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▁be ▁a ▁threat ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁financial ▁resources ▁and ▁Sand ž ak ▁orig ins . ▁Wit ness ▁test imon ies ▁and ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁questions ▁asked ▁by ▁investig ators ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁German ▁police ▁had ▁serious ▁indic ations ▁that ▁Pra z ina ▁had ▁been ▁killed ▁by ▁Z ijo ▁O ru če vić ▁from ▁Most ar . ▁Specifically , ▁one ▁witness ▁test ified ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁Š ah in pa š ić ▁had ▁convinced ▁O ru če vić ▁to ▁issue ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Pra z ina . ▁Dec iding ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁not ▁enough ▁evidence ▁for ▁a ▁pro sec ution , ▁the ▁police ▁closed ▁the ▁investigation ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁Coll abor ation ▁with ▁V RS ▁Through out ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁Sar aje vo , ▁Pra z ina ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁Repub lika ▁Sr ps ka ▁officials ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁criminal ▁activities . ▁He ▁often ▁ex changed ▁money , ▁people , ▁and ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁with ▁V RS ▁authorities ▁in ▁the ▁occupied ▁territ ories ▁around ▁Sar aje vo . ▁With ▁their ▁support , ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁effectively ▁run ▁the ▁black ▁market ▁during ▁the ▁sie ge . ▁In ▁his ▁deal ings ▁with ▁the ▁V RS , ▁Pra z ina ▁even ▁had ▁written ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Repub lika ▁Sr ps ka , ▁Rad ovan ▁Kar ad ž ić . ▁During ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁also ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁Rad |
ovan ' s ▁son , ▁Sa š a . ▁Post - war ▁revel ations ▁of ▁these ▁activities ▁have ▁served ▁to ▁s our ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁legacy ▁among ▁the ▁Bos nia k ▁citizens ▁of ▁Sar aje vo , ▁who ▁once ▁considered ▁him ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁positive ▁figures ▁of ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁war . ▁ ▁War ▁cr imes ▁in ▁Sar aje vo ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁comm itting ▁various ▁war ▁cr imes ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁An ▁order ▁from ▁president ▁I zet beg ović ▁placed ▁Pra z ina ▁beyond ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁military ▁police , ▁and ▁his ▁men ▁were ▁known ▁to ▁take ▁prisoners ▁of ▁war ▁from ▁government ▁pr isons ▁for ▁their ▁own ▁purposes . ▁Many ▁regular ▁residents ▁of ▁Sar aje vo ▁were ▁also ▁treated ▁har sh ly ; ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁unit ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁ext ort ion , ▁lo oting ▁and ▁ra pe , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁various ▁instances ▁of ▁violence ▁against ▁civ ili ans . ▁In ▁one ▁case , ▁while ▁on ▁M t . ▁Ig man , ▁Pra z ina ▁personally ▁beat ▁one ▁fle eing ▁civil ian ' s ▁head ▁against ▁the ▁h ood ▁of ▁a ▁car . ▁Within ▁the ▁city , ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁Wol ves ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁appropri ating ▁apart ments ▁and ▁ab duct ing ▁and ▁ab using ▁their ▁own ers . ▁Furthermore , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁black ▁market ▁activities , ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁unit ▁frequently ▁ra ided ▁the ▁city ' s ▁sh ops ▁and ▁w are |
h ouses . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Is met ▁B aj ram ović ▁Ram iz ▁Del ali ć ▁Mu š an ▁Top al ović ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sar aje vo ▁Category : B os nia ks ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Muslim s ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁mob sters ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁War ▁Category : Ar my ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁soldiers ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁fire arm ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : M ur der ed ▁mob sters ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁people ▁murder ed ▁abroad ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁Def ence ▁Council ▁soldiers <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁puzz le ▁video ▁game ▁developed ▁by ▁N ats ume ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁J ale co ▁for ▁arc ades ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁port ed ▁to ▁the ▁Game ▁Boy , ▁S ega ▁Sat urn , ▁and ▁Play Station ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁game ▁would ▁be ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁sequ el , ▁T et ris ▁Plus ▁ 2 , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Port s ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁developed ▁for ▁the ▁At ari ▁J agu ar ▁and |
▁N intendo ▁ 6 4 ▁but ▁these ▁never ▁released . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁game ▁consists ▁of ▁two ▁main ▁modes , ▁Classic ▁Mode ▁and ▁P uzz le ▁Mode . ▁Classic ▁Mode ▁functions ▁like ▁the ▁original ▁T et ris ▁game ▁for ▁the ▁Game ▁Boy ▁except ▁with ▁different ▁music ▁and ▁visual s . ▁However , ▁because ▁the ▁cart ridge ▁has ▁battery - power ed ▁S RAM , ▁it ▁also ▁has ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁remember ▁high - sc ores , ▁unlike ▁the ▁original ▁Game ▁Boy ▁game . ▁P uzz le ▁Mode ▁is ▁a ▁tw ist ▁on ▁the ▁classic ▁game play ▁that ▁provides ▁a ▁new ▁scenario . ▁Also ▁included ▁is ▁an ▁editor ▁for ▁making ▁P uzz le ▁levels , ▁and ▁Link ▁cap ability ▁for ▁compet itive ▁multi player ▁in ▁either ▁game ▁mode . ▁ ▁The ▁console ▁versions ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁two - player ▁Vers us ▁Mode , ▁which ▁is ▁essentially ▁puzz le ▁mode ▁with ▁two ▁players ▁racing ▁for ▁the ▁finish ▁line . ▁ ▁P uzz le ▁Mode ▁The ▁biggest ▁addition ▁to ▁T et ris ▁Plus ▁is ▁the ▁P uzz le ▁Mode . ▁The ▁player ▁starts ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁zone , ▁the ▁Egypt ; ▁later ▁there ▁are ▁in ▁order : ▁Ang kor ▁Wat , ▁May a ▁and ▁Kn oss os . ▁The ▁final ▁area , ▁Atl ant is , ▁is ▁un locked ▁by ▁successfully ▁comple ting ▁the ▁other ▁four ▁stages . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁locations ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁level ▁set . ▁Once ▁the ▁game ▁starts , ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁cluster ▁of ▁pre - pla |
ced ▁br icks , ▁and ▁the ▁professor ▁enters ▁the ▁play - area ▁through ▁a ▁disappear ing ▁gate . ▁The ▁objective ▁is ▁to ▁get ▁the ▁professor ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁screen , ▁by ▁placing ▁blocks ▁and ▁clear ing ▁lines , ▁before ▁the ▁sp ik ed ▁ce iling ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁comes ▁down ▁and ▁cr ush es ▁him . ▁ ▁The ▁player ' s ▁goal ▁is ▁to ▁guide ▁this ▁arch ae ologist ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁as ▁fast ▁as ▁possible . ▁Two ▁blocks ▁wide ▁and ▁tall , ▁he ▁will ▁aim lessly ▁walk ▁forward ▁until ▁he ▁b umps ▁into ▁a ▁block , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁turns ▁around ▁and ▁wal ks ▁the ▁other ▁way . ▁If ▁he ▁comes ▁across ▁a ▁gap ▁that ▁is ▁large ▁enough ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁fit ▁through , ▁he ▁will ▁fall ▁down ▁onto ▁the ▁blocks ▁below ▁him . ▁Con vers ely , ▁if ▁blocks ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁him , ▁he ▁will ▁clim b ▁up ▁them ▁until ▁he ▁reaches ▁the ▁top . ▁If ▁these ▁blocks ▁lead ▁too ▁closely ▁to ▁the ▁sp ikes , ▁the ▁professor ▁will ▁die . ▁ ▁Upon ▁starting ▁the ▁level , ▁the ▁sp ik ed ▁ce iling ▁will ▁start ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁area . ▁About ▁once ▁every ▁eigh teen ▁seconds , ▁it ▁will ▁move ▁down ▁one ▁row , ▁slowly ▁taking ▁away ▁work able ▁space . ▁The ▁player ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁ce iling ▁go ▁back ▁up , ▁however , ▁if ▁they ▁can ▁clear ▁three ▁or ▁four ▁rows ▁at ▁once . ▁The ▁ce iling ▁will ▁also ▁destroy |
▁any ▁placed ▁blocks ▁that ▁are ▁in ▁its ▁way . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁garbage ▁dispos al , ▁by ▁having ▁it ▁remove ▁any ▁unw anted ▁pieces ▁until ▁the ▁piece ▁the ▁player ▁wants ▁shows ▁up . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁game ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁J ale co , ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁company ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Blue ▁Planet ▁Software ▁giving ▁J ale co ▁exclusive ▁rights ▁to ▁publish ▁T et ris ▁games ▁for ▁the ▁Sat urn ▁and ▁Play Station ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁years . ▁The ▁Play Station ▁version ▁sold ▁well ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁re - re leased ▁for ▁the ▁Great est ▁H its ▁budget ▁range . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁S ega ▁Sat urn ▁version ▁was ▁generally ▁un enth us i astic . ▁Game Sp ot ▁editor ▁Peter ▁Cris cu ola ▁referred ▁to ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁fee ble ▁attempt ▁at ▁rev iving ▁a ▁legend ", ▁Game Pro s ▁Sc ary ▁Larry ▁as ▁" a ▁poor ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁T et ris ▁library ", ▁and ▁Stephen ▁Full j ames ▁of ▁S ega ▁Sat urn ▁Magazine ▁as ▁" certain ly ▁nothing ▁to ▁get ▁excited ▁about ." ▁The ▁four ▁review ers ▁of ▁Electron ic ▁G aming ▁Month ly ▁were ▁more ▁positive ▁than ▁most , ▁with ▁Dan ▁H su ▁de em ing ▁it ▁" a ▁good ▁package ▁for ▁even ▁a ▁part - time ▁T et ris ▁fan " ▁and ▁S ush i - X ▁" a ▁reward ing |
▁title ▁with ▁multiple ▁levels ▁of ▁fun ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁classic ▁challenge ." ▁The ▁P uzz le ▁Mode ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁disapp ro val ▁for ▁various ▁reasons : ▁Cris cu ola ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁too ▁easy , ▁Full j ames ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁fr ustr ating ly ▁hard , ▁Sc ary ▁Larry ▁said ▁it ▁didn ' t ▁differ ▁enough ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁T et ris , ▁and ▁a ▁Next ▁Generation ▁critic ▁said ▁it ▁simply ▁wasn ' t ▁as ▁appe aling ▁as ▁the ▁original . ▁Other ▁frequent ▁critic isms ▁were ▁that ▁the ▁graphics ▁are ▁sub par , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁controls ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁modes ▁are ▁more ▁difficult ▁and ▁counter int uit ive ▁than ▁in ▁previous ▁versions ▁of ▁T et ris . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁review , ▁All game ▁editor ▁Jon ▁Thompson ▁called ▁the ▁Sat urn ▁version ▁" bor ing ". ▁ ▁Se quel ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁ar cade ▁game ▁released ▁by ▁J ale co ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁sequ el ▁to ▁T et ris ▁Plus . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Ar cade ▁games ▁Category : Blue ▁Planet ▁Software ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy ▁games ▁Category : J ale co ▁games ▁Category : Play Station ▁( console ) ▁games ▁Category : S ega ▁Sat urn ▁games ▁Category : Cancel led ▁N intendo ▁ 6 4 ▁games ▁Category : T et ris ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁I ku |
▁M iz ut ani <0x0A> </s> ▁Sch le ppi ▁Run ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Rock y ▁F ork ▁Creek ▁that ▁flows ▁through ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ’ s ▁Geographic ▁Names ▁Information ▁System ▁( GN IS ) ▁class ifies ▁Sch le ppi ▁Run ▁as ▁a ▁stream ▁with ▁an ▁identification ▁number ▁of ▁ 2 7 0 4 5 1 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁feature ▁name ▁was ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁G N IS ▁system ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Rec re ation ▁ ▁Sch le ppi ▁Run ▁tran sect s ▁the ▁Rock y ▁F ork ▁Metro ▁Park ; ▁a ▁metropol itan ▁park ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁Columb us ▁and ▁Franklin ▁County ▁Metropolitan ▁Park ▁District ▁( Met ro ▁Park s ). ▁The ▁park ▁is ▁being ▁developed ▁by ▁Metro ▁Park s ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁acres ▁north ▁of ▁Wal nut ▁Street ▁between ▁Sch ott ▁and ▁Be vel h ym er ▁roads . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁New ▁Alb any , ▁Ohio ▁ ▁Metro ▁Park s ▁( Col umb us , ▁Ohio ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Ohio ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁New ▁Alb any , ▁Ohio ▁ ▁Metro ▁Park s ▁( Col umb us , ▁Ohio ) ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Ohio ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Mor van ▁( M oust oir - Ac , ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁– ▁Col |
po , ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁professional ▁road ▁b icy cle ▁rac er . ▁Mor van ▁had ▁his ▁most ▁successful ▁year ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁Paris – B our ges ▁and ▁stage ▁in ▁the ▁Tour ▁de ▁France . ▁ ▁Major ▁results ▁▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁Man che - O cé an ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁Man che - O cé an ▁Qu imper ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁Man che - O cé an ▁Com fort - Me ill ant ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Le ▁B ono ▁Paris – B our ges ▁Pl on é our - La vern ▁Pont iv y ▁Vit ré ▁Tour ▁de ▁France : ▁W inner ▁stage ▁ 5 ▁Man che - O cé an ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁E to ile ▁du ▁Lé on ▁Tr éd ion ▁Man che - O cé an ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁A ub us son ▁L angu id ic ▁Pont - l ' A bb é ▁Man che - O cé an ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Hen ne b ont ▁Circ uit ▁du ▁Cher ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁Ch âte a ul in ▁Bou cles ▁de ▁l ' A ul ne ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁results ▁for ▁Joseph ▁Mor van ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 9 ▁death s ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Mor b ih |
an ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁cycl ists ▁Category : F rench ▁Tour ▁de ▁France ▁stage ▁w inners ▁Category : T our ▁de ▁France ▁cycl ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Union ▁Bank ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁( UB OT ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁bank ▁in ▁Taiwan . ▁It ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Tai pe i ▁and ▁emp lo ys ▁ 3 , 6 2 8 ▁people . ▁ ▁For bes ▁states ▁that ▁Union ▁Bank ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁is ▁a ▁" medium - size ▁l ender ", ▁and ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁its ▁founder , ▁the ▁billion aire ▁Lin ▁R ong - San . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁prepar atory ▁office ▁for ▁the ▁bank ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁and ▁the ▁bank ▁comm enced ▁its ▁business ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁Category : B anks ▁of ▁Taiwan <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁( or ▁ 6 6 th ▁O VI ) ▁was ▁an ▁inf antry ▁regiment ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁Army ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁Service ▁The ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁was ▁organized ▁at ▁Camp ▁Mc Ar thur ▁in ▁U rb ana , ▁Ohio ▁and ▁must ered ▁in ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁service ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Charles ▁C andy . ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁ |
3 rd ▁Brigade , ▁Land ers ' ▁Division , ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac , ▁to ▁March ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁Sh ield s ' ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁B anks ' ▁V ▁Corps ▁and ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Sh en ando ah , ▁to ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁Sh ield s ' ▁Division , ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁R app ah ann ock , ▁to ▁June ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁Division , ▁II ▁Corps , ▁Army ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade , ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁II ▁Corps , ▁Army ▁of ▁Virginia , ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade , ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁XII ▁Corps , ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Pot om ac , ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁and ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁C umber land ▁to ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁ 1 st ▁Brigade , ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁XX ▁Corps , ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁C umber land , ▁to ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁must ered ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁at ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky , ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁D etailed ▁service ▁Order ed ▁to ▁New ▁Creek , ▁Va ., ▁January |
▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁Adv ance ▁toward ▁Win chester , ▁Va ., ▁March ▁ 7 – 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 . ▁Prov ost ▁duty ▁at ▁Mart ins burg , ▁Win chester , ▁and ▁Str as burg ▁until ▁May . ▁March ▁to ▁Freder icks burg , ▁Va ., ▁May ▁ 1 2 – 2 1 , ▁and ▁to ▁Port ▁Republic ▁May ▁ 2 5 - J une ▁ 7 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁Port ▁Republic ▁June ▁ 9 . ▁Order ed ▁to ▁Alexand ria ▁and ▁duty ▁there ▁until ▁August . ▁Oper ations ▁near ▁C ed ar ▁Mountain ▁August ▁ 1 0 – 1 8 . ▁Pope ' s ▁Camp aign ▁in ▁northern ▁Virginia ▁August ▁ 1 8 - Se ptember ▁ 2 . ▁Guard ing ▁trains ▁of ▁the ▁army ▁during ▁the ▁batt les ▁of ▁Bull ▁Run ▁August ▁ 2 8 – 3 0 . ▁Maryland ▁Camp aign ▁September ▁ 6 – 2 2 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁Anti et am ▁September ▁ 1 6 – 1 7 . ▁D ut y ▁at ▁Boliv ar ▁He ights ▁until ▁December . ▁Re con na issance ▁to ▁R ipp on , ▁Va ., ▁November ▁ 9 . ▁Re con na issance ▁to ▁Win chester ▁December ▁ 2 – 6 . ▁Ber ry ville ▁December ▁ 1 . ▁Dum f ries ▁December ▁ 2 7 . ▁" M ud ▁March " ▁January ▁ 2 0 – 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁At ▁Staff ord ▁Court ▁House |
▁until ▁April ▁ 2 7 . ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁Camp aign ▁April ▁ 2 7 - May ▁ 6 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁May ▁ 1 – 5 . ▁G ett ys burg ▁Camp aign ▁June ▁ 1 1 - J uly ▁ 2 4 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg ▁July ▁ 1 – 3 . ▁P urs uit ▁of ▁Lee ▁to ▁Man ass as ▁G ap , ▁Va ., ▁July ▁ 5 – 2 4 . ▁D ut y ▁at ▁New ▁York ▁during ▁draft ▁dist urban ces ▁August ▁ 1 5 - Se ptember ▁ 8 . ▁Mov ement ▁to ▁Bridge port , ▁A la ., ▁September ▁ 2 4 - Oct ober ▁ 3 . ▁Sk irm ish ▁at ▁G arrison ' s ▁Creek ▁near ▁F oster ville ▁October ▁ 6 ▁( det achment ). ▁Re open ing ▁Tennessee ▁River ▁October ▁ 2 6 – 2 9 . ▁Ch att ano oga - R ing g old ▁Camp aign ▁November ▁ 2 3 – 2 7 . ▁Look out ▁Mountain ▁November ▁ 2 3 – 2 4 . ▁Mission ary ▁R idge ▁November ▁ 2 5 . ▁Ring g old ▁G ap , ▁Taylor ' s ▁R idge , ▁November ▁ 2 7 . ▁Regiment ▁re en list ed ▁December ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁D ut y ▁at ▁Bridge port ▁and ▁in ▁Alabama ▁until ▁May ▁ 1 8 6 4 . ▁Sc out ▁to ▁Cap erton ' s ▁Fer |
ry ▁March ▁ 2 9 - A pril ▁ 2 . ▁Ex ped ition ▁from ▁Bridge port ▁down ▁Tennessee ▁River ▁to ▁Tri ana ▁April ▁ 1 2 – 1 6 . ▁Atlanta ▁Camp aign ▁May ▁ 1 - Se ptember ▁ 8 . ▁Dem on str ations ▁on ▁Rock y ▁Fac ed ▁R idge ▁May ▁ 8 – 1 1 . ▁D ug ▁G ap ▁or ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁May ▁ 8 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁Res aca ▁May ▁ 1 4 – 1 5 . ▁Cass ville ▁May ▁ 1 9 . ▁New ▁Hope ▁Church ▁May ▁ 2 5 . ▁Oper ations ▁on ▁line ▁of ▁P ump kin ▁V ine ▁Creek ▁and ▁batt les ▁about ▁Dallas , ▁New ▁Hope ▁Church , ▁and ▁All ato ona ▁Hills ▁May ▁ 2 5 - J une ▁ 5 . ▁Oper ations ▁about ▁Mar iet ta ▁and ▁against ▁K ennes aw ▁Mountain ▁June ▁ 1 0 - J uly ▁ 2 . ▁P ine ▁Hill ▁June ▁ 1 1 – 1 4 . ▁Lost ▁Mountain ▁June ▁ 1 5 – 1 7 . ▁Gil gal ▁or ▁Gol g oth a ▁Church ▁June ▁ 1 5 . ▁M ud dy ▁Creek ▁June ▁ 1 7 . ▁No yes ▁Creek ▁June ▁ 1 9 . ▁Kol b ' s ▁Farm ▁June ▁ 2 2 . ▁Ass ault ▁on ▁K ennes aw ▁June ▁ 2 7 . ▁R uff ' s ▁Station ▁July ▁ 4 . ▁Ch att aho och ie ▁River ▁July ▁ 5 – 1 7 . ▁Pe acht |
ree ▁Creek ▁July ▁ 1 9 – 2 0 . ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Atlanta ▁July ▁ 2 2 - August ▁ 2 5 . ▁Oper ations ▁at ▁Ch att aho och ie ▁River ▁Bridge ▁August ▁ 2 6 - Se ptember ▁ 2 . ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁Atlanta ▁September ▁ 2 - Nov ember ▁ 1 5 . ▁Near ▁Atlanta ▁November ▁ 9 . ▁March ▁to ▁the ▁sea ▁November ▁ 1 5 - Dec ember ▁ 1 0 . ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sav ann ah ▁December ▁ 1 0 – 2 1 . ▁Camp aign ▁of ▁the ▁Carol inas ▁January ▁to ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁Little ▁C oh ora ▁Creek , ▁N . C ., ▁March ▁ 1 6 . ▁Battle ▁of ▁Bent on ville ▁March ▁ 1 9 – 2 1 . ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁G olds bor o ▁March ▁ 2 4 . ▁Adv ance ▁on ▁R ale igh ▁April ▁ 1 0 – 1 4 . ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁R ale igh ▁April ▁ 1 4 . ▁Ben nett ' s ▁House ▁April ▁ 2 6 . ▁S urr ender ▁of ▁John ston ▁and ▁his ▁army . ▁March ▁to ▁Washington , ▁D . C ., ▁via ▁Richmond , ▁Va ., ▁April ▁ 2 9 - May ▁ 2 0 . ▁Grand ▁Review ▁of ▁the ▁Arm ies ▁May ▁ 2 4 . ▁M oved ▁to ▁Louis ville , ▁Ky ., ▁June . ▁ ▁Cas ual ties ▁The ▁regiment ▁lost ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 |
5 ▁men ▁during ▁service ; ▁ 5 ▁officers ▁and ▁ 9 6 ▁en list ed ▁men ▁killed ▁or ▁mort ally ▁wounded , ▁ 1 ▁officer ▁and ▁ 1 4 3 ▁en list ed ▁men ▁died ▁of ▁disease . ▁ ▁Command ers ▁ ▁Colonel ▁Charles ▁C andy ▁ ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁Eug ene ▁Pow ell ▁- ▁commanded ▁at ▁the ▁batt les ▁of ▁Anti et am ▁( where ▁he ▁was ▁wounded ), ▁Chan cell ors ville , ▁G ett ys burg , ▁et ▁al . ▁ ▁Notable ▁members ▁ ▁Private ▁William ▁Wal lace ▁C ran ston , ▁Company ▁A ▁- ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ient ▁for ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ; ▁later ▁promoted ▁to ▁captain ▁ ▁Serge ant ▁Henry ▁H eller , ▁Company ▁A ▁- ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ient ▁for ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁ ▁Private ▁El ish a ▁B . ▁Se aman , ▁Company ▁A ▁- ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ient ▁for ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁ ▁Serge ant ▁Thomas ▁Thompson , ▁Company ▁A ▁- ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ient ▁for ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁Chan cell ors ville ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Ohio ▁Civil ▁War ▁units ▁ ▁Ohio ▁in ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁D yer , ▁Frederick ▁H . ▁A ▁Comp end ium ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Reb ell ion ▁( Des ▁Mo ines , ▁I A : ▁ ▁D yer ▁Pub . ▁Co .), ▁ 1 9 0 8 . ▁ |
▁Di aries ▁of ▁P vt . ▁John ▁W . ▁H out z , ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry , ▁ 1 8 6 3 - 1 8 6 4 ▁( H omer , ▁NY : ▁ ▁R . ▁T . ▁Pen no yer ), ▁ 1 9 8 8 - 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Ohio ▁R oster ▁Commission . ▁Official ▁R oster ▁of ▁the ▁Sold iers ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Ohio ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁on ▁the ▁Reb ell ion , ▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 5 , ▁Comp iled ▁Under ▁the ▁D irection ▁of ▁the ▁R oster ▁Commission ▁( A k ron , ▁O H : ▁Werner ▁Co .), ▁ 1 8 8 6 - 1 8 9 5 . ▁ ▁Re id , ▁Wh itel aw . ▁Ohio ▁in ▁the ▁War : ▁Her ▁States men , ▁Her ▁Gener als , ▁and ▁Sold iers ▁( C inc inn ati , ▁O H : ▁Moore , ▁Wil st ach , ▁& ▁Bald win ), ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁▁ ▁Smith , ▁Jos iah ▁D . ▁The ▁Civil ▁War ▁Di ary ▁of ▁Jos iah ▁D . ▁Smith , ▁ 1 8 6 1 – 1 8 6 5 , ▁Federal ▁Army , ▁Company ▁G , ▁ 6 6 th ▁Regiment , ▁Ohio ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁( Win chester , ▁IN : ▁ ▁Rand olph ▁County ▁Historical ▁Society ), ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Th ack ery , ▁David ▁T . |
▁A ▁Light ▁and ▁Un certain ▁Hold : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Si xty - S ix th ▁Ohio ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry '' ▁( K ent , ▁O H : ▁ ▁Kent ▁State ▁University ▁Press ), ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ohio ▁in ▁the ▁Civil ▁War : ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Vol unte er ▁Infantry ▁by ▁Larry ▁Stevens ▁ ▁National ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁ ▁National ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁ ▁National ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁( pro bably ▁last ▁issue ) ▁▁ 6 6 th ▁Ohio ▁Infantry ▁monument ▁at ▁G ett ys burg ▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁Category : Oh io ▁Civil ▁War ▁reg iments ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁ Þ ing ey rak la ust ur ▁was ▁a ▁monaster y ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict ▁located ▁in ▁ Þ ing ey rar ▁on ▁I cel and ▁from ▁ 1 1 3 3 ▁until ▁ 1 5 5 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁convent ▁in ▁I cel and ▁and ▁likely ▁the ▁last ▁to ▁be ▁closed ▁by ▁the ▁I cel and ic ▁Re formation . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁convent ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁bishop ▁J ón ▁Ö |
g mund sson ▁in ▁ 1 1 0 6 , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁inaugur ated ▁until ▁ 1 1 3 3 , ▁when ▁its ▁first ▁ab bot , ▁Vil mund ur ▁ Þ ór ól f sson , ▁was ▁officially ▁installed ▁in ▁office . ▁J ón ▁Ö g mund sson ▁assured ▁the ▁monaster y ▁an ▁income ▁from ▁all ▁far ms ▁between ▁Hr ú ta f jör ð ur ▁and ▁V at ns d als á . ▁▁ Þ ing ey rak la ust ur ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁rich est ▁of ▁the ▁convent s ▁on ▁I cel and . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁famous ▁center ▁of ▁literature , ▁culture ▁and ▁education , ▁and ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁library . ▁Arn gr ím r ▁Brand sson , ▁Karl ▁J ón sson , ▁G unn lau gr ▁Le if sson ▁and ▁O dd r ▁S nor r ason ▁were ▁all ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁convent ▁and ▁active ▁as ▁writers ▁here , ▁and ▁the ▁writer ▁St yr mer ▁K å ress on ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁educated ▁here . ▁A ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁S agas ▁of ▁I cel and ers ▁were ▁either ▁produced ▁or ▁copied ▁here , ▁and ▁the ▁famous ▁Band am anna ▁s aga , ▁Gre tt is ▁s aga , ▁Hall fre ð ar ▁s aga , ▁He i ð ar ví ga ▁s aga , ▁K orm á ks ▁s aga , ▁and ▁V at ns d æ la ▁s aga ▁are ▁all ▁likely ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁produced ▁here . ▁▁ |
▁In ▁ 1 4 0 2 , ▁the ▁Black ▁Death ▁dissol ved ▁the ▁convent ▁as ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁surv ived ▁the ▁pl ague , ▁effectively ▁empty ing ▁it . ▁The ▁monaster y ▁therefore ▁ceased ▁operation , ▁and ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁re est ab lished ▁until ▁ 1 4 2 4 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁founded ▁again ▁by ▁Á sb jör n ▁V ig f ú sson ▁as ▁ab bot . ▁▁ ▁During ▁the ▁I cel and ic ▁Re formation , ▁the ▁convent ▁surv ived ▁longer ▁than ▁arg u ably ▁all ▁other ▁convent s ▁on ▁I cel and . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁officially ▁closed ▁until ▁ 1 5 5 1 , ▁when ▁the ▁last ▁ab bot ▁Hel gi ▁Hö sk uld sson ▁was ▁formally ▁declared ▁de posed , ▁the ▁convent ▁was ▁b anned ▁from ▁accepting ▁nov ices , ▁and ▁the ▁assets ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁declared ▁conf isc ated . ▁The ▁former ▁mon ks , ▁however , ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁remain ▁for ▁life ▁if ▁they ▁wished , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁therefore ▁not ▁known ▁when ▁the ▁ab bey ▁was ▁actually ▁dissol ved . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Jan us ▁J ón sson , ▁" U m ▁k la ustr in ▁á ▁Island i . ▁ Þ ing ey rak la ust ur " ▁i ▁T í mar it ▁h ins ▁ ís len z ka ▁b ók ment af él ags , ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 8 8 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁monaster ies ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th |
▁century ▁Category : 1 1 3 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁I cel and ▁Category : Mon aster ies ▁dissol ved ▁under ▁the ▁I cel and ic ▁Re formation ▁Category : B ened ict ine ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁I cel and <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh ab o ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K ale ▁Township , ▁K ale ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁S aga ing ▁Region ▁of ▁western ▁Bur ma . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Map land ia ▁World ▁Gazette er ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁K ale ▁District ▁Category : K ale ▁Township <0x0A> </s> ▁Antoine - Mart ial ▁Louis ▁Bar iz ain ▁also ▁called ▁Louis ▁Mon rose ▁or ▁Mon rose ▁( 1 8 1 1 – 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁actor . ▁The ▁actor ▁Claude ▁Louis ▁Sé raph in ▁Bar iz ain ▁( 1 7 8 3 - 1 8 4 3 ) ▁was ▁his ▁father . ▁The ▁actress ▁Made mo is elle ▁Mon rose ▁was ▁his ▁step ▁sister ▁due ▁to ▁her ▁marriage ▁with ▁his ▁brother , ▁Eug ène ▁( Bar iz ain ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Conserv atory ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁Luci en ▁Gu it ry ' s ▁first ▁drama ▁teacher ▁and ▁also ▁taught ▁the ▁com ed ian ▁Luc ie ▁Man vel . ▁ ▁Theatre ▁ ▁Career ▁at ▁the ▁Com édie - Fran çaise ▁▁ ▁Ad mission ▁in |
▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁ ▁App oint ed ▁ 2 7 5 th ▁soci é taire ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁ ▁Le ave ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Base ▁document aire ▁La ▁G range ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Com édie - Fran çaise ▁ ▁Category : So ci éta ires ▁of ▁the ▁Com édie - Fran çaise ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁French ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : D rama ▁teachers ▁Category : 1 8 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁A nex od us ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁long horn ▁be et les ▁of ▁the ▁sub family ▁L ami inae , ▁containing ▁the ▁following ▁species : ▁▁ ▁A nex od us ▁aqu ilus ▁Pas co e , ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁ ▁A nex od us ▁sar aw ak ensis ▁Sud re , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Mor im ops ini <0x0A> </s> ▁Th i rik at uk am ▁( T amil : ▁ த ி ர ி க ட ு க ம ் ) ▁is ▁a ▁T amil ▁po etic ▁work ▁of ▁did actic ▁nature ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁E igh teen ▁L esser ▁Text s ▁( Path in enk il kan ak ku ) ▁anth ology ▁of ▁T amil ▁literature . ▁This ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁' post ▁Sang am ▁period ' ▁corresponding ▁to ▁between ▁ 1 0 0 ▁and |
▁ 5 0 0 ▁CE . ▁Th i rik at uk am ▁contains ▁ 1 0 0 ▁po ems ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁poet ▁N all ath ana ar . ▁The ▁po ems ▁of ▁Th i rik at uk am ▁are ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁Ven pa ▁meter . ▁ ▁Th i rik at uk am ▁uses ▁the ▁anal ogy ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁her bal ▁medicine , ▁which ▁uses ▁the ▁three ▁her bs ▁su k ku ▁( d ried ▁g inger ), ▁mil aku ▁( pe pper ) ▁and ▁th ipp ili ▁( Long ▁pe pper ) ▁to ▁c ure ▁mal ad ies ▁of ▁the ▁st om ach . ▁Th i rik at ug am ▁similarly ▁uses ▁three ▁different ▁maxim s ▁to ▁illustrate ▁correct ▁behaviour . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁M ud ali yar , ▁Sing ar avel u ▁A ., ▁Ap ith ana ▁C int am ani , ▁An ▁en cyc lo pa edia ▁of ▁T amil ▁Liter ature , ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁- ▁Re print ed ▁by ▁Asian ▁Edu c ational ▁Services , ▁New ▁Del hi ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁http :// www . t amil n ation . org / liter ature / ▁▁ ▁http :// www . t amil n ation . org / liter ature / path inen / pm 0 0 4 8 . pdf ▁Th i rik at uk am ▁e Text ▁at ▁Project ▁mad ur ai ▁ ▁Category : S ang am ▁literature <0x0A> </s> ▁Ry ans ▁Run ▁is ▁a ▁populated ▁place |
▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Del aware , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁collected ▁from ▁AD C ▁Map ' s ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Del aware ▁Street ▁Map ▁Book ▁and ▁entered ▁into ▁the ▁Geographic ▁Names ▁Information ▁System ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ch es w old , ▁Del aware ▁Le ips ic , ▁Del aware ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Del aware <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl ém ence ▁Gu ich ard ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁Cl ém ence ▁Po és y ▁( ), ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁actress ▁and ▁fashion ▁model . ▁After ▁starting ▁on ▁the ▁stage ▁as ▁a ▁child , ▁Po és y ▁studied ▁drama ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁active ▁in ▁both ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁including ▁some ▁English - language ▁produ ctions . ▁She ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁roles ▁of ▁Fle ur ▁Del ac our ▁in ▁the ▁Harry ▁Pot ter ▁film ▁series , ▁Ch lo ë ▁in ▁In ▁Bru ges , ▁R ana ▁in ▁ 1 2 7 ▁H ours , ▁and ▁Nat asha ▁Rost ova ▁in ▁War ▁and ▁Peace . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁L ' Ha ÿ - les - R oses , ▁a ▁southern ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Paris , ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁actor - writer ▁Ét ienne ▁Gu ich ard ▁and ▁a ▁French ▁teacher . ▁Po és y ▁took ▁her ▁mother ' |
s ▁ma iden ▁name ▁as ▁her ▁stage ▁name . ▁She ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁an ▁alternative ▁school ▁in ▁Me ud on . ▁ ▁Her ▁father ▁gave ▁Po és y ▁her ▁first ▁acting ▁job ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁child ; ▁then ▁she ▁had ▁two ▁lines ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 4 . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Ma ël le ▁Po és y - Gu ich ard , ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁actress . ▁ ▁Act ing ▁career ▁After ▁leaving ▁La ▁Source , ▁the ▁b iling ual , ▁alternative ▁school ▁she ▁attended ▁until ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 6 , ▁Po és y ▁studied ▁drama ▁at ▁the ▁Conserv atoire ▁National ▁Sup érieur ▁d ' Art ▁D ram atique ▁( C NS AD , ▁the ▁French ▁National ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Arts ), ▁the ▁At el ier ▁International ▁de ▁Bl anche ▁Sal ant ▁et ▁Paul ▁We aver , ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁N anter re . ▁ ▁Her ▁first ▁English - spe aking ▁role ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁BBC ▁mini - series ▁Gun pow der , ▁Tre ason ▁& ▁Plot ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁port rayed ▁Mary , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sc ots , ▁subsequently ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Golden ▁F IP A ▁for ▁actress ▁in ▁a ▁TV ▁Series ▁and ▁Serial . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Po és y ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁Harry ▁Pot ter ▁franch ise ▁as ▁Fle ur ▁Del ac our ▁in ▁The ▁Go ble t ▁of ▁Fire . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 |
0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁produ ctions , ▁including ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁mini - series ▁War ▁and ▁Peace . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Po és y ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁Academy ▁Award - n omin ated ▁film ▁In ▁Bru ges , ▁alongside ▁Col in ▁Far rell , ▁and ▁Harry ▁Pot ter ▁co - st ars ▁Ralph ▁F iennes ▁and ▁Br end an ▁G le es on . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Po és y ▁appeared ▁in ▁Heart less ▁opposite ▁Jim ▁St urg ess . ▁She ▁repr ised ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁Fle ur ▁Del ac our ▁in ▁both ▁Harry ▁Pot ter ▁and ▁the ▁Death ly ▁Hall ows ▁mov ies . ▁She ▁played ▁Ch uck ▁Bass ' s ▁new ▁French ▁girl friend , ▁Eva , ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁C W ▁hit ▁show ▁G oss ip ▁Girl . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Po és y ▁appeared ▁alongside ▁James ▁Franco ▁in ▁ 1 2 7 ▁H ours , ▁directed ▁by ▁D anny ▁Bo yle . ▁ 1 2 7 ▁H ours ▁was ▁screen ed ▁at ▁the ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁following ▁its ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Tell ur ide ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁appeared ▁alongside ▁Ru pert ▁Friend ▁in ▁L ull aby ▁for |
▁Pi , ▁a ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁and ▁Ben oit ▁Philipp on ' s ▁director ial ▁debut . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁about ▁a ▁jazz ▁singer ▁( Fri end ) ▁whose ▁wife ▁has ▁just ▁died ▁and ▁who ▁meets ▁a ▁myster ious ▁woman ▁( Po és y ). ▁Forest ▁Whit aker ▁also ▁star red . ▁She ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁singing ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁Col our ▁of ▁the ▁T rap ▁by ▁Mil es ▁K ane . ▁She ▁is ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁track ▁" H appen st ance ". ▁ ▁She ▁worked ▁alongside ▁Michael ▁Ca ine ▁in ▁Mr . ▁Morgan ' s ▁Last ▁Love , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁made ▁her ▁Broadway ▁debut ▁in ▁Cy rano ▁de ▁Ber ger ac ▁as ▁Ro x ane . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Po és y ▁was ▁the ▁female ▁lead ▁in ▁the ▁Sky ▁Atlantic / Can al + ▁series ▁The ▁T unnel . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁she ▁played ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁Y el ena ▁in ▁Che kh ov ’ s ▁Uncle ▁V anya ▁at ▁the ▁Theatre ▁Royal ▁in ▁Bath . ▁ ▁Model ing ▁career ▁Po és y ▁has ▁been ▁featured ▁in ▁numerous ▁mag az ines , ▁including ▁the ▁covers ▁of ▁i - D , ▁on ▁French ▁magazine ▁J al ouse ▁twice , ▁on ▁Australia ' s ▁Y en , ▁and ▁on ▁N yl on . ▁Since ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Po és y ▁has ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁sp okes models ▁for ▁the ▁self - t itled ▁fra |
gr ance ▁by ▁Ch lo é , ▁and ▁has ▁model led ▁in ▁G ap ' s ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁aut umn ▁advert ising ▁campaign . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Po és y ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁G - Star ▁Raw . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁poster ▁girl ▁for ▁the ▁Love ▁Story ▁fra gr ance ▁from ▁Ch lo é . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Po és y ▁is ▁fl uent ▁in ▁French ▁and ▁English , ▁and ▁speak s ▁some ▁Italian ▁and ▁Spanish . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁son , ▁Li am . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Theatre ▁ ▁Dec or ations ▁ ▁Che val ier ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Let ters ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : F rench ▁female ▁models ▁Category : F rench ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : F rench ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : F rench ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L ' Ha ÿ - les - R oses ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁French ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁French ▁actress es ▁Category : Che val iers ▁of ▁the ▁Ord re ▁des ▁Arts ▁et ▁des ▁Let tres <0x0A> </s> ▁Mau de ▁C . ▁Dav ison ▁( 2 7 ▁March |
▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁– ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian - born , ▁American ▁nur se . ▁After ▁a ▁career ▁in ▁Canada , ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Chief ▁Nur se ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Nur se ▁Corps ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁during ▁World ▁War II . ▁She ▁received ▁numerous ▁awards ▁for ▁her ▁military ▁service ▁in ▁b orth ▁World ▁War I ▁and ▁World ▁War II . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁she ▁post hum ously ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ▁for ▁her ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁Ang els ▁of ▁B ata an , ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁group ▁of ▁American ▁military ▁women ▁taken ▁as ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁War . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mau de ▁Campbell ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁in ▁C ann ington , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁to ▁Jan et ▁( or ▁Je ann ette ) ▁Campbell . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁her ▁mother , ▁who ▁had ▁imm igr ated ▁from ▁Scotland , ▁married ▁Abraham ▁S idd ers . ▁She ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁from ▁the ▁Ontario ▁Agricult ural ▁College ▁with ▁a ▁certificate ▁from ▁the ▁Mac Donald ▁School ▁of ▁Home ▁Econom ics . ▁ ▁Career ▁Campbell ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁di et it ian ▁at ▁the ▁Bapt ist ▁College ▁in ▁Br andon , ▁Man it oba . ▁Im migr ating ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in |
▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁she ▁took ▁employ ment ▁in ▁South ▁B end , ▁Indiana ▁at ▁the ▁Ep worth ▁Hospital ▁as ▁a ▁di et it ian ▁and ▁instruct or ▁in ▁domestic ▁science ▁and ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁She ▁returned ▁from ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁entered ▁the ▁Pas ad ena ▁Hospital ▁Training ▁School ▁for ▁N urs es . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁having ▁earned ▁her ▁R N ▁design ation . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁Nur se ▁Res erves ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Nur se ▁Corps ▁and ▁began ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁staff ▁nur se ▁at ▁the ▁base ▁hospital ▁of ▁Camp ▁F rem ont ▁in ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California . ▁After ▁serving ▁at ▁Let ter man ▁General ▁Hospital , ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁she ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Fort ▁Le aven worth , ▁Kansas ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁a ▁post ▁at ▁the ▁hospital ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Dis cipl inary ▁Bar ra cks . ▁With ▁this ▁move , ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en ▁and ▁was ▁transferred ▁as ▁a ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁to ▁the ▁Reg ular ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Nur se ▁Corps . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁she ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁Cob len z , ▁Germany , ▁serving ▁with ▁the ▁Al lied ▁Occ up ation ▁Forces ▁assist ing ▁with ▁Russian ▁fam ine ▁refuge es , ▁influen za ▁vict ims ▁and ▁war ▁cas ual |
ties . ▁Return ing ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁she ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁first ▁lieutenant ▁after ▁passing ▁the ▁Chief ▁N urs ing ▁Ex am ination . ▁ ▁Dav ison ▁entered ▁Columbia ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁earned ▁a ▁b ach elor ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁home ▁econom ics ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁Upon ▁completion ▁of ▁her ▁education , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁service ▁as ▁a ▁nur se ▁and ▁di etic ian ▁at ▁several ▁Army ▁hosp it als ▁throughout ▁the ▁US . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁deployed ▁during ▁World ▁War II ▁to ▁Fort ▁M ills ▁Station ▁Hospital ▁on ▁Cor reg idor ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁She ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁captain ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁placed ▁as ▁chief ▁nur se ▁of ▁the ▁n urs ing ▁corps ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Department . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁n urs es ▁in ▁the ▁Far ▁East ▁Command ▁were ▁serving ▁under ▁Dav ison ▁with ▁her ▁second - in - command , ▁Joseph ine ▁N es bit , ▁at ▁Stern berg ▁Hospital ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁Man ila ▁Bay . ▁When ▁the ▁Japanese ▁inv aded ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁Pear l ▁Har bor , ▁Dav ison ▁organized ▁civil ian ▁n urs es ▁to ▁help ▁with ▁the ▁cas ual ties , ▁sending ▁five ▁Army ▁n urs es ▁and ▁fifteen ▁local ▁Filip ino ▁n |
urs es ▁to ▁the ▁facility ▁at ▁Fort ▁St ots enburg . ▁Within ▁a ▁week ▁the ▁Fort , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁military ▁facilities , ▁was ▁in ▁ru ins ▁and ▁the ▁n urs es ▁were ▁prepared ▁for ▁ev acu ation ▁back ▁to ▁Stern berg . ▁ ▁Before ▁Christmas , ▁Dav ison ▁was ▁injured ▁in ▁a ▁bomb ing ▁ra id ▁and ▁turned ▁command ▁over ▁to ▁N es bit . ▁Between ▁Christmas ▁and ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁all ▁the ▁army ▁n urs es ▁were ▁ev acu ated ▁from ▁Man ila ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁B ata an . ▁Dav ison ▁left ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁troops ▁for ▁Cor reg idor ▁to ▁coordinate ▁the ▁n urs ing ▁activities ▁in ▁establish ing ▁two ▁j ung le ▁hosp it als , ▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁Hospital ▁# 1 ▁and ▁Hospital ▁# 2 . ▁From ▁these ▁field ▁hosp it als , ▁the ▁n urs es ▁carried ▁out ▁battle field ▁n urs ing . ▁Sim ult ane ously , ▁she ▁directed ▁n urs es ▁in ▁setting ▁up ▁the ▁hospital ▁where ▁the ▁troops ▁on ▁Cor reg idor ▁had ▁been ▁sent ▁in ▁the ▁Mal inta ▁T unnel . ▁The ▁under ground ▁hospital ▁had ▁one ▁central ▁hall way ▁that ▁was ▁one - h undred - y ards ▁long ▁and ▁eight ▁w ards ▁established ▁in ▁later al ▁cor rid ors . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁as ▁B ata an ▁fell , ▁the ▁n urs es , ▁including ▁the ▁Filip ino ▁civ ili ans , |
▁were ▁ev acu ated ▁to ▁Cor reg idor ▁and ▁the ▁tunnel ▁hospital . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁evident ▁that ▁Cor reg idor ▁would ▁also ▁fall , ▁an ▁attempt ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁ev acu ate ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁n urs es . ▁Dav ison ▁and ▁Colonel ▁W ib b ▁Cooper , ▁the ▁ranking ▁medical ▁officer , ▁made ▁the ▁se lections ▁of ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁ev acu ated . ▁Though ▁Dav ison ▁later ▁said ▁the ▁twenty ▁ev ac ue es ▁were ▁chosen ▁randomly , ▁the ▁n urs es ▁saw ▁through ▁her ▁r use , ▁not ing ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁were ▁ill , ▁wounded ▁or ▁fat igu ed ▁or ▁might ▁not ▁with stand ▁the ▁pressure ▁of ▁imprison ment ▁were ▁chosen . ▁ ▁Upon ▁the ▁Al lied ▁surrender ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁Dav ison ▁led ▁her ▁ 6 6 ▁remaining ▁n urs es ▁to ▁their ▁capt ivity ▁at ▁Santo ▁Tom as ▁Intern ment ▁Camp ▁in ▁Man ila . ▁They ▁joined ▁ 1 1 ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Nur se ▁Corps ▁personnel ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Lieutenant ▁Commander ▁Laura ▁C obb , ▁who ▁had ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁the ▁Japanese ▁the ▁previous ▁January . ▁In ▁September , ▁ten ▁of ▁the ▁n urs es ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁April ▁ev acu ation ▁joined ▁them ▁as ▁their ▁aircraft ▁was ▁dam aged ▁while ▁ref uel ing ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Australia ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁captured . ▁The ▁n urs es ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ang els ▁of ▁B ata an |
▁and ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁group ▁of ▁American ▁military ▁women ▁taken ▁as ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁War ▁( P OW s ). ▁Kn own ▁as ▁a ▁strict ▁discipl in arian , ▁she ▁required ▁her ▁n urs es ▁to ▁follow ▁her ▁rules ▁and ▁army ▁reg ulations ▁to ▁the ▁letter , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁a ▁Japanese - run ▁camp . ▁Intern ed ▁as ▁P OW s , ▁she ▁organized ▁the ▁prison ▁camp ▁hospital ▁and ▁continued ▁man aging ▁her ▁staff . ▁Cond itions ▁in ▁the ▁camp ▁caused ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁ 3 9 0 ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 , 7 8 5 ▁in m ates , ▁but ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁n urs es ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁dead . ▁ ▁After ▁three ▁years , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁camp ▁was ▁liber ated ▁and ▁Dav ison ▁was ▁hospital ized ▁because ▁of ▁her ▁poor ▁health . ▁When ▁the ▁n urs es ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month , ▁Dav ison , ▁who ▁normally ▁we ighed ▁ ▁we ighed ▁only ▁. ▁Her ▁n urs es ▁cred ited ▁Dav ison ▁with ▁their ▁surv ival ▁and ▁though ▁she ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal , ▁the ▁War ▁Dec or ations ▁Board ▁denied ▁the ▁honor , ▁based ▁upon ▁a ▁determ ination ▁that ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁act ▁independently ▁but ▁under ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁the ▁phys icians ▁and ▁military ▁command ers ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁served . ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it |
▁and ▁med ically ▁retired ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Dav ison ▁married ▁the ▁Re ver end ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Jackson , ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁as ▁de an ▁of ▁Long ▁Beach ▁City ▁College . ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁met ▁many ▁years ▁earlier ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁Bapt ist ▁College ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁r ented ▁a ▁room ▁from ▁his ▁family , ▁which ▁had ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁during ▁her ▁n urs ing ▁studies ▁in ▁Pas ad ena , ▁California . ▁Jackson , ▁a ▁wid ower , ▁had ▁two ▁grown ▁sons ▁from ▁a ▁prior ▁marriage ▁who ▁found ▁" D avy ", ▁as ▁they ▁called ▁Dav ison , ▁distant ▁and ▁formal . ▁After ▁her ▁marriage , ▁she ▁rarely ▁had ▁contact ▁with ▁her ▁former ▁staff , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁V eter ans ▁Day ▁para de ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁where ▁she ▁received ▁a ▁special ▁c itation ▁of ▁mer it . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁Jackson ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁at ▁the ▁V eter ans ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ▁following ▁a ▁length y ▁ill ness . ▁She ▁was ▁buried ▁near ▁her ▁mother ▁in ▁the ▁C ed ar ▁V ale ▁C emetery , ▁C ann ington , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁she ▁was ▁post hum ously ▁recognized ▁with ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁efforts |
▁of ▁the ▁surv iving ▁" Ang els " ▁such ▁as ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Con nie ▁L . ▁S le witz ke , ▁Senator ▁Daniel ▁In ou ye , ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁ ▁Military ▁awards ▁World ▁War ▁I : ▁Army ▁of ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁Germany ▁Medal ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Vict ory ▁Medal ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II : ▁American ▁Camp aign ▁Medal ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Theater ▁Rib bon ▁American ▁Def ense ▁Service ▁Medal ▁with ▁Foreign ▁Service ▁Cl asp ▁A si atic – P ac ific ▁Camp aign ▁Medal ▁with ▁two ▁Bron ze ▁Battle ▁Stars ▁Bron ze ▁Star ▁Medal ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Service ▁Medal ▁Leg ion ▁of ▁Mer it ▁Philipp ine ▁Def ense ▁Medal ▁with ▁a ▁Bron ze ▁Service ▁Star ▁Philipp ine ▁Independ ence ▁Medal ▁Philipp ine ▁Liber ation ▁Medal ▁with ▁Bron ze ▁Service ▁Star ▁President ial ▁Unit ▁C itation , ▁with ▁blue ▁rib bon ▁and ▁two ▁Oak ▁Le af ▁Cl ust ers ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Vict ory ▁Medal ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Dur ham ▁Region ▁Category : D iet iti ans ▁Category : American ▁n urs es ▁Category : American ▁women ▁n urs es ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁n urs es ▁Category : F em ale ▁w art ime ▁n urs es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁n urs |
es <0x0A> </s> ▁Act s ▁is ▁the ▁debut ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁rock ▁band ▁R ND M . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Act s ▁received ▁mixed ▁to ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁critics . ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁the ▁album ▁holds ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 6 5 / 1 0 0 ▁based ▁on ▁ 4 ▁reviews , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Modern ▁Times ▁- ▁ 3 : 0 6 ▁Dark ness ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 5 ▁The ▁Dis app ear ing ▁On es ▁- ▁ 3 : 0 8 ▁What ▁You ▁Can ' t ▁Control ▁- ▁ 5 : 4 5 ▁H ollow ▁Girl ▁- ▁ 5 : 3 7 ▁Walk ing ▁Through ▁New ▁York ▁- ▁ 4 : 0 4 ▁Look ▁Out ! ▁- ▁ 2 : 5 3 ▁New ▁Tra cks ▁- ▁ 3 : 1 3 ▁Th row ▁You ▁to ▁the ▁Pack ▁- ▁ 1 : 4 1 ▁Williams burg ▁- ▁ 4 : 1 4 ▁Let ting ▁Go ▁of ▁Will ▁- ▁ 2 : 3 5 ▁Cher ries ▁in ▁the ▁Snow ▁- ▁ 4 : 3 7 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Jeff ▁A ment ▁- ▁bass ▁Joseph ▁Arthur ▁- ▁guitar , ▁vocals ▁Richard ▁Stu ver ud ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Act s ▁at ▁All music ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁debut ▁albums ▁Category : R ND M ▁albums ▁Category : Mon key w rench ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁Mag net ic is |
que ▁Corpor ibus , ▁et ▁de ▁Mag no ▁Mag nete ▁Tell ure ▁( On ▁the ▁Mag net ▁and ▁Mag net ic ▁Bod ies , ▁and ▁on ▁That ▁Great ▁Mag net ▁the ▁Earth ) ▁is ▁a ▁scientific ▁work ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁phys ician ▁and ▁scient ist ▁William ▁Gilbert ▁and ▁his ▁partner ▁A aron ▁Dow ling . ▁A ▁highly ▁influ ential ▁and ▁successful ▁book , ▁it ▁ex ert ed ▁an ▁immediate ▁influence ▁on ▁many ▁contemporary ▁writers , ▁including ▁Francis ▁God win ▁and ▁Mark ▁R id ley . ▁ ▁Cont ents ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁work , ▁Gilbert ▁described ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁experiments ▁with ▁his ▁model ▁Earth ▁called ▁the ▁ter rel la . ▁( Pre viously , ▁it ▁was ▁thought ▁that ▁Pol aris ▁or ▁a ▁large ▁magnetic ▁island ▁at ▁the ▁North ▁P ole ▁attract ed ▁the ▁comp ass ). ▁Gilbert ▁also ▁made ▁the ▁claim ▁that ▁gravity ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁force ▁and ▁he ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁held ▁the ▁Moon ▁in ▁orbit ▁around ▁the ▁Earth . ▁While ▁incorrect ▁by ▁modern ▁standards , ▁this ▁claim ▁was ▁still ▁far ▁closer ▁to ▁what ▁we ▁believe ▁than ▁the ▁ancient ▁Arist ot elian ▁theory , ▁which ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁special ▁fifth ▁element ▁which ▁naturally ▁moves ▁in ▁circles , ▁while ▁the ▁earth ly ▁elements ▁naturally ▁move ▁down ward . ▁Johannes ▁Ke pler ▁accepted ▁Gilbert ' s ▁theory ▁and ▁used ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁working ▁basis ▁for ▁his ▁famous ▁laws ▁of ▁planet ary ▁motion . ▁ ▁In ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁Gilbert |
▁also ▁studied ▁static ▁electric ity ▁produced ▁by ▁am ber . ▁Am ber ▁is ▁called ▁elektr on ▁in ▁Greek , ▁and ▁elect rum ▁in ▁Latin , ▁so ▁Gilbert ▁decided ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁phenomen on ▁by ▁the ▁ad jective ▁electric us , ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁terms ▁" elect ric " ▁and ▁" elect ric ity ". ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete ▁was ▁influ ential ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁inher ent ▁interest ▁of ▁its ▁subject ▁matter , ▁but ▁also ▁for ▁the ▁rig orous ▁way ▁in ▁which ▁Gilbert ▁described ▁his ▁experiments ▁and ▁his ▁re jection ▁of ▁ancient ▁theories ▁of ▁magnet ism . ▁ ▁Gilbert ▁never theless ▁acknowled ged ▁his ▁deb t ▁to ▁Peter ▁of ▁Mar ic ourt ▁and ▁incorpor ated ▁this ▁ 1 3 th - century ▁scient ist ' s ▁experiments ▁on ▁magnet ism ▁into ▁his ▁own ▁treat ise . ▁ ▁Although ▁Gilbert ' s ▁thinking ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁myst ic ism ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁he ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁pione er ▁of ▁experimental ▁science . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete ▁consists ▁of ▁six ▁books . ▁ ▁Book ▁ 1 ▁Historical ▁survey ▁of ▁magnet ism ▁and ▁theory ▁of ▁Earth ' s ▁magnet ism . ▁The ▁load stone ▁in ▁anti qu ity ▁from ▁Pl ato ▁on wards ▁and ▁the ▁grad ual ▁identification ▁of ▁iron ▁or es . ▁The ▁south ▁pole ▁of ▁a ▁load stone ▁points ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁pole ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a ▁as ▁the ▁terrest rial ▁glo be ▁is ▁magnetic . ▁ ▁Book ▁ 2 ▁▁ ▁Dist inction ▁between |
▁electric ity ▁and ▁magnet ism . ▁An ▁am ber ▁stick ▁when ▁rub bed ▁affect s ▁a ▁rot ating ▁need le ▁made ▁of ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁metal ▁( a ▁vers or ium ) ▁and ▁attract s ▁paper , ▁leaves ▁and ▁even ▁water . ▁But ▁electric ity ▁is ▁different ▁from ▁heat ▁and ▁to ▁magnet ism ▁which ▁only ▁attract s ▁iron - b ear ing ▁materials ▁( he ▁calls ▁it ▁co ition ). ▁He ▁shows ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁cutting ▁a ▁spher ical ▁load stone ▁( which ▁he ▁calls ▁a ▁ter rel la ) ▁through ▁the ▁pol es ▁and ▁equ ator ▁and ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁att raction ▁at ▁different ▁points . ▁Mag net s ▁act ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁but ▁the ▁force ▁has ▁no ▁permanent ▁presence ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁h inder ed ▁like ▁light . ▁Material s ▁including ▁gold , ▁silver ▁and ▁diam onds ▁are ▁not ▁affected ▁by ▁magnet s , ▁nor ▁can ▁one ▁produce ▁perpet ual ▁motion . ▁ ▁Book ▁ 3 ▁ ▁The ▁Earth ' s ▁normal ▁magnet ism . ▁He ▁propos es ▁( in correct ly ) ▁that ▁the ▁angle ▁of ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁and ▁pre cess ion ▁of ▁the ▁equ ino xes ▁are ▁caused ▁by ▁magnet ism . ▁A ▁load stone ▁cut ▁out ▁of ▁rock ▁and ▁flo ated ▁in ▁water ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁direction . ▁Iron ▁he ated ▁to ▁white ▁heat ▁and ▁co o led ▁lying ▁along ▁a ▁mer id ian ▁also ▁acqu ires ▁magnet ism . ▁But ▁stro king ▁with ▁other ▁materials ▁fails — he ▁proved ▁this ▁with ▁an ▁experiment ▁with |
▁ 7 5 ▁diam onds ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁witness es . ▁The ▁best ▁way ▁to ▁magnet ize ▁a ▁comp ass ▁( mag net ized ▁vers or ium ). ▁ ▁Book ▁ 4 ▁▁ ▁Dec lin ation . ▁The ▁comp ass ▁does ▁not ▁always ▁point ▁to ▁true ▁north . ▁There ▁is ▁considerable ▁variation . ▁Using ▁the ▁ter rel la ▁he ▁shows ▁that ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁surface ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁differences ▁but ▁ins ists ▁that ▁variation ▁is ▁a ▁global ▁issue . ▁In ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁the ▁ocean ▁or ▁continent ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁variation . ▁He ▁shows ▁how ▁to ▁measure ▁variation ▁and ▁the ▁sources ▁of ▁common ▁errors . ▁ ▁Book ▁ 5 ▁▁ ▁Mag net ic ▁dip . ▁The ▁angle ▁of ▁incl ination ▁( d ip ) ▁of ▁a ▁comp ass ▁to ▁the ▁horizon ▁diff ers ▁according ▁to ▁latitude . ▁He ▁shows ▁how ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁dip ▁instrument . ▁At ▁the ▁equ ator ▁it ▁is ▁level ▁and ▁increases ▁towards ▁the ▁pol es ▁as ▁he ▁has ▁shown ▁earlier ▁with ▁his ▁ter rel la . ▁ ▁Book ▁ 6 ▁ ▁Terr est rial ▁rotation . ▁Her ac l ides ▁and ▁others ▁held ▁that ▁the ▁Earth ▁rot ates ▁from ▁west ▁to ▁east ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁Cop ern icus ▁( the ▁" rest orer ▁of ▁astronom y "), ▁but ▁Arist ot le ▁said ▁otherwise . ▁" If ▁the ▁rot ations ▁of ▁the ▁earth ▁seems ▁head long ▁and ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁permitted ▁by ▁nature ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁rapid ity , ▁then ▁worse ▁than ▁ins ane , |
▁both ▁as ▁regards ▁itself ▁and ▁the ▁whole ▁universe ▁is ▁the ▁motion ▁of ▁the ▁prim um ▁mobile ." ▁He ▁reject s ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁sphere ▁of ▁the ▁fixed ▁stars ▁for ▁which ▁no ▁proof ▁has ▁been ▁offered ▁and ▁leaves ▁aside ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁other ▁movements ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ▁but ▁" inf ers ▁not ▁with ▁mere ▁probability , ▁but ▁with ▁certain ty ▁the ▁di urn al ▁revolution ▁of ▁the ▁earth ." ▁He ▁states ▁that ▁" the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁di urn al ▁motion ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁magnetic ▁energy ▁and ▁the ▁al liance ▁of ▁bodies " ▁but ▁offers ▁no ▁further ▁guidance . ▁The ▁incl ination ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁pole ▁to ▁the ▁e cli ptic ▁produces ▁the ▁seasons . ▁He ▁explains ▁the ▁Pre cess ion ▁of ▁the ▁equ ino xes ▁as ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ' s ▁axis . ▁ ▁In ▁Chapter ▁III , ▁Gilbert ▁arg ues ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Cop ern ican ▁System . ▁He ▁pos its ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁in ordinate ▁distance ▁of ▁the ▁cel est ial ▁spher es , ▁if ▁in ▁fact ▁the ▁spher es ▁exist ▁at ▁all , ▁it ▁is ▁an ▁abs urd ▁idea ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁rotate ▁every ▁ 2 4 ▁hours , ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁of ▁the ▁relatively ▁tiny ▁sphere ▁of ▁the ▁Earth . ▁He ▁states , ▁" How ▁far ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁earth ▁are ▁those ▁rem ot est ▁of ▁stars : ▁they ▁are ▁beyond ▁the ▁reach ▁of ▁eye , ▁or ▁man ' s ▁devices , ▁or ▁man ' s ▁thought |
. ▁What ▁an ▁abs urd ity ▁is ▁this ▁motion ▁( of ▁spher es ) ". ▁He ▁also ▁arg ues ▁for ▁the ▁extreme ▁vari ability ▁of ▁the ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁various ▁heaven ly ▁bodies ▁and ▁states ▁that ▁situated ▁" in ▁th inn est ▁a ether , ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁subt le ▁fifth ▁ess ence , ▁or ▁in ▁vac u ity – ▁how ▁shall ▁the ▁stars ▁keep ▁their ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁mighty ▁sw irl ▁of ▁these ▁enorm ous ▁spher es ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁subst ance ▁of ▁which ▁no ▁one ▁knows ▁aug ht ? ". ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁Peter ▁Short , ▁London , ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁( 1 st ▁edition , ▁in ▁Latin ) ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁Wolfgang ▁Lock mans , ▁St ett in , ▁ 1 6 2 8 ▁( 2 nd ▁edition , ▁in ▁Latin ) ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁ 1 6 3 3 ▁( 3 rd ▁edition , ▁in ▁Latin ) ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁( fac sim ile ▁of ▁ 1 st ▁edition ) ▁ ▁De ▁Mag nete , ▁English ▁translation ▁by ▁Paul ▁Fle ury ▁M ott el ay , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁▁▁ ▁also ▁published ▁in ▁Vol ▁ 2 8 ▁of ▁Great ▁Books ▁series ▁by ▁Encyclop ædia ▁Britannica , ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁( F ac sim ile ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Thompson ▁translation ) ▁▁ ▁( F ac sim ile ▁of ▁Peter ▁Short ▁ |
1 6 0 0 ▁edition ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Gu il iel mi ▁Gil ber ti ▁Col c estr ensis ▁From ▁the ▁Col lections ▁at ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress . ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 0 0 ▁books ▁Category : Ge om agnet ism ▁Category : Phys ics ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁( G erman : ▁ 7 1 2 . ▁Inf anter ied iv ision ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁Army ▁inf antry ▁division ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Oper ational ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁wave ▁of ▁We hr macht ▁forces , ▁and ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁occupied ▁France ▁along ▁the ▁dem arc ation ▁line ▁with ▁V ich y ▁France . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Low ▁Count ries , ▁where ▁it ▁occupied ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁Ze ebru g ge . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁organized ▁into ▁the ▁ 8 9 th ▁Army ▁Corps , ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁Army ▁Group ▁B ' s ▁ 1 5 th ▁Army , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁counter ▁the ▁Al lied ▁invasion ▁of ▁France ; ▁the ▁ 8 9 th ▁Corps ▁was ▁station ed ▁along ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁coast ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁prevent ▁further ▁am ph ib ious ▁assault s . ▁It |
▁was ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁that ▁an ▁Al lied ▁attack ▁on ▁Belg ium ▁( if ▁not ▁France ) ▁was ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁Netherlands ; ▁as ▁such , ▁inf antry ▁divisions ▁were ▁more ▁concentr ated ▁here . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁def ending ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Sh eld t ▁river ▁near ▁Ant werp ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁Pol es ▁serving ▁under ▁General ▁Guy ▁Sim onds . ▁ ▁Re formation ▁and ▁Poland ▁After ▁suffering ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁when ▁the ▁Al lied ▁forces ▁made ▁their ▁way ▁into ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁was ▁reform ed ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁front . ▁With ▁the ▁Red ▁Army ▁being ▁supplied ▁by ▁an ▁ever - in cre asing ▁ar sen al ▁of ▁weapons ▁and ▁vehicles , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁match ▁them ▁in ▁Poland , ▁and ▁was ▁dec im ated ▁along ▁the ▁river ▁O der ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁combat ▁troops ▁were ▁absor bed ▁by ▁units ▁such ▁as ▁Pan zer ▁Division ▁Kur mark , ▁and ▁the ▁ 4 5 th ▁and ▁ 6 8 th ▁Infantry ▁Div isions , ▁who ▁were ▁also ▁being ▁quickly ▁pushed ▁back ▁by ▁Soviet ▁forces . ▁ ▁Final ▁re formation ▁and ▁capit ulation ▁In ▁March , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁again ▁reform ed . ▁With ▁no ▁more ▁res erves , ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁could ▁only ▁supply ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁with ▁surv iv ors ▁of |
▁divisions ▁already ▁destroyed ▁by ▁the ▁Al lied ▁forces . ▁The ▁division ▁was ▁cr ushed ▁in ▁the ▁Hal be ▁pocket ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁ ▁In ▁March , ▁the ▁division ▁was ▁again ▁reform ed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁N inth ▁Army ' s ▁XI ▁SS ▁Corps ▁under ▁SS - General ▁Matth ias ▁Klein he ister k amp , ▁themselves ▁part ▁of ▁Army ▁Group ▁V ist ula ▁( G erman : ▁He eres gruppe ▁We ich se ). ▁In ▁mid - A pril , ▁the ▁division ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁opening ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Se el ow ▁He ights ▁The ▁army ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁hold ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁advance ▁for ▁only ▁about ▁three ▁days ▁before ▁being ▁forced ▁to ▁retre at ▁to ▁a ▁pocket ▁around ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Frankfurt ▁and ▁Für sten wal de ▁along ▁the ▁S pre ew ald . ▁During ▁Soviet ▁adv ancement ▁towards ▁Für sten wal de , ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁was ▁now ▁surrounded , ▁already ▁under ▁fire ▁from ▁its ▁forward ▁positions ▁and ▁now ▁the ▁rear . ▁The ▁ 3 2 nd ▁SS - G ren ad ier ▁Division ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁Für sten wal de ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th . ▁En circ led ▁by ▁the ▁S ovi ets , ▁the ▁N inth ▁Army ▁attempted ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁through ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Hal be . ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 2 6 ▁April , ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁Pan zer ▁Division |
▁launched ▁an ▁attack ▁in - between ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Ukrain ian ▁Front ' s ▁ 2 8 th ▁Army ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Gu ards ▁T ank ▁Army . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁final ▁breath s ▁the ▁ 7 1 2 th ▁had ▁been ▁reduced ▁sever ely ▁to ▁its ▁ 7 3 2 nd , ▁ 7 4 5 th ▁and ▁ 7 6 4 th ▁Gren ad ier ▁Reg iments ▁( each ▁at ▁two ▁batt alion - str ength ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 7 1 2 nd ▁Art illery ▁Regiment . ▁ ▁Command ers ▁ ▁General major ▁George ▁von ▁D ö hren ▁( 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁ 1 5 ▁A pr ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁Gener alle ut nant ▁Friedrich - Wil helm ▁Ne umann ▁( 1 6 ▁A pr ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁Feb ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁General major ▁Jo achim ▁von ▁Sie gro th ▁( 2 5 ▁Feb ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ ▁Order ▁of ▁battle ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁ 7 3 2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁ 7 4 5 th ▁Infantry ▁Regiment ▁ 6 5 2 nd ▁Art illery ▁det achment ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁P ione er ▁Company ▁ 7 1 2 ▁Sign als ▁Company ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Supp ly ▁det achment ▁▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ 7 3 2 nd ▁Gren ad ier ▁Regiment |
▁ 7 4 5 th ▁Gren ad ier ▁Regiment ▁ 6 5 2 nd ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁P ione er ▁Battalion ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Anti - t ank ▁company ▁ 7 1 2 ▁Sign als ▁Battalion ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Supp ly ▁det achment ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ 7 3 2 nd ▁Gren ad ier ▁Regiment ▁ 7 4 5 th ▁Gren ad ier ▁Regiment ▁ 7 6 4 th ▁Gren ad ier ▁Regiment ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁F us il ier ▁Battalion ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁P ione er ▁Battalion ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Anti - t ank ▁Battalion ▁▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Sign als ▁Battalion ▁ 1 7 1 2 nd ▁Field - rep lacement ▁Battalion ▁ 7 1 2 nd ▁Supp ly ▁det achment ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Category : Inf antry ▁divisions ▁of ▁Germany ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II <0x0A> </s> ▁North am pton ▁was ▁a ▁parliament ary ▁constitu ency ▁( cent red ▁on ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁North am pton ), ▁which ▁existed ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁It ▁returned ▁two ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( MP s ) ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom |
▁until ▁its ▁representation ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁one ▁member ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁The ▁constitu ency ▁was ▁abol ished ▁for ▁the ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁general ▁election , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁constitu encies ▁of ▁North am pton ▁North ▁and ▁North am pton ▁South . ▁ ▁A ▁former ▁MP ▁of ▁note ▁for ▁the ▁constitu ency ▁was ▁Sp encer ▁Per ce val , ▁the ▁only ▁British ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁to ▁be ▁assass in ated . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Parliament ▁ ▁MP s ▁ 1 2 9 5 – 1 6 4 0 ▁▁ 1 2 9 5 : ▁constitu ency ▁established , ▁elect ing ▁two ▁MP s ▁ ▁MP s ▁ 1 6 4 0 – 1 9 1 8 ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! E lection !! !! First ▁member !! First ▁party !! !! Second ▁member !! Second ▁party ▁| - ▁| A pril ▁ 1 6 4 0 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | Rich ard ▁Knight ley || row span =" 2 " | ▁Parliament arian ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁row span ▁= ▁" 2 " | Z ouch ▁T ate || row span ▁= ▁" 2 " | Par liament arian ▁|| ▁| - ▁| Nov ember ▁ 1 6 4 0 ▁| - ▁| Dec ember ▁ 1 6 4 8 |
▁| col span =" 3 " | K night ley ▁ex cluded ▁in ▁P ride ' s ▁Pur ge ▁– ▁seat ▁vac ant ▁| col span =" 3 " | T ate ▁not ▁recorded ▁as ▁sitting ▁after ▁P ride ' s ▁Pur ge ▁| - ▁| 1 6 5 3 ▁| col span =" 6 " | N orth am pton ▁was ▁un re present ed ▁in ▁the ▁B are b ones ▁Parliament ▁| - ▁| 1 6 5 4 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| Peter ▁Wh al ley || ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁col span =" 3 " | ▁North am pton ▁had ▁only ▁one ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁ ▁and ▁Second ▁Parliament s ▁of ▁the ▁Prote ctor ate ▁| - ▁| 1 6 5 6 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | Fran cis ▁Har vey ▁|| row span =" 2 " | ▁| - ▁| J anu ary ▁ 1 6 5 9 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| James ▁Lang ham || ▁| - ▁| May ▁ 1 6 5 9 ▁| col span =" 6 " | Not ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁restored ▁R ump | - ▁| M arch ▁ 1 6 6 0 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Francis ▁Har vey ▁| ▁ ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| |
▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Richard ▁R ains ford ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| J une ▁ 1 6 6 0 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁John ▁Nor wich , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| A pril ▁ 1 6 6 1 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Francis ▁Har vey ▁| ▁ ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁James ▁Lang ham ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| Nov ember ▁ 1 6 6 1 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁Com pton ▁| ▁ ▁| row span =" 4 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁Richard ▁R ains ford ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 6 2 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁James ▁Lang ham , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| M arch ▁ 1 6 6 3 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁William ▁D ud ley , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| A pril ▁ 1 6 6 3 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Hon . ▁Christopher ▁Hat ton ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| - |
▁| M arch ▁ 1 6 6 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁John ▁Bernard ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| A pril ▁ 1 6 6 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Y el ver ton , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 7 0 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Sir ▁William ▁F erm or ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Henry ▁O ' B rien ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 7 8 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Hon . ▁Ralph ▁Mont agu ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| F ebru ary ▁ 1 6 7 9 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁Hugh ▁Ch ol m ley , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| August ▁ 1 6 7 9 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁William ▁Lang ham ▁| ▁ ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Hon . ▁Ralph ▁Mont agu ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 8 5 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Richard ▁R ains ford ▁| ▁ ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row |
span =" 2 " | ▁Sir ▁Justin ian ▁I sh am , ▁B t . ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 8 9 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁William ▁Lang ham ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 9 0 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Sam well , ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 9 4 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Sir ▁Justin ian ▁I sh am , ▁B t . ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 9 5 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Christopher ▁Mont agu ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 6 9 8 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁William ▁Th urs by ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Thomas ▁Andrew ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 0 2 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | |
▁Sir ▁Matthew ▁D ud ley , ▁B t . ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Bar th ol ome w ▁T ate ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 0 4 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Francis ▁A rund ell ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 0 5 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁ ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁George ▁Mont agu ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁William ▁Wy kes ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 1 5 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁William ▁Wil mer ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 2 2 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Edward ▁Mont agu ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 2 7 ▁| row span =" 4 " |
▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁Hon . ▁George ▁Com pton ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 3 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁William ▁Wil mer ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 4 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁George ▁Mont agu ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| A pril ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Charles ▁Mont agu ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| Dec ember ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Hon . ▁Charles ▁Com pton ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 5 5 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Richard ▁Back well ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 5 9 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Frederick ▁Mont agu ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sp encer ▁Com pton ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 |
6 3 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Lucy ▁Knight ley ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 6 8 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Vice - Ad mir al ▁Sir ▁George ▁Bry d ges ▁Rod ney ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁ ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁George ▁Os born , ▁B t . ▁ ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 6 9 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Hon . ▁Thomas ▁How e ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 7 1 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Wil bra ham ▁Tol lem ache ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁| - ▁| ▁ 1 7 7 4 ▁| ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁George ▁Robinson , ▁ 5 th ▁B t . ▁| ▁ ▁| - ▁| 1 7 8 0 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁George ▁Sp encer ▁| ▁Wh ig ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁ ▁George ▁Rod ney ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁| - ▁| 1 7 8 2 ▁| style =" background - color |
: ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁George ▁B ingham ▁| ▁T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 7 8 4 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Charles ▁Com pton ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁T ory ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁F iennes ▁T rot man ▁| ▁Wh ig ▁| - ▁| 1 7 9 0 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Hon . ▁Edward ▁B ouver ie ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Wh ig ▁| - ▁| 1 7 9 6 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Hon . ▁Sp encer ▁Per ce val ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 8 1 0 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁William ▁Han bury ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Wh ig ▁| - ▁| 1 8 1 2 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Sp encer ▁Com pton ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 8 1 8 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| |
▁Sir ▁Edward ▁K err ison , ▁B t . ▁| ▁T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 8 2 0 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Sir ▁George ▁Robinson , ▁ 6 th ▁B t . ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Wh ig ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁William ▁Le ader ▁M ab er ly ▁| ▁Wh ig ▁| - ▁| 1 8 3 0 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Gun ning , ▁B t . ▁| ▁T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 8 3 1 ▁| row span =" 5 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 6 " | ▁Robert ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁| row span =" 5 " | Wh ig ▁| - ▁| 1 8 3 2 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁row span =" 2 " ▁| ▁Charles ▁Ross ▁| T ory ▁| - ▁| 1 8 3 4 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| Con serv ative ▁| - ▁| 1 8 3 7 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Ra ikes ▁C urr ie ▁| Rad ical ▁| - ▁| 1 8 5 7 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁Charles ▁Gil pin ▁| Rad ical ▁| - ▁| |
1 8 5 9 ▁| row span =" 3 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 3 " | ▁Liberal ▁| row span =" 1 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 1 " | ▁Liberal ▁| - ▁| 1 8 5 9 ▁by - e lection ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Anthony ▁Hen ley ▁| L iber al ▁| - ▁| F ebru ary ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁Pick ering ▁Ph ipp s ▁| row span =" 2 " | Con serv ative ▁| - ▁| Oct ober ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁by - e lection ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Charles ▁M ere w ether ▁ ▁| Con serv ative ▁| - ▁| 1 8 8 0 ▁| row span =" 4 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 4 " | ▁Henry ▁Lab ouch ère ▁| row span =" 4 " | L iber al ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Charles ▁Brad la ugh ▁| L iber al ▁| - ▁| 1 8 9 1 ▁by - e lection ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Philip ▁Man field ▁| L iber al ▁| - ▁| 1 8 9 5 ▁| |
style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Ad olph us ▁Dru cker ▁| Con serv ative ▁| - ▁| 1 9 0 0 ▁| row span =" 2 " ▁style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| row span =" 2 " | ▁John ▁Green wood ▁Sh ip man ▁| row span =" 2 " | L iber al ▁| - ▁| 1 9 0 6 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Herbert ▁Paul ▁| L iber al ▁| - ▁| Jan . ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁H ast ings ▁Le es - Smith ▁| L iber al ▁| style =" background - color : ▁" ▁| ▁| ▁Charles ▁McC ur dy ▁| L iber al ▁| - ▁| 1 9 1 8 ▁| col span =" 6 " | ▁Represent ation ▁reduced ▁to ▁one ▁member | } ▁ ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 1 8 – 1 9 7 4 ▁▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 3 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁election , ▁a ▁ 1 3 - day ▁scr ut iny ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Mayor ▁and ▁tal lies ▁were ▁re vised ▁to ▁ 1 , 5 7 0 ▁for ▁Robinson , ▁ 1 , 2 7 9 ▁for ▁Vern on ▁Smith , ▁ 1 , 1 5 7 ▁for ▁Gun ning , ▁and ▁ 1 8 5 ▁for ▁Lyon . ▁ 1 8 8 ▁votes |
▁were ▁rejected . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War , ▁requiring ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁appointed ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Control , ▁requiring ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁Vern on ▁Smith ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁peer age , ▁becoming ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Ly ved en , ▁and ▁causing ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gil pin ' s ▁death ▁caused ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad la ugh ▁was ▁un se ated ▁after ▁voting ▁in ▁the ▁Commons ▁before ▁taking ▁the ▁O ath ▁of ▁Al leg iance , ▁causing ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad la ugh ▁was ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁continu ing ▁prevent ion ▁from ▁taking ▁the ▁O ath , ▁causing ▁a ▁by - e lection . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Brad la ugh ▁res igned ▁and ▁sought ▁election ▁once ▁more , ▁after ▁a ▁resolution ▁to ▁exclude ▁him ▁from ▁the ▁prec inct s ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁was ▁sought . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁Brad la ugh ' s ▁death ▁caused ▁a ▁by |
- e lection . ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 s ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁ ▁A ▁General ▁E lection ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁By ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁following ▁candidates ▁had ▁been ▁adopted ▁to ▁contest ▁that ▁election . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war , ▁the ▁election ▁never ▁took ▁place . ▁British ▁Social ist ▁Party : ▁Ben ▁T ille tt ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁▁ ▁General ▁E lection ▁ 1 9 3 9 / 4 0 ▁ ▁Another ▁General ▁E lection ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁The ▁political ▁parties ▁had ▁been ▁making ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁an ▁election ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁Aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁following ▁candidates ▁had ▁been ▁selected ; ▁ ▁Conserv ative : ▁ ▁Labour : ▁Regin ald ▁P aget ▁British ▁Union : ▁Nor ah ▁El am ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁ ▁E lections ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Robert ▁Beat son , ▁" A ▁Chron ological ▁Register ▁of ▁Both |
▁H ouses ▁of ▁Parliament " ▁( Lond on : ▁Long man , ▁Hur st , ▁Res ▁& ▁Or me , ▁ 1 8 0 7 ) ▁▁ ▁D ▁Brun ton ▁& ▁D ▁H ▁Pen ning ton , ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Long ▁Parliament ▁( Lond on : ▁George ▁Allen ▁& ▁Un win , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ ▁C obb ett ' s ▁Parliament ary ▁history ▁of ▁England , ▁from ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest ▁in ▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁to ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 0 3 '' ▁( Lond on : ▁Thomas ▁Hans ard , ▁ 1 8 0 8 ) ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Par liament ary ▁constitu encies ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire ▁( histor ic ) ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 5 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Kingdom ▁Parliament ary ▁constitu encies ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁sitting ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁North am pton <0x0A> </s> ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph ins ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁op io id ▁pe pt ides ▁formed ▁during ▁dig estion ▁of ▁the ▁gl uten ▁protein . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁hypoth es ized ▁that ▁people ▁with ▁aut ism ▁and ▁sch iz op hren ia ▁have ▁ab normal ▁leak age ▁from ▁the ▁gut ▁of ▁these ▁comp ounds , ▁which ▁then ▁pass ▁into ▁the ▁brain ▁and ▁dis rupt ▁brain ▁function , ▁a ▁process |
▁collect ively ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁op io id ▁excess ▁theory ▁or ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁leak y ▁gut ▁synd rome . ▁This ▁is ▁partly ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁gl uten - free , ▁case in - free ▁di et . ▁The ▁medical ▁evidence ▁is ▁mixed . ▁Two ▁clin ical ▁studies ▁of ▁aut ism ▁patients ▁who ▁followed ▁this ▁di et ▁found ▁no ▁benefit . ▁Another ▁study ▁found ▁a ▁benefit . ▁Another ▁study ▁suggested ▁the ▁di et ▁may ▁present ▁a ▁greater ▁risk ▁to ▁brain ▁development . ▁ ▁C ategor ization ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁known ▁gl uten ▁ex orph ins ▁with ▁known ▁structure : ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁A 5 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - G ly - T yr - T yr - Pro - T hr - OH ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 4 H 3 7 N 5 O 9 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 5 9 9 . 6 4 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁B 4 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - G ly - G ly - Tr p - OH ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 4 H 2 7 N 5 O 6 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 4 8 1 . 5 0 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁B 5 ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - G ly - G ly - Tr p - Le u - OH ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 3 0 |
H 3 8 N 6 O 7 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 5 9 4 . 6 6 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁Gl uten ▁ex orph in ▁C ▁▁ ▁Str ucture : ▁H - T yr - Pro - I le - Ser - Le u - OH ▁Chem ical ▁formula : ▁C 2 9 H 4 5 N 5 O 8 ▁M ole cular ▁weight : ▁ 5 9 1 . 7 0 ▁g / m ol ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Op io id ▁pe pt ides <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁began ▁spons oring ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 8 3 ▁basketball ▁season . ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 8 2 ▁season , ▁the ▁conference ▁held ▁a ▁tournament ▁at ▁Michigan ▁State ▁in ▁which ▁Ohio ▁State ▁defeated ▁Illinois ▁ 6 9 – 6 6 ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁game . ▁The ▁conference ▁has ▁listed ▁this ▁in ▁some ▁publications ▁as ▁a ▁regular ▁season ▁championship . ▁ ▁Championships ▁by ▁school ▁▁ ▁B old ▁indicates ▁an ▁out right ▁championship . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁regular ▁season ▁champions ▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁ ▁Big ▁Ten ▁Conference ▁Women ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁ ▁Champions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁European ▁University ▁Center ▁for ▁Peace ▁Studies ▁offered ▁post grad uate ▁political ▁studies ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 0 – 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Stadt sch la ining |
, ▁Austria . ▁ ▁The ▁institution ▁was ▁founded ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁Ger ald ▁M ader ▁in ▁his ▁capacity ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁AS PR , ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁European ▁UN ES CO ▁comm issions , ▁and ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Study ▁Center ▁for ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Resol ution ▁( AS PR ), ▁also ▁located ▁at ▁Stadt sch la ining . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁curr icul um ▁of ▁E PU ▁was ▁designed ▁along ▁the ▁lines ▁of ▁Johan ▁G altung ’ s ▁” Plan ▁for ▁a ▁Master ▁of ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Resol ution ” ▁which ▁he ▁developed ▁for ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Hawai i . ▁The ▁E PU ▁has ▁been ▁offering ▁post grad uate ▁programs ▁in ▁Peace ▁Studies ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁E PU ▁was ▁co - w inner ▁of ▁the ▁UN ES CO ▁Prize ▁for ▁Peace ▁Education . ▁The ▁E PU ' s ▁UN ES CO ▁Chair ▁on ▁Peace , ▁Human ▁Rights ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁inst itute ▁gained ▁acc red ited ▁private ▁university ▁status ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁" Europe an ▁Peace ▁University ▁( E PU ) ▁- ▁Private ▁Universität ". ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁E PU ' s ▁acc red itation ▁was ▁with dra wn ▁by ▁Austria ' s ▁acc red itation ▁body ; ▁students |
▁currently ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁" Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁Peace ▁and ▁Conf lict ▁Studies " ▁programme ▁may ▁finish ▁their ▁studies ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Primary ▁goals ▁of ▁the ▁E PU ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Sp reading ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁peace ▁in ▁the ▁spirit ▁of ▁the ▁UN ES CO ▁ ▁G iving ▁scientific ▁and ▁educational ▁support ▁to ▁global ▁peace ▁ ▁Prom oting ▁a ▁" world ▁domestic ▁policy " ▁based ▁on ▁sust ain able ▁development , ▁co oper ative ▁responsibility ▁and ▁e colog ical ▁security ▁ ▁Cont rib uting ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁global ▁peace ▁culture ▁ ▁Training ▁and ▁impro ving ▁individual ▁capabilities ▁in ▁peace - making ▁and ▁conflict ▁resolution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : UN ES CO ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁in ▁Austria ▁Category : Private ▁univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁in ▁Austria <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Spe cies box ▁| ▁image ▁= ▁For pus _ pass er inus - V enez uela - 8 a . jpg ▁| ▁image _ caption ▁= ▁Male ▁( right ) ▁and ▁female ▁( left ) ▁in ▁Venezuela ▁| ▁status ▁= ▁L C ▁| ▁status _ system ▁= ▁IU CN 3 . 1 ▁| ▁status _ ref ▁= ▁ ▁| ▁genus ▁= ▁For pus ▁| ▁species ▁= ▁passer inus ▁| ▁authority ▁= ▁( Lin na eus , ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁| ▁syn onym s ▁= ▁* P s itt ac us ▁passer inus ▁ ▁| ▁sub div ision _ ran ks ▁= ▁Sub species ▁| ▁sub div ision |
▁= ▁* F . ▁p . ▁cy an oph anes ▁F . ▁p . ▁vir id iss im us ▁F . ▁p . ▁cy ano ch lor us ▁F . ▁p . ▁del icios us ▁}} ▁ ▁The ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁( For pus ▁passer inus ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁par rot ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ps itt ac idae . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁nomin ate ▁species ▁( F . ▁p . ▁passer inus ). ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁sub species : ▁the ▁Colomb ian ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Rio ▁H ach a ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁cy an oph anes ), ▁the ▁Tr in idad ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Venez uel an ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁vir id iss im us ), ▁the ▁R ora ima ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Sch leg el ' s ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁cy ano ch lor us ), ▁and ▁the ▁Amazon ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁or ▁del icate ▁par rot let ▁or ▁Sant are m ▁passer ine ▁par rot let ▁( F . ▁p . ▁del icios us ). ▁▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁tropical ▁South ▁America , ▁from ▁Car ib bean ▁regions ▁of ▁Colombia , ▁Venezuela ▁and ▁Tr in idad ▁south ▁and ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁Gu |
ian as ▁and ▁Brazil , ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁Amazon ▁River . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁introduced ▁in ▁J ama ica , ▁C ura ça o , ▁Barb ados ▁and ▁Tob ago , ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁recorded ▁on ▁Tr in idad ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁They ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁par rot let ▁species ▁to ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean . ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁fairly ▁common ▁in ▁open , ▁semi - ar id ▁habitat ▁and ▁are ▁found ▁res iding ▁in ▁dry ▁scr ub land , ▁decid uous ▁wood land , ▁gallery ▁forest , ▁far ml and , ▁forest ▁edges , ▁and ▁def or ested ▁areas ▁throughout ▁their ▁range . ▁While ▁they ▁are ▁non - m ig rat ory , ▁they ▁may ▁w ander ▁locally ▁to ▁locate ▁sources ▁of ▁food . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁found ▁at ▁alt itudes ▁greater ▁than ▁ ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁The ▁global ▁population ▁size ▁is ▁not ▁known , ▁but ▁this ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁w ides p read ▁and ▁common . ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁strong ▁evidence ▁that ▁populations ▁are ▁decre asing , ▁which ▁is ▁likely ▁related ▁to ▁habitat ▁destruction ▁by ▁def or est ation . ▁The ▁species ▁has ▁been ▁class ified ▁as ▁Le ast ▁Conc ern ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN ▁Red ▁List . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁and ▁e col ogy ▁ ▁Social ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁very ▁gre g ari ous ▁and ▁ro ost ▁commun ally ; ▁they ▁are |
▁often ▁seen ▁in ▁f lock s ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁individuals . ▁▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁make ▁light , ▁twitter ing ▁calls . ▁While ▁in ▁f lock s , ▁calls ▁are ▁l ou der ▁and ▁more ▁pen etr ating . ▁Contact ▁calls , ▁similar ▁to ▁names , ▁are ▁individually ▁distinct ▁and ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁individual ▁mate ▁recognition . ▁Each ▁call ▁var ies ▁in ▁duration , ▁frequency , ▁and ▁pitch . ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁have ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁f lock s ▁consisting ▁of ▁combinations ▁of ▁bre eding ▁male - f em ale ▁pairs , ▁non bre eding ▁male - f em ale ▁pairs , ▁male - male ▁pairs , ▁and ▁individual ▁non bre eding ▁males ; ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁each ▁type ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁season . ▁Ext ra - pair ▁cop ulation ▁is ▁relatively ▁un common ▁( less ▁than ▁ 8 % ▁of ▁young ▁are ▁conce ived ▁through ▁extra - pair ▁fert il ization ). ▁▁ ▁Re production ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁form ▁strong ▁pair ▁b onds ▁and ▁rarely ▁switch ▁m ates , ▁but ▁typically ▁only ▁bre ed ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁individual ▁for ▁ 1 - 2 ▁seasons . ▁Al most ▁half ▁of ▁wild ▁females ▁attempt ▁a ▁second ▁bro od ▁during ▁their ▁bre eding ▁season . ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁bre ed ▁during ▁the ▁ra iny ▁season ▁( May - Nov ember ), ▁though ▁each ▁sub species ▁tends ▁to ▁bre ed |
▁during ▁different ▁months . ▁They ▁typically ▁make ▁their ▁n ests ▁in ▁un lined ▁tree ▁cav ities , ▁holes ▁found ▁in ▁ar b ore al ▁term ite ▁n ests , ▁or ▁in ▁cav ities ▁in ▁wooden ▁f ence ▁posts . ▁ ▁The ▁female ▁l ays ▁ 5 - 6 ▁small ▁white ▁eggs ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 9 – 1 6 ▁days . ▁The ▁female ▁usually ▁initi ates ▁inc ub ation ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁egg ▁is ▁laid , ▁leading ▁to ▁asynchronous ▁h atch ing ▁which ▁begins ▁ 1 8 – 2 2 ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁inc ub ation . ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁cl utch ▁size , ▁h atch ing ▁con cludes ▁ 2 – 1 4 ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁egg ▁h atch es . ▁F led ging ▁occurs ▁ 2 9 – 3 5 ▁days ▁after ▁h atch ing , ▁with ▁the ▁cl utch ▁fled ging ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁days ▁on ▁average . ▁ ▁The ▁unusual ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ' s ▁nest ling ▁period ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁caused , ▁or ▁at ▁least ▁influenced , ▁by ▁the ▁low ▁levels ▁of ▁available ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁min er als ▁for ▁young ▁found ▁in ▁typical ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁habitat . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁h atch ing ▁time , ▁not ▁all ▁ch icks ▁are ▁the ▁same ▁size ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁young . ▁Research ▁has ▁been ▁done ▁on ▁resource ▁allocation ▁between ▁different ▁ch ick ▁sizes ▁by |
▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁parents . ▁It ▁was ▁shown ▁that ▁male ▁parents ▁tend ▁to ▁feed ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁more ▁often , ▁while ▁females ▁are ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁feed ▁smaller ▁individuals ▁first ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁begg ing ▁hab its ▁- ▁smaller ▁ch icks ▁tend ▁to ▁beg ▁more , ▁while ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁are ▁more ▁sub miss ive . ▁This ▁effect ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁other ▁par rot ▁species . ▁ ▁Research ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁by ▁planning ▁asynchronous ▁h atch ing , ▁parent ▁par rot lets ▁don ' t ▁have ▁to ▁spend ▁as ▁much ▁time ▁exp ending ▁the ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁energy ▁associated ▁with ▁bro oding , ▁but ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁energy ▁exp ended ▁does ▁not ▁change . ▁▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁observed ▁that ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁m ating ▁and ▁raising ▁a ▁bro od ▁of ▁ch icks , ▁a ▁female ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ' s ▁mass ▁var ies ▁greatly . ▁Fem ale ▁individuals ▁gained ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 5 % ▁more ▁mass ▁before ▁lay ing ▁and ▁maintained ▁this ▁mass ▁through ▁inc ub ation ▁until ▁h atch ing ▁began . ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁mass ▁lost ▁over ▁the ▁bro oding ▁and ▁fled ging ▁periods ▁was ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁bro od . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁mass ▁change ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁bro oding ▁star v ation , ▁adaptation ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁l ifest yle , ▁and ▁sexual ▁activity . ▁ ▁Diet ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets |
▁primarily ▁eat ▁se eds ▁from ▁grass es ▁and ▁for bs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁flowers , ▁bud s , ▁ber ries , ▁and ▁f ruits . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁eat ▁the ▁se eds ▁from ▁fruit ▁trees ▁including ▁Ann ona ▁sp . ▁and ▁gu ava . ▁ ▁Av icult ure ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁b red ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁kept ▁as ▁p ets , ▁though ▁they ▁are ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁some ▁other ▁For pus ▁species . ▁Im ports ▁of ▁wild ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁under ▁the ▁Wild ▁Bird ▁Conserv ation ▁Act ▁and ▁international ▁trade ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁other ▁laws , ▁so ▁av icult ure ▁is ▁dependent ▁on ▁existing ▁capt ive ▁populations . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁books ▁and ▁articles ▁ ▁Bird s ▁of ▁Venezuela '' ▁by ▁Hil ty , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁World ▁Par rot ▁Trust ▁Par rot ▁Encyclopedia : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁photo ▁gallery ▁on ▁VI RE O ▁Ne otrop ical ▁Bird s ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁e B ird ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Barb ados ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : B |
ird s ▁of ▁C ura ça o ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ian as ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁Bas in ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let <0x0A> </s> ▁Sab am ▁P and ap ot an ▁Si ag ian ▁( 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁ – ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁journalist . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁editor ▁in ▁chief ▁of ▁The ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁Si ag ian ▁depart ed ▁the ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁upon ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁Amb assador ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁while ▁amb assador , ▁Sab am ▁lived ▁in ▁Can ber ra . ▁He ▁critic ised ▁the ▁Australian ▁media ▁for ▁lag ging ▁behind ▁other ▁se ctors ▁in ▁Australia ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁eng aging ▁with ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Can ber ra ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Sab am ▁joined ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁ ▁Sab am ▁died ▁in ▁Jak arta ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁extended ▁health ▁comp lications . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁colle agues , ▁including ▁former ▁Indones ian ▁foreign ▁minister ▁Hass an ▁W ira j uda , ▁paid ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁contributions ▁during ▁a ▁long ▁career ▁as ▁a |
▁journalist ▁in ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁Category : The ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁people ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁newspaper ▁edit ors ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁journal ists ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Am b ass adors ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁to ▁Australia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁B ata k ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Young ▁Film ore ▁Bla ke ▁or ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Y . F . ▁Bla ke ▁and ▁J . Y . F . ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁an ▁Irish - American ▁soldier ▁and ▁military ▁writer . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁in ▁Boliv ar , ▁Missouri , ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁died ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁av owed ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁resistance ▁to ▁British ▁imperial ism ▁world wide ▁and ▁fought ▁as ▁a ▁foreign ▁volunte er ▁for ▁the ▁Bo er ▁republic s ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁After ▁his ▁birth , ▁Bla ke ' s ▁family ▁soon ▁moved ▁to ▁D ent on ▁County , ▁Texas . ▁There ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁cattle ▁ran ch ing ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁ride ▁horses . ▁His ▁father ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ark ansas ▁at ▁F ay ette ville ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁So on ▁after ▁gradu ating , ▁he ▁received ▁an |
▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁Upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Bla ke ▁began ▁his ▁military ▁career , ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 nd ▁Lieutenant ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁U . S . ▁Caval ry ▁station ed ▁in ▁Arizona . ▁He ▁served ▁under ▁General ▁Will co x , ▁General ▁Cro ok , ▁and ▁General ▁Mil es ▁during ▁the ▁Apache ▁wars . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁fear less ▁and ▁magnetic ▁leader , ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁rust ling ▁an ▁Apache ▁p ony ▁her d . ▁Res ign ing ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁Bla ke ▁moved ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids , ▁Michigan ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁business man , ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁family ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁sett le ▁down . ▁After ▁about ▁ 5 ▁years ▁he ▁soon ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁"' the ▁tr icks ▁of ▁the ▁trade ', ▁were ▁too ▁deep ▁for ▁me " ▁and ▁giving ▁into ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁advent ure , ▁head ed ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁as ▁a ▁gold ▁prospect or . ▁ ▁Bo er ▁War ▁While ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁he ▁became ▁deeply ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁leading ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Irish - American ▁Corps , ▁known ▁as ▁Bla ke ' s ▁Irish ▁Brigade ▁against ▁the ▁British . ▁. ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁to ▁a ▁hero ' s ▁welcome ▁and ▁the ▁lecture ▁circuit . ▁He ▁subsequently |
▁published ▁a ▁mem oir ▁of ▁his ▁African ▁experience , ▁A ▁West ▁Po inter ▁With ▁The ▁Bo ers . ▁Bla ke ' s ▁mem oir ▁is ▁conce ived ▁as ▁a ▁highly ▁critical ▁expose ▁of ▁the ▁mot ives ▁and ▁actions ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁particularly ▁in ▁its ▁support ▁of ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes . ▁He ▁also ▁ling ers ▁on ▁the ▁British ▁m alt re at ment ▁of ▁black ▁Afr icans ▁and ▁Af rik an ers ▁al ike , ▁and ▁the ▁honor ▁and ▁dec ency ▁of ▁Bo er ▁part is ans ▁in ▁def ending ▁their ▁liberty ▁and ▁families . ▁ ▁Family ▁John ' s ▁mother ▁S inc la ir ▁T . ▁Ch itt y ▁married ▁his ▁father ▁Thomas ▁Kin ca id ▁Bla ke ▁Jr . ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁John ▁married ▁K atherine ▁Eu ph ras ia ▁Ald rich ▁in ▁Grand ▁Rap ids ▁while ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁service . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁officers ' ▁qu arters ▁at ▁Fort ▁Le aven worth , ▁where ▁John ' s ▁first ▁son ▁Ald rich ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁K atherine , ▁being ▁pre gn ant ▁with ▁John ' s ▁second ▁son , ▁persu aded ▁him ▁to ▁res ign ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids . ▁He ▁agreed , ▁and ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁L edy ard ▁Bla ke ▁was |
▁born . ▁ ▁Death ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Har lem , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁of ▁gas ▁as phy xi ation ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁t ending ▁a ▁sick ▁friend ▁for ▁ 3 ▁days . ▁Some ▁sources ▁said ▁the ▁death ▁was ▁accident al , ▁while ▁others ▁called ▁it ▁suic ide . ▁He ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁West ▁Point , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bo er ▁Foreign ▁Vol unte ers ▁Irish ▁command os ▁ ▁References ▁Bla ke , ▁John ▁Y . ▁F . ▁" A ▁West ▁Po inter ▁with ▁the ▁Bo ers " ▁http :// pen and sp ind le . blog spot . com / search / label / bla ke % 2 0 j ohn % 2 0 you ng % 2 0 fil more ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 8 1 7 1 2 3 7 / http :// www . ro gu ery . com / sa frica / gior no 5 . htm ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 5 / 1 0 6 1 0 9 8 9 7 . pdf ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 8 / 1 0 1 7 2 |
3 5 2 2 . pdf ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Boliv ar , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ark ansas ▁al umn i ▁Category : Bo er ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D ent on , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Hub ert ▁Mil ton ▁J . ▁Nelson ▁( August ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player . ▁Born ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁Nelson ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mill ers ▁( A HA ) ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Fly ers . ▁He ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁bi ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Min ne apolis ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁C ut ters ▁players ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees |
<0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁is ▁an ▁a venue ▁in ▁Brook lyn . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Sub way ▁stations ▁that ▁serve ▁the ▁a venue : ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( IND ▁C ul ver ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁F ▁train ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁Sea ▁Beach ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁N ▁train ▁( W ▁train ▁part - time ) ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁West ▁End ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁D ▁train <0x0A> </s> ▁T inct ure ▁is ▁the ▁limited ▁p alette ▁of ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁used ▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁define , ▁dep ict , ▁and ▁correctly ▁bla zon ▁the ▁various ▁t inct ures ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁aspects ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁and ▁design . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁European ▁her ald ry ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁and ▁th ir teenth ▁centuries . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁and ▁describing ▁them ▁has ▁evol ved ▁over ▁time , ▁as ▁new ▁variations ▁and ▁practices ▁have ▁developed . ▁ ▁The ▁basic ▁scheme ▁and ▁rules ▁of ▁applying ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁The ▁earliest ▁surv iving ▁col oured ▁her ald ic ▁illustr ations , ▁from ▁the ▁mid - th ir teenth ▁century , ▁show ▁the ▁standard |
ized ▁usage ▁of ▁two ▁met als , ▁five ▁colours , ▁and ▁two ▁f urs . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁has ▁employed ▁these ▁nine ▁t inct ures . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁variations ▁on ▁these ▁basic ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁developed , ▁particularly ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁f urs . ▁Author ities ▁differ ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁these ▁variations ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁separate ▁t inct ures , ▁or ▁merely ▁vari eties ▁of ▁existing ▁ones . ▁Two ▁additional ▁colours ▁appeared , ▁and ▁were ▁generally ▁accepted ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁although ▁they ▁remained ▁scar ce , ▁and ▁were ▁eventually ▁term ed ▁st ains , ▁from ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁sign ify ▁some ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er . ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁certain ▁charges ▁as ▁they ▁appear ▁in ▁nature , ▁term ed ▁proper , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century . ▁ ▁Other ▁colours ▁have ▁appeared ▁occasionally ▁since ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁especially ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁their ▁use ▁is ▁inf re quent , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁regarded ▁as ▁particularly ▁her ald ic , ▁or ▁number ed ▁among ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁that ▁form ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design . ▁ ▁Fre quency ▁and ▁national ▁variants ▁ ▁The ▁frequency ▁with ▁which ▁different ▁t inct ures ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁over ▁time ▁has ▁been ▁much ▁observed , ▁but ▁little ▁studied . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁general ▁tr ends |
▁of ▁note , ▁both ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁time , ▁and ▁noted ▁prefer ences ▁from ▁one ▁region ▁to ▁another . ▁ ▁In ▁medieval ▁her ald ry , ▁g ules ▁was ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁met als ▁argent ▁and ▁or , ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁necessarily ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁arms ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁colours , ▁s able ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common , ▁followed ▁by ▁azure . ▁Vert , ▁although ▁present ▁from ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design , ▁was ▁relatively ▁scar ce . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁azure ▁increased ▁above ▁that ▁of ▁s able , ▁while ▁g ules , ▁still ▁the ▁most ▁common , ▁became ▁less ▁dominant . ▁ ▁A ▁survey ▁of ▁French ▁arms ▁granted ▁during ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁reve als ▁a ▁distinct ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁tr ends ▁for ▁the ▁arms ▁granted ▁to ▁nobles ▁and ▁common ers . ▁Among ▁nobles , ▁g ules ▁remained ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁closely ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁then ▁by ▁argent ▁and ▁azure ▁at ▁nearly ▁equal ▁levels ; ▁s able ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁distant ▁fifth ▁choice , ▁while ▁vert ▁remained ▁scar ce . ▁Among ▁common ers , ▁azure ▁was ▁easily ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁and ▁only ▁then ▁by ▁g ules , ▁argent , ▁and ▁s able , ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁more ▁by ▁common ers ▁than ▁among ▁the ▁nob ility ; ▁vert , |
▁however , ▁was ▁even ▁scar cer ▁in ▁common ▁arms . ▁Pur p ure ▁is ▁so ▁scar ce ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁that ▁some ▁authorities ▁do ▁not ▁regard ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" real ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure ". ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁whole , ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁azure ▁and ▁or , ▁while ▁English ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁heavy ▁use ▁of ▁g ules ▁and ▁argent , ▁and ▁unlike ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁it ▁has ▁always ▁made ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁vert , ▁and ▁occas ional , ▁if ▁not ▁extensive , ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure . ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁or ▁and ▁s able . ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry ▁rarely ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁or ▁er mine , ▁except ▁in ▁mant ling , ▁pav il ions , ▁and ▁the ▁l ining ▁of ▁crow ns ▁and ▁caps . ▁In ▁fact , ▁f urs ▁occur ▁inf re qu ently ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁The ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁of ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁p alette ▁are ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁groups , ▁usually ▁known ▁as ▁met als , ▁colours , ▁and ▁f urs . ▁ ▁Met als ▁ ▁The ▁met als ▁are ▁or ▁and ▁argent , ▁representing ▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁respectively , ▁although ▁in ▁practice ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁dep icted ▁as ▁yellow ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁Or ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁der ives |
▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁aur um , ▁" g old ". ▁ ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁dep icted ▁using ▁either ▁yellow ▁or ▁met all ic ▁gold , ▁at ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁dis cret ion ; ▁" yellow " ▁has ▁no ▁separate ▁existence ▁in ▁her ald ry , ▁and ▁is ▁never ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁any ▁t inct ure ▁other ▁than ▁or . ▁ ▁Argent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁is ▁similarly ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁argent um , ▁" sil ver ". ▁ ▁Although ▁sometimes ▁dep icted ▁as ▁met all ic ▁silver ▁or ▁faint ▁grey , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁often ▁represented ▁by ▁white , ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁t endency ▁for ▁silver ▁paint ▁to ▁ox id ize ▁and ▁dark en ▁over ▁time , ▁and ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁ple asing ▁effect ▁of ▁white ▁against ▁a ▁contrast ing ▁colour . ▁ ▁Not with standing ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁for ▁argent , ▁some ▁her ald ic ▁authorities ▁have ▁suggested ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁white ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁her ald ic ▁colour . ▁ ▁Col ours ▁ ▁Five ▁colours ▁have ▁been ▁recognized ▁since ▁the ▁earliest ▁days ▁of ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁These ▁are : ▁g ules , ▁or ▁red ; ▁s able , ▁or ▁black ; ▁azure , ▁or ▁blue ; ▁vert , ▁or ▁green ; ▁and ▁pur p ure , ▁or ▁pur ple . ▁ ▁G ules ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁of ▁uncertain ▁deriv ation ; ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁her ald |
ic ▁context , ▁the ▁modern ▁French ▁word ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁an ▁animal . ▁ ▁S able ▁( G er . ▁) ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁m arten , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁dark , ▁lux uri ant ▁fur . ▁ ▁Azure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁comes ▁through ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁l ā za ward , ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁l ā ž av ard ▁both ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁blue ▁min eral ▁la pis ▁la z uli , ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁blue ▁p ig ments . ▁ ▁Vert ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁vir id is , ▁" green ". ▁ ▁The ▁alternative ▁name ▁in ▁French , ▁sin ople , ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁city ▁of ▁S ino pe ▁in ▁Asia ▁Minor , ▁which ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁p ig ments . ▁ ▁Pur p ure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁pur p ura , ▁in ▁turn ▁from ▁Greek ▁por phy ra , ▁the ▁d ye ▁known ▁as ▁Ty rian ▁pur ple . ▁ ▁This ▁expensive ▁d ye , ▁known ▁from ▁anti qu ity , ▁produced ▁a ▁much ▁red der ▁pur ple ▁than ▁the ▁modern ▁her ald ic ▁colour ; ▁and ▁in ▁fact ▁earlier ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁are ▁far ▁red der ▁than ▁recent ▁ones . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁pur p ure ▁may ▁have ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁variation ▁of ▁g ules |
. ▁ ▁St ains ▁Two ▁more ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁eventually ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁authorities : ▁s angu ine ▁or ▁mur rey , ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour ; ▁and ▁t enn é , ▁an ▁orange ▁or ▁dark ▁yellow ▁to ▁brown ish ▁colour . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁term ed ▁" st ains " ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁influ ential ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁and ▁supposed ▁to ▁represent ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er ; ▁but ▁in ▁fact ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁ever ▁so ▁employed , ▁and ▁they ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁mere ▁variations ▁of ▁existing ▁colours . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁represented ▁st ains ▁upon ▁the ▁honour ▁of ▁an ▁arm iger ▁served ▁to ▁prevent ▁them ▁receiving ▁w ides p read ▁use , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁in ▁recent ▁times ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis . ▁ ▁S angu ine ▁or ▁Mur rey , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" blo od ▁red ", ▁and ▁Greek ▁, ▁" mul berry ", ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁so - called ▁" st ains " ▁in ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁is ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour , ▁between ▁g ules ▁and ▁pur p ure ▁in ▁h ue . ▁ ▁It ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁mere ▁variation ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁colours , ▁and ▁may ▁in ▁fact ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁h ue ▁of ▁pur p ure , ▁which ▁is |
▁now ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁much ▁bl uer ▁colour ▁than ▁when ▁it ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁Although ▁long ▁sh unn ed ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁it ▁represented ▁some ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er , ▁it ▁has ▁found ▁some ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries . ▁ ▁T enn é ▁or ▁ten ny , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" to ▁tan ", ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁" st ains ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁dep icted ▁as ▁orange , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁as ▁ta wn y ▁yellow ▁or ▁brown . ▁ ▁In ▁earlier ▁times ▁it ▁was ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁in ▁England ▁largely ▁conf ined ▁to ▁li very . ▁ ▁F urs ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁f urs ▁alongside ▁the ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁art . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁earliest ▁period , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two ▁f urs , ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air . ▁ ▁Er mine ▁represents ▁the ▁fur ▁of ▁the ▁sto at , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁we as el , ▁in ▁its ▁white ▁winter ▁coat , ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁an ▁er mine . ▁V air ▁represents ▁the ▁winter ▁coat ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel , ▁which ▁is ▁blue - gre y ▁above ▁and ▁white ▁below . ▁ ▁These ▁f urs ▁were ▁commonly ▁used ▁to ▁line ▁the ▁clo aks ▁and ▁ro bes ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility . ▁ |
▁Both ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air ▁give ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁colour , ▁but ▁in ▁her ald ic ▁convention ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁a ▁separate ▁class ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁that ▁is ▁neither ▁metal ▁nor ▁colour . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁several ▁variations ▁of ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air ▁have ▁appeared , ▁together ▁with ▁three ▁additional ▁f urs ▁typically ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁known ▁as ▁pl um et é , ▁papel onn é , ▁and ▁k ür sch , ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁more ▁myster ious , ▁but ▁which ▁probably ▁began ▁as ▁variations ▁of ▁v air . ▁ ▁Er mine ▁ ▁Er mine ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁normally ▁dep icted ▁as ▁a ▁white ▁field ▁pow der ed ▁with ▁black ▁sp ots , ▁known ▁as ▁" erm ine ▁sp ots ", ▁representing ▁the ▁er mine ' s ▁black ▁tail . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁instead ▁of ▁silver ▁is ▁normal , ▁even ▁when ▁silver ▁is ▁available , ▁since ▁this ▁is ▁how ▁the ▁fur ▁naturally ▁appears ; ▁but ▁occasionally ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁dep ict ▁er mine . ▁There ▁is ▁considerable ▁variation ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁er mine ▁sp ots ; ▁in ▁the ▁oldest ▁dep ict ions , ▁they ▁were ▁drawn ▁real ist ically , ▁as ▁long , ▁tap ering ▁points ; ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁they ▁are ▁typically ▁drawn ▁as ▁arrow head s , ▁usually ▁to pped ▁by ▁three ▁small ▁d ots . ▁ ▁V air ▁ ▁V air ▁( G |
er . ▁) ▁der ives ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" var ieg ated ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁dep icted ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁altern ating ▁shapes , ▁convention ally ▁known ▁as ▁pan es ▁or ▁" v air ▁b ells ", ▁of ▁argent ▁and ▁azure , ▁arranged ▁in ▁horizontal ▁rows , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁pan es ▁of ▁one ▁t inct ure ▁form ▁the ▁upper ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁row , ▁while ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁opposite ▁t inct ure ▁are ▁on ▁the ▁bottom . ▁S uc ceed ing ▁rows ▁are ▁st agger ed , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁pan es ▁making ▁up ▁each ▁row ▁are ▁opposite ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁the ▁rows ▁above ▁and ▁below . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁er mine , ▁the ▁argent ▁pan es ▁may ▁be ▁dep icted ▁as ▁either ▁white ▁or ▁silver ; ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁more ▁often ▁with ▁v air ▁than ▁with ▁er mine , ▁but ▁the ▁natural ▁fur ▁is ▁white . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁v air ▁is ▁used ▁with ▁other ▁colours , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁term ed ▁v air é ▁or ▁v air y ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁used . ▁ ▁Norm ally ▁v air é ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁metal ▁and ▁one ▁colour , ▁although ▁er mine ▁or ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁variants ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used , ▁with ▁an ▁er mine ▁spot ▁appearing ▁in ▁each ▁p ane ▁of ▁that ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁V air é ▁of ▁four ▁colours ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" g ay - col oured |
" ▁or ▁" checked ▁v air ") ▁is ▁also ▁known , ▁usually ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁met als ▁and ▁two ▁colours . ▁ ▁Several ▁variant ▁shapes ▁exist , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁pot ent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" ups ide - down ▁cr utch ▁v air "). ▁In ▁this ▁form , ▁the ▁familiar ▁" v air ▁bell " ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁T - sh aped ▁figure , ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" pot ent " ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁a ▁cr utch . ▁Other ▁f urs ▁sometimes ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁v air , ▁include ▁pl um et é ▁or ▁pl um et ty ▁and ▁ ▁papel onn é ▁or ▁pap ell ony . ▁In ▁pl um et é , ▁the ▁pan es ▁are ▁dep icted ▁as ▁fe athers ; ▁in ▁papel onn é ▁they ▁are ▁dep icted ▁as ▁scales , ▁res emb ling ▁those ▁of ▁a ▁but ter fly ' s ▁wings ▁( wh ence ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁derived ). ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁modified ▁with ▁the ▁color , ▁arrangement , ▁and ▁size ▁variants ▁of ▁v air , ▁though ▁those ▁variants ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁common . ▁In ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁fur ▁known ▁as ▁K ür sch , ▁or ▁" v air ▁bel lies ", ▁consisting ▁of ▁pan es ▁dep icted ▁hair y ▁and ▁brown . ▁ ▁Here ▁the ▁phrase ▁" v air ▁bel lies " ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁mis |
nom er , ▁as ▁the ▁bel ly ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel ▁is ▁always ▁white , ▁although ▁its ▁summer ▁coat ▁is ▁indeed ▁re dd ish ▁brown . ▁ ▁Other ▁t inct ures ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁occasionally ▁encountered , ▁usually ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry : ▁ ▁C end r ée , ▁or ▁" ash - col our "; ▁Brun âtre ▁( G er . ▁), ▁or ▁brown , ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁pur p ure ; ▁Ble u - c él este ▁or ▁ble u ▁de ▁ciel , ▁a ▁sky ▁blue ▁colour ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁l ighter ▁than ▁azure ; ▁Am ar anth ▁or ▁col umb ine , ▁a ▁strong ▁vio let - red , ▁found ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁grant ▁of ▁arms ▁to ▁a ▁Boh em ian ▁kn ight ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 ; ▁Eisen - far be , ▁or ▁iron - col our , ▁found ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry ; ▁and ▁Car n ation , ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁as ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁flesh . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁scholar ▁A . ▁C . ▁Fox - D av ies ▁proposed ▁that , ▁in ▁some ▁circumstances , ▁white ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁distinct ▁from ▁argent . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁instances , ▁a ▁label ▁or ▁col lar ▁bla zon ed ▁as ▁" white " ▁rather ▁than ▁" argent " ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁supp orter ▁bla zon |
ed ▁argent ▁or ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁" white " ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁" argent " ▁would ▁be ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁bla zon ▁that ▁disc ou rages ▁repeating ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁describing ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁but ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁merely ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" argent ", ▁this ▁pla cement ▁would ▁clearly ▁viol ate ▁the ▁rule ▁against ▁placing ▁metal ▁on ▁metal ▁or ▁colour ▁on ▁colour ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁This ▁difficulty ▁is ▁avoided ▁if ▁" white " ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁this ▁particular ▁instance , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" argent ". ▁ ▁This ▁interpretation ▁has ▁neither ▁been ▁accepted ▁nor ▁ref uted ▁by ▁any ▁her ald ic ▁authority , ▁but ▁a ▁counter - argument ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁labels ▁are ▁not ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure , ▁but ▁are ▁in ▁fact ▁white ▁labels ▁proper . ▁ ▁Other ▁exception al ▁colours ▁have ▁occasionally ▁appeared ▁during ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries : ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁in ▁Russia ▁have ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁aqu amar ine , ▁which ▁is ▁emb la zon ed ▁more ▁as ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁dark ▁green ▁than ▁a ▁true ▁aqu amar ine ▁colour . ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Author ity ▁granted ▁arms ▁containing ▁rose ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Author ity ▁granted |
▁arms ▁including ▁co pper , ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁metal , ▁to ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁White hor se , ▁Y uk on . ▁ ▁O ch re , ▁both ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁appears ▁in ▁South ▁African ▁her ald ry ; ▁the ▁national ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁includes ▁red ▁och re , ▁while ▁( yellow ) ▁och re ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Trans ke i . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁not ▁govern ed ▁by ▁any ▁official ▁authority ; ▁but ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁which ▁makes ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ry , ▁does ▁have ▁its ▁own ▁authority , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry . ▁ ▁The ▁arm orial ▁designs ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry ▁include ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁novel ▁t inct ures , ▁including ▁buff ▁( emp loy ed ▁various ly ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁metal ▁or ▁a ▁colour ), ▁and ▁horizon ▁blue . ▁ ▁Silver ▁gray ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁her ald ry ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Special ▁Tro ops ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁Caval ry ▁Division . ▁ ▁There ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁some ▁confusion ▁about ▁the ▁colour ▁crim son , ▁as ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁it ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁t inct ure , ▁while ▁in ▁others ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁specify ▁the ▁sh |
ade ▁of ▁g ules ▁to ▁be ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁artist . ▁ ▁D iffer ing ▁from ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁practice , ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry ▁often ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁exact ▁sh ades ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁various ▁arms . ▁ ▁Buff ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Author ity , ▁who ▁treat ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁colour . ▁ ▁Pro per ▁ ▁A ▁charge ▁that ▁is ▁col oured ▁as ▁it ▁naturally ▁appears ▁is ▁bla zon ed ▁proper ▁( Fr . ▁), ▁or ▁" the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature ". ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁speaking , ▁proper ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁itself , ▁and ▁if , ▁as ▁is ▁sometimes ▁the ▁case , ▁a ▁charge ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁dep icted ▁in ▁particular ▁colours ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁apparent ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁" pro per " ▁alone , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁specified ▁in ▁whatever ▁detail ▁is ▁necessary . ▁ ▁C ertain ▁charges ▁are ▁considered ▁" pro per " ▁when ▁port rayed ▁with ▁particular ▁colours , ▁even ▁though ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁different ▁colours ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁nature ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁a ▁pop in j ay ▁proper ▁is ▁green , ▁even ▁though ▁wild ▁par ro ts ▁occur ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁colours . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁a ▁charge ▁dep icted ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁set ▁of ▁colours ▁may ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" pro per ", ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁consists ▁entirely ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ; ▁a ▁rose ▁proper , ▁whether ▁red ▁or ▁white |
, ▁is ▁bar bed ▁vert ▁and ▁seed ed ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁non - her ald ic ▁colours ▁is ▁probably ▁associated ▁with ▁" lands cape ▁her ald ry ", ▁a ▁common ▁feature ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁German ▁arm ory ▁during ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth . ▁ ▁Although ▁rarely ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁field ▁itself , ▁land sc apes ▁were ▁often ▁granted ▁as ▁augment ations , ▁typically ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁for tr ess ▁successfully ▁captured ▁or ▁def ended , ▁or ▁a ▁particular ▁ship , ▁or ▁a ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁arm iger ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁augment ation ▁was ▁granted ▁was ▁involved . ▁ ▁Such ▁land sc apes , ▁usually ▁appearing ▁on ▁a ▁chief , ▁might ▁be ▁bla zon ed ▁with ▁great ▁particular ity ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁things ▁port rayed ▁and ▁the ▁colours ▁used ▁to ▁port ray ▁them . ▁ ▁Official ly , ▁these ▁land sc apes ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁argent , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁common , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁expected , ▁for ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁add ▁further ▁details , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sky ▁and ▁clouds , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁field ▁might ▁be ▁wh olly ▁obsc ured . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁land sc apes ▁in ▁her ald ry ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁fashion ▁during ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁era , ▁when ▁her ald ic ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁artists ▁began ▁looking ▁to ▁earlier ▁and ▁simpler ▁periods ▁of ▁arm orial ▁design ▁for ▁insp iration . ▁ ▁Term in ology |
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁her ald ic ▁termin ology ▁is ▁based ▁largely ▁on ▁that ▁of ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Norman ▁French . ▁With ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁c ited ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁authors , ▁uses ▁similar ▁termin ology . ▁However , ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁also ▁highly ▁influ ential , ▁uses ▁a ▁different ▁voc ab ul ary ; ▁it ▁calls ▁the ▁colours ▁by ▁their ▁every day ▁names . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁original ▁sense , ▁t inct ure ▁refers ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁convention ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" col ours ". ▁But ▁as ▁the ▁word ▁" col our " ▁seems ▁in app lic able ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁f urs , ▁and ▁no ▁other ▁term ▁clearly ▁en comp ass es ▁all ▁three ▁classes , ▁the ▁word ▁" t inct ure " ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁bro ader ▁sense , ▁while ▁" col our " ▁has ▁acquired ▁the ▁more ▁restricted ▁sense ▁originally ▁given ▁to ▁" t inct ure ". ▁Thus , ▁when ▁consult ing ▁various ▁her ald ic ▁authorities , ▁care ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁meaning ▁each ▁term ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁Design ations ▁ ▁Art istic ▁libert ies ▁In ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁tradition , ▁the ▁various ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁have ▁no ▁fixed ▁appearance , ▁h ue , ▁or ▁sh ade . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁artist ▁is |
▁free ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁l ighter ▁or ▁dark er ▁blue ▁or ▁green , ▁a ▁deeper ▁or ▁br ighter ▁red ; ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁dep ict ing ▁or ▁with ▁yellow ▁or ▁any ▁of ▁various ▁gold ▁pain ts , ▁to ▁dep ict ▁argent ▁as ▁white ▁or ▁silver . ▁ ▁Rec ently ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁explained , ▁" there ▁are ▁no ▁fixed ▁sh ades ▁for ▁her ald ic ▁colours . ▁If ▁the ▁official ▁description ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁gives ▁its ▁t inct ures ▁as ▁G ules ▁( red ), ▁Azure ▁( blue ) ▁and ▁Argent ▁( white ▁or ▁silver ) ▁then , ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁blue ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁light ▁and ▁the ▁red ▁not ▁too ▁orange , ▁pur ple ▁or ▁p ink , ▁it ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁decide ▁which ▁particular ▁sh ades ▁they ▁think ▁are ▁appropriate ." ▁ ▁In ▁bla zon ing ▁▁ ▁Most ▁her ald ic ▁authors ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁t inct ures , ▁although ▁a ▁few ▁do ▁( s ometimes ▁incons ist ently ), ▁and ▁some ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁recommend ▁capital izing ▁" or " ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁conj unction . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁relatively ▁few ▁occasions ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁conj unction ▁" or " ▁would ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁bla zon ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ; ▁and ▁if ▁properly ▁word ed , ▁which ▁meaning ▁is ▁intended ▁should ▁be ▁readily ▁apparent ▁from ▁the ▁context . ▁ ▁Another ▁convention |
▁has ▁been ▁to ▁capital ize ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁word ▁or ▁the ▁first ▁t inct ure ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁bla zon , ▁but ▁no ▁other ▁words . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁elaborate ▁call ig raph y ▁appearing ▁on ▁most ▁gr ants ▁of ▁arms , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁as ▁indeed ▁are ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁charges ; ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁purely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁decor ative ▁style , ▁and ▁in ▁no ▁way ▁does ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁capital ization ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁grant ▁affect ▁how ▁the ▁arms ▁may ▁be ▁described ▁on ▁other ▁occasions . ▁ ▁A ▁long - standing ▁her ald ic ▁tradition ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁avoid ▁repeating ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁multiple ▁times ▁in ▁any ▁given ▁bla zon . ▁ ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁mention ▁multiple ▁charges ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁at ▁once , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ure , ▁then ▁this ▁problem ▁is ▁avoided ; ▁but ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁combine ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁this ▁manner , ▁more ▁cre ative ▁descri ptions ▁may ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁instead ▁of ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁ch ess - ro oks ▁argent , ▁a ▁l ion ▁pass ant ▁g ules , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁argent ", ▁one ▁might ▁say , ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁ch ess - ro oks ▁argent , ▁a ▁l ion ▁pass ant |
▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁of ▁the ▁third ." ▁ ▁Similar ▁phr ases ▁include ▁" of ▁the ▁last " ▁and ▁" of ▁the ▁like ". ▁ ▁Altern ately , ▁descri ptions ▁such ▁as ▁" g old " ▁and ▁" sil ver " ▁might ▁be ▁subst it uted ▁for ▁" or " ▁and ▁" argent " ▁on ▁a ▁subsequent ▁occurrence . ▁ ▁Another ▁rule ▁of ▁bla zon ▁rel ating ▁to ▁t inct ures ▁suggests ▁the ▁placing ▁of ▁a ▁comma ▁after ▁each ▁occurrence ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁has ▁regularly ▁disp ensed ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁practices , ▁bel ieving ▁them ▁to ▁cause ▁confusion ; ▁and ▁in ▁new ▁gr ants ▁of ▁arms , ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁repeated ▁on ▁each ▁instance ▁that ▁they ▁occur . ▁ ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁all ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁charges ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁although ▁the ▁word ▁" pro per ", ▁indicating ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature , ▁is ▁not ; ▁and ▁internal ▁comm as ▁are ▁entirely ▁omitted . ▁ ▁Rule ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁so - called ▁" rule " ▁of ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁t inct ure : ▁metal ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁upon ▁metal , ▁nor ▁colour ▁upon ▁colour , ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁contrast . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁duty ▁of ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁device ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁recognized , ▁and ▁the ▁dark ▁colours ▁or ▁light ▁met als ▁are ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁too |
▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁other ▁dark ▁or ▁light ▁colours , ▁particularly ▁in ▁poor ▁light . ▁Though ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁practical ▁gen esis ▁of ▁the ▁rule , ▁the ▁rule ▁is ▁technical ▁and ▁appearance ▁is ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁determ ining ▁whether ▁arms ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁Another ▁reason ▁sometimes ▁given ▁to ▁justify ▁this ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁paint ▁with ▁en am el ▁( col our ) ▁over ▁en am el , ▁or ▁with ▁metal ▁over ▁metal . ▁ ▁This ▁" rule " ▁has ▁at ▁times ▁been ▁followed ▁so ▁ped ant ically ▁that ▁arms ▁that ▁viol ate ▁it ▁were ▁called ▁ar mes ▁f auss es ▁( false ▁arms ) ▁or ▁ar mes ▁à ▁enqu éri r ▁( ar ms ▁of ▁enqu iry ); ▁any ▁viol ation ▁was ▁pres umed ▁to ▁be ▁intent ional , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁one ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁en quire ▁how ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁pass . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁ar mes ▁à ▁enqu éri r ▁( o ften ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁example ) ▁was ▁the ▁shield ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁which ▁had ▁gold ▁cross es ▁on ▁silver . ▁This ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁on ▁metal , ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁white ▁and ▁gold ▁together , ▁is ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁the ▁flag ▁and ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁V at ican , ▁and ▁the ▁bishop ' s ▁mit re ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁And or ra . ▁It ▁indicates ▁the ▁exception al ▁holy |
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