text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁powerful ▁lord , ▁Peter ▁Mon osz ló . ▁Charles ▁I , ▁who ▁managed ▁three ▁other ▁campaign s ▁against ▁the ▁o lig arch s ▁– ▁including ▁Andrew ▁K ő sz eg i ▁– ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁sent ▁his ▁army , ▁led ▁by ▁Dem et ri us ▁N ek c se i , ▁Paul ▁Gar ai ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M ár é i , ▁against ▁the ▁ins urg ents ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 3 1 7 . ▁John ▁Bab oni ć ▁launched ▁a ▁counter att ack ▁too ; ▁he ▁defeated ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁in ▁two ▁batt les ▁and ▁also ▁captured ▁several ▁cast les , ▁including ▁O rah ov ica , ▁Mon osz ló ▁( today ▁Pod rav ska ▁Mos lav ina , ▁Cro atia ), ▁Pol os nica , ▁Me đ ura č a ▁( M eg yer ic se ) ▁and ▁Z den ci ▁( I z den c ) ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁With draw ing ▁to ▁the ▁north western ▁port ions ▁of ▁S lav onia , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁retain ▁his ▁lands ▁and ▁for ts ▁only ▁in ▁V ara ž din ▁County ▁and ▁Zag or je , ▁where ▁from ▁his ▁father , ▁Henry ▁II ▁extended ▁his ▁power ▁over ▁the ▁dec ades . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁border ▁conflicts ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁and ▁John ▁re to ok ▁Me đ ura č a ; ▁Charles ' ▁general ▁Paul ▁Sz éc si ▁was ▁killed , ▁when ▁attempted ▁to ▁re capt ure |
▁the ▁fort ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 3 1 8 . ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁of ▁their ▁relative ▁Andrew , ▁whose ▁province ▁was ▁ultimately ▁cr ushed ▁by ▁the ▁royal ▁troops ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 9 . ▁Nicholas ▁Lud bre gi ▁re capt ured ▁Bé la ▁Castle ▁for ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁V ran a ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁and ▁finally ▁re to ok ▁his ▁seat ▁Lud bre g ▁from ▁the ▁K ő sz eg i ▁brothers ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 3 2 0 . ▁John ▁surrender ed ▁by ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 2 0 , ▁only ▁some ▁cast les ▁remained ▁in ▁his ▁possession , ▁including ▁K rap ina ▁and ▁Kop riv nica . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 3 2 2 , ▁Charles ▁I ▁referred ▁to ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁as ▁" former ▁reb els , ▁now ▁Our ▁ad her ents ". ▁ ▁When ▁his ▁names ake ▁cousin , ▁John ▁the ▁" W olf " ▁rose ▁up ▁in ▁open ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁Charles ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 3 2 7 , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁joined ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁However ▁royal ▁gener als ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os ▁and ▁Alexander ▁Kö c ski ▁defeated ▁them ▁within ▁months . ▁During ▁the ▁military ▁campaign , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁lost ▁his ▁for tr ess ▁of ▁Kop riv nica , ▁which ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os . ▁John ▁died ▁som etime ▁after ▁ 1 3 2 7 |
, ▁but ▁pres umably ▁before ▁ 1 3 3 6 ; ▁when ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁made ▁an ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁H abs burg s ▁in ▁that ▁year , ▁only ▁Peter ' s ▁name ▁was ▁listed ▁among ▁the ▁tra itors ▁by ▁Charles ▁I . ▁His ▁three ▁sons ▁p led ged ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 3 3 9 ; ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁V r bo vec , ▁they ▁were ▁granted ▁( back ) ▁Tam ási , ▁following ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁referred ▁to ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁" T am ási ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁John ▁Category : 1 3 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁Hung arian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Patrick ▁Gray ▁Che ves ▁or ▁Che e ves ▁( May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁far mer ▁from ▁Norway , ▁Wisconsin ▁who ▁served ▁two ▁terms , ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 8 , ▁ 2 2 ▁years ▁apart , ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Che e ves ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁F ras er burgh , ▁Aber de ens hire , ▁Scotland ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 2 0 , ▁son ▁of ▁James ▁Che ves , ▁a ▁st on em |
ason , ▁and ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁( M orr ison ) ▁Che ves . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁pover ty ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁the ▁ill ▁health ▁of ▁his ▁mother , ▁Che ves ▁was ▁sent ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age ▁to ▁live ▁with ▁his ▁grand m other , ▁and ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ; ▁spent ▁six ▁more ▁years ▁with ▁one ▁uncle ▁working ▁on ▁the ▁farm ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁her d boy ▁and ▁occasionally ▁att ending ▁the ▁local ▁schools ; ▁then ▁two ▁more ▁years ▁with ▁another ▁uncle , ▁a ▁far mer ▁and ▁small ▁merchant . ▁He ▁left ▁home ▁for ▁Aber de en , ▁and ▁after ▁many ▁trib ulations ▁found ▁employ ment ▁in ▁a ▁counting ▁house . ▁Return ing ▁home , ▁he ▁was ▁wel com ed ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁he ' d ▁fled , ▁but ▁eventually ▁resolved ▁to ▁em igr ate ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Having ▁met ▁one ▁William ▁Smith , ▁a ▁native ▁Sc ots man ▁now ▁resident ▁in ▁Pi ke ▁Gro ve , ▁Ken os ha ▁County , ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Territ ory ▁who ▁was ▁home ▁visit ing ▁friends ▁and ▁family , ▁Che ves ▁accepted ▁Smith ' s ▁offer ▁of ▁passage ▁money ▁to ▁America , ▁and ▁a ▁job ▁once ▁he ▁arrived ▁there . ▁He ▁tra ve led ▁in ▁company ▁with ▁three ▁others : ▁Margaret , ▁a ▁sister ▁of ▁William ▁Smith ; ▁James ▁Smith , ▁his ▁nep hew ; ▁and ▁James ▁D ug uid , ▁a ▁k ins man ▁of ▁Che ves . ▁They ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Liverpool ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 4 |
0 , ▁land ed ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁proceeded ▁by ▁land ▁and ▁lake bo at , ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁South port ▁( now ▁Ken os ha ) ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁Territ ory , ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 0 . ▁He ▁worked ▁for ▁Smith ▁until ▁his ▁deb t ▁was ▁paid , ▁and ▁then ▁briefly ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁Illinois ▁and ▁Michigan ▁Canal . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁he ▁move ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁lead ▁min ing ▁district ▁fl our ishing ▁at ▁and ▁around ▁Min eral ▁Point , ▁Wisconsin . ▁There ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁bre wer y ▁during ▁the ▁winter s , ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁sum mers ▁he ▁worked ▁was hing ▁co pper ▁ore . ▁While ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁min ing ▁country , ▁he ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁sp ont aneous ▁defense ▁of ▁two ▁British - born ▁abol ition ist ▁speak ers ▁from ▁a ▁row dy ▁crowd , ▁and ▁developed ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁sla very . ▁The ▁winter ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 4 - 4 5 ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁saw mill ▁near ▁R ac ine . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁he ▁purchased ▁eight y ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁York ville , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁profession ▁of ▁far ming . ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 4 5 , ▁he ▁married ▁Elizabeth ▁Smith ▁of ▁Pi ke ▁Gro ve ▁in ▁Ken os ha ▁County , ▁like ▁himself ▁a |
▁native ▁of ▁Scotland ▁( born ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 8 2 2 ). ▁They ▁eventually ▁had ▁six ▁children , ▁two ▁of ▁whom ▁died ▁in ▁inf ancy . ▁ ▁Public ▁office ▁and ▁private ▁business ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁the ▁town ▁York ville ▁was ▁divided , ▁and ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Norway ▁( named ▁after ▁the ▁hom eland ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁its ▁sett lers ) ▁was ▁split ▁off ▁from ▁it . ▁The ▁new ▁town ▁had ▁only ▁nine ▁legal ▁vot ers , ▁none ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁previously ▁held ▁public ▁office , ▁and ▁Che ves ▁found ▁himself ▁elected ▁town ▁cl erk , ▁an ▁office ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁three ▁years . ▁He ▁was ▁subsequently ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁board , ▁holding ▁office ▁for ▁three ▁years , ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁board , ▁thus ▁ex ▁offic io ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁Board ▁of ▁Super vis ors . ▁ ▁Che ves ▁had ▁been ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁So iler , ▁and ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁legisl ature ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 5 , ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County ' s ▁ 4 th ▁Assembly ▁district , ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁Party ▁succeed ing ▁fellow ▁Republican ▁Eb ene zer ▁Adams . ▁He ▁served ▁one ▁term , ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁by ▁James ▁Cat ton , ▁another ▁Republican . ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁party ▁as ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁super vis ors ▁of ▁R ac ine |
▁County , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁two ▁years . ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁his ▁bar n , ▁which ▁contained ▁all ▁his ▁cro ps ▁and ▁far ming ▁implements , ▁bur nt ▁down ▁with ▁all ▁its ▁contents . ▁During ▁his ▁term ▁of ▁office ▁he ▁spec ulated ▁in ▁personal ▁lo ans , ▁often ▁to ▁his ▁profit ; ▁but ▁also ▁sust ained ▁revers es ▁in ▁that ▁business , ▁and ▁in ▁several ▁years ▁of ▁expensive ▁and ▁v ex ati ous ▁lit ig ation . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁he ▁was ▁once ▁again ▁elected ▁cl erk ▁of ▁the ▁board , ▁a ▁position ▁which ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁four ▁years ▁more . ▁He ▁then ▁purchased ▁a ▁soap ▁and ▁cand le ▁factory ▁in ▁R ac ine , ▁which ▁he ▁conducted ▁successfully ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁eng aging ▁in ▁other ▁branches ▁of ▁business ▁( and ▁continued ▁to ▁operate ▁his ▁re built ▁farm ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Republican ▁candidate ▁for ▁R ac ine ▁County ▁Judge , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁an ▁independent , ▁El bert ▁O . ▁Hand ▁( who ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Democratic ▁end ors ement ) ▁by ▁ 8 8 6 ▁votes . ▁ ▁Back ▁to ▁the ▁Assembly ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Assembly ▁from ▁R ac ine ▁County ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁( the ▁Town s ▁of ▁Bur ling ton , ▁C aled onia , ▁D over , ▁M t |
. ▁Ple asant , ▁Norway , ▁Ro chester , ▁Raymond , ▁Water ford ▁and ▁York ville ) ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Reform ▁Party ▁( a ▁short - l ived ▁coal ition ▁of ▁Democr ats , ▁reform ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Republic ans , ▁and ▁Gr angers ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁which ▁had ▁secured ▁the ▁election ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁a ▁Governor ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁elect ing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁state ▁legisl ators , ▁but ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁thro es ▁of ▁dis integration . ▁He ▁won ▁ 1 , 1 9 4 ▁votes ▁to ▁ 1 , 0 3 4 ▁for ▁Jacob ▁S . ▁C rane , ▁the ▁Republican ▁candidate ▁( Rep ublic an ▁inc umb ent ▁John ▁T . ▁R ice ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ). ▁He ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁standing ▁committee ▁on ▁town ▁and ▁county ▁organization , ▁and ▁the ▁joint ▁committee ▁on ▁claims . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁re - e lection ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁Republican ▁Kn ud ▁Ad land ; ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁Reform er ▁( or ▁Dem ocrat ) ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁in ▁that ▁district . ▁ ▁Return ing ▁home ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁at ▁his ▁farm ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Elizabeth ▁lived ▁until ▁July ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁dying ▁after ▁a ▁fall ▁at ▁the ▁old ▁family ▁farm ▁in ▁Norway ; ▁in ▁her ▁ob itu ary , ▁Patrick |
▁was ▁re called ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁far mers ▁and ▁Republic ans ▁in ▁the ▁county ." ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Count y ▁super vis ors ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : F arm ers ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Norway , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁Free ▁So ilers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : W is consin ▁Reform ers ▁( 1 9 th ▁century ) ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁F ras er burgh <0x0A> </s> ▁Dr . ▁K et an ▁Des ai ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Medical ▁Council ▁of ▁India ▁and ▁the ▁President ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁Medical ▁Association . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁Head ▁of ▁U ro log y ▁department ▁at ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College , ▁Ah med abad . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁Medical ▁Council . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Des ai ▁is ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Gu jar at ’ s ▁Mar oli ▁village . ▁He ▁completed ▁his ▁school ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Hans raj ▁Mor ar ji ▁Public ▁School , ▁where ▁his ▁father ▁Dir ub hai ▁Des ai ▁was ▁a ▁teacher ▁for ▁the ▁primary ▁section . ▁After ▁school , ▁he ▁completed ▁his ▁MB |
BS ▁and ▁M . Ch ▁in ▁u ro log y ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁from ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College , ▁Ah med abad ▁. ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁B . J . ▁Medical ▁College ▁in ▁Ah med abad ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁u ro log y ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁and ▁still ▁serves ▁as ▁Head . ▁He ▁became ▁the ▁young est ▁head ▁ever ▁in ▁Indian ▁history . ▁He ▁later ▁became ▁synd icate ▁and ▁sen ate ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Gu jar at ▁University ▁with ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁un cont ested . ▁He ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁Medical ▁Council ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁Medical ▁Council ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁Indian ▁Medical ▁Association ▁and ▁D ental ▁Council ▁of ▁India . ▁He ▁later ▁become ▁president ▁of ▁World ▁Medical ▁Association ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁and ▁other ▁do ctors ▁were ▁arrested ▁on ▁cor ruption ▁charges ▁of ▁R s ▁ 2 ▁cr ore ▁to ▁recognize ▁a ▁college ▁in ▁P un j ab . ▁His ▁medical ▁pract ition er ' s ▁license ▁was ▁susp ended ▁by ▁the ▁M CI ▁in ▁October . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁re elect ed ▁as ▁sen ate ▁member ▁of ▁Gu jar at ▁University |
▁after ▁a ▁legal ▁challenge ▁was ▁dismiss ed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Gu jar at ▁University ▁sen ate ▁un anim ously ▁nominated ▁Dr ▁Des ai ▁to ▁the ▁M CI , ▁which ▁apparently ▁has ▁no ▁powers ▁to ▁reject ▁the ▁nom ination . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁The ▁M CI ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁by ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁India ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁following ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁M CI ' s ▁president ▁K et an ▁Des ai ▁by ▁the ▁C BI ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Des ai , ▁alleg ed ▁middle - man ▁J . ▁P . ▁Singh ▁and ▁do ctors ▁Su kh w inder ▁Singh ▁and ▁Kan wal j it ▁Singh ▁have ▁been ▁book ed ▁under ▁the ▁Pre vention ▁of ▁Cor ruption ▁Act . ▁The ▁C BI ▁recovered ▁ 1 . 5 kg ▁of ▁gold ▁and ▁ 8 0 kg ▁of ▁silver ▁from ▁Des ai ' s ▁prem ises . ▁Further , ▁gold ▁worth ▁ <0xE2> <0x82> <0xA8> ▁ 3 5 ▁lak hs ▁were ▁recovered ▁from ▁Des ai ' s ▁bank ▁lock ers ▁in ▁Ah med abad . ▁C BI ▁told ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 5 ▁lock ers ▁which ▁were ▁then ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁opened ▁and ▁contents ▁noted . ▁He ▁also ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁own ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 ▁properties ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁academ ics ▁Category |
: L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gu jar at ▁Category : Gu jar at ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ind ian ▁medical ▁academ ics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Nav s ari ▁district ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Vill ard ▁is ▁a ▁city ▁in ▁Pope ▁County , ▁Minnesota , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 5 4 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁ ▁History ▁Vill ard ▁was ▁pl atted ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁named ▁for ▁Henry ▁Vill ard , ▁a ▁rail road ▁official . ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁operation ▁at ▁Vill ard ▁since ▁ 1 8 8 2 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁city ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁all ▁of ▁it ▁land . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁State ▁Highway ▁ 2 8 ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁main ▁route ▁in ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 5 4 ▁people , ▁ 1 1 5 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 7 2 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁. ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 2 7 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 5 . 7 % ▁White , ▁ 2 . 0 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 |
. 8 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 1 5 ▁households ▁of ▁which ▁ 2 4 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 0 . 4 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 9 . 6 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁ 2 . 6 % ▁had ▁a ▁male ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁wife ▁present , ▁and ▁ 3 7 . 4 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 3 3 . 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 1 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 2 1 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 7 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 5 . 3 ▁years . ▁ 2 2 . 4 % ▁of ▁residents ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ; ▁ 6 . 3 % ▁were ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ; ▁ 2 0 . 8 % ▁were ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ; ▁ 3 1 . 6 % ▁were ▁from |
▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 ; ▁and ▁ 1 8 . 9 % ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁gender ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 4 9 . 6 % ▁male ▁and ▁ 5 0 . 4 % ▁female . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 4 4 ▁people , ▁ 9 9 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 6 8 ▁families ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 3 0 8 . 5 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 1 9 . 3 / km ²). ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 1 6 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 4 6 . 7 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 5 6 . 7 / km ²). ▁ ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 9 8 . 3 6 % ▁White , ▁ 0 . 4 1 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 8 2 % ▁Asian , ▁and ▁ 0 . 4 1 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 9 ▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 4 . 3 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 6 . 6 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ |
3 1 . 3 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 6 . 3 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 1 5 . 2 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 4 6 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 6 . 6 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 6 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 2 . 1 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 4 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 . 5 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 4 3 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 2 . 1 ▁males . ▁ ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ 8 6 . 5 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 2 4 , 6 8 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 3 , 2 1 4 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 2 5 |
, 1 5 6 ▁versus ▁$ 1 5 , 3 5 7 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁$ 1 4 , 1 5 4 . ▁ ▁About ▁ 1 2 . 2 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 1 8 . 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 3 0 . 2 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eigh teen ▁and ▁ 1 6 . 0 % ▁of ▁those ▁si xty ▁five ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Pope ▁County , ▁Minnesota ▁Category : C ities ▁in ▁Minnesota <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Nord he ide ▁( liter ally : ▁" N orth ▁He ath ") ▁is ▁the ▁northern most ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Lü ne burg ▁He ath ▁in ▁Germany . ▁It ▁runs ▁from ▁the ▁Har burg ▁Hills ▁to ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Hand el oh . ▁ ▁South ▁of ▁that ▁lies ▁the ▁Lü ne burg ▁He ath ▁Nature ▁Park ▁and ▁the ▁Süd he ide ▁with ▁the ▁Süd he ide ▁Nature ▁Park . ▁The ▁highest ▁point ▁on ▁the ▁Nord he ide ▁is ▁the ▁Br uns berg ▁near ▁Buch hol z ▁in ▁der ▁Nord he ide ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Nord he ide ▁Region ▁website ▁ ▁Category : L ü ne burg ▁He ath <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M its ub ishi ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁sc oot ers ▁made ▁in ▁Japan ▁by ▁M its ub ishi ▁between ▁ |
1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁the ▁C - 1 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁sc oot er ▁imported ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁K ou ji ro ▁Mar uy ama , ▁which ▁began ▁production ▁at ▁the ▁N ago ya ▁Mach in ery ▁Works ▁of ▁M its ub ishi ▁He avy ▁Indust ries . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁M iz ush ima ▁three - w he eler ▁pick up ▁tr uck ▁it ▁represented ▁M its ub ishi ' s ▁first ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁post - war ▁personal ▁transport ▁bo om . ▁The ▁Silver ▁P ige on ' s ▁primary ▁compet itor ▁was ▁the ▁Fu ji ▁Rab bit ▁( and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁the ▁H onda ▁Jun o ). ▁Motor ▁sc oot ers ▁were ▁so ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁post - war ▁vehicle ▁industry ▁that ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁both ▁a ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁and ▁a ▁Rab bit ▁were ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁Emperor ▁of ▁Japan . ▁The ▁Society ▁of ▁Autom ot ive ▁Engine ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁ ▁lists ▁the ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁C - 1 0 ▁model ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁ 2 4 0 ▁Land marks ▁of ▁Japanese ▁Autom ot ive ▁Technology . ▁ ▁The ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁proved ▁sufficiently ▁successful ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁production ▁for ▁almost ▁twenty ▁years . ▁Motor ▁Cy cl ist ▁magazine ▁voted ▁it ▁" best ▁in ▁sty ling " ▁for ▁three ▁consecutive ▁years ▁in |
▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁a ▁de cade ▁after ▁its ▁introduction , ▁while ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁it ▁maintained ▁an ▁average ▁ 4 5 ▁percent ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁domestic ▁sc oot er ▁market . ▁American ▁ret ail er ▁Mont gom ery ▁Ward ▁imported ▁the ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁and ▁sold ▁it ▁via ▁their ▁catalog ▁under ▁the ▁R ivers ide ▁capt ive ▁import ▁brand . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁production ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁over ▁ 4 6 3 , 0 0 0 ▁had ▁been ▁manufact ured , ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁C - 2 0 0 ▁prov ing ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁individual ▁model , ▁with ▁almost ▁ 3 8 , 0 0 0 ▁sales . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁motor cy cles ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁List ▁of ▁motor cy cles ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" What ' s ▁a ▁Silver ▁P ige on ? ", ▁Mar vin ▁W ue h le , ▁silver p ige ons . com ▁▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁Silver ▁P ige on , ▁Max ' s ▁sc oot er ▁page ▁ ▁Silver ▁P ige on ▁Category : M ot or ▁sc oot ers ▁Category : J apan ese ▁motor cy cles ▁Category : M ot or cycle ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : M ot or cy cles ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ |
1 9 4 0 s <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁V . ▁Bl anch ard ▁( F ebru ary ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁– ▁February ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Represent ative ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁Massachusetts ▁State ▁Senator . ▁ ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁House ▁Bl anch ard ▁developed ▁a ▁close ▁friendship ▁with ▁Cal vin ▁C ool idge . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard , ▁it ▁was ▁rum ored , ▁taught ▁C ool idge ▁how ▁to ▁properly ▁dress ▁for ▁various ▁occasions . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁re ë lection ▁to ▁the ▁sen ate ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Charles ▁W . ▁E ld ridge ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁legisl ative ▁term . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁worked ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁for ▁the ▁N . ▁E . ▁Tel ▁& ▁Tel ▁Co . ▁ ▁Bl anch ard ▁had ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁and ▁died ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁Florida , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁gone ▁to ▁spend ▁the ▁winter . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Cambridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : M ass achusetts ▁Republic ans <0x0A> </s> ▁Gab rie le ▁Me |
hl ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁in ▁H agen bach ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁German ▁ro wer . ▁She ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Me hl ▁was ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁row ing ▁club ▁" am ▁Bal den ey see " ▁in ▁Ess en , ▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁she ▁and ▁Me ike ▁H oll änder ▁formed ▁a ▁co x less ▁pair ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Championship ▁and ▁scored ▁second . ▁At ▁the ▁World ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁the ▁team ▁started ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁E ight ▁and ▁scored ▁fifth . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Me hl ▁and ▁H oll änder ▁participated ▁as ▁a ▁co x less ▁four ▁team ▁with ▁Cer st in ▁Peters mann ▁and ▁Syl via ▁Dr ö del mann . ▁After ▁their ▁victory ▁at ▁the ▁German ▁Championships ▁they ▁scored ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Tas mania . ▁After ▁the ▁German ▁reun ification ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁row ing ▁clubs ▁of ▁western ▁and ▁eastern ▁Germany ▁un ited . ▁As ▁a ▁newly ▁formed ▁co x less ▁four ▁team , ▁Gab rie le ▁Me hl , ▁Cer st in ▁Peters mann , ▁Jud ith ▁Ze id ler ▁and ▁Kath rin ▁Ha aker ▁won ▁the ▁German ▁Championship ▁and ▁scored ▁third ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championship . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Gab |
rie le ▁Me hl ▁was ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁co x less ▁four ▁with ▁Ant je ▁Frank , ▁Bir te ▁Sie ch ▁and ▁An net te ▁H ohn ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁They ▁scored ▁third , ▁arriv ing ▁after ▁both ▁the ▁Canadian ▁and ▁the ▁American ▁team . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁National es ▁Olymp isches ▁Kom ite e ▁für ▁Deutschland : ▁Barcelona ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁Die ▁deutsche ▁Olymp iam ann schaft . ▁Frankfurt ▁am ▁Main ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁( G erman ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Gab rie le ▁Me hl ▁( database ▁of ▁Sports - Reference ) ▁ ▁German ▁co x less ▁four ▁champion ships ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁West ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁row ing ▁Category : West ▁German ▁female ▁row ers ▁Category : World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁for ▁West ▁Germany ▁Category : World ▁Row ing ▁Championships ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Germany ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁D . ▁Gordon ▁Smith ▁( born ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 |
9 6 2 ) ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁J . ▁Re uben ▁Clark ▁Law ▁School ▁of ▁Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁( BY U ). ▁Smith ▁has ▁taught ▁classes ▁in ▁business ▁associations , ▁contract s , ▁corpor ate ▁fin ance , ▁law ▁& ▁entrepr ene ur ship , ▁and ▁se cur ities ▁reg ulation . ▁ ▁Smith ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁B rem erton , ▁Washington . ▁He ▁received ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁account ing ▁from ▁BY U ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Law ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁earned ▁his ▁J D ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁He ▁then ▁was ▁a ▁cl erk ▁for ▁W . ▁Eug ene ▁Davis ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Court ▁of ▁App e als ▁for ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Circ uit . ▁Smith ▁spent ▁three ▁years ▁with ▁the ▁law ▁firm ▁of ▁Sk ad den , ▁Ar ps , ▁S late , ▁Me ag her ▁& ▁Fl om ▁before ▁joining ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Clark ▁Law ▁School . ▁After ▁being ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁there ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁BY U ▁fac ulty ▁with ▁the ▁appointment ▁of ▁being ▁the ▁Glen ▁L . ▁F arr ▁Professor ▁of ▁Law . ▁ ▁Smith ' s ▁main ▁expert ise ▁is ▁in ▁business ▁law . ▁ ▁He ▁co - author ed ▁with |
▁C yn th ia ▁Williams ▁the ▁case book ▁Business ▁Organ izations : ▁C ases , ▁Problem s ▁and ▁Case ▁Studies . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁Smith ' s ▁vita ▁ ▁BY U ▁Law ▁School ▁bio ▁of ▁Smith ▁ ▁listing ▁of ▁BY U ▁law ▁profess ors ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Br igh am ▁Young ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : L ew is ▁& ▁Clark ▁College ▁fac ulty ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B rem erton , ▁Washington ▁Category : Sk ad den , ▁Ar ps , ▁S late , ▁Me ag her ▁& ▁Fl om ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Law ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁fac ulty ▁Category : L aw ▁school ▁de ans <0x0A> </s> ▁Miss ▁K um ari ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Mal ay al am ▁film ▁actress ▁active ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Miss ▁K um ari , ▁whose ▁real ▁name ▁was ▁Th res i amma , ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁to ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Eli y amma , ▁at ▁B har an ang an am ▁in ▁K ott ay am , ▁Tra van core , ▁British ▁India , ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of |
▁Ker ala . ▁She ▁had ▁her ▁primary ▁education ▁from ▁B har ang an am ▁Sac red ▁He arts ▁high ▁school , ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁girls ▁run ▁by ▁Francis can ▁Clar ist ▁Sister s . ▁After ▁studies ▁she ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁school . ▁ ▁Family ▁She ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁H orm is ▁Th ali ath , ▁a ▁F . A . C . T ▁engineer ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁Johnny , ▁Thomas ▁and ▁Bab u . ▁She ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁stop ▁acting . ▁Grad ually , ▁she ▁disappeared ▁from ▁public ▁gaz e , ▁conf ined ▁to ▁the ▁four ▁walls ▁of ▁her ▁house . ▁Johnny ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁movie ▁industry , ▁Thomas ▁is ▁an ▁engineer ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁Bab u ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁in ▁J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁University ▁New ▁Del hi . ▁ ▁Mal ay al am ▁cinema ▁Miss ▁K um ari ▁deb uted ▁in ▁Mal ay al am ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁film ▁V ell in ak sh at ram . ▁She ▁got ▁her ▁break ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁box ▁office ▁hit ▁film ▁N alla ▁Thank a . ▁S ath yan ▁and ▁Miss ▁K um ari ▁were ▁elev ated ▁to ▁st ard om ▁after ▁the ▁huge ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁Ne el ak uy il ▁( 1 9 5 4 ). ▁She ▁acted ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁films , ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁sp anning ▁about ▁two ▁dec ades . ▁She ▁has ▁acted ▁in |
▁a ▁few ▁T amil ▁mov ies ▁as ▁well . ▁Pet ra val ▁K anda ▁Per uv az h vu ▁along ▁with ▁Prem ▁Naz ir ▁was ▁one ▁among ▁them . ▁Another ▁one ▁was ▁Kan ch ana . ▁She ▁also ▁received ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁State ▁award ▁for ▁best ▁actress ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁The ▁newsp apers ▁had ▁a ▁bold ▁heading , ▁but ▁very ▁little ▁details ▁on ▁her ▁death . ▁It ▁simply ▁read ▁something ▁like ▁" Miss ▁K um ari ▁was ▁r ushed ▁to ▁J aw ah ar l al ▁Memorial ▁Hospital , ▁U dy og am andal , ▁following ▁a ▁st om ach ▁a il ment ▁but ▁she ▁died ▁on ▁the ▁way ". ▁The ▁bur ial ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁B har an ang an am , ▁her ▁native ▁place . ▁Miss ▁K um ari ▁Memorial ▁M ini ▁Stadium ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁B har an ang an am , ▁which ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁by ▁veter an ▁actor ▁Prem ▁Naz ir . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Ind ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁K ott ay am ▁Category : Act ress es ▁in ▁Mal ay al am ▁cinema ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Indian ▁actress es <0x0A> </s> ▁Edward ▁Lee ▁Victor ▁Howard ▁( 2 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁– ▁ |
1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁C IA ▁case ▁officer ▁who ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁ ▁Pre - CI A ▁career ▁Howard ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Peace ▁Corps ▁volunte er ▁in ▁Buc aram anga , ▁Colombia . ▁There ▁he ▁met ▁Mary ▁C ed ar leaf ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁married ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Howard ▁earned ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁business ▁administration ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁University ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁and ▁joined ▁USA ID . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁the ▁How ards ▁left ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁Lima , ▁Peru , ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁on ▁loan ▁projects . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁Howard ▁was ▁anything ▁but ▁a ▁USA ID ▁loan ▁officer . ▁After ▁Peru , ▁the ▁How ards ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁Chicago ▁for ▁a ▁company ▁doing ▁environmental ▁work . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁How ards ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁named ▁Lee ▁Howard . ▁ ▁C IA ▁career ▁Howard ▁was ▁h ired ▁by ▁the ▁C IA ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁joined ▁by ▁his ▁wife , ▁Mary , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁both ▁trained ▁in ▁intelligence ▁and ▁counter - int elligence ▁methods . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁their ▁training ▁and ▁before ▁going |
▁on ▁their ▁first ▁assignment , ▁a ▁routine ▁poly graph ▁test ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁li ed ▁about ▁past ▁drug ▁use , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁the ▁C IA ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁shortly ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁to ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁C IA ' s ▁station ▁at ▁the ▁American ▁emb ass y ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Dis gr unt led ▁over ▁the ▁perce ived ▁unf air ness ▁of ▁having ▁been ▁dismiss ed ▁over ▁accus ations ▁of ▁drug ▁use , ▁pet ty ▁the ft ▁and ▁de ception , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁ab use ▁alco hol . ▁He ▁then ▁began ▁making ▁myster ious ▁phone ▁calls ▁to ▁some ▁former ▁colle agues , ▁both ▁in ▁Washington ▁and ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁after ▁a ▁d run ken ▁b raw l ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁charged ▁with ▁assault ▁with ▁a ▁dead ly ▁weapon . ▁The ▁charges ▁were ▁later ▁reduced ▁to ▁ag gra v ated ▁assault . ▁ ▁At ▁some ▁point ▁Howard ▁apparently ▁began ▁providing ▁class ified ▁information ▁to ▁the ▁K GB , ▁possibly ▁contact ing ▁K GB ▁officers ▁in ▁Austria ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁there . ▁His ▁information ▁has ▁been ▁bl amed ▁for ▁expos ing ▁Adolf ▁Tol k ache v ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁executed ▁by ▁the ▁K GB . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁the ▁C IA ▁was ▁sever ely ▁sh aken ▁by ▁several ▁security ▁le aks ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁expos ure ▁of ▁officers ▁and ▁assets . ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ |
1 9 8 5 , ▁after ▁twenty - five ▁years ▁of ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁K GB , ▁V ital y ▁Y urch en ko ▁walked ▁into ▁the ▁US ▁Emb ass y ▁in ▁Rome ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁inter rog ations ▁by ▁the ▁C IA , ▁he ▁accused ▁Howard ▁and ▁another ▁officer , ▁Ron ald ▁Pel ton , ▁of ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁K GB . ▁In ▁November ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁Y urch en ko ▁himself ▁re - def ected ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁Y urch en ko ▁was ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁re - double d ▁agent , ▁seeking ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁C IA ▁with ▁wrong ▁leads ▁to ▁protect ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁most ▁important ▁C IA ▁double - ag ents , ▁Ald rich ▁Am es . ▁ ▁Sur ve ill ance ▁and ▁escape ▁to ▁Hels ink i ▁The ▁F BI ▁began ▁watching ▁the ▁How ards ▁in ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico . ▁A ▁search ▁war rant ▁was ▁subsequently ▁secured ▁to ▁tap ▁the ▁How ards ’ ▁phone . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Howard ▁walked ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁a ▁surve ill ance ▁team ▁and ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁ready ▁to ▁talk ▁but ▁wanted ▁first ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁lawyer ; ▁a ▁meeting ▁was ▁scheduled ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁week . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁night , ▁however , ▁Howard ▁disappeared . ▁ ▁As ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Mary ▁drove ▁back ▁from |
▁a ▁dinner ▁away ▁from ▁their ▁home , ▁Howard ▁le apt ▁from ▁the ▁car ▁as ▁Mary ▁slow ed ▁to ▁round ▁a ▁corner . ▁He ▁left ▁a ▁dummy ▁made ▁from ▁stuff ed ▁clothes ▁and ▁an ▁old ▁w ig ▁stand ▁in ▁his ▁seat ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁purs uing ▁agents , ▁and ▁fled ▁to ▁Al bu quer que , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁plane ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Once ▁at ▁home , ▁Mary ▁called ▁a ▁number ▁she ▁knew ▁would ▁reach ▁an ▁answering ▁machine , ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁pre - record ed ▁message ▁from ▁Edward ▁to ▁fool ▁the ▁wire t ap ▁and ▁buy ▁her ▁husband ▁more ▁time . ▁From ▁New ▁York , ▁Howard ▁fle w ▁to ▁Hels ink i , ▁and ▁there ▁he ▁walked ▁into ▁the ▁Soviet ▁emb ass y . ▁ ▁Howard ▁maintained ▁his ▁innoc ence ▁until ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁only ▁fled , ▁he ▁said , ▁because ▁he ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁ag ency ▁had ▁chosen ▁him ▁to ▁fill ▁Y urch en ko ’ s ▁profile ▁and ▁wanted ▁a ▁sc ap ego at . ▁Howard ▁ins isted ▁he ▁refused ▁to ▁div ul ge ▁anything ▁of ▁real ▁importance ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁his ▁Soviet ▁protection . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Howard ’ s ▁mem oir s , ▁called ▁Sa fe ▁House , ▁were ▁published ▁by ▁National ▁Press ▁Books ▁in ▁which ▁Howard ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁ple a ▁b arg ain ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁Death ▁Howard ▁died ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , |
▁at ▁his ▁Russian ▁d ach a , ▁reported ly ▁from ▁a ▁broken ▁neck ▁after ▁a ▁fall ▁in ▁his ▁home . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Hans sen ▁ ▁Ald rich ▁Am es ▁ ▁Harold ▁James ▁Nich ol son ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Par ano ia ▁Magazine ▁interview ▁ ▁Peace ▁Corps ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Edward ▁Lee ▁Howard ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁intelligence ▁personnel ▁who ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Pe ace ▁Corps ▁volunte ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁Agency ▁Category : Double ▁agents ▁Category : F ug it ives ▁wanted ▁under ▁the ▁Esp ion age ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Category : Pe ople ▁granted ▁political ▁as yl um ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : American ▁mem oir ists <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁sets ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁( subset s ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁set ▁X ) ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁whose ▁elements ▁are ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁sequence ▁in ▁either ▁of ▁two ▁equivalent ▁ways : ▁( 1 ) ▁by ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁bounds ▁on ▁the ▁sequence ▁that ▁conver ge ▁monot on ically ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁set ▁( anal og ous ▁to ▁convergence ▁of ▁real - valu ed ▁sequences ) ▁and ▁( 2 ) ▁by ▁convergence ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁indicator ▁functions ▁which ▁are ▁themselves ▁real - valu |
ed . ▁As ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁sequences ▁of ▁other ▁objects , ▁convergence ▁is ▁not ▁necessary ▁or ▁even ▁usual . ▁ ▁More ▁generally , ▁again ▁analog ous ▁to ▁real - valu ed ▁sequences , ▁the ▁less ▁restrict ive ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁of ▁a ▁set ▁sequence ▁always ▁exist ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁determine ▁convergence : ▁the ▁limit ▁exists ▁if ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁are ▁identical . ▁( See ▁below ). ▁Such ▁set ▁limits ▁are ▁essential ▁in ▁measure ▁theory ▁and ▁probability . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁mis con ception ▁that ▁the ▁limits ▁inf imum ▁and ▁supre m um ▁described ▁here ▁involve ▁sets ▁of ▁accum ulation ▁points , ▁that ▁is , ▁sets ▁of ▁x ▁= ▁lim k → ∞ x k , ▁where ▁each ▁x k ▁is ▁in ▁some ▁An k . ▁This ▁is ▁only ▁true ▁if ▁convergence ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁discrete ▁metric ▁( that ▁is , ▁x n ▁→ ▁x ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁N ▁such ▁that ▁x n ▁= ▁x ▁for ▁all ▁n ▁ ≥ ▁N ). ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁restricted ▁to ▁that ▁situation ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁relevant ▁for ▁measure ▁theory ▁and ▁probability . ▁ ▁See ▁the ▁examples ▁below . ▁( On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁general ▁topological ▁not ions ▁of ▁set ▁convergence ▁that ▁do ▁involve ▁accum ulation ▁points ▁under ▁different ▁metrics ▁or ▁top ologies .) ▁ ▁De fin itions ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁definitions ▁Suppose ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁sets . ▁The ▁two ▁equivalent |
▁definitions ▁are ▁as ▁follows . ▁ ▁Using ▁union ▁and ▁intersection , ▁define ▁▁▁ ▁and ▁▁▁ ▁If ▁these ▁two ▁sets ▁are ▁equal , ▁then ▁the ▁set - the or etic ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁An ▁exists ▁and ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁that ▁common ▁set . ▁Either ▁set ▁as ▁described ▁above ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit , ▁and ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁other ▁means ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Using ▁indicator ▁functions , ▁let ▁ 1 An ( x ) ▁equal ▁ 1 ▁if ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁An ▁and ▁ 0 ▁otherwise . ▁Define ▁▁ ▁and ▁▁ ▁where ▁the ▁expressions ▁inside ▁the ▁brackets ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁are , ▁respectively , ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁of ▁the ▁real - valu ed ▁sequence ▁ 1 An ( x ). ▁Again , ▁if ▁these ▁two ▁sets ▁are ▁equal , ▁then ▁the ▁set - the or etic ▁limit ▁of ▁the ▁sequence ▁An ▁exists ▁and ▁is ▁equal ▁to ▁that ▁common ▁set , ▁and ▁either ▁set ▁as ▁described ▁above ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁limit . ▁ ▁To ▁see ▁the ▁equivalence ▁of ▁the ▁definitions , ▁consider ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁De M organ ' s ▁rule ▁below ▁explains ▁why ▁this ▁suff ices ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um . ▁Since ▁indicator ▁functions ▁take ▁only ▁values ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁ ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁ 1 An ( x ) ▁takes ▁value ▁ 0 ▁only ▁finit ely ▁many ▁times . ▁Equ ival ently , ▁if ▁and |
▁only ▁if ▁there ▁exists ▁n ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁element ▁is ▁in ▁Am ▁for ▁every ▁m ▁ ≥ ▁n , ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁x ▁ ∉ ▁An ▁for ▁only ▁finit ely ▁many ▁n . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁if f ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁all ▁except ▁finit ely ▁many ▁An . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁a ▁sh orth and ▁phrase ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁is ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁finit ely ▁often " ▁( or ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁but ▁finit ely ▁often "), ▁typically ▁expressed ▁by ▁" An ▁a . e . f . o ." ▁( or ▁by ▁" An ▁a . b . f . o ." ). ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁an ▁element ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁if , ▁no ▁matter ▁how ▁large ▁n ▁is ▁there ▁exists ▁m ▁ ≥ ▁n ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁element ▁is ▁in ▁Am . ▁That ▁is , ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁if f ▁x ▁is ▁in ▁infinitely ▁many ▁An . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁a ▁sh orth and ▁phrase ▁for ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁is ▁" x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁infinitely ▁often ", ▁typically ▁expressed ▁by ▁" An ▁i . o ." . ▁ ▁To ▁put ▁it ▁another ▁way , ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁consists ▁of ▁elements ▁that ▁" event ually ▁stay ▁forever " ▁( are ▁in ▁each ▁set ▁after ▁some ▁n ), ▁while ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um ▁consists ▁of ▁elements ▁that |
▁" ne ver ▁leave ▁forever " ▁( are ▁in ▁some ▁set ▁after ▁each ▁n ). ▁ ▁Mon ot one ▁sequences ▁ ▁The ▁sequence ▁{ An } ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁non in cre asing ▁if ▁each ▁An + 1 ▁ ⊂ ▁An ▁and ▁non de cre asing ▁if ▁each ▁An ▁ ⊂ ▁An + 1 . ▁In ▁each ▁of ▁these ▁cases ▁the ▁set ▁limit ▁exists . ▁Consider , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁non in cre asing ▁sequence ▁{ An }. ▁Then ▁▁ ▁From ▁these ▁it ▁follows ▁that ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁if ▁{ An } ▁is ▁non de cre asing ▁then ▁ ▁Properties ▁If ▁the ▁limit ▁of ▁ 1 An ( x ), ▁as ▁n ▁goes ▁to ▁infinity , ▁exists ▁for ▁all ▁x ▁then ▁▁ ▁Otherwise , ▁the ▁limit ▁for ▁{ An } ▁does ▁not ▁exist . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁is ▁contained ▁in ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um : ▁▁ ▁for ▁example , ▁simply ▁by ▁obser ving ▁that ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁finit ely ▁often ▁implies ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁infinitely ▁often . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁monot onic ity ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁of ▁, ▁ ▁By ▁using ▁De M organ ' s ▁rule ▁twice , ▁with ▁set ▁complement ▁Ac ▁= ▁X \ A , ▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁x ▁ ∈ ▁An ▁all ▁except ▁finit ely ▁often ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁x ▁ ∉ ▁An ▁finit ely ▁often . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁second ▁definition ▁above ▁and ▁the ▁definitions ▁for ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁limit ▁supre |
m um ▁of ▁a ▁real - valu ed ▁sequence , ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Suppose ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ σ - algebra ▁of ▁subsets ▁of ▁X . ▁That ▁is , ▁ ▁is ▁non empty ▁and ▁is ▁closed ▁under ▁complement ▁and ▁under ▁un ions ▁and ▁inter sections ▁of ▁count ably ▁many ▁sets . ▁Then , ▁by ▁the ▁first ▁definition ▁above , ▁if ▁each ▁An ▁ ∈ ▁ ▁then ▁both ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁elements ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁Let ▁ ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁So ▁ ▁exists . ▁ ▁Change ▁the ▁previous ▁example ▁to ▁ ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁So ▁ ▁does ▁not ▁exist , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁end points ▁of ▁the ▁intervals ▁conver ge ▁to ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Let ▁} . ▁ ▁Then ▁▁▁ ▁( which ▁is ▁all ▁rational ▁numbers ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 1 , ▁inclus ive ) ▁since ▁even ▁for ▁j ▁< ▁n ▁and ▁ 0 ▁ ≤ ▁k ▁ ≤ ▁j , ▁k / j ▁= ▁( n × k )/ ( n × j ) ▁is ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁above . ▁Therefore , ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁▁ ▁which ▁implies ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁the ▁sequence ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁limit . ▁Note ▁that ▁ ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁accum ulation ▁points , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁entire ▁interval ▁ ▁( acc ording ▁to ▁the ▁usual ▁E uclidean ▁metric ). ▁ ▁Pro b ability ▁uses |
▁Set ▁limits , ▁particularly ▁the ▁limit ▁inf imum ▁and ▁the ▁limit ▁supre m um , ▁are ▁essential ▁for ▁probability ▁and ▁measure ▁theory . ▁Such ▁limits ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁calculate ▁( or ▁prove ) ▁the ▁prob abilities ▁and ▁measures ▁of ▁other , ▁more ▁purpose ful , ▁sets . ▁For ▁the ▁following , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁probability ▁space , ▁which ▁means ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁ σ - algebra ▁of ▁subsets ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁probability ▁measure ▁defined ▁on ▁that ▁ σ - algebra . ▁S ets ▁in ▁the ▁ σ - algebra ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁events . ▁ ▁If ▁A 1 , ▁A 2 , ▁... ▁is ▁a ▁monot one ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁in ▁ ▁then ▁ ▁exists ▁and ▁ ▁Bor el – C ant elli ▁le mm as ▁In ▁probability , ▁the ▁two ▁Bor el – C ant elli ▁le mm as ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁for ▁showing ▁that ▁the ▁lim sup ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁has ▁probability ▁equal ▁to ▁ 1 ▁or ▁to ▁ 0 . ▁The ▁statement ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁( original ) ▁Bor el – C ant elli ▁lemma ▁is ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁Bor el – C ant elli ▁lemma ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁con verse : ▁ ▁Al most ▁sure ▁convergence ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁applications ▁to ▁probability ▁is ▁for ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁almost ▁sure ▁convergence ▁of ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁random ▁variables . ▁The ▁event ▁that ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁random ▁variables ▁Y 1 , ▁Y 2 , ▁... ▁converges ▁to ▁another ▁random ▁variable ▁Y ▁is ▁formally ▁expressed ▁as |
▁. ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁mistake , ▁however , ▁to ▁write ▁this ▁simply ▁as ▁a ▁lim sup ▁of ▁events . ▁ ▁That ▁is , ▁this ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁event ▁! ▁Instead , ▁the ▁complement ▁of ▁the ▁event ▁is ▁▁ ▁Therefore , ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Set ▁theory ▁ ▁Category : Pro b ability ▁theory <0x0A> </s> ▁" Ch ains ▁Of ▁Love ", ▁a ▁ 1 2 - bar ▁bl ues , ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Doc ▁Pom us ▁( a . k . a . ▁Jer ome ▁Sol on ▁Fel der ) ▁who ▁sold ▁the ▁copy right ▁to ▁Ah met ▁Er te gun ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁for ▁$ 5 0 . 0 0 ▁( refer encing ▁Doc ▁Pom us ▁and ▁his ▁family ). ▁ ▁Since ▁Er te gun ▁owned ▁the ▁copy right ▁from ▁that ▁point ▁forward , ▁he ▁had ▁legal ▁right ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁his ▁own ▁which ▁he ▁did ▁using ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁" A . ▁Nu get re ". ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁chart ed ▁numerous ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁abroad ▁the ▁first ▁by ▁Big ▁Joe ▁Turner ▁( as ▁Joe ▁Turner ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁reaching ▁number ▁ 2 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Billboard ▁R & B ▁chart .. ▁ ▁Turner ' s ▁version ▁was ▁his ▁first ▁success ▁on ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁label ▁established ▁by ▁Er te gun . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁Pat ▁Bo one , ▁whose ▁version ▁made ▁no . ▁ 1 0 ▁on |
▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁ ▁Another ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁version ▁was ▁by ▁Bobby ▁B land , ▁whose ▁recording ▁reached ▁no . ▁ 9 ▁on ▁the ▁R & B ▁chart ▁and ▁no . ▁ 6 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Mic key ▁G ille y ▁released ▁this ▁song ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁single ▁from ▁his ▁album , ▁First ▁Class . ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁number ▁ 9 ▁on ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁chart [ 1 ] ▁and ▁number ▁ 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Canadian ▁R PM ▁Country ▁Tra cks ▁chart ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Other ▁Cover ▁versions ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Fl ames ▁released ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁ ▁Other ▁covers ▁include : ▁Johnny ▁Burn ette ▁& ▁The ▁Rock ▁' N ' ▁Roll ▁T rio ▁( 1 9 5 7 ); ▁Sam ▁Co oke ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁B . ▁B . ▁King ▁( 1 9 6 2 ); ▁Bobby ▁' Blue ' ▁B land ▁( 1 9 6 9 ); ▁Little ▁Richard ▁( 1 9 7 3 ); ▁Lou ▁Raw ls ▁( 1 9 9 2 ); ▁and ▁Ir ma ▁Thomas ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁songs ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁singles ▁Category |
: 1 9 5 8 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 5 9 ▁singles ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ah met ▁Er te gun ▁Category : Big ▁Joe ▁Turner ▁songs ▁Category : Pat ▁Bo one ▁songs ▁Category : Bob by ▁B land ▁songs ▁Category : The ▁Hollywood ▁Fl ames ▁songs ▁Category : At l antic ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Cap ella ▁A ircraft ▁Corporation ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁aircraft ▁manufact urer ▁based ▁in ▁Austin , ▁Texas . ▁Form ed ▁about ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁company ▁special ized ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁and ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁light ▁aircraft ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁k its ▁for ▁amateur ▁construction , ▁including ▁for ▁the ▁US ▁F AR ▁ 1 0 3 ▁Ul tr al ight ▁Ve h icles ▁rules . ▁The ▁company ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁business ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Cap ella ▁produced ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁aircraft ▁designs , ▁all ▁of ▁a ▁str ut - b rac ed , ▁high ▁wing ▁configuration . ▁The ▁first ▁series ▁were ▁all ▁en closed ▁co ck pit ▁designs , ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁SS , ▁a ▁single ▁seat ▁model ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁X S ▁two - se at ▁conventional ▁landing ▁g ear ▁model ▁followed , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁tr icy cle ▁g ear ▁model , ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁X LS . ▁The ▁Cap ella ▁Fast back ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 |
8 ▁the ▁open ▁co ck pit ▁single - se at ▁Cap ella ▁J avel in ▁I ▁was ▁introduced ▁as ▁a ▁F AR ▁ 1 0 3 ▁ul tr al ight . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁J avel in ▁II ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁and ▁finally ▁the ▁Cap ella ▁T - R apt or , ▁all ▁variants ▁of ▁the ▁basic ▁J avel in ▁design . ▁ ▁A ircraft ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁aircraft ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : U l tr al ight ▁aircraft ▁Category : Home built ▁aircraft <0x0A> </s> ▁U x bridge ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁sub urban ▁town ▁in ▁west ▁London , ▁and ▁the ▁administrative ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don . ▁ ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁Char ing ▁Cross , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁metropol itan ▁cent res ▁identified ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Plan . ▁U x bridge ▁histor ically ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁H illing don ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁M idd les ex , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁local ▁commercial ▁centre ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁time . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁sub urban ▁growth ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁it ▁expanded ▁and ▁increased ▁in ▁population , ▁becoming ▁a ▁municipal ▁bor ough ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁and ▁has ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁London ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁ret ail ▁and ▁commercial ▁centre , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁location ▁of |
▁Brun el ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁campus ▁of ▁Buck ingham shire ▁New ▁University . ▁The ▁town ▁is ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁boundary ▁with ▁Buck ingham shire , ▁which ▁is ▁locally ▁the ▁River ▁Col ne . ▁ ▁Several ▁historical ▁events ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁town , ▁including ▁attempted ▁negoti ations ▁between ▁King ▁Charles ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War . ▁The ▁public ▁house ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁those ▁events , ▁since ▁renamed ▁the ▁Crown ▁& ▁Tre aty , ▁still ▁stands . ▁U x bridge ▁also ▁houses ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unker , ▁from ▁where ▁the ▁air ▁defence ▁of ▁the ▁south - east ▁of ▁England ▁was ▁coordin ated ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain . ▁Situ ated ▁in ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁the ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁Group ▁Oper ations ▁Room ▁within ▁the ▁b unker ▁played ▁a ▁cru cial ▁role ▁during ▁the ▁battle ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁D - Day ▁land ings . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁overall ▁includes ▁H are field , ▁I cken ham , ▁H illing don , ▁New year s ▁Green ▁and ▁Cow ley ; ▁altogether ▁are ▁represented ▁by ▁six ▁elect oral ▁w ards ▁that ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁coun c ill ors ▁to ▁H illing don ▁Council ▁and ▁for ▁statistical ▁purposes . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁recorded ▁a ▁population ▁figure ▁of ▁ 7 0 , 5 6 0 ▁for ▁all ▁w ards ▁combined . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Top onym y ▁ |
▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁" W ix an ' s ▁Bridge ", ▁which ▁was ▁s ited ▁near ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁Oxford ▁Road ▁where ▁a ▁modern ▁road ▁bridge ▁now ▁stands , ▁beside ▁the ▁Sw an ▁and ▁B ott le ▁public ▁house . ▁The ▁W ix an ▁were ▁a ▁ 7 th - century ▁Sax on ▁tribe ▁from ▁Lincoln shire ▁who ▁also ▁began ▁to ▁sett le ▁in ▁what ▁became ▁M idd les ex . ▁Ang lo - S ax ons ▁began ▁to ▁sett le ▁and ▁farm ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century , ▁clear ing ▁the ▁dense ▁wood land ▁and ▁remaining ▁there ▁for ▁around ▁ 5 0 0 ▁years . ▁Two ▁other ▁places ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁W ix an : ▁U x end on ▁(" W ix an ' s ▁Hill "), ▁a ▁name ▁now ▁preserved ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁names ▁of ▁U x end on ▁Hill ▁and ▁C res cent ▁in ▁H arrow , ▁and ▁W ax low ▁(" W ix an ' s ▁Wood ") ▁near ▁South all . ▁ ▁Arch ae olog ists ▁found ▁Bron ze ▁Age ▁remains ▁( before ▁ 7 0 0 ▁BC ) ▁and ▁medieval ▁remains ▁during ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁sho pping ▁centre ; ▁two ▁miles ▁( 3 . 2 km ) ▁away ▁at ▁Den ham , ▁Upper ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁remains ▁have ▁been ▁found . ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es |
day ▁Book ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century , ▁but ▁a ▁hundred ▁years ▁later ▁the ▁existing ▁church , ▁St ▁Margaret ' s , ▁was ▁built . ▁The ▁town ▁appears ▁in ▁records ▁from ▁ 1 1 0 7 ▁as ▁" W ox br ig ge ", ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁El th or ne ▁H undred ▁with ▁other ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Early ▁develop ments ▁ ▁The ▁Parliament ary ▁Army ▁g arrison ed ▁the ▁town ▁upon ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 2 ▁and ▁established ▁their ▁headquarters ▁there ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 6 4 7 ▁on ▁a ▁line ▁from ▁St aines ▁to ▁Wat ford , ▁although ▁the ▁king ▁passed ▁through ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 6 4 6 , ▁rest ing ▁at ▁the ▁Red ▁Lion ▁public ▁house ▁for ▁several ▁hours . ▁Charles ▁I ▁met ▁with ▁represent atives ▁of ▁Parliament ▁at ▁the ▁Crown ▁Inn ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 5 , ▁but ▁negoti ations ▁for ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁host ilities ▁were ▁un success ful ▁due ▁in ▁part ▁to ▁the ▁king ' s ▁stub born ▁attitude . ▁The ▁town ▁had ▁been ▁chosen ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁between ▁the ▁Royal ▁headquarters ▁at ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁strong hold ▁of ▁London . ▁ ▁The ▁covered ▁market ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁replacing ▁a ▁building ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁U x bridge ▁had |
▁an ▁uns av our y ▁reputation ; ▁the ▁jur ist ▁William ▁Ara bin ▁said ▁of ▁its ▁residents ▁" They ▁will ▁ste al ▁the ▁very ▁teeth ▁out ▁of ▁your ▁mouth ▁as ▁you ▁walk ▁through ▁the ▁streets . ▁I ▁know ▁it ▁from ▁experience ." ▁For ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁most ▁of ▁London ' s ▁fl our ▁was ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁Grand ▁J unction ▁Canal ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 , ▁linking ▁U x bridge ▁with ▁B irmingham . ▁By ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁market ▁towns ▁in ▁M idd les ex , ▁helped ▁by ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁stopping ▁point ▁for ▁stage co aches ▁trav elling ▁from ▁London ▁to ▁Oxford . ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁decl ined ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁West ▁D ray ton . ▁A ▁branch ▁line ▁to ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁not ▁built ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 4 . ▁ ▁Har man ' s ▁Bre wer y ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁by ▁George ▁Har man ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 3 , ▁and ▁moved ▁into ▁its ▁new ▁headquarters ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 . ▁The ▁event ual ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁bre wer y , ▁Cou rage , ▁closed ▁the ▁headquarters ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁replaced |
▁by ▁a ▁Bud gen ' s ▁super market , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁was ▁demol ished ▁with ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁sho pping ▁centre . ▁The ▁bre wer y ▁building ▁in ▁George ▁Street ▁remained ▁in ▁place ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁The ▁office ▁building ▁Har man ▁House ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁bre wer y . ▁ ▁Urban ▁development ▁ ▁The ▁en closure ▁of ▁H illing don ▁Par ish ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 9 ▁saw ▁the ▁reduction ▁in ▁size ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁Common , ▁which ▁at ▁its ▁largest ▁had ▁been ▁ ▁in ▁circum ference . ▁The ▁common ▁originally ▁covered ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁Park ▁Road ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁but ▁now ▁covers ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁the ▁town ' s ▁first ▁purpose - built ▁police ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁W inds or ▁Street . ▁The ▁building ▁included ▁three ▁cells ▁and ▁st ables . ▁The ▁Metropolitan ▁Police ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁building ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁when ▁operations ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁site ▁in ▁H are field ▁Road . ▁The ▁building ▁subsequently ▁became ▁the ▁Old ▁Bill ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁renamed ▁the ▁Fig ▁Tree ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁District ▁Electric ity ▁Supp ly ▁Company ▁had ▁been ▁established ▁in ▁Water lo o ▁Road |
, ▁and ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁connected ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁although ▁some ▁houses ▁still ▁had ▁gas ▁light ing ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 . ▁A ▁water ▁tower ▁on ▁U x bridge ▁Common ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁res emb ling ▁a ▁church ▁tower , ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁supply ▁to ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Wood ▁pan elling ▁from ▁a ▁room ▁in ▁the ▁Crown ▁& ▁Tre aty ▁public ▁house ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁an ▁American ▁business man , ▁who ▁installed ▁it ▁in ▁his ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁Empire ▁State ▁Building ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁It ▁was ▁returned ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁newly ▁crown ed ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁although ▁the ▁monarch ▁retained ▁ownership . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁U x bridge ▁L ido , ▁an ▁out door ▁sw imming ▁pool ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁" Mod erne " ▁or ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style , ▁was ▁officially ▁opened . ▁Before ▁the ▁opening , ▁many ▁residents ▁sw am ▁in ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁F ray s ▁River ▁near ▁H are field ▁Road , ▁and ▁the ▁Col ne . ▁The ▁pool , ▁pav il ion ▁building , ▁entrance ▁building ▁and ▁both ▁f ount ains ▁were ▁designated ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Despite ▁the ▁listing , ▁the ▁pool ▁was ▁closed ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁the ▁buildings ▁became ▁subject ▁to ▁heavy |
▁v andal ism . ▁U x bridge ▁open - air ▁pool ▁was ▁fully ▁ref urb ished ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁re - open ed ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Added ▁to ▁the ▁site , ▁now ▁named ▁H illing don ▁Sports ▁and ▁Le is ure ▁Complex , ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 ▁m ▁ind oor ▁competition ▁pool , ▁a ▁le is ure ▁pool , ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - station ▁g ym , ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁exercise ▁classes , ▁an ▁athlet ics ▁stad ium ▁and ▁track , ▁ 3 G ▁flo od lit ▁pitch es , ▁a ▁sports ▁hall , ▁a ▁c afé ▁and ▁a ▁cr è che . ▁The ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁buildings ▁are ▁still ▁standing . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁U x bridge ▁adopted ▁the ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁destroy er ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁to ▁help ▁towards ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁costs ; ▁In tre pid ▁was ▁lost ▁to ▁enemy ▁action ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁town ▁and ▁surrounding ▁areas ▁suffered ▁bomb ing ▁by ▁the ▁Luft wa ffe . ▁V 1 ▁flying ▁bomb s ▁fell ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁between ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁first ▁recorded ▁bomb ing ▁using ▁a ▁V 1 ▁was ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁at ▁ 0 7 : 0 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁bomb ▁passed ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁bus ▁and ▁hit ▁four ▁houses ▁nearby . ▁Seven |
▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁injured , ▁leaving ▁ 4 6 ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁un in hab itable . ▁In ▁all ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁Urban ▁District ▁suffered ▁ 7 9 ▁civil ian ▁death s ▁through ▁enemy ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁the ▁ ▁L owe ▁& ▁Shaw yer ▁plant ▁nur ser y ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁entered ▁volunt ary ▁liquid ation . ▁The ▁nur ser y ▁had ▁stood ▁in ▁King ston ▁Lane ▁since ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁producer ▁of ▁cut ▁flowers ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Dem ol ition ▁work ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁Brun el ▁University ▁comm enced . ▁Ch rys anth em ums ▁are ▁included ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁nur ser y . ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁( V ine ▁Street ) ▁railway ▁branch ▁line , ▁which ▁partly ▁ran ▁alongside ▁the ▁site , ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁the ▁university ▁opened , ▁purch asing ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁railway ▁had ▁run ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁council ▁for ▁£ 6 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁moved ▁from ▁Cr icket field ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁The ▁club ▁had ▁been ▁at |
▁Cr icket field ▁Road ▁since ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁but ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁site ▁on ▁part ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁Common ▁on ▁Park ▁Road . ▁The ▁Market ▁Square ▁sho pping ▁prec inct ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁but ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁shelter ▁made ▁it ▁un pop ular ▁and ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁attract ▁the ▁expected ▁levels ▁of ▁custom . ▁Many ▁buildings ▁along ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁and ▁W inds or ▁Street ▁had ▁been ▁demol ished ▁to ▁make ▁way ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁prec inct , ▁which ▁was ▁eventually ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁Pr ud ential ▁Ass urance ▁Company ▁and ▁re develop ed ▁with ▁a ▁roof ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Pav il ions ▁Sho pping ▁Centre . ▁The ▁Pe ac ock ▁public ▁house ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁main ▁squares ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁c afé ▁named ▁The ▁Che qu ers , ▁which ▁remains . ▁Ray ner ' s ▁ph arm acy ▁shop ▁was ▁also ▁demol ished ▁during ▁the ▁Market ▁Square ▁development , ▁although ▁the ▁shop front ▁was ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁London ▁and ▁is ▁held ▁in ▁storage . ▁ ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁sho pping ▁centre ▁was ▁built ▁beside ▁U x bridge ▁station ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁incorpor ating ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁buildings ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁structure . ▁The ▁centre ▁was ▁originally ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁St ▁George ' s ▁Centre ▁in ▁plans ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁early |
▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁though ▁this ▁name ▁was ▁eventually ▁taken ▁by ▁another ▁sho pping ▁centre ▁in ▁H arrow . ▁Instead , ▁The ▁Ch imes ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁the ▁b ells ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁market ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁High ▁Street . ▁An ▁O de on ▁cinema ▁opened ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁centre , ▁with ▁the ▁smaller ▁cinema ▁at ▁the ▁opposite ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁closing . ▁Some ▁houses ▁on ▁Ch ipp end ale ▁Way ▁and ▁the ▁St ▁George ' s ▁car ▁park ▁were ▁demol ished ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁sho pping ▁centre ▁car ▁park . ▁The ▁offices ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁building ▁company ▁F ass n idge ▁were ▁also ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁development ; ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁they ▁now ▁house ▁a ▁P izza ▁Express ▁restaurant . ▁Pres erved ▁tim ber ▁from ▁earlier ▁demol ished ▁buildings ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁beside ▁the ▁former ▁offices ▁of ▁F ass n idge , ▁designed ▁to ▁res emble ▁a ▁much ▁older ▁structure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁the ▁dry ▁ski ▁slope ▁near ▁Park ▁Road ▁and ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁L ido ▁was ▁closed ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁removed . ▁The ▁H illing don ▁Ski ▁Centre ▁had ▁been ▁subject ▁to ▁several ▁ar son ▁attacks ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁operating ▁it ▁became ▁ins ol vent . ▁The ▁slope , ▁which ▁had |
▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁was ▁left ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁nature . ▁ ▁Work ▁began ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁extens ively ▁ref urb ish ▁and ▁extend ▁U x bridge ▁L ido , ▁and ▁it ▁re open ed ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁as ▁the ▁H illing don ▁Sports ▁and ▁Le is ure ▁Complex . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁ 7 5 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁L ido ▁was ▁celebrated ▁at ▁the ▁pool . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁U x bridge ▁originally ▁formed ▁a ▁chap el ry ▁within ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁H illing don . ▁It ▁was ▁split ▁off ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 , ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁Urban ▁District ▁under ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁Act ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁the ▁urban ▁district ▁council ▁successfully ▁pet ition ed ▁for ▁a ▁char ter ▁of ▁incorpor ation ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁municipal ▁bor ough . ▁This ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁when ▁the ▁bor ough ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don . ▁Within ▁the ▁bor ough , ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁w ards : ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁Each ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁three ▁Conserv ative ▁Party ▁coun c ill ors . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁its ▁own |
▁parliament ary ▁constitu ency ▁until ▁boundary ▁changes ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁general ▁election ▁meant ▁it ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁R uis lip ▁constitu ency . ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁R uis lip ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁the ▁UK ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁Johnson ▁MP , ▁of ▁the ▁Conserv ative ▁Party . ▁He ▁took ▁over ▁from ▁John ▁Rand all ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁who ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁to ▁represent ▁U x bridge ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁by - e lection ▁after ▁the ▁sitting ▁MP , ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁Sh ers by , ▁died ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁lies ▁at ▁a ▁mean ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ ▁above ▁mean ▁sea ▁level . ▁Like ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁UK ▁its ▁climate ▁is ▁generally ▁temper ate , ▁with ▁few ▁extrem es ▁of ▁temperature ▁or ▁weather . ▁ ▁The ▁landscape ▁upon ▁which ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁established ▁is ▁largely ▁un changed ▁from ▁the ▁Mes ol ith ic ▁era . ▁Much ▁of ▁it ▁was ▁covered ▁by ▁o ak ▁and ▁el m ▁trees , ▁which ▁were ▁gradually ▁cleared ▁by ▁early ▁sett lers . ▁An ▁arch ae ological ▁exc av ation ▁by ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁found ▁evidence ▁of ▁fl int ▁items ▁sh aped ▁by ▁Mes ol ith ic ▁hun ters , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁animal ▁b ones ▁and ▁traces ▁of ▁char |
co al ▁from ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁camp f ires . ▁ ▁The ▁River ▁P inn ▁runs ▁through ▁U x bridge , ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁former ▁site ▁of ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁Brun el ▁University . ▁It ▁joins ▁the ▁F ray s ▁River , ▁which ▁branches ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁River ▁Col ne ▁and ▁acts ▁as ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁county ▁of ▁Buck ingham shire . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁from ▁Char ing ▁Cross ▁in ▁Central ▁London ; ▁ ▁from ▁Hay es ; ▁ ▁from ▁R uis lip ; ▁ ▁from ▁North olt ; ▁ ▁from ▁Sl ough ; ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁High ▁Wy com be . ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁The ▁approximate ▁population ▁figure ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁by ▁the ▁Office ▁for ▁National ▁Statistics ▁as ▁ 1 1 , 8 1 2 , ▁and ▁ 1 1 , 8 8 7 ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁were ▁White , ▁with ▁ 8 5 % ▁categor ised , ▁against ▁ 7 9 % ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don . ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁White ▁residents , ▁matching ▁the ▁bor ough ▁figure . ▁In ▁both ▁w ards , ▁the ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁mixed - race , ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian ▁British , ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British , ▁and ▁Chinese ▁or ▁other ▁eth nic |
▁groups . ▁Of ▁the ▁two ▁w ards , ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁had ▁a ▁higher ▁percentage ▁of ▁Black ▁and ▁Chinese ▁residents , ▁when ▁compared ▁with ▁the ▁bor ough . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁UK ▁Census , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁reached ▁ 1 2 , 0 4 8 ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁ 1 3 , 9 7 9 ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁eth nic ▁group ▁was ▁White ▁British ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁at ▁ 6 9 . 8 %, ▁followed ▁by ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian ▁British ▁( 1 9 . 5 %) ▁and ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British ▁( 4 . 1 %). ▁The ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁mixed - race ▁and ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁eth nic ▁groups . ▁White ▁British ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁largest ▁eth nic ▁group ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South , ▁at ▁ 6 2 . 1 %, ▁followed ▁by ▁Asian ▁or ▁Asian ▁British ▁( 2 2 . 6 % ), ▁Black ▁or ▁Black ▁British ▁( 7 . 3 %) ▁and ▁mixed - race ▁( 4 . 3 %). ▁The ▁remaining ▁percentage ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁eth nic ▁groups . ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁employ ment , ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁had ▁a ▁larger ▁number ▁of ▁residents ▁employed ▁in ▁manager ial ▁roles , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁UK ▁Census . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South |
▁were ▁categor ised ▁as ▁" not ▁class ified s ". ▁ ▁The ▁life ▁expect ancy ▁for ▁men ▁is ▁ 7 7 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 7 4 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁The ▁figures ▁for ▁women ▁are ▁ 8 3 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁ 8 1 ▁years ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁South . ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁housing ▁data ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁its ▁neighbourhood s . ▁ ▁Religion ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census , ▁ 7 2 . 8 % ▁of ▁residents ▁in ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁w ard ▁answered ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁religion , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 1 9 . 3 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁and ▁ 7 . 9 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁answer . ▁Of ▁those ▁who ▁answered , ▁ 5 3 % ▁identified ▁as ▁Christian , ▁followed ▁by ▁ 6 . 7 % ▁who ▁identified ▁as ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 6 . 2 % ▁as ▁S ikh . ▁The ▁percentage ▁ident ifying ▁as ▁H indu ▁was ▁ 5 . 4 %. ▁Fig ures ▁for ▁residents ▁ident ifying ▁as ▁either ▁Jewish , ▁Buddh ist ▁or ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁relig ions ▁were ▁each ▁below ▁ 1 %. ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁w ard , ▁ 6 9 . 2 % ▁of ▁residents ▁answered ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁religion , ▁compared ▁with ▁ 2 3 . 8 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁and ▁ 7 % ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁answer |
. ▁As ▁with ▁U x bridge ▁North , ▁the ▁majority ▁( 4 6 . 4 %) ▁identified ▁as ▁Christian , ▁followed ▁by ▁ 1 3 . 4 % ▁who ▁identified ▁as ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 5 % ▁as ▁H indu . ▁The ▁percentage ▁ident ifying ▁as ▁S ikh ▁was ▁ 2 . 3 % ▁and ▁those ▁ident ifying ▁as ▁Buddh ist ▁were ▁ 1 . 2 %. ▁Fig ures ▁for ▁residents ▁ident ifying ▁as ▁either ▁Jewish ▁or ▁other ▁un spec ified ▁relig ions ▁were ▁each ▁below ▁ 1 %. ▁ ▁Church es ▁ ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁Church ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁original ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁W inds or ▁Street , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁existed ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 2 4 5 , ▁when ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁hear ings ▁took ▁place ▁there ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Abb ot ▁of ▁B ec ▁in ▁Norm andy ▁brought ▁an ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁re ctor ▁of ▁Great ▁W r atting ▁in ▁Su ff olk ▁for ▁non - payment ▁of ▁t ith es . ▁On ▁par ch ments ▁kept ▁at ▁St . ▁George ' s ▁Chap el , ▁W inds or , ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁this ▁event , ▁St . ▁Margaret ' s ▁is ▁mentioned ▁by ▁name , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁other ▁references ▁between ▁ 1 2 4 5 ▁and ▁ 1 2 4 7 ▁to ▁the ▁" ch ap el ▁at ▁U x bridge ". ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁portion |
▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁building ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁north ▁tower , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁The ▁north ▁a is le , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁nave ▁and ▁its ▁arc ades , ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁while ▁the ▁south ▁a is le , ▁with ▁its ▁fine ▁ham mer - be am ▁roof , ▁was ▁added ▁about ▁ 1 4 5 0 . ▁The ▁car ved ▁stone ▁font ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁soon ▁afterwards , ▁d ating ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 4 8 0 . ▁ ▁For ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁history , ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁chap el - of - e ase ▁to ▁St ▁John ▁the ▁Bapt ist ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁H illing don ; ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁until ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁its ▁own ▁parish . ▁ ▁St ▁Andrew ' s ▁Church ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁both ▁H illing don ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁was ▁beginning ▁to ▁rise . ▁With ▁new ▁housing ▁being ▁built ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁cent res ▁the ▁then ▁Vic ar ▁of ▁H illing don , ▁the ▁Rev ▁Richard ▁Cro ft ▁( 1 8 5 6 – 6 9 ) ▁gained ▁permission ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁H illing don ▁West . ▁He ▁asked ▁the ▁well - known ▁architect ▁Sir ▁George ▁Gilbert ▁Scott : ▁ ▁Scott ▁produced ▁his ▁plans ▁and ▁local ▁U |
x bridge ▁builder ▁William ▁F ass n idge ▁was ▁employed ▁to ▁construct ▁the ▁church . ▁On ▁St ▁Peter ' s ▁Day , ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁the ▁foundation ▁stone ▁was ▁laid ▁at ▁the ▁south ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ch an cel ▁arch ▁by ▁the ▁Lord ▁Bishop ▁of ▁London , ▁Arch ib ald ▁Campbell ▁T ait . ▁He ▁returned ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁to ▁consec rate ▁and ▁open ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁fe ast ▁of ▁SS ▁Philip ▁and ▁James , ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁sp ire ▁was ▁completed ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁b ells , ▁vest ry ▁and ▁organ ▁and ▁other ▁emb ell ish ments , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁in ▁H illing don ▁Road , ▁was ▁some ▁£ 1 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Church ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁L our des ▁and ▁St ▁Michael ▁ ▁After ▁St ▁Margaret ' s ▁turned ▁Protest ant ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁official ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁place ▁of ▁worship ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁following ▁the ▁passing ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁E man cip ation ▁Act . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Father ▁Michael ▁Alo ys ius ▁W ren ▁bought ▁a ▁pres by tery ▁at ▁ 3 7 ▁La wn ▁Road , ▁next ▁to ▁which ▁a ▁temporary ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁of ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁L |
our des ▁and ▁St ▁Michael . ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁School ▁was ▁also ▁founded ▁on ▁Rock ingham ▁Road ▁at ▁this ▁time . ▁Fr ▁W ren ▁was ▁helped ▁by ▁his ▁nep hew ▁John , ▁who ▁acted ▁as ▁his ▁assistant ▁priest . ▁They ▁covered ▁an ▁extensive ▁area , ▁including ▁the ▁modern ▁Catholic ▁par ishes ▁of ▁R uis lip ▁and ▁H illing don . ▁ ▁The ▁mission ▁grew ▁from ▁strength ▁to ▁strength , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁the ▁con greg ation ▁number ed ▁ 1 5 0 , ▁with ▁school ▁attend ance ▁at ▁ 6 0 . ▁In ▁time ▁plans ▁were ▁made ▁for ▁a ▁larger , ▁more ▁permanent ▁church . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁brain child ▁of ▁Father ▁Thomas ▁Mol oney , ▁who ▁bought ▁the ▁current ▁pres by tery ▁and ▁acquired ▁the ▁land ▁that ▁stood ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁church ▁could ▁be ▁built . ▁The ▁foundation ▁stone ▁was ▁eventually ▁laid ▁on ▁Low ▁Sunday ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁by ▁Arch bishop ▁Alban ▁Good ier , ▁an ▁English ▁Jes uit ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Bomb ay ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁The ▁new ▁church , ▁in ▁Oxford ▁Road , ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁dioc es an ▁architect , ▁T . ▁H . ▁B . ▁Scott . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁of ▁brick ▁in ▁the ▁Roman es que ▁style , ▁se ating ▁ 3 5 0 . ▁The ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁quickly ▁and ▁opened ▁by ▁Card inal ▁Bour ne ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁September ▁ |
1 9 3 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁officially ▁consec r ated ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁after ▁its ▁deb ts ▁were ▁cleared . ▁ ▁Fa ith ▁Assembly , ▁U x bridge ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁contemporary ▁Pent ec ost al ▁church ▁now ▁in ▁U x bridge . ▁The ▁parish ▁of ▁The ▁R ede emed ▁Christian ▁Church ▁of ▁God ▁teach es ▁the ▁whole ▁coun sel ▁of ▁God ▁and ▁accommod ates ▁families ▁from ▁all ▁nations ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁currently ▁located ▁in ▁Bel mont ▁Road , ▁and ▁they ▁worship ▁in ▁the ▁famous ▁Herm itage ▁Primary ▁School ▁every ▁Sunday ▁at ▁ 1 1 : 0 0 am . ▁ ▁http :// www . r cc g fa ith assembly . com ▁ ▁Econom y ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁ ▁of ▁total ▁town ▁centre ▁flo ors pace . ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁two ▁sho pping ▁cent res , ▁The ▁Pav il ions ▁and ▁Int u ▁U x bridge ▁( former ly ▁The ▁Ch imes ). ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁is ▁ped est rian ised . ▁Just ▁off ▁the ▁High ▁Street ▁is ▁W inds or ▁Street , ▁a ▁short ▁road ▁populated ▁by ▁older ▁sh ops . ▁A ▁notable ▁land mark ▁on ▁V ine ▁Street ▁is ▁Rand alls , ▁the ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁style ▁former ▁department ▁store ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁MP ▁for ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁South ▁R uis lip , ▁John ▁Rand all . |
▁The ▁present ▁store ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁another ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁awarded ▁Gra de ▁II ▁listed ▁status ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁store ▁closed ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁following ▁a ▁decl ine ▁in ▁trade . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁centre ▁consists ▁of ▁ret ail ▁out lets ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁office ▁buildings , ▁including ▁the ▁main ▁UK ▁and ▁European ▁offices ▁of ▁international ▁companies ▁such ▁as ▁C oca - Col a ▁European ▁Part ners , ▁Cad bury ▁pl c , ▁X ero x , ▁General ▁M ills , ▁F . ▁H inds , ▁PA RE X EL , ▁Ar ri , ▁Br istol - My ers ▁S qu ib b , ▁Mon ster ▁Energy , ▁A PL , ▁Her bal ife ▁Europe . ▁Other ▁employ ers ▁include ▁Net App , ▁An ix ter ▁International , ▁Price water house Co op ers , ▁W MS ▁G aming , ▁I BB ▁Sol ic itors ▁and ▁N ex en . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don , ▁ 5 5 . 1 % ▁of ▁residents ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁U x bridge ▁North ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁w ards ▁to ▁work , ▁and ▁only ▁ 8 % ▁of ▁residents ▁working ▁there ▁also ▁live ▁within ▁the ▁w ards . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census ▁measured ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 6 , 0 0 7 ▁( 3 5 . 9 |
%) ▁of ▁residents ▁leaving ▁the ▁North ▁w ard ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁work . ▁U x bridge ▁South ▁had ▁a ▁figure ▁of ▁ 5 , 6 6 6 ▁( 2 6 . 5 %) ▁of ▁residents ▁leaving ▁the ▁w ard ▁to ▁work ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ret ail ▁foot print ▁research , ▁U x bridge ▁ranked ▁ 9 th ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁ret ail ▁exp end iture ▁in ▁Gre ater ▁London ▁at ▁£ 3 1 1 mill ion . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Primary ▁schools ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁include ▁Herm itage ▁Primary ▁School , ▁St ▁Andrew ' s ▁Church ▁of ▁England ▁Primary ▁School , ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Catholic ▁Primary ▁School , ▁White hall ▁Inf ant ▁School , ▁and ▁White hall ▁Junior ▁School . ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁Brun el ▁University ▁and ▁the ▁Buck ingham shire ▁New ▁University ' s ▁n urs ing ▁campus . ▁The ▁main ▁campus ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁College ▁is ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁t ube ▁station ▁is ▁the ▁western ▁termin us ▁for ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁and ▁Pic c ad illy ▁lines ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Under ground . ▁The ▁station , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁is ▁front ed ▁by ▁a ▁ped est rian ▁high ▁street ▁and ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁a ▁bus ▁termin us ▁with ▁connections ▁to ▁H illing don , ▁Hay es , |
▁E aling , ▁R uis lip , ▁and ▁Sl ough . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁once ▁two ▁railway ▁stations : ▁U x bridge ▁V ine ▁Street ▁( origin ally ▁just ▁U x bridge ▁Station ) ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street . ▁Both ▁were ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁linked , ▁hence ▁High ▁Street ▁ending ▁on ▁a ▁half - built ▁bridge . ▁High ▁Street ▁closed ▁to ▁passengers ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁economy ▁and ▁never ▁re open ed . ▁Despite ▁having ▁the ▁most ▁int ensive ▁service , ▁the ▁V ine ▁Street ▁line ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Western ▁Region ▁urban ▁branches ▁to ▁close ▁under ▁the ▁Be ech ing ▁ax e . ▁U x bridge ▁Bel mont ▁Road ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁under ground ▁station , ▁built ▁slightly ▁outside ▁the ▁town ▁centre ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁possible ▁extension ▁to ▁High ▁Wy com be . ▁This ▁was ▁subsequently ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁current ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁B 4 8 3 ▁road ▁connect s ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁with ▁the ▁Sw ake le ys ▁Round about ▁j unction ▁of ▁the ▁A 4 0 . ▁U x bridge ▁is ▁also ▁connected ▁by ▁major ▁roads ▁to ▁Sl ough , ▁Den ham , ▁I cken ham , ▁Cow ley , ▁I ver ▁He ath , ▁H illing don ▁He ath ▁and ▁Hay es . ▁ ▁The ▁Grand ▁Union ▁Canal , ▁formerly ▁the ▁Grand ▁J unction ▁Canal , ▁connect s ▁London ▁with ▁B irmingham ▁and ▁passes ▁immediately ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁forming ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bor ough ▁boundary . ▁The |
▁first ▁stretch ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁from ▁Br ent ford ▁to ▁U x bridge . ▁Further ▁up stream ▁is ▁U x bridge ▁Lock , ▁and ▁nearby ▁is ▁a ▁der el ict ▁fl our ▁mill ▁formerly ▁owned ▁by ▁Al lied ▁M ills . ▁The ▁mill ▁was ▁bought ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁by ▁William ▁King , ▁who ▁named ▁it ▁" K ings mill ". ▁Kings mill ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁brand ▁of ▁bread ▁by ▁Associ ated ▁British ▁Food s . ▁ ▁London ▁B uses ▁routes ▁ 2 2 2 , ▁ 3 3 1 , ▁ 4 2 7 , ▁ 6 0 7 , ▁A 1 0 , ▁U 1 , ▁U 2 , ▁U 3 , ▁U 4 , ▁U 5 , ▁U 7 , ▁U 9 , ▁U 1 0 ▁and ▁N 2 0 7 ▁serve ▁the ▁area , ▁alongside ▁ 8 ▁non - Transport ▁for ▁London ▁( T f L ) ▁routes : ▁First ▁Ber k shire ▁& ▁The ▁Th ames ▁Valley ▁route ▁ 3 , ▁Green ▁Line ▁route ▁ 7 2 4 ▁and ▁Car ousel ▁B uses ▁routes ▁ 1 0 1 , ▁ 1 0 2 , ▁ 1 0 5 , ▁ 5 8 0 , ▁ 5 8 1 ▁& ▁ 5 8 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁proposed ▁West ▁London ▁Tr am ▁was ▁post pon ed ▁in def initely ▁by ▁T f L ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁after ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁the |
▁Cross ra il ▁project ▁would ▁be ▁going ▁ahead . ▁T f L ▁c ited ▁" an ▁effective ▁bus - based ▁solution " ▁as ▁an ▁alternative , ▁delivered ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁local ▁coun c ils . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁route ▁has ▁been ▁served ▁by ▁the ▁ 4 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 7 , ▁and ▁ 6 0 7 ▁bus ▁services . ▁ ▁Land marks ▁ ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁ ▁The ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don ' s ▁H illing don ▁C iv ic ▁Centre ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁High ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁un ite ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁the ▁council , ▁which ▁had ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁with ▁the ▁mer ger ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁U x bridge , ▁R uis lip - N orth wood ▁Urban ▁District , ▁Hay es ▁and ▁Har ling ton ▁Urban ▁District ▁and ▁Y iew s ley ▁and ▁West ▁D ray ton ▁Urban ▁District . ▁Before ▁the ▁new ▁building ▁was ▁completed , ▁council ▁services ▁had ▁been ▁spread ▁throughout ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁bor ough ▁and ▁various ▁buildings , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁mer ging ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁district ▁coun c ils . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁M idd les ex ▁County ▁Council ▁office ▁building ▁that ▁stood ▁on ▁site ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁new ▁C iv ic ▁Centre . ▁The ▁centre ' s ▁clock ▁tower ▁is |
▁the ▁only ▁visible ▁section ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁building . ▁The ▁U x bridge ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁Gr ound ▁and ▁U x bridge ▁fire ▁station ▁were ▁re located ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁development , ▁which ▁became ▁controvers ial ▁ow ing ▁to ▁its ▁size ▁and ▁cost . ▁Are as ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁particularly ▁the ▁council ▁ch amb ers , ▁continue ▁to ▁suffer ▁from ▁poor ▁ac oust ics . ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁The ▁original ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁in ▁an ▁Edward ian ▁style . ▁A ▁new ▁building ▁with ▁little ▁exterior ▁sty ling ▁opened ▁nearby ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁and ▁legal ▁proceed ings ▁were ▁transferred . ▁The ▁Mag istr ates ' ▁Court ▁is ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁John ▁Mort imer ' s ▁Rum pole ▁of ▁the ▁Ba iley ▁short ▁stories . ▁ ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unker ▁and ▁H illing don ▁House ▁ ▁U x bridge ▁had ▁a ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁station , ▁known ▁as ▁R AF ▁U x bridge , ▁until ▁its ▁closure ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁within ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁H illing don ▁House , ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁m ansion ▁bought ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁and ▁became ▁most ▁famous ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁R AF ▁F ighter ▁Command ' s ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁Group ▁Oper |
ations ▁Room ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain . ▁F ighter ▁squad rons ▁at ▁air fields ▁in ▁the ▁south - east ▁of ▁England ▁were ▁directed ▁from ▁the ▁station , ▁which ▁was ▁visited ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ▁during ▁the ▁battle , ▁and ▁other ▁foreign ▁leaders ▁throughout ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁station ' s ▁closure , ▁the ▁rep lica ▁No . ▁ 3 3 ▁Squadron ▁Super marine ▁Sp it fire ▁gate ▁guard ian ▁was ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁for ▁rest oration ▁work ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁Oper ations ▁Room ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Britain ▁B unker ). ▁The ▁area ▁around ▁the ▁b unker ▁was ▁retained ▁as ▁an ▁enc lave ▁under ▁the ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁name , ▁under ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁R AF ▁North olt . ▁An ▁additional ▁guard ian , ▁a ▁Haw ker ▁H urr icane ▁in ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁No . ▁ 3 0 3 ▁( Pol ish ) ▁Squadron , ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁area ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Sport ▁and ▁le is ure ▁U x bridge ▁has ▁a ▁Non - Le ague ▁football ▁team , ▁U x bridge ▁F . C ., ▁which ▁plays ▁at ▁H oney cro ft , ▁West ▁D ray ton . ▁U x bridge ▁Cr icket ▁Club ▁is ▁also ▁based ▁in ▁U x bridge ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁M idd les ex ▁County ▁Cr icket ▁League , ▁a ▁designated ▁EC B ▁Premier ▁League . |
▁H illing don ▁Sports ▁and ▁Le is ure ▁Complex ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁ref urb ished ▁and ▁contains ▁an ▁ind oor ▁and ▁out door ▁sw imming ▁pool , ▁an ▁athlet ic ▁track ▁and ▁large ▁sports ▁complex . ▁The ▁South ▁Korean ▁Olympic ▁Team ▁used ▁the ▁centre ▁for ▁training ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁ ▁Ne igh bour ing ▁areas ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁notable ▁people ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁U x bridge . ▁ ▁Christ ine ▁Ke eler , ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁model ▁who ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁ ▁Prof um o ▁affair , ▁was ▁born ▁here , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁actor , ▁writer ▁and ▁director ▁Bernard ▁Mil es ▁( 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 9 1 ), ▁who ▁attended ▁Bishop sh alt ▁Gram mar ▁School . ▁Also ▁born ▁here ▁was ▁the ▁poet , ▁novel ist ▁and ▁illustr ator ▁Peg gy ▁E ile en ▁Wh ist ler ▁( 1 9 0 9 – 1 9 5 8 ), ▁who ▁used ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Mar gi ad ▁Evans , ▁and ▁John ▁Ste ars ▁( 1 9 3 4 – 1 9 9 9 ), ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award - win ning ▁cre ator ▁of ▁James ▁Bond ' s ▁A ston ▁Martin ▁DB 5 ▁and ▁Star ▁Wars ▁rob ots . ▁ ▁Charles ▁Brown ▁( 1 8 2 7 – 1 9 0 5 ), ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁engineer ▁and ▁invent or ▁of ▁the ▁Brown ▁val ve ▁g ear . ▁ ▁Notes |
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁B ain bridge , ▁John . ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁M idd les ex ▁Phot ographic ▁Mem ories . ▁Sal is bury : ▁Fr ith ▁Book ▁Company ▁▁ ▁Cot ton , ▁Carol yn ne . ▁( 1 9 9 4 ) ▁U x bridge ▁Past . ▁London : ▁Historical ▁Publications ▁▁ ▁Cro z ier , ▁Haz el . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁R AF ▁U x bridge ▁ 9 0 th ▁An ni versary ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 2 0 0 7 . ▁R AF ▁High ▁Wy com be : ▁Air ▁Command ▁Media ▁Services ▁ ▁H ear mon , ▁Carol yn ne . ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁U x bridge . ▁A ▁Conc ise ▁History . ▁U x bridge : ▁H illing don ▁Bor ough ▁L ibr aries ▁▁ ▁Pear ce , ▁K . ▁R . ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁U x bridge ▁From ▁Old ▁Phot ograph s . ▁Str oud : ▁Am ber ley ▁Publishing ▁▁ ▁Pear ce , ▁K . ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁U x bridge ▁Through ▁Time . ▁Str oud : ▁Am ber ley ▁Publishing ▁▁ ▁Sher wood , ▁Philip . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Ar ound ▁U x bridge ▁Past ▁& ▁Pres ent . ▁Str oud : ▁S utton ▁Publishing ▁▁ ▁Sk inner , ▁James . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁G row ing ▁Up ▁In ▁W art ime ▁U x bridge . ▁Str |
oud : ▁Temp us ▁Publishing ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don ▁▁▁ ▁Category : A reas ▁of ▁London ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁Bor ough ▁of ▁H illing don ▁Category : Met ropol itan ▁cent res ▁of ▁London ▁Category : Mark et ▁towns ▁in ▁London ▁Category : P laces ▁formerly ▁in ▁M idd les ex <0x0A> </s> ▁G j oko ▁Z aj kov ▁( Mac ed onian : ▁ <0xD0> <0x83> о ко ▁За ј ков ; ▁born ▁ 1 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mac ed onian ▁professional ▁football ▁player , ▁currently ▁playing ▁for ▁Char ler oi . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁Z aj kov ▁began ▁his ▁football ▁career ▁with ▁FK ▁Rab ot ni č ki . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Sk op je ▁into ▁a ▁family ▁originally ▁from ▁U d ovo , ▁G j oko ▁Z aj kov ▁was ▁playing ▁in ▁Mac ed onia ▁for ▁the ▁youth ▁team ▁of ▁Rab ot n ich ki , ▁until ▁the ▁summer ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁when ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁for ▁the ▁senior ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁club , ▁compet ing ▁in ▁the ▁Mac ed onian ▁First ▁League . ▁He ▁was ▁voted ▁best ▁def ender ▁that ▁year , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁he ▁left ▁Mac ed onia ▁for ▁the ▁French ▁club ▁St ade ▁Ren na is ▁F . C ., ▁with ▁whom |
▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁three - year ▁contract . ▁After ▁his ▁first ▁season ▁in ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁youth ▁team ▁of ▁Ren na is ▁only , ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁he ▁was ▁loan ed ▁for ▁one ▁year ▁to ▁Char ler oi ▁in ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Mac ed onian ▁U - 1 9 ▁and ▁U - 2 1 ▁national ▁teams . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Club ▁Rab ot ni č ki ▁Mac ed onian ▁First ▁League : ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁Mac ed onian ▁Football ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁Mac ed onian ▁Football ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mac ed onian ▁football ers ▁Category : N orth ▁Mac ed onia ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : N orth ▁Mac ed onia ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Mac ed onian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rab ot ni č ki ▁players ▁Category : St ade ▁Ren na is ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : R . ▁Char ler oi ▁S . C . ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category |
: Mac ed onian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁T W 1 ▁( T our ismus ▁und ▁W etter ▁ 1 ▁( T our ism ▁and ▁We ather ▁ 1 )) ▁was ▁an ▁Aust rian ▁digital ▁television ▁channel , ▁broadcast ing ▁program mes ▁about ▁news , ▁culture , ▁le is ure , ▁travel ▁and ▁weather . ▁It ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁national ▁broad c aster , ▁Österreich ischer ▁Rund f unk ▁( OR F ). ▁T W 1 ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁OR F ▁III ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁T W 1 ▁broadcast ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁program mes , ▁which ▁usually ▁followed ▁current ▁events ▁not ▁just ▁in ▁Austria ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁contin ental ▁Europe . ▁These ▁included ▁inter views ▁with ▁polit icians ▁and ▁debate ▁shows , ▁live ▁weather ▁information , ▁which ▁was ▁provided ▁through ▁web ▁c ams ▁located ▁all ▁over ▁Austria , ▁travel ▁shows , ▁up ▁to ▁date ▁travel ▁information ▁also ▁via ▁web ▁c ams ▁( AS F IN AG ) ▁and ▁shows ▁of ▁cultural ▁interest . ▁ ▁T W 1 ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁on ▁the ▁A stra ▁satellite ▁at ▁ 1 9 . 2 ° ▁east ▁on ▁the ▁un enc rypted ▁OR F ▁Digital ▁package , ▁and ▁on ▁cable ▁networks ▁in ▁German - spe aking ▁countries . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁channel ▁was ▁also ▁available ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁on ▁terrest rial ▁analog ue ▁television |
▁in ▁Sal zburg ▁on ▁the ▁G ais berg ▁Trans mit ter . ▁ ▁Since ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁T W 1 ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁owned ▁by ▁OR F . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁OR F ▁started ▁a ▁regular ▁sports ▁programme ▁on ▁T W 1 . ▁Both ▁live ▁broadcast s ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁magazine ▁program mes ▁were ▁broadcast ▁several ▁times ▁a ▁week ▁on ▁T W 1 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁OR F ▁Sport ▁Plus ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁most ▁sports ▁program mes ▁were ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁channel , ▁and ▁were ▁now ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁broadcast ▁on ▁T W 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁T W 1 ▁Live ▁Stream ing ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁television ▁channels ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : OR F ▁( bro ad c aster ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sa ṃ b h og ak ā ya ▁( S ansk rit : ▁" body ▁of ▁enjoy ment ", ▁Tib : ▁long s ▁sp y od ▁r dz og ▁pa ' i ▁sk u ) ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁mode ▁or ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁T rik aya . ▁ ▁Definition |
▁ ▁Cel est ial ▁manifest ations ▁The ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁is ▁a ▁" sub t le ▁body ▁of ▁limit less ▁form ". ▁Both ▁" cel est ial " ▁Bud d has ▁such ▁as ▁Bh ais aj y ag uru ▁and ▁Am it ā b ha , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁advanced ▁bod his att vas ▁such ▁as ▁A val ok ite ś var a ▁and ▁Man jus ri ▁can ▁appear ▁in ▁an ▁" en jo y ment - body ." ▁A ▁Bud d ha ▁can ▁appear ▁in ▁an ▁" en jo y ment - body " ▁to ▁teach ▁bod his att vas ▁through ▁vision ary ▁experiences . ▁ ▁Those ▁Bud d has ▁and ▁Bod his att vas ▁manifest ▁themselves ▁in ▁their ▁specific ▁pure ▁lands . ▁These ▁world s ▁are ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁others . ▁In ▁those ▁lands ▁it ▁is ▁easy ▁to ▁hear ▁and ▁practice ▁the ▁D har ma . ▁A ▁person ▁can ▁be ▁re born ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁pure ▁land ▁by ▁" the ▁transfer ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁huge ▁stock ▁of ▁' mer it ' ▁of ▁a ▁Land ' s ▁pres iding ▁Bud d ha , ▁stim ulated ▁by ▁dev out ▁prayer . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁places ▁where ▁the ▁S amb h og ak ā ya ▁body ▁appears ▁is ▁the ▁extra - cos mic ▁real m ▁or ▁pure ▁land ▁called ▁Ak ani ṣ ṭ ha . ▁This ▁real m ▁should ▁be ▁not ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁a kan is tha ▁of ▁the ▁pure ▁ab odes , ▁for ▁is ▁a |
▁real m ▁that ▁completely ▁trans c ends ▁it . ▁ ▁Ab sol utely ▁seen , ▁only ▁the ▁D harm ak ā ya ▁is ▁real ; ▁the ▁S amb h og ak ā ya ▁and ▁N ir man ak aya ▁are ▁" pro vis ional ▁ways ▁of ▁talking ▁about ▁and ▁app reh ending ▁it ". ▁ ▁Access ▁by ▁advanced ▁pract ition ers ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁also ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁l umin ous ▁form ▁of ▁clear ▁light ▁the ▁Buddh ist ▁pract ition er ▁att ains ▁upon ▁the ▁reaching ▁the ▁highest ▁dimensions ▁of ▁practice . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁tradition , ▁those ▁sk illed ▁in ▁med itation , ▁such ▁as ▁advanced ▁Tib et an ▁l am as ▁and ▁y og is , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁highly ▁realized ▁Buddh ists , ▁may ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁and ▁receive ▁direct ▁transmission ▁of ▁doctrine . ▁ ▁Under standing ▁in ▁Buddh ist ▁tradition ▁ ▁Tib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁There ▁are ▁numerous ▁S amb h og ak ā ya ▁real ms ▁almost ▁as ▁numerous ▁as ▁de ities ▁in ▁Tib et an ▁Buddh ism . ▁These ▁S amb h og ak aya - real ms ▁are ▁known ▁as ▁Bud d ha - fields ▁or ▁P ure ▁Land s . ▁ ▁One ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁in ▁Tib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁is ▁the ▁rain bow ▁body . ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁an ▁advanced ▁pract ition er ▁is ▁w alled ▁up ▁in ▁a ▁cave ▁or ▁se wn ▁inside |
▁a ▁small ▁y urt - like ▁tent ▁shortly ▁before ▁death . ▁For ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁a ▁week ▁or ▁so ▁after ▁death , ▁the ▁pract ition ers ' ▁body ▁transform s ▁into ▁a ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁light ▁body , ▁leaving ▁behind ▁only ▁hair ▁and ▁n ails . ▁ ▁L op ön ▁T enz in ▁Nam d ak ▁as ▁rendered ▁by ▁John ▁My rd hin ▁Reyn olds ▁convey ed ▁the ▁relationship ▁of ▁the ▁mind stream ▁( S ansk rit : ▁cit ta ▁sant ana ) ▁of ▁S amb h og ak aya ▁that ▁links ▁the ▁D harm ak aya ▁with ▁the ▁N ir man ak aya . ▁ ▁Ch án ▁Buddh ism ▁In ▁the ▁Ch án ▁( <0xE7> <0xA6> <0xAA> ) ▁( J p . ▁Z en ) ▁tradition , ▁the ▁S amb h og ak ā ya ▁( Ch in . ▁ 報 身 ↔ ba os hen , ▁lit . ▁" ret ribution ▁body "), ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁D harm ak aya ▁and ▁the ▁N ir man ak aya , ▁are ▁given ▁met ap hor ical ▁interpret ations . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Platform ▁S ut ra ▁of ▁the ▁Six th ▁Patri arch , ▁Chan ▁Master ▁Hu in eng ▁describes ▁the ▁S amb og h ak aya ▁as ▁a ▁state ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁pract ition er ▁contin ually ▁and ▁naturally ▁produces ▁good ▁thoughts : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁T rik aya ▁ ▁Ref uge ▁tree ▁ ▁Th ought form ▁ ▁Y id am ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁ |
▁S nell gro ve , ▁David ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁Ind o - T ib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁( Vol . 1 ). ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts : ▁ ▁Sh amb h ala ▁Publications , ▁Inc . ▁▁▁ ▁S nell gro ve , ▁David ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁Ind o - T ib et an ▁Buddh ism ▁( Vol . 2 ). ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts : ▁ ▁Sh amb h ala ▁Publications , ▁Inc . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B ud dh ist ▁philosoph ical ▁concepts <0x0A> </s> ▁Parliament ary ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁The ▁Vietnam ese ▁Father land ▁Front ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁party ▁to ▁contest ▁the ▁election , ▁and ▁won ▁all ▁ 4 9 6 ▁seats . ▁V oter ▁turn out ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁ 9 8 . 0 %. ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁elections ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : E lections ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁Vietnam ▁Category : One - party ▁elections <0x0A> </s> ▁s no R NA ▁U 8 2 ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁SN ORD 8 2 ▁or ▁Z 2 5 ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁non - c oding ▁R NA ▁( nc R NA ) ▁mole c ule ▁which ▁functions ▁in ▁the ▁modification ▁of ▁other ▁small ▁nuclear ▁R N As ▁( sn R N As ). ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁modifying ▁R NA ▁is ▁usually ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁nucle ol us ▁of |
▁the ▁e uk ary otic ▁cell ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁site ▁of ▁sn R NA ▁bi ogen esis . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁nucle olar ▁R NA ▁( s no R NA ) ▁and ▁also ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁a ▁guide ▁R NA . ▁ ▁s no R NA ▁U 8 2 / Z 2 5 ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁C / D ▁box ▁class ▁of ▁s no R N As ▁which ▁contain ▁the ▁conser ved ▁sequence ▁mot ifs ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁C ▁box ▁( U GA U GA ) ▁and ▁the ▁D ▁box ▁( C U GA ). ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁box ▁C / D ▁family ▁function ▁in ▁direct ing ▁site - specific ▁ 2 '- O - m eth yl ation ▁of ▁substr ate ▁R N As . ▁ ▁s no R NA ▁U 8 2 ▁has ▁been ▁identified ▁in ▁both ▁humans ▁and ▁m ice : ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁fifth ▁intr on ▁of ▁the ▁nucle olin ▁gene ▁in ▁both ▁species . ▁ ▁Two ▁additional ▁s no R N As ▁( C / D ▁box ▁s no R NA ▁U 2 0 ▁and ▁the ▁H / AC A ▁s no R NA ▁U 2 3 ▁) ▁are ▁also ▁encoded ▁within ▁the ▁intr ons ▁of ▁the ▁nucle olin ▁gene . ▁ ▁U 8 2 ▁is ▁predicted ▁to ▁guide ▁the ▁ 2 ' O - ri bose ▁m eth yl ation ▁of ▁ 1 8 S ▁rib os om al ▁R NA ▁( r R NA ) ▁resid |
ue ▁A 1 6 7 8 . ▁ ▁Another , ▁different ▁s no R NA , ▁named ▁U 8 2 ▁has ▁been ▁predicted ▁in ▁the ▁intr ons ▁of ▁L 3 ▁rib os om al ▁protein ▁gene ▁( R PL 3 ) ▁in ▁humans ▁and ▁c ows . ▁However , ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁this ▁s no R NA ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁confirmed ▁by ▁northern ▁bl ot ting ▁or ▁Re verse ▁trans cription ▁polym er ase ▁chain ▁reaction ▁( RT - PC R ) ▁and ▁it ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁this ▁s no R NA ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁nucle olin ▁gene . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Sm all ▁nuclear ▁R NA <0x0A> </s> ▁V ito ▁( fo aled ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁in ▁Kentucky ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁Thor ough bre d ▁race hor se ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁winning ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Bel mont ▁St akes , ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁oldest ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Tri ple ▁Crown ▁series . ▁B red ▁and ▁rac ed ▁by ▁Alfred ▁H . ▁Cos den , ▁he ▁was ▁s ired ▁by ▁Neg of ol , ▁a ▁French ▁col t ▁owned ▁by ▁American ▁William ▁K . ▁V ander b ilt , ▁who ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁French ▁Derby . ▁His ▁dam ▁was ▁Fore ver , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁two - time ▁American ▁Champion ▁Old er ▁Male ▁Hor se ▁Ball ot . ▁ ▁V ito ▁was ▁condition ed ▁for ▁racing ▁by ▁future ▁U . S . |
▁Racing ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ee ▁ ▁Max ▁Hir sch . ▁As ▁a ▁two - year - old , ▁V ito ▁won ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Grand ▁Union ▁Hotel ▁St akes ▁at ▁Sar at oga ▁Race ▁Cour se . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 5 ▁race hor se ▁birth s ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁b red ▁in ▁Kentucky ▁Category : R ace h ors es ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Bel mont ▁St akes ▁w inners ▁Category : Th or ough bre d ▁family ▁ 8 - k <0x0A> </s> ▁Don al do ▁Alfonso ▁Mé nd ez ▁( born ▁June ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player . ▁A ▁short stop , ▁he ▁played ▁parts ▁of ▁three ▁seasons ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁for ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁Pad res ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁two - year ▁career , ▁Mé nd ez ▁was ▁a ▁. 1 8 3 ▁h itter ▁with ▁three ▁home ▁runs ▁and ▁ 1 4 ▁R BI ▁in ▁ 7 2 ▁games . ▁But ▁showed ▁strong ▁field ing ▁skills . ▁He ▁finished ▁his ▁career ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Long ▁Island ▁D uck s ▁of ▁the ▁independent ▁Atlantic ▁League ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁players ▁from ▁Venezuela ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁, ▁or ▁Ret ros heet , ▁or ▁P ura ▁Pel ota ▁( VP BL ) |
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Á gu il as ▁del ▁Z ul ia ▁players ▁Category : Al to ona ▁Cur ve ▁players ▁Category : A ub urn ▁Double days ▁players ▁Category : C arden ales ▁de ▁L ara ▁players ▁Category : F res no ▁G ri zz lies ▁players ▁Category : G ulf ▁Coast ▁Ast ros ▁players ▁Category : G ulf ▁Coast ▁Pir ates ▁players ▁Category : K ansas ▁City ▁T - B ones ▁players ▁Category : K iss im mee ▁Cob ras ▁players ▁Category : Le ones ▁del ▁Car ac as ▁players ▁Category : Long ▁Island ▁D uck s ▁players ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁players ▁from ▁Venezuela ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁short st ops ▁Category : Mich igan ▁Battle ▁C ats ▁players ▁Category : Mobile ▁Bay B ears ▁players ▁Category : N ave g antes ▁del ▁Mag all anes ▁players ▁Category : New ark ▁B ears ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bar quis im eto ▁Category : Port land ▁Be a vers ▁players ▁Category : R och ester ▁Red ▁W ings ▁players ▁Category : San ▁Diego ▁Pad res ▁players ▁Category : V enez uel an ▁exp atri ate ▁baseball ▁players ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁E col ogy ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁is ▁heavily ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁high ▁elev ation ▁and ▁rain ▁shadow ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁range . ▁The ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁is ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the |
▁Cas cade ▁Range ▁from ▁the ▁South ▁F ork ▁of ▁the ▁S no qual m ie ▁River ▁in ▁Washington , ▁United ▁States , ▁to ▁the ▁confl u ence ▁of ▁the ▁Thompson ▁and ▁F ras er ▁R ivers ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁Canada , ▁where ▁the ▁range ▁is ▁officially ▁called ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Mountains ▁but ▁is ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁Canadian ▁C asc ades . ▁The ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁E cor eg ion ▁is ▁a ▁Level ▁III ▁e cor eg ion ▁in ▁the ▁Commission ▁for ▁Environment al ▁Co operation ' s ▁classification ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁terrain ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁high , ▁rug ged ▁mountains . ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁greatest ▁concentration ▁of ▁active ▁al pine ▁gla ci ers ▁in ▁the ▁con termin ous ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁clim atic ▁zones . ▁A ▁dry ▁contin ental ▁climate ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁m ild , ▁mar itime , ▁rain for est ▁conditions ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁west . ▁It ▁is ▁under lain ▁by ▁sed iment ary ▁and ▁met am orph ic ▁rock ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁C asc ades ▁which ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁vol can ics . ▁ ▁The ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁has ▁a ▁divers ity ▁of ▁plant ▁and ▁animal ▁species . ▁It ▁contains ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 6 3 0 ▁v asc ular ▁plant ▁species . ▁The ▁range ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁top ▁pred ators , ▁including ▁bald ▁e ag les , ▁wol ves , ▁g ri zz ly ▁be |
ars , ▁mountain ▁l ions ▁and ▁black ▁be ars . ▁The ▁range ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁ 7 5 ▁species ▁of ▁m amm als ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁species ▁of ▁birds ▁that ▁either ▁pass ▁through ▁or ▁use ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁for ▁a ▁bre eding ▁area . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁ 1 1 ▁species ▁of ▁fish ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁C asc ades . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁am ph ib ian ▁species ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁include ▁the ▁western ▁to ad ▁( B uf o ▁bore as ) ▁and ▁the ▁rough - sk inned ▁new t ▁( T ar icha ▁gran ul osa ). ▁ ▁The ▁e col ogy ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁can ▁be ▁understood ▁by ▁following ▁a ▁west - to - east ▁line ▁at ▁the ▁southern ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades , ▁at ▁approximately ▁ 4 7 . 5 ▁degrees ▁north . ▁As ▁the ▁line ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁range , ▁it ▁passes ▁through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁e cor eg ions , ▁first ▁getting ▁higher ▁and ▁col der , ▁then ▁getting ▁war mer , ▁yet ▁d rier . ▁Each ▁of ▁these ▁component ▁e cor eg ions ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁by ▁either ▁a ▁tree ▁indicator ▁species , ▁or ▁by ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁trees : ▁western ▁hem lock , ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir , ▁sub al pine ▁mountain ▁hem lock , ▁al pine , ▁sub al pine ▁fir , ▁and ▁grand ▁fir / D oug las ▁fir . ▁ ▁Western ▁Hem lock ▁E |
cor eg ion ▁ ▁The ▁Western ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion ▁h ud d les ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁west - side ▁elev ations ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades . ▁ ▁Western ▁hem lock ▁is ▁found ▁from ▁sea ▁level ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁elev ation . ▁In ▁the ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁W ilder ness ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁elev ations ▁around ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁annual ▁temperature ▁is ▁ ▁and ▁it ▁gets ▁between ▁ ▁in ▁precip itation ▁per ▁year . ▁This ▁e cor eg ion ▁is ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁the ▁dense ▁stands ▁of ▁western ▁hem lock , ▁Douglas ▁fir , ▁western ▁red ▁ced ar ▁and ▁red ▁al der . ▁The ▁under story ▁is ▁primarily ▁composed ▁of ▁sal al , ▁ha zel , ▁sal mon berry , ▁devil ' s ▁club ▁and ▁Oregon ▁gra pe . ▁The ▁western ▁hem lock ▁( T s uga ▁heter oph yl la ) ▁is ▁an ▁extremely ▁sh ade ▁toler ant ▁tree ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁to ▁find ▁its ▁seed lings ▁and ▁sap lings ▁in ▁the ▁under st ories ▁of ▁the ▁forest ▁flo ors . ▁It ▁pre fers ▁mo ist ▁temper ate ▁conditions . ▁ ▁As ▁conditions ▁get ▁d rier ▁and ▁col der ▁they ▁don ' t ▁fare ▁as ▁well . ▁Western ▁hem lock s ▁can ▁reach ▁over ▁ ▁in ▁height ▁with ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁. ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁identified ▁by ▁their ▁dro op ing ▁leader ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁tree . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁un common ▁to ▁find |
▁western ▁hem lock s ▁growing ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁on ▁a ▁nur se ▁log . ▁The ▁Western ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion ▁offers ▁an ▁abund ance ▁of ▁life . ▁▁ ▁Black - ta iled ▁de er ▁gra ze ▁in ▁their ▁under st ories . ▁Fox , ▁co y otes , ▁c oug ars , ▁and ▁an ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁her b iv ore ▁m amm als ▁and ▁birds ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁these ▁low ▁elev ation ▁for ests . ▁ ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁ ▁The ▁mid - e lev ation ▁for ests ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁with ▁an ▁elev ation ▁between ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion . ▁The ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁makes ▁up ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁valle ys ▁in ▁the ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁area . ▁The ▁average ▁annual ▁temperature ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁is ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁precip itation ▁in ▁cent im eters ▁is ▁between ▁. ▁Typ ical ▁mont ane ▁for ests ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁and ▁also ▁contains ▁noble ▁fir , ▁Douglas ▁fir , ▁and ▁Al aska ▁yellow - ced ar . ▁Co arse ▁wo ody ▁de br is ▁is ▁very ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion , ▁providing ▁mic ros ites ▁for ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁The ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁zone ▁is ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁ste ep est ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁top ography ▁and ▁heavy ▁snow ▁often ▁leads ▁to |
▁a val anche ▁g ul lies . ▁In ▁every ▁major ▁d rain age ▁bas in ▁along ▁the ▁western ▁s lop es ▁of ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Mountains ▁there ▁is ▁evidence ▁of ▁a val anche ▁tracks ▁breaking ▁up ▁the ▁for ested ▁veget ation ▁with ▁non for ested ▁veget ation . ▁These ▁g ul lies ▁provide ▁sites ▁of ▁new ▁succ essional ▁growth ▁as ▁they ▁move ▁toward ▁a ▁con ifer ous ▁forest ▁again . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁dense ▁for ests ▁of ▁the ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁preferred ▁area ▁for ▁commercial ▁logging ▁prior ▁to ▁design ation ▁of ▁areas ▁as ▁w ilder ness . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁( Ab ies ▁am abil is ) ▁is ▁extremely ▁toler ant ▁of ▁sh ade ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁fare ▁as ▁well ▁in ▁dr ought ▁or ▁war mer ▁temper atures . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁grow ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁reach ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁The ▁under story ▁communities ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁can ▁vary ▁depending ▁on ▁mo ist ure ▁avail ability . ▁Common ▁under story ▁shr ubs ▁include ▁the ▁v ine ▁map le , ▁sal al , ▁Cas cade ▁Oregon ▁gra pe , ▁blue berry , ▁mountain ▁h uck le berry , ▁devil ' s ▁club , ▁and ▁fool ' s ▁h uck le berry . ▁Common ▁under story ▁her bs ▁are ▁bear ▁grass , ▁tw in ▁flower , ▁pi ps isse wa , ▁d war f ▁dog wood ▁or ▁bunch berry , ▁be ad ▁l ily , ▁trailing ▁black berry , ▁low ▁false |
▁Sol omon ' s ▁se al , ▁fo am ▁flower , ▁tr ill ium , ▁o ak ▁f ern , ▁and ▁lady ▁f ern . ▁The ▁micro cl imate ▁of ▁the ▁under story ▁is ▁moder ated ▁by ▁the ▁forest ▁can opy ▁causing ▁the ▁conditions ▁to ▁be ▁cool er ▁and ▁mo ister ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁war mer ▁in ▁the ▁winter . ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁seed lings ▁and ▁sap lings ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁growing ▁under ▁their ▁own ▁can op ies ▁or ▁those ▁of ▁a ▁mixed ▁can opy ▁forest . ▁Al ong ▁streams ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion , ▁breaks ▁in ▁the ▁forest ▁are ▁replaced ▁by ▁mountain ▁al der , ▁will ow ▁and ▁v ine ▁map le ▁and ▁her bs ▁such ▁as ▁sa x if rage , ▁yellow ▁will ow - her b , ▁mon key ▁flowers , ▁and ▁blue b ells ▁can ▁be ▁found . ▁Mountain ▁al der ▁and ▁v ine ▁map le ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁around ▁lake ▁edges ▁and ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁flat ▁or ▁gentle ▁s lop es , ▁b ogs , ▁or ▁mar sh ▁habitat . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁for ests ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Bas in ▁and ▁the ▁Snow ▁Lake ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁W ilder ness . ▁ ▁Sub al pine ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion ▁ ▁Mov ing ▁up ▁in ▁elev ation ▁from ▁the ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion , ▁between ▁about ▁ ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Range , ▁the ▁e cor |
eg ion ▁sh ifts ▁to ▁the ▁Sub al pine ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion . ▁ ▁This ▁e cor eg ion ▁has ▁a ▁col der ▁annual ▁average ▁temperature ▁of ▁ ▁with ▁average ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁between ▁. ▁This ▁e cor eg ion ▁consists ▁of ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁for ests , ▁sub al pine ▁me adows , ▁streams , ▁la kes , ▁wet lands ▁and ▁a val anche ▁g ul lies ▁creating ▁distinct ▁patterns ▁of ▁new ▁succession . ▁In ▁the ▁lower ▁ends ▁of ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁there ▁are ▁continuous ▁closed ▁can opy ▁for ests ▁while ▁the ▁higher ▁reaches ▁will ▁see ▁m osa ics ▁of ▁me adows ▁with ▁patch es ▁of ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁for ests . ▁The ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁for ests ▁consist ▁of ▁mountain ▁hem lock , ▁sub al pine ▁fir , ▁Al aska ▁yellow - ced ar , ▁and ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir . ▁Washington ' s ▁al pine ▁and ▁sub al pine ▁areas ▁account ▁for ▁about ▁ 4 . 4 % ▁of ▁its ▁total ▁land ▁area . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Progress ing ▁up ward ▁from ▁the ▁gradient ▁of ▁Silver ▁Fir ▁and ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁e cor eg ions , ▁the ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁( T s uga ▁m ert ens iana ) ▁tends ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁dominant ▁con ifer , ▁although ▁it ▁may ▁cod omin ate ▁with ▁the ▁Al aska ▁ced ar ▁and ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir . ▁ ▁Mountain ▁hem lock ▁trees ▁live ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁years : ▁longer ▁than ▁the ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir . |
▁Tre es ▁between ▁ 5 0 0 – 7 0 0 ▁years ▁may ▁be ▁ ▁tall . ▁Hem lock ▁con es ▁are ▁about ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁develop ▁at ▁the ▁ends ▁of ▁branches . ▁These ▁con if ers ▁are ▁easy ▁to ▁distinguish ▁amongst ▁the ▁others ▁with ▁their ▁dense ▁gray ish - green ▁need les . ▁According ▁to ▁Franklin ▁and ▁D yr ness , ▁the ▁under story ▁where ▁the ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁and ▁Pacific ▁silver ▁fir ▁co - dom inate ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁tall ▁mountain ▁h uck le berry ; ▁where ▁the ▁Al aska ▁ced ar ▁domin ates , ▁the ▁under story ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁dense ▁coll age ▁of ▁rh od od end ron , ▁h uck le berry ▁and ▁mountain ▁ash . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁higher ▁boundaries ▁of ▁sub al pine ▁e cos ystem , ▁where ▁the ▁ab i otic ▁conditions ▁are ▁more ▁stress ful , ▁trees ▁are ▁cl ump ed ▁together ▁in ▁patch y ▁islands . ▁Tre es ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁can ▁be ▁recognized ▁by ▁its ▁k rum m hol z ▁form . ▁ ▁Tre es ▁of ▁this ▁upper ▁boundary ▁will ▁take ▁on ▁a ▁flag ▁appearance ▁with ▁branches ▁extending ▁from ▁one ▁side ▁indicating ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁wind ▁directions . ▁ ▁The ▁sk irt ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁trees ▁is ▁indic ative ▁of ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁snow ▁cover ▁where ▁branches ▁tend ▁not ▁to ▁grow . ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁reasons ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁these ▁trees ▁take ▁this ▁form . ▁ ▁Str ong ▁wind s ▁combined ▁with ▁ice ▁particles ▁will ▁cause ▁ab ras |
ion ▁sc our ing ▁the ▁w axy ▁cut icle ▁from ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁tree ▁creating ▁damage ▁that ▁will ▁prevent ▁branch ▁formation ▁and ▁growth . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁wind ▁will ▁cause ▁des ic cation ▁and ▁ev ap oration ▁in ▁the ▁need les ▁causing ▁branches ▁to ▁die ▁on ▁this ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁trees . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Sc atter ed ▁amongst ▁the ▁island ▁patch es ▁of ▁trees ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁boundaries ▁are ▁park land ▁areas ▁with ▁show y ▁me adows . ▁ ▁Events ▁such ▁as ▁fire , ▁a val an ches , ▁snow ▁sl ump ing ▁and ▁climate ▁change ▁make ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁these ▁areas ▁and ▁the ▁balance ▁of ▁trees ▁and ▁me adows ▁dynamic . ▁The ▁forest ▁islands ▁typically ▁consist ▁of ▁mountain ▁hem lock , ▁sub al pine ▁fir , ▁and ▁Al aska ▁ced ar . ▁O ften ▁there ▁are ▁invas ions ▁of ▁trees ▁into ▁me adow ▁areas ▁and ▁this ▁reached ▁a ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁due ▁to ▁considerable ▁war ming . ▁In vas ions ▁of ▁me adows ▁by ▁trees ▁can ▁also ▁occur ▁with ▁dist urban ces . ▁ ▁The ▁beauty ▁of ▁me adows ▁is ▁very ▁popular ▁amongst ▁h ik ers . ▁ ▁Wild flow ers ▁that ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁are ▁the ▁t iger ▁l ily , ▁gla cier ▁l ily , ▁be ad ▁l ily , ▁queen ' s ▁cup , ▁col umb ine , ▁a ster , ▁tr ill ium , ▁p ear ly ▁ever last ing , ▁val er ian , ▁sky |
ro cket , ▁shooting ▁star , ▁pen st emon , ▁l ouse wort , ▁mountain ▁bog ▁gent ian , ▁mon key ▁flower , ▁mon k sh ood , ▁blue bell , ▁bell flow er , ▁ble eding ▁heart , ▁Twe edy ' s ▁le w is ia , ▁b als am root , ▁wild ▁orch ids ▁and ▁more . ▁ ▁The ▁wild flow ers ▁are ▁at ▁their ▁peak ▁in ▁the ▁me adows ▁and ▁along ▁streams ▁from ▁mid - J uly ▁to ▁mid - August . ▁The ▁park lands ▁of ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion ▁draw ▁their ▁distinct ▁characteristics ▁from ▁the ▁climate ▁and ▁top ography . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁dominant ▁veget ation ▁types ▁of ▁this ▁mountain ▁region , ▁for ests ▁and ▁me adows , ▁have ▁very ▁distinct ▁differences ▁in ▁their ▁micro cl im ates . ▁ ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁solar ▁radiation ▁and ▁U V ▁expos ure ▁can ▁vary ▁substantial ly ▁in ▁our ▁northern ▁latitude ▁largely ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁day , ▁slope , ▁season , ▁cloud ▁cover ▁and ▁veget ation . ▁Tem per atures ▁adjust ▁accordingly ▁to ▁this ▁solar ▁radiation ▁and ▁expos ure . ▁ ▁The ▁park lands ▁of ▁this ▁mont ane ▁region ▁have ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁range ▁of ▁temper atures ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁hem lock ▁for ests . ▁The ▁range ▁can ▁be ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁ ▁while ▁the ▁range ▁in ▁the ▁for ests ▁rarely ▁exceed s ▁. ▁This ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁can opy ▁of ▁the ▁trees , ▁creating ▁a ▁much ▁more ▁protected ▁environment ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁the |
▁open ▁me adows . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁soil ▁temper atures ▁directly ▁impact ▁bi ological ▁activity ▁affect ing ▁soil ▁organ isms ▁and ▁root ▁systems . ▁Daily ▁and ▁season ▁temperature ▁changes ▁greatly ▁affect ▁the ▁so ils ' ▁heat ▁loss ▁and ▁gain . ▁However , ▁the ▁snow pack ▁acts ▁as ▁an ▁ins ulating ▁buffer ▁against ▁temperature ▁change ▁in ▁so ils . ▁The ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁for ests ▁are ▁the ▁wet test ▁and ▁col dest ▁of ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁forest ▁zones . ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁rich ness ▁of ▁this ▁region ▁many ▁animal ▁species ▁pass ▁through ▁this ▁zone ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁season ▁a ▁year ▁such ▁as ▁mountain ▁go at , ▁black - ta iled ▁de er , ▁American ▁black ▁bear , ▁el k , ▁c oug ar , ▁and ▁many ▁bird ▁species . ▁Only ▁the ▁wh ist ling ▁ho ary ▁mar mot ▁is ▁restricted ▁to ▁al pine ▁and ▁sub al pine ▁areas . ▁Besides ▁the ▁rich ness ▁of ▁m amm als ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁rich ness ▁of ▁insect s ▁that ▁are ▁integral ▁to ▁the ▁abund ance ▁of ▁flow ering ▁plant ▁species ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁Another ▁important ▁pol lin ator ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁the ▁hum ming bird . ▁There ▁is ▁still ▁much ▁to ▁be ▁research ed ▁and ▁discovered ▁to ▁better ▁understand ▁species ▁interactions ▁and ▁reli ance ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁al pine ▁and ▁sub al pine ▁e cos ystem s . ▁ ▁Al pine ▁E cor eg ion ▁ ▁The ▁Al pine ▁E cor eg ion ▁makes ▁up ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades . ▁▁ ▁Al |
pine ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁this ▁are ▁rug ged ▁with ▁rock y ▁rid ges , ▁snow fields , ▁partially ▁veget ated ▁terrain , ▁and ▁are ▁above ▁the ▁natural ▁tre eline . ▁The ▁tim ber line ▁in ▁the ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁W ilder ness ▁is ▁found ▁at ▁approximately ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁average ▁annual ▁temperature ▁is ▁ ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁mean ▁annual ▁precip itation ▁of ▁. ▁These ▁conditions ▁along ▁with ▁wind s ▁and ▁blow ing ▁ice ▁are ▁not ▁condu ci ve ▁for ▁trees . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁extreme ▁temper atures ▁and ▁low ▁precip itation ▁there ▁are ▁few ▁plant ▁species ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁lower ▁elev ation ▁e cos ystem s ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁simpler ▁in ▁structure . ▁However , ▁precip itation , ▁or ▁lack ▁there of , ▁is ▁a ▁more ▁important ▁limit ing ▁factor ▁than ▁temperature . ▁Both ▁plant ▁and ▁animal ▁species ▁have ▁adapted ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁ways ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁this ▁challeng ing ▁environment . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁This ▁high ▁elev ation ▁habitat ▁of ▁high ▁wind s , ▁prolong ed ▁snow ▁cover , ▁ste ep ▁terrain , ▁high ▁temperature ▁vari ability , ▁and ▁inten se ▁U V ▁radiation ▁lead ▁to ▁special ▁species ▁adapt ations . ▁Al pine ▁regions ▁generally ▁have ▁hy po xic ▁conditions ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁additional ▁energy ▁exp enses ▁for ▁organ isms . ▁In cre ased ▁elev ations ▁usually ▁lead ▁to ▁shorter ▁bre eding ▁season ▁in ▁animals , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁in ▁the ▁al pine ▁e cos ystem s ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁shorter ▁bre eding |
▁season , ▁wild life ▁often ▁requires ▁season al ▁movement ▁to ▁different ▁elev ations ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁find ▁ade qu ate ▁food ▁and ▁habitat . ▁However , ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁white - ta iled ▁pt arm igan , ▁ho ary ▁mar m ots , ▁and ▁p ik as ▁remain ▁in ▁high ▁elev ations ▁of ▁the ▁C asc ades ▁year ▁round ▁left ▁only ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁patch y ▁and ▁scattered ▁al pine ▁veget ation . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁species ▁will ▁move ▁to ▁lower ▁elev ations ▁at ▁some ▁time ▁throughout ▁their ▁life ▁history . ▁ ▁Ada pt ations ▁such ▁as ▁tor por ▁in ▁hum ming bird s , ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁mountain ▁go ats ▁and ▁co y otes ▁to ▁cam ou fl age ▁in ▁the ▁landscape , ▁animals ▁developing ▁extra ▁fat ▁depos its , ▁and ▁the ▁ra pt or ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁move ▁efficiently ▁in ▁the ▁strong ▁wind s ▁illustrate ▁just ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁ways ▁species ▁have ▁been ▁ability ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁al pine ▁conditions . ▁The ▁white - ta iled ▁pt arm igan ▁has ▁an ▁ad a ption ▁of ▁changing ▁its ▁pl um age ▁from ▁ ▁white ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁to ▁brown ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁cam ou fl age . ▁Many ▁species ▁in ▁higher ▁elev ations ▁produce ▁fewer ▁off spring ▁than ▁in ▁lower ▁elev ations ▁but ▁spend ▁more ▁time ▁n urt uring ▁their ▁young . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁While ▁al pine ▁e cos ystem s ▁provide ▁challeng ing ▁ab i otic ▁conditions ▁for ▁species ▁there ▁are ▁advantages ▁to ▁animal ▁species |
▁to ▁hab itu ate ▁these ▁areas . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁winter ▁while ▁there ▁is ▁extensive ▁snow ▁pack ▁there ▁are ▁also ▁strong ▁wind s ▁that ▁will ▁expose ▁her b ace ous ▁st ems ▁and ▁se eds ▁for ▁animals ▁to ▁for age ▁on . ▁In sect s ▁that ▁are ▁blow n ▁up ▁from ▁lower ▁elev ations ▁will ▁land ▁on ▁the ▁snow ▁b eds ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁offering ▁much ▁nut r ition ▁for ▁birds ▁and ▁other ▁m amm als ▁that ▁bre ed ▁in ▁the ▁al pine . ▁When ▁snow fields ▁m elt ▁it ▁creates ▁a ▁gradient ▁of ▁plant ▁phen ology ▁which ▁provides ▁emer ging ▁veget ation ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁for ▁her b iv ores ▁to ▁feed ▁on ▁and ▁migr ate ▁along ▁this ▁line . ▁ ▁Spring ▁for aging ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁cru cial ▁in ▁the ▁bre eding ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁species ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁mountain ▁go at . ▁Le af ▁bud ding ▁and ▁fruit ing ▁ ▁in ▁late ▁summer ▁past ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁snow fields ▁also ▁offer ▁food ▁for ▁the ▁animals ▁that ▁depend ▁ ▁on ▁this ▁area . ▁Black ▁be ars , ▁song bird s ▁and ▁mar m ots ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁and ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁can ▁find ▁cover ▁in ▁l ush ▁veget ation ▁in ▁a val anche ▁ch utes ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁sub al pine ▁for ests . ▁There ▁seems ▁to ▁also ▁be ▁evidence ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁lower ▁rate ▁of ▁par as it ism ▁and ▁disease ▁in ▁these ▁ ▁high ▁al pine ▁elev ations ▁offering ▁yet |
▁another ▁advantage ▁to ▁al pine ▁species . ▁ ▁The ▁al pine ▁gr ouse ▁is ▁one ▁example ▁of ▁an ▁al pine ▁animal ▁that ▁has ▁few ▁blood ▁in fe ctions ▁or ▁int est inal ▁par as ites . ▁Other ▁animal ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁months ▁will ▁migr ate ▁into ▁the ▁higher ▁al pine ▁elev ations ▁to ▁avoid ▁insect s ▁and ▁for age ▁in ▁the ▁me adows . ▁ ▁Sub al pine ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁ ▁The ▁Sub al pine ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion , ▁desc ending ▁down ▁the ▁east - side ▁of ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Range , ▁reaches ▁elev ations ▁between ▁. ▁This ▁area ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁mean ▁annual ▁temperature ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion , ▁but ▁a ▁dr ast ically ▁lower ▁annual ▁average ▁precip itation ▁of ▁between ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁portion ▁falling ▁as ▁snow ▁rather ▁than ▁as ▁rain . ▁The ▁e cos ystem s ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁are ▁the ▁sub al pine ▁fir ▁for ests , ▁sub al pine ▁me adows , ▁a val anche ▁g ul lies , ▁and ▁fresh water ▁wet lands , ▁streams ▁and ▁la kes . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁sub al pine ▁fir ▁for ests ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁include ▁Douglas ▁fir , ▁Engel mann ▁spr uce , ▁sub al pine ▁l arch , ▁and ▁white b ark ▁p ine . ▁The ▁Engel mann ▁spr uce ▁and ▁the ▁sub al pine ▁fir ▁are ▁commonly ▁found ▁together . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁higher ▁boundaries ▁of ▁this ▁e |
cor eg ion ▁the ▁sub al pine ▁fir ▁takes ▁on ▁the ▁k rum m hol z ▁form . ▁The ▁Sub al pine ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁its ▁patch es ▁of ▁forest ▁and ▁me adows ▁in ▁its ▁upper ▁range ▁similarly ▁to ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Hem lock ▁E cor eg ion . ▁ ▁Grand ▁Fir / D oug las ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁ ▁Des c ending ▁down ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Range ▁is ▁the ▁Grand ▁Fir / D oug las ▁Fir ▁E cor eg ion ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁diverse ▁forest . ▁ ▁This ▁forest ▁has ▁the ▁most ▁diverse ▁trees ▁of ▁the ▁for ested ▁e cor eg ions ▁in ▁Washington ▁state ▁which ▁includes ▁grand ▁fir , ▁Douglas ▁fir , ▁Engel mann ▁spr uce , ▁sub al pine ▁fir , ▁p onder osa ▁p ine , ▁l odge pole ▁p ine , ▁western ▁white ▁p ine , ▁white b ark ▁p ine , ▁western ▁l arch , ▁and ▁sub al pine ▁l arch . ▁This ▁e cor eg ion ▁has ▁an ▁annual ▁mean ▁temperature ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁receives ▁between ▁ ▁of ▁precip itation ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁elev ation ▁range ▁of ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁is ▁between ▁. ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁upper ▁regions ▁of ▁this ▁e cor eg ion , ▁the ▁dominant ▁con if ers ▁are ▁the ▁mountain ▁hem lock ▁and ▁sub al pine ▁fir ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁boundary ▁the ▁grand ▁fir ▁and ▁Douglas ▁fir ▁domin ate . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ ▁under story |
▁veget ation ▁in ▁this ▁e cor eg ion ▁that ▁includes ▁pin egr ass , ▁el k ▁sed ge , ▁sed ges , ▁low ▁shr ubs , ▁v ine ▁map le , ▁white ▁al der , ▁and ▁h uck le berry . ▁This ▁diverse ▁landscape ▁offers ▁habitat ▁to ▁many ▁species ▁including ▁gra z ers ▁such ▁as ▁de er , ▁el k , ▁black ▁bear , ▁her b iv ores , ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁birds . ▁ ▁Fa una ▁A ▁variety ▁of ▁re pt iles , ▁am ph ib ians , ▁m amm als , ▁birds ▁and ▁ar th rop ods ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades . ▁A ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁g ri zz ly ▁be ars ▁( U rs us ▁ar ct os ▁hor rib ilis ) ▁inhab it ▁the ▁far ▁northern ▁C asc ades , ▁near ▁the ▁Canada – Un ited ▁States ▁border . ▁ ▁A ▁bre eding ▁pack ▁of ▁wol ves ▁was ▁confirmed ▁in ▁Ok an og an ▁County ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁first ▁such ▁pack ▁in ▁Washington ▁state ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁Other ▁pred ator ▁species ▁include ▁mountain ▁l ions , ▁black ▁be ars , ▁fish ers , ▁and ▁wol ver ines . ▁ ▁Over ▁ 7 5 ▁species ▁of ▁m amm als ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁range , ▁including ▁the ▁mountain ▁go at ▁that ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁al pine ▁t und ra . ▁Bird ▁species ▁include ▁the ▁bald ▁e agle , ▁o sp rey , ▁and ▁har |
le quin ▁du ck . ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁am ph ib ians ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁include ▁the ▁western ▁to ad , ▁B uf o ▁bore as , ▁and ▁the ▁rough - sk inned ▁new t , ▁Tar icha ▁gran ul osa . ▁An ▁unusual ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁rough - sk inned ▁new t ▁populations ▁is ▁that ▁approximately ▁nin ety ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁adult ▁population ▁is ▁per enn ib ranch iate . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Al pine ▁L akes ▁W ilder ness ▁Gla cier ▁Pe ak ▁W ilder ness ▁Henry ▁M . ▁Jackson ▁W ilder ness ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁National ▁Park ▁E co z ones ▁of ▁Canada ▁Bi oge oc lim atic ▁zones ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : N orth ▁C asc ades ▁North ▁C asc ades ▁Category : E cor eg ions ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : E co z ones ▁and ▁e cor eg ions ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : N atural ▁history ▁of ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : N atural ▁history ▁of ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ▁Phill ips ▁( 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁was ▁ ▁a ▁former ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Richmond ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category |
: 1 9 2 7 ▁birth s <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁death s <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x09> <0x09> ▁Category : Rich mond ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : Ch else a ▁Football ▁Club ▁( Austral ia ) ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁List ▁of ▁R ul ers ▁of ▁the ▁Ak an ▁state ▁of ▁A ku ap em ▁Ok ere ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ak an ▁Gh ana ▁Gold ▁Coast ▁List s ▁of ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Gh ana <0x0A> </s> ▁G erson ▁H ose a ▁Mal ang al ila ▁L wen ge ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁T anz an ian ▁CC M ▁politician ▁and ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁N j om be ▁West ▁constitu ency ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : T anz an ian ▁engine ers ▁Category : Ch ama ▁Cha ▁Map indu zi ▁MP s ▁Category : T anz an ian ▁MP s ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : T anz an ian ▁MP s ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 2 0 ▁Category : T os am ag anga ▁Second ary ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : M kw awa ▁Second ary ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : De put y ▁government ▁minister s ▁of |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.