniel ▁Nick rent , ▁who ▁" has ▁brought ▁the ▁knowledge ▁of ▁par as it ic ▁ang ios per ms ▁to ▁un pre ced ented ▁height s ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ph or ad end ron ▁nick rent ian um ▁occurrence ▁data ▁from ▁GB IF ▁ ▁nick rent ian um ▁Category : Par as it ic ▁plants ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Job ▁Ku ij t ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Peru ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁sl ender ▁mud ski pper ▁( Per i oph th al mus ▁g rac ilis ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mud ski ppers ▁native ▁to ▁marine ▁and ▁bra ck ish ▁waters ▁of ▁the ▁eastern ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁and ▁the ▁western ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁inhab it ant ▁of ▁the ▁inter tid al ▁zone , ▁capable ▁of ▁sp ending ▁time ▁out ▁of ▁water . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁can ▁reach ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁SL . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Fish es ▁of ▁Australia ▁: ▁Per i oph th al mus ▁g rac ilis ▁ ▁sl ender ▁mud ski pper ▁Category : Mar ine ▁fish ▁of ▁Northern ▁Australia ▁sl ender ▁mud ski |
pper <0x0A> </s> ▁P ter ol oph ia ▁fus cost ict ica ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Ste phan ▁von ▁Bre uning ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁Bor neo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P ter ol oph ia ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁South west ▁School s ▁is ▁an ▁operator ▁of ▁state ▁char ter ▁schools ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Houston , ▁Texas , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁oper ates ▁several ▁camp uses , ▁including : ▁ ▁South west ▁High ▁School ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁South west ▁Middle ▁School ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁Element ary ▁School ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁Center ▁for ▁Success ▁and ▁Independ ence ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁A ▁Child ▁is ▁Born ▁( Al vin ) ▁ ▁Arch way ▁Academy ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁The ▁Pa RC ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁Carter ' s ▁K ids ▁( Un in cor por ated ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County ) ▁ ▁Three ▁O aks ▁Academy ▁( H ou ston ) ▁ ▁Tot ally ▁F it ▁Institute ▁( C ros by , ▁Un in cor por ated ▁Harris ▁County ) ▁ ▁Un limited ▁Vis ions ▁ ▁( P as ad ena ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁state - oper ated ▁char ter ▁schools ▁in ▁Houston ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁External ▁links ▁ ▁South west ▁School s ▁ ▁Category : Public ▁education ▁in ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁D oli ops ▁r uf ipes ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Per ▁O lo f ▁Christopher ▁Aur iv ill ius ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : D oli ops ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁Howard ▁( 1 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁- ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁t ango ▁pian ist , ▁band le ader ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁San ▁Is id ro ▁Partido ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁to ▁parents ▁Juan ▁and ▁L idia ▁C err adi . ▁They ▁encourag ed ▁him ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁piano ▁and ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁radio ▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 2 . ▁ ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁Howard ▁played ▁with ▁many ▁bands ▁including ▁those ▁of ▁Juan ▁d ' A rien zo , ▁Roberto ▁Z err illo , ▁Francisco ▁L om uto ▁and ▁H é ctor ▁V are la . ▁He ▁also ▁led ▁his ▁own ▁band ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁occasion . ▁ ▁He ▁composed ▁many ▁tang os ▁including ▁the ▁popular ▁hits ▁" Y ▁te ▁pare ce ▁tod av ía " ▁and ▁" M el od ía ▁orient al ". ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁Howard ▁at ▁t ango . info ▁ ▁Category : 1 |
9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁Province ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁t ango ▁mus icians ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁La ▁Ch ac ar ita ▁C emetery <0x0A> </s> ▁Jack ▁Har man ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁Jack ▁Har man ▁( B rit ish ▁Army ▁officer ), ▁British ▁general ▁Jack ▁Har man ▁( art ist ), ▁Canadian ▁artist <0x0A> </s> ▁Gu ang d ong ▁Television ▁( G D TV ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁television ▁station in ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁province ▁in ▁China . ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁television ▁station ▁in ▁the ▁province , ▁which ▁covers ▁Gu ang d ong ▁and ▁surrounding ▁provinces . ▁At ▁present , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV ▁has ▁a ▁staff ▁of ▁around ▁ 1 , 8 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁G D TV ▁beg inn ings ▁Gu ang d ong ▁Television ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁initially ▁named ▁as ▁Gu ang z hou ▁TV ▁Station . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁administrative ▁division ▁under ▁the ▁Gu ang d ong ▁People ' s ▁Radio . ▁Late ▁in ▁September ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁Gu ang d ong - T ai wan ▁to wers ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁Y ue xi u ▁Hill ▁monument , ▁and ▁began ▁to ▁broadcast ▁program mes ▁in ▁black ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁Development ▁( 1 9 6 0 |
– 1 9 7 9 ) ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁the ▁first ▁program ▁broadcast ▁on ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV ▁was ▁Who ▁is ▁the ▁Uncle . ▁Later , ▁in ▁July , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV ▁opened ▁a ▁second ▁channel . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁the ▁station ▁wanted ▁to ▁produce ▁its ▁films ▁over se as ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁other ▁film ▁companies , ▁but ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁any ▁chance ▁of ▁success ▁until ▁Be ij ing ▁Television ▁agreed ▁to ▁do ▁so ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁Y ue xi u ▁Mountain ▁Tower ▁officially ▁began ▁operations ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁G D TV ▁produced ▁a ▁TV ▁document ary ▁called ▁From ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁mountains ▁and ▁rivers ▁set ▁am bit ious . ▁It ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁optical ▁Interest ▁Videos , ▁making ▁ 3 0 ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁distribution ▁companies ▁pay ▁issue , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁Province . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁G D TV ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁Gu ang d ong - T ai wan ▁Province ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁television ▁document aries . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 7 . 5 ▁kil ow att s ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁television ▁transmit ters ▁were ▁installed ▁and ▁operated ▁officially . ▁During ▁that ▁year , ▁nearly ▁ 3 0 ▁people ▁began ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁television ▁photograph er ▁corps , ▁which ▁they ▁distributed ▁in ▁nine ▁regions ▁across ▁the |
▁province . ▁The ▁municipal ▁and ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Liber ation ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁provincial ▁and ▁municipal ▁units ▁of ▁some ▁have ▁cam eras . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁G D TV ▁fil med ▁the ▁first ▁color ▁television ▁document ary , ▁She k ▁W an ▁Cer am ics ▁bl oss oming ▁of ▁new ▁flowers . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁colour ▁video ▁was ▁first ▁introduced ▁( Ph il ip ▁ 2 ▁in ch ▁machine ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁G D TV ▁did ▁expand ▁to ▁eight ▁channels , ▁which ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁broadcast ▁in ▁colour ▁and ▁the ▁transm itting ▁power ▁was ▁ 1 0 k W . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁colour ▁TV ▁broadcast ▁system ▁was ▁formally ▁established . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁the ▁two ▁primary ▁channels ▁finally ▁in ▁colour . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁another ▁channel ▁was ▁oper ational ▁that ▁was ▁specifically ▁target ing ▁C anton ese ▁speak ers . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁tr uck s ▁that ▁carry ▁colour ▁television ▁was ▁oper ational . ▁By ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁remote ▁cam eras ▁were ▁also ▁in ▁use . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Gu ang z hou ▁TV ▁Station ▁was ▁formally ▁renamed ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV . ▁ ▁With ▁Radio ▁Television ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁( R TH K ), ▁G D TV ▁produced ▁a ▁show ▁to ▁promote ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Gu ang d ong |
▁cultural ▁t ies ▁with ▁far - re aching ▁significance . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁co operation ▁between ▁the ▁main land ▁China ▁and ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁compreh ensive ▁television ▁programs . ▁In ▁early ▁April , ▁Gu ang d ong - T ai wan ▁set ▁up ▁TV ▁advert ising . ▁Ad vert ising ▁Bureau ▁and ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁W en ▁Wei ▁Po , ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁Ch ua ▁advert ising ▁company ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁agent ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Mac au ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁advert ising ▁business . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁after ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁first ▁self - record ed ▁TV ▁shows ▁on ▁G D TV ▁was ▁Small ▁Two ▁Brothers ▁( multi - machine ▁video ▁plus ▁video ), ▁which ▁was ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁network ▁television . ▁ ▁New ▁logo ▁and ▁rise ▁of ▁programming ▁( 1 9 8 0 – 1 9 9 9 ) ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁a ▁new ▁logo ▁was ▁deb uted ▁for ▁G D TV . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁program mes , ▁Black ▁Pe ony , ▁was ▁shown ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁music ▁single ▁that ▁deb uted . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁more ▁program mes ▁began ▁its ▁broadcast , ▁such ▁as ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁Mac au ▁Dynamic , ▁International ▁Review , ▁and ▁F lower ed . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁G D TV ▁deb uted ▁mov ies ▁that ▁are ▁broadcast ▁in ▁C anton ese ▁or ▁Mand arin . |
▁In ▁addition , ▁Wood c rest ▁Hill ▁in ▁the ▁Gu ang z hou ▁area ▁started ▁reception . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁a ▁home - made ▁first ▁full ▁TV ▁series ▁named ▁Pra wn ▁Biography ▁made ▁its ▁debut ▁on ▁G D TV . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV ▁Week ly , ▁a ▁magazine , ▁was ▁established . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁Chinese ▁subt it les ▁appeared ▁on ▁G D TV ▁for ▁its ▁programs . ▁In ▁mid - J une , ▁about ▁ 7 0 ▁participants ▁were ▁trained ▁for ▁its ▁first ▁ever ▁voice ▁training , ▁which ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁C anton ese ▁and ▁Mand arin . ▁Other ▁program mes ▁that ▁made ▁its ▁debut ▁during ▁that ▁year ▁included ▁a ▁less on ▁on ▁speaking ▁Mand arin ▁and ▁Art ▁App reci ation . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁programme ▁that ▁was ▁aim ed ▁at ▁de af ▁or ▁hearing - im pa ired ▁view ers ▁made ▁its ▁debut ▁on ▁G D TV . ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁G D TV ' s ▁channels ▁( at ▁ 1 4 ) ▁started ▁to ▁broadcast ▁sports ▁programming ▁from ▁abroad . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁two ▁of ▁G D TV ' s ▁channels ▁were ▁renamed ▁South ▁Gu ang d ong ▁TV . ▁It ▁is ▁aim ed ▁specifically ▁at ▁view ers ▁that ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁Gu ang d ong ▁area , ▁primarily ▁near ▁Hong |
▁Kong ▁and ▁Mac au . ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁series ▁Bo at ▁was ▁hon oured ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁international ▁gold ▁medal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁first ▁subt it les ▁using ▁computers ▁made ▁its ▁debut ▁on ▁G D TV ▁channels . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁G D TV ▁and ▁As ah i ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation ▁started ▁to ▁co oper ate ▁in ▁sharing ▁news ▁resources ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Econom ic ▁ 9 0 ▁made ▁its ▁debut ▁on ▁G D TV . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Gu ang d ong ▁Radio ▁and ▁Television ▁ ▁Gu ang z hou ▁Television ▁ ▁Television ▁Southern ▁ ▁J ia ▁Yu ▁Channel ▁( Mal ays ia ) ▁ ▁K ah ▁La i ▁To i ▁( Mal ays ia ) ▁ ▁W OW tv ▁( Can ada ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁G D TV ▁▁ ▁Category : Ch inese ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Category : M ass ▁media ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Ban ' ets u ▁West ▁Line ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁A iz uw ak am ats u , ▁F uk ush ima ▁Pref ect ure , ▁ ▁Japan , ▁operated ▁by ▁East ▁Japan ▁Railway ▁Company ▁( J R ▁East ). ▁ ▁L ines ▁H ig ashi - N ag ah ara ▁Station ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁Ban ' ets u ▁West |
▁Line , ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁ 5 7 . 2 ▁rail ▁kilom eters ▁from ▁the ▁official ▁starting ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁Station ▁layout ▁H ig ashi - N ag ah ara ▁Station ▁has ▁a ▁two ▁opposed ▁side ▁platforms ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁station ▁building ▁by ▁a ▁level ▁crossing . ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁un att ended . ▁ ▁Platform s ▁ ▁History ▁H ig ashi - N ag ah ara ▁Station ▁opened ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁J R ▁East ▁network ▁upon ▁the ▁priv at ization ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁National ▁Rail ways ▁( J NR ) ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁ ▁S urr ounding ▁area ▁H ig ashi - N ag ah ara ▁Post ▁Office ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Japan ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁J R ▁East ▁Station ▁information ▁▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁F uk ush ima ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : B an ' ets u ▁West ▁Line ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Category : A iz uw ak am ats u ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁pap acy ▁under w ent ▁important ▁changes ▁from ▁ 1 5 1 7 ▁to ▁ 1 5 8 5 ▁during ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁and ▁C ounter - Re formation . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Re formation ▁ |
▁The ▁institution ▁of ▁the ▁pap acy ▁under w ent ▁attacks ▁by ▁many ▁Protest ant ▁reform ers , ▁including ▁Martin ▁Luther . ▁Luther , ▁who ▁had ▁spent ▁time ▁in ▁Rome , ▁said ▁that ▁Leo ▁had ▁v eto ed ▁a ▁measure ▁that ▁card inals ▁should ▁restrict ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁boys ▁they ▁kept ▁for ▁their ▁pleasure , ▁" other wise ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁spread ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁how ▁open ly ▁and ▁sh am eless ly ▁the ▁po pe ▁and ▁the ▁card inals ▁in ▁Rome ▁practice ▁sod omy ;" ▁encourag ing ▁Germ ans ▁not ▁to ▁spend ▁time ▁fighting ▁fellow ▁coun tr ymen ▁in ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁pap acy . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Luther , ▁John ▁Cal vin , ▁Thomas ▁C ran mer ▁and ▁John ▁Kno x ▁identified ▁the ▁Roman ▁Pap acy ▁as ▁the ▁Ant ich rist . ▁The ▁Cent uri ators ▁of ▁Mag de burg , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Luther an ▁sch ol ars ▁in ▁Mag de burg ▁head ed ▁by ▁Matth ias ▁F la cius , ▁wrote ▁the ▁ 1 2 - volume ▁" Mag de burg ▁Cent uries " ▁to ▁dis cred it ▁the ▁pap acy ▁and ▁identify ▁the ▁po pe ▁as ▁the ▁Ant ich rist . ▁The ▁fifth ▁round ▁of ▁tal ks ▁in ▁the ▁Luther an - R oman ▁Catholic ▁dialog ue ▁notes , ▁ ▁In ▁calling ▁the ▁po pe ▁the ▁" ant ich rist ," ▁the ▁early ▁Luther ans ▁stood ▁in ▁a ▁tradition ▁that ▁reached ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁century . ▁Not ▁only ▁diss idents ▁and ▁her et ics |
▁but ▁even ▁sain ts ▁had ▁called ▁the ▁bishop ▁of ▁Rome ▁the ▁" ant ich rist " ▁when ▁they ▁wished ▁to ▁cast ig ate ▁his ▁ab use ▁of ▁power . ▁ ▁The ▁four ▁most ▁important ▁trad itions ▁to ▁emer ge ▁directly ▁from ▁the ▁re formation ▁were ▁the ▁Luther an ▁tradition , ▁the ▁Re formed / Cal vin ist / Pres by ter ian ▁tradition , ▁the ▁An ab apt ist ▁tradition , ▁and ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁tradition . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁Protest ant ▁trad itions ▁generally ▁trace ▁their ▁roots ▁back ▁to ▁these ▁initial ▁four ▁schools ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation . ▁It ▁also ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁or ▁C ounter ▁Re formation ▁within ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁Luther ans , ▁Re formed , ▁An ab apt ists , ▁and ▁Method ists ▁all ▁included ▁references ▁to ▁the ▁Pap acy ▁as ▁the ▁Ant ich rist ▁in ▁their ▁conf essions ▁of ▁faith : ▁ ▁Sm al cal d ▁Articles , ▁Article ▁four ▁( 1 5 3 7 ) ▁ ▁... the ▁Pope ▁is ▁the ▁very ▁Ant ich rist , ▁who ▁has ▁ex alt ed ▁himself ▁above , ▁and ▁opposed ▁himself ▁against ▁Christ ▁because ▁he ▁will ▁not ▁permit ▁Christians ▁to ▁be ▁saved ▁without ▁his ▁power , ▁which , ▁never theless , ▁is ▁nothing , ▁and ▁is ▁neither ▁ord ained ▁nor ▁commanded ▁by ▁God . ▁This ▁is , ▁properly ▁speaking ▁to ▁ex alt ▁himself ▁above ▁all ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁God ▁as ▁Paul ▁says , ▁ 2 ▁Th ess . ▁ 2 , ▁ 4 . ▁Even ▁the ▁Tur |
ks ▁or ▁the ▁T art ars , ▁great ▁enemies ▁of ▁Christians ▁as ▁they ▁are , ▁do ▁not ▁do ▁this , ▁but ▁they ▁allow ▁who ever ▁wishes ▁to ▁believe ▁in ▁Christ , ▁and ▁take ▁bod ily ▁t ribute ▁and ▁ob ed ience ▁from ▁Christians ... ▁Therefore , ▁just ▁as ▁little ▁as ▁we ▁can ▁worship ▁the ▁devil ▁himself ▁as ▁Lord ▁and ▁God , ▁we ▁can ▁end ure ▁his ▁apost le , ▁the ▁Pope , ▁or ▁Ant ich rist , ▁in ▁his ▁rule ▁as ▁head ▁or ▁lord . ▁For ▁to ▁lie ▁and ▁to ▁kill , ▁and ▁to ▁destroy ▁body ▁and ▁soul ▁et ern ally , ▁that ▁is ▁where in ▁his ▁pap al ▁government ▁really ▁consists ... ▁The ▁Pope , ▁however , ▁prohib its ▁this ▁faith , ▁saying ▁that ▁to ▁be ▁saved ▁a ▁person ▁must ▁obey ▁him . ▁This ▁we ▁are ▁unw illing ▁to ▁do , ▁even ▁though ▁on ▁this ▁account ▁we ▁must ▁die ▁in ▁God ' s ▁name . ▁This ▁all ▁proceed s ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁Pope ▁has ▁wished ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁the ▁supre me ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁Church ▁by ▁divine ▁right . ▁According ly ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁make ▁himself ▁equal ▁and ▁superior ▁to ▁Christ , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁cause ▁himself ▁to ▁be ▁proc laimed ▁the ▁head ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁lord ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁and ▁finally ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁world , ▁and ▁simply ▁God ▁on ▁earth , ▁until ▁he ▁has ▁d ared ▁to ▁issue ▁commands ▁even ▁to ▁the ▁ang els ▁in ▁heaven ... ▁ ▁Tre at ise ▁on ▁the ▁Power ▁and ▁Prim |
acy ▁of ▁the ▁Pope ▁( 1 5 3 7 ) ▁ ▁... Now , ▁it ▁is ▁manifest ▁that ▁the ▁Roman ▁pont iffs , ▁with ▁their ▁ad her ents , ▁defend ▁[ and ▁practice ] ▁god less ▁do ctr ines ▁and ▁god less ▁services . ▁And ▁the ▁marks ▁[ all ▁the ▁v ices ] ▁of ▁Ant ich rist ▁plain ly ▁agree ▁with ▁the ▁kingdom ▁of ▁the ▁Pope ▁and ▁his ▁ad her ents . ▁For ▁Paul , ▁in ▁describing ▁Ant ich rist ▁to ▁the ▁Th ess al oni ans , ▁calls ▁him ▁ 2 ▁Th ess . ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 : ▁an ▁advers ary ▁of ▁Christ , ▁who ▁oppos eth ▁and ▁ex alt eth ▁himself ▁above ▁all ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁God ▁or ▁that ▁is ▁worship ed , ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁as ▁God ▁sitt eth ▁in ▁the ▁temple ▁of ▁God . ▁He ▁speak s ▁therefore ▁of ▁one ▁r uling ▁in ▁the ▁Church , ▁not ▁of ▁he ath en ▁k ings , ▁and ▁he ▁calls ▁this ▁one ▁the ▁advers ary ▁of ▁Christ , ▁because ▁he ▁will ▁dev ise ▁doctrine ▁conflic ting ▁with ▁the ▁G ospel , ▁and ▁will ▁assume ▁to ▁himself ▁divine ▁authority ... ▁ ▁West min ster ▁Conf ession ▁( 1 6 4 6 ) ▁▁ 2 5 . 6 . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁other ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁but ▁the ▁Lord ▁Jesus ▁Christ : ▁nor ▁can ▁the ▁Pope ▁of ▁Rome ▁in ▁any ▁sense ▁be ▁head ▁there of ; ▁but ▁is ▁that ▁Ant ich rist , ▁that ▁man ▁of ▁sin ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁perd |
ition , ▁that ▁ex al ts ▁himself ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁against ▁Christ , ▁and ▁all ▁that ▁is ▁called ▁God . ▁ ▁C ounter - Re formation ▁The ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁did ▁not ▁mount ▁an ▁organized ▁and ▁deliber ate ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁until ▁the ▁election ▁( 1 5 3 4 ) ▁of ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁III , ▁who ▁placed ▁the ▁pap acy ▁itself ▁at ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁movement ▁for ▁church wide ▁reform . ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁III ▁established ▁a ▁reform ▁commission , ▁appointed ▁several ▁leading ▁reform ers ▁to ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Card inals , ▁initi ated ▁reform ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁administrative ▁appar atus ▁at ▁Rome , ▁author ized ▁the ▁found ing ▁of ▁the ▁Jes uits , ▁the ▁order ▁that ▁was ▁later ▁to ▁prove ▁so ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁pap acy , ▁and ▁conv oked ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent , ▁which ▁met ▁inter mitt ently ▁from ▁ 1 5 4 5 ▁to ▁ 1 5 6 3 . ▁The ▁council ▁succeeded ▁in ▁initi ating ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁far - r anging ▁moral ▁and ▁administrative ▁re forms , ▁including ▁reform ▁of ▁the ▁pap acy ▁itself , ▁that ▁was ▁dest ined ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁shape ▁and ▁set ▁the ▁tone ▁of ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁into ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Such ▁re forms ▁included ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁sem in aries ▁for ▁the ▁proper ▁training ▁of ▁pri ests ▁in ▁the ▁spiritual ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁the ological ▁trad itions ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁the ▁reform ▁of ▁religious ▁life ▁to ▁returning ▁orders ▁to ▁their ▁spiritual |
▁found ations , ▁and ▁new ▁spiritual ▁movements ▁focus ▁on ▁the ▁dev ot ional ▁life ▁and ▁a ▁personal ▁relationship ▁with ▁Christ , ▁including ▁the ▁Spanish ▁myst ics ▁and ▁the ▁French ▁school ▁of ▁spiritual ity . ▁ ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁III ▁( 1 5 3 4 – 1 5 4 9 ) ▁initi ated ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent ▁( 1 5 4 5 – 1 5 6 3 ), ▁a ▁commission ▁of ▁card inals ▁task ed ▁with ▁institution al ▁reform , ▁to ▁address ▁content ious ▁issues ▁such ▁as ▁cor rupt ▁b ish ops ▁and ▁pri ests , ▁indul gen ces , ▁and ▁other ▁financial ▁ab uses . ▁The ▁Council ▁clearly ▁rejected ▁specific ▁Protest ant ▁positions ▁and ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁basic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁Med ieval ▁Church , ▁its ▁sacr amental ▁system , ▁religious ▁orders , ▁and ▁doctrine . ▁It ▁rejected ▁all ▁comprom ise ▁with ▁the ▁Protest ants , ▁rest ating ▁basic ▁ten ets ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁faith . ▁The ▁Council ▁clearly ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁dog ma ▁of ▁salv ation ▁appropri ated ▁by ▁Christ ▁lived ▁out ▁by ▁faith ▁and ▁works . ▁Trans ub st anti ation , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁consec r ated ▁bread ▁and ▁wine ▁were ▁held ▁to ▁become ▁( subst ant ial ly ) ▁the ▁body ▁and ▁blood ▁of ▁Christ , ▁was ▁u ph eld , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Seven ▁Sac r aments . ▁Other ▁practices ▁that ▁drew ▁the ▁i re ▁of ▁Protest ant ▁reform ers , ▁such ▁as ▁indul gen ces , ▁pil gr images , ▁the ▁v ener ation ▁of |
▁sain ts ▁and ▁re lic s , ▁and ▁the ▁v ener ation ▁of ▁the ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁were ▁strongly ▁re aff ir med ▁as ▁spirit ually ▁vital ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁But ▁while ▁the ▁basic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁was ▁re aff ir med , ▁there ▁were ▁notice able ▁changes ▁to ▁answer ▁compla ints ▁that ▁the ▁C ounter ▁Reform ers ▁t ac it ly ▁were ▁willing ▁to ▁admit ▁were ▁legit imate . ▁Among ▁the ▁conditions ▁to ▁be ▁corrected ▁by ▁Catholic ▁reform ers ▁was ▁the ▁growing ▁divide ▁between ▁the ▁pri ests ▁and ▁the ▁f lock ; ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁in ▁the ▁rural ▁par ishes , ▁after ▁all , ▁had ▁been ▁poor ly ▁educated . ▁O ften , ▁these ▁rural ▁pri ests ▁did ▁not ▁know ▁Latin ▁and ▁lack ed ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁proper ▁the ological ▁training ▁( address ing ▁the ▁education ▁of ▁pri ests ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁fundamental ▁focus ▁of ▁the ▁human ist ▁reform ers ▁in ▁the ▁past ). ▁Par ish ▁pri ests ▁now ▁became ▁better ▁educated , ▁while ▁Pap al ▁authorities ▁sought ▁to ▁eliminate ▁the ▁dist ra ctions ▁of ▁the ▁mon astic ▁churches . ▁Not ebook s ▁and ▁hand books ▁thus ▁became ▁common , ▁describing ▁how ▁to ▁be ▁good ▁pri ests ▁and ▁conf ess ors . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent ▁was ▁dedicated ▁to ▁impro ving ▁the ▁discipline ▁and ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁Church . ▁The ▁world ly ▁excess es ▁of ▁the ▁sec ular ▁Renaissance ▁church , ▁ep it om ized ▁by ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁Alexander ▁VI ▁( 1 4 |
9 2 – 1 5 0 3 ), ▁expl oded ▁in ▁the ▁Re formation ▁under ▁Pope ▁Leo ▁X ▁( 1 5 1 3 – 1 5 2 1 ), ▁whose ▁campaign ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁states ▁to ▁re build ▁St . ▁Peter ' s ▁Bas il ica ▁by ▁supporting ▁sale ▁of ▁indul gen ces ▁was ▁a ▁key ▁imp et us ▁for ▁Martin ▁Luther ' s ▁ 9 5 ▁Th eses . ▁But ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁would ▁respond ▁to ▁these ▁problems ▁by ▁a ▁vig orous ▁campaign ▁of ▁reform , ▁inspired ▁by ▁earlier ▁Catholic ▁reform ▁movements ▁that ▁pred ated ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Const ance ▁( 1 4 1 4 – 1 4 1 7 ): ▁human ism , ▁dev ot ional ism , ▁legal ist ▁and ▁the ▁observ at ine ▁tradition . ▁ ▁The ▁Council , ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁its ▁actions , ▁rep udi ated ▁the ▁pl ural ism ▁of ▁the ▁Sec ular ▁Renaissance ▁Church : ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁religious ▁institutions ▁was ▁tight ened , ▁discipline ▁was ▁improved , ▁and ▁the ▁parish ▁was ▁emphas ized . ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁B ish ops ▁for ▁political ▁reasons ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁toler ated . ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁the ▁large ▁land hold ings ▁forced ▁many ▁b ish ops ▁to ▁be ▁" abs ent ▁b ish ops " ▁who ▁at ▁times ▁were ▁property ▁man agers ▁trained ▁in ▁administration . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent ▁comb ated ▁" abs ente e ism ," ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁b ish ops ▁living ▁in ▁Rome ▁or ▁on |
▁land ed ▁est ates ▁rather ▁than ▁in ▁their ▁dioc eses . ▁The ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent ▁also ▁gave ▁b ish ops ▁greater ▁power ▁to ▁super v ise ▁all ▁aspects ▁of ▁religious ▁life . ▁Ze alous ▁pre l ates ▁such ▁as ▁Milan ' s ▁Arch bishop ▁Carlo ▁Bor rome o ▁( 1 5 3 8 – 1 5 8 4 ), ▁later ▁canon ized ▁as ▁a ▁saint , ▁set ▁an ▁example ▁by ▁visit ing ▁the ▁rem ot est ▁par ishes ▁and ▁inst illing ▁high ▁standards . ▁At ▁the ▁parish ▁level , ▁the ▁sem inary - tra ined ▁cler gy ▁who ▁took ▁over ▁in ▁most ▁places ▁during ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁were ▁over wh el ming ly ▁faithful ▁to ▁the ▁church ' s ▁rule ▁of ▁cel ib acy . ▁ ▁The ▁reign ▁of ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁IV ▁( 1 5 5 5 – 1 5 5 9 ) ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁efforts ▁of ▁Catholic ▁renew al . ▁Paul ▁IV ▁is ▁sometimes ▁de emed ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁the ▁C ounter - Re formation ▁pop es ▁for ▁his ▁resol ute ▁determ ination ▁to ▁eliminate ▁all ▁" her es ies " ▁- ▁and ▁the ▁institution al ▁practices ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁that ▁contributed ▁to ▁its ▁appeal . ▁Two ▁of ▁his ▁key ▁strateg ies ▁were ▁the ▁In quisition ▁and ▁c ensor ship ▁of ▁prohib ited ▁books . ▁The ▁In quisition , ▁re organ ized ▁under ▁Paul ▁III , ▁developed ▁under ▁Paul ▁IV ▁into ▁an ▁awesome ▁instrument , ▁even ▁accused ▁for ▁Catholic ▁card inals ▁Jac opo ▁S ado |
le to , ▁Regin ald ▁P ole ▁and ▁Giovanni ▁Mor one , ▁who ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁in ▁in quisition ▁j ail . ▁In ▁Cal ab ria ▁a ▁blo ody ▁per sec ution ▁of ▁Wald ens ians ▁was ▁carried ▁out . ▁In ▁Rome , ▁Ign ati us ▁of ▁Lo y ola ▁was ▁open ly ▁afraid ▁of ▁Paul ▁IV . ▁The ▁In quisition ▁was ▁most ▁severe ▁in ▁Spanish ▁controlled ▁areas . ▁There ▁existed ▁a ▁huge ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁Spanish ▁in quisition ▁and ▁the ▁Pap al ▁in quisition , ▁the ▁latter ▁being ▁mil der ▁and ▁even ▁sought ▁after , ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁Spanish ▁alternative . ▁In ▁this ▁sense , ▁his ▁ag gress ive ▁and ▁aut ocr atic ▁efforts ▁of ▁renew al ▁greatly ▁reflected ▁the ▁strateg ies ▁of ▁earlier ▁reform ▁movements , ▁especially ▁the ▁legal ist ▁and ▁observ antine ▁sides : ▁burning ▁her et ics ▁and ▁strict ▁emphas is ▁on ▁Can on ▁law . ▁It ▁also ▁reflected ▁the ▁rapid ▁pace ▁toward ▁absol ut ism ▁that ▁character ized ▁the ▁six teenth ▁century . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁ag gress ive ▁author itar ian ▁approach ▁was ▁arg u ably ▁destruct ive ▁of ▁personal ▁religious ▁experience , ▁a ▁new ▁wave ▁of ▁re forms ▁and ▁orders ▁convey ed ▁a ▁strong ▁dev ot ional ▁side . ▁Dev ot ional ism , ▁not ▁sub vers ive ▁myst ic ism ▁would ▁provide ▁a ▁strong ▁individual ▁out let ▁for ▁religious ▁experience , ▁especially ▁through ▁med itation ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁rec iting ▁of ▁the ▁Ros ary . ▁The ▁dev ot ional ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁C ounter - |
Re formation ▁combined ▁two ▁strateg ies ▁of ▁Catholic ▁Ren ew al . ▁For ▁one , ▁the ▁emphas is ▁of ▁God ▁as ▁an ▁un know able ▁absolute ▁r uler ▁- ▁a ▁God ▁to ▁be ▁fe ared ▁- ▁coinc ided ▁well ▁with ▁the ▁ag gress ive ▁absol ut ism ▁of ▁the ▁pap acy ▁under ▁Paul ▁IV . ▁But ▁it ▁also ▁opened ▁up ▁new ▁paths ▁toward ▁popular ▁p iety ▁and ▁individual ▁religious ▁experience . ▁ ▁The ▁Pap acy ▁of ▁St . ▁P ius ▁V ▁( 1 5 6 6 – 1 5 7 2 ) ▁represented ▁a ▁strong ▁effort ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁crack ▁down ▁against ▁her et ics ▁and ▁world ly ▁ab uses ▁within ▁the ▁Church , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁improve ▁popular ▁p iety ▁in ▁a ▁determined ▁effort ▁to ▁stem ▁the ▁appeal ▁of ▁Protest ant ism . ▁P ius ▁V ▁was ▁trained ▁in ▁a ▁solid ▁and ▁aust ere ▁p iety ▁by ▁the ▁Domin icans . ▁It ▁is ▁thus ▁no ▁surprise ▁that ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁pont ificate ▁by ▁giving ▁large ▁al ms ▁to ▁the ▁poor , ▁char ity , ▁and ▁hosp it als ▁rather ▁than ▁foc using ▁on ▁patron age . ▁As ▁pont iff , ▁he ▁pract iced ▁the ▁virt ues ▁of ▁a ▁mon k . ▁Kn own ▁for ▁cons ol ing ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁sick , ▁St . ▁P ius ▁V ▁sought ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁public ▁mor ality ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁promote ▁the ▁Jes uits , ▁support ▁the ▁In quisition . ▁He ▁enfor ced ▁the ▁observ ance ▁of ▁the ▁discipline ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr |
ent , ▁and ▁supported ▁the ▁miss ions ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁World . ▁The ▁Spanish ▁In quisition , ▁brought ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁absol ut ist ▁Spanish ▁state ▁since ▁Ferdinand ▁and ▁Isabel la , ▁stem med ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Protest ant ism ▁in ▁Spain ▁before ▁it ▁could ▁spread . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁The ▁pont ificate ▁of ▁Pope ▁Si xt us ▁V ▁( 1 5 8 5 – 1 5 9 0 ) ▁opened ▁up ▁the ▁final ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Re formation ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Bar o que ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁sevent e enth ▁century , ▁sh ifting ▁away ▁from ▁comp elling ▁to ▁attract ing . ▁His ▁reign ▁focused ▁on ▁re building ▁Rome ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁European ▁capital ▁and ▁Bar o que ▁city , ▁a ▁visual ▁symbol ▁for ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁the ▁pap acy ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Catholic ism <0x0A> </s> ▁Rick ▁F oster ▁is ▁a ▁guitar ist ▁and ▁arr anger ▁who ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁Days ▁Creek , ▁Oregon ▁area , ▁who ▁plays ▁classical ▁and ▁popular ▁music , ▁but ▁who ▁is ▁most ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁Christian ▁music . ▁ ▁Biography ▁F oster ▁began ▁playing ▁Hawai ian ▁guitar ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁By ▁age ▁ 1 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁playing ▁electric ▁guitar ▁in ▁a ▁sur f - rock ▁band . ▁ ▁At ▁eigh teen ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁he ▁was ▁teaching ▁guitar . ▁ ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁arrang ements ▁for |
▁guitar ▁of ▁his ▁favorite ▁h ym ns , ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁re per toire . ▁ ▁Play ing ▁in ▁classical ▁style , ▁but ▁with ▁country ▁flav oring , ▁he ▁has ▁recorded ▁several ▁albums , ▁appearing ▁on ▁B read ▁& ▁H oney ▁Records , ▁Chap el ▁Records ▁and ▁Ed ens ong ▁Records . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁nominated ▁for ▁a ▁D ove ▁Award ▁by ▁the ▁G ospel ▁Music ▁Association ., ▁ ▁His ▁arrang ements ▁have ▁been ▁featured ▁by ▁Ch et ▁At kins ▁and ▁Christopher ▁Park ening . ▁ ▁His ▁guitar ▁arrang ements ▁of ▁h ym ns ▁are ▁published ▁by ▁Rick ▁F oster ▁Ed ens ong , ▁F inger style ▁Gu itar ▁Magazine ▁and ▁Mel ▁Bay ▁Publications . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁F avor ite ▁H ym ns ▁for ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ▁( B read ▁& ▁H oney ▁ 1 0 2 )( Also ▁" H ym ns ▁for ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ") ( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 0 2 ) ▁More ▁H ym ns ▁for ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ▁( B read ▁& ▁H oney ▁ 1 1 8 )( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 1 8 ) ▁In sp ir ational ▁Gu itar ▁at ▁Its ▁Best ▁( Ch ap el / B ridge ▁ 2 3 2 7 )( B read ▁& ▁H oney ▁ 3 2 5 )( Also ▁ 2 ▁in ▁ 1 ▁" In sp ir ational ▁Gu itar ▁at ▁Its ▁Best " ▁and ▁" S ac red ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ") ( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 |
1 6 ) ▁Sac red ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 0 9 )( Also ▁ 2 ▁in ▁ 1 ▁" In sp ir ational ▁Gu itar ▁at ▁Its ▁Best " ▁and ▁" S ac red ▁Classic ▁Gu itar ") ( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 1 6 ) ▁Season ▁of ▁Joy ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ 6 0 0 ) ▁( Mo ody ▁Month ly ▁Inst rument al ▁Album ▁of ▁the ▁Year ) ▁Sac red ▁Du os ▁for ▁Gu itar ▁and ▁Vi olin ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ES CD ▁ 6 0 5 ) ▁" E ternal ▁Gu itar " ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ES CD ▁ 6 1 2 ) ▁" Best ▁of ▁Rick ▁F oster — Close ▁to ▁Heaven " ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ES CD ▁ 6 1 4 ) ▁" R ick ▁F oster ' s ▁Rem emb rance ▁of ▁Ch et ▁At kins ▁and ▁his ▁gu it ars " ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ES CD ▁ 6 2 4 ) ▁" Fa ith ▁is ▁the ▁Re ason " ▁( Ed ens ong ▁ES CD ▁ 6 2 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁of ▁Rick ▁F oster ▁ ▁Category : American ▁classical ▁guitar ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁guitar ists ▁Category : F inger style ▁guitar ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : G uit ar ists ▁from ▁Oregon ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Douglas ▁County , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> |
</s> ▁Phil ▁H ag erman ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁ph arm ac ist ▁and ▁former ▁CE O ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁Diplom at ▁Ph arm acy , ▁Inc ., ▁the ▁largest ▁independent ▁provider ▁of ▁special ty ▁ph arm acy ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁co - f ounded ▁Diplom at ▁Ph arm acy , ▁Inc . ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁with ▁his ▁father , ▁D ale ▁H ag erman , ▁and ▁today ▁it ▁is ▁public ly ▁trad ed ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁( N Y SE ), ▁raising ▁$ 1 7 5 ▁million ▁during ▁its ▁IP O ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁J oc ely n ▁H ag erman , ▁are ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁H ag erman ▁Foundation , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁dedicated ▁to ▁phil anth rop ic ▁efforts ▁across ▁Michigan ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁family , ▁community , ▁and ▁education . ▁They ▁also ▁founded ▁Sky Point ▁Vent ures , ▁L LC , ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁invest ment ▁and ▁vent ure ▁company ▁that ▁work ▁to ▁bring ▁business es ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Fl int ▁and ▁its ▁surrounding ▁areas . ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁training ▁phil anth ropy ▁ ▁In ▁February , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁through ▁the ▁H ag erman ▁Foundation , ▁H ag erman ▁don ated ▁$ 5 ▁million ▁to ▁the ▁Ferr is ▁State ▁University ▁College ▁of ▁Ph arm acy ▁to |
▁support ▁student ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁an ▁end owed ▁chair ▁for ▁health ▁inform at ics . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁gave ▁a ▁$ 2 ▁million ▁end ow ment ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan - Fl int ▁to ▁create ▁The ▁H ag erman ▁Center ▁for ▁Entre pr ene ur ship ▁and ▁In nov ation . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁fund ing ▁a ▁new ▁center , ▁the ▁gift ▁also ▁created ▁the ▁H ag erman ▁Sch ol ars ▁program , ▁a ▁program ▁designed ▁to ▁n urt ure ▁and ▁cultiv ate ▁entrepr ene ur ial ▁leaders ▁in ▁Fl int . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁H ag erman ▁don ated ▁$ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁through ▁the ▁H ag erman ▁Foundation ▁to ▁Grand ▁Circ us ' s ▁Develop ( her ) ▁Boot camp . ▁Design ed ▁to ▁promote ▁divers ity ▁in ▁te ch , ▁the ▁int ensive ▁programming ▁course ▁offered ▁free ▁tu ition , ▁exclus ively ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁Fl int ▁and ▁Detroit . ▁ ▁In ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁commit ment ▁to ▁phil anth ropy ▁in ▁education , ▁H ag erman ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁J oc ely n ▁received ▁The ▁State ▁Bank ▁Cont ribution ▁to ▁Education ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁for ▁their ▁work ▁in ▁F ent on , ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Community ▁phil anth ropy ▁ ▁H ag erman ▁has ▁also ▁supported ▁more ▁community ▁and ▁family ▁focused ▁organizations ▁and ▁events . ▁He ▁is ▁involved ▁with ▁fund ing ▁non prof its ▁like ▁Ele ' s |
▁Place , ▁a ▁he aling ▁center ▁for ▁gr ieving ▁children ▁and ▁te ens , ▁and ▁has ▁given ▁a ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁grant ▁to ▁the ▁F ent on ▁L akes ▁Area ▁Arts ▁Council ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁new ▁summer ▁event ▁series ▁called ▁" Ar ts ▁are ▁the ▁Heart ." ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁he ▁partners ▁with ▁and ▁supports ▁Car riage ▁Town ▁Min ist ries , ▁a ▁clin ic ▁serving ▁unders erved ▁and ▁hom eless ▁residents ▁of ▁Fl int , ▁Michigan ▁with ▁free ▁health , ▁eye ▁and ▁dent al ▁screen ings . ▁ ▁Community ▁renov ations ▁ ▁H ag erman ▁is ▁particularly ▁committed ▁rev ital izing ▁the ▁dow nt own ▁areas ▁of ▁Fl int ▁and ▁F ent on . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁active ▁in ▁partner ing ▁with ▁K etter ing ▁University ▁and ▁U - M ▁Fl int ▁to ▁re open ▁a ▁historic ▁ice ▁r ink ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Fl int . ▁Additionally , ▁he ▁has ▁inv ested ▁$ 4 ▁million ▁in ▁the ▁Capit ol ▁Theatre ▁renov ation ▁project . ▁When ▁finished , ▁the ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁seat , ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁foot ▁theatre ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁land mark ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Fl int . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁H ag erman ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁J oc ely n ▁are ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁Sky point ▁Vent ures , ▁a ▁real ▁estate ▁invest ment ▁and ▁vent ure ▁company ▁that ▁is ▁working ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Fl int , ▁Michigan . |
▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁J oc ely n ▁H ag erman ▁and ▁has ▁four ▁children , ▁Jenn ifer , ▁Meg an , ▁Tom ▁and ▁Taylor . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ph il anth rop ists ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁health ▁care ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : F err is ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁B ri zz ly ▁was ▁a ▁third - party ▁Twitter ▁and ▁Facebook ▁interface . ▁It ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁at ▁one ▁of ▁Te ch Cr unch ' s ▁events ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁A OL ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Its ▁features ▁included ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁create ▁lists ▁to ▁organ ize ▁follow ers , ▁showing ▁user ▁the ▁full ▁in - line ▁links ▁from ▁URL ▁short ening ▁services ▁and ▁showing ▁photos ▁from ▁photo ▁sharing ▁services . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁Friend Feed ▁for ▁Twitter . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁released ▁Facebook ▁integration . ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁B ri zz ly ▁team ▁announced ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁open ▁beta . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁B ri zz ly ▁announced ▁it ▁was ▁shut ting ▁down ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁time ▁commit ments ▁by ▁developers ▁to ▁A |
IM - related ▁work . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Co - Found er ▁Jason ▁Sh ellen ▁announced ▁B ri zz ly ▁is ▁back . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Twitter ▁services ▁and ▁applications ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Tw itter ▁services ▁and ▁applications <0x0A> </s> ▁Fel ia ▁Dou bro v ska ▁( ; ▁born ▁as ▁Fel iz ata ▁D lou zh ne v ska ▁in ▁St ▁Petersburg , ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁– ▁d . ▁Manh attan , ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁dan cer ▁and ▁teacher . ▁ ▁Dou bro v ska ▁graduated ▁at ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Bal let ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁was ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mari in sky ▁Theatre ▁company , ▁and ▁em igr ated ▁with ▁her ▁later ▁husband ▁Pierre ▁Vlad im iro ff ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁where ▁they ▁joined ▁at ▁first ▁the ▁Bal lets ▁Russ es . ▁Among st ▁others , ▁she ▁dan ced ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁at ▁New ▁York ' s ▁Metropolitan ▁Opera ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁and ▁taught ▁at ▁School ▁of ▁American ▁Bal let ▁until ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 4 . ▁She ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁heart ▁attack . ▁ ▁Virginia ▁Bro oks , ▁Vice - prés ident ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Dance ▁Film ▁Association ▁in ▁USA , ▁created ▁a ▁film |
▁Fel ia ▁Dou bro v ska ▁remembered ▁( H appy ▁to ▁be ▁so ... ), ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁memory ▁ball er ina ▁Fel ia ▁Dou bro v ska . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Russian ▁bal let ▁d anc ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : M ari in sky ▁Bal let ▁d anc ers ▁Category : Bal lets ▁Russ es ▁d anc ers ▁Category : Bal let ▁teachers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Category : White ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Russ ian ▁ball er inas ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁bal let ▁d anc ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh iv av ak an ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Sh ī v ā v ak ā n ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁G av ork - e ▁N alin ▁R ural ▁District , ▁V azine h ▁District , ▁S ard as ht ▁County , ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 7 6 , ▁in ▁ 2 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁S ard as ht ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bank ▁Building ▁was ▁a ▁historic ▁commercial ▁building ▁located ▁at ▁ 4 0 - 4 4 |
▁South ▁Street , ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts . ▁Until ▁its ▁destruction ▁by ▁fire ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁best - pres erved ▁of ▁U x bridge ' s ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁commercial ▁buildings . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 – 9 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁The ▁Bank ▁Building ▁was ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁southern ▁end ▁of ▁U x bridge ' s ▁commercial ▁center , ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁roughly ▁opposite ▁Town ▁Hall . ▁It ▁was ▁three ▁stories ▁in ▁height , ▁built ▁out ▁of ▁red ▁brick ▁with ▁gran ite , ▁wooden , ▁and ▁cast ▁iron ▁trim ▁elements . ▁It ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁a ▁low - p itch ▁hip ▁roof ▁with ▁an ▁un ad orn ed ▁cor nice ▁above ▁an ▁ent abl ature . ▁The ▁ground ▁floor ▁consisted ▁of ▁two ▁store front s ▁fl ank ing ▁a ▁central ▁building ▁entrance , ▁where ▁each ▁store front ▁had ▁a ▁re cess ed ▁entrance ▁fl ank ed ▁by ▁plate ▁glass ▁display ▁windows . ▁At ▁either ▁end ▁of ▁these ▁windows ▁were ▁cast ▁iron ▁columns ▁with ▁Cor inth ian ▁capit als . ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁second ▁by ▁a ▁wooden ▁cor nice ▁and ▁gran ite ▁string course . ▁The ▁upper ▁flo ors ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁seven ▁b ays , ▁art ic ulated ▁by ▁brick ▁pi ers . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁b ays |
▁had ▁single ▁s ash ▁windows , ▁while ▁the ▁others ▁had ▁two . ▁Dec or ative ▁brick work ▁pan els ▁separated ▁the ▁second ▁and ▁third - floor ▁windows . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 – 9 6 , ▁and ▁hous ed ▁commercial ▁store front s ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁floor , ▁offices ▁on ▁the ▁second , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁meeting ▁space ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁floor . ▁Its ▁first ▁ten ants ▁were ▁the ▁Black stone ▁National ▁Bank ▁and ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁Sav ings ▁Bank , ▁who ▁had ▁both ▁previously ▁occupied ▁the ▁Cap ron ▁Building , ▁which ▁burn ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁essentially ▁destroyed ▁and ▁then ▁raz ed ▁following ▁a ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁fire . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B ank ▁buildings ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : D em ol ished ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁My l oth ris ▁flav iana , ▁the ▁yellow ▁d otted ▁border , ▁is ▁a ▁but ter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Pier idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Niger ia , ▁Cam ero on , ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo , ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁and ▁T anz ania . ▁The |
▁habitat ▁consists ▁of ▁subm ont ane ▁for ests . ▁ ▁Sub species ▁My l oth ris ▁flav iana ▁flav iana ▁( e astern ▁Niger ia , ▁western ▁Cam ero on ) ▁My l oth ris ▁flav iana ▁inter pos ita ▁Jo ice y ▁& ▁Tal bot , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁( s outh - e astern ▁Cam ero on , ▁Congo , ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo , ▁T anz ania ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁Category : P ier ini ▁Category : But ter f lies ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁Hen ley ▁Gro se - Smith <0x0A> </s> ▁" You ' re ▁the ▁One " ▁is ▁a ▁du et ▁by ▁M á ire ▁B ren nan ▁and ▁Sh ane ▁Mac G owan ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁sound track ▁to ▁the ▁motion ▁picture ▁Circle ▁of ▁Fri ends . ▁A ▁prom ot ional ▁video ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁accomp any ▁the ▁single ▁featuring ▁cli ps ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁addition ▁spe cially ▁recorded ▁sh ots ▁of ▁M á ire ▁and ▁Sh ane . ▁The ▁two ▁B - s ides ▁to ▁the ▁single ▁are ▁taken ▁from ▁Sh ane ' s ▁album ▁The ▁S nake . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Comp act ▁Disc ▁" You ' re ▁the ▁One " ▁" A is ling " ▁" V ict oria " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁for ▁films ▁Category : S |
ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Sh ane ▁Mac G owan ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Michael ▁K amen ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁songs ▁Category : Z TT ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Q iu ▁R enz ong ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁bio eth ic ist . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁senior ▁research ▁fellow ▁emer it us ▁at ▁China ' s ▁Institute ▁of ▁Philosoph y , ▁and ▁chair ▁of ▁the ▁Academ ic ▁Committee ▁at ▁the ▁Centre ▁for ▁Bio eth ics ▁at ▁P ek ing ▁Union ▁Medical ▁College . ▁China ▁Daily ▁writes ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁scholar ▁who ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁ago ▁introduced ▁bio eth ics ▁to ▁China . ▁ ▁Q iu ▁published ▁a ▁paper ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁arg uing ▁for ▁the ▁recognition ▁in ▁China ▁of ▁animal ▁rights , ▁and ▁introdu cing ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁species ism . ▁He ▁argued ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁a ▁grad ual ist ▁approach ▁to ▁the ▁recognition ▁of ▁rights , ▁reject ing ▁the ▁abol ition ist ▁approach ▁as ▁un real istic . ▁His ▁paper ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Z ha o ▁Nan uy an , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁T sing h ua ▁University , ▁who ▁wrote ▁that ▁animal ▁rights ▁arguments ▁are ▁foreign ▁ideas ▁and ▁are ▁" anti - human ity ." ▁ ▁Q iu ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁UN ES CO ▁Av ic en na ▁Prize ▁for ▁Eth ics ▁in ▁Science ▁and ▁he ▁shared ▁the ▁H ast ings ▁Center ' s ▁Henry ▁Know les |
▁Be e cher ▁Award ▁with ▁Sol omon ▁R . ▁Ben atar ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁works ▁Bio eth ics : ▁Asian ▁Pers pect ives : ▁A ▁Qu est ▁for ▁Mor al ▁D iversity . ▁Springer , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁animal ▁rights ▁advoc ates ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : An imal ▁rights ▁sch ol ars ▁Category : P ek ing ▁Union ▁Medical ▁College ▁fac ulty ▁Category : B io eth ic ists ▁Category : Cont empor ary ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Chinese ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Pe ople ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁philosoph ers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁An at oli y ▁M ush yk ▁( born ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁weight l if ter . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁middle ▁heavy weight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁male ▁weight l if ters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁weight l if ters ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Weight l if ters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people |
) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Peter ▁Joh ns en ▁Room ing ▁House ▁is ▁an ▁historic ▁building ▁near ▁dow nt own ▁Sy cam ore , ▁Illinois . ▁The ▁red ▁brick ▁structure ▁stands ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁block ▁of ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁contrib uting ▁structure ▁to ▁the ▁overall ▁historic ▁integrity ▁of ▁the ▁Sy cam ore ▁Historic ▁District . ▁The ▁district ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁History ▁Very ▁little ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁building ' s ▁names ake , ▁Peter ▁Joh ns en . ▁Con struct ed ▁som etime ▁between ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁the ▁Joh ns en ▁Room ing ▁House ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁board ing ▁house ▁from ▁its ▁construction ▁until ▁som etime ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁converted ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁apart ments . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁a ▁couple ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁He id ikel in ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁the ▁board ing ▁house . ▁They ▁were ▁remembered ▁for ▁their ▁me als ▁which ▁were ▁said ▁to ▁regularly ▁attract ▁towns folk ▁to ▁the ▁room ing ▁house . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁De K al b ▁County , ▁Illinois ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Sy cam ore ▁Historic ▁District ▁Category : H istor ic ▁district ▁contrib uting ▁properties ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places |
▁in ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁Mach ip anda ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁Man ica ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁ ▁Man ica ▁Province , ▁Moz amb ique , ▁near ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Z imb ab we . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁railway ▁stations ▁on ▁the ▁Be ira – B ul away o ▁railway ▁( or ▁Mach ip anda ▁railway ), ▁that ▁connect s ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Be ira ▁and ▁Har are , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Z imb ab we . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Man ica ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁North ▁Bay - Mat ta wa ▁Conserv ation ▁Author ity ▁( NB M CA ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁conservation ▁authorities ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁Conserv ation ▁Are as . ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁conservation ▁areas ▁within ▁North ▁Bay , ▁but ▁also ▁extending ▁into ▁the ▁surrounding ▁municipal ities . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁Conserv ation ▁Are as , ▁the ▁N B M CA ▁has ▁local ▁juris diction ▁in ▁ 4 ▁program ▁areas : ▁environmental ▁planning ▁review ▁& ▁waters hed ▁management , ▁on - site ▁se w age ▁ins pection ▁under ▁the ▁Ontario ▁Building ▁Code , ▁environmental ▁education , ▁and ▁source ▁water ▁protection . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁areas ▁The ▁North ▁Bay - Mat ta wa ▁Conserv ation ▁Author ity ▁man ages ▁seven ▁conservation ▁areas |
▁and ▁one ▁nature ▁preserve . ▁ ▁Cor be il ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁E au ▁Cla ire ▁G orge ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁La ▁V ase ▁Port age ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁Laurent ian ▁Esc arp ment ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁Laur ier ▁Wood s ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁Pow ass an ▁Mountain ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁Sh ield s ▁Mc L aren ▁Conserv ation ▁Area ▁J P ▁Web ster ▁Nature ▁Pres erve ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁n bm ca . on . ca ▁- ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Act for clean water . ca ▁- ▁N B M ▁Source ▁Water ▁Prote ction ▁Website ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁Ontario ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Con serv ation ▁authorities ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : N orth ▁Bay , ▁Ontario ▁Category : Mat ta wa , ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁L uk av ica ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Dim it rov grad , ▁Ser bia . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 2 9 ▁ ▁people . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁P iro t ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Howard ▁Joseph ▁Car roll ▁( August ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁– ▁March ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁pre late ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁fourth ▁bishop ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Al to ona , ▁Pennsylvania ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁Biography |
▁Car roll ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁and ▁attended ▁Du ques ne ▁University ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁He ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁College ▁in ▁Lat ro be , ▁from ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Lic enti ate ▁of ▁Philosoph y ▁degrees . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁he ▁entered ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F rib ourg ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Sac red ▁The ology ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁ord ained ▁to ▁the ▁priest hood ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Pennsylvania ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁cur ate ▁at ▁Sac red ▁Heart ▁Church ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁when ▁he ▁became ▁assistant ▁general - secret ary ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Catholic ▁W elf are ▁Council . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁Pap al ▁Chamber lain ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁a ▁Dom estic ▁P rel ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁general - secret ary ▁of ▁NC W C ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Al to ona ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁epis cop al ▁consec r ation ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 |
, ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁from ▁Arch bishop ▁Am le to ▁Giovanni ▁Cic ogn ani , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁B ish ops ▁John ▁Francis ▁De arden ▁and ▁Cole man ▁Car roll ▁( his ▁brother ). ▁He ▁later ▁died ▁at ▁age ▁ 5 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁death s ▁Category : D u ques ne ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Saint ▁Vincent ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Rel ig ious ▁leaders ▁from ▁Pitts burgh ▁Category : American ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops <0x0A> </s> ▁Ali ▁R aza ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁L ah ore ▁cr icket ▁team . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : P ak ist ani ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : B ah aw al pur ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : L ah ore ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ui ▁Northern ▁Gas ▁P ip elines ▁Limited ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁L ah ore <0x0A> </s> ▁M utton ville ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Pre ble ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Ohio . ▁ ▁History ▁M utton ville ▁received ▁its ▁name ▁on |
▁account ▁of ▁sheep ▁raising ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁m utton ▁being ▁the ▁term ▁for ▁their ▁meat . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Pre ble ▁County , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁( mean ing ▁" S alt rio ▁h unter ") ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁cer at osa ur ian ▁din osa ur ▁that ▁lived ▁during ▁the ▁Sin em ur ian ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁Early ▁Jur ass ic ▁in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Italy . ▁The ▁type ▁and ▁only ▁species ▁is ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁z an ella i ; ▁in ▁the ▁past , ▁the ▁species ▁had ▁been ▁known ▁under ▁the ▁inform al ▁name ▁" S alt rios au ro ". ▁Although ▁a ▁full ▁ske leton ▁has ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁discovered , ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁large , ▁b ip ed al ▁car n iv ore ▁similar ▁to ▁Cer at osa urus . ▁ ▁Disc overy ▁and ▁naming ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁first ▁remains ▁of ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁were ▁discovered ▁by ▁amateur ▁pale ont ologist ▁Ang elo ▁Z an ella , ▁searching ▁for ▁am mon ites ▁in ▁the ▁Sal n ova ▁mar ble ▁quar ry ▁in ▁Salt rio , ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁Z an ella ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁Museo ▁C iv ico ▁di ▁Storia ▁Natur ale ▁di ▁Milano ▁and ▁this ▁institution ▁after ▁being ▁informed ▁sent ▁out ▁a |
▁team ▁to ▁investigate ▁the ▁find . ▁Crist iano ▁Dal ▁S asso ▁and ▁Alberto ▁L ual di , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Giorg io ▁Ter uz zi ▁managed ▁to ▁salv age ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁ch alk ▁blocks ▁vis ibly ▁containing ▁b ones . ▁The ▁ske leton ▁had ▁shortly ▁before ▁its ▁discovery ▁been ▁blow n ▁to ▁pieces ▁by ▁explos ives ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁quar ry ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁mar ble ▁layers . ▁Block s ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁secured ▁were ▁for ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁hours ▁inserted ▁into ▁a ▁bath ▁of ▁form ic ▁acid ▁to ▁free ▁the ▁b ones . ▁Initial ly , ▁ 1 1 9 ▁b one ▁fragments ▁were ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁collected ▁in ▁total ; ▁this ▁was ▁later ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 3 2 . ▁However , ▁most ▁cannot ▁be ▁exactly ▁identified . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁museum ▁opened ▁a ▁special ▁exhibition ▁of ▁the ▁b ones . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁Dal ▁S asso ▁provision ally ▁gave ▁the ▁din osa ur , ▁now ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁species ▁new ▁to ▁science , ▁the ▁Italian ▁name ▁Salt rios au ro . ▁Although ▁this ▁has ▁been ▁occasionally ▁Latin ised ▁to ▁" S alt ri osa urus ", ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁literature , ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁Italian ▁and ▁Latin ▁form ▁it ▁remained ▁an ▁invalid ▁nom en ▁n ud um . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Dal ▁S asso , ▁Sim one ▁Mag anu co ▁and ▁Andrea ▁C au ▁named ▁and ▁described ▁the ▁spec imen |
▁as ▁the ▁type ▁species ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁z an ella i . ▁The ▁generic ▁name ▁comb ines ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Salt rio ▁with ▁Latin , ▁ven ator , ▁" h unter ", ▁a ▁common ▁suffix ▁in ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁ther op ods . ▁The ▁authors ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁a ▁ven ator ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁Roman ▁gl adi ator . ▁The ▁specific ▁name ▁hon ours ▁Z an ella . ▁Because ▁the ▁article ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁an ▁electronic ▁publication , ▁Life ▁Science ▁Ident ifiers ▁were ▁necessary ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁name ▁valid . ▁These ▁are ▁ 8 C 9 F 3 B 5 6 - F 6 2 2 - 4 C 3 9 - 8 E 8 B - C 2 E 8 9 0 8 1 1 E 7 4 ▁for ▁the ▁genus ▁and ▁B DD 3 6 6 A 7 - 6 A 9 D - 4 A 3 2 - 9 8 4 1 - F 7 2 7 3 D 8 CA 0 0 B ▁for ▁the ▁species . ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁din osa ur ▁named ▁from ▁Italy , ▁the ▁first ▁from ▁the ▁Al ps ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁ther op od ▁from ▁Italy , ▁after ▁Sci p iony x . ▁ ▁The ▁hol ot ype , ▁MS N M ▁V 3 6 6 4 , ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁layer ▁of ▁the ▁Salt rio ▁Form ation ▁d ating ▁from ▁the ▁earliest ▁early ▁Sin em ur ian , 1 9 9 ▁million ▁years ▁old . |
▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁fragment ary ▁ske leton ▁with ▁a ▁lower ▁j aw . ▁About ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁ske leton ▁has ▁been ▁discovered , ▁including ▁a ▁to oth , ▁a ▁right ▁spl en ial , ▁a ▁right ▁pre art icular , ▁a ▁neck ▁rib , ▁fragments ▁of ▁the ▁d ors al ▁rib s ▁and ▁sc ap ula e , ▁a ▁well ▁preserved ▁but ▁incomplete ▁fur cul a , ▁hum eri , ▁met ac arp al ▁II , ▁ph al an x ▁II - 1 , ▁ph al an x ▁III - 1 , ▁ph al an x ▁III - 2 , ▁manual ▁ung ual ▁III , ▁a ▁dist al ▁t ars al ▁III , ▁a ▁dist al ▁t ars al ▁IV ▁and ▁the ▁proxim al ▁second ▁to ▁fifth ▁met at ars als . ▁The ▁hol ot ype ▁individual ▁likely ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁an ▁ancient ▁beach ▁before ▁being ▁was hed ▁out ▁to ▁sea . ▁After ▁death , ▁the ▁ske let al ▁remains ▁suffered ▁from ▁prolong ed ▁transport , ▁during ▁which ▁many ▁b ones ▁were ▁lost . ▁ ▁Although ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁was ▁not ▁aqu atic , ▁the ▁environment ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁car c ass ▁was ▁depos ited ▁was ▁likely ▁pel ag ic , ▁jud ging ▁by ▁the ▁associated ▁am mon ites . ▁The ▁local ity ▁is ▁also ▁rich ▁in ▁cr ino ids , ▁g ast rop ods , ▁b ival ves , ▁bra chi op ods ▁and ▁b ry oz o ans . ▁De position ▁occurred ▁on |
▁a ▁slope ▁between ▁a ▁shall ow ▁carbon ate ▁platform ▁and ▁a ▁deeper ▁bas in . ▁Vari ous ▁scratch es , ▁gro ov es , ▁and ▁stri ations ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁car c ass ▁was ▁subject ▁to ▁sc av eng ing ▁by ▁marine ▁in verte br ates . ▁The ▁spec imen ▁represents ▁a ▁sub ad ult ▁individual , ▁near ing ▁its ▁maximum ▁size , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁age ▁has ▁been ▁estimated ▁at ▁twenty - four ▁years . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁fragment ary ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁remains , ▁it ▁was ▁impossible ▁to ▁directly ▁measure ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁animal . ▁The ▁describing ▁authors ▁therefore ▁compared ▁the ▁foss ils ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁two ▁ther op ods ▁of ▁a ▁roughly ▁similar ▁volume . ▁Compar ing ▁with ▁the ▁ske let al ▁elements ▁of ▁M OR ▁ 6 9 3 , ▁an ▁All osa urus ▁frag ilis ▁spec imen , ▁they ▁conserv atively ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁hol ot ype ▁individual ▁was ▁at ▁least ▁seven ▁to ▁eight ▁metres ▁long . ▁This ▁would ▁make ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁the ▁largest ▁known ▁ther op od ▁living ▁before ▁the ▁A alen ian ▁stage , ▁ 2 5 % ▁longer ▁than ▁Cer at osa urus ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁Jur ass ic . ▁Compar ing ▁with ▁Cer at osa urus ▁itself , ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁body ▁length ▁of ▁ 7 3 0 ▁cent imet res , ▁a ▁hip ▁height ▁of ▁ 2 2 0 ▁cent imet res ▁and ▁a ▁sk ull ▁length ▁of ▁eight y ▁cent imet res |
. ▁The ▁th igh bone ▁length ▁would ▁then ▁have ▁been ▁about ▁eight y ▁to ▁eight y - se ven ▁cent imet res , ▁which ▁indicates ▁a ▁body ▁weight ▁of ▁ 1 1 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 2 4 ▁kil ogram mes . ▁Another ▁method ▁consisted ▁in ▁ext rap ol ating ▁from ▁the ▁known ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁for el imb . ▁App lying ▁the ▁usual ▁lim b ▁ratio ▁indicated ▁a ▁h ind lim b ▁length ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 ▁cent imet res . ▁The ▁th igh bone ▁would ▁then ▁have ▁been ▁ 8 2 2 ▁to ▁ 8 8 7 ▁mill imet res ▁long , ▁indicating ▁a ▁weight ▁of ▁ 1 2 6 9 ▁to ▁ 1 6 2 2 ▁kil ogram mes . ▁ ▁Classification ▁ ▁The ▁precise ▁system atic ▁position ▁of ▁Salt ri oven ator ▁has ▁been ▁tradition ally ▁uncertain , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁ther op od . ▁Dal ▁S asso ▁originally ▁referred ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁T et an ura e ▁He ▁later ▁considered ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁represent ▁an ▁all os au roid , ▁although ▁in ▁either ▁case ▁it ▁would ▁pre date ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁cl ades ▁by ▁roughly ▁ 2 0 - 3 0 ▁million ▁years . ▁B enson ▁considered ▁it ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Co el oph y so idea ▁in ▁his ▁review ▁of ▁Magn osa urus . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁wish bone ▁may ▁support ▁its ▁pla cement ▁as ▁a ▁t et an ur an , ▁although ▁wish b ones ▁have ▁been |
▁reported ▁from ▁co el oph y so ids . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁description ▁paper ▁ran ▁a ▁large ▁ph y log en etic ▁analysis , ▁and ▁found ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁bas al ▁cer at osa ur , ▁the ▁sister - tax on ▁of ▁Ber ber osa urus . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁cer at osa ur ▁research ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : C er at osa urs ▁Category : E ar ly ▁Jur ass ic ▁din osa urs ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : J ur ass ic ▁Italy ▁Category : S in em ur ian ▁life ▁Category : F oss ils ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : F oss il ▁tax a ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁J . ▁H . ▁Pat el ▁cabinet ▁was ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁K arn ata ka ▁head ed ▁by ▁Chief ▁minister ▁J . ▁H . ▁Pat el ▁that ▁was ▁formed ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁K arn ata ka ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁elections . ▁ ▁Cab inet ▁minister s ▁ ▁S idd ar ama iah ▁- ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁Minister , ▁Minister ▁for ▁Fin ance ▁ ▁D . ▁Man j un ath ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Re venue ▁ ▁B . ▁Som as he kar ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁High er ▁Education , ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Minister ▁of ▁For ests ▁ ▁Mer aj ud din ▁Pat el ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Municipal ▁Administration ▁ ▁B . ▁A |
. ▁Moh ide en ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Small ▁Sc ale ▁Indust ries ▁ ▁P . ▁G . ▁R . ▁S ind h ia ▁ ▁M . ▁C . ▁N ania h ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Law ▁ ▁C . ▁By re ▁G ow da ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Agricult ure ▁ ▁Minister s ▁of ▁State ▁ ▁M . ▁P . ▁P rak ash ▁ ▁Le el ade vi ▁R . ▁Pr as ad ▁ ▁K . ▁N . ▁N age ▁G ow da ▁ ▁B . ▁N . ▁Bac che ▁G ow da ▁ ▁V . ▁Som anna ▁ ▁A . ▁B . ▁Pat il ▁ ▁Ros han ▁Ba ig ▁ ▁H . ▁Nag appa ▁- ▁Minister ▁for ▁Agricult ural ▁Mark eting ▁ ▁Form er ▁members ▁ ▁R . ▁V . ▁Des hp ande ▁ ▁K . ▁B . ▁Sh an appa ▁ ▁S . ▁D . ▁Jay aram ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁of ▁K arn ata ka ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : K arn ata ka ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁India ▁Category : K arn ata ka ▁cabin ets ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁Con ist on ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁bank ▁of ▁Con ist on ▁Water ▁in ▁the ▁English ▁Lake ▁District . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England ▁as ▁a ▁designated |
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