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▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁population ) ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁also ▁counted ▁in ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁statistics , ▁although ▁ 9 8 % ▁of ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁Palest ini ans ▁have ▁either ▁Isra eli ▁res iden cy ▁or ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁official ▁number ▁of ▁Arab ▁residents ▁in ▁Israel ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 , 6 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁about ▁ 2 1 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁Arab ▁population ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁was ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 , 8 9 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people , ▁representing ▁ 2 0 . 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁population . ▁ ▁In ▁Israel ' s ▁Northern ▁District ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁form ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁( 5 2 %) ▁and ▁about ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ▁lives ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 ▁different ▁local ities ▁throughout ▁Israel . ▁In ▁total ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 2 2 ▁primarily ▁if ▁not ▁entirely ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁in ▁Israel , ▁ 8 9 ▁of ▁them ▁having ▁populations ▁over ▁two ▁thousand . ▁The ▁seven ▁town ships ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Ab u ▁Bas ma ▁Regional ▁Council ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁constructed ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ev , ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁established ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁re loc ating ▁the ▁Arab |
▁Bed ou in ▁citizens ▁( see ▁preceding ▁section ▁on ▁Bed ou in ). ▁▁ 4 6 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab s ▁( 6 2 2 , 4 0 0 ▁people ) ▁live ▁in ▁pre domin antly ▁Arab ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁In ▁ ▁Naz are th ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁Arab ▁city , ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁, ▁roughly ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁Muslim . ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁approximately ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁mixed ▁with ▁s izable ▁populations ▁of ▁Muslim s , ▁Christians , ▁and ▁Dru ze . ▁ ▁Jerusalem , ▁a ▁mixed ▁city , ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁overall ▁Arab ▁population . ▁Jerusalem ▁hous ed ▁ 3 3 2 , 4 0 0 ▁Arab s ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( 3 7 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁residents ) ▁and ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁local ▁council ▁of ▁Ab u ▁Gh osh , ▁some ▁ 1 9 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁entire ▁Arab ▁population . ▁▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁District ▁pre domin antly ▁in ▁the ▁W adi ▁Ara ▁region . ▁Here ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁Muslim ▁city , ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m , ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁. ▁Ba qa - J att ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁Arab ▁population ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁district . ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁has ▁an ▁Arab ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 0 %, ▁much ▁of ▁it |
▁in ▁the ▁W adi ▁N is nas , ▁Abb as ▁and ▁Hal issa ▁neighborhood s . ▁▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁population ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Israel , ▁primarily ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁T ay ibe , ▁T ira , ▁and ▁Q al ans a we ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁mixed ▁cities ▁of ▁L od ▁and ▁Ram la ▁which ▁have ▁mainly ▁Jewish ▁populations . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 1 1 %, ▁ 1 0 % ▁live ▁in ▁Bed ou in ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁north western ▁Neg ev . ▁The ▁Bed ou in ▁city ▁of ▁Rah at ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Arab ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁Arab ▁city ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁population ▁lives ▁in ▁cities ▁that ▁are ▁almost ▁entirely ▁Jewish , ▁such ▁as ▁Naz are th ▁Ill it ▁with ▁an ▁Arab ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 2 % ▁and ▁Tel ▁Av iv - Y a fo , ▁ 4 %. ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁new ▁Arab ▁city ▁would ▁be ▁constructed ▁in ▁Israel . ▁According ▁to ▁Ha aret z , ▁"[ s ] ince ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁new ▁Arab ▁settlement ▁has ▁been ▁established , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁permanent ▁housing ▁projects ▁for ▁Bed ou ins ▁in ▁the ▁Neg ev ". ▁The ▁city , ▁G iv at ▁T ant ur , ▁was |
▁never ▁constructed ▁even ▁after ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁Major ▁Arab ▁local ities ▁ ▁Arab s ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁" heart ▁of ▁the ▁Gal ile e " ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁areas ▁along ▁the ▁Green ▁Line ▁including ▁the ▁W adi ▁Ara ▁region . ▁Bed ou in ▁Arab s ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁n ort he astern ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Neg ev . ▁ ▁Per ce ived ▁dem ographic ▁threat ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁Israel ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Jewish ▁population ▁is ▁decl ining . ▁The ▁increasing ▁population ▁of ▁Arab s ▁within ▁Israel , ▁and ▁the ▁majority ▁status ▁they ▁hold ▁in ▁two ▁major ▁ge ographic ▁regions ▁– ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Tri angle ▁– ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁growing ▁point ▁of ▁open ▁political ▁cont ention ▁in ▁recent ▁years . ▁Dr . ▁W ah id ▁Abd ▁Al - Mag id , ▁the ▁editor ▁of ▁Al - A hr am ▁Week ly ' s ▁" A rab ▁Str ateg ic ▁Report ", ▁predict s ▁that : ▁" The ▁Arab s ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁( i . e . ▁Arab s ▁who ▁stayed ▁within ▁the ▁bounds ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁accepted ▁citizens hip ) ▁may ▁become ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 2 0 3 5 , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁certainly ▁be ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 8 ." ▁Among ▁Arab s , ▁Muslim s ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁birth ▁rate , ▁followed ▁by ▁Dru ze , ▁and ▁then ▁Christians . ▁The ▁phrase ▁dem |
ographic ▁threat ▁( or ▁dem ographic ▁bomb ) ▁is ▁used ▁within ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁political ▁sphere ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citiz en ry ▁as ▁const itut ing ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁its ▁maintenance ▁of ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ▁with ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority . ▁ ▁Isra eli ▁historian ▁Ben ny ▁Morris ▁stated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁that , ▁while ▁he ▁strongly ▁oppos es ▁exp ulsion ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁an ▁" ap oc aly ptic " ▁scenario ▁where ▁Israel ▁comes ▁under ▁total ▁attack ▁with ▁non - con vent ional ▁weapons ▁and ▁comes ▁under ▁exist ential ▁threat , ▁an ▁exp ulsion ▁might ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁option . ▁He ▁compared ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁to ▁a ▁" time ▁bomb " ▁and ▁" a ▁potential ▁fifth ▁column " ▁in ▁both ▁dem ographic ▁and ▁security ▁terms ▁and ▁said ▁they ▁are ▁li able ▁to ▁und erm ine ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁time ▁of ▁war . ▁ ▁Several ▁polit icians ▁have ▁viewed ▁the ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁security ▁and ▁dem ographic ▁threat . ▁ ▁The ▁phrase ▁" dem ographic ▁bomb " ▁was ▁fam ously ▁used ▁by ▁Benjamin ▁Net any ahu ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁when ▁he ▁noted ▁that , ▁if ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁r ises ▁above ▁its ▁current ▁level ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁percent , ▁Israel ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁maintain ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority . ▁Net any ahu ' s ▁comments ▁were ▁critic ized ▁as |
▁rac ist ▁by ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁civil ▁rights ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁organizations , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Even ▁earlier ▁all us ions ▁to ▁the ▁" dem ographic ▁threat " ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁internal ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁document ▁draft ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ko enig ▁Mem or and um , ▁which ▁laid ▁out ▁a ▁plan ▁for ▁reducing ▁the ▁number ▁and ▁influence ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁region . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁daily ▁Ma ' ar iv ▁published ▁an ▁article ▁entitled ▁" Special ▁Report : ▁Pol yg amy ▁is ▁a ▁Security ▁Th re at ", ▁detail ing ▁a ▁report ▁put ▁forth ▁by ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Population ▁Administration ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁Herz l ▁Ged j ; ▁the ▁report ▁described ▁pol yg amy ▁in ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁sector ▁a ▁" security ▁threat " ▁and ▁advoc ated ▁means ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁birth ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁The ▁Population ▁Administration ▁is ▁a ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁Dem ographic ▁Council , ▁whose ▁purpose , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Central ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Statistics , ▁is : ▁"... to ▁increase ▁the ▁Jewish ▁birth rate ▁by ▁encourag ing ▁women ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁children ▁using ▁government ▁gr ants , ▁housing ▁benefits , ▁and ▁other ▁in cent ives ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁the ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁interior ▁appointed ▁Ya akov ▁Gan ot ▁as ▁new |
▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Population ▁Administration , ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁Ha aret z ▁is ▁" pro bably ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁appointment ▁an ▁interior ▁minister ▁can ▁make ". ▁ ▁A ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁study ▁reject s ▁the ▁" dem ographic ▁time ▁bomb " ▁threat ▁based ▁on ▁statistical ▁data ▁that ▁shows ▁Jewish ▁birth s ▁have ▁increased ▁while ▁Arab ▁birth s ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁drop . ▁The ▁study ▁noted ▁short com ings ▁in ▁earlier ▁dem ographic ▁predictions ▁( for ▁example , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁predictions ▁suggested ▁that ▁Arab s ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁majority ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ). ▁The ▁study ▁also ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁and ▁Dru ze ▁birth ▁rates ▁were ▁actually ▁below ▁those ▁of ▁Jewish ▁birth ▁rates ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁study ▁used ▁data ▁from ▁a ▁Gall up ▁poll ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁the ▁desired ▁family ▁size ▁for ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁were ▁the ▁same . ▁The ▁study ' s ▁population ▁forec ast ▁for ▁ 2 0 2 5 ▁predicted ▁that ▁Arab s ▁would ▁compr ise ▁only ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁population . ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population , ▁with ▁its ▁high ▁birth ▁rates , ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁perce ived ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁a ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁development ▁plans , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Blue print ▁Neg ev , ▁address ▁this ▁concern . ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁showed ▁that ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Jewish ▁birth |
r ates ▁rose ▁by ▁ 3 1 % ▁and ▁ 1 9 , 0 0 0 ▁di as por a ▁Jews ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁Israel , ▁while ▁the ▁Arab ▁birth rate ▁fell ▁by ▁ 2 %. ▁ ▁Land ▁and ▁population ▁exchange ▁ ▁Some ▁Isra eli ▁polit icians ▁advoc ate ▁land - swap ▁propos als ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁ass ure ▁a ▁continued ▁Jewish ▁majority ▁within ▁Israel . ▁A ▁specific ▁proposal ▁is ▁that ▁Israel ▁transfer ▁so vere ig nt y ▁of ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Arab - pop ulated ▁W adi ▁Ara ▁area ▁( west ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Line ) ▁to ▁a ▁future ▁Palest in ian ▁state , ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁formal ▁so vere ig nt y ▁over ▁the ▁major ▁Jewish ▁settlement ▁" block s " ▁that ▁lie ▁inside ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Green ▁Line . ▁ ▁Av ig dor ▁Lie ber man ▁of ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite inu , ▁the ▁fourth ▁largest ▁fa ction ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁K ness et , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁for em ost ▁advoc ates ▁of ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁large ▁Arab ▁towns ▁located ▁just ▁inside ▁Israel ▁near ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁( e . g . ▁T ay ibe , ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m , ▁Ba qa ▁al - G har bi y ye ), ▁to ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁National ▁Author ity ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁Isra eli ▁settlement s ▁located ▁inside ▁the ▁West ▁Bank . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 |
, ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite inu ▁formally ▁joined ▁in ▁the ▁r uling ▁government ' s ▁parliament ary ▁coal ition , ▁head ed ▁by ▁K ad ima . ▁After ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Cab inet ▁confirmed ▁Av ig dor ▁Lie ber man ' s ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁" minister ▁for ▁strateg ic ▁thre ats ", ▁Labour ▁Party ▁representative ▁and ▁science , ▁sport ▁and ▁culture ▁minister ▁O ph ir ▁P ines - P az ▁res igned ▁his ▁post . ▁In ▁his ▁res ignation ▁letter ▁to ▁E h ud ▁Ol m ert , ▁P ines - P az ▁wrote : ▁" I ▁couldn ' t ▁sit ▁in ▁a ▁government ▁with ▁a ▁minister ▁who ▁pre aches ▁rac ism ." ▁ ▁The ▁Lie ber man ▁Plan ▁caused ▁a ▁stir ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Vari ous ▁pol ls ▁show ▁that ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁do ▁not ▁wish ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁or ▁Gaz a ▁if ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁state ▁is ▁created ▁there . ▁In ▁a ▁survey ▁conducted ▁by ▁K ul ▁Al - A rab ▁among ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁residents ▁of ▁Um ▁Al - F ah m , ▁ 8 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁respond ents ▁opposed ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁transfer ring ▁their ▁city ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁juris diction , ▁while ▁ 1 1 ▁percent ▁supported ▁the ▁proposal ▁and ▁ 6 ▁percent ▁did ▁not ▁express ▁their ▁position . ▁ ▁Of ▁those ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁idea , ▁ 5 4 % ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁against ▁becoming ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁Palest |
in ian ▁state ▁because ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁continue ▁living ▁under ▁a ▁dem ocr atic ▁regime ▁and ▁enjo ying ▁a ▁good ▁standard ▁of ▁living . ▁Of ▁these ▁oppon ents , ▁ 1 8 % ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁satisfied ▁with ▁their ▁present ▁situation , ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁moving ▁to ▁any ▁other ▁state . ▁Another ▁ 1 4 % ▁of ▁this ▁same ▁group ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁prepared ▁to ▁make ▁sacrific es ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁state . ▁Another ▁ 1 1 ▁percent ▁c ited ▁no ▁reason ▁for ▁their ▁opposition . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁main stream ▁Arab ▁parties ▁in ▁Israel : ▁Had ash ▁( a ▁joint ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁party ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁Arab ▁presence ), ▁Bal ad , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Arab ▁List , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁coal ition ▁of ▁several ▁different ▁political ▁organizations ▁including ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Mov ement ▁in ▁Israel . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁these , ▁there ▁is ▁Ta ' al . ▁All ▁of ▁these ▁parties ▁primarily ▁represent ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁and ▁Palest in ian ▁interests , ▁and ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Mov ement ▁is ▁an ▁Islam ist ▁organization ▁with ▁two ▁fa ctions : ▁one ▁that ▁oppos es ▁Israel ' s ▁existence , ▁and ▁another ▁that ▁oppos es ▁its ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁Two ▁Arab ▁parties ▁ran ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁first ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁with |
▁one , ▁the ▁Democratic ▁List ▁of ▁Naz are th , ▁winning ▁two ▁seats . ▁Until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁all ▁Arab ▁parties ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ▁were ▁aligned ▁with ▁Map ai , ▁the ▁r uling ▁party . ▁ ▁A ▁minor ity ▁of ▁Arab s ▁join ▁and ▁vote ▁for ▁Z ion ist ▁parties ; ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁vote ▁went ▁to ▁such ▁parties , ▁up ▁from ▁ 2 5 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁though ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁( 3 1 %) ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁elections ▁( 3 3 %). ▁Left - wing ▁parties ▁( i . e . ▁Labor ▁Party ▁and ▁Mer etz - Y ach ad , ▁and ▁previously ▁One ▁Nation ) ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁parties ▁amongst ▁Arab s , ▁though ▁some ▁Dru ze ▁have ▁also ▁voted ▁for ▁right - wing ▁parties ▁such ▁as ▁L ik ud ▁and ▁Y is rael ▁Be ite inu , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁cent rist ▁K ad ima . ▁ ▁Arab - domin ated ▁parties ▁typically ▁do ▁not ▁join ▁gover ning ▁coal itions . ▁However , ▁histor ically ▁these ▁parties ▁have ▁formed ▁al li ances ▁with ▁dov ish ▁Isra eli ▁parties ▁and ▁promoted ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁their ▁govern ments ▁by ▁voting ▁with ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁opposition . ▁Arab ▁parties ▁are ▁cred ited ▁with ▁keeping ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Y itz h ak ▁Rab in ▁in ▁power , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁suggested |
▁they ▁would ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁for ▁a ▁government ▁led ▁by ▁Labor ▁leader ▁Isaac ▁Herzog ▁and ▁peace ▁negoti ator ▁T zip i ▁Liv ni . ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ha aret z ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁would ▁like ▁their ▁parties , ▁then ▁running ▁on ▁a ▁joint ▁list , ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁gover ning ▁coal ition . ▁ ▁Represent ation ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et ▁ ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁state ' s ▁first ▁parliament ary ▁assembly ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Parliament ▁are ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁most ▁representing ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁jud ges ▁is ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁elections ▁included ▁ 1 8 ▁Arab ▁members ▁of ▁K ness et . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁List , ▁there ▁were ▁five ▁Arab ▁parliament ari ans ▁representing ▁Z ion ist ▁parties , ▁which ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁double ▁their ▁number ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁K ness et . ▁ ▁Some ▁Arab ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et , ▁past ▁and ▁present , ▁are ▁under ▁police ▁investigation ▁for ▁their ▁vis its ▁to ▁countries ▁designated ▁as ▁enemy ▁countries ▁by ▁Isra eli ▁law . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁am ended ▁following ▁M K ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bar ake h ' s ▁trip |
▁to ▁Sy ria ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁such ▁that ▁M K s ▁must ▁explicitly ▁request ▁permission ▁to ▁visit ▁these ▁countries ▁from ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Bal ad ▁M K s ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara , ▁Jam al ▁Z ah al ka , ▁and ▁Was il ▁T aha ▁visited ▁Sy ria ▁without ▁request ing ▁nor ▁receiving ▁such ▁permission , ▁and ▁a ▁criminal ▁investigation ▁of ▁their ▁actions ▁was ▁launched . ▁Form er ▁Arab ▁Member ▁of ▁K ness et ▁Moh ammed ▁Mi ari ▁was ▁question ed ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁by ▁police ▁on ▁susp icion ▁of ▁having ▁entered ▁a ▁designated ▁enemy ▁country ▁without ▁official ▁permission . ▁He ▁was ▁question ed ▁" under ▁ca ution " ▁for ▁ 2 . 5 ▁hours ▁in ▁the ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁station ▁about ▁his ▁recent ▁visit ▁to ▁Sy ria . ▁Another ▁former ▁Arab ▁Member ▁of ▁K ness et , ▁Muhammad ▁K ana an , ▁was ▁also ▁sum mon ed ▁for ▁police ▁question ing ▁regarding ▁the ▁same ▁trip . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁six ▁Arab ▁M K s ▁visited ▁Lib ya , ▁an ▁open ly ▁anti - Z ion ist ▁Arab ▁state , ▁and ▁met ▁with ▁Mu am mar ▁al - G add af i ▁and ▁various ▁senior ▁government ▁officials . ▁G add af i ▁ur ged ▁them ▁to ▁seek ▁a ▁one - state ▁solution , ▁and ▁for ▁Arab s ▁to ▁" multip ly " ▁in ▁order |
▁to ▁counter ▁any ▁" plots " ▁to ▁exp el ▁them . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁study ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁Association ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights ▁entitled ▁" Sil encing ▁D issent ," ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 2 , ▁eight ▁of ▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁members ▁were ▁be aten ▁by ▁Isra eli ▁forces ▁during ▁demonstr ations . ▁Most ▁recently ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁legisl ation ▁has ▁been ▁passed , ▁including ▁three ▁election ▁laws ▁[ e . g ., ▁b anning ▁political ▁parties ], ▁and ▁two ▁K ness et ▁related ▁laws ▁aim ed ▁to ▁" sign ific antly ▁cur b ▁the ▁minor ity ▁[ A rab ▁population ] ▁right ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁public ▁representative ▁and ▁for ▁those ▁represent atives ▁to ▁develop ▁independent ▁political ▁platforms ▁and ▁carry ▁out ▁their ▁duties ". ▁ ▁Represent ation ▁in ▁the ▁civil ▁service ▁sphere ▁In ▁the ▁public ▁employ ment ▁sphere , ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 6 % ▁of ▁ 5 6 , 3 6 2 ▁Isra eli ▁civil ▁servants ▁were ▁Arab . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁A riel ▁Sh aron ▁declared ▁that ▁every ▁state - run ▁company ▁must ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁Arab ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ▁on ▁its ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors . ▁ ▁Represent ation ▁in ▁political , ▁jud icial ▁and ▁military ▁positions ▁ ▁Cab inet : ▁N aw af ▁Mass al ha , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁has ▁served ▁in ▁various ▁junior |
▁minister ial ▁roles , ▁including ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs , ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁no ▁Arab ▁had ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁a ▁Prime ▁Minister ' s ▁cabinet . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁this ▁changed , ▁when ▁Sal ah ▁Tar if , ▁a ▁Dru ze ▁Arab ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel , ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Sh aron ' s ▁cabinet ▁without ▁a ▁port folio . ▁Tar if ▁was ▁later ▁e ject ed ▁after ▁being ▁conv icted ▁of ▁cor ruption . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁first ▁non - D ru ze ▁Arab ▁minister ▁in ▁Israel ' s ▁history , ▁R ale b ▁Maj ade le , ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁minister ▁without ▁port folio , ▁and ▁a ▁month ▁later ▁appointed ▁minister ▁for ▁Science , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Sport . ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁Maj ade le ▁was ▁critic ized ▁by ▁far - right ▁Israel is , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁also ▁within ▁the ▁Cab inet , ▁but ▁this ▁drew ▁condem n ation ▁across ▁the ▁main stream ▁Isra eli ▁political ▁spectrum . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Arab ▁law m akers ▁called ▁the ▁appointment ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁" white w ash ▁Israel ' s ▁disc rimin atory ▁policies ▁against ▁its ▁Arab ▁minor ity ". ▁ ▁K ness et : ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁elected ▁to ▁every ▁K ness et , ▁and ▁currently ▁hold ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁its ▁ 1 2 0 ▁seats . ▁The ▁first ▁female ▁Arab ▁MP ▁was ▁H uss |
ni ya ▁J ab ara , ▁a ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁from ▁central ▁Israel , ▁who ▁was ▁elected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Supreme ▁Court : ▁Ab del ▁Rah man ▁Zu abi , ▁a ▁Muslim ▁from ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁on ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁serving ▁a ▁ 9 - month ▁term ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Sal im ▁J ou b ran , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁from ▁Ha ifa ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Leb an ese ▁Mar on ites , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁permanent ▁appointment ▁on ▁the ▁Court . ▁J ou b ran ' s ▁expert ise ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁criminal ▁law . ▁George ▁Kar ra , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab ▁from ▁J aff a ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁District ▁Court ▁judge ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁pres iding ▁judge ▁in ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁Mos he ▁K ats av . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁nominated ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Foreign ▁Service : ▁Ali ▁Y ah ya , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁amb assador ▁for ▁Israel ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Finland . ▁He ▁served ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁was ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Greece . ▁Other ▁Arab ▁amb ass adors ▁include |
▁Wal id ▁Mans our , ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁appointed ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Vietnam ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁Red a ▁Mans our , ▁also ▁a ▁Dru ze , ▁a ▁former ▁amb assador ▁to ▁E cuador . ▁Moh ammed ▁Mas ar wa , ▁an ▁Arab ▁Muslim , ▁was ▁Cons ul - General ▁in ▁Atlanta . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁I sh ma el ▁Kh ald i ▁was ▁appointed ▁Isra eli ▁cons ul ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Bed ou in ▁cons ul ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Israel ▁Def ense ▁Forces : ▁Arab ▁Gener als ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁include ▁Major ▁General ▁H uss ain ▁F ares , ▁commander ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁border ▁police , ▁and ▁Major ▁General ▁Y ose f ▁M ish lav , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Home ▁Front ▁Command ▁and ▁current ▁Co ordin ator ▁of ▁Government ▁Activ ities ▁in ▁the ▁Territ ories . ▁Both ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁community . ▁Other ▁high - ran king ▁officers ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁include ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Am os ▁Y ark oni ▁( born ▁Abd ▁el - M aj id ▁H id r / ▁ ع ب د ▁ال م ا ج د ▁ ح ي د ر ) ▁from ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁community , ▁a ▁legend ary ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Def ense ▁Forces ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁six ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁to ▁have ▁received ▁the ▁ID F ' s ▁third ▁highest ▁decor ation , ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Dist ingu |
ished ▁Service . ▁ ▁Isra eli ▁Police : ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Jam al ▁H ak r ous h ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Muslim ▁Arab ▁deput y ▁Ins pect or - General ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Police . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁district ▁commander ▁of ▁two ▁districts . ▁ ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund : ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ra ' adi ▁S for i ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Arab ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ▁to ▁be ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁J NF ▁director , ▁over ▁a ▁pet ition ▁against ▁his ▁appointment . ▁The ▁court ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁J NF ' s ▁appointment , ▁explaining , ▁" As ▁this ▁is ▁one ▁director ▁among ▁a ▁large ▁number , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁chance ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁cancel ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁goals ." ▁ ▁Other ▁political ▁organizations ▁and ▁movements ▁ ▁Ab na ▁el - Bal ad ▁Ab na a ▁el - Bal ad ▁is ▁a ▁political ▁movement ▁that ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁organ izing ▁by ▁Arab ▁university ▁youth , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁Arab ▁K ness et ▁party ▁Bal ad . ▁While ▁particip ating ▁in ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁Ab na a ▁al - Bal ad ▁firm ly ▁reject ▁any ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁K ness et . ▁Political ▁dem ands ▁include ▁" the ▁return ▁of ▁all ▁Palest in ian ▁refuge es ▁to ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁lands , ▁[ an ] ▁end ▁[ to ] ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁occupation ▁and |
▁Z ion ist ▁apart heid ▁and ▁the ▁establishment ▁[ of ] ▁a ▁dem ocr atic ▁sec ular ▁state ▁in ▁Palest ine ▁as ▁the ▁ult imate ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁Arab - Z ion ist ▁conflict ." ▁▁ ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁The ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁is ▁an ▁extra - par liament ary ▁um bre lla ▁organization ▁that ▁represents ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁at ▁the ▁national ▁level . ▁It ▁is ▁" the ▁top ▁representative ▁body ▁deliber ating ▁matters ▁of ▁general ▁concern ▁to ▁the ▁entire ▁Arab ▁community ▁and ▁making ▁binding ▁dec isions ." ▁While ▁it ▁enjo ys ▁de ▁fact o ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁it ▁la cks ▁official ▁or ▁de ▁j ure ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁for ▁its ▁activities ▁in ▁this ▁capacity . ▁▁ ▁Ta ' ay ush ▁Ta ' ay ush ▁is ▁" a ▁grass ro ots ▁movement ▁of ▁Arab s ▁and ▁Jews ▁working ▁to ▁break ▁down ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁rac ism ▁and ▁seg reg ation ▁by ▁construct ing ▁a ▁true ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁partners hip ." ▁▁ ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Un recogn ized ▁Vill ages ▁The ▁Regional ▁Council ▁of ▁Un recogn ized ▁Vill ages ▁is ▁a ▁body ▁of ▁uno fficial ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁un recogn ized ▁villages ▁throughout ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁region ▁in ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁Att empt s ▁to ▁ban ▁Arab ▁political ▁parties ▁Am end ment ▁ 9 ▁to ▁the ▁' Basic ▁Law : ▁The ▁K ness et ▁and |
▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁Political ▁Part ies ' ▁states ▁that ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁" may ▁not ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁elections ▁if ▁there ▁is ▁in ▁its ▁goals ▁or ▁actions ▁a ▁den ial ▁of ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people , ▁a ▁den ial ▁of ▁the ▁dem ocr atic ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁or ▁inc itement ▁to ▁rac ism ." ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁attempts ▁were ▁done ▁to ▁dis qual ify ▁Arab ▁parties ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁rule , ▁however ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁all ▁such ▁attempts ▁were ▁either ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee ▁or ▁over turn ed ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Progress ive ▁List ▁for ▁Peace ▁An ▁Isra eli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee ▁r uling ▁which ▁allowed ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁List ▁for ▁Peace ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁K ness et ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁was ▁challeng ed ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁am end ment , ▁but ▁the ▁committee ' s ▁decision ▁was ▁u ph eld ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁which ▁ruled ▁that ▁the ▁P LP ' s ▁platform ▁calling ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁" a ▁state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens " ▁does ▁not ▁viol ate ▁the ▁ide ology ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people , ▁and ▁thus ▁section ▁ 7 ( a ) ▁does ▁not ▁apply . ▁ ▁Bal ad ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Az mi ▁B ish ara ▁and ▁his ▁party , ▁Bal |
ad , ▁which ▁calls ▁for ▁Israel ▁to ▁become ▁" a ▁state ▁of ▁all ▁its ▁citizens ," ▁were ▁b anned ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Central ▁E lections ▁Committee , ▁for ▁ref using ▁to ▁recognize ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁" J ew ish ▁and ▁dem ocr atic ▁state " ▁and ▁making ▁statements ▁prom oting ▁armed ▁struggle ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁over ru led ▁the ▁decision ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁B ish ara ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁K ness et ▁member ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁He ▁reported ly ▁told ▁an ▁audience ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁"[ ...] ▁are ▁like ▁all ▁Arab s , ▁only ▁with ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip ▁forced ▁upon ▁them ▁[...] ▁Return ▁Palest ine ▁to ▁us ▁and ▁take ▁your ▁dem ocracy ▁with ▁you . ▁We ▁Arab s ▁are ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁it ". ▁B ish ara ▁res igned ▁his ▁K ness et ▁office ▁and ▁left ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁amid st ▁news ▁that ▁criminal ▁charges ▁were ▁being ▁laid ▁against ▁him . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁charged ▁with ▁esp ion age ▁and ▁money ▁la und ering , ▁stem ming ▁from ▁alleg ations ▁that ▁he ▁gave ▁H iz bul lah ▁information ▁on ▁strateg ic ▁targets ▁that ▁should ▁be ▁attacked ▁with ▁rock ets ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War , ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁money . ▁ ▁United ▁Arab ▁List ▁– ▁Ta ' al ▁and ▁Bal |
ad ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁United ▁Arab ▁List ▁– ▁Ta ' al ▁and ▁Bal ad ▁were ▁dis qual ified , ▁on ▁grounds ▁that ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁recognize ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁call ▁for ▁armed ▁conflict ▁against ▁it . ▁The ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Israel ▁over turn ed ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁decision ▁by ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁eight ▁to ▁one . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁and ▁political ▁status ▁Israel ' s ▁Dec laration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁Jewish ▁state ▁with ▁equality ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁rights , ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁race , ▁or ▁sex . ▁ ▁The ▁rights ▁of ▁citizens ▁are ▁guaranteed ▁by ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁basic ▁laws ▁( Is rael ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁written ▁constitution ). ▁Although ▁this ▁set ▁of ▁laws ▁does ▁not ▁explicitly ▁include ▁the ▁term ▁" right ▁to ▁equality ", ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁has ▁consist ently ▁interpreted ▁" Basic ▁Law : ▁Human ▁D ign ity ▁and ▁Liber ty " ▁and ▁" Basic ▁Law : ▁Fre edom ▁of ▁Occ up ation ▁( 1 9 9 4 )" ▁as ▁guarantee ing ▁equal ▁rights ▁for ▁all ▁Isra eli ▁citizens . ▁ ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁states ▁that ▁" A rab ▁Israel is ▁are ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁with ▁equal ▁rights " ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁" The ▁only ▁legal ▁distinction ▁between ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁is ▁not ▁one ▁of ▁rights , ▁but ▁rather ▁of ▁civ ic ▁duty . ▁Since ▁Israel ' s ▁establishment , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁been ▁ex empt |
ed ▁from ▁comp uls ory ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Israel ▁Def ense ▁Forces ▁( ID F ). " ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Circ ass ians ▁are ▁draft ed ▁into ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁army , ▁while ▁other ▁Arab s ▁may ▁serve ▁volunt arily ; ▁however , ▁only ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁number ▁of ▁Arab s ▁choose ▁to ▁volunte er ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁army ). ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁feel ▁that ▁the ▁state , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁society ▁at ▁large , ▁not ▁only ▁act ively ▁limits ▁them ▁to ▁second - class ▁citizens hip , ▁but ▁tre ats ▁them ▁as ▁enemies , ▁affect ing ▁their ▁per ception ▁of ▁the ▁de ▁j ure ▁versus ▁de ▁fact o ▁quality ▁of ▁their ▁citizens hip . ▁The ▁joint ▁document ▁The ▁Future ▁V ision ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel , ▁as ser ts : ▁" Def ining ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁State ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁State ▁and ▁explo iting ▁dem ocracy ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁its ▁Jewish ness ▁ex cludes ▁us , ▁and ▁creates ▁t ension ▁between ▁us ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁and ▁ess ence ▁of ▁the ▁State ." ▁The ▁document ▁explains ▁that ▁by ▁definition ▁the ▁" J ew ish ▁State " ▁concept ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁eth n ically ▁prefer ential ▁treatment ▁towards ▁Jews ▁en sh r ined ▁in ▁imm igration ▁( the ▁Law ▁of ▁Return ) ▁and ▁land ▁policy ▁( the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ), ▁and ▁calls ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁minor ity ▁rights ▁prote ctions ▁enfor ced ▁by ▁an ▁independent ▁anti - dis c rim ination ▁commission . ▁ |
▁A ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁report ▁by ▁M oss awa , ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁center ▁for ▁Palest in ian - A rab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁states ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁ 1 6 ▁Arab s ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁security ▁forces , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁to ▁ 2 9 ▁vict ims ▁of ▁" inst itution al ▁violence " ▁in ▁four ▁years . ▁Ah med ▁Sa ' adi , ▁in ▁his ▁article ▁on ▁The ▁Con cept ▁of ▁Protest ▁and ▁its ▁Represent ation ▁by ▁the ▁Or ▁Commission , ▁states ▁that ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁the ▁only ▁protest ors ▁to ▁be ▁killed ▁by ▁the ▁police ▁have ▁been ▁Arab s . ▁ ▁You sef ▁Mun ay yer , ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁citiz en ▁and ▁the ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁The ▁Jerusalem ▁Fund , ▁wrote ▁that ▁Palest ini ans ▁only ▁have ▁varying ▁degrees ▁of ▁limited ▁rights ▁in ▁Israel . ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁although ▁Palest ini ans ▁make ▁up ▁about ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁population , ▁less ▁than ▁ 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁budget ▁is ▁allocated ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁citizens . ▁He ▁describes ▁the ▁ 1 . 5 ▁million ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁second - class ▁citizens ▁while ▁four ▁million ▁more ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁at ▁all . ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁a ▁Jew ▁from ▁any ▁country ▁can ▁move ▁to ▁Israel ▁but ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁refuge e , ▁with ▁a ▁valid ▁claim ▁to ▁property ▁in ▁Israel , ▁cannot . ▁Mun ay yer ▁also |
▁described ▁the ▁difficulties ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁faced ▁when ▁visit ing ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁official ▁languages ▁ ▁Arab ic ▁was ▁until ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁one ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁official ▁languages . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁increased ▁significantly ▁following ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁r ul ings ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁Basic ▁Law : ▁Israel ▁as ▁the ▁Nation - State ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁People ▁defines ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁the ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁and ▁gives ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁language ▁a ▁special ▁status . ▁ ▁Government ▁minist ries ▁publish ▁all ▁material ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁Heb rew , ▁with ▁selected ▁material ▁translated ▁into ▁Arab ic , ▁English , ▁Russian , ▁and ▁other ▁languages ▁spoken ▁in ▁Israel . ▁There ▁are ▁laws ▁that ▁secure ▁the ▁Arab ▁population ' s ▁right ▁to ▁receive ▁information ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁Some ▁examples ▁include ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁television ▁channels ' ▁produ ctions ▁must ▁be ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁or ▁translated ▁into ▁Arab ic , ▁safety ▁reg ulations ▁in ▁working ▁places ▁must ▁be ▁published ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁if ▁a ▁significant ▁number ▁of ▁the ▁workers ▁are ▁Arab s , ▁information ▁about ▁medic ines ▁or ▁dangerous ▁chemical s ▁must ▁be ▁provided ▁in ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁information ▁regarding ▁elections ▁must ▁be ▁provided ▁in ▁Arab ic . ▁The ▁country ' s ▁laws ▁are ▁published ▁in ▁Heb rew , ▁and ▁eventually ▁English ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁transl ations ▁are ▁published . ▁Publishing ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁Heb rew ▁in ▁the ▁official |
▁gaz ette ▁( Res hum ot ) ▁is ▁enough ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁valid . ▁Un av ail ability ▁of ▁an ▁Arab ic ▁translation ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁legal ▁defense ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁def endant ▁proves ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁understand ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁in ▁any ▁conce iv able ▁way . ▁Following ▁appe als ▁to ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Supreme ▁Court , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁on ▁street ▁signs ▁and ▁labels ▁increased ▁dram atically . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁appe als ▁presented ▁by ▁Arab ▁Isra eli ▁organizations , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ruled ▁that ▁although ▁second ▁to ▁Heb rew , ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁and ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁extens ively . ▁Today ▁most ▁highway ▁sign age ▁is ▁tr iling ual ▁( H eb rew , ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁English ). ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁villages ▁lack ▁street ▁signs ▁of ▁any ▁kind ▁and ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁name ▁is ▁often ▁used . ▁The ▁state ' s ▁schools ▁in ▁Arab ▁communities ▁teach ▁in ▁Arab ic ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁spe cially ▁adapted ▁curr icul um . ▁This ▁curr icul um ▁includes ▁mand atory ▁less ons ▁of ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁foreign ▁language ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁grade ▁on wards . ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁taught ▁in ▁Heb rew - spe aking ▁schools , ▁but ▁only ▁the ▁basic ▁level ▁is ▁mand atory . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁un success ful ▁attempt ▁of ▁right - wing ▁law m akers ▁to ▁strip |
▁Arab ic ▁of ▁its ▁status ▁alongside ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Isra eli ▁national ▁symbols ▁ ▁Some ▁Arab ▁polit icians ▁have ▁requested ▁a ▁re evalu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁flag ▁and ▁national ▁anth em , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁David ▁at ▁the ▁flag ' s ▁center ▁is ▁an ▁exclus ively ▁Jewish ▁symbol , ▁and ▁Hat ik v ah ▁does ▁not ▁represent ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁since ▁it ▁speak s ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people ' s ▁desire ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁hom eland . ▁The ▁High ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁He ads ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Local ▁Author ities ▁in ▁Israel ▁stated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ ▁Michael ▁O ren , ▁the ▁former ▁Isra eli ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁since ▁the ▁Se al ▁of ▁Sol omon ▁( Star ▁of ▁David ) ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁Islam ic ▁symbol , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁feel ▁the ▁same ▁sense ▁of ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁the ▁flag ▁as ▁Jewish ▁citizens ▁do . ▁ ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁In ▁Israel , ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁takes ▁place ▁on ▁ 5 ▁I yar ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁calendar , ▁which ▁means ▁it ▁falls ▁on ▁different ▁dates ▁every ▁year ▁under ▁the ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁generally ▁mark ▁al - N ak ba ▁both ▁on ▁this ▁day , ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 5 |
▁May , ▁as ▁do ▁other ▁Palest ini ans . ▁Dru ze ▁soldiers , ▁however , ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁Israel ' s ▁first ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁Par ade ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁and ▁there ▁have ▁since ▁been ▁par ades ▁for ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Circ ass ians , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁special ▁events ▁for ▁Bed ou ins , ▁on ▁Independ ence ▁Day . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁mayor ▁of ▁She fa - ' Am r , ▁Urs an ▁Y ass in , ▁met ▁with ▁officials ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁state ▁committee ▁on ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁independence ▁and ▁announced ▁that ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁intended ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁celebr ations . ▁He ▁stated : ▁" This ▁is ▁our ▁country ▁and ▁we ▁completely ▁disapp ro ve ▁of ▁the ▁statements ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁High er ▁Mon itor ing ▁Committee . ▁I ▁want ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁central ▁ceremony ▁in ▁She fa - ' Am r , ▁raise ▁all ▁the ▁flags ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁huge ▁fe ast . ▁The ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁residents ▁of ▁She fa - ' Am r ▁feel ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ... The ▁desire ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁festiv ities ▁is ▁shared ▁by ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁residents . ▁We ▁will ▁not ▁raise ▁our ▁children ▁to ▁hate ▁the ▁country . ▁This ▁is ▁our ▁country ▁and ▁we ▁want ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁co ex istence ▁with |
▁its ▁Jewish ▁residents ." ▁ ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁Law ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Israel ▁en act ed ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁into ▁Israel ▁Law ▁( Tem por ary ▁Pro vision ), ▁ 5 7 6 3 - 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁one - year ▁am end ment ▁to ▁Israel ' s ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁Law ▁den ying ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁residence ▁to ▁Palest ini ans ▁who ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁or ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁and ▁who ▁marry ▁Israel is ; ▁the ▁rule ▁has ▁been ▁wa ived ▁for ▁any ▁Palest in ian ▁" who ▁ident ifies ▁with ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁its ▁goals , ▁when ▁he ▁or ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁has ▁taken ▁concrete ▁action ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁security , ▁economy ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁matter ▁important ▁to ▁the ▁State ". ▁Upon ▁exp iration ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁extended ▁for ▁six ▁months ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁again ▁for ▁four ▁months ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁minister ial ▁committee ▁for ▁issues ▁of ▁legisl ation ▁once ▁again ▁am ended ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁into ▁Israel ▁Law , ▁to ▁restrict ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁residence ▁in ▁Israel ▁only ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁men ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 5 , ▁and ▁Palest in ian ▁women ▁over ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 2 5 |
. ▁ ▁Def enders ▁of ▁the ▁Cit iz ens hip ▁and ▁Entry ▁Law ▁say ▁it ▁is ▁aim ed ▁at ▁prevent ing ▁terror ist ▁attacks ▁and ▁pres erving ▁the ▁" J ew ish ▁character " ▁of ▁Israel ▁by ▁restrict ing ▁Arab ▁imm igration . ▁The ▁new ▁bill ▁was ▁form ulated ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁Shin ▁Bet ▁statistics ▁showing ▁that ▁invol vement ▁in ▁terror ▁attacks ▁decl ines ▁with ▁age . ▁This ▁new est ▁am end ment , ▁in ▁practice , ▁removes ▁restrictions ▁from ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁population ▁request ing ▁legal ▁status ▁through ▁marriage ▁in ▁Israel . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁u ph eld ▁by ▁a ▁High ▁Court ▁decision ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Although ▁this ▁law ▁theoret ically ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁Israel is , ▁it ▁has ▁dis pro port ion ately ▁affected ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ; ▁Arab s ▁are ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁Palest in ian ▁sp ouses ▁than ▁other ▁Israel is . ▁Thus ▁the ▁law ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁considered ▁disc rimin atory ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Committee ▁on ▁the ▁El im ination ▁of ▁Ra cial ▁Disc rim ination ▁has ▁un anim ously ▁approved ▁a ▁resolution ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁law ▁viol ated ▁an ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁treat y ▁against ▁rac ism . ▁ ▁Civil ▁rights ▁ ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁Dec laration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁would ▁ensure ▁complete ▁equality ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁rights ▁to ▁all ▁its ▁inhabitants ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁religion , ▁race ▁or ▁sex , ▁and ▁guaranteed ▁freedom |
▁of ▁religion , ▁conscience , ▁language , ▁education ▁and ▁culture . ▁While ▁formally ▁equal ▁according ▁to ▁Isra eli ▁law , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁official ▁sources ▁acknow ledge ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁experience ▁disc rim ination ▁in ▁many ▁aspects ▁of ▁life . ▁Isra eli ▁High ▁Court ▁Justice ▁( Ret .) ▁The odor ▁Or ▁wrote ▁in ▁The ▁Report ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Commission ▁of ▁In qu iry ▁into ▁the ▁Events ▁of ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁The ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁reality ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁experience ▁disc rim ination ▁as ▁Arab s . ▁This ▁inequality ▁has ▁been ▁documented ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁professional ▁surve ys ▁and ▁studies , ▁has ▁been ▁confirmed ▁in ▁court ▁jud g ments ▁and ▁government ▁resolution s , ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁found ▁expression ▁in ▁reports ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁compt roller ▁and ▁in ▁other ▁official ▁documents . ▁Although ▁the ▁Jewish ▁majority ' s ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁this ▁disc rim ination ▁is ▁often ▁quite ▁low , ▁it ▁plays ▁a ▁central ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁sens ib ilities ▁and ▁att itudes ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens . ▁This ▁disc rim ination ▁is ▁widely ▁accepted , ▁both ▁within ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁and ▁outside ▁it , ▁and ▁by ▁official ▁assess ments , ▁as ▁a ▁chief ▁cause ▁of ▁ag itation . ▁ ▁The ▁Or ▁Commission ▁report ▁also ▁states ▁that ▁activities ▁by ▁Islam ic ▁organizations ▁may ▁be ▁using ▁religious ▁pret enses ▁to ▁further ▁political ▁a ims . ▁The ▁commission ▁describes ▁such ▁actions ▁as ▁a ▁factor ▁in ▁' infl aming ' ▁the ▁Muslim ▁population ▁in ▁Israel |
▁against ▁the ▁authorities , ▁and ▁c ites ▁the ▁al - S ar af and ▁mos que ▁episode , ▁with ▁Muslim s ' ▁attempts ▁to ▁restore ▁the ▁mos que ▁and ▁Jewish ▁attempts ▁to ▁stop ▁them , ▁as ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁' sh ifting ▁of ▁dynamics ' ▁of ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁authorities . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁for ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Occ up ied ▁Territ ories , ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁had ▁done ▁" l ittle ▁to ▁reduce ▁institution al , ▁legal , ▁and ▁soci etal ▁disc rim ination ▁against ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁notes ▁that : ▁ ▁" Is ra eli - A rab ▁advoc acy ▁organizations ▁have ▁challeng ed ▁the ▁Government ' s ▁policy ▁of ▁demol ishing ▁illegal ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁was ▁more ▁restrict ive ▁in ▁issu ing ▁building ▁perm its ▁in ▁Arab ▁communities ▁than ▁in ▁Jewish ▁communities , ▁thereby ▁not ▁accommod ating ▁natural ▁growth ." ▁ ▁" In ▁June , ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ruled ▁that ▁om itting ▁Arab ▁towns ▁from ▁specific ▁government ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁plans ▁is ▁disc rimin atory . ▁This ▁judgment ▁builds ▁on ▁previous ▁assess ments ▁of ▁dis adv antages ▁suffered ▁by ▁Arab ▁Israel is ." ▁ ▁" Is ra eli - |
A rab ▁organizations ▁have ▁challeng ed ▁as ▁disc rimin atory ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁" Master ▁Plan ▁for ▁the ▁Northern ▁Are as ▁of ▁Israel ," ▁which ▁listed ▁as ▁priority ▁goals ▁increasing ▁the ▁Gal ile e ' s ▁Jewish ▁population ▁and ▁blocking ▁the ▁territorial ▁cont igu ity ▁of ▁Arab ▁towns ." ▁ ▁" Is ra eli ▁Arab s ▁were ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁perform ▁mand atory ▁military ▁service ▁and , ▁in ▁practice , ▁only ▁a ▁small ▁percentage ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁military . ▁Those ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁less ▁access ▁than ▁other ▁citizens ▁to ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁benefits ▁for ▁which ▁military ▁service ▁was ▁a ▁pr ere quis ite ▁or ▁an ▁advantage , ▁such ▁as ▁housing , ▁new - house hold ▁subs id ies , ▁and ▁employ ment , ▁especially ▁government ▁or ▁security - related ▁industrial ▁employ ment . ▁The ▁I v ri ▁Committee ▁on ▁National ▁Service ▁has ▁issued ▁official ▁recommend ations ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁that ▁Israel ▁Arab s ▁not ▁be ▁comp elled ▁to ▁perform ▁national ▁or ▁" c iv ic " ▁service , ▁but ▁be ▁afford ed ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁perform ▁such ▁service " ." ▁ ▁" Acc ording ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁study , ▁a ▁t endency ▁existed ▁to ▁imp ose ▁heav ier ▁prison ▁terms ▁to ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁than ▁to ▁Jewish ▁citizens . ▁Human ▁rights ▁advoc ates ▁claimed ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁conv icted ▁of ▁murder ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁denied ▁b ail |
." ▁ ▁" The ▁Or r ▁Commission ▁of ▁In qu iry ' s ▁report ▁[ … ] ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁' G overn ment ▁handling ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁has ▁been ▁primarily ▁neglect ful ▁and ▁disc rimin atory ,' ▁that ▁the ▁Government ▁' did ▁not ▁show ▁sufficient ▁sens itivity ▁to ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁population , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁enough ▁action ▁to ▁allocate ▁state ▁resources ▁in ▁an ▁equal ▁manner .' ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁' ser ious ▁dist ress ▁pre va iled ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector ▁in ▁various ▁areas . ▁Ev idence ▁of ▁dist ress ▁included ▁pover ty , ▁un emp loyment , ▁a ▁short age ▁of ▁land , ▁serious ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁education ▁system , ▁and ▁substantial ly ▁defect ive ▁infrastr ucture .' " ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁notes ▁that : ▁ ▁" Acc ording ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁study ▁at ▁Heb rew ▁University , ▁three ▁times ▁more ▁money ▁was ▁inv ested ▁in ▁education ▁of ▁Jewish ▁children ▁as ▁in ▁Arab ▁children ." ▁ ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch ▁has ▁charged ▁that ▁cut s ▁in ▁veter an ▁benefits ▁and ▁child ▁allow ances ▁based ▁on ▁parents ' ▁military ▁service ▁disc rim inate ▁against ▁Arab ▁children : ▁" The ▁cut s ▁will ▁also ▁affect ▁the ▁children ▁of ▁Jewish ▁ult ra - orth odox ▁parents ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁military , ▁but ▁they ▁are ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁extra ▁subs id ies , ▁including |
▁educational ▁supp lement s , ▁not ▁available ▁to ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ▁children ." ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Guardian , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁just ▁ 5 % ▁of ▁civil ▁servants ▁were ▁Arab s , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁h ired ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁other ▁Arab s , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁compr ise ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁developed ▁world , ▁The ▁Guardian ▁reports ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁budget , ▁Israel ' s ▁health ▁min istry ▁allocated ▁Arab ▁communities ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁its ▁budget ▁for ▁health care ▁facility ▁development . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁report ▁released ▁by ▁several ▁Isra eli ▁civil ▁rights ▁groups ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁K ness et ▁was ▁" the ▁most ▁rac ist ▁in ▁Isra eli ▁history " ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁b ills ▁proposed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁that ▁would ▁disc rim inate ▁against ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁minor ity . ▁ ▁A ▁pre lim inary ▁report ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Israel ' s ▁Cour ts ▁Administration ▁and ▁the ▁Israel ▁Bar ▁Association ▁found ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁that ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁to ▁be ▁conv icted ▁of ▁cr imes ▁after ▁being ▁charged , ▁more ▁likely ▁to |
▁be ▁given ▁cust od ial ▁sentences , ▁and ▁were ▁given ▁longer ▁sentences . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁account ▁for ▁" mit ig ating ▁or ▁ag gra v ating ▁circumstances , ▁prior ▁criminal ▁record ▁and ▁the ▁conv ict ' s ▁gender ". ▁ ▁Property ▁ownership ▁and ▁housing ▁ ▁The ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁organization ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁buy ▁and ▁develop ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Land ▁of ▁Israel ▁for ▁Jewish ▁settlement ; ▁land ▁purch ases ▁were ▁fund ed ▁by ▁don ations ▁from ▁world ▁Jew ry ▁exclus ively ▁for ▁that ▁purpose . ▁The ▁J NF ▁currently ▁own s ▁ 1 3 % ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁Israel , ▁while ▁ 8 0 % ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁government , ▁and ▁the ▁rest , ▁around ▁ 7 %, ▁is ▁even ly ▁divided ▁between ▁private ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁own ers . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁Israel ▁Land ▁Administration ▁( I LA ) ▁admin ister s ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁Israel ▁( G overn ment ▁Press ▁Office , ▁Israel , ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 7 ). ▁A ▁significant ▁portion ▁of ▁J NF ▁lands ▁were ▁originally ▁properties ▁left ▁behind ▁by ▁Palest in ian ▁" abs ente es " ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁the ▁legit im acy ▁of ▁some ▁J NF ▁land ▁ownership ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁dispute . ▁The ▁J NF ▁purchased ▁these ▁lands ▁from ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁after ▁the ▁state ▁took ▁control ▁of |
▁them ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Abs ente e ▁Properties ▁Law . ▁While ▁the ▁J NF ▁char ter ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁land ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁People , ▁land ▁has ▁been ▁le ased ▁to ▁Bed ou in ▁her ders . ▁Nevertheless , ▁J NF ▁land ▁policy ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁as ▁disc rim ination . ▁When ▁the ▁I LA ▁le ased ▁J NF ▁land ▁to ▁Arab s , ▁it ▁took ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁question ▁and ▁compens ated ▁the ▁J NF ▁with ▁an ▁equivalent ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁in ▁areas ▁not ▁designated ▁for ▁development ▁( gener ally ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Neg ev ), ▁thus ▁ens uring ▁that ▁the ▁total ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁J NF ▁remains ▁the ▁same . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁complicated ▁and ▁controvers ial ▁mechanism , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁use ▁of ▁it ▁was ▁susp ended . ▁After ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁discuss ions ▁and ▁a ▁directive ▁by ▁the ▁Att orney ▁General ▁instruct ing ▁the ▁I LA ▁to ▁le ase ▁J NF ▁land ▁to ▁Arab s ▁and ▁Jews ▁al ike , ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁J NF ▁suggested ▁re inst ating ▁the ▁land - exchange ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁J NF ▁and ▁the ▁I LA ▁view ▁an ▁exchange ▁of ▁lands ▁as ▁a ▁long - term ▁solution , ▁oppon ents ▁say ▁that ▁such ▁man eu vers ▁priv at ize ▁municipal ▁lands ▁and ▁preserve ▁a ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁significant ▁lands ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁not ▁available ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁all ▁of |
▁its ▁citizens . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁delayed ▁r uling ▁on ▁J NF ▁policy ▁regarding ▁le asing ▁lands ▁to ▁non - J ew s , ▁and ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁I LA - J NF ▁relationship ▁were ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁air . ▁Ad al ah ▁and ▁other ▁organizations ▁further more ▁express ▁concern ▁that ▁proposed ▁sever ance ▁of ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁the ▁I LA ▁and ▁J NF , ▁as ▁suggested ▁by ▁Am i ▁A yal on , ▁would ▁leave ▁the ▁J NF ▁free ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁same ▁proportion ▁of ▁lands ▁for ▁Jewish ▁uses ▁as ▁it ▁see ks ▁to ▁sett le ▁hundreds ▁of ▁thousands ▁of ▁Jews ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁a ▁ten uous ▁Jewish ▁dem ographic ▁majority ▁( in ▁particular , ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews ▁in ▁existing ▁Gal ile e ▁communities ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Jews ▁in ▁new ▁Neg ev ▁communities ▁via ▁the ▁Blue print ▁Neg ev ). ▁ ▁The ▁Israel ▁Land ▁Administration , ▁which ▁admin ister s ▁ 9 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁in ▁Israel ▁( including ▁the ▁land ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁National ▁Fund ), ▁ref uses ▁to ▁le ase ▁land ▁to ▁non - J ew ish ▁foreign ▁national s , ▁who ▁include ▁Palest in ian ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁who ▁have ▁identity ▁cards ▁but ▁are ▁not ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁When ▁I LA ▁land ▁is ▁" b ought " ▁in ▁Israel ▁it ▁is ▁actually ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁" owner " ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 4 |
9 ▁years . ▁According ▁to ▁article ▁ 1 9 ▁of ▁the ▁I LA ▁le ase , ▁foreign ▁national s ▁are ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁le asing ▁I LA ▁land , ▁and ▁in ▁practice ▁foreign ers ▁may ▁just ▁show ▁that ▁they ▁qual ify ▁as ▁Jewish ▁under ▁the ▁Law ▁of ▁Return . ▁ ▁Isra eli ▁law ▁also ▁disc rimin ates ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁regarding ▁rights ▁to ▁recover ▁property ▁owned ▁before ▁the ▁dis loc ations ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is ra eli ▁War . ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Abs ente es ▁Property ▁Law ▁said ▁that ▁any ▁property ▁within ▁post - war ▁Israel ▁which ▁was ▁owned ▁by ▁an ▁Arab ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁country ▁between ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁or ▁by ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁who ▁had ▁merely ▁been ▁abroad ▁or ▁in ▁area ▁of ▁Palest ine ▁held ▁by ▁host ile ▁forces ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁lost ▁all ▁rights ▁to ▁that ▁property . ▁Palest ini ans ▁who ▁fled ▁or ▁were ▁exp elled ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁by ▁Jewish ▁or ▁Isra eli ▁forces , ▁before ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Arab – Is ra eli ▁war , ▁but ▁remained ▁within ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁what ▁would ▁become ▁Israel , ▁that ▁is , ▁those ▁currently ▁known ▁as ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁are ▁de emed ▁present ▁abs ente es ▁by ▁the ▁legisl ation . ▁Pres |
ent ▁abs ente es ▁are ▁regarded ▁as ▁absent ▁by ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁because ▁they ▁left ▁their ▁homes , ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁intend ▁to ▁leave ▁them ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁few ▁days , ▁and ▁even ▁if ▁they ▁did ▁so ▁invol unt arily . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Six - Day ▁War ▁in ▁which ▁Israel ▁occupied ▁the ▁West ▁Bank , ▁from ▁where ▁it ▁an nex ed ▁East ▁Jerusalem , ▁Israel ▁then ▁passed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁the ▁Law ▁and ▁Administration ▁Arr ang ements ▁Law ▁allowing ▁for ▁Jews ▁who ▁had ▁lost ▁property ▁in ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁war ▁to ▁rec laim ▁it . ▁Palest in ian ▁residents ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁( abs ente es ) ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁positions , ▁and ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁( present ▁abs ente es ), ▁who ▁owned ▁property ▁in ▁West ▁Jerusalem ▁or ▁other ▁areas ▁within ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Israel , ▁and ▁lost ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁war , ▁cannot ▁recover ▁their ▁properties . ▁Isra eli ▁legisl ation , ▁therefore , ▁allows ▁Jews ▁to ▁recover ▁their ▁land , ▁but ▁not ▁Arab s . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁several ▁community ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁Neg ev ▁and ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁were ▁accused ▁of ▁bar ring ▁Arab ▁applic ants ▁from ▁moving ▁in . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁K ness et ▁passed ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁allowed ▁adm issions ▁comm |
itte es ▁to ▁function ▁in ▁smaller ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Neg ev , ▁while ▁explicitly ▁forb idd ing ▁comm itte es ▁to ▁bar ▁applic ants ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁race , ▁religion , ▁sex , ▁eth nic ity , ▁dis ability , ▁personal ▁status , ▁age , ▁parent hood , ▁sexual ▁orientation , ▁country ▁of ▁origin , ▁political ▁views , ▁or ▁political ▁affili ation . ▁Crit ics , ▁however , ▁say ▁the ▁law ▁gives ▁the ▁priv ately ▁run ▁adm issions ▁comm itte es ▁a ▁wide ▁latitude ▁over ▁public ▁lands , ▁and ▁believe ▁it ▁will ▁w ors en ▁disc rim ination ▁against ▁the ▁Arab ▁minor ity . ▁ ▁Cont est ing ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁disc rim ination ▁While ▁groups ▁are ▁not ▁separated ▁by ▁official ▁policy , ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁different ▁se ctors ▁within ▁the ▁society ▁that ▁maintain ▁their ▁strong ▁cultural , ▁religious , ▁ide ological , ▁and / or ▁eth nic ▁identity . ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁foreign ▁min istry ▁maintain s ▁that ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁social ▁cle av ages ▁and ▁economic ▁dispar ities , ▁the ▁political ▁systems ▁and ▁the ▁courts ▁represent ▁strict ▁legal ▁and ▁civ ic ▁equality . ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁foreign ▁min istry ▁describes ▁the ▁country ▁as : ▁" Not ▁a ▁mel ting pot ▁society , ▁but ▁rather ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁m osa ic ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁different ▁population ▁groups ▁co ex isting ▁in ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁a ▁dem ocr atic ▁state ". ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁I sh ma el ▁Kh ald i , |
▁an ▁Arab ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁first ▁high - ran king ▁Muslim ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁foreign ▁service , ▁while ▁Isra eli ▁society ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁perfect , ▁minor ities ▁in ▁Israel ▁fare ▁far ▁better ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁He ▁wrote : ▁ ▁I ▁am ▁a ▁proud ▁Isra eli ▁– ▁along ▁with ▁many ▁other ▁non - J ew ish ▁Israel is ▁such ▁as ▁Dru ze , ▁Bah ai , ▁Bed ou in , ▁Christians ▁and ▁Muslim s , ▁who ▁live ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁cult ur ally ▁divers ified ▁soci eties ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁true ▁dem ocracy ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁Like ▁America , ▁Isra eli ▁society ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁perfect , ▁but ▁let ▁us ▁deal ▁honest ly . ▁By ▁any ▁yard st ick ▁you ▁choose ▁– ▁educational ▁opportunity , ▁economic ▁development , ▁women ▁and ▁gay ' s ▁rights , ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech ▁and ▁assembly , ▁legisl ative ▁representation ▁– ▁Israel ' s ▁minor ities ▁fare ▁far ▁better ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁ ▁O pp osition ▁to ▁inter mar riage ▁Inter mar riage ▁is ▁prohib ited ▁by ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Hal ak ha . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁mixed ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁mar ri ages , ▁emot ions ▁run ▁especially ▁high . ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁opinion ▁survey ▁found ▁that ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁believed ▁inter mar riage ▁was ▁equivalent ▁to ▁national ▁tre ason . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁Jewish ▁men |
▁in ▁the ▁Jerusalem ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁P is gat ▁Ze ' ev ▁started ▁pat rolling ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁to ▁stop ▁Jewish ▁women ▁from ▁d ating ▁Arab ▁men . ▁The ▁municipality ▁of ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁has ▁also ▁announced ▁an ▁initi ative ▁to ▁providing ▁a ▁tele phone ▁hot line ▁for ▁friends ▁and ▁family ▁to ▁report ▁Jewish ▁girls ▁who ▁date ▁Arab ▁men ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁psych olog ists ▁to ▁provide ▁coun s elling . ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Kir y at ▁G at ▁launched ▁a ▁campaign ▁in ▁schools ▁to ▁warn ▁Jewish ▁girls ▁against ▁d ating ▁local ▁Bed ou in ▁men . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁survey ▁found ▁that ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Muslim s ▁and ▁ 8 8 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Christians ▁would ▁be ▁un com fort able ▁with ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁marry ing ▁a ▁Jew . ▁ 9 7 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁would ▁be ▁un com fort able ▁if ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁married ▁a ▁Muslim ▁and ▁ 8 9 % ▁would ▁be ▁un com fort able ▁if ▁a ▁child ▁of ▁their s ▁married ▁a ▁Christian . ▁ ▁K ness et ▁The ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁– ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁organization ▁for ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁– ▁bl ames ▁the ▁K ness et ▁of ▁disc rim ination ▁against ▁Arab s , ▁cit ing ▁a ▁ 7 5 % ▁increase ▁in ▁disc rimin atory ▁and ▁rac ist ▁b ills ▁submitted ▁to ▁the ▁K ness et ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁According |
▁to ▁the ▁report , ▁ 1 1 ▁b ills ▁de emed ▁by ▁the ▁center ▁to ▁be ▁" dis c rimin atory ▁and ▁rac ist " ▁were ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁legisl ature ' s ▁table ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁while ▁ 1 2 ▁such ▁b ills ▁were ▁initi ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁However , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁a ▁full ▁ 2 1 ▁b ills ▁de emed ▁disc rimin atory ▁by ▁the ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁were ▁discussed ▁in ▁the ▁K ness et . ▁ ▁The ▁reports ▁categor izes ▁as ▁" rac ist " ▁propos als ▁such ▁as ▁giving ▁academic ▁scholar ships ▁to ▁soldiers ▁who ▁served ▁in ▁combat ▁units , ▁and ▁a ▁bill ▁to ▁re voke ▁government ▁fund ing ▁from ▁organizations ▁acting ▁" ag ain st ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁State ". ▁The ▁Co al ition ▁Again st ▁R ac ism ▁and ▁the ▁M oss awa ▁Center ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁proposed ▁legisl ation ▁see ks ▁to ▁de - leg it im ize ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁by ▁decre asing ▁their ▁civil ▁rights . ▁ ▁Econom ic ▁status ▁I ne quality ▁in ▁the ▁allocation ▁of ▁public ▁fund ing ▁for ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁needs , ▁and ▁w ides p read ▁employ ment ▁disc rim ination , ▁present ▁significant ▁economic ▁hur d les ▁for ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁Minor ities ▁at ▁R isk ▁( MA R ) ▁group ▁states ▁that ▁" des p ite ▁obvious ▁disc rim ination , ▁Isra |
eli ▁Arab s ▁are ▁relatively ▁much ▁better ▁off ▁econom ically ▁than ▁neighbor ing ▁Arab s ." ▁ ▁The ▁pre domin ant ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁community ' s ▁economic ▁development ▁after ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁was ▁its ▁transformation ▁from ▁a ▁pre domin antly ▁pe asant ▁far ming ▁population ▁to ▁a ▁pro let arian ▁industrial ▁work force . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁community ▁was ▁marked ▁by ▁distinct ▁stages . ▁The ▁first ▁period , ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁was ▁character ised ▁by ▁this ▁process ▁of ▁pro let arian isation . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁on , ▁economic ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁encourag ed ▁and ▁an ▁Arab ▁b our ge ois ie ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁on ▁the ▁margin ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁b our ge ois ie . ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁on , ▁the ▁community ▁developed ▁its ▁economic ▁and , ▁in ▁particular , ▁industrial ▁potential . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Government ▁categor ized ▁all ▁Arab ▁communities ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁as ▁' class ▁A ' ▁development ▁areas , ▁thus ▁making ▁them ▁el ig ible ▁for ▁tax ▁benefits . ▁This ▁decision ▁a ims ▁to ▁encou rage ▁invest ments ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁ ▁Ra an an ▁Din ur , ▁director - general ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁office , ▁said ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁that ▁Israel ▁had ▁final ized ▁plans ▁to ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁N IS ▁ 1 6 0 ▁million ▁private ▁equ |
ity ▁fund ▁to ▁help ▁develop ▁the ▁business es ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁Arab ▁community ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁de cade . ▁According ▁to ▁Din ur , ▁companies ▁owned ▁by ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁will ▁be ▁el ig ible ▁to ▁apply ▁to ▁the ▁fund ▁for ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁N IS ▁ 4 ▁million ▁( US $ 9 5 2 , 0 0 0 ), ▁en abling ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 8 0 ▁enter pr ises ▁to ▁receive ▁money ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁ 1 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁will , ▁according ▁to ▁Din ur , ▁solic it ▁b ids ▁to ▁operate ▁the ▁fund ▁from ▁various ▁financial ▁instit utes ▁and ▁private ▁fir ms , ▁which ▁must ▁p ledge ▁to ▁raise ▁at ▁least ▁N IS ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁( about ▁US $ 1 9 ▁million ) ▁from ▁private ▁invest ors . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁that ▁ 5 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁imp over ished ▁families ▁in ▁Israel ▁were ▁Arab s . ▁Since ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁do ▁not ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army , ▁they ▁are ▁in el ig ible ▁for ▁many ▁financial ▁benefits ▁such ▁as ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁housing ▁lo ans . ▁ ▁Arab ▁towns ▁in ▁Israel ▁are ▁rel uct ant ▁to ▁collect ▁city ▁tax es ▁from ▁their ▁residents . ▁S ik ku y , ▁a ▁prominent ▁Arab - J ew ish ▁N GO , ▁found ▁that ▁Arab s ▁as ▁a ▁group ▁have ▁the ▁highest ▁home ▁ownership ▁in ▁Israel |
: ▁ 9 3 % ▁compared ▁to ▁ 7 0 % ▁among ▁Jews . ▁ ▁While ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁is ▁lower ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁community , ▁these ▁figures ▁do ▁not ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁age ▁( the ▁average ▁age ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁community ▁is ▁lower ▁and ▁young ▁people ▁ear n ▁less ), ▁the ▁low ▁percentage ▁of ▁women ▁who ▁join ▁the ▁work force , ▁and ▁the ▁large ▁size ▁of ▁Arab ▁families . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁towns ▁in ▁Israel ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁un emp loyment ▁rates , ▁ 3 6 ▁were ▁Arab ▁towns . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Central ▁Bank ▁of ▁Israel ▁statistics ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁sal ary ▁aver ages ▁for ▁Arab ▁workers ▁were ▁ 2 9 % ▁lower ▁than ▁for ▁Jewish ▁workers . ▁D iff icult ies ▁in ▁pro cur ing ▁employ ment ▁have ▁been ▁attributed ▁to ▁a ▁compar atively ▁low ▁level ▁of ▁education ▁vis - a - vis ▁their ▁Jewish ▁counter parts , ▁ins u fficient ▁employ ment ▁opportun ities ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁their ▁towns , ▁disc rim ination ▁by ▁Jewish ▁employ ers , ▁and ▁competition ▁with ▁foreign ▁workers ▁in ▁fields , ▁such ▁as ▁construction ▁and ▁agricult ure . ▁Arab ▁women ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁force ▁relative ▁to ▁both ▁religious ▁and ▁sec ular ▁Jewish ▁women . ▁While ▁among ▁Arab ▁men ▁the ▁employ ment ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁on ▁par ▁with ▁Jewish ▁men , ▁ 1 7 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁women ▁were ▁found |
▁to ▁be ▁employed . ▁This ▁puts ▁the ▁Arab ▁employ ment ▁at ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁average . ▁The ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁Christian ▁Arab s ▁have ▁higher ▁employ ment ▁than ▁Muslim s . ▁ ▁Im ad ▁Tel ham i , ▁founder ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁Bab com , ▁a ▁call ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁T ef en ▁Indust rial ▁Park ▁with ▁ 3 0 0 ▁employees , ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁developing ▁career ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁Arab ▁workers ▁in ▁Israel . ▁Tel ham i , ▁a ▁Christian ▁Arab , ▁was ▁a ▁senior ▁executive ▁at ▁the ▁D elta ▁Gal il ▁Indust ries ▁text ile ▁plant ▁before ▁establish ing ▁Bab com . ▁He ▁hopes ▁to ▁employ ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁workers ▁within ▁five ▁years : ▁" Is ra eli ▁companies ▁have ▁been ▁export ing ▁thousands ▁of ▁jobs ▁to ▁India , ▁Eastern ▁Europe ▁and ▁other ▁sp ots ▁around ▁the ▁glo be . ▁I ▁want ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁jobs ▁here . ▁There ▁are ▁ter r ific ▁engine ers ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁and ▁the ▁potential ▁is ▁huge . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁government ▁approved ▁a ▁$ 2 1 6 ▁million , ▁five - year ▁development ▁plan ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁sector ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁increasing ▁job ▁access ibility , ▁particularly ▁for ▁women ▁and ▁academ ics . ▁Under ▁this ▁program , ▁some ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁new ▁employees ▁will ▁be ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁work ▁ro ster ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 4 . |
▁ ▁By ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 s , ▁the ▁Isra eli - A rab ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁impro ving , ▁with ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁middle ▁class ▁Arab s ▁growing . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Ha aret z , ▁which ▁term ed ▁Arab s ▁as ▁Israel ' s ▁" new ▁y upp ies ", ▁reported ▁that ▁Arab s , ▁especially ▁women , ▁were ▁purs uing ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁increasing ▁numbers , ▁and ▁increasing ly ▁seeking ▁white - col lar ▁jobs . ▁According ▁to ▁Professor ▁Az iz ▁Ha id ar ▁of ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁University ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁about ▁ 2 7 % ▁of ▁Arab s ▁were ▁middle ▁class ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁ 1 7 % ▁two ▁dec ades ▁before ) ▁and ▁ 3 % ▁were ▁wealth y , ▁and ▁although ▁most ▁Arab s ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁lower - in come ▁brackets , ▁the ▁Arab ▁middle ▁class ▁is ▁expand ing ▁dram atically . ▁ ▁Health ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁health - related ▁causes ▁of ▁death ▁are ▁heart ▁disease ▁and ▁cancer . ▁R ough ly ▁ 1 4 % ▁were ▁diagn osed ▁with ▁di ab etes ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Ar ound ▁half ▁of ▁all ▁Arab ▁men ▁smoke . ▁Life ▁expect ancy ▁has ▁increased ▁ 2 7 ▁years ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁Further , ▁due ▁largely ▁to ▁improvements ▁in ▁health ▁care , ▁the ▁Arab ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁dropped ▁from ▁ 3 2 ▁death |
s ▁per ▁thousand ▁birth s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁ 8 . 6 ▁per ▁thousand ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁However , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁in ▁the ▁developed ▁world . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁infant ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁among ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁overall ▁was ▁ 8 . 4 ▁per ▁thousand , ▁more ▁than ▁twice ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁the ▁rate ▁ 3 . 6 ▁per ▁thousand ▁among ▁the ▁Jewish ▁population . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁budget , ▁Israel ' s ▁health ▁min istry ▁allocated ▁Arab ▁communities ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁its ▁ 2 7 7 ▁m - she kel ▁( £ 3 5 m ) ▁budget ▁( 1 . 6 ▁m ▁she k els ▁{ £ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 }) ▁to ▁develop ▁health care ▁facilities . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Arab ▁represent ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁Isra eli ▁population , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁they ▁account ed ▁ 3 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁do ctors ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁Tel ▁Av iv ▁University ▁Arab s ▁account ▁about ▁ 3 5 % ▁of ▁all ▁ph arm ac ists ▁in ▁Israel . ▁The ▁Arab ic ▁local ▁council ▁Ar ra ba ▁has ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest ▁numbers ▁of ▁do ctors ▁per ▁cap ita ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Education ▁ |
▁The ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁regul ates ▁and ▁fin ances ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁schools ▁operating ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁including ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁those ▁run ▁by ▁private ▁organizations . ▁The ▁national ▁school ▁system ▁has ▁two ▁major ▁branches ▁– ▁a ▁Heb rew - spe aking ▁branch ▁and ▁an ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁branch . ▁The ▁curr ic ula ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁are ▁almost ▁identical ▁in ▁mathematics , ▁sciences , ▁and ▁English . ▁It ▁is ▁different ▁in ▁human ities ▁( history , ▁literature , ▁etc .). ▁While ▁Heb rew ▁is ▁taught ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁language ▁in ▁Arab ▁schools ▁since ▁the ▁third ▁grade ▁and ▁oblig atory ▁for ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁school ' s ▁mat ric ulation ▁ex ams , ▁only ▁basic ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁taught ▁in ▁Heb rew - spe aking ▁schools , ▁usually ▁from ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁to ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁grade . ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁not ▁oblig atory ▁for ▁Heb rew ▁speaking ▁school ' s ▁mat ric ulation ▁ex ams . ▁The ▁school ing ▁language ▁split ▁oper ates ▁from ▁pr esch ool , ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁high ▁school . ▁At ▁the ▁university ▁level , ▁they ▁merge ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁system , ▁which ▁oper ates ▁mostly ▁in ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Watch ▁described ▁government - run ▁Arab ▁schools ▁as ▁" a ▁world ▁apart ▁from ▁government - run ▁Jewish ▁schools ." ▁The ▁report ▁found ▁striking ▁differences ▁in ▁virt ually ▁every ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁education ▁system |
. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Follow - Up ▁Committee ▁for ▁Arab ▁Education ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁spent ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁$ 1 9 2 ▁a ▁year ▁on ▁Arab ▁students ▁compared ▁to ▁$ 1 , 1 0 0 ▁for ▁Jewish ▁students . ▁The ▁drop - out ▁rate ▁for ▁Arab s ▁was ▁twice ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁for ▁Jews ▁( 1 2 % ▁versus ▁ 6 %). ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 - class room ▁short age ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁Country ▁Re ports ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Pract ices ▁for ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁occupied ▁territ ories , ▁" Is ra eli ▁Arab s ▁were ▁under re present ed ▁in ▁the ▁student ▁bodies ▁and ▁fac ult ies ▁of ▁most ▁univers ities ▁and ▁in ▁higher ▁professional ▁and ▁business ▁ranks . ▁Well ▁educated ▁Arab s ▁often ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁find ▁jobs ▁comm ens ur ate ▁with ▁their ▁level ▁of ▁education . ▁According ▁to ▁S ik ku y , ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁held ▁approximately ▁ 6 0 ▁to ▁ 7 0 ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁university ▁fac ulty ▁positions ." ▁ ▁Arab ▁educ ators ▁have ▁long ▁vo iced ▁concerns ▁over ▁institution al ized ▁budget ary ▁disc rim ination . ▁An ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁study ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁University ' s ▁School ▁of ▁Education ▁claimed ▁that ▁Israel ' s ▁Education ▁Ministry ▁disc rimin |
ated ▁against ▁Arab s ▁in ▁its ▁alloc ations ▁of ▁special ▁assistance ▁for ▁students ▁from ▁low ▁so cio e conom ic ▁background s ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁per - student ▁allocation ▁at ▁Arab ▁junior ▁high ▁schools ▁was ▁one - fif th ▁the ▁average ▁at ▁Jewish ▁ones . ▁This ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁allocation ▁method : ▁funds ▁were ▁first ▁divided ▁between ▁Arab ▁and ▁Jewish ▁school ▁systems ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁students ▁in ▁each , ▁and ▁then ▁allocated ▁to ▁need y ▁students ; ▁however , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁large ▁proportion ▁of ▁such ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ▁sector , ▁they ▁receive ▁less ▁funds , ▁per ▁student , ▁than ▁Jewish ▁students . ▁The ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁dis continu ing ▁this ▁method ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁a ▁uniform ▁index . ▁Ministry ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁who ▁passed ▁their ▁mat ric ulation ▁ex ams ▁showed ▁that ▁Arab ▁towns ▁were ▁ranked ▁lowest ▁except ▁for ▁F ure id is , ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁third ▁highest ▁pass ▁rate ▁( 7 6 %) ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁High er ▁education ▁ ▁Near ly ▁half ▁of ▁Arab ▁students ▁who ▁passed ▁their ▁mat ric ulation ▁ex ams ▁failed ▁to ▁win ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁higher ▁education ▁because ▁they ▁performed ▁poor ly ▁in ▁the ▁Psych ometric ▁En tr ance ▁Test , ▁compared ▁to ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁Jewish ▁applic ants . ▁Kh aled ▁Ar ar , ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁Beit ▁Berl ▁College , ▁bel ieves ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁test ▁is ▁cult ur ally ▁bi ased : ▁" The ▁gap ▁in ▁psych |
ometric ▁scores ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁students ▁has ▁remained ▁steady ▁– ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁points ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 8 0 0 ▁– ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁That ▁alone ▁should ▁have ▁raised ▁susp ic ions ." ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁research ▁found ▁neg lig ible ▁differences ▁in ▁construct ▁or ▁predict ive ▁test ▁valid ity ▁across ▁varying ▁cultural ▁groups ▁and ▁the ▁find ings ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁than ▁with ▁the ▁cultural ▁bias ▁position . ▁ ▁Military ▁cons cription ▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁are ▁not ▁required ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁military , ▁and , ▁outside ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁community , ▁very ▁few ▁( around ▁ 1 2 0 ▁a ▁year ) ▁volunte er . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁each ▁year ▁between ▁ 5 – 1 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁population ▁of ▁draft ▁age ▁volunte ered ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁army , ▁and ▁Bed ou in ▁were ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁unique ▁status ▁as ▁volunte ers . ▁The ▁legend ary ▁Isra eli ▁soldier , ▁Am os ▁Y ark oni , ▁first ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Sh aked ▁Re con na issance ▁Battalion ▁in ▁the ▁G iv ati ▁Brigade , ▁was ▁a ▁Bed ou in ▁( born ▁Abd ▁el - M aj id ▁H id r ). ▁Bed ou in ▁soldiers ▁domin ate ▁the ▁el ite ▁human ▁tracking ▁units ▁that ▁guard ▁Israel ' s ▁northern ▁and ▁southern ▁border . ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel |
▁Mag di ▁Maz ar ib , ▁a ▁Bed ou in , ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁army ' s ▁highest - ran king ▁tracking ▁commander , ▁told ▁the ▁AF P ▁that ▁he ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁" the ▁state ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁in ▁Israel ▁is ▁better , ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁respect ▁we ▁get , ▁our ▁progress , ▁education ". ▁Today ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁Bed ou in ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁may ▁be ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 %. ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁report ▁stated ▁that ▁willing ness ▁among ▁Bed ou in ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army ▁had ▁dr ast ically ▁dropped ▁in ▁recent ▁years , ▁as ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁has ▁failed ▁to ▁ful fill ▁promises ▁of ▁equal ▁service ▁provision ▁to ▁Bed ou in ▁citizens . ▁However , ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁article ▁in ▁Ha aret z ▁stated ▁that ▁volunte er ▁rec ruit ment ▁for ▁a ▁crack ▁el ite ▁Bed ou in ▁army ▁unit ▁rose ▁three fold . ▁ ▁ID F ▁figures ▁indicate ▁that , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Christians ▁represented ▁ 0 . 1 ▁percent ▁of ▁all ▁rec ruits . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁rec ruits ▁had ▁double d . ▁Alt ogether , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁Christians ▁serving ▁had ▁grown ▁by ▁ 1 6 ▁percent ▁over ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁ID F ▁does ▁not ▁publish ▁figures ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁number ▁of ▁rec |
ruits ▁by ▁religious ▁den om ination , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁merely ▁a ▁few ▁dozen ▁Christians ▁currently ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁ID F . ▁ ▁The ▁Dru ze ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁ID F ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁an ▁agreement ▁between ▁their ▁local ▁religious ▁leaders ▁and ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁government ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁O pp osition ▁to ▁the ▁decision ▁among ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁popul ace ▁was ▁evident ▁immediately , ▁but ▁was ▁un success ful ▁in ▁revers ing ▁the ▁decision . ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁Dru ze ▁men ▁in ▁Israel ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁army , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁becoming ▁officers ▁and ▁some ▁rising ▁to ▁general ▁officer ▁rank . ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁a ▁growing ▁minor ity ▁from ▁within ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁community ▁have ▁den ounced ▁this ▁mand atory ▁en roll ment , ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁serve . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Sa id ▁N af a , ▁who ▁ident ifies ▁as ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Bal ad ▁party ' s ▁national ▁council , ▁founded ▁the ▁" P act ▁of ▁Free ▁Dru ze ", ▁an ▁organization ▁that ▁a ims ▁" to ▁stop ▁the ▁cons cription ▁of ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁and ▁claims ▁the ▁community ▁is ▁an ▁in al ien able ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Arab s ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁nation ▁at ▁large ". ▁ ▁National ▁Service ▁R ather ▁than ▁perform ▁army ▁service , ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁youth s ▁have ▁the |
▁option ▁to ▁volunte er ▁to ▁national ▁service ▁and ▁receive ▁benefits ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁received ▁by ▁dis charg ed ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁volunte ers ▁are ▁generally ▁allocated ▁to ▁Arab ▁populations , ▁where ▁they ▁assist ▁with ▁social ▁and ▁community ▁matters . ▁ ▁there ▁are ▁ 1 , 4 7 3 ▁Arab s ▁volunte ering ▁for ▁national ▁service . ▁According ▁to ▁sources ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁service ▁administration , ▁Arab ▁leaders ▁are ▁coun sel ing ▁youth s ▁to ▁ref rain ▁from ▁performing ▁services ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁National ▁Service ▁official : ▁" For ▁years ▁the ▁Arab ▁leadership ▁has ▁demanded , ▁just ifi ably , ▁benefits ▁for ▁Arab ▁youth s ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁received ▁by ▁dis charg ed ▁soldiers . ▁Now , ▁when ▁this ▁opportunity ▁is ▁available , ▁it ▁is ▁precisely ▁these ▁leaders ▁who ▁reject ▁the ▁state ' s ▁call ▁to ▁come ▁and ▁do ▁the ▁service , ▁and ▁receive ▁these ▁benefits ." ▁ ▁Inter comm unal ▁relations ▁ ▁Sur ve ys ▁and ▁pol ls ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁survey ▁by ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁Jewish - A rab ▁Center , ▁ 8 5 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁stated ▁that ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁state , ▁and ▁ 7 0 % ▁that ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁dem ocr atic , ▁Jewish ▁state . ▁A ▁Tr uman ▁Institute ▁survey ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizens |
▁accepted ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁Israel ▁is ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁people . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁poll ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁advoc acy ▁group ▁the ▁Center ▁Again st ▁R ac ism ▁showed ▁negative ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁Arab s . ▁The ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Jews ▁believe ▁Arab s ▁are ▁a ▁security ▁threat ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁would ▁refuse ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁building ▁as ▁an ▁Arab ; ▁ 3 4 % ▁believe ▁that ▁Arab ▁culture ▁is ▁inferior ▁to ▁Isra eli ▁culture . ▁Support ▁for ▁seg reg ation ▁between ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁was ▁higher ▁among ▁Jews ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁origin . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁patri ot ism ▁survey , ▁ 5 6 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁were ▁not ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁citizens hip ▁and ▁ 7 3 % ▁were ▁not ▁ready ▁to ▁fight ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁state , ▁but ▁ 7 7 % ▁said ▁that ▁Israel ▁was ▁better ▁than ▁most ▁other ▁countries ▁and ▁ 5 3 % ▁were ▁proud ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁w elf are ▁system . ▁E ight y - two ▁percent ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁rather ▁be ▁a ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Israel ▁than ▁of ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁An ▁Isra eli ▁Dem ocracy ▁Institute ▁( ID I ) ▁poll ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁showed ▁that ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁" Is ra eli ▁Arab s ▁would ▁support ▁a ▁constitution ▁that ▁maintained ▁Israel ' s ▁status ▁as ▁a |
▁Jewish ▁and ▁dem ocr atic ▁state ▁while ▁guarantee ing ▁equal ▁rights ▁for ▁minor ities , ▁while ▁ 2 3 % ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁opp ose ▁such ▁a ▁definition ". ▁Another ▁survey ▁that ▁year ▁showed ▁that ▁ 6 2 % ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab s ▁would ▁prefer ▁to ▁remain ▁Isra eli ▁citizens ▁rather ▁than ▁become ▁citizens ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁Palest in ian ▁state . ▁A ▁separate ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁ 7 7 % ▁would ▁rather ▁live ▁in ▁Israel ▁than ▁in ▁any ▁other ▁country ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁Another ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁poll ▁by ▁Sam my ▁Sm o oh a ▁found ▁that ▁ 6 3 % ▁of ▁Jewish ▁Israel is ▁avoided ▁entering ▁Arab ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁fe ared ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁w ides p read ▁civil ▁un rest ▁among ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ; ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁just ified ▁He z bol lah ' s ▁capture ▁of ▁ID F ▁res erv ists ▁E h ud ▁Gold w asser ▁and ▁E ld ad ▁Reg ev ▁in ▁a ▁cross - border ▁ra id ; ▁ 1 9 % ▁thought ▁Israel ▁was ▁just ified ▁in ▁going ▁to ▁war ▁following ▁the ▁kid n apping ; ▁ 4 8 % ▁just ified ▁He z bol lah ▁ro cket ▁attacks ▁on ▁northern ▁Israel ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War ; ▁ 8 9 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁saw ▁the ▁ID F ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Leb anon |
▁as ▁a ▁war ▁crime , ▁while ▁ 4 4 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁viewed ▁He z bol lah ' s ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁crime ; ▁ 6 2 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁wor ried ▁that ▁Israel ▁could ▁transfer ▁their ▁communities ▁to ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁a ▁future ▁Palest in ian ▁state , ▁and ▁ 6 0 % ▁said ▁they ▁were ▁concerned ▁about ▁a ▁possible ▁mass ▁exp ulsion ; ▁ 7 6 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁described ▁Z ion ism ▁as ▁rac ist ; ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁would ▁be ▁content ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁the ▁Jewish ▁state ▁alongside ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Bank ▁and ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ; ▁ 4 1 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁denied ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁ever ▁happened . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁in ▁Israel ▁reported ▁a ▁" d ram atic ▁increase " ▁in ▁rac ism ▁against ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁including ▁a ▁ 2 6 ▁percent ▁rise ▁in ▁anti - A rab ▁inc idents . ▁AC RI ▁president ▁Sam i ▁Michael ▁said ▁that ▁" Is ra eli ▁society ▁is ▁reaching ▁new ▁height s ▁of ▁rac ism ▁that ▁dam ages ▁freedom ▁of ▁expression ▁and ▁priv acy ". ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁on ▁inter comm unal ▁relations ▁by ▁Harvard ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁found ▁that ▁Arab s ▁and ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel ▁under est im ated ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which |
▁their ▁communities ▁" lik ed " ▁one ▁another . ▁ 6 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁Jews ▁supported ▁teaching ▁Arab ic ▁in ▁Jewish ▁schools . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁poll ▁by ▁the ▁Center ▁Again st ▁R ac ism ▁found ▁that ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁would ▁not ▁live ▁in ▁a ▁building ▁with ▁Arab s ; ▁over ▁ 6 0 % ▁would ▁not ▁inv ite ▁Arab s ▁to ▁their ▁homes ; ▁ 4 0 % ▁believed ▁that ▁Arab s ▁should ▁be ▁stri pped ▁of ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ; ▁over ▁ 5 0 % ▁agreed ▁that ▁the ▁State ▁should ▁encou rage ▁em igration ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁to ▁other ▁countries ; ▁ 5 9 % ▁considered ▁Arab ▁culture ▁primitive . ▁Ask ed ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁feel ▁when ▁you ▁hear ▁people ▁speaking ▁Arab ic ?" ▁ 3 1 % ▁said ▁hate ▁and ▁ 5 0 % ▁said ▁fear . ▁Only ▁ 1 9 % ▁reported ▁positive ▁or ▁neutral ▁feelings . ▁ ▁Sur ve ys ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁found ▁a ▁radical ization ▁in ▁the ▁positions ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁towards ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Israel , ▁with ▁ 4 1 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁recogn izing ▁Israel ' s ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁dem ocr atic ▁state ▁( down ▁from ▁ 6 6 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁and ▁ 5 4 % ▁bel ieving ▁Israel ▁has ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁country ▁( down ▁from ▁ 8 |
1 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁Pol ls ▁also ▁showed ▁that ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁engaged ▁in ▁Hol oca ust ▁den ial . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁poll ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁found ▁that ▁ 5 0 % ▁did ▁not ▁think ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁were ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁rights ▁as ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel , ▁and ▁ 5 6 % ▁thought ▁Arab s ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁K ness et . ▁The ▁figures ▁rose ▁among ▁religious ▁students . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Arab ▁Jewish ▁Rel ations ▁Survey , ▁compiled ▁by ▁Prof . ▁Sam i ▁Sm o och a ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁Jewish - A rab ▁Center ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ha ifa ▁shows ▁that ▁ 7 1 % ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁said ▁they ▁bl amed ▁Jews ▁for ▁the ▁hard ships ▁suffered ▁by ▁Palest ini ans ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁" N ak ba " ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ 3 8 % ▁denied ▁the ▁Hol oca ust . ▁The ▁percentage ▁supporting ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁violence ▁to ▁advance ▁Arab ▁causes ▁clim bed ▁from ▁ 6 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 2 % ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ 6 6 % ▁say ▁they ▁reject ▁Israel ▁as ▁a ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Z ion ist ▁state , ▁while ▁ 3 0 % ▁opposed ▁its ▁existence ▁under ▁any ▁terms . ▁ 6 3 % ▁saw ▁the ▁Jews ▁as ▁" |
fore ign ▁sett lers ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁fit ▁into ▁the ▁region ▁and ▁will ▁eventually ▁leave , ▁when ▁the ▁land ▁will ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ". ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁University ▁of ▁Maryland ▁/ ▁Z og by ▁International ▁poll ▁of ▁ 6 0 0 ▁Arab ▁Israel is ▁compiled ▁by ▁Sh ible y ▁Tel ham i ▁found ▁that ▁ 3 6 ▁percent ▁considered ▁their ▁Arab ▁identity ▁to ▁be ▁" most ▁important ", ▁while ▁ 2 2 % ▁answered ▁" Pal est in ian ", ▁ 1 9 % ▁Muslim , ▁and ▁ 1 2 % ▁Isra eli . ▁ ▁Among st ▁other ▁things , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁survey ▁by ▁M ada ▁al - C arm el , ▁the ▁Arab ▁Center ▁for ▁App lied ▁Social ▁Research , ▁asked ▁Arab ▁students ▁what ▁obst acles ▁they ▁felt ▁they ▁faced ▁in ▁getting ▁into ▁university : ▁ 7 1 % ▁said ▁the ▁psych ometric ▁exam ▁was ▁the ▁primary ▁obst acle , ▁while ▁ 4 0 % ▁c ited ▁" J ew ish ▁rac ism ". ▁The ▁survey ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁ 4 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁those ▁question ed ▁felt ▁no ▁pride ▁in ▁Isra eli ▁achiev ements ▁in ▁whatever ▁field , ▁with ▁another ▁ 1 3 % ▁reporting ▁negative ▁feelings ▁about ▁them . ▁ ▁A ▁P ew ▁Research ▁poll ▁released ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁showed ▁that ▁close ▁to ▁half ▁of ▁all ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁are ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁" trans fer ring ▁or ▁exp elling " ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab |
▁population . ▁ 4 8 % ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁strongly ▁agree ▁or ▁agree ▁with ▁the ▁idea , ▁and ▁ 4 6 % ▁strongly ▁disag ree ▁or ▁disag ree . ▁The ▁in - person ▁pol ling ▁was ▁conducted ▁in ▁a ▁relatively ▁" cal m " ▁from ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁through ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁terror ist ▁attacks ▁Because ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁have ▁Isra eli ▁citizens hip , ▁they ▁have ▁become ▁increasing ly ▁target ed ▁for ▁rec ruit ment ▁as ▁oper atives ▁by ▁organizations ▁that ▁attack ▁civ ili ans . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁General ▁Security ▁Service ▁( Sh ab ak ), ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Int if ada , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 2 ▁cases ▁where ▁some ▁Arab - Is rael is ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁some ▁way ▁in ▁terror ist ▁attacks ▁killing ▁hundreds ▁of ▁Israel is . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁for ▁example , ▁passengers ▁dis emb ark ing ▁from ▁a ▁train ▁in ▁N ah ari ya ▁were ▁attacked ▁by ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁Arab ▁who ▁killed ▁ 3 ▁and ▁wounded ▁ 9 0 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁two ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁were ▁conv icted ▁of ▁m ans la ugh ter ▁for ▁sm ugg ling ▁a ▁suic ide ▁bom ber ▁into ▁Israel . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 |
, ▁some ▁ 1 5 0 ▁Arab s ▁from ▁East ▁Jerusalem ▁were ▁arrested ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁such ▁attacks . ▁ ▁He z bol lah ▁has ▁taken ▁advantage ▁of ▁family ▁and ▁criminal ▁t ies ▁with ▁Isra eli - A rab s ▁who ▁can ▁easily ▁cross ▁the ▁border ▁into ▁Leb anon , ▁meet ▁with ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁the ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁Bank , ▁transfer ▁weapons , ▁dru gs ▁and ▁money ▁to ▁Israel , ▁gather ▁intelligence ▁and ▁rec ruit ▁oper atives . ▁This ▁phenomen on ▁is ▁particularly ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Gh aj ar . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁conv icted ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁for ▁He z bol lah . ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁terror ▁cells ▁have ▁been ▁established , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁cell ▁in ▁Re ine h ▁whose ▁members ▁were ▁arrested ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Vi ol ence ▁against ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁Israel ▁Alexander ▁Y ak ob son ▁of ▁Jerusalem ' s ▁Heb rew ▁University ▁has ▁said ▁" There ▁is ▁very ▁little ▁actual ▁violence ▁between ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s . ▁Given ▁the ▁length ▁and ▁the ▁intensity ▁of ▁the ▁conflict , ▁that ▁is ▁both ▁surprising ▁and ▁encourag ing ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Ka fr ▁Q as im ▁mass acre , ▁ 4 8 ▁un ar med ▁Arab ▁citizens , ▁returning ▁to ▁their ▁village , ▁were ▁g unn ed ▁down ▁by ▁an ▁Israel ▁Border ▁Police ▁pl ato on ; ▁a |
▁cur f ew ▁had ▁been ▁im posed , ▁but ▁the ▁vill agers ▁were ▁not ▁informed ▁of ▁it . ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁Isra eli ▁security ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁w ake ▁of ▁violent ▁demonstr ations ▁and ▁ri ots , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Land ▁Day ▁demonstr ations , ▁which ▁left ▁ 6 ▁dead , ▁and ▁the ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁events ▁in ▁which ▁ 1 2 ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁and ▁one ▁Palest in ian ▁from ▁Gaz a ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁an ▁A W OL ▁ID F ▁soldier , ▁E den ▁Nat an - Z ada ▁opened ▁fire ▁in ▁a ▁bus ▁in ▁She fa - Am r ▁in ▁northern ▁Israel , ▁murder ing ▁four ▁Arab s ▁and ▁w ounding ▁twenty - two ▁others . ▁No ▁group ▁had ▁taken ▁credit ▁for ▁the ▁terror ist ▁attack ▁and ▁an ▁official ▁in ▁the ▁sett ler ▁movement ▁den ounced ▁it . ▁ ▁Arab ▁vict ims ▁of ▁terror ism ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁vict ims ▁of ▁Palest in ian , ▁Arab , ▁or ▁Islam ist ▁attacks ▁on ▁Israel ▁and ▁Israel is . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁three ▁Dru ze ▁gu ards ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁Ein ▁Of ar im , ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ah ▁region . ▁Two ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Ma ' al ot ▁mass acre ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁Liber ation ▁of |
▁Palest ine ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁town ▁of ▁Tur ' an ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁attack ▁on ▁a ▁Ha ifa ▁restaurant ▁Two ▁months ▁later , ▁a ▁woman ▁from ▁J aff a ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁Ham as ▁suic ide ▁bomb ing ▁in ▁R ish on ▁Le Z ion ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁A ▁woman ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁border ▁town ▁of ▁Bart a ' a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁killed ▁by ▁Ham as ▁in ▁the ▁Pat ▁J unction ▁Bus ▁Bomb ing ▁in ▁Jerusalem ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁man ▁from ▁the ▁Arab ▁town ▁of ▁M g har ▁and ▁woman ▁from ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁village ▁of ▁S aj ur ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁suic ide ▁bomb ing ▁at ▁Mer on ▁j unction ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁an ▁Is fi ya ▁man ▁and ▁a ▁T ay ibe ▁woman ▁were ▁among ▁ 1 4 ▁killed ▁by ▁Islam ic ▁J ih ad ▁in ▁the ▁E gg ed ▁bus ▁ 8 4 1 ▁mass acre . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁girl ▁from ▁the ▁Dru ze ▁town ▁of ▁D ali y at ▁al - K arm el ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Ha ifa ▁bus ▁ 3 7 ▁suic ide ▁bomb ing |
. ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁A ▁J is r ▁az - Z ar qa ▁man , ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁A ful a ▁m all ▁suic ide ▁bomb ing . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁F ata h ▁al - A q sa ▁Mart y rs ' ▁Brig ades ▁gun men ▁killed ▁George ▁Kh our y , ▁a ▁Heb rew ▁University ▁student . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁five ▁Arab ▁ID F ▁soldiers ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁an ▁explos ion ▁and ▁shooting ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Egypt ▁for ▁which ▁the ▁F ata h ▁Haw ks ▁claimed ▁responsibility . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁four ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁ 2 1 ▁killed ▁by ▁Han adi ▁Jar ad at ▁in ▁the ▁Maxim ▁restaurant ▁suic ide ▁bomb ing . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 1 9 ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁were ▁killed ▁due ▁to ▁He z bol lah ▁ro cket ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Leb anon ▁War . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 1 1 ▁Arab ▁tour ists ▁from ▁Israel ▁were ▁killed ▁when ▁their ▁bus ▁over turn ed ▁in ▁Egypt ' s ▁S ina i ▁Pen ins ula . ▁Israel ▁sent ▁Mag en ▁David ▁Ad om , ▁but ▁the ▁amb ul ances ▁waited ▁for ▁hours ▁at ▁the ▁border ▁before ▁receiving ▁Egypt ian ▁permission ▁to ▁enter |
▁and ▁treat ▁the ▁wounded , ▁responsible ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁death s . ▁The ▁vict ims ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁driver ▁acted ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁planned ▁terror ist ▁attack , ▁and ▁are ▁attempting ▁to ▁receive ▁compens ation ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁Many ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁share ▁in ▁the ▁culture ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁people ▁and ▁wider ▁Arab ▁region ▁of ▁which ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁form ▁a ▁part . ▁There ▁are ▁still ▁some ▁women ▁who ▁produce ▁Palest in ian ▁cultural ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁Palest in ian ▁emb roid ery , ▁and ▁cost ume . ▁The ▁Palest in ian ▁folk ▁dance , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁d ab ke , ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁taught ▁to ▁youth ▁in ▁cultural ▁groups , ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁dan ced ▁at ▁wed d ings ▁and ▁other ▁parties . ▁ ▁Language ▁L ingu ist ically ▁speaking , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁Arab ic ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁are ▁flu ently ▁b iling ual , ▁speaking ▁both ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab ic ▁dialect ▁and ▁Heb rew . ▁In ▁Arab ▁homes ▁and ▁towns , ▁the ▁primary ▁language ▁spoken ▁is ▁Arab ic . ▁Some ▁Heb rew ▁words ▁have ▁entered ▁the ▁col lo qu ial ▁Arab ic ▁dialect . ▁For ▁example , ▁Arab s ▁often ▁use ▁the ▁word ▁bes eder ▁( equ ivalent ▁of ▁" Ok ay ") ▁while ▁speaking ▁Arab ic . ▁Other ▁Heb rew ▁words ▁that ▁are ▁regularly ▁inter sp ers ed ▁are ▁ram zor ▁( stop light ), ▁ma z gan ▁( air ▁condition er ), ▁and ▁ma |
hs he v ▁( comput er ). ▁The ▁resulting ▁dialect ▁is ▁usually ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁' Is ra eli ▁Arab ic '. ▁ ▁Such ▁borrow ings ▁are ▁often ▁" A rab ized " ▁to ▁reflect ▁not ▁only ▁Arab ic ▁ph on ology ▁but ▁the ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁Heb rew ▁as ▁spoken ▁by ▁Arab s . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁second ▁con son ant ▁of ▁ מ ע ו נ ו ת ▁( me ' on ot , ▁" d orm itory ") ▁would ▁be ▁pron ounced ▁as ▁a ▁vo iced ▁ph ary n ge al ▁fr ic ative ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁gl ott al ▁stop ▁tradition ally ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Jews . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁different ▁local ▁col lo qu ial ▁dialect s ▁among ▁Arab s ▁in ▁different ▁regions ▁and ▁local ities . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁Little ▁Tri angle ▁residents ▁of ▁U mm ▁al - F ah m ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁pron oun cing ▁the ▁kap h ▁sound ▁with ▁a ▁" ch " ▁( as - in - che ese ) ▁rather ▁than ▁" k " ▁( as - in - k ite ). ▁Some ▁Arab ic ▁words ▁or ▁phr ases ▁are ▁used ▁only ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁local ities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Naz are th ▁word ▁for ▁" now " ▁which ▁is ▁iss a , ▁and ▁s ile ma ▁a ▁local ▁modification ▁of ▁the ▁English ▁word ▁" cin ema ". ▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁tend ▁to ▁watch ▁both ▁the ▁Arab ▁satellite ▁news ▁stations ▁and |
▁Isra eli ▁cable ▁stations ▁and ▁read ▁both ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁Heb rew ▁newsp apers , ▁comparing ▁the ▁information ▁against ▁one ▁another . ▁ ▁Music ▁and ▁art ▁ ▁The ▁Palest in ian ▁art ▁scene ▁in ▁general ▁has ▁been ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁contributions ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁singer ▁Am al ▁Mur k us ▁( from ▁Ka fr ▁Y as if ) ▁to ▁evol ving ▁traditional ▁Palest in ian ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁music ▁styles , ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁Arab ▁youth ▁in ▁Israel ▁has ▁also ▁begun ▁as ser ting ▁a ▁Palest in ian ▁identity ▁in ▁new ▁musical ▁forms . ▁For ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁hip ▁hop ▁group ▁D AM , ▁from ▁L od , ▁has ▁sp ur red ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁other ▁hip ▁hop ▁groups ▁from ▁Ak ka , ▁to ▁Beth le hem , ▁to ▁Ram al lah , ▁to ▁Gaz a ▁City . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁prominent ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁Athletics , ▁as ▁seen ▁specifically ▁by ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁Isra eli ▁football . ▁Play ers ▁such ▁as ▁Abb as ▁Su an ▁have ▁had ▁ill ust ri ous ▁care ers ▁playing ▁not ▁only ▁professional ▁football , ▁but ▁also ▁most ▁not ably ▁for ▁the ▁Israel ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁These ▁players ▁have ▁been ▁argued ▁to ▁represent ▁symbols ▁of ▁political ▁movement ▁and ▁civil ▁justice ▁for ▁the ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁considering ▁alleg ed ▁disc rimin atory ▁sent iments ▁against ▁the ▁Arab ▁population . |
▁Specifically ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁World ▁Cup ▁Qual ifying ▁match , ▁Su an ▁and ▁his ▁Arab ▁team m ates ▁played ▁significant ▁roles ▁for ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁National ▁Team , ▁where ▁Su an ▁scored ▁an ▁equal ising ▁goal ▁against ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁Following ▁this ▁match , ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁received ▁un pre ced ented ▁media ▁attention ▁from ▁Isra eli ▁TV ▁stations . ▁Even ▁without ▁the ▁public ity , ▁the ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁been ▁said ▁to ▁look ▁up ▁to ▁these ▁players ▁in ▁hopes ▁that ▁they ▁speak ▁up ▁for ▁them ▁as ▁their ▁political ▁voice ▁within ▁Israel . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁months , ▁Su an ▁and ▁other ▁players ▁were ▁supposed ly ▁being ▁critic ised ▁by ▁the ▁Heb rew ▁Media ▁for ▁their ▁invol vement ▁with ▁political ▁issues . ▁This ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁answers ▁to ▁questions ▁regarding ▁their ▁part aking ▁in ▁the ▁singing ▁of ▁the ▁Hat ik v ah , ▁the ▁national ▁anth em ▁of ▁Israel . ▁Over all , ▁Israel - Pal est in ian ▁s occer ▁players ▁are ▁looked ▁up ▁to ▁greatly ▁by ▁the ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel , ▁yet ▁are ▁alleg edly ▁critic ised ▁and ▁sil enced ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁to ▁their ▁attempts ▁to ▁involve ▁themselves ▁in ▁political ▁issues ▁surrounding ▁equality ▁for ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁in ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Cinema ▁and ▁the ater ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁have ▁made ▁significant ▁contributions ▁in ▁both ▁Heb rew ▁and ▁Arab ic ▁cinema ▁and ▁the ater . ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bak ri , |
▁and ▁Jul iano ▁Mer - K ham is ▁have ▁star red ▁in ▁Isra eli ▁film ▁and ▁television . ▁Direct ors ▁such ▁as ▁Moh amm ad ▁Bak ri , ▁El ia ▁S ule iman , ▁H any ▁Ab u - Ass ad , ▁and ▁Michel ▁Kh le ifi ▁have ▁put ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁on ▁the ▁cin ematic ▁map . ▁ ▁Liter ature ▁Acc laimed ▁Isra eli - A rab ▁authors ▁include ▁Emil ▁Hab ib i , ▁Anton ▁Sh amm as , ▁and ▁Say ed ▁K ash ua . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁peace ▁projects ▁ ▁Isra eli ▁Jews ▁ ▁Israel is ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁of ▁Israel ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Arab ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁K ness et ▁ ▁R ac ism ▁in ▁Israel ▁ ▁Sum ud ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁ ▁Morris , ▁Ben ny , ▁ 1 9 4 8 : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Arab - Is ra eli ▁War , ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press . ▁▁ ▁Or g ad , ▁L ia v ▁( Ph D ), ▁ID C , ▁H ert z lia , ▁" Intern ational izing ▁the ▁issue ▁of ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ", ▁Ma ar iv , ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁p . 7 . ▁ ▁" Is rael ' s ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens : ▁The ▁Cont inu ing ▁Str ug gle " ▁by ▁Mark ▁T ess ler ; ▁Aud ra ▁K . ▁Grant |
. ▁Ann als ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Academy ▁of ▁Political ▁and ▁Social ▁Science , ▁Vol . ▁ 5 5 5 , ▁Israel ▁in ▁Trans ition . ▁( Jan ., ▁ 1 9 9 8 ), ▁pp . 9 7 – 1 1 3 . ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁Isra eli ▁Palest ini ans : ▁an ▁Arab ▁minor ity ▁in ▁the ▁Jewish ▁state ▁/ ▁Alexander ▁Bl igh ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁( book ) ▁ ▁T all ▁sh adows : ▁inter views ▁with ▁Isra eli ▁Arab s ▁/ ▁Sm ad ar ▁Bak ov ic ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁English ▁Book ▁ 3 1 3 ▁p . L an ham , ▁MD : ▁Hamilton ▁Books , ▁▁ ▁Israel ' s ▁Arab ▁Cit iz ens ▁/ ▁Laur ence ▁Lou ë r ; ▁John ▁King ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁London : ▁C . ▁Hur st ▁& ▁Co . ▁Ltd . ▁▁ ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁in ▁Israel : ▁the ▁on going ▁conflict ▁with ▁the ▁state ▁/ ▁Mass oud ▁A hm ad ▁E gh bar ie h . ▁Th esis ▁( Ph D ). ▁University ▁of ▁Maryland ▁at ▁College ▁Park , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁[ https :// www . c ris is group . org / middle - east - n orth - a frica / e astern - med iter rane an / is rael pal est ine / identity - c ris is - is rael - and - its - arab - cit iz ens ▁Identity ▁crisis : ▁Israel |
▁and ▁its ▁Arab ▁citizens ]. ▁International ▁Cris is ▁Group . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁P appe , ▁Il an , ▁The ▁F org ot ten ▁Palest ini ans : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Palest ini ans ▁in ▁Israel , ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Pe leg , ▁Il an , ▁and ▁D ov ▁W ax man , ▁Israel ' s ▁Palest ini ans : ▁The ▁Conf lict ▁Within , ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁Re iter , ▁Y itz h ak , ▁National ▁Minor ity , ▁Regional ▁Major ity : ▁Palest in ian ▁Arab s ▁Vers us ▁Jews ▁in ▁Israel ▁( S y rac use ▁Studies ▁on ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Resol ution ), ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Sy rac use ▁Un iv ▁Press ▁( S d ). ▁▁▁▁ ▁* ▁Arab ▁citizens ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁society <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁football ▁team ▁represented ▁State ▁Te ach ers ▁College ▁at ▁San ▁Jose ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁college ▁football ▁season . ▁ ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁Coast ▁Conference ▁( CC C ). ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁second - year ▁head ▁coach ▁David ▁Wo oster , ▁and ▁they ▁played ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁Spart an ▁Field ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California . ▁The ▁team ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁two ▁wins , ▁five ▁losses ▁and ▁one |
▁tie ▁( 2 – 5 – 1 , ▁ 0 – 3 ▁C CC ). ▁The ▁Spart ans ▁were ▁out sc ored ▁by ▁their ▁oppon ents ▁ 3 4 - 1 2 7 ▁for ▁the ▁season , ▁including ▁being ▁shut out ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁four ▁games . ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Category : San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁football ▁seasons ▁San ▁Jose ▁State ▁Spart ans ▁f <0x0A> </s> ▁Groß m ug l ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁of ▁Kor ne ub urg ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria ▁in ▁Austria . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁about ▁ 1 5 km ▁north ▁of ▁Sto cker au ▁within ▁the ▁We inv iert el ▁in ▁Lower ▁Austria . ▁Groß m ug l ▁takes ▁up ▁about ▁ 6 4 . 4 9 ▁square ▁kilom eters , ▁ 2 9 . 9 1 ▁percent ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁forest . ▁ ▁The ▁giant ▁tum ulus ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁literally ▁transl ates ▁as ▁" large ▁ste ep ▁hill ," ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁nearby ▁tum ulus ▁( loc ally ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lee berg ) ▁that ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁ere cted ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ender berg ▁culture , ▁probably ▁around ▁ 6 0 0 - 5 0 0 ▁B . C . ▁This ▁was ▁a ▁n ort he astern ▁subgroup ▁of ▁the ▁Hall st att ▁culture , ▁with ▁a ▁standard ▁of ▁living ▁generally ▁somewhat ▁poor er ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁co ex isting ▁sub groups ▁of ▁the ▁eastern |
▁Hall st att ▁cultural ▁area . ▁The ▁ge ographic ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁is ▁ 4 8 ° ▁ 2 9 . 3 4 ' N / 1 6 ° 1 3 . 4 5 ' E . ▁ ▁With ▁ 5 5 ▁m ▁diameter ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁m ▁height ▁remaining , ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁hill ▁grave ▁in ▁Central ▁Europe . ▁T aking ▁er os ion ▁into ▁account , ▁its ▁original ▁size ▁can ▁be ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 1 8 – 2 0 ▁m ▁height ▁and ▁a ▁base ▁diameter ▁of ▁about ▁ 7 0 ▁m . ▁Because ▁of ▁its ▁unusual ▁size ▁it ▁has ▁apparently ▁def ied ▁gra ver ob bers ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁more ▁recent ▁efforts ▁of ▁" am ateur ▁ar che olog ists ." ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁beyond ▁doubt ▁that ▁this ▁huge ▁tum ulus ▁must ▁be ▁a ▁powerful ▁local ▁ch ie ft ain ' s ▁bur ial ▁place , ▁no ▁serious ▁attempt ▁at ▁scientific ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁Lee berg ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁either . ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁opened ▁a ▁permanent ▁star ▁walk ▁installation ▁designated ▁for ▁astronom ical ▁observations ▁with ▁the ▁una ided ▁eye . ▁The ▁Groß m ug l ▁Star ▁Walk ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Project ▁Night fl ight ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁close ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Groß m ug l . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁Home page ▁( G erman ) ▁ ▁Groß m ug l ▁Star ▁Walk ▁Install ation ▁ ▁Category : C ities ▁and ▁towns ▁in ▁Kor |
ne ub urg ▁District ▁Category : I ron ▁Age ▁Austria ▁Category : T um uli ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁created ▁by ▁Con rad ▁von ▁St öff ler ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁character ▁gives ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁cycle ▁of ▁Old ▁French ▁ch ans ons ▁de ▁g este , ▁La ▁G este ▁de ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane . ▁His ▁cycle ▁tells ▁stories ▁of ▁f ie fl ess ▁l ads ▁of ▁noble ▁birth ▁who ▁went ▁off ▁seeking ▁land ▁and ▁advent ure ▁fighting ▁the ▁Sar ac ens . ▁ ▁The ▁several ▁hero es ▁who ▁rode ▁off ▁seeking ▁war ▁and ▁wealth ▁in ▁this ▁way ▁are ▁given ▁gene alog ies ▁that ▁made ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁their ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁A part ▁from ▁father ing ▁a ▁race ▁of ▁land less ▁kn ights , ▁Gar in ▁de ▁Mong lane ▁himself ▁is ▁a ▁character ▁whose ▁portrait ▁in ▁the ▁po ems ▁is ▁otherwise ▁drawn ▁very ▁sketch ily . ▁Po ems ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁Gar in ▁cycle ▁include ▁the ▁ch ans ons ▁of ▁Gir art ▁de ▁V ienne , ▁A imer i ▁de ▁Nar bon ne , ▁and ▁Guillaume . ▁Of ▁these ▁po ems , ▁A imer i ▁de ▁Nar bon ne ▁has ▁the ▁largest ▁literary ▁interest . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁M atter ▁of ▁France ▁ ▁Gir art ▁de ▁R ouss illon ▁ ▁Franco - Pro ven ç al ▁language ▁ ▁Category : F ict ional ▁French ▁people ▁Category : Liter ary |
▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional ▁kn ights ▁Category : M atter ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Ch ans ons ▁de ▁g este <0x0A> </s> ▁Steven ▁Gl enn ▁C arg ile ▁( born ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁football ▁safety ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos , ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁and ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Columbia ▁University . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁C arg ile ▁attended ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Ch anel ▁High ▁School , ▁where ▁he ▁pract iced ▁football , ▁basketball , ▁track ▁and ▁baseball . ▁As ▁a ▁senior ▁in ▁football , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁All - state ▁selection ▁at ▁wide ▁receiver ▁and ▁All - con ference ▁at ▁safety , ▁while ▁helping ▁his ▁team ▁achieve ▁a ▁ 1 3 - 1 ▁record . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁all - count y ▁in ▁basketball , ▁while ▁helping ▁hid ▁team ▁win ▁the ▁Division ▁III ▁state ▁championship . ▁ ▁He ▁accepted ▁a ▁football ▁scholar ship ▁from ▁Columbia ▁University , ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁wide ▁receiver ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁three ▁years . ▁As ▁a ▁s oph om ore , ▁he ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 7 ▁games ▁ ▁a ▁backup , ▁t ally ing ▁ 1 4 ▁reception s ▁for ▁ 1 8 4 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 3 ▁touch down s . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁junior , ▁he ▁started ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁games ▁at ▁wide ▁receiver , ▁making ▁ 2 4 ▁reception |
s ▁( four th ▁on ▁the ▁team ) ▁for ▁ 3 2 0 ▁yards ▁and ▁ 4 ▁touch down s . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁senior , ▁he ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁strong ▁safety , ▁register ing ▁ 1 0 ▁starts , ▁ 9 9 ▁tack les ▁( led ▁the ▁team ), ▁ 3 ▁passes ▁def ensed , ▁ 2 ▁inter ception s ▁and ▁one ▁forced ▁f umble , ▁while ▁receiving ▁Second - team ▁All - I vy ▁League ▁recognition . ▁ ▁Professional ▁career ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys ▁C arg ile ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁an ▁und raft ed ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁NFL ▁D raft . ▁He ▁was ▁wa ived ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 ▁and ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁squad . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster ▁on ▁December ▁ 5 , ▁but ▁was ▁declared ▁in active ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁against ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁T ampa ▁bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁( first ▁st int ) ▁After ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁football ▁for ▁a ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁cut ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Den ver ▁Bron |
cos ▁signed ▁him ▁to ▁their ▁practice ▁squad . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁three ▁games , ▁after ▁safety ▁Nick ▁Fer g us on ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁injured ▁reserve ▁list . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁tried ▁at ▁outside ▁line back er ▁before ▁being ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 ▁and ▁later ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁squad . ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁ro ster . ▁He ▁was ▁cut ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁after ▁playing ▁mainly ▁on ▁special ▁teams ▁for ▁the ▁Bron cos . ▁ ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁On ▁April ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁claimed ▁off ▁wa ivers ▁by ▁the ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁signed ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁He ▁was ▁wa ived ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁( second ▁st int ) ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁by ▁the ▁T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁re - signed ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 ▁and ▁cut ▁ 3 ▁days ▁later . ▁ |
▁Personal ▁life ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁has ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁sc out ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Patri ots . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bed ford , ▁Ohio ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Ohio ▁Category : American ▁football ▁corner back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁saf eties ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁L ions ▁football ▁players ▁Category : D allas ▁Cow bo ys ▁players ▁Category : Den ver ▁Bron cos ▁players ▁Category : T ampa ▁Bay ▁Bu cc ane ers ▁players ▁Category : New ▁England ▁Patri ots ▁sc outs <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁term , ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁for ▁" ag ain st ▁death " ▁(' ath án atos ), ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁gene ▁B cl - 2 - associ ated ▁ath an ogene ▁ 1 ▁( BA G - 1 ; ▁alias ▁H AP 4 6 / BA G - 1 M ) ▁upon ▁discovery ▁of ▁its ▁ability ▁to ▁confer ▁trans fect ed ▁cells ▁with ▁resistance ▁to ▁apo pt osis . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Gen es ▁Category : A po pt osis ▁Category : Cl oning <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁Gib b ons ▁( J une ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁- ▁) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁econom ist , ▁currently ▁the ▁Slo an ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Professor ▁of ▁Management ▁at ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Education ▁Ph . |
▁D . ▁( Dec ision ▁Sciences ), ▁Stan ford ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Business , ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁M . ▁Phil . ▁( E conom ics , ▁with ▁hon ours ), ▁Cambridge ▁University , ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁A . ▁B . ▁( App lied ▁Mathemat ics , ▁mag na ▁cum ▁la ude ), ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁Selected ▁publications ▁▁ ▁Gib b ons , ▁Robert ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁Game ▁Theory ▁for ▁App lied ▁Econom ists , ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁Press ▁ ▁( The ▁non ▁US ▁version ▁is ▁A ▁Pr imer ▁in ▁Game ▁Theory ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : MIT ▁Slo an ▁School ▁of ▁Management ▁fac ulty ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁econom ists ▁Category : Har vard ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Category : St an ford ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁E con ometric ▁Society <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁article ▁is ▁about ▁the ▁ph on ology ▁of ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sh ā mi ▁Arab ic , ▁and ▁its ▁sub - dia lect s . ▁ ▁Vari eties ▁As ▁in ▁most ▁Arab ic - spe aking ▁areas , ▁the ▁spoken ▁language ▁diff ers ▁significantly ▁between ▁urban , ▁rural ▁and ▁nom ad ▁populations |
. ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁nom ads ▁trace ▁to ▁various ▁tribes ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ian ▁Pen ins ula , ▁and ▁their ▁dialect ▁is ▁consequ ently ▁close ▁to ▁Pen ins ular ▁Arab ic ▁( N aj di ). ▁Note ▁that ▁although ▁claim ing ▁a ▁Bed ou in ▁ancest ry ▁sounds ▁pr estig ious in ▁the ▁Lev ant , ▁the ▁Bed ou in ▁influence ▁on ▁this ▁old ▁sed ent ary ▁area ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁over est im ated . ▁These ▁dialect s ▁are ▁not ▁covered ▁in ▁detail ▁here , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁specific ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁rural ▁language ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁changes ▁most , ▁and ▁as ▁in ▁every ▁old ▁sed ent ary ▁area , ▁the ▁changes ▁are ▁grad ual , ▁with ▁more ▁marked ▁forms ▁in ▁extrem al ▁or ▁isolated ▁areas ▁( e . g . ▁general ▁shift ▁of ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁rural ▁Palest in ian , ▁or ▁conservation ▁of ▁the ▁di ph th ongs ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Leb an ese ▁mountains ). ▁ ▁The ▁urban ▁language ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁cities ▁is ▁remark ably ▁hom ogeneous , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁sh ib bo le th s ▁( mark ers ) ▁only ▁to ▁distinguish ▁the ▁various ▁cities ▁( see ▁below ). ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁is ▁commonly ▁understood ▁to ▁be ▁this ▁urban ▁sub - vari ety . ▁Te aching ▁manual s ▁for ▁foreign ers ▁provide ▁a ▁system atic ▁introduction ▁to ▁this ▁sub - vari ety , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁sound ▁very ▁strange ▁for ▁a ▁foreign er |
▁to ▁speak ▁a ▁marked ▁rural ▁dialect , ▁immediately ▁raising ▁questions ▁on ▁unexpected ▁family ▁links , ▁for ▁instance . ▁ ▁Urban ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁ ▁As ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁the ▁urban ▁vari eties ▁are ▁remark ably ▁hom ogeneous ▁throughout ▁the ▁whole ▁area , ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁changes ▁the ▁language ▁under go ▁in ▁rural ▁populations . ▁This ▁hom ogene ity ▁is ▁probably ▁inherited ▁from ▁the ▁trad ing ▁network ▁among ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁It ▁may ▁also ▁represent ▁an ▁older ▁state ▁of ▁affairs . ▁As ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁facts , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁current ▁tr end ▁to ▁diver ge ▁from ▁this ▁unity , ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁cities ▁taking ▁on ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁features ▁of ▁their ▁neighbor ing ▁villages ▁( e . g . ▁Jerusalem ▁used ▁to ▁say ▁as ▁Dam asc us ▁ ▁(' we ') ▁and ▁ ▁(' they ') ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁this ▁has ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁rural ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁now ad ays .). ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁main ▁historical ▁variants ▁which ▁have ▁sh ib bo le th ▁role , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁remaining ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁R ural ▁sub dia lect s ▁ ▁R ural ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁can ▁be ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁mut ually ▁intellig ible ▁sub dia lect s . ▁Again , ▁these ▁dialect ▁consider ations ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁understood ▁to ▁apply ▁mainly ▁to ▁rural ▁populations , ▁as ▁the ▁urban ▁forms ▁change ▁much ▁less . ▁▁ ▁Northern |
▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁spoken ▁in ▁Leb anon , ▁Northern ▁Israel ▁and ▁Sy ria ▁( except ▁the ▁Ha ur an ▁area ▁south ▁of ▁Dam asc us ). ▁It ▁is ▁character ized ▁by : ▁ ▁a ▁w ides p read ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁ ▁( the ▁Dru ze , ▁however , ▁retain ▁the ▁u v ular ▁). ▁ ▁A ▁strong ▁t endency ▁to ▁pron ounce ▁long ▁ ▁as ▁ ▁( im ala ) ▁in ▁a ▁front ▁ph on em ic ▁context ▁or ▁ ▁( ta f kh im ) ▁in ▁a ▁back ▁ph on em ic ▁context . ▁This ▁t endency ▁is ▁stronger ▁as ▁one ▁goes ▁north ward . ▁For ▁instance , ▁Dam asc us ▁and ▁Be ir ut ▁only ▁have ▁final ▁ ▁consist ently ▁pron ounced ▁as ▁, ▁e . g . ▁ ▁(' rain ') ▁is ▁pron ounced ▁ ▁. ▁This ▁feature ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁distinguish ▁Central ▁from ▁Northern ▁Lev antine . ▁ ▁A ▁w ides p read ▁real ization ▁of ▁ ▁as ▁, ▁especially ▁along ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁coast . ▁This ▁feature ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁distinguish ▁north west ▁( co ast al , ▁N us ay ri yy ah ) ▁from ▁n ortheast ▁( e . g . ▁Ale ppo , ▁Id lib ) ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁realized ▁as ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁person ▁pl ural ▁pr onom inal ▁suffix es ▁end ▁in ▁ ▁: ▁, ▁ ▁( or ▁ ▁in ▁Gal ile e ). ▁ ▁The ▁characteristic |
▁v owel ▁of ▁the ▁imper ative ▁is ▁long : ▁ ▁> ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁third ▁person ▁singular ▁imper fect ▁are ▁ ▁(' I ▁say ') ▁and ▁ ▁(' he ▁says ') ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁and ▁Dam asc us ▁instead ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁respectively , ▁everywhere ▁else , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁further ▁distinguish ▁Central ▁from ▁Northern ▁and ▁Southern ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁▁ ▁South ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic , ▁spoken ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁territ ories ▁between ▁Naz are th ▁and ▁Beth le hem , ▁in ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁Ha ur an ▁mountains , ▁and ▁in ▁western ▁Jordan . ▁ ▁T af kh im ▁is ▁none x istent ▁there , ▁and ▁im ala ▁affect s ▁only ▁the ▁femin ine ▁ending ▁ ▁> ▁ ▁after ▁front ▁con son ants ▁( and ▁not ▁even ▁in ▁Gaz a ▁where ▁it ▁remains ▁), ▁while ▁ ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁central ▁Palest in ian ▁( J aff a , ▁West ▁Bank , ▁Naz are th , ▁T iber ias ) ▁rural ▁speech , ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁, ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁, ▁inter dent als ▁are ▁conser ved , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁pron ounced ▁. ▁In ▁southern ▁Palest in ian ▁( A sh d od , ▁As q el on , ▁Heb ron ▁coun tr ys ide ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁western ▁Jordan ▁and ▁Sy rian ▁Ha ur an , ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁changes ▁to ▁ ▁before ▁front ▁v ow els . ▁This ▁latter ▁feature ▁res emb les |
▁the ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁In ▁Israel , ▁apart ▁from ▁Gal ile e ▁and ▁the ▁Neg ev , ▁rural ▁dialect s ▁are ▁almost ▁ext inct , ▁and ▁this ▁description ▁gives ▁is ▁the ▁pre - 1 9 4 8 ▁state ▁of ▁affairs . ▁Palest in ian ▁refuge es ▁in ▁Jordan ▁have ▁brought ▁with ▁them ▁their ▁typical ▁features , ▁although ▁they ▁tend ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁emer ging ▁Jordan ian ▁urban ▁speech . ▁ ▁To ▁these ▁typical , ▁w ides p read ▁sub dia lect s , ▁one ▁could ▁add ▁marg inal ▁vari eties ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁Out er ▁South ▁Lev antine , ▁spoken ▁in ▁the ▁Gaz a – Be ers he va ▁area ▁in ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁territ ories , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁cities ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Dead ▁Sea ▁in ▁Jordan ▁( Kar ak , ▁Ta fil ah ), ▁which ▁display ▁different ▁Bed ou in ▁influ ences ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁south ▁Lev antine . ▁For ▁instance , ▁there , ▁ ▁never ▁changes ▁to ▁. ▁This ▁reflect s ▁Hij azi ▁or ▁S ina i ▁Bed ou in ▁Arab ic ▁pron unci ation ▁rather ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁North ▁Arab ian ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s . ▁ ▁Bed ou in ▁dialect s ▁proper , ▁which ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁above - ment ioned ▁features ▁that ▁influence ▁the ▁sed ent ary ▁dialect s , ▁present ▁typical ▁stress ▁patterns ▁( e . g . ▁g ah awa ▁synd rome ) ▁or ▁lex ical ▁items . ▁ ▁L ingu |
istic ▁description ▁ ▁Ph on et ics ▁ ▁Cons on ants ▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁( MS A ) ▁ph on emes , ▁and ▁their ▁counter part ▁real ization ▁in ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁The ▁Urban ▁speech ▁is ▁taken ▁as ▁reference , ▁the ▁variations ▁are ▁given ▁relative ▁to ▁it . ▁ ▁N B . ▁Ham za ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁treatment : ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁a ▁closed ▁sy ll able , ▁it ▁van ishes ▁and ▁length ens ▁the ▁preceding ▁v owel , ▁e . g . ▁ ▁> ▁ ▁( see ▁compens atory ▁length ening ). ▁If ▁followed ▁by ▁, ▁it ▁is ▁realized ▁as ▁, ▁ ▁> ▁. ▁These ▁evolution s ▁ple ad ▁for ▁a ▁Hij azi ▁origin ▁of ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁Word ▁initially , ▁ham za ▁is ▁often ▁realized ▁as ▁ ▁in ▁Southern ▁Lev antine . ▁ ▁V ow els ▁and ▁di ph th ongs ▁▁ ▁The ▁table ▁below ▁shows ▁the ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁Modern ▁Standard ▁Arab ic ▁( MS A ) ▁ph on emes ▁and ▁their ▁counter part ▁real ization ▁in ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic . ▁ ▁Lev antine ▁Arab ic ▁v ow els ▁can ▁be ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁script ▁in ▁many ▁ways ▁because ▁of ▁et ym ological ▁and ▁gram mat ical ▁reasons , ▁e . g . ▁▁ ▁(' today '). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁Category : A rab ic ▁ph on ology ▁Category : Language ▁comparison <0x0A> </s> ▁Jó zef ▁R ys ula |
▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁cross - country ▁sk ier . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Poland ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T atra ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Dragon ▁T amer ▁Sound ▁Spirit ▁is ▁a ▁role - play ing ▁video ▁game ▁published ▁by ▁Nam co ▁Band ai ▁for ▁the ▁N intendo ▁D S ▁hand h eld ▁video ▁game ▁console . ▁ ▁Story ▁The ▁hero , ▁a ▁nam eless ▁te en age ▁boy ▁in ▁Japan , ▁is ▁trying ▁out ▁his ▁new ▁guitar ▁one ▁sun ny ▁day ▁when ▁he ▁suddenly ▁finds ▁himself ▁wh isk ed ▁away ▁to ▁another ▁world . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁w oken ▁by ▁T onto , ▁an ▁ot om ori ▁and ▁servant ▁of ▁the ▁recently ▁dece ased ▁O ro chi , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁wise ▁drag ons . ▁ |
▁T onto ▁inform s ▁the ▁hero ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁sum mon ed ▁by ▁O ro chi ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁champion , ▁raising ▁and ▁p itting ▁drag on ▁against ▁drag on ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁batt les ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Game play ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁cent ers ▁around ▁the ▁batt les , ▁which ▁use ▁a ▁turn - based ▁system ▁p itting ▁parties ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁drag ons ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁( with ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁more ▁in ▁reserve ) ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Drag ons ▁can ▁be ▁commanded ▁to ▁attack , ▁defend , ▁use ▁a ▁special ▁power ▁( Drag on ▁Force ), ▁charge ▁to ▁restore ▁points ▁en abling ▁special ▁moves , ▁or ▁change ▁with ▁another ▁drag on ▁in ▁reserve . ▁ ▁Drag ons ▁gain ▁experience ▁points ▁from ▁batt les ▁with ▁which ▁they ▁can ▁att ain ▁higher ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁unique ▁system ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁player ▁acqu ires ▁new ▁drag ons . ▁ ▁After ▁finding ▁a ▁drag on ▁egg , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁" N est " ▁in ▁a ▁town , ▁where ▁the ▁player ▁may ▁h atch ▁it ▁by ▁recording ▁sounds ▁into ▁the ▁D S ' s ▁built ▁in ▁micro phone . ▁ ▁Some ▁drag ons ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁att ained ▁by ▁playing ▁particular ▁mel od ies . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁I GN : ▁Dragon ▁T amer ▁Sound ▁Spirit ▁Official ▁Website ▁( J apan ese ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex |
clus ive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁D S ▁games ▁Category : N intendo ▁D S - only ▁games ▁Category : Role - play ing ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁( ; ▁died ▁after ▁ 1 3 2 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁influ ential ▁lord ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 4 th ▁century , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁horse ▁from ▁ 1 3 1 1 ▁until ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁He ▁inherited ▁large - scale ▁domains ▁in ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 0 . ▁After ▁ 1 3 1 4 ▁or ▁ 1 3 1 5 , ▁he ▁became ▁an ▁ar dent ▁enemy ▁of ▁Charles ▁I ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁who ▁defeated ▁him ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 3 1 7 , ▁resulting ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁his ▁province ▁within ▁months . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Tam ási ▁family . ▁ ▁Family ▁John ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁the ▁powerful ▁K ő sz eg i ▁family ▁around ▁ 1 2 8 0 ▁as ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Henry ▁II ▁K ő sz eg i ▁and ▁his ▁un ident ified ▁wife , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Pal at ine ▁Mo js ▁II . ▁He ▁had ▁two ▁sib lings , ▁Peter ▁the ▁" D u ke ", ▁the ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁Her ce g ▁de ▁S zek cs ő ▁family , ▁and ▁a ▁sister , |
▁who ▁married ▁into ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁patri arch ▁Mor os ini ▁family . ▁His ▁three ▁sons ▁– ▁Nicholas , ▁Peter ▁and ▁Henry ▁– ▁bore ▁the ▁Tam ási ▁surname ▁since ▁ 1 3 3 9 , ▁when ▁they ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁contemporary ▁records . ▁The ▁Tam ási ▁family ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Henry ▁and ▁provided ▁influ ential ▁bar ons ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁King ▁Sig ism und ; ▁the ▁kin ship ▁became ▁ext inct ▁in ▁ 1 4 4 4 . ▁ ▁Power ful ▁lord ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 0 , ▁John ▁inherited ▁his ▁large - scale ▁and ▁cont igu ous ▁domains ▁in ▁Upper ▁S lav onia ▁– ▁e . g . ▁K rap ina ▁( K or pon a ), ▁Be le c , ▁Kost el , ▁V r bo vec ▁( Or bol c ), ▁O š tr c ▁( O sz ter c ), ▁ Đ ur đ ev ac , ▁Kop riv nica ▁( K ap ron ca ) ▁– ▁and ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁– ▁e . g . ▁Som ogy v ár , ▁D ö br ö kö z , ▁D omb ó v ár ▁and ▁K ő sz eg ▁( B at ina ) ▁– , ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁powerful ▁l ords ▁in ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary , ▁who ▁admin ister ed ▁his ▁province ▁independently ▁of ▁the ▁monarch . ▁John ▁inherited ▁Henry ' s ▁political ▁positions ▁too ; ▁he ▁function ed ▁as ▁is |
p án ▁of ▁Bod rog , ▁Som ogy ▁and ▁Tol na ▁count ies ▁from ▁ 1 3 1 0 ▁until ▁his ▁defeat ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁Initial ly , ▁John ▁continued ▁his ▁father ' s ▁latest ▁policy ▁and ▁nomin ally ▁supported ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁Charles ▁I , ▁who ▁became ▁the ▁in cont est able ▁King ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁after ▁years ▁of ▁civil ▁war ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁throne . ▁He ▁was ▁made ▁Master ▁of ▁the ▁horse ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 3 1 1 ▁and ▁held ▁the ▁dign ity ▁until ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 3 1 2 , ▁Nicholas ▁III ▁K ő sz eg i ▁confirmed ▁his ▁previously ▁concluded ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁H abs burg ▁in ▁Für sten feld ▁( ), ▁beyond ▁his ▁own ▁person , ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁Andrew , ▁his ▁uncle ▁Bishop ▁Nicholas ▁of ▁Gy ő r ▁and ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Henry , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁" the ▁Duke ". ▁ ▁Despite ▁his ▁court ▁position , ▁John ▁admin ister ed ▁his ▁province ▁without ▁the ▁king ' s ▁inter vention . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁there ▁are ▁several ▁reports ▁of ▁his ▁committed ▁cr imes ▁and ▁domin ations ▁against ▁his ▁neighb ors , ▁when ▁aim ed ▁to ▁further ▁spread ▁his ▁influence ▁over ▁the ▁remaining ▁port ions ▁of ▁S lav onia ▁and ▁the ▁eastern ▁count ies ▁of ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia . ▁For ▁instance , ▁he ▁seized ▁the ▁for ts |
▁of ▁K ém énd ▁from ▁James ▁Gy ő r ▁around ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁and ▁H ars ány ▁from ▁the ▁Mat uc s ina i ▁family ▁in ▁Bar anya ▁County . ▁There , ▁he ▁also ▁owned ▁O rah ov ica ▁( R ah ol ca ), ▁a ▁possible ▁her itage ▁from ▁his ▁father . ▁After ▁his ▁successful ▁exp ans ions , ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁sty led ▁as ▁is p án ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁since ▁ 1 3 1 5 . ▁In ▁addition , ▁John ▁also ▁owned ▁the ▁cast les ▁of ▁Ny ék , ▁Tam ási ▁and ▁Tol nav ár ▁in ▁Tol na ▁County ▁at ▁least ▁since ▁ 1 3 1 5 . ▁John ▁also ▁had ▁interests ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁V esz pr ém ▁County , ▁after ▁he ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁acquired ▁Es seg v ár ▁( today ▁ru ins ▁near ▁B ánd ) ▁from ▁L ő r inte ▁II ▁L ő r inte ▁around ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁ ▁Sim ult ane ously , ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁pl und ering ▁ra ids ▁and ▁invas ions ▁from ▁his ▁territory ▁of ▁Upper ▁S lav onia . ▁He ▁acquired ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁Lud bre g ▁from ▁the ▁P éc ▁kind red ▁in ▁B jel ov ar - K ri ž ev ci ▁County ▁and ▁Bé la ▁Castle ▁from ▁the ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁V ran a ▁( Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁John ) ▁and ▁Lob or ▁in ▁V ara ž din ▁County . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 3 1 4 |
, ▁John ▁also ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁occupied ▁Als ól end va ▁in ▁southern ▁Z ala ▁County ▁( today ▁L end ava , ▁Sloven ia ) ▁from ▁Stephen ▁H ah ót ▁or ▁his ▁son ▁Nicholas ▁( former ly ▁histor ians ▁J ános ▁Kar ác son yi ▁and ▁Erik ▁F ü ged i ▁incorrectly ▁identified ▁Ivan ▁K ő sz eg i ▁as ▁bell iger ent ▁and ▁set ▁ 1 2 9 2 ▁for ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge ). ▁Egy ed ▁Mon osz ló ▁made ▁his ▁last ▁will ▁and ▁test ament ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 3 1 3 , ▁not ▁long ▁before ▁his ▁death ; ▁according ▁to ▁his ▁intention , ▁his ▁wid ow ▁and ▁minor ▁or phan ▁daughters ▁were ▁supposed ▁to ▁inherit ▁the ▁whole ▁A ty ina ▁lord ship ▁( today ▁Vo ć in ▁in ▁Cro atia ). ▁However , ▁as ▁Charles ▁I ▁narr ated ▁in ▁his ▁document ▁issued ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 3 1 7 , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁demanded ▁A ty ina ▁for ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁es che at age . ▁Nevertheless , ▁Egy ed ' s ▁son - in - law ▁Nicholas ▁Ab a ▁and ▁his ▁brothers ▁acquired ▁A ty ina ▁Castle . ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁captured ▁and ▁imprison ed ▁Nicholas ▁and ▁Peter ▁Ab a ▁( or ▁A ty ina i ) ▁shortly ▁there after . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁Nicholas ▁was ▁taken ▁tied ▁up ▁before ▁the ▁A |
ty ina ▁Castle ▁and ▁drag ged ▁along ▁the ▁walls ▁at ▁the ▁he els ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁def enders ▁to ▁surrender ▁the ▁fort . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁capture ▁A ty ina ▁and ▁took ▁Nicholas ▁back ▁to ▁prison , ▁who ▁l angu ished ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁in ▁the ▁subsequent ▁three ▁years . ▁Sometimes ▁before ▁ 1 3 1 6 , ▁John ▁also ▁occupied ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁K oro đ ▁( K ór ó gy ) ▁in ▁V alk ó ▁County ▁from ▁its ▁own ers , ▁the ▁K ór ó gy i ▁family . ▁ ▁Down fall ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁P ál ▁Engel , ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ' s ▁behavior ▁regarding ▁the ▁he ird om ▁of ▁A ty ina , ▁among ▁others , ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁open ▁confront ation ▁between ▁Charles ▁I ▁and ▁the ▁o lig arch ic ▁powers , ▁which ▁reached ▁its ▁peak ▁at ▁the ▁general ▁di et ▁in ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 4 . ▁In ▁Engel ' s ▁hypothesis , ▁Charles ▁launched ▁a ▁military ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ▁beyond ▁the ▁river ▁Dra va ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁There ▁were ▁some ▁cl ash es , ▁where ▁numerous ▁familiar es ▁of ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i ▁were ▁captured . ▁According ly , ▁Charles ▁sum mon ed ▁the ▁di et ▁there after ▁and ▁broke ▁the ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁provincial ▁l ords ▁and ▁intended ▁to ▁defeat ▁them ▁one ▁after ▁another . ▁In |
▁contrast , ▁historian ▁Gy ula ▁Krist ó ▁question ed ▁Engel ' s ▁analysis : ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁information ▁that ▁the ▁di et ▁has ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁which ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁peace ful ▁year ▁without ▁serious ▁military ▁campaign s . ▁Krist ó ▁said ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁proofs ▁that ▁a ▁confront ation ▁between ▁John ▁and ▁the ▁royal ▁arm ies ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁a ▁local ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁A ty ina i ▁( or ▁Ny é ki ) ▁family . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 5 , ▁Charles ▁I ▁launched ▁his ▁first ▁large - scale ▁campaign ▁against ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁and ▁their ▁territory . ▁Charles ▁personally ▁led ▁his ▁troops ▁into ▁Tol na ▁County . ▁He ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁captured ▁the ▁fort ▁of ▁Ny ék ▁in ▁November . ▁However ▁John ▁sought ▁assistance ▁from ▁his ▁relatives , ▁Andrew , ▁who ▁admin ister ed ▁Western ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁and ▁Nicholas ▁II ; ▁they ▁represented ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁K ő sz eg i ▁family . ▁According ▁to ▁P ál ▁Engel , ▁the ▁un ited ▁K ő sz eg i ▁troops ▁managed ▁to ▁exp el ▁the ▁royal ▁army ▁from ▁the ▁region , ▁while ▁successfully ▁recovered ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Ny ék . ▁Gy ula ▁Krist ó ▁doubt ed ▁Charles ' ▁personal ▁presence ▁and ▁considered ▁the ▁royal ▁troops ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁Ny ék . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁of ▁ce ase fire , ▁Charles |
▁launched ▁his ▁second ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ' ▁province ▁in ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁John ' s ▁relatives , ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁provide ▁help , ▁including ▁Andrew , ▁because ▁his ▁several ▁familiar es ▁p led ged ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁king ▁and ▁left ▁his ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁The ▁royal ▁army ▁storm ed ▁into ▁John ' s ▁territory ▁across ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁B á ta ▁along ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁in ▁May , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁eliminate ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is ' ▁hinter land . ▁They ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁destroyed ▁Som ogy v ár ▁in ▁Som ogy ▁County , ▁then ▁captured ▁the ▁for ts ▁of ▁Tol nav ár , ▁Ny ék ▁and ▁Tam ási ▁in ▁Tol na ▁County ▁within ▁weeks ▁in ▁June . ▁Sub sequently , ▁Charles ' ▁army ▁occupied ▁H ars ány ▁and ▁K ém énd ▁in ▁Bar anya ▁County ▁before ▁their ▁ult imate ▁successful ▁sie ge ▁at ▁K ő sz eg ▁( B at ina ) ▁in ▁July . ▁John ' s ▁other ▁cast les ▁in ▁Trans dan ub ia ▁– ▁for ▁instance , ▁D omb ó v ár , ▁S zek cs ő , ▁D ö br ö kö z ▁and ▁M ár é ▁– ▁surrender ed ▁without ▁combat . ▁P ál ▁Engel ▁argued ▁several ▁familiar es ▁of ▁John ▁K ő sz eg i , ▁including ▁Nicholas ▁F els ől end va i , ▁Alexander ▁O zor ai ▁and ▁Stephen ▁M |
ár é i , ▁had ▁depart ed ▁from ▁his ▁alleg iance ▁before ▁the ▁war ▁due ▁to ▁Charles ' ▁successful ▁persu asion ▁and ▁b ri ber y , ▁which ▁resulted ▁the ▁monarch ' s ▁decis ive ▁victory . ▁In ▁the ▁up coming ▁months , ▁Charles ▁handed ▁over ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁occupied ▁lands ▁and ▁cast les ▁to ▁their ▁original ▁right ful ▁own ers . ▁The ▁king ▁returned ▁to ▁Tem es v ár ▁( present - day ▁Tim i ș o ara , ▁Roman ia ) ▁by ▁August . ▁After ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁Southern ▁Trans dan ub ia , ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁with d rew ▁to ▁Upper ▁S lav onia ▁beyond ▁the ▁Dra va . ▁Krist ó ▁argued ▁the ▁a for ement ioned ▁minor ▁cl ash es ▁there ▁occurred ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 ▁( and ▁not ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 4 , ▁as ▁Engel ▁proposed ), ▁when ▁Mik cs ▁Á k os ▁captured ▁sevent een ▁servants ▁of ▁the ▁K ő sz eg is , ▁who ▁tried ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁K ri ž ev ci . ▁ ▁John ▁and ▁Peter ▁K ő sz eg i ▁entered ▁al liance ▁with ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁Stephen ▁Bab oni ć , ▁who ▁ruled ▁Lower ▁S lav onia , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 3 1 6 . ▁Their ▁anti - Char les ▁league , ▁which ▁directed ▁against ▁the ▁newly ▁appointed ▁Ban ▁John ▁Bab oni ć , ▁was ▁also ▁supported ▁by ▁a ▁local |
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