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ag iri , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁lic ensed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁by ▁Digital ▁M anga ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁the ▁school ▁that ▁Wat aru ▁F uj ii ▁goes ▁to , ▁when ▁one ▁we ars ▁matching ▁rings ▁on ▁their ▁right ▁middle ▁finger ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁friendship , ▁a ▁ring ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁ring ▁finger ▁means ▁single , ▁and ▁to ▁wear ▁matching ▁rings ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁ring ▁finger ▁means ▁a ▁couple . ▁One ▁day ▁Wat aru ▁accident ally ▁switch es ▁rings ▁with ▁the ▁very ▁kind , ▁hand some , ▁popular ▁senior , ▁Yu ichi ▁K azu ki , ▁because ▁for ▁some ▁strange ▁tw ist , ▁their ▁rings ▁match . ▁For ▁reasons ▁that ▁Wat aru ▁doesn ' t ▁understand , ▁Yu ichi ▁becomes ▁un character ist ically ▁mean ▁to ▁Wat aru . ▁After ▁this ▁strange ▁incident , ▁Wat aru ▁and ▁K azu ki ▁happened ▁to ▁meet ▁more ▁often , ▁starting ▁an ▁electric ▁relationship ▁around ▁the ▁matching ▁rings . ▁Wat aru ▁starts ▁to ▁wonder ▁why ▁Yu ichi ' s ▁m ood ▁towards ▁him ▁switch es ▁to ▁sweet - te asing ▁to ▁evil : ▁is ▁it ▁because ▁he ▁just ▁can ' t ▁stand ▁him ▁or ▁is ▁it ▁because ▁he ▁actually ▁lov es ▁him ? ▁ ▁This ▁meeting ▁of ▁two ▁students ▁that ▁everything ▁seems ▁to ▁opp ose , ▁will ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁an ▁unexpected ▁secret ▁that ▁only ▁the ▁ring ▁finger ▁knows . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁In ▁M anga ▁and ▁Nov el ▁Wat aru ▁F uj ii ▁The ▁typical ▁imp uls ive ,
▁br ash ▁high ▁school ▁student , ▁with ▁normal ▁te en age ▁problems . ▁His ▁life ▁is ▁turned ▁ups ide ▁down , ▁however , ▁after ▁a ▁f ateful ▁encounter ▁with ▁senior , ▁Yu ichi ▁K azu ki ▁who ▁he ▁finds ▁we ars ▁a ▁ring ▁identical ▁to ▁his . ▁ ▁Yu ichi ▁K azu ki ▁A ▁popular ▁upper class man , ▁with ▁a ▁reputation ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁gentleman . ▁He ▁always ▁gives ▁a ▁girl ▁a ▁proper ▁let ▁down . ▁Gener ally ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁kind ▁person , ▁his ▁cutting ▁remarks ▁bew ilder ▁Wat aru , ▁whom ▁he ▁tre ats ▁with ▁cont empt . ▁ ▁Kar in ▁F uj ii ▁Wat aru ' s ▁younger ▁sister . ▁They ▁look ▁so ▁much ▁al ike ▁that ▁people ▁often ▁mistake ▁them ▁as ▁tw ins . ▁She ▁goes ▁to ▁an ▁all - g irls ▁school ▁and ▁through ▁strange ▁circumstances , ▁people ▁think ▁she ▁and ▁Yu ichi ▁have ▁a ▁relationship . ▁ ▁K aw am ura ▁Wat aru ' s ▁class mate ▁and ▁class ▁friend . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Mai ▁T ach ib ana , ▁the ▁h ott est ▁girl ▁in ▁their ▁class ▁and ▁is ▁slightly ▁res ent ful ▁of ▁Yu ichi ▁for ▁" ste aling " ▁her ▁away . ▁ ▁T ou ko ▁Yu ichi ' s ▁older ▁cousin . ▁Tok o ▁runs ▁a ▁j ew el ry ▁shop , ▁Par f ait , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁person ▁who ▁made ▁Yu ichi ' s ▁ring . ▁She ▁enjo ys ▁going ▁places ▁with ▁Yu ichi ▁to ▁"
show ▁him ▁off ". ▁ ▁Mai ▁T ach ib ana ▁The ▁h ott est ▁girl ▁in ▁the ▁class . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁big ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Yu ichi ▁and ▁rejected ▁K aw am ura ▁because ▁of ▁it . ▁ ▁Tak ako ▁K azu ki ▁Yu ichi ' s ▁little ▁nie ce ▁who ▁comes ▁to ▁visit ▁him ▁on ▁his ▁birth day . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁dog . ▁She ▁gets ▁" eng aged " ▁to ▁Wat aru ▁accident ally . ▁ ▁Only ▁In ▁Nov el ▁Mi ho ▁Ook usa ▁Pre tty , ▁popular ▁first - year ▁student ▁who ▁finds ▁Wat aru ' s ▁ring ▁and ▁seems ▁to ▁show ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁him . ▁She ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁having ▁guys ▁notice ▁her ▁good ▁looks ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁use ▁her ▁charm ▁on ▁Wat aru , ▁however ▁he ▁remains ▁una ffect ed . ▁To ▁get ▁his ▁ring ▁back , ▁she ▁tells ▁Wat aru ▁that ▁he ▁must ▁become ▁friends ▁with ▁her , ▁so ▁they ▁spend ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁time ▁together ▁and ▁rum ors ▁about ▁the ▁two ▁spread . ▁It ▁is ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁she ▁st ole ▁Wat aru ' s ▁ring ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁place ▁to ▁cause ▁him ▁trouble ▁because ▁she ▁had ▁secret ly ▁been ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁K azu ki ▁and ▁had ▁found ▁out ▁about ▁their ▁relationship . ▁K azu ki ▁later ▁says , ▁however , ▁that ▁although ▁she ▁might ▁have ▁once ▁loved ▁him ▁she ▁now ▁liked ▁Wat aru . ▁ ▁Mas an ob u ▁As aka ▁He ▁is ▁K azu ki ' s ▁rival ▁and ▁senior
▁in ▁college . ▁He ▁is ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁K azu ki , ▁in ▁that ▁both ▁stand ▁out ▁for ▁their ▁looks ▁and ▁have ▁similar ▁manner isms . ▁K azu ki ▁becomes ▁je alous ▁whenever ▁he ▁sees ▁As aka ▁talking ▁to ▁Wat aru ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁like ▁As aka . ▁Wat aru ▁is ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁As aka ' s ▁feelings . ▁Later ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁novel ▁he ▁falls ▁deeply ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Wat aru ▁resulting ▁in ▁making ▁passes ▁at ▁Wat aru ▁when ▁Yu ichi ▁isn ' t ▁around . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁brother ▁who ▁literally ▁wor ships ▁him . ▁He ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁girl friend ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Yu ina ▁but ▁she ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁accident . ▁It ▁mentions ▁in ▁the ▁novel ▁that ▁Mas n ob u ▁was ▁deeply ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁they ▁broke ▁up . ▁His ▁broken ▁ended ▁up ▁being ▁broken ▁by ▁Wat aru ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁novel ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁when ▁he ▁force fully ▁kiss ed ▁Wat aru ▁which ▁ends ▁with ▁Wat aru ▁saying ▁that ▁could ▁not ▁see ▁each ▁other ▁anymore . ▁In ▁the ▁end ▁he ▁ends ▁up ▁going ▁to ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Sho he i ▁K azu ki ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁who ▁doesn ' t ▁appro ve ▁of ▁Wat aru ▁and ▁K azu ki ' s ▁relationship . ▁ ▁Media ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows ▁first ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nov els , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁adapted ▁into ▁a ▁m anga . ▁ ▁Nov els
▁In ▁conj unction ▁with ▁Digital ▁M anga ▁Publishing , ▁five ▁paper back ▁nov els ▁are ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁series : ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows : ▁The ▁L on ely ▁Ring ▁F inger : ▁Re leased ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows : ▁The ▁Left ▁Hand ▁Dream s ▁of ▁Him : ▁Re leased ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows : ▁The ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁F alls ▁Sil ent : ▁Re leased ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows : ▁The ▁Ring ▁Will ▁Conf ess ▁His ▁Love : ▁Re leased ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows : ▁The ▁F inger ▁Never ▁S le eps : ▁Re leased ▁August ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁The ▁Japanese ▁version ▁of ▁volume ▁ 5 ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁final ▁volume . ▁ ▁The ▁English ▁version ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁M anga ▁The ▁m anga ▁version ▁written ▁by ▁S ator u ▁K ann agi ▁and ▁illustrated ▁by ▁Hot aru ▁Od ag iri ▁only ▁contains ▁one ▁volume ▁and ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Tok uma ▁Sh oten ▁in ▁Japan . ▁The ▁m anga ▁is ▁now ▁lic ensed ▁by ▁Digital ▁M anga ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁D rama ▁CD
▁Only ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁Kn ows ▁also ▁has ▁ 4 ▁volumes ▁of ▁D rama ▁CD s ▁to ▁date , ▁the ▁first ▁ 3 ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁nov els , ▁while ▁the ▁fourth ▁drama ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁novel . ▁ ▁Cast : ▁Su z um ura ▁Ken ichi ▁as ▁F uj ii ▁Wat aru ▁Sak ur ai ▁Tak ah iro ▁as ▁K azu ki ▁Yu ichi ▁K ami ya ▁H iro sh i ▁as ▁As aka ▁Mas an ob u ▁Kon ishi ▁K ats uy uki ▁as ▁K azu ki ▁Sho he i ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁mid - 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁English - language ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁m anga ▁was ▁in ▁its ▁third ▁printing , ▁with ▁sales ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 2 , 0 0 0 ▁copies . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁D MP ▁official ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁m anga ▁▁▁ ▁K ann agi ▁knows ▁the ▁Ring ▁F inger ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁Japanese ▁nov els ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁m anga ▁Category : Digital ▁M anga ▁Publishing ▁titles ▁Category : Light ▁nov els ▁Category : Sh ō nen - ai ▁an ime ▁and ▁m anga ▁Category : T ok uma ▁Sh oten ▁m anga <0x0A> </s> ▁E c atz ingo ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁and ▁municipality , ▁in ▁Mexico ▁State ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 5 4 . 7 1 ▁km
². ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁municipality ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 8 2 4 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Frank ▁E al ton ▁" Ze ke " ▁Wilson ▁( Dec ember ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 9 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 2 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁baseball ▁pitch er . ▁He ▁played ▁five ▁seasons ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁for ▁the ▁Boston ▁Be ane aters , ▁Cleveland ▁Sp iders ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Per fect os . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : M aj or ▁League ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : B oston ▁Be ane aters ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Sp iders ▁players ▁Category : St . ▁Louis ▁Per fect os ▁players ▁Category : Mont gom ery ▁Col ts ▁players ▁Category : E ast on ▁Dutch men ▁players ▁Category : P ot ts ville ▁Col ts ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Bed ford ▁Wh al ers ▁( base ball ) ▁players ▁Category : C leveland ▁Lake ▁Sh ores ▁players ▁Category : At l anta ▁Fire men ▁players ▁Category : At l anta ▁Cra ck ers ▁players ▁Category : Mont gom ery ▁Sen ators ▁players ▁Category : New ▁Orleans ▁Pel icans ▁( base ball ) ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople
▁from ▁Bent on , ▁Alabama ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Alabama ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁ İ sters en ▁Rem ix es ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁rem ix ▁album ▁by ▁C yp ri ot - T urk ish ▁singer ▁Bur ay . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁by ▁Sony ▁Music . ▁ ▁Release ▁and ▁content ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁high ▁dem ands ▁for ▁a ▁rem ix ▁album ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁his ▁first ▁studio ▁album ▁ 1 ▁ Ş i ş e ▁A ş k , ▁Bur ay ▁released ▁rem ixed ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁album ' s ▁lead ▁single , ▁" İ sters en ", ▁as ▁an ▁album ▁on ▁digital ▁platforms . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Gö z de ▁An ç el , ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Bur ay ▁together ▁with ▁An ç el . ▁Seven ▁different ▁rem ix es ▁for ▁" İ sters en " ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁album . ▁DJ s ▁Mah mut ▁Or han , ▁Ser hat ▁Kar ada ğ , ▁Son er ▁Bab ut sa , ▁S unst roke , ▁K oug an ▁Ray , ▁G . E . M . N . I ▁and ▁Le vent ▁A yd ı n ▁created ▁these ▁alter ed ▁versions . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁rem ix
▁albums ▁Category : T urk ish - language ▁albums ▁Category : S ony ▁Music ▁rem ix ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Filip ino ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁and ▁fant asy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁W enn ▁Der am as ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Star ▁Cinema . ▁The ▁cast ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁J ol ina ▁Mag d ang al , ▁with ▁Le andro ▁Mu ñ oz ▁and ▁Rafael ▁Ros ell ▁in ▁his ▁introdu cing ▁film . ▁It ▁is ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁first ▁solo ▁st arring ▁film ▁and ▁her ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁film ▁opposite ▁Mu ñ oz ▁and ▁Ros ell . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Main ▁cast ▁ ▁J ol ina ▁Mag d ang al ▁as ▁Ros al ie ▁ ▁Le andro ▁Mu ñ oz ▁as ▁Eric ▁ ▁Rafael ▁Ros ell ▁as ▁Paolo ▁ ▁Special ▁participation ▁ ▁N ida ▁Blan ca ▁as ▁Fair y ▁ ▁Support ing ▁cast ▁ ▁John ▁Lap us ▁as ▁Sug ar ▁ ▁K aye ▁Ab ad ▁as ▁Pe ach y ▁ ▁Bob oy ▁Gar ov illo ▁as ▁F eli pe ▁ ▁Eug ene ▁Dom ingo ▁as ▁Jos ie ▁ ▁Den ise ▁Jo aqu in ▁as ▁Beaut y ▁ ▁Rio ▁Loc sin ▁as ▁Helen ▁ ▁Al jon ▁Val den ib ro ▁as ▁Ni ño ▁ ▁O thers ▁ ▁Kar la ▁E str ada ▁as ▁B eb ang / B is aya ▁ ▁Just ine ▁C uy ug an ▁as ▁W en / I lo k ano
▁ ▁Mar vin ▁Mart ine z ▁as ▁Shaw ie ▁ ▁Michael ▁Pam ular ▁as ▁Age ▁ ▁Ath ene a ▁Pla ▁as ▁Kor in na ▁ ▁N icole ▁Ho fer ▁as ▁Sil k ▁sister ▁ ▁Cy ▁Jar av ata ▁as ▁Sil k ▁sister ▁ ▁Don ▁La ure l ▁as ▁G ym ▁instruct or ▁boy friend ▁ ▁R oder ick ▁Lind ay ag ▁as ▁Pul is ▁boy friend ▁ ▁Just ine ▁Esta cio ▁as ▁Beaut y ' s ▁new ▁boy friend ▁ ▁J R ▁Lu zar rag a ▁as ▁Sug ar ' s ▁boy friend ▁ ▁Christian ▁Sant ino ▁as ▁Mall ▁gu y ▁ ▁C ed ▁Tor rec ar ion ▁as ▁Church ▁gu y ▁ ▁C j ▁Tol ent ino ▁as ▁Bar ▁gu y ▁ ▁Kath y ▁Des pa ▁as ▁Bar ▁girl ▁ ▁Jul ie ▁Ann ▁C añ eda ▁as ▁Billboard ▁girl ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁commer cially ▁successful . ▁On ▁its ▁opening ▁day , ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁registered ▁the ▁highest ▁box ▁office ▁rece i pts ▁compared ▁to ▁its ▁compet itions . ▁For ▁the ▁box ▁office ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁Mag d ang al ▁received ▁the ▁c itation ▁Princess ▁of ▁Philipp ine ▁Mov ies ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 3 rd ▁Box ▁Office ▁Entertainment ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁The ▁film ▁received ▁positive ▁reviews ▁from ▁mov iego ers ▁and ▁film ▁critics ▁with ▁But ch ▁Francisco ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Star ▁saying ▁" K ung ▁I ka w ▁ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan
agin ip ... ▁is ▁a ▁fun ▁movie ▁to ▁watch . ▁Call ▁it ▁bad uy ▁if ▁you ▁wish , ▁but ▁we ▁cannot ▁close ▁our ▁eyes ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dec ently - made ▁movie ▁... ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁movie ▁with ▁an ▁obviously ▁tight ▁budget ▁but ▁I ▁do ▁appreciate ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁invent ive , ▁cre ative ▁and ▁very ▁ener get ic ▁– ▁with ▁its ▁every ▁scene ▁well - pl anned ▁and ▁well - th ought ▁of ... ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁far ▁cry ▁from ▁those ▁usual ▁small - bud get ed ▁run - of - the - mill ▁Tag alog ▁pictures ▁that ▁are ▁down right ▁stupid ▁and ▁assault ▁the ▁sens ib ilities ▁of ▁the ▁view ers ... ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁is ▁c ute , ▁fun ▁and ▁per ky . ▁More ▁important ly , ▁it ▁str esses ▁old ▁positive ▁values ▁and ▁tra its ▁that ▁are ▁so ▁sor ely ▁lack ing ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁our ▁films ▁today ." ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁marks ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁first ▁film ▁without ▁her ▁long ▁time ▁screen ▁partner ▁Mar vin ▁Ag ust in , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁team ▁up ▁has ▁produced ▁successful ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁in ▁F . L . A . M . E . S .: ▁The ▁Movie ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁K ung ▁Ay aw ▁Mo , ▁H uw ag ▁Mo ! ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁L abs ▁K ita ... ▁O key ▁Ka ▁Lang
? ▁( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁and ▁Hey ▁B abe ! ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Despite ▁this , ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁pair ing ▁with ▁Ros ell ▁and ▁Mun oz ▁in ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁received ▁positive ▁feedback s ▁from ▁mov iego ers . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁Pan agin ip ▁ ▁Music : ▁L orie ▁Il ust re ▁ ▁W ords : ▁Dennis ▁Gar cia ▁ ▁Arr anger : ▁Is ai as ▁N al asa ▁ ▁Per former : ▁J ol ina ▁Mag d ang al ▁▁ ▁Ay , ▁Ay , ▁Ay ▁P ag - I big ▁ ▁Compos er : ▁Norman ▁Car a an ▁ ▁Per former : ▁Den ise ▁Jo aqu in ▁ ▁Note : ▁Pan agin ip ▁was ▁later ▁included ▁in ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁compilation ▁album ▁J ol ina : ▁Pl atin um ▁H its ▁Collection ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁Star ▁Music . ▁ ▁Notes ▁The ▁film ▁marks ▁N ida ▁Blan ca ' s ▁last ▁film ▁after ▁she ▁was ▁st ab bed ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁a ▁con do ▁par king ▁in ▁Mak ati ▁City , ▁Philippines ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Blan ca ' s ▁spirit ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁felt ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁where ▁Mag d ang al ▁was ▁dub bing ▁her ▁scenes ▁with ▁the ▁actress . ▁Produ cer ▁L ita ▁Santos ▁later ▁revealed ▁that ▁Blan ca ▁adm ires ▁Mag d
ang al ▁seeing ▁her ▁youth ▁in ▁the ▁latter . ▁Blan ca ▁and ▁Mag d ang al ▁has ▁star red ▁in ▁two ▁other ▁films ▁before ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip , ▁in ▁H ata w ▁Na ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁and ▁Ang ▁TV ▁Movie : ▁The ▁Ad arna ▁Advent ures ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁Mag d ang al ' s ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁( Star ▁Cinema ) ▁and ▁Jud y ▁Ann ▁Santos ' ▁film ▁May ▁P ag - ib ig ▁Pa ▁K aya ? ▁( Star light ▁Films ) ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁same ▁day , ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁of ▁which ▁developed ▁their ▁natural ▁rival ry ▁with ▁critics ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁said ▁rival ry ▁is ▁their ▁generation ' s ▁version , ▁popular ity ▁wise , ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁top ▁rival ries ▁in ▁Gl oria ▁Rom ero ▁and ▁N ida ▁Blan ca ▁and ▁N ora ▁A un or ▁and ▁Vil ma ▁Santos . ▁Director ▁W enn ▁Der am as , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁revealed ▁K ung ▁I ka w ▁Ay ▁Is ang ▁Pan agin ip ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁favorite ▁director ial ▁films . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁W enn ▁V . ▁Der am as <0x0A> </s> ▁Th ack ery ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁sout
he astern ▁Jackson ▁and ▁south western ▁Mad ▁River ▁Town ships ▁in ▁Champ aign ▁County , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁lies ▁along ▁State ▁Route ▁ 5 5 , ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁U rb ana , ▁the ▁county ▁seat ▁of ▁Champ aign ▁County . ▁ ▁History ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁called ▁Th ack ery ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁The ▁community ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁its ▁founder , ▁one ▁Mr . ▁Th ack ery . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Ohio ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Champ aign ▁County , ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁full ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁m amm als ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁U . S ▁state ▁of ▁Georgia . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁tags ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁highlight ▁each ▁species ' ▁conservation ▁status ▁as ▁ass essed ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Union ▁for ▁Conserv ation ▁of ▁Nature : ▁ ▁Some ▁species ▁were ▁ass essed ▁using ▁an ▁earlier ▁set ▁of ▁criteria . ▁Species ▁ass essed ▁using ▁this ▁system ▁have ▁the ▁following ▁instead ▁of ▁near ▁threatened ▁and ▁least ▁concern ▁categories : ▁ ▁Sub class : ▁Th eria ▁ ▁In frac lass : ▁Met ather ia ▁Mar sup ial s ▁are ▁an ▁in frac lass ▁of ▁p ouch ed ▁m amm als ▁that ▁was ▁once ▁more ▁widely ▁distributed . ▁Today ▁they ▁are ▁found ▁primarily ▁in ▁isolated ▁or ▁formerly ▁isolated ▁contin ents ▁of ▁G ond wan an ▁origin
. ▁Georgia ' s ▁only ▁ext ant ▁mars up ial , ▁the ▁Virginia ▁op os sum ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁recent ▁imm igr ant ▁from ▁South ▁America . ▁South ▁American ▁mars up ial s ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁Australia ▁and ▁elsewhere . ▁ ▁Order : ▁Did el ph im orph ia ▁Family : ▁Did el ph idae ▁( American ▁op os sum s ) ▁Sub family : ▁Did el ph inae ▁Gen us : ▁Did el ph is ▁ ▁Virginia ▁op os sum , ▁Did el ph is ▁vir gin iana ▁L C ▁ ▁In frac lass : ▁E uther ia ▁ ▁Super order : ▁Af ro ther ia ▁ ▁Order : ▁Sir enia ▁( man ate es ▁and ▁d ug ongs ) ▁ ▁Sir enia ▁is ▁an ▁order ▁of ▁fully ▁aqu atic , ▁her b iv orous ▁m amm als ▁that ▁inhab it ▁rivers , ▁est u aries , ▁coast al ▁marine ▁waters , ▁sw amps , ▁and ▁marine ▁wet lands . ▁All ▁four ▁species ▁are ▁end anger ed . ▁They ▁evol ved ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁million ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁their ▁closest ▁living ▁relatives ▁are ▁ele ph ants . ▁Man ate es ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁ext ant ▁af ro ther ians ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas . ▁However , ▁a ▁number ▁prob osc id ▁species , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁surv ived ▁until ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Pale o - Ind ians , ▁once ▁inhab ited ▁the ▁region . ▁M amm oth s ▁and ▁m ast od ons ▁all
▁formerly ▁lived ▁in ▁Georgia . ▁ ▁Family : ▁Tr iche ch idae ▁Gen us : ▁Tr iche chus ▁ ▁West ▁Indian ▁man ate e , ▁Tr iche chus ▁man atus ▁V U ▁ ▁Super order : ▁X en arth ra ▁ ▁Order : ▁C ing ul ata ▁( arm ad ill os ) ▁ ▁Arm ad ill os ▁are ▁small ▁m amm als ▁with ▁a ▁b ony ▁arm ored ▁shell . ▁There ▁is ▁only ▁one ▁ext ant ▁species ▁present ▁in ▁Georgia . ▁Their ▁much ▁larger ▁relatives , ▁the ▁p amp ather es ▁and ▁g ly pt od ont s , ▁once ▁lived ▁in ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁but ▁went ▁ext inct ▁following ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁humans . ▁ ▁Family : ▁Das yp od idae ▁( long - n osed ▁arm ad ill os ) ▁Sub family : ▁Das yp od inae ▁Gen us : ▁Das yp us ▁ ▁N ine - band ed ▁arm ad illo , ▁Das yp us ▁nov em c inct us ▁L C ▁ ▁Magn order : ▁B ore oe uther ia ▁ ▁Super order : ▁Eu arch ont og l ires ▁ ▁Order : ▁Rod ent ia ▁ ▁Rod ents ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁largest ▁order ▁of ▁m amm als , ▁with ▁over ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁m amm al ian ▁species . ▁They ▁have ▁two ▁in cis ors ▁in ▁the ▁upper ▁and ▁lower ▁j aw ▁which ▁grow ▁contin ually ▁and ▁must ▁be ▁kept ▁short ▁by ▁g na wing . ▁Most ▁rod ents ▁are ▁small ▁though ▁the ▁cap
y bara ▁can ▁we igh ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 5 kg ▁( 1 0 0 lb ). ▁ ▁Sub order : ▁Cast or im or pha ▁Family : ▁Cast or idae ▁( be a vers ) ▁Gen us : ▁Cast or ▁ ▁American ▁be aver , ▁Cast or ▁canad ensis ▁Family : ▁Ge omy idae ▁( po cket ▁g oph ers ) ▁Gen us : ▁Ge om ys ▁ ▁S out he astern ▁pocket ▁g opher , ▁Ge om ys ▁p inet is ▁Sub order : ▁Hy str ic om or pha ▁Family : ▁My oc ast or idae ▁Gen us : ▁My oc ast or ▁ ▁N ut ria , ▁My oc ast or ▁co yp us ▁I ▁Sub order : ▁Sci ur om or pha ▁Family : ▁Sci ur idae ▁( squ ir rel s ) ▁Sub family : ▁Sci ur inae ▁Tri be : ▁Sci ur ini ▁Gen us : ▁Sci urus ▁ ▁Eastern ▁gray ▁squ ir rel , ▁Sci urus ▁car olin ensis ▁ ▁Eastern ▁fo x ▁squ ir rel , ▁Sci urus ▁n iger ▁Gen us ▁Tam ias ci urus ▁ ▁American ▁red ▁squ ir rel , ▁Tam ias ci ur is ▁h ud son icus ▁Tri be : ▁P ter omy ini ▁Gen us : ▁Gla u com ys ▁ ▁Southern ▁flying ▁squ ir rel , ▁Gla u com ys ▁vol ans ▁Sub family : ▁X er inae ▁Tri be : ▁Mar mot ini ▁Gen us : ▁Tam ias ▁ ▁Eastern ▁chip m unk ,
▁Tam ias ▁stri atus ▁Gen us : ▁Mar m ota ▁ ▁Wood ch uck , ▁Mar m ota ▁mon ax ▁Sub order : ▁My om or pha ▁Family : ▁C ric et idae ▁Sub family : ▁Ar v icol inae ▁Gen us : ▁O nd atra ▁ ▁Mus k rat , ▁O nd atra ▁z ib eth icus ▁Gen us : ▁Micro t us ▁ ▁M ead ow ▁vo le , ▁Micro t us ▁pen nsylvan icus ▁ ▁Wood land ▁vo le , ▁Micro t us ▁p inet orum ▁Gen us : ▁My odes ▁ ▁Southern ▁red - back ed ▁vo le , ▁My odes ▁g app eri ▁Gen us : ▁Ne of iber ▁ ▁Round - ta iled ▁mus k rat , ▁Ne of iber ▁all eni ▁Sub family : ▁Ne ot om inae ▁Gen us : ▁Ne ot oma ▁ ▁Eastern ▁wood rat , ▁Ne ot oma ▁flor id ana ▁Gen us : ▁O ch rot om ys ▁ ▁Golden ▁mouse , ▁O ch rot om ys ▁n utt al li ▁Gen us : ▁Per om ys cus ▁ ▁Cot ton ▁mouse , ▁Per om ys cus ▁g oss yp inus ▁ ▁White - fo oted ▁mouse , ▁Per om ys cus ▁le uc opus ▁ ▁De er ▁mouse , ▁Per om ys cus ▁man icul atus ▁ ▁Old field ▁mouse , ▁Per om ys cus ▁pol ion ot us ▁Gen us : ▁Re ith rod ont om ys ▁ ▁Eastern ▁har vest ▁mouse , ▁Re ith rod ont om ys
▁hum ul is ▁Sub family : ▁Sig mod ont inae ▁Gen us : ▁O ry z om ys ▁ ▁Marsh ▁rice ▁rat , ▁O ry z om ys ▁pal ust ris ▁Gen us : ▁Sig mod on ▁ ▁His pid ▁cot ton ▁rat , ▁Sig mod on ▁his pid us ▁Family : ▁D ip od idae ▁Sub family : ▁Z ap od inae ▁Gen us ▁Nap ae oz ap us ▁ ▁Wood land ▁jump ing ▁mouse , ▁Nap ae oz ap us ▁ins ign is ▁Gen us : ▁Z ap us ▁ ▁Wood land ▁jump ing ▁mouse , ▁Z ap us ▁h ud son ius ▁Family : ▁Mur idae ▁( m ice , ▁r ats , ▁vol es , ▁ger b ils , ▁ham sters , ▁etc .) ▁Sub family : ▁Mur inae ▁Gen us : ▁Mus ▁ ▁House ▁mouse , ▁Mus ▁mus cul us ▁I ▁Gen us : ▁R att us ▁ ▁Brown ▁rat , ▁R att us ▁nor veg icus ▁ ▁Black ▁rat , ▁R att us ▁r att us ▁I ▁ ▁Super order : ▁Laur asi ather ia ▁ ▁Order : ▁Ar ti od act y la ▁ ▁Family : ▁B ov idae ▁B ison ▁b ison , ▁American ▁b ison ▁Ex ▁ ▁Family : ▁C erv idae ▁D ama ▁d ama , ▁fall ow ▁de er ▁I ▁O doc o ile us ▁vir gin ian us , ▁white - ta iled ▁de er ▁C erv us ▁canad ensis , ▁el k ▁Ex ▁ ▁Family : ▁Su idae ▁Sus ▁sc
ro fa , ▁wild ▁bo ar ▁I ▁ ▁Order : ▁Car n iv ora ▁▁ ▁Family : ▁Can idae ▁Can is ▁lat r ans , ▁co y ote ▁Can is ▁l up us , ▁gray ▁w olf ▁Ex ▁Can is ▁r uf us , ▁red ▁w olf ▁Ex ▁U ro cy on ▁cin ere o arg ente us , ▁gray ▁fo x ▁V ul pes ▁vul pes , ▁red ▁fo x ▁ ▁Family : ▁Fel idae ▁Lyn x ▁r uf us , ▁b ob cat ▁P uma ▁con color , ▁mountain ▁l ion ▁Ex ▁ ▁Family : ▁Me ph it idae ▁Me ph itis ▁me ph itis , ▁strip ed ▁sk unk ▁Sp ilog ale ▁put or ius , ▁eastern ▁sp otted ▁sk unk ▁ ▁Family : ▁Must el idae ▁L ont ra ▁canad ensis , ▁North ▁American ▁river ▁ot ter ▁Must ela ▁f ren ata , ▁long - ta iled ▁we as el ▁Must ela ▁n ival is , ▁least ▁we as el ▁Must ela ▁vis on , ▁American ▁m ink ▁ ▁Family : ▁Ph oc idae ▁C yst op hora ▁crist ata , ▁h ood ed ▁se al ▁Ph oca ▁vit ul ina , ▁har bor ▁se al ▁ ▁Family : ▁Pro cy on idae ▁Pro cy on ▁lot or , ▁racc oon ▁ ▁Family : ▁Urs idae ▁Urs us ▁amer ican us , ▁American ▁black ▁bear ▁ ▁Order : ▁Cet ace a ▁ ▁Family : ▁B ala en idae ▁E ub ala ena ▁gla cial is , ▁north ▁Atlantic ▁right
▁wh ale ▁ ▁Family : ▁E sch richt i idae ▁E sch richt ius ▁robust us , ▁gray ▁wh ale ▁Ex ▁ ▁Family : ▁B ala en opter idae ▁B ala en optera ▁b ry de i , ▁Bry de ' s ▁wh ale ▁B ala en optera ▁phys alus , ▁fin ▁wh ale ▁B ala en optera ▁mus cul us , ▁blue ▁wh ale ▁B ala en optera ▁ac utor ost r ata , ▁common ▁min ke ▁wh ale ▁B ala en optera ▁bore alis , ▁sei ▁wh ale ▁Meg apter a ▁nov ae ang lia e , ▁hum p back ▁wh ale ▁ ▁Family : ▁Del ph in idae ▁Fer esa ▁at ten u ata , ▁pyg my ▁k iller ▁wh ale ▁G lob ice ph ala ▁mac ror h yn chus , ▁short - f inned ▁pilot ▁wh ale ▁Pseud or ca ▁cr ass id ens , ▁false ▁k iller ▁wh ale ▁St en ella ▁co er ule o al ba , ▁strip ed ▁dol ph in ▁St en ella ▁front alis , ▁Atlantic ▁sp otted ▁dol ph in ▁St en ella ▁at ten u ata , ▁p ant rop ical ▁sp otted ▁dol ph in ▁St en ella ▁c ly men e , ▁c ly men e ▁dol ph in ▁St en ella ▁long iro str is , ▁sp inner ▁dol ph in ▁St eno ▁b red an ensis , ▁rough - to oth ed ▁dol ph in ▁L agen odel ph is ▁h ose i , ▁F ras
er ' s ▁dol ph in ▁Tur si ops ▁trunc atus , ▁common ▁bott len ose ▁dol ph in ▁Del ph inus ▁del ph is , ▁short - be aked ▁common ▁dol ph in ▁P ep ono ce ph ala ▁elect ra , ▁mel on - head ed ▁wh ale ▁Or c inus ▁or ca , ▁k iller ▁wh ale ▁ ▁Family : ▁Ph y set er idae ▁Ph y set er ▁macro ce phal us , ▁s perm ▁wh ale ▁ ▁Family : ▁K og i idae ▁K og ia ▁bre vice ps , ▁pyg my ▁s perm ▁wh ale ▁K og ia ▁sim us , ▁d war f ▁s perm ▁wh ale ▁ ▁Family : ▁Z i phi idae ▁Mes op l odon ▁dens iro str is , ▁B lain ville ' s ▁be aked ▁wh ale ▁Mes op l odon ▁europ ae us , ▁Ger va is ' ▁be aked ▁wh ale ▁Mes op l odon ▁mir us , ▁True ' s ▁be aked ▁wh ale ▁Z i ph ius ▁cav iro str is , ▁C uv ier ' s ▁be aked ▁wh ale ▁ ▁Order : ▁Chi rop tera ▁ ▁Family : ▁Mol oss idae ▁T ad ar ida ▁bras ili ensis , ▁Mexican ▁free - ta iled ▁bat ▁ ▁Family : ▁V esper til ion idae ▁C ory nor hin us ▁ra f ines qu ii , ▁Raf ines que ' s ▁big - eared ▁bat ▁E pt es icus ▁fus cus , ▁big ▁brown ▁bat ▁L asion
y ct er is ▁no ct iv ag ans , ▁silver - ha ired ▁bat ▁L asi urus ▁bore alis , ▁eastern ▁red ▁bat ▁L asi urus ▁cin ere us , ▁ho ary ▁bat ▁L asi urus ▁inter med ius , ▁northern ▁yellow ▁bat ▁L asi urus ▁sem in ol us , ▁Sem in ole ▁bat ▁My ot is ▁aust ror ip arius , ▁sout he astern ▁my ot is ▁My ot is ▁gr ises c ens , ▁gray ▁bat ▁My ot is ▁le ib ii , ▁eastern ▁small - fo oted ▁my ot is ▁My ot is ▁luc if ug us , ▁little ▁brown ▁bat ▁My ot is ▁sept entr ional is , ▁northern ▁long - eared ▁my ot is ▁My ot is ▁sod alis , ▁Indiana ▁bat ▁Ny ct ice ius ▁hum er alis , ▁evening ▁bat ▁P ip ist rell us ▁sub f lav us , ▁eastern ▁pip ist rel le ▁ ▁Order : ▁In sect iv ora ▁ ▁Family : ▁Sor ic idae ▁Bl arina ▁bre v ica uda , ▁northern ▁short - ta iled ▁sh rew ▁Bl arina ▁car olin ensis , ▁southern ▁short - ta iled ▁sh rew ▁C rypt ot is ▁par va , ▁least ▁sh rew ▁S ore x ▁cin ere us , ▁cin ere us ▁sh rew ▁S ore x ▁dispar , ▁long - ta iled ▁sh rew ▁S ore x ▁f ume us , ▁sm ok y ▁sh rew ▁S ore x ▁ho yi , ▁American ▁pyg my ▁sh rew ▁S ore x
▁long iro str is , ▁sout he astern ▁sh rew ▁S ore x ▁pal ust ris , ▁American ▁water ▁sh rew ▁ ▁Family : ▁Tal p idae ▁Cond yl ura ▁crist ata , ▁star - n osed ▁mole ▁Par as cal ops ▁bre wer i , ▁hair y - ta iled ▁mole ▁S cal opus ▁aqu atic us , ▁eastern ▁mole ▁ ▁Order : ▁Lag om or pha ▁ ▁Family : ▁Le por idae ▁Syl vil ag us ▁aqu atic us , ▁sw amp ▁rabb it ▁Syl vil ag us ▁flor id anus , ▁eastern ▁c ott ont ail ▁Syl vil ag us ▁obsc urus , ▁App al ach ian ▁c ott ont ail ▁Syl vil ag us ▁pal ust ris , ▁mar sh ▁rabb it ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Georgia ▁( U . S . ▁state ) ▁G <0x0A> </s> ▁Pacific ▁East ▁Asia ▁C argo ▁Airlines , ▁Inc . ▁was ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁based ▁in ▁Pas ay ▁City , ▁Philippines . ▁The ▁car rier ▁served ▁domestic ▁services ▁from ▁the ▁Philippines ▁with ▁two ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 2 7 ▁fre ighter ▁aircraft . ▁The ▁air line ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁agreement ▁on ▁selected ▁routes ▁flow n ▁by ▁Air ▁Philippines . ▁P E AC ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁affili ate ▁air line ▁of ▁T NT ▁Air ways , ▁with ▁P E AC ▁operating ▁T NT ▁le ased ▁B A e ▁ 1 4 6 ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Pacific ▁East ▁Asia ▁C argo ▁Airlines
, ▁Inc . ▁( PE AC ) ▁was ▁officially ▁formed ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁certificate ▁of ▁public ▁convenience ▁and ▁necessity ▁( CP CN ) ▁to ▁operate ▁scheduled ▁international ▁all - c argo ▁services . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁air line ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁cargo ▁agreement ▁with ▁local ▁air line , ▁Air ▁Philippines . ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁the ▁air line ▁operated ▁fre ighter ▁fl ights ▁to ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁using ▁A 3 0 0 F ▁type ▁aircraft ▁le ased ▁from ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Air line , ▁M NG ▁Airlines , ▁fre ighter ▁fl ights ▁to ▁Tai pe i ▁using ▁a ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 2 7 F ▁and ▁domestic ▁fre ighter ▁fl ights ▁to ▁C eb u ▁and ▁Clark ▁util izing ▁another ▁B 7 2 7 ▁fre ighter . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁P E AC ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁largest ▁cargo ▁car rier ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁with ▁a ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁ 3 . 1 7 %, ▁transport ing ▁ 2 3 . 3 ▁million ▁kil og rams . ▁ ▁But ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁its ▁air ▁operator ' s ▁certificate ▁was ▁susp ended , ▁and ▁eleven ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁March ▁ 3 0 , ▁the ▁air line ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁list ▁of ▁b anned ▁air ▁carri ers
▁until ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁company ▁ceased ▁operations . ▁ ▁Services ▁Pacific ▁East ▁Asia ▁C argo ▁Airlines ▁( PE AC ) ▁served ▁domestic ▁and ▁regional ▁destin ations ▁around ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁surrounding ▁region ▁with ▁a ▁fleet ▁of ▁ 7 2 7 ▁fre ighter ▁aircraft ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁le ased ▁aircraft . ▁The ▁air line ▁also ▁had ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁domestic ▁car rier , ▁Air ▁Philippines , ▁to ▁codes h are ▁selected ▁cargo ▁operations ▁to ▁air ports ▁that ▁Air ▁Philippines ▁oper ates ▁to . ▁During ▁a ▁tie - up ▁with ▁T NT , ▁P E AC ▁le ased ▁four ▁B ae ▁ 1 4 6 ▁aircraft ▁from ▁T NT ▁Air ways , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁le ase ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁the ▁aircraft ▁where ▁returned ▁to ▁Europe . ▁The ▁T NT - PE AC ▁joint - vent ure ▁also ▁considered ▁re - loc ating ▁the ▁air line ' s ▁hub ▁from ▁Man ila ' s ▁N ino y ▁Aqu ino ▁International ▁Airport ▁to ▁nearby ▁O long ap o ' s ▁Sub ic ▁Bay ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁P E AC ▁res umed ▁its ▁three ▁times ▁week ly ▁Angeles - Cl ark ▁( Ang eles ▁City ) ▁– ▁Tai pe i ▁all - c argo ▁services , ▁util izing ▁a ▁B 7 2 7 - 2 0 0 F ▁fre ighter . ▁This ▁was
▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁P E AC ' s ▁five ▁times ▁week ly ▁service ▁between ▁C eb u ▁and ▁Angeles - Cl ark ▁util izing ▁a ▁B 7 2 7 - 1 0 0 ▁fre ighter ▁with ▁aircraft ▁registry ▁R PC - 5 3 5 3 , ▁operating ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Form er ▁destin ations ▁ ▁Pacific ▁East ▁Asia ▁C argo ▁Airlines ▁( PE AC ) ▁served ▁the ▁following ▁Dest in ations ▁( May , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁This ▁also ▁included ▁cargo ▁fl ights ▁with ▁their ▁Air ▁Philippines ▁Ag re ement . ▁The ▁Air line ▁also ▁offers ▁its ▁ 7 2 7 ▁aircraft ▁for ▁char ter ▁services . ▁ ▁Philippines ▁Lu zon ▁Angeles ▁( Cl ark ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁Leg az pi ▁( Leg az pi ▁Airport ) ▁Man ila ▁( N ino y ▁Aqu ino ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁Puerto ▁Prin ces a ▁( P uerto ▁Prin ces a ▁Airport ) ▁T ug u eg ara o ▁( T ug u eg ara o ▁Airport ) ▁Vis ay as ▁Bac ol od ▁( B ac ol od - Sil ay ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁C eb u ▁( M act an - C eb u ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁Dum agu ete ▁( S ib ul an ▁Airport ) ▁I lo ilo ▁( I lo ilo ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁Mind ana o ▁C ag ay an ▁de ▁O ro ▁( L agu inding an ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁D ava o ▁( Fran cis co ▁B ango y ▁International
▁Airport ) ▁General ▁Santos ▁( General ▁Santos ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁Zam bo anga ▁( Z am bo anga ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁( T ai wan ) ▁Tai pe i ▁( T ai wan ▁T ao y uan ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁References : ▁ ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁( H ong ▁Kong ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁Singapore ▁Singapore ▁( Sing ap ore ▁Ch ang i ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁South ▁Korea ▁Se oul ▁( In che on ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁Indones ia ▁Jak arta ▁( So ek ar no - H atta ▁International ▁Airport ) ▁ ▁References : ▁ ▁Fle et ▁▁ ▁( not ▁including ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 3 7 ▁C argo ▁fl ights ▁operated ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁Air ▁Philippines ) ▁ ▁References : ▁ ▁Form er ▁▁ 4 ▁B ae ▁ 1 4 6 ▁( Le ase ▁from ▁T NT ▁Air ways ) ▁ 1 ▁Air bus ▁A 3 0 0 F ▁▁ 1 ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 3 7 - 2 0 0 F ▁ ▁Acc idents ▁and ▁inc idents ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Fl ight ▁ 7 8 1 5 , ▁an ▁Anton ov ▁An - 1 2 ▁with ▁registration ▁UP - AN 2 1 6 , ▁crash ed ▁on ▁approach ▁to ▁Clark ▁International ▁Airport , ▁Philippines , ▁after ▁a ▁fire ▁broke ▁out ▁in ▁flight . ▁It ▁was ▁initially ▁reported ▁to ▁be ▁operated ▁by ▁P E AC ▁but ▁was ▁operated ▁actually ▁by ▁Inter
is land ▁Airlines . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : A irl ines ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Category : C argo ▁air lines ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Pas ay ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁Category : Def unct ▁air lines ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁Dom ag oj ▁D uv n jak ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁professional ▁hand ball ▁player ▁for ▁TH W ▁K iel ▁and ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cro atia ▁national ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Be ij ing , ▁China . ▁He ▁also ▁represented ▁Cro atia ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁where ▁Cro atia ▁won ▁bronze , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁I H F ▁World ▁Player ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁D uv n jak ▁signed ▁a ▁three - year ▁contract ▁with ▁H SV ▁Hamburg ▁worth ▁€ 2 . 2 5 ▁million , ▁including ▁a ▁transfer ▁fee ▁of ▁€ 1 . 1 ▁million , ▁making ▁him ▁– ▁at ▁age ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁the ▁most ▁expensive ▁hand ball ▁player ▁in ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁sport . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁accomplish ments ▁ ▁Club
▁R K ▁Zag reb ▁Cro at ian ▁League : ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 ▁Cro at ian ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁H SV ▁Hamburg ▁E H F ▁Champions ▁League : ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Bundes liga : ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁D H B - P okal : ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁D H B - Super cup : ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁TH W ▁K iel ▁Bundes liga : ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁D H B - P okal : ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁D H B - Super cup : ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁E H F ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁Dra žen ▁Pet ro vić ▁Award ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Bundes liga ▁Ide al ▁Team ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Best ▁Cro at ian ▁hand ball ▁player ▁by ▁SN ▁& ▁CH F : ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁World ▁Championship ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Bundes liga ▁Player ▁of
▁the ▁Season ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Hand ball - Plan et . com ' s ▁World ’ s ▁Best ▁Hand ball ▁Player ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁I H F ▁World ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁European ▁Championship ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁World ▁Championship ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁( M VP ) ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁European ▁Compet ition ▁h rs ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁ Đ ak ovo ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁male ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁people ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁descent ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁hand ball ▁players ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Category : Hand ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Hand ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Hand ball ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : R K ▁Zag reb ▁players ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Cro atia ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁medal ists ▁in ▁hand ball ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Hand ball - B undes liga ▁players ▁Category :
TH W ▁K iel ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁I bra him ▁ibn ▁al - M ah di ▁() ▁( 7 7 9 – 8 3 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Abb as id ▁prince , ▁singer , ▁composer ▁and ▁poet . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁Abb as id ▁cal i ph ▁Al - M ah di ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁half - bro ther ▁of ▁the ▁poet ▁and ▁music ian ▁‘ U lay ya ▁b int ▁al - M ah d ī . ▁▁ ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁full ▁brother ▁of ▁Al - M ah di ' s ▁sons ▁Al - H adi ▁and ▁Har un ▁al - R ash id , ▁since ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁not ▁Al - K h ay z ur an ▁but ▁rather ▁an ▁Af ro ▁Iran ian ▁prin cess ▁named ▁Sh ik la ▁or ▁Sh ak la . ▁Histor ian ▁I bn ▁K hal lik an ▁reported ▁that ▁I bra him ▁was ▁consequ ently ▁" of ▁dark ▁complex ion ." ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Four th ▁F it na , ▁I bra him ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁cal i ph ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 8 1 7 ▁by ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Bag hd ad , ▁who ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁reg nal ▁name ▁of ▁al - M ub ar ak ▁() ▁and ▁declared ▁his ▁reign ing ▁nep hew ▁al - Ma ' mun ▁de posed . ▁I
bra him ▁received ▁the ▁alleg iance ▁of ▁the ▁Hash em ites . ▁He ▁had ▁to ▁res ign ▁in ▁ 8 1 9 , ▁and ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁poet ▁and ▁a ▁music ian . ▁He ▁is ▁remembered ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁gift ed ▁mus icians ▁of ▁his ▁day , ▁with ▁a ▁phenomen al ▁vocal ▁range ", ▁and ▁a ▁prom oter ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁innov ative ▁' Pers ian ▁style ' ▁of ▁song , ▁' which ▁was ▁character ized ▁inter ▁al ia ▁by ▁redundant ▁impro vis ation '. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 7 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 3 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁Abb as id ▁cal i ph s ▁Category : Po ets ▁of ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ▁Category : A rab ▁mus icians ▁Category : A rab ic - language ▁sing ers ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁of ▁medieval ▁Islam ▁Category : F our th ▁F it na ▁Category : Bag hd ad ▁under ▁the ▁Abb as id ▁C ali ph ate ▁Category : M ale ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : One ▁Th ous and ▁and ▁One ▁N ights ▁characters ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁Arab ic ▁po ets ▁Category : 9 th - century ▁Arab ic ▁po ets <0x0A> </s> ▁Term s ▁such ▁as ▁Microsoft ▁phone ▁and ▁Microsoft ▁ph ones ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Windows ▁Phone , ▁a ▁def unct ▁family ▁of ▁mobile ▁operating ▁systems ▁from ▁Microsoft , ▁successor ▁to ▁Windows ▁Mobile
▁My ▁Windows ▁Phone , ▁a ▁user ▁help ▁service ▁on ▁said ▁systems ▁Windows ▁Mobile , ▁a ▁def unct ▁family ▁of ▁mobile ▁operating ▁systems ▁from ▁Microsoft ▁Microsoft ▁Mobile , ▁a ▁def unct ▁Microsoft ▁subs idi ary ▁that ▁created ▁actual ▁mobile ▁ph ones ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Microsoft ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Microsoft ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁mobile ▁services ▁ ▁Over view ▁of ▁Microsoft ▁hardware <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Hockey ▁India ▁League , ▁known ▁as ▁Co al ▁India ▁Hockey ▁India ▁League ▁for ▁spons or ship ▁reasons , ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁Hockey ▁India ▁League . ▁It ▁was ▁held ▁between ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁and ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁Kal ing a ▁Lanc ers ▁beat ▁D ab ang ▁M umb ai ▁ 4 – 1 ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁to ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁title . ▁Six ▁teams ▁played ▁ 3 4 ▁matches ▁in ▁six ▁ven ues ▁with ▁final ▁played ▁in ▁S ector ▁ 4 2 ▁Stadium , ▁Ch and ig ar h . ▁The ▁prize ▁money ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁be ▁ 3 ▁c ror es ▁IN R . ▁ ▁P un j ab ▁War riors ▁were ▁the ▁def ending ▁champions ▁and ▁were ▁elimin ated ▁in ▁the ▁round - ro bin ▁stage . ▁U tt ar ▁Pr adesh ▁W iz ards ▁finished ▁third , ▁be ating ▁Del hi ▁W aver iders ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁place ▁play off . ▁Kal ing a ▁Lanc ers ' ▁Gl enn ▁Turner ▁and ▁Mor itz ▁Für ste ▁finished ▁as ▁the ▁tournament ' s ▁joint ▁top
- sc or ers ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁goals ▁each . ▁D ab ang ▁M umb ai ' s ▁Flor ian ▁F uchs ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Tournament . ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁Six ▁teams ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁season , ▁the ▁same ▁from ▁last ▁season . ▁ ▁Format ▁Six ▁teams ▁were ▁placed ▁in ▁a ▁group ▁to ▁play ▁home - away ▁round ▁ro bin ▁matches . ▁The ▁top ▁four ▁teams ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁knock out ▁stage . ▁This ▁season ▁again ▁featured ▁some ▁rules ▁regarding ▁scoring ▁goals ▁as ▁every ▁field ▁goal ▁was ▁double ▁compared ▁to ▁goals ▁scored ▁from ▁penalty ▁corners , ▁meaning ▁a ▁field ▁goal ▁counted ▁as ▁two ▁while ▁successfully ▁converted ▁short ▁corners ▁were ▁considered ▁one ▁goal . ▁Play ing ▁eleven , ▁teams ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁two ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁five ▁foreign ▁players . ▁ ▁Stand ings ▁ ▁( Q ) ▁Qual ified ▁for ▁semi - final s ; ▁( E ) ▁El imin ated . ▁ ▁Results ▁table ▁ ▁First ▁to ▁fourth ▁place ▁classification ▁ ▁Sem i - final s ▁ ▁Third ▁and ▁fourth ▁place ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Le ading ▁goals cor ers ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : H ockey ▁India ▁League ▁seasons ▁India ▁Hockey <0x0A> </s> ▁C ele br atory ▁gun fire ▁( also ▁called ▁aer ial ▁firing ▁or ▁happy ▁fire ) ▁is ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁a ▁fire arm ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁in ▁celebr ation . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁cult ur ally ▁accepted ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁B alk ans ,
▁parts ▁of ▁Russia , ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁Afghan istan , ▁Pakistan , ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁even ▁when ▁illegal . ▁ ▁Common ▁occasions ▁for ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁include ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Day ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁religious ▁hol id ays ▁such ▁as ▁E id . ▁The ▁practice ▁sometimes ▁results ▁in ▁random ▁death ▁and ▁injury ▁from ▁st ray ▁bul lets . ▁Property ▁damage ▁is ▁another ▁result ▁of ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ; ▁sh atter ed ▁windows ▁and ▁dam aged ▁roof s ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁after ▁such ▁celebr ations . ▁ ▁Fall ing - bullet ▁inj uries ▁ ▁Bul lets ▁fired ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁usually ▁fall ▁back ▁with ▁terminal ▁veloc ities ▁much ▁lower ▁than ▁their ▁m uzz le ▁velocity ▁when ▁they ▁leave ▁the ▁bar rel ▁of ▁a ▁fire arm . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁people ▁can ▁be ▁injured , ▁sometimes ▁fat ally , ▁when ▁bul lets ▁dis charg ed ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁fall ▁back ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁ground . ▁ ▁Bul lets ▁fired ▁at ▁angles ▁less ▁than ▁vertical ▁are ▁more ▁dangerous ▁as ▁the ▁bullet ▁maintain s ▁its ▁angular ▁ball istic ▁traject ory ▁and ▁is ▁far ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁t umb ling ▁motion ; ▁it ▁therefore ▁travel s ▁at ▁spe eds ▁much ▁higher ▁than ▁a ▁bullet ▁in ▁free ▁fall . ▁ ▁A ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Cent ers ▁for ▁D ise ase ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁( CD C ) ▁found ▁that ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire - related ▁inj uries ▁are
▁to ▁the ▁head , ▁feet , ▁and ▁shoulders . ▁ ▁In ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁about ▁ 7 ▁people ▁have ▁died ▁from ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁on ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve , ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁last ▁one ▁was ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Between ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁do ctors ▁at ▁the ▁King / D rew ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁treated ▁some ▁ 1 1 8 ▁people ▁for ▁random ▁falling - bullet ▁inj uries . ▁Th irty - e ight ▁of ▁them ▁died . ▁ ▁Fire ar ms ▁expert ▁Julian ▁H atch er ▁studied ▁falling ▁bul lets ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁calculated ▁that ▁. 3 0 ▁cal iber ▁r ounds ▁reach ▁terminal ▁veloc ities ▁of ▁ 9 0 m / s ( 3 0 0 fe et ▁per ▁second ▁or ▁ 1 8 6 m iles ▁per ▁hour ). ▁A ▁bullet ▁travel ing ▁at ▁only ▁ 6 1 m / s ( 2 0 0 fe et ▁per ▁second ) ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 m / s ( 3 3 0 fe et ▁per ▁second ) ▁can ▁pen et rate ▁human ▁skin . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁International ▁Action ▁Network ▁on ▁Small ▁Ar ms ▁( I AN SA ) ▁ran ▁education ▁campaign s ▁on ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁celebr
atory ▁gun fire ▁in ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro . ▁In ▁Ser bia , ▁the ▁campaign ▁s log an ▁was ▁" every ▁bullet ▁that ▁is ▁fired ▁up , ▁must ▁come ▁down ." ▁ ▁Property ▁damage ▁Bul lets ▁often ▁l odge ▁in ▁roof s , ▁causing ▁minor ▁damage ▁that ▁requires ▁repair ▁in ▁most ▁cases . ▁Norm ally , ▁the ▁bullet ▁will ▁pen et rate ▁the ▁roof ▁surface ▁through ▁to ▁the ▁roof ▁deck , ▁leaving ▁a ▁hole ▁where ▁water ▁may ▁run ▁into ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁cause ▁a ▁leak . ▁ ▁Tr ends ▁Philipp ine ▁Health ▁Secretary ▁Francisco ▁Du que ▁III ▁noted ▁the ▁drop ▁in ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁inj uries , ▁in ▁that ▁country , ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁year - end ▁hol iday ▁period ▁– ▁from ▁ 3 3 ▁cases ▁to ▁ 1 9 . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁compla ints ▁regarding ▁random ▁shooting ▁in ▁Dallas , ▁Texas , ▁on ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve ▁decl ined ▁from ▁approximately ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁ 8 0 0 ▁each ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁increased ▁part is ans hip ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁firing ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁polit icians ▁appearing ▁on ▁local ▁television , ▁leading ▁to ▁multiple ▁death s ▁and ▁to ▁calls ▁from ▁these ▁leaders ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁practice . ▁ ▁Notable ▁inc idents ▁ ▁Europe ▁On ▁
7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁at ▁about ▁ 9 : 3 0 ▁pm , ▁a ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Airlines ▁F ok ker ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( 4 O - A OK ) ▁was ▁shot ▁at ▁while ▁landing ▁at ▁Pod gor ica ▁Airport . ▁A ▁routine ▁ins pection ▁of ▁the ▁aircraft ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁a ▁bullet ▁hole ▁in ▁the ▁aircraft ' s ▁tail . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁was ▁carrying ▁ 2 0 ▁passengers , ▁but ▁no ▁one ▁was ▁injured . ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁incident ▁is ▁unknown ; ▁however , ▁reports ▁indicate ▁that ▁it ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁in ad vert ent ▁result ▁of ▁guns ▁being ▁fired ▁during ▁celebr ations ▁for ▁Orth odox ▁Christmas . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁A ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁hit ▁a ▁young ▁girl ▁during ▁New ▁Year ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁square ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁Sk op je , ▁North ▁Mac ed onia . ▁She ▁died ▁two ▁days ▁later . ▁This ▁incident ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁I AN SA ▁aw aren ess ▁campaign . ▁October ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁Wed ding ▁guests ▁in ▁Bel grade , ▁Ser bia ▁mistaken ly ▁shot ▁down ▁a ▁small ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁Middle ▁East ▁April ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁A ▁ 2 0 - year - old ▁pre gn ant ▁mother ▁of ▁two , ▁W ad ia ▁Ba id aw i , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁head
▁and ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁from ▁her ▁neighbor ’ s ▁wed ding ▁in ▁Sid on , ▁Leb anon . ▁November ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Following ▁a ▁ce ase - fire ▁ending ▁fighting ▁with ▁Israel , ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁in ▁the ▁Gaz a ▁St rip ▁killed ▁a ▁man ▁and ▁wounded ▁three ▁others . ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Tw enty - three ▁people ▁were ▁elect roc uted ▁after ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁brought ▁down ▁a ▁power ▁cable ▁during ▁a ▁wed ding ▁party ▁in ▁eastern ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁K uw ait i ▁b ride g room ▁was ▁killed ▁when ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁his ▁accident ally ▁shot ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁charged ▁his ▁gun ▁to ▁fire ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁in ▁celebr ation . ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁ 2 ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁Jordan , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁year ly ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁the ▁announ cement ▁of ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁T aw ji hi . ▁July ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁At ▁least ▁four ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁others ▁wounded ▁by ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Bag hd ad , ▁Ira q , ▁following ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁the ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁in ▁the ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup . ▁C ele br atory ▁gun fire ▁occurred ▁despite ▁warnings ▁issued ▁by ▁Ira
qi ▁security ▁forces ▁and ▁the ▁country ' s ▁leading ▁Sh i ite ▁cler ic , ▁Grand ▁Ay atol lah ▁Ali ▁al - S ist ani , ▁who ▁forb ade ▁the ▁gun fire ▁with ▁a ▁religious ▁fat w ā . ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁More ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁Ira q ▁from ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁following ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁S add am ▁Hus sein ' s ▁sons ▁U day ▁and ▁Q us ay ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁South ▁America ▁ ▁December ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁killed ▁a ▁three - year - old ▁girl ▁in ▁As un ción , ▁Par agu ay . ▁ ▁South ▁Asia ▁November ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁A ▁self - proc laimed ▁god w oman ▁and ▁her ▁private ▁gu ards ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁celebr atory ▁shooting ▁sp ree ▁at ▁a ▁wed ding ▁in ▁H ary ana ' s ▁K arn al ▁town ▁in ▁India , ▁killing ▁the ▁gro om ' s ▁a unt ▁and ▁leaving ▁three ▁of ▁his ▁relatives ▁crit ically ▁wounded . ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁a ▁ 4 2 - year - old ▁Pak ist ani ▁woman ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁from ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire . ▁The ▁gun fire ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁celebr ations ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁Pakistan ' s ▁prime ▁minister ▁New az ▁Sh
ar if . ▁Her ▁ 1 9 - year - old ▁nie ce ▁was ▁also ▁hit , ▁and ▁r ushed ▁to ▁hospital ▁in ▁critical ▁condition . ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Five ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁st ray ▁bul lets ▁fired ▁at ▁a ▁k ite ▁festival ▁in ▁L ah ore , ▁Pakistan , ▁including ▁a ▁six - year - old ▁school boy ▁who ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁near ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Maz ang ▁area . ▁December ▁ 1 8 5 9 : ▁An ▁aut ops y ▁showed ▁that ▁a ▁native ▁servant ▁in ▁India , ▁who ▁suddenly ▁fell ▁dead ▁for ▁no ▁apparent ▁reason , ▁was ▁mort ally ▁wounded ▁from ▁a ▁bullet ▁fired ▁from ▁a ▁distance ▁too ▁far ▁for ▁the ▁shot ▁to ▁be ▁heard . ▁The ▁falling ▁bullet ▁had ▁sufficient ▁energy ▁to ▁pass ▁through ▁the ▁victim ' s ▁shoulder , ▁a ▁rib , ▁a ▁lung , ▁his ▁heart ▁and ▁his ▁dia ph rag m . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁Texas ▁nur se , ▁ 6 1 - year s - old ▁Philipp a ▁Ash ford ▁shot ▁to ▁death ▁on ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve , ▁likely ▁by ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire , ▁police ▁say . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁A ▁patron ▁who ▁was ▁e ating ▁dinner ▁at ▁The ▁Big ▁C atch ▁restaurant ▁in ▁St . ▁Petersburg , ▁Florida , ▁on ▁New ▁Year ’ s ▁Day ▁was ▁struck ▁by
▁celebr atory ▁bullet . ▁August ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁A ▁woman , ▁Wend y ▁Sh aya , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁foot ▁by ▁a ▁ 9 mm ▁bullet ▁while ▁walking ▁back ▁to ▁her ▁car ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon ▁in ▁the ▁Green ▁Valley ▁R anch ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Den ver , ▁Colorado . ▁ ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁A ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁boy , ▁No ah ▁In man , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁his ▁head ▁and ▁killed ▁while ▁playing ▁basketball ▁in ▁the ▁street . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁Arm ando ▁Mart ine z , ▁a ▁Texas ▁state ▁Represent ative , ▁was ▁wounded ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁during ▁a ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁celebr ation . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁A ▁ 4 3 - year - old ▁man , ▁J avier ▁Su are z ▁River a , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁his ▁head ▁and ▁killed ▁while ▁watching ▁fire works ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁Houston . ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁A ▁ 7 - year - old ▁boy , ▁Br end on ▁Mack ey , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁his ▁head ▁and ▁killed ▁while ▁walking ▁with ▁his ▁father ▁shortly ▁before ▁ 9 ▁p . m . ▁amid ▁a ▁large ▁crowd ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁fire works ▁display ▁over ▁the ▁Swift ▁Creek ▁Res er voir , ▁outside ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia .
▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁A ▁ 1 0 - year - old ▁girl , ▁A ali y ah ▁Bo yer , ▁col lapsed ▁after ▁being ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁head ▁while ▁watching ▁the ▁neighborhood ▁fire works ▁in ▁E kl ton , ▁Maryland . ▁She ▁died ▁two ▁days ▁later ▁of ▁her ▁inj uries . ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁ 3 4 - year - old ▁woman , ▁Mich elle ▁Pack ard , ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁and ▁killed ▁while ▁watching ▁the ▁fire works ▁with ▁her ▁family . ▁The ▁police ▁believe ▁the ▁shot ▁could ▁have ▁come ▁from ▁a ▁mile ▁away . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁A ▁four - year - old ▁boy , ▁Mar quel ▁Peters , ▁was ▁struck ▁by ▁a ▁bullet ▁and ▁killed ▁inside ▁his ▁church ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁God ▁of ▁Prop he cy ▁in ▁Dec atur , ▁G A . ▁It ▁is ▁pres umed ▁the ▁bullet ▁may ▁have ▁pen etr ated ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁around ▁ 1 2 : 2 0 AM . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Che f ▁Paul ▁Pr ud homme ▁was ▁gra zed ▁by ▁a ▁. 2 2 - cal iber ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁while ▁c ater ing ▁the ▁Zur ich ▁Classic ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans ▁golf ▁tournament . ▁He ▁at ▁first ▁thought ▁a ▁be e ▁had ▁st ung ▁his ▁arm , ▁required ▁no ▁serious ▁medical ▁attention , ▁and ▁within ▁five ▁minutes ▁was
▁back ▁to ▁cook ing ▁for ▁the ▁golf ▁tournament . ▁It ▁was ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁falling ▁bullet . ▁December ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁A ▁ 2 3 - year - old ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁private ▁on ▁leave ▁after ▁basic ▁training ▁fired ▁a ▁ 9 mm ▁p istol ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁in ▁celebr ation ▁with ▁friends , ▁according ▁to ▁police , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bul lets ▁came ▁through ▁a ▁fifth - floor ▁a partment ▁window ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Queens , ▁striking ▁a ▁ 2 8 - year - old ▁mother ▁of ▁two ▁in ▁the ▁eye . ▁Her ▁husband ▁found ▁her ▁lif eless ▁body ▁moments ▁later . ▁The ▁shoot er ▁had ▁been ▁drink ing ▁the ▁night ▁before ▁and ▁turned ▁himself ▁in ▁to ▁police ▁the ▁next ▁morning ▁when ▁he ▁heard ▁the ▁news . ▁He ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁second - deg ree ▁m ans la ugh ter ▁and ▁weapons - related ▁cr imes , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁found ▁guilty ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁ 4 ▁to ▁ 1 2 ▁years ▁in ▁prison . ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Arizona , ▁A ▁ 1 4 - year - old ▁girl , ▁Sh annon ▁Smith , ▁was ▁struck ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁her ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁bullet ▁and ▁killed ▁while ▁in ▁the ▁back yard ▁of ▁her ▁home . ▁ ▁This ▁incident ▁resulted ▁in ▁Arizona ▁en act ing ▁" Sh annon ' s ▁Law " ▁in ▁ 2 0 0
0 , ▁that ▁made ▁the ▁dis charge ▁of ▁a ▁fire arm ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁illegal . ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Joseph ▁J ask ol ka ▁of ▁Wil ming ton ▁was ▁visit ing ▁family ▁members ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁for ▁New ▁Years ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁by ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁as ▁he ▁walked ▁with ▁family ▁members ▁on ▁Fern on ▁Street ▁head ed ▁to ▁festiv ities ▁on ▁South ▁ 2 nd ▁Street ▁in ▁South ▁Philadelphia . ▁The ▁incident ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁gun fire ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁New ▁Year . ▁The ▁bullet ▁remains ▁lod ged ▁in ▁Joe ' s ▁Bra in ▁stem ▁and ▁Joe ▁was ▁left ▁par al yz ed ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁his ▁body ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁injury . ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Amy ▁Sil ber man , ▁a ▁tour ist ▁from ▁Boston , ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁falling ▁bullet ▁from ▁celebr atory ▁firing ▁while ▁walking ▁on ▁the ▁River walk ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Qu arter ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁Police ▁Department ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁st riv ing ▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁public ▁on ▁the ▁danger ▁since ▁then , ▁frequently ▁making ▁arr ests ▁for ▁firing ▁into ▁the ▁air . ▁July ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 : ▁Bernard ▁Do yle ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁his ▁seat ▁while ▁att ending ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁game ▁at ▁the ▁Pol o ▁Gr ounds . ▁The ▁bullet ▁was ▁determined ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁fired ▁by ▁Robert ▁Pe
eb les , ▁a ▁ju ven ile , ▁from ▁an ▁a partment ▁building ▁some ▁distance ▁away ▁on ▁Co og an ' s ▁Bl uff , ▁pres umably ▁in ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁Day . ▁ ▁Pen alt ies ▁In ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁North ▁Mac ed onia , ▁a ▁person ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁firing ▁off ▁a ▁gun ▁during ▁celebr ations ▁faces ▁a ▁j ail ▁sentence ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁ten ▁years . ▁In ▁Italy , ▁under ▁the ▁art . 7 0 3 ▁of ▁the ▁Pen al ▁Code ( D anger ous ▁light ings ▁and ▁explos ions ), ▁a ▁person ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁firing ▁off , ▁without ▁authority ' s ▁permission , ▁a ▁gun ▁in ▁an ▁inhab ited ▁place ▁or ▁near ▁it , ▁is ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁fine ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 0 3 ▁Eu ros , ▁while ▁if ▁he ▁commit ▁the ▁act ▁in ▁a ▁place ▁with ▁more ▁person ▁than ▁usual ▁is ▁sent enced ▁to ▁up ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁prison . ▁The ▁off ence ▁include ▁also ▁fire works , ▁rock ets , ▁fl aming ▁aer ost ats ▁and , ▁in ▁general , ▁" d anger ous ▁light ings ▁and ▁explos ions ". ▁ ▁In ▁Pakistan , ▁section ▁ 1 4 4 ▁of ▁the ▁law ▁is ▁im posed ▁to ▁prevent ▁aer ial ▁firing ▁during ▁celebr ations ▁if ▁harm ▁is ▁caused , ▁and ▁an ▁F IR ▁may ▁be ▁registered ▁against ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁does ▁so . ▁However , ▁many ▁cases ▁of ▁aer ial ▁firing ▁go ▁un report ed . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁crime ▁class
ifications ▁vary ▁from ▁a ▁mis de mean or ▁to ▁a ▁fel ony ▁in ▁different ▁states : ▁In ▁Arizona , ▁firing ▁a ▁gun ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁was ▁raised ▁from ▁a ▁mis de mean or ▁to ▁a ▁fel ony ▁by ▁Sh annon ' s ▁law , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 4 - year - old ▁from ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁California , ▁dis charg ing ▁a ▁fire arm ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁is ▁a ▁fel ony ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁three ▁years ▁in ▁state ▁prison . ▁If ▁the ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁k ills ▁someone , ▁the ▁shoot er ▁can ▁be ▁charged ▁with ▁murder . ▁In ▁Minnesota , ▁it ▁is ▁illegal ▁to ▁dis charge ▁a ▁fire arm ▁over ▁a ▁c emetery , ▁or ▁at ▁or ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁trans it ▁vehicle . ▁Additionally , ▁local ▁govern ments ▁may ▁reg ulate ▁the ▁dis charge ▁of ▁a ▁weapon ▁within ▁their ▁juris dict ions . ▁ ▁In ▁Ohio , ▁dis charg ing ▁a ▁fire arm ▁or ▁a ▁dead ly ▁weapon ▁in ▁a ▁public ▁place ▁is ▁class ified ▁as ▁dis order ly ▁conduct , ▁a ▁Class ▁B ▁mis de mean or , ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ▁days ▁in ▁j ail ▁and ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁$ 2 , 0 0 0 . ▁In ▁Texas , ▁random ▁gun fire ▁is ▁a ▁Class ▁A ▁mis de mean or , ▁pun ish able ▁by ▁a ▁maximum ▁one ▁year ▁in ▁j ail ▁and ▁$ 4
, 0 0 0 ▁fine . ▁Anyone ▁who ▁inj ures ▁or ▁k ills ▁someone ▁with ▁a ▁st ray ▁bullet ▁could ▁face ▁more ▁serious ▁fel ony ▁charges . ▁In ▁Wisconsin , ▁criminal ▁charges ▁for ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁off ense ▁range ▁from ▁" end ang ering ▁safety ▁by ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁dangerous ▁weapon " ▁to ▁" reck less ▁hom ic ide " ▁in ▁the ▁event ▁of ▁a ▁death , ▁with ▁pen alt ies ▁r anging ▁from ▁nine ▁months ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁years ▁in ▁prison ." ▁ ▁Cultural ▁references ▁The ▁non - f iction ▁U . S . ▁cable ▁television ▁program ▁M yth B ust ers ▁on ▁the ▁Disc overy ▁Channel ▁covered ▁this ▁topic ▁in ▁E pisode ▁ 5 0 : ▁" B ul lets ▁F ired ▁Up " ▁( original ▁air date : ▁April ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ). ▁Special - effect s ▁exper ts ▁Adam ▁Sav age ▁and ▁Jam ie ▁H yn eman ▁conducted ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁experiments ▁to ▁answer ▁the ▁question : ▁" Can ▁celebr atory ▁gun fire ▁kill ▁when ▁the ▁bul lets ▁fall ▁back ▁to ▁earth ?" ▁ ▁Using ▁p ig ▁car c ass es , ▁they ▁worked ▁out ▁the ▁terminal ▁velocity ▁of ▁a ▁falling ▁bullet ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁mixed ▁result , ▁answering ▁the ▁question ▁with ▁all ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁show ' s ▁possible ▁out comes : ▁Conf ir med , ▁Pla us ible ▁and ▁B usted . ▁They ▁tested ▁falling ▁bul lets ▁by ▁firing ▁them ▁from ▁both ▁a ▁hand gun ▁and ▁a ▁rif le ,
▁by ▁firing ▁them ▁from ▁an ▁air ▁gun ▁designed ▁to ▁prop el ▁them ▁at ▁terminal ▁velocity , ▁and ▁by ▁dro pping ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁from ▁an ▁instrument ed ▁bal lo on . ▁ ▁They ▁found ▁that ▁while ▁bul lets ▁travel ing ▁on ▁a ▁perfectly ▁vertical ▁traject ory ▁t umble ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁down , ▁creating ▁tur bul ence ▁that ▁reduces ▁terminal ▁velocity ▁below ▁that ▁which ▁would ▁kill , ▁it ▁was ▁very ▁difficult ▁to ▁fire ▁a ▁bullet ▁in ▁a ▁near - ide al ▁vertical ▁traject ory . ▁In ▁practice , ▁bul lets ▁were ▁likely ▁to ▁remain ▁spin - st abil ized ▁on ▁a ▁ball istic ▁traject ory ▁and ▁fall ▁at ▁a ▁potentially ▁le th al ▁terminal ▁velocity . ▁They ▁also ▁verified ▁cases ▁of ▁actual ▁death s ▁from ▁falling ▁bul lets . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁St ray ▁bullet ▁Fe u ▁de ▁jo ie ▁ 2 1 - gun ▁sal ute ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁" F alling ▁bul lets : ▁terminal ▁veloc ities ▁and ▁pen etr ation ▁studies ", ▁by ▁L . ▁C . ▁Ha ag , ▁W ound ▁Ball istics ▁Conference , ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁Sac r amento , ▁California . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁UN ▁Development ▁Program me ▁activity ▁report ▁Can ▁a ▁bullet ▁fired ▁into ▁the ▁air ▁kill ▁someone ▁when ▁it ▁comes ▁down ? ▁The ▁Stra ight ▁Do pe ▁C ele br atory ▁Gun fire : ▁Good ▁Ide a ▁or ▁Not ? ▁' C ele br atory ' ▁shot ▁k ills ▁gro om ▁Sp reading ▁the ▁Word ▁About
▁D angers ▁of ▁C ele br atory ▁Gun fire : ▁Henry ▁Louis ▁Adams ▁Minister ▁Fight ing ▁to ▁End ▁C ele br atory ▁Gun fire ▁ ▁Category : Tr ad itions ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁life ▁Category : B all istics ▁Category : Pol ice ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁short list ed ▁nom ine es ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Awards ▁for ▁Liter ary ▁Mer it ▁were ▁announced ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁w inners ▁were ▁announced ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁English ▁ ▁French ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Awards ▁ ▁Category : G overn or ▁General ' s ▁Awards ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Awards ▁Governor ▁General ' s ▁Awards <0x0A> </s> ▁Pet r ▁Kn op ▁( born ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Czech ▁cross ▁country ▁sk ier . ▁ ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁at ▁the ▁F IS ▁Nord ic ▁World ▁Ski ▁Championships ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁Fal un . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C zech ▁male ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁Category : T our ▁de ▁Ski ▁ski ers ▁Category : C ross - country ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁cross - country ▁ski ers ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ▁Category : Comp et
itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Winter ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Wh ist leb lower ▁protection ▁in ▁Australia ▁is ▁offered ▁for ▁certain ▁dis clos ures ▁under ▁a ▁patch work ▁of ▁laws ▁at ▁both ▁federal ▁and ▁state ▁level . ▁El ig ibility ▁for ▁protection ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁applicable ▁law ▁and ▁the ▁subject ▁matter ▁of ▁the ▁dis closure . ▁Not ▁all ▁dis clos ures ▁are ▁protected ▁by ▁law ▁in ▁Australia . ▁At ▁federal ▁level , ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁face ▁potential ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁making ▁dis clos ures ▁about ▁certain ▁subjects , ▁including ▁national ▁security ▁and ▁imm igration ▁matters . ▁Trans par ency ▁International ▁▁ ▁Australia ' s ▁first ▁wh ist leb lower ▁protection ▁laws ▁were ▁introduced ▁in ▁Queensland ▁following ▁the ▁recommend ations ▁of ▁the ▁Fitz ger ald ▁In qu iry . ▁La ws ▁have ▁subsequently ▁been ▁introduced ▁in ▁other ▁states ▁and ▁territ ories , ▁cul min ating ▁with ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁federal ▁legisl ation ▁with ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Australia ▁has ▁made ▁significant ▁str ides ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁wh ist leb lower ▁protection ▁for ▁the ▁private ▁sector , ▁with ▁new ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁am end ▁the ▁Corpor ations ▁Act . ▁The ▁Tre as ury ▁La ws ▁Am end ment ▁( En han cing ▁Wh ist leb lower ▁Prote ctions ) ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁passed ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9
, ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁prote ctions ▁in ▁the ▁Corpor ations ▁Act ▁have ▁been ▁expanded ▁to ▁provide ▁greater ▁prote ctions ▁for ▁wh ist leb low ers . ▁This ▁will ▁include ▁requiring ▁public ▁companies , ▁large ▁propriet ary ▁companies , ▁and ▁corpor ate ▁trust ees ▁of ▁AP RA - reg ulated ▁super ann u ation ▁entities ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁policy ▁from ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁▁ ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁private - se ctor ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁now ▁have ▁greater ▁protection ▁than ▁their ▁public - se ctor ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁Federal ▁law ▁ ▁General ▁prov isions ▁The ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( P ID ▁Act ) ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁compreh ensive ▁framework ▁for ▁protect ing ▁Commonwealth ▁public ▁sector ▁wh ist leb low ers . ▁The ▁P ID ▁Act ▁is ▁the ▁legisl ation ▁under pin ning ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Government ' s ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁( P ID ) ▁Sch eme ▁to ▁encou rage ▁public ▁officials ▁to ▁report ▁sus pected ▁wrong do ing ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁public ▁sector . ▁The ▁P ID ▁Act ▁arose ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁report ▁on ▁Wh ist leb lower ▁Prote ction : ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁scheme ▁for ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁public ▁sector ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Stand ing ▁Committee ▁on ▁Leg al ▁and ▁Constitution al ▁Affairs . ▁During ▁the ▁Committee ' s ▁In qu iry ▁it ▁was ▁recogn ised ▁that ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in
▁ens uring ▁account ability . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁those ▁making ▁dis clos ures ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁protected ▁from ▁ret ribution . ▁▁ ▁The ▁P ID ▁Act ▁offers ▁protection ▁to ▁' wh ist leb low ers ' ▁from ▁repr is al ▁action . ▁The ▁protection ▁applies ▁to ▁public ▁officials ▁who ▁disc lose ▁sus pected ▁illegal ▁conduct , ▁cor ruption , ▁mal admin istration , ▁ab uses ▁of ▁public ▁trust , ▁de ception ▁rel ating ▁to ▁scientific ▁research , ▁was t age ▁of ▁public ▁money , ▁un reason able ▁danger ▁to ▁health ▁or ▁safety , ▁danger ▁to ▁the ▁environment ▁or ▁ab use ▁of ▁position ▁or ▁conduct ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁grounds ▁for ▁discipl inary ▁action . ▁ ▁The ▁Commonwealth ▁O mb ud s man ▁has ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁supporting ▁and ▁monitoring ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁scheme ▁established ▁under ▁the ▁P ID ▁Act . ▁The ▁Commonwealth ▁O mb ud s man ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁prom oting ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁P ID ▁Act ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁providing ▁guidance , ▁information ▁and ▁resources ▁about ▁making , ▁man aging ▁and ▁respond ing ▁to ▁dis clos ures . ▁ ▁The ▁una ut hor ised ▁dis closure ▁of ▁Commonwealth ▁information ▁is ▁a ▁federal ▁crime ▁under ▁section ▁ 7 0 ▁of ▁the ▁Cr imes ▁Act ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁that ▁car ries ▁a ▁penalty ▁of ▁two ▁years ' ▁imprison ment . ▁The ▁provision ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁purs ue ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁and ▁le aks ▁by ▁federal ▁government ▁employees ▁and ▁private
▁contract ors . ▁Since ▁the ▁Abb ott ▁Government ▁took ▁office , ▁federal ▁ag encies ▁have ▁referred ▁journal ists ▁from ▁The ▁Guardian ▁Australia , ▁news . com . au ▁and ▁The ▁West ▁Australian ▁using ▁this ▁provision ▁in ▁a ▁bid ▁to ▁un cover ▁the ▁sources ▁for ▁imm igration ▁stories . ▁ ▁National ▁security ▁The ▁National ▁Security ▁Am end ment ▁Act ▁( No ▁ 1 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( C th ) ▁am ended ▁the ▁legisl ation ▁gover ning ▁AS IO ▁to ▁criminal ise ▁the ▁dis closure ▁of ▁any ▁information ▁rel ating ▁to ▁a ▁" Special ▁Int elligence ▁Operation ". ▁The ▁Guardian ▁noted ▁that ▁any ▁act ▁committed ▁by ▁AS IO ▁could ▁be ▁declaration ▁a ▁Special ▁Int elligence ▁Operation ▁with ▁the ▁Att orney - General ' s ▁appro val ▁and ▁removed ▁from ▁scr ut iny . ▁ ▁Im m igration ▁law ▁Section ▁ 4 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Border ▁Force ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( C th ) ▁impos es ▁a ▁penalty ▁of ▁two ▁years ' ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁who ▁makes ▁a ▁dis closure ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁an ▁Australian ▁imm igration ▁det ention ▁facility , ▁although ▁section ▁ 4 2 ( 2 )( c ) ▁ex empt s ▁a ▁dis closure ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁" required ▁or ▁author ised ▁by ▁or ▁under ▁a ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth , ▁a ▁State ▁or ▁a ▁Territ ory ". ▁ ▁The ▁Con vers ation ▁considered ▁whether ▁the ▁section ▁ 4 2 ( 2 )( c ) ▁exem ption ▁would ▁apply ▁so
▁that ▁a ▁wh ist leb lower ▁could ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁prote ctions ▁of ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( C th ). ▁It ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁exem ption ▁might ▁indeed ▁apply , ▁but ▁would ▁do ▁so ▁subject ▁to ▁several ▁qual ifications , ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁would ▁first ▁need ▁to ▁report ▁their ▁concerns ▁internally ▁ ▁an ▁external ▁dis closure ▁could ▁only ▁then ▁be ▁made ▁after ▁the ▁wh ist leb lower ▁believed ▁on ▁reasonable ▁grounds ▁that ▁the ▁either ▁the ▁investigation ▁or ▁response ▁were ▁in ade qu ate ▁or ▁delayed ▁ ▁the ▁dis closure ▁must ▁not ▁be ▁contrary ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁interest ▁nor ▁make ▁public ▁sensitive ▁information ▁about ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁ ▁the ▁dis closure ▁cannot ▁be ▁made ▁about ▁a ▁matter ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁Minister ▁has ▁taken ▁action ▁or ▁propos es ▁to ▁take ▁action . ▁Section ▁ 4 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Border ▁Force ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( C th ) ▁has ▁been ▁critic ised ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Law y ers ▁Alliance ▁for ▁its ▁potential ▁ch illing ▁effect ▁on ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁and ▁journal ists . ▁ ▁Medical ▁profession als ▁who ▁have ▁worked ▁at ▁Na uru ▁are ▁launch ing ▁a ▁High ▁Court ▁challenge ▁against ▁the ▁secre cy ▁prov isions ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Border ▁Force ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Private ▁sector ▁Trans par ency ▁International ▁Australia ▁cons iders ▁the ▁prote ctions ▁for ▁private ▁sector ▁wh ist leb low ers ▁to ▁be ▁we aker ▁than ▁for ▁those ▁in
▁the ▁public ▁sector , ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁prov isions ▁found ▁in ▁corpor ations ▁legisl ation ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁mand ate ▁any ▁internal ▁company ▁procedures . ▁ ▁Part ▁ 9 . 4 AA A ▁of ▁the ▁Corpor ations ▁Act ▁provides ▁a ▁degree ▁of ▁protection . ▁ ▁State ▁and ▁territory ▁laws ▁A part ▁from ▁South ▁Australia , ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁territory ▁wh ist leb lower ▁protection ▁laws ▁only ▁cover ▁the ▁public ▁sector . ▁ ▁Queensland ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( Q ld ). ▁ ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Prote cted ▁Dis clos ures ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁( NS W ). ▁ ▁Australian ▁Capital ▁Territ ory ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁( ACT ). ▁ ▁Victoria ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Wh ist leb low ers ▁Prote ction ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁( V ic ). ▁ ▁Tas mania ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis clos ures ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁( T as ). ▁ ▁South ▁Australia ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Wh ist leb low ers ▁Prote ction ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁( SA ). ▁However ▁the ▁new ▁" Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 8 " ▁( P ID ▁Act ) ▁will ▁commence ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9
▁ ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁( WA ). ▁ ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁Prote ction ▁is ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁the ▁Public ▁Interest ▁Dis closure ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁( NT ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Wh ist leb low ers ▁Australia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Australia ▁Category : Wh ist leb low ing ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁J und ia í ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁in ▁the ▁S out heast ▁Region ▁of ▁Brazil , ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁ 4 0 1 , 8 9 6 ▁( 2 0 1 5 ▁est .), ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 4 3 1 . 2 1 ▁km ². ▁The ▁elev ation ▁is ▁ 7 6 1 ▁m . ▁The ▁G DP ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁is ▁U $ 1 6 . 6 ▁billion ▁( R $ 3 6 . 6 ▁billion ). ▁The ▁budget ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁is ▁U $ 7 8 7 ▁million ▁( R $ 1 . 6 3 ▁billion ), ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁official ▁data ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Hall . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁Geography ▁ ▁The ▁municipality ▁was ▁officially ▁founded ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 6 5 5 , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁the ▁category ▁of ▁village . ▁Its ▁first ▁urban ization ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 7 . ▁J und ia í
▁has ▁borders ▁with ▁V ár ze a ▁Paul ista , ▁Cam po ▁Lim po ▁Paul ista , ▁Franco ▁da ▁Ro cha , ▁C aj amar , ▁P ira por a ▁do ▁Bom ▁Jesus , ▁Cab re ú va , ▁It u pe va , ▁Lou ve ira , ▁Vin hed o , ▁It at iba ▁and ▁Jar inu . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁T up i ▁language , ▁and ▁it ▁means ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁j und i á ▁(" fish ▁with ▁bar bs ", ▁the ▁R ham dia ▁qu elen ▁species ). ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁received ▁massive ▁numbers ▁of ▁Italian ▁imm igr ants ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁making ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Italian ▁descent . ▁Among st ▁other ▁imm igr ant ▁groups , ▁there ▁are : ▁Portuguese , ▁Spanish , ▁German ▁and ▁small ▁amounts ▁of ▁Hung arian ▁and ▁S lav ic ▁pe op les . ▁ ▁Rec ently , ▁J und ia í ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁ste ep ▁population ▁growth , ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁fue led ▁by ▁a ▁shift ▁of ▁residents ▁from ▁the ▁meg al opol is ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁seeking ▁better ▁living ▁conditions . ▁ ▁Tour ism ▁ ▁The ▁Ser ra ▁do ▁J api ▁( J api ▁mountain ▁range ), ▁situated ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁park ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁natural ▁reserve ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁for ested ▁areas ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁São
▁Paulo , ▁with ▁beautiful ▁land sc apes ▁and ▁many ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁ec ot our ism , ▁large ▁hotel - far ms ▁and ▁extreme ▁sports . ▁ ▁The ▁J und ia hy ▁section ▁is ▁a ▁historical ▁area ▁amongst ▁the ▁rivers ▁J und iai , ▁Gu ape va ▁and ▁M ato . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁aff lu ent ▁neighborhood ▁with ▁fancy ▁houses , ▁gard ens ▁and ▁a ▁traditional ▁small ▁community ▁business . ▁ ▁Sports ▁▁ ▁Paul ista ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁football ▁( s occer ) ▁club . ▁The ▁team , ▁which ▁plays ▁at ▁Jay me ▁C int ra ▁Stadium , ▁was ▁the ▁champion ▁of ▁Copa ▁do ▁Brasil ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁( C up ▁of ▁Brazil ). ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁▁ ▁The ▁J und ia í ▁Airport ▁serves ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁region ▁for ▁small ▁air plan es . ▁J und ia í ▁has ▁a ▁connection ▁in ▁the ▁J und ia í ▁station ▁with ▁Comp anh ia ▁Paul ista ▁de ▁Tr ens ▁Metropolitan os ▁( CP TM ). ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁public ▁transport ation ▁that ▁currently ▁costs ▁R $ 3 , 0 0 ▁( US D ▁ 1 , 4 5 ) ▁for ▁one ▁way ▁. ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁bus es ▁have ▁wheel ch air ▁lif ts ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁have ▁mon itors ▁that ▁broadcast ▁videos ▁about ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁education . ▁The ▁lines ▁are ▁all ▁connected ▁by ▁term ina is ▁( term inals ), ▁what ▁makes ▁the ▁users ' ▁traffic ▁faster ▁and ▁che aper ▁since ▁there ▁is ▁free ▁circul
ation ▁in ▁the ▁terminal s ▁to ▁the ▁lin has ▁aliment ador as ▁( feed ing ▁lines ), ▁which ▁carry ▁the ▁passengers ▁from ▁the ▁terminal s ▁to ▁their ▁respective ▁destin ations ▁. ▁Y ellow ▁and ▁reload able ▁electronic ▁cards ▁that ▁replace ▁c ash ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁regular ▁users ▁that ▁perform ▁a ▁register ; ▁students ▁have ▁a ▁blue ▁card ▁that ▁charges ▁only ▁half ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁ticket ' s ▁full ▁price ; ▁the ▁elder ly ▁or ▁disabled ▁own ▁a ▁grey ▁or ▁green ▁card ▁which ▁allows ▁free ▁adm itt ance . ▁ ▁T win ▁towns ▁and ▁sister ▁cities ▁▁ ▁I w ak uni , ▁Japan ▁ ▁Pad ova , ▁Italy ▁ ▁Tr ent on , ▁USA ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁▁ ▁Adri ano ▁B asso ▁( 1 9 7 5 ), ▁footballer ▁ ▁Ana ▁Carolina ▁Rest on ▁Mac an ▁( 1 9 8 5 – 2 0 0 6 ), ▁- model ▁ ▁Ant ô nio ▁de ▁Que ir ós ▁T eles , ▁bar ão ▁de ▁J und ia í ▁( 1 7 8 9 – 1 8 7 0 ), ▁politician ▁ ▁Ant ô nio ▁de ▁Que ir ós ▁T eles , ▁con de ▁do ▁Par na í ba ▁( 1 8 3 1 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁politician , ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁Province ▁( 1 8 8 6 – 1 8 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Bian ca ▁Bin , ▁actress ▁ ▁Dal mo ▁Gas par ▁ ▁Dé cio ▁P ign at ari ▁( 1 9 2 7 - 2 0
1 2 ), ▁writer ▁and ▁poet ▁ ▁Don i ▁( 1 9 7 9 ), ▁footballer ▁ ▁E lo ís a ▁M af al da ▁( 1 9 2 4 ), ▁actress ▁ ▁Fab io ▁Z anon ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁music ian ▁ ▁N en ê ▁( 1 9 8 1 ), ▁footballer ▁ ▁Regin al do ▁( 1 9 8 3 - ), ▁footballer ▁ ▁Rafael ▁L us v arg hi ▁( 1 9 8 4 - ), ▁F ighter ▁in ▁the ▁Civil ▁of ▁War ▁in ▁Eastern ▁Ukraine , ▁arrested ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Santos - J und ia í ▁Rail road ▁ ▁Line ▁ 9 ▁( CP TM ) ▁ ▁Line ▁ 1 0 ▁( CP TM ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁web ▁page ▁of ▁City ▁Hall ▁▁ ▁Official ▁web ▁page ▁of ▁Town ▁Hall ▁▁ ▁Official ▁commercial ▁domain ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 5 ▁Category : 1 6 5 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁Life ▁Master ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Life ▁Master , ▁a ▁title ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁Cont ract ▁Bridge ▁League ▁for ▁accum ulating ▁a ▁specified ▁number ▁of ▁master points ▁in ▁contract ▁bridge ▁ ▁Life ▁Master , ▁a ▁title ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Ch ess ▁Federation ▁for ▁maintain ing ▁an ▁E lo ▁rating ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 2 0 0 ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 0 0 ▁US CF - r ated ▁tournament ▁ch
ess ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁is ▁an ▁arch ip el ago , ▁and ▁its ▁islands ▁are ▁histor ically ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁groups , ▁or ▁regions : ▁▁ ▁Bar la vent o ▁( mean ing ▁literally ▁Wind ward ), ▁including ▁Santo ▁Ant ão , ▁São ▁Vic ente , ▁Santa ▁Lu zia , ▁São ▁Nicol au , ▁Sal ▁and ▁Bo a ▁V ista , ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁side . ▁ ▁S ot av ento ▁( mean ing ▁literally ▁Le ew ard ), ▁including ▁Ma io , ▁Santiago , ▁F ogo ▁and ▁Bra va , ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁side . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁historical ▁regions , ▁the ▁islands ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁divided ▁by ▁ge ographical ▁features , ▁resulting ▁in : ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁dry , ▁very ▁flat , ▁and ▁ge olog ically ▁old ▁islands ▁( Sal , ▁Bo a ▁V ista ▁and ▁Ma io ), ▁lying ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁African ▁coast ▁( which ▁makes ▁them ▁a ▁target ▁for ▁sand ▁from ▁the ▁Sah ara ▁desert , ▁resulting ▁in ▁long ▁sand y ▁be aches , ▁typically ▁used ▁for ▁beach ▁tour ism ), ▁and ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁rock y , ▁vol can ic , ▁agricult ural ▁islands ▁more ▁to ▁the ▁west . ▁Their ▁or ography ▁is ▁rough er ▁because ▁they ' re ▁ge olog ically ▁newer , ▁and ▁the ▁western most ▁islands ▁( such ▁as ▁Santo ▁Ant ão ) ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁mountain ous . ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁Cape ▁Ver de ▁Cape ▁Ver de
<0x0A> </s> ▁Ernest ▁George ▁M ardon ▁( 1 9 2 8 ▁– ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁professor ▁who ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁L eth bridge . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁several ▁dozen ▁books , ▁mostly ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Al berta , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Houston , ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁to ▁Professor ▁Austin ▁M ardon ▁and ▁Marie ▁Dic key , ▁Dr . ▁Ernest ▁G . ▁M ardon ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Gordon st oun , ▁Scotland , ▁before ▁att ending ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁in ▁Dublin . ▁After ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁for ▁military ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁as ▁an ▁officer ▁with ▁the ▁Gordon ▁High land ers , ▁serving ▁with ▁that ▁out fit ▁in ▁the ▁S uez ▁Canal ▁Zone , ▁Cy pr us , ▁Lib ya , ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁honor ably ▁dis charg ed ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁lieutenant . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁as ▁Bureau ▁Manager ▁for ▁United ▁Press ▁International . ▁He ▁taught ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁Mor in ville , ▁and ▁then ▁did ▁Doctor al ▁work ▁in ▁Med ieval ▁English ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ott awa . ▁Among ▁the ▁first ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁L eth bridge , ▁Dr . ▁M ardon ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁visit ing ▁professor ▁at ▁several ▁other ▁Canadian ▁univers ities . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁scholar ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Ang lo
- S ax on ▁studies . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁he ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁full ▁membership ▁in ▁the ▁International ▁Astronom ical ▁Union . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁L eth bridge , ▁Al berta , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁M ardon ' s ▁children ▁include ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁research er ▁and ▁writer ▁Austin ▁M ardon . ▁ ▁Selected ▁works ▁N arr ative ▁Unity ▁of ▁the ▁C ursor ▁M und i ▁( 1 9 6 7 , ▁ 2 ▁ed . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁The ▁Found ing ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁L eth bridge ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁When ▁K itt y ▁met ▁the ▁Ghost ▁( 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 2 ▁ed . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁The ▁Girl ▁Who ▁Could ▁Walk ▁Through ▁W alls ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁Al berta ▁M orm on ▁Polit icians / The ▁M orm on ▁Cont ribution ▁to ▁Al berta ▁Polit ics ▁( 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 2 ▁ed . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Early ▁Sain ts ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Later ▁Christian ▁Sain ts ▁for ▁Children ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁Many ▁Sain ts ▁for ▁Children ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁A ▁Description ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Is les ▁of ▁Scotland ▁( trans l ator , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁V ision aries ▁of ▁a ▁New ▁Political ▁Era : ▁The ▁Men ▁Who ▁P aved
▁the ▁Way ▁for ▁the ▁Al berta ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Early ▁Sain ts ▁and ▁other ▁Saint ly ▁St ories ▁for ▁Children ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁The ▁Conf lict ▁Between ▁the ▁Ind ividual ▁& ▁Society ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ays ▁of ▁James ▁Br id ie ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Who ' s ▁Who ▁in ▁Federal ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁Al berta ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁WorldCat ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁histor ians ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L eth bridge ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁L eth bridge ▁fac ulty ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Al berta <0x0A> </s> ▁San ▁Martín ▁Chal ch ic u aut la ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁municipality ▁in ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í ▁in ▁central ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁San ▁Luis ▁Pot os í <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bl u egr ass ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁& ▁Museum ▁is ▁a ▁bl u egr ass ▁music ▁museum ▁in ▁O w ens bor o , ▁Kentucky , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁museum ▁has ▁interactive ▁exhib its , ▁post ers , ▁cost umes , ▁live ▁instrument ▁demonstr ations , ▁and ▁the ▁International ▁Bl u egr
ass ▁Music ▁Association ' s ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame . ▁ ▁The ▁museum ▁has ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁m 2 ▁( 2 1 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁feet ) ▁of ▁exhib its ▁and ▁offices ▁on ▁three ▁flo ors . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁group , ▁the ▁Bl u egr ass ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁& ▁Museum ▁has ▁raised ▁funds ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁famous ▁bl u egr ass ▁mus icians ▁such ▁as ▁R icky ▁Sk ag gs ▁and ▁Ralph ▁Stanley . ▁ ▁They ▁host ▁their ▁own ▁annual ▁summer ▁music ▁festival , ▁RO MP ▁( origin ally ▁design ating ▁River ▁Of ▁Music ▁Party ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River ). ▁RO MP ▁festival ▁is ▁typically ▁held ▁the ▁last ▁week end ▁in ▁June ▁each ▁summer . ▁ ▁Jam ▁sessions ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁museum ▁the ▁first ▁Th urs day ▁of ▁every ▁month . ▁The ▁Bl u egr ass ▁Music ▁Museum ▁& ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁is ▁the ▁world ' s ▁only ▁facility ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁history ▁and ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁the ▁international ▁history ▁of ▁bl u egr ass ▁music . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁mission ▁of ▁the ▁Bl u egr ass ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁& ▁Museum ▁is ▁to ▁develop ▁and ▁maintain ▁an ▁environment ▁in ▁which ▁people ▁of ▁all ▁ages ▁can ▁discover ▁the ▁rich ness ▁of ▁bl u egr ass ▁music . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁museum ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁and ▁opened ▁year - round ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁
▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁it ▁re - open ed ▁after ▁expand ing . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁Bl u egr ass ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁& ▁Museum ▁opened ▁a ▁new ▁$ 1 5 ▁million ▁facility ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁O w ens bor o , ▁Kentucky ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River . ▁ ▁Program s ▁Wood ward ▁Theatre ▁– ▁Con cert s ▁are ▁hosted ▁in ▁this ▁ 4 4 7 ▁seat ▁theatre , ▁designed ▁specifically ▁for ▁ac oust ic ▁music . ▁The ▁Kentucky ▁Bl u egr ass ▁All St ars ▁are ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁music ▁students ▁who ▁take ▁less ons ▁at ▁the ▁museum . ▁The ▁Video ▁Or al ▁History ▁Project ▁( VO HP ) ▁– ▁vide ot apes ▁the ▁elder ly ▁first ▁generation ▁of ▁bl u egr ass ▁mus icians . ▁Bl u egr ass ▁in ▁the ▁School s ▁( BIT S ) ▁– ▁puts ▁instruments ▁into ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁students ▁and ▁teachers ▁in ▁elementary ▁schools ▁in ▁Dav i ess ▁County , ▁Kentucky . ▁Ben ef it ▁Con cert s ▁– ▁The ▁museum ▁hosts ▁a ▁month ly ▁concert ▁series . ▁Independ ence ▁Bank ▁Event ▁Room ▁is ▁over ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁feet ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 9 0 ▁square ▁foot ▁bal con y . ▁The ▁space ▁can ▁accommod ate ▁approximately ▁ 2 5 0 - 3 0 0 ▁guests . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Bill ▁Mon roe ▁Museum ▁ ▁Bl u egr ass ▁music ▁ ▁Country ▁music ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External
▁links ▁ ▁RO MP ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁O w ens bor o , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : Music ▁museum s ▁in ▁Kentucky ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Dav i ess ▁County , ▁Kentucky <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁W en on ah ▁( Y T - 1 4 8 / Y TB - 1 4 8 / Y TM - 1 4 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁W ob an - class ▁district ▁har bor ▁t ug ▁which ▁served ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁in ▁California ▁ports , ▁and ▁continued ▁her ▁service ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁struck ▁by ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁W en on ah ▁s ank ▁while ▁ber th ed ▁at ▁Tre asure ▁Island , ▁CA ▁and ▁was ▁raised ▁by ▁the ▁floating ▁c rane ▁Left ▁Coast ▁L if ter ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Con struct ed ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁W en on ah ▁( Y T - 1 4 8 ) ▁-- ▁a ▁har bor ▁t ug ▁constructed ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁at ▁Morris ▁He ights , ▁New ▁York , ▁by ▁the ▁Cons olid ated ▁Sh ip building ▁Cor p . ▁-- ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁service ▁soon ▁after ▁her ▁completion ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service ▁W en on ah ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1
th ▁Naval ▁District ▁throughout ▁her ▁entire ▁Navy ▁career . ▁She ▁was ▁initially ▁based ▁at ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California ; ▁but , ▁during ▁her ▁ 3 3 ▁years ▁of ▁service , ▁she ▁also ▁operated ▁at ▁and ▁visited ▁various ▁other ▁ports ▁on ▁the ▁California ▁coast . ▁ ▁Design ation ▁changes ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁she ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁a ▁large ▁har bor ▁t ug ▁with ▁the ▁h ull ▁design ation , ▁Y TB - 1 4 8 . ▁Some ▁ 1 8 ▁years ▁later , ▁she ▁again ▁changed ▁design ation ▁and ▁became ▁Y TM - 1 4 8 , ▁a ▁medium ▁har bor ▁t ug . ▁ ▁De comm ission ing ▁and ▁scra pping ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁she ▁concluded ▁her ▁long ▁career ▁and ▁went ▁out ▁of ▁service . ▁Her ▁name ▁was ▁struck ▁from ▁the ▁Navy ▁list , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁scra pping . ▁The ▁identity ▁of ▁her ▁purch aser ▁is ▁un record ed , ▁but ▁sources ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁t ug ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Historic ▁T ug bo at ▁Education ▁and ▁Rest oration ▁Society ▁( HT ERS ). ▁W en on ah ▁was ▁laid ▁up ▁at ▁Pier ▁ 1 ▁at ▁Tre asure ▁Island , ▁California , ▁and ▁s ank ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁sp illing ▁oil ▁into ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay . ▁The ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁contract ed ▁Global ▁D iving ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁vessel ▁to ▁prevent ▁further ▁le aks , ▁and ▁Global ▁D iving ▁turned
▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Bridge / F lu or ▁J oint ▁Vent ure ▁for ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Left ▁Coast ▁L if ter ▁she er leg ▁c rane ▁to ▁recover ▁the ▁vessel . ▁W en on ah ▁was ▁turned ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁for ▁dispos al , ▁and ▁Bay ▁Sh ip ▁& ▁Y acht ▁in ▁Al amed a ▁assumed ▁the ▁le ase ▁of ▁Pier ▁ 1 ▁in ▁Tre asure ▁Island , ▁which ▁included ▁taking ▁possession ▁of ▁W en on ah ▁and ▁a ▁sister ▁t ug ▁owned ▁by ▁HT ERS , ▁USS ▁N ok om is . ▁Both ▁vessels ▁were ▁scra pped ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Al amed a . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁auxili ary ▁ships ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : T ugs ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁California - related ▁ships ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Morris ▁He ights , ▁Bron x ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Frances ▁Pom ero y ▁Na ism ith ▁Award ▁was ▁an ▁annual ▁college ▁basketball ▁award ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁intended ▁to ▁honor ▁shorter - than - aver age ▁players ▁who ▁excel led ▁on ▁the ▁court ▁despite ▁their ▁size . ▁The ▁award , ▁named ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁James ▁Na ism ith ' s ▁daughter - in - law , ▁was ▁established ▁for ▁men ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁ 1 9
8 4 . ▁The ▁men ' s ▁award ▁was ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁most ▁out standing ▁senior ▁who ▁is ▁ 6 ft ▁ 0 in ▁( 1 . 8 3 m ) ▁or ▁shorter , ▁while ▁the ▁women ' s ▁award ▁was ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁senior ▁who ▁is ▁ 5 ft ▁ 8 in ▁( 1 . 7 3 ▁m ) ▁or ▁shorter . ▁Early ▁in ▁the ▁women ' s ▁award ' s ▁history , ▁the ▁cut - off ▁height ▁was ▁. ▁The ▁men ' s ▁award ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁a ▁panel ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Basketball ▁Co aches ▁( N ABC ), ▁while ▁the ▁women ' s ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Basketball ▁Co aches ▁Association ▁( W BC A ). ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁ ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁Frances ▁Pom ero y ▁Na ism ith ▁Award ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁players ▁who ▁competed ▁in ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I ▁competition , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁it ▁was ▁open ▁to ▁all ▁NCAA ▁levels . ▁For ▁the ▁men ' s ▁w inners , ▁John ▁R ink a ▁from ▁Ken y on ▁College ( 1 9 7 0 ), ▁Mike ▁Sche ib ▁from ▁Sus que h anna ▁University ( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Johnson ▁from ▁Florida ▁Southern ▁College ▁were ▁w inners ▁from ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁II , ▁Division ▁III , ▁and ▁Division ▁II , ▁respectively . ▁For ▁the
▁women ' s ▁w inners , ▁Jul ie ▁D ab row ski ▁of ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁College ▁( now ▁Southern ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁University ) ( 1 9 9 0 ) ▁and ▁Amy ▁D od r ill ( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁and ▁Ang ie ▁Arnold ( 1 9 9 8 ), ▁both ▁from ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University , ▁were ▁also ▁w inners ▁from ▁Division ▁III . ▁ ▁Only ▁three ▁schools ▁from ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁men ' s ▁w inners ▁( Louis ville , ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁and ▁U CLA ) ▁and ▁six ▁schools ▁from ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁women ' s ▁w inners ▁( B aylor , ▁Connecticut , ▁Gonz aga , ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins , ▁Notre ▁D ame , ▁and ▁P enn ▁State ) ▁had ▁multiple ▁award ▁w inners . ▁Of ▁these ▁programs , ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁with ▁w inners ▁in ▁consecutive ▁seasons ▁is ▁the ▁Louis ville ▁men ' s ▁program ▁( P ey ton ▁S iva ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁Russ ▁Smith ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ). ▁Six ▁other ▁schools ▁have ▁had ▁w inners ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁awards : ▁California , ▁Eastern ▁Michigan , ▁NC ▁State , ▁Pur due , ▁Virginia , ▁and ▁W ake ▁Forest . ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁W inners ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁W BC A ▁Awards ▁- ▁W BC A . org ▁ ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁
▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Category : A wards ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Col lege ▁basketball ▁tro ph ies ▁and ▁awards ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Night ing ale ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Australian ▁period ▁drama ▁film ▁written , ▁directed , ▁and ▁co - produ ced ▁by ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kent . ▁Set ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁of ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁( now ▁the ▁Australian ▁state ▁of ▁Tas mania ), ▁the ▁film ▁follows ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁conv ict ▁seeking ▁reven ge ▁for ▁a ▁terrible ▁act ▁of ▁violence ▁committed ▁against ▁her ▁family . ▁It ▁stars ▁A is ling ▁Fran ci osi , ▁Sam ▁Cla fl in , ▁and ▁Bay k ali ▁Gan amb arr , ▁and ▁is ▁mostly ▁in ▁English , ▁with ▁some ▁Irish ▁and ▁Pal awa ▁k ani . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 5 th ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁on ▁ 6 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁the atr ically ▁released ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁by ▁Trans mission ▁Films . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Van ▁D iem en ' s ▁Land ▁Black ▁War , ▁Irish ▁conv ict ▁Cla re ▁Car roll ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁servant ▁for ▁a ▁British ▁Army ▁unit ▁commanded ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Haw kins , ▁with ▁Serge ant ▁R use
. ▁The ▁unit ▁is ▁being ▁visited ▁by ▁an ▁inspect ing ▁officer ▁to ▁see ▁if ▁Haw kins ▁is ▁fit ▁for ▁promotion ▁to ▁captain . ▁That ▁evening , ▁the ▁unit ▁fe asts . ▁Cla re , ▁nick named ▁" N ight ing ale ", ▁s ings ▁and ▁serves ▁drink ▁for ▁the ▁row dy ▁group ▁of ▁men . ▁After ▁work , ▁Cla re ▁vis its ▁Haw kins ▁to ▁make ▁an ▁inqu iry . ▁Before ▁she ▁can ▁make ▁her ▁query , ▁he ▁forces ▁her ▁to ▁sing ▁a ▁special ▁song ▁for ▁him . ▁She ▁does ▁so ▁rel uct antly . ▁After ward , ▁Haw kins ▁makes ▁und ue ▁adv ances ▁on ▁her . ▁Cla re ▁dod ges ▁them , ▁then ▁asks ▁about ▁the ▁over due ▁letter ▁of ▁recommendation ▁that ▁would ▁allow ▁her ▁family — hus band ▁A idan ▁and ▁their ▁infant ▁daughter — fre edom . ▁Haw kins , ▁en rag ed ▁by ▁her ▁request , ▁proceed s ▁to ▁assault ▁and ▁ra pe ▁her . ▁Later ▁that ▁night , ▁A idan ▁suspect s ▁that ▁Cla re ▁has ▁been ▁hurt ▁but ▁promises ▁to ▁remain ▁calm ▁when ▁he ▁confront s ▁Haw kins ▁the ▁following ▁morning ▁about ▁the ▁letter ; ▁however , ▁he ▁fails ▁to ▁s way ▁him . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁a ▁d run ken ▁A idan ▁eng ages ▁in ▁a ▁b raw l ▁with ▁Haw kins , ▁R use ▁and ▁wide - ey ed ▁Private ▁J ago . ▁The ▁visit ing ▁officer ▁witness es ▁the ▁entire ▁incident ▁and ▁determ ines ▁that ▁this , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁acts ▁of
▁poor ▁conduct ▁displayed ▁by ▁Haw kins ▁and ▁his ▁soldiers , ▁make ▁him ▁un fit ▁for ▁promotion . ▁Inc ensed , ▁Haw kins ▁commands ▁R use ▁and ▁J ago ▁to ▁gather ▁supplies ▁for ▁an ▁imp rom pt u ▁journey ▁through ▁tre acher ous ▁bush ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁La unc eston ▁in ▁hopes ▁of ▁se cur ing ▁his ▁promotion . ▁Before ▁depart ing , ▁the ▁soldiers ▁intercept ▁the ▁Car roll ▁family , ▁who ▁are ▁attempting ▁to ▁fle e . ▁Haw kins ▁ta un ts ▁A idan ▁about ▁the ▁“ numer ous ” ▁times ▁he ' s ▁had ▁sex ▁with ▁Cla re . ▁Then ▁he ▁and ▁R use ▁gang ▁ra pe ▁Cla re , ▁Haw kins ▁k ills ▁A idan , ▁and ▁J ago ▁k ills ▁their ▁baby ▁and ▁knock s ▁Cla re ▁un cons cious . ▁ ▁After ▁Cla re ▁reports ▁the ▁incident ▁to ▁a ▁dub ious ▁R MP ▁official ▁the ▁following ▁morning , ▁she ▁dec ides ▁to ▁seek ▁reven ge ▁herself , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁an ▁Ab original ▁tra cker ▁named ▁Billy . ▁Cla re ▁presents ▁the ▁mission ▁to ▁Billy ▁as ▁her ▁desire ▁to ▁rende z vous ▁with ▁her ▁soldier ▁husband ▁on ▁his ▁journey . ▁At ▁first , ▁Cla re ▁is ▁dom ine ering ▁toward ▁Billy , ▁but ▁their ▁mut ual ▁host ility ▁diss ip ates ▁and ▁they ▁gradually ▁bond ▁as ▁they ▁learn ▁about ▁each ▁other ' s ▁trag ic ▁up br ing ings ▁and ▁their ▁shared ▁hat red ▁of ▁the ▁British . ▁Billy ▁tells ▁Cla re ▁that ▁his ▁actual ▁name ▁is
▁Mang ana , ▁Pal awa ▁k ani ▁for ▁“ black bird ”, ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁wishes ▁to ▁go ▁up ▁north ▁to ▁reun ite ▁with ▁the ▁still - l iving ▁female ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁people . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁officers ▁rec ruit ▁three ▁conv ict s ▁and ▁Ab original ▁Charlie ▁for ▁their ▁journey . ▁Haw kins ▁takes ▁a ▁lik ing ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁conv ict s , ▁a ▁child ▁named ▁Edd ie , ▁and ▁R use ▁kid n aps ▁a ▁woman ▁named ▁Low anna ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁sex ▁slave . ▁Ab original ▁men ▁kill ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁conv ict s ▁and ▁inj ure ▁J ago ▁in ▁an ▁un success ful ▁rescue ▁mission . ▁F acing ▁the ▁men , ▁Haw kins ▁holds ▁Low anna ▁host age , ▁then ▁k ills ▁her ▁in ▁cold ▁blood ▁dist ract ing ▁the ▁men . ▁He , ▁R use , ▁and ▁the ▁conv ict s ▁fle e , ▁leaving ▁J ago ▁behind . ▁Later , ▁when ▁Cla re ▁and ▁Billy ▁st umble ▁upon ▁J ago , ▁whom ▁Billy ▁assumes ▁is ▁her ▁husband , ▁Cla re ▁corners ▁J ago ▁and ▁repeatedly ▁st abs ▁and ▁be ats ▁him ▁to ▁death . ▁Billy ▁cons iders ▁abandon ing ▁a ▁now - des perate ▁Cla re , ▁but ▁after ▁he ▁lear ns ▁the ▁true ▁story ▁behind ▁her ▁desire ▁to ▁get ▁reven ge ▁on ▁the ▁soldiers , ▁he ▁dec ides ▁to ▁stay . ▁ ▁Charlie , ▁as ▁reven ge ▁for ▁the ▁soldiers ' ▁in human ity , ▁diver ts ▁the ▁journey ▁to ▁a
▁dead ▁end ▁on ▁the ▁sum mit ▁of ▁a ▁mountain . ▁R use ▁k ills ▁him , ▁but ▁Haw kins ▁ch ast ises ▁R use ▁for ▁the ▁r ash ▁decision ▁and ▁forces ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁their ▁guide ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁back ▁down ▁the ▁mountain . ▁After ▁Cla re ▁and ▁Billy ▁find ▁Charlie ' s ▁body , ▁Billy ▁performs ▁bur ial ▁r ites ▁and ▁inform s ▁Cla re ▁that ▁now ▁he , ▁too , ▁see ks ▁ven ge ance . ▁The ▁two ▁finally ▁approach ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁four ▁men , ▁but ▁Cla re ▁free zes ▁when ▁she ▁sees ▁Haw kins , ▁allowing ▁him ▁to ▁gra ze ▁her ▁with ▁a ▁mus ket ▁shot , ▁forcing ▁Cla re ▁and ▁Billy ▁to ▁split ▁up . ▁Billy ▁is ▁found ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁new ▁guide . ▁He ▁brings ▁the ▁soldiers ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁path ▁to ▁La unc eston , ▁and ▁Haw kins ▁orders ▁Edd ie ▁to ▁kill ▁Billy , ▁but ▁Edd ie ▁hes it ates , ▁allowing ▁Billy ▁to ▁escape . ▁Haw kins ▁tries ▁to ▁abandon ▁Edd ie , ▁but ▁when ▁Edd ie ▁beg s ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁chance , ▁Haw kins ▁sho ots ▁and ▁k ills ▁him . ▁Cla re ▁also ▁finds ▁her ▁way ▁back ▁onto ▁the ▁main ▁path ▁and ▁reun ites ▁with ▁Billy . ▁While ▁on ▁their ▁way , ▁they ▁encounter ▁a ▁chain ▁gang ▁of ▁Ab original s , ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁inform s ▁Billy ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁his ▁people . ▁When ▁the ▁prisoner ▁y ells ▁at ▁his ▁capt ors ▁about
▁their ▁call ous ness , ▁they ▁shoot ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁dead . ▁ ▁In ▁La unc eston , ▁Cla re ▁val i antly ▁confront s ▁a ▁newly ▁promoted ▁Haw kins ▁about ▁his ▁war ▁cr imes ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁several ▁British ▁officers ▁while ▁Billy ▁watch es ▁in ▁hiding . ▁The ▁two ▁then ▁fle e ▁town ▁for ▁the ▁night , ▁but ▁Billy ▁d ons ▁war ▁paint , ▁enters ▁the ▁host el ▁where ▁Haw kins ▁and ▁R use ▁are ▁lod ged , ▁and ▁k ills ▁them ▁both , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁R use ▁w ounds ▁Billy . ▁Cla re ▁and ▁Billy ▁fle e ▁the ▁comm otion ▁and ▁arrive ▁at ▁a ▁beach ▁where ▁Billy ▁d ances ▁and ▁decl ares ▁himself ▁a ▁free ▁man , ▁while ▁Cla re ▁s ings ▁a ▁pan egy ric ▁G ael ic ▁folk ▁song ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁watch ▁the ▁sun ▁rise . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁A is ling ▁Fran ci osi ▁as ▁Cla re ▁Car roll ▁ ▁Sam ▁Cla fl in ▁as ▁Haw kins ▁ ▁Bay k ali ▁Gan amb arr ▁as ▁" B illy " ▁Mang ana ▁ ▁Dam on ▁Her rim an ▁as ▁R use ▁ ▁Harry ▁Green wood ▁as ▁J ago ▁ ▁E wen ▁Les lie ▁as ▁Good win ▁ ▁Charlie ▁Sh ot well ▁as ▁Edd ie ▁ ▁Michael ▁She as by ▁as ▁A idan ▁Car roll ▁ ▁Charlie ▁J amp ij in pa ▁Brown ▁as ▁Charlie ▁ ▁Magn olia ▁May m uru ▁as ▁Low anna ▁ ▁Nathan iel ▁Dean ▁as ▁Sto akes ▁ ▁Luke ▁Car roll ▁as
▁Arch ie ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Mor ning ▁Her ald , ▁director ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kent ▁was ▁" del ug ed " ▁with ▁film ▁scripts ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁her ▁debut ▁film ▁The ▁Bab ado ok ▁( 2 0 1 4 ), ▁but ▁decided ▁to ▁focus ▁on ▁writing ▁and ▁direct ing ▁The ▁Night ing ale . ▁Ind ie W ire ▁reported ▁that ▁shooting ▁for ▁The ▁Night ing ale ▁began ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁Tas mania ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁Night ing ale ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁by ▁I FC ▁Films , ▁and ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁by ▁Trans mission ▁Films . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁be ▁screen ed ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁competition ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 5 th ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁had ▁its ▁Australian ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Ad ela ide ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁I FC ▁Films ▁announced ▁on ▁Twitter ▁they ▁bought ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁dist ribute ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁have ▁set ▁a ▁release ▁for ▁Summer ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁following ▁its ▁festival ▁run . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁ ▁On ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes , ▁The ▁Night ing ale ▁holds ▁an ▁appro val ▁rating ▁of ▁ 8 7 %, ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 2 5 ▁reviews , ▁and ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 7 . 5 3 / 1
0 . ▁Its ▁cons ensus ▁reads ▁" The ▁Night ing ale ▁definitely ▁isn ' t ▁for ▁all ▁t ast es , ▁but ▁writer - direct or ▁Jenn ifer ▁Kent ▁t aps ▁into ▁a ▁rich ▁ve in ▁of ▁pal p able ▁ra ge ▁to ▁tell ▁a ▁war ▁story ▁that ▁leaves ▁a ▁bru ising ▁impact ." ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁weight ed ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 7 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 3 5 ▁critics , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ". ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁The ▁Night ing ale ▁received ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁following ▁its ▁initial ▁screen ings ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁where ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 ▁film - go ers ▁walked ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁the ater ▁in ▁dis g ust ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁extreme ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁ra pe ▁and ▁murder . ▁One ▁vie wer ▁was ▁heard ▁shout ing ▁" I ' m ▁not ▁watching ▁this ; ▁she ' s ▁already ▁been ▁ra ped ▁twice " ▁as ▁she ▁ex ited ▁the ▁the ater . ▁Kent ▁def ended ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁show ▁such ▁violence , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁contains ▁histor ically ▁accurate ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁the ▁violence ▁and ▁rac ism ▁that ▁colonial ▁power ▁inf lic ted ▁on ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁Australian ▁people ▁of ▁that ▁time . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁produced ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Tas man ian ▁Ab original ▁el ders ▁who ▁assert ed ▁that ▁this ▁is ▁an ▁honest ▁and ▁necessary ▁dep iction ▁of ▁their
▁history ▁and ▁a ▁story ▁that ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁told . ▁Kent ▁said ▁she ▁understand s ▁the ▁negative ▁re actions , ▁but ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁remains ▁enorm ously ▁proud ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁str essed ▁to ▁aud ien ces ▁that ▁this ▁film ▁is ▁about ▁a ▁need ▁for ▁love , ▁comp ass ion ▁and ▁kind ness ▁in ▁dark ▁times . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tas man ian ▁Goth ic ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁thr iller ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁thr iller ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁colonial ▁Australia ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Tas mania ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Tas mania ▁Category : IF C ▁Films ▁films ▁Category : R ape ▁and ▁reven ge ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Kate h ▁Pos ht - e ▁O ly a ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kate h ▁Pos ht - e ▁‘ O ly ā ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Kate h ▁Pos ht ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ala ▁K hi y aban - e ▁Lit ku h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Am ol ▁County , ▁Maz and aran ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 8 5 , ▁in ▁
1 4 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Am ol ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁is ▁a ▁London - based ▁char ity ▁that ▁claims ▁to ▁combat ▁inequality ▁by ▁crow df und ing ▁skills , ▁money , ▁and ▁equipment ▁for ▁people ▁in ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁their ▁own ▁liv elihood s . ▁Vol unte ers ▁and ▁don ors ▁work ▁with ▁benef ici aries ▁first - hand ▁to ▁see ▁any ▁ ▁personal ▁impact . ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁ident ifies ▁people ▁on ▁benefits ▁who ▁have ▁completed ▁training ▁and ▁prepared ▁business ▁plans ▁through ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁partners . ▁Pot ential ▁entrepr ene urs ▁must ▁have ▁completed ▁training ▁and ▁prepared ▁business ▁plans ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ' s ▁partners . ▁People ▁can ▁brow se ▁projects ▁or ▁micro - enter pr ises ▁to ▁contact ▁them ▁directly ▁to ▁offer ▁support . ▁Supp or ters ▁can ▁help ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ways : ▁volunte ering ▁time ▁or ▁skills ▁via ▁email , ▁phone , ▁or ▁at ▁an ▁event , ▁or ▁don ating ▁c ash ▁or ▁equipment . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Kar en ▁Snow ▁after ▁she ▁worked ▁with ▁D F ID ▁and ▁USA ID ▁on ▁pover ty ▁reduction , ▁civ ic ▁participation , ▁and ▁public - private ▁partners hips . ▁Snow ▁founded ▁the ▁char ity ▁after ▁working ▁with ▁vict ims ▁of ▁tra uma ▁and ▁tort ure ▁in ▁apart heid ▁South ▁Africa ▁to ▁launch ▁their ▁own ▁liv elihood s . ▁" I ▁saw ▁there ▁was
▁nothing ▁for ▁those ▁at ▁the ▁grass ro ots ▁to ▁do ▁things ▁for ▁themselves . ▁We ▁have ▁big ▁institutions ▁and ▁govern ments , ▁but ▁they ▁only ▁offer ▁a ▁partial ▁solution ," ▁said ▁Snow ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁Cal ah ane ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁and ▁management ▁ ▁The ▁char ity ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁its ▁gover ning ▁document , ▁a ▁de ed ▁of ▁trust , ▁and ▁constit utes ▁a ▁limited ▁company , ▁limited ▁by ▁guarantee ▁by ▁the ▁Comp an ies ▁Act ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁has ▁ 2 6 0 ▁volunte ers ▁who ▁support ▁the ▁benef ici aries ▁to ▁get ▁their ▁business ▁off ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁ 1 5 0 ▁registered ▁benef ici aries . ▁ ▁Fund s ▁come ▁from ▁individuals , ▁a ▁ 5 % ▁fee ▁on ▁all ▁don ations ▁made ▁through ▁the ▁site , ▁G ift ▁A id ▁from ▁don ations , ▁corpor ate ▁spons or ship ▁and ▁trust ▁and ▁foundation ▁gr ants . ▁Un rest rict ed ▁fund ing ▁goes ▁towards ▁the ▁running ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁organization ; ▁individual ▁don ations ▁made ▁towards ▁projects ▁go ▁directly ▁to ▁benef ici aries . ▁In cluded ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 % ▁fee ▁are ▁fe es ▁associated ▁with ▁credit ▁card ▁processing , ▁foreign ▁currency ▁exchange , ▁transaction ▁costs , ▁and ▁G ift ▁A id ▁processing ▁costs . ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁had ▁an ▁income ▁of ▁£ 9 1 , 0 6 2 ▁and ▁spent
▁£ 5 8 , 1 7 2 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Public ity ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁annual ▁Gr ass ▁Ro ots ▁Enter prise ▁conference ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁featured ▁in ▁M EP ▁Sy ed ▁Kam all ' s ▁series ▁O UR C ITY ▁London ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Kar en ▁Snow ▁wrote ▁an ▁article ▁about ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁alle vi ating ▁pover ty ▁that ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁West min ster ▁Career ▁Development ▁Centre , ▁N CV O , ▁and ▁Pos itive ▁News . ▁ ▁R BS ▁SE 1 0 0 ▁Index , ▁an ▁annual ▁data ▁snapshot ▁to ▁measure ▁growth ▁and ▁examine ▁performance ▁of ▁social ▁enter pr ises , ▁gave ▁For ▁Common ▁C ause ▁an ▁Imp act ▁Me asure ment ▁Sc ore ▁of ▁ 7 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Social ▁entrepr ene ur ship ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" O fficial ▁Website " ▁ ▁Category : Ant i - p over ty ▁advoc ates ▁Category : Char ities ▁based ▁in ▁London <0x0A> </s> ▁J us uf ▁" J uka " ▁Pra z ina ▁( ; ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁– ▁ 3 / 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Bos n ian ▁gang ster ▁and ▁par amil it ary ▁war l ord ▁during ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁War . ▁ ▁A ▁trouble
d ▁te en , ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁youth ▁alleg edly ▁contained ▁numerous ▁stays ▁in ▁various ▁j ails ▁and ▁correction al ▁facilities ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁he ▁had ▁become ▁involved ▁in ▁organized ▁crime , ▁eventually ▁heading ▁his ▁own ▁ra ck ete ering ▁gang ▁based ▁around ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Cent ar ▁municipality . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁on set ▁of ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sar aje vo ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Pra z ina ▁expanded ▁his ▁gang ▁into ▁an ▁effective ▁par amil it ary ▁fighting ▁force . ▁This ▁force ▁was ▁central ▁in ▁the ▁effort ▁against ▁the ▁bes ie ging ▁Army ▁of ▁Repub lika ▁Sr ps ka ▁( V RS ), ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁reward ed ▁for ▁his ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁city ' s ▁defense ▁by ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁government ' s ▁special ▁forces . ▁Pra z ina ▁proved ▁problem atic ▁for ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁war rant ▁for ▁his ▁arrest ▁in ▁October , ▁Pra z ina ▁station ed ▁himself ▁on ▁Mount ▁Ig man ▁and ▁coordin ated ▁attacks ▁against ▁the ▁AR Bi H ▁until ▁his ▁event ual ▁defeat ▁and ▁exp ulsion ▁in ▁January ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁Pra z ina ▁moved ▁to ▁Herz egov ina ▁where ▁he ▁joined ▁forces ▁with ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Def ence ▁Council ▁and ▁committed ▁numerous ▁cr imes ▁against ▁civ ili ans ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁He
▁left ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁later ▁for ▁Cro atia , ▁and ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁coast ▁before ▁travel ing ▁through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁European ▁countries ▁and ▁finally ▁re loc ating ▁to ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁a ▁canal ▁near ▁the ▁German ▁border ▁by ▁two ▁h itch - h ik ers ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁documents ▁detail ing ▁w art ime ▁convers ations ▁between ▁then ▁president ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Fran jo ▁Tu đ man ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁parliament ▁St j ep an ▁M esi ć ▁were ▁dec lass ified . ▁In ▁one ▁part ▁of ▁these ▁documents , ▁M esi ć ▁revealed ▁his ▁susp ic ions ▁that ▁Bos n ian ▁Cro at ▁extrem ists ▁were ▁to ▁bl ame ▁for ▁Pra z ina ’ s ▁death . ▁The ▁most ▁concrete ▁links ▁came ▁from ▁an ▁un success ful ▁six - year ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁C riminal ▁Police . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁in ▁Sar aje vo ▁Pra z ina ▁had ▁two ▁sib lings : ▁sister ▁Vas v ija ▁and ▁brother ▁Must af a . ▁G row ing ▁up , ▁he ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁his ▁educ ators ▁as ▁a ▁trou blem aker ▁and ▁problem atic ▁student , ▁sp ending ▁time ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁correction al ▁facilities . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁around ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁became ▁involved ▁with ▁a ▁local ▁gang ▁on ▁his ▁home ▁street ▁of ▁S
ut jes ka . ▁As ▁a ▁te en ager , ▁he ▁en rolled ▁in ▁a ▁stream lined ▁secondary ▁school ▁foc using ▁on ▁commerce , ▁which ▁perhaps ▁contributed ▁to ▁his ▁event ual ▁invol vement ▁in ▁ra ck ete ering . ▁His ▁early ▁trans gress ions ▁were ▁limited ▁to ▁bul lying ▁and ▁street ▁b raw ls . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁before ▁the ▁war , ▁Pra z ina ▁established ▁and ▁registered ▁a ▁firm ▁for ▁deb t ▁collection . ▁His ▁preferred ▁methods , ▁however , ▁were ▁hardly ▁legal . ▁Pra z ina ▁would ▁first ▁demand ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁authorization , ▁then ▁threaten ▁a ▁p ayer ▁and , ▁if ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁negative ▁response , ▁would ▁use ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁violence ▁to ▁force ▁payment . ▁In ▁all ▁this , ▁Pra z ina ▁developed ▁a ▁s oph istic ated ▁network ▁of ▁around ▁ 3 0 0 ▁armed ▁" collect ors " ▁under ▁his ▁control . ▁ ▁He ▁w ield ed ▁great ▁power ▁through ▁this ▁enter prise : ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁after ▁being ▁shot ▁during ▁a ▁pit - b ull ▁fight , ▁do ctors ▁at ▁Ko še vo ▁hospital ▁were ▁hes it ant ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁necessary ▁operation ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁great ▁risk ▁involved . ▁In ▁response , ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁small ▁army ▁bes ie ged ▁the ▁hospital ▁and ▁forced ▁the ▁sur ge ons ▁to ▁attempt ▁the ▁job . ▁Although ▁a ▁bullet ▁remained ▁( ca using ▁him ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁lim p ▁and ▁reduced ▁range ▁of ▁motion ▁on ▁his ▁left ▁hand ▁for ▁the
▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life ), ▁Pra z ina ▁ultimately ▁surv ived ▁and ▁continued ▁his ▁activities . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁Wars ▁were ▁under way , ▁Pra z ina ▁had ▁been ▁arrested ▁and ▁ja iled ▁five ▁times , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁well - known ▁figure ▁in ▁Sar aje vo ' s ▁under world . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sar aje vo ▁ ▁R ise ▁to ▁power ▁Following ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Sar aje vo , ▁Pra z ina ▁set ▁out ▁with ▁his ▁gang ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁city ▁from ▁the ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁V RS ▁( or ▁" Ch et nik s ," ▁as ▁he ▁called ▁them ). ▁Rap id ly ▁sw elling ▁his ▁numbers , ▁by ▁May ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁gather ▁some ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁outside ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Dru ga ▁G im n az ija ▁high ▁school ▁( in ▁the ▁neighbourhood ▁where ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁S ut jes ka ▁Street ) ▁and ▁declare ▁their ▁intention ▁to ▁" def end ▁Sar aje vo ." ▁Ju ka ' s ▁Wol ves , ▁as ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁called , ▁were ▁thoroughly ▁armed ▁with ▁saw ed - off ▁shot g uns ▁and ▁A K - 4 7 s ▁( prov ided ▁in ▁part ▁through ▁a ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Def ence ▁Forces ), ▁and ▁uniform ed ▁with ▁crew - cut s , ▁black ▁jump - su its , ▁s ung lass es , ▁basketball ▁sho es , ▁and ▁sometimes ▁bal ac lav
as . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁split ▁into ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁local ity - based ▁fa ctions , ▁each ▁under ▁the ▁direct ▁control ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Ju ka ' s ▁close ▁conf id ants ▁but ▁ultimately ▁responsible ▁to ▁the ▁central ▁base ▁ran ▁by ▁Pra z ina ▁himself . ▁In ▁contrast ▁to ▁all ▁this ▁( and ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁factors , ▁including ▁a ▁pre - war ▁policy ▁that ▁stro ve ▁for ▁a ▁peace ful ▁resolution ▁and ▁an ▁international ▁arms ▁embargo ), ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁under ▁Ali ja ▁I zet beg ović ▁and ▁its ▁formal ▁army ▁was ▁relatively ▁un organ ized ▁and ▁un prep ared . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁well - ar med ▁groups ▁such ▁as ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁private ▁army ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁defense ▁was ▁wel com ed , ▁and ▁their ▁pre - war ▁criminal ity ▁over look ed ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁their ▁apparent ▁willing ness ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁a ▁un ited ▁and ▁so ver eign ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina . ▁ ▁Pra z ina ▁played ▁an ▁integral ▁role ▁in ▁def ending ▁Sar aje vo ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge . ▁His ▁forces ▁cleared ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Ser b ▁par amil itar ies ▁and ▁the ▁areas ▁under ▁his ▁control ▁( most ▁not ably ▁Ali pa š ino ▁pol je ) ▁were ▁considered ▁im pen et rable ▁to ▁the ▁enemy . ▁On ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁actions ▁orch estr ated ▁by ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁other ▁military ▁units ▁more
▁closely ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁central ▁government ▁( such ▁as ▁Drag an ▁V iki ć ), ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁good ▁relations ▁with . ▁He ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁a ▁hero ▁by ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁press ▁while ▁the ▁Western ▁media ▁frequently ▁port rayed ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁Robin ▁H ood ▁figure . ▁He ▁was ▁widely ▁adm ired ▁among ▁the ▁bes ie ged ▁Sar aje vo ▁popul ace , ▁even ▁appearing ▁in ▁contemporary ▁patri otic ▁songs . ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁own ▁actions ▁helped ▁enh ance ▁the ▁myth ▁that ▁was ▁being ▁built ▁around ▁him . ▁At ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁many ▁Sar aj ev ans ▁had ▁to ▁risk ▁their ▁lives ▁for ▁human itar ian ▁food ▁prov isions , ▁Pra z ina ▁handed ▁out ▁c andy ▁to ▁children ▁on ▁the ▁street ▁( al beit ▁usually ▁accompanied ▁by ▁the ▁cam eras ▁of ▁foreign ▁news ▁services ). ▁When ▁Pra z ina ▁captured ▁a ▁Ser b ▁sni per ▁on ▁the ▁ro o ft op ▁of ▁a ▁six - story ▁building ▁and ▁accident ally ▁caused ▁the ▁start led ▁man ▁to ▁fall ▁off ▁the ▁edge , ▁the ▁relatively ▁une vent ful ▁story ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁popular ▁an ec d ote ▁where ▁Pra z ina ▁personally ▁threw ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁h ated ▁enemy ▁sh ar ps ho ot ers ▁to ▁death . ▁ ▁Split ▁with ▁government ▁His ▁popular ity ▁among ▁Sar aje vo ▁citizens ▁was ▁in ▁sharp ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁view ▁held ▁by ▁central ▁authorities . ▁Despite ▁his ▁many ▁positive ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁city ' s ▁defense ,
▁Pra z ina ' s ▁invol vement ▁had ▁numerous ▁negative ▁aspects ▁as ▁well . ▁He ▁was ▁am bit ious ▁and ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁the ▁overall ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁defense . ▁He ▁res ented ▁what ▁he ▁perce ived ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁increasing ▁invol vement ▁and ▁influence ▁of ▁Bos nia ks ▁from ▁Sand ž ak ▁in ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁army ▁and ▁government ▁( the ▁so - called ▁Sand ž ak ▁line ), ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁power ▁held ▁by ▁Se fer ▁Hal il ović , ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁held ▁his ▁desired ▁position ▁( head ▁of ▁the ▁general ▁staff ▁of ▁AR Bi H ). ▁ ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁fr ustr ations ▁were ▁such ▁that ▁in ▁late ▁June ▁he ▁even ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁the ▁Pres iden cy ▁Building , ▁finally ▁convin cing ▁the ▁government ▁that ▁the ▁issue ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁addressed ▁immediately . ▁He ▁was ▁soon ▁after ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁AR Bi H ▁and ▁made ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁army ' s ▁special ▁forces ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Special ▁Brigade ▁of ▁the ▁AR Bi H ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁official ▁term ▁for ▁his ▁private ▁army ). ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁becoming ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁n uis ance ▁and ▁the ▁official ▁titles ▁essentially ▁served ▁as ▁con cess ions ▁to ▁keep ▁him ▁at ▁bay . ▁Despite ▁his ▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁post , ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁equal ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff , ▁and ▁t ensions ▁between ▁him ▁and
▁Hal il ović ▁w ors ened ▁( on ▁one ▁occasion ▁he ▁broke ▁into ▁a ▁press ▁conference ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁and ▁shout ed ▁" You , ▁bast ards ! ▁Why ▁haven ' t ▁I ▁been ▁invited ? "). ▁Pra z ina ▁never ▁abandoned ▁his ▁criminal ▁past ; ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁group ▁were ▁not or iously ▁cor rupt , ▁involved ▁in ▁numerous ▁grand ▁the ft s , ▁in ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁black ▁market , ▁and ▁increasing ly ▁connected ▁to ▁various ▁at roc ities ▁against ▁civ ili ans ▁and ▁P OW s . ▁ ▁His ▁relations ▁with ▁central ▁authorities ▁stead ily ▁d eter ior ated ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁In ▁September ▁he ▁had ▁an ▁alleg edly ▁threaten ing ▁alter cation ▁with ▁Ali ja ▁I zet beg ović ▁in ▁the ▁president ' s ▁office , ▁following ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁res ign ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff . ▁In cre asing ly ▁trouble d ▁and ▁unable ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁I zet beg ović ' s ▁subt le ▁plots ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁power , ▁his ▁mental ▁health ▁reported ly ▁further ▁w ors ened ▁when ▁his ▁pre gn ant ▁wife ▁Ž ak l ina ▁was ▁wounded . ▁After ▁a ▁short ▁government - appro ved ▁leave ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁to ▁accomp any ▁his ▁wife ▁for ▁medical ▁treatment , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Sar aje vo ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁conduct ▁his ▁forces ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁independently ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁In ▁October ▁the ▁Bos
n ian ▁government ▁finally ▁issued ▁a ▁war rant ▁for ▁Ju ka ' s ▁arrest , ▁acc using ▁him ▁of ▁tre ason , ▁ext ort ion , ▁and ▁an ▁add iction ▁to ▁c oca ine . ▁He ▁was ▁briefly ▁arrested ▁during ▁a ▁stop ▁in ▁Kon j ic , ▁but ▁fre ed ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁his ▁follow ers ▁gathered ▁outside ▁the ▁police ▁station ▁and ▁demanded ▁he ▁be ▁released . ▁ ▁Es cape ▁to ▁Ig man ▁No ▁longer ▁safe ▁in ▁Sar aje vo , ▁Pra z ina ▁decided ▁to ▁establish ▁himself ▁on ▁M t . ▁Ig man ▁above ▁the ▁city . ▁His ▁announced ▁intent ions ▁were ▁to ▁come ▁down ▁from ▁the ▁mountains , ▁break ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁and ▁over throw ▁his ▁enemies ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁government . ▁In ▁a ▁December ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁C BC , ▁he ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁required ▁action ▁was ▁im min ent ▁because ▁he ▁wanted ▁the ▁victory ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁present ▁to ▁Sar aj ev ans ▁for ▁Christmas . ▁However , ▁his ▁former ▁officers ▁who ▁remained ▁ent rench ed ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁below ▁refused ▁to ▁answer ▁his ▁calls ▁for ▁them ▁to ▁join ▁him . ▁Not ▁willing ▁to ▁leave ▁their ▁def ensive ▁positions ▁and ▁open ▁up ▁various ▁front s ▁for ▁the ▁V RS , ▁the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁former ▁army ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁was ▁formally ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁AR Bi H . ▁This ▁left ▁Pra z ina ▁with ▁only ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁loyal
▁follow ers ▁on ▁Ig man . ▁That ▁fall ▁and ▁winter ▁saw ▁numerous ▁batt les ▁between ▁Pra z ina ▁and ▁AR Bi H ▁forces ▁on ▁the ▁mountain . ▁ ▁The ▁decis ive ▁alter cation ▁occurred ▁one ▁day ▁when ▁Pra z ina ▁expected ▁to ▁initi ate ▁a ▁counter - off ensive ▁against ▁certain ▁government ▁units ▁with ▁another ▁local ▁war l ord , ▁Z ulf ik ar ▁" Z uka " ▁Ali š p ago . ▁Un be known st ▁to ▁Pra z ina , ▁Ali š p ago ▁was ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁AR Bi H , ▁which ▁had ▁even ▁supplied ▁him ▁with ▁six ▁t anks ▁for ▁a ▁final ▁confront ation ▁with ▁Pra z ina . ▁Ali š p ago ▁trick ed ▁Pra z ina ▁into ▁sending ▁over ▁his ▁troops ▁under ▁the ▁pre ten se ▁of ▁helping ▁with ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁the ▁off ensive . ▁When ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁men ▁arrived ▁at ▁Ali š p ago ' s ▁base , ▁they ▁were ▁either ▁captured ▁or ▁executed . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁Pra z ina ▁realized ▁he ▁was ▁facing ▁a ▁trap , ▁it ▁was ▁too ▁late . ▁Ali š p ago ' s ▁forces ▁initi ated ▁an ▁off ensive ▁and ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁retre at ▁and ▁fle e ▁M t . ▁Ig man . ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁in ▁Herz egov ina ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁on ▁M t . ▁Ig man , ▁Pra z ina ▁had ▁established ▁formal ▁t ies ▁with ▁the ▁H VO ▁through ▁Bos n ian ▁Cro at ▁war l ord ▁M
lad en ▁" T uta " ▁N ale til ić ▁and , ▁following ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁government ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁rel ieve ▁him ▁of ▁his ▁AR Bi H ▁commands , ▁aligned ▁himself ▁with ▁N ale til ić ' s ▁" Con v ict s ▁Battalion " ▁par amil it ary ▁unit . ▁Not ▁content ▁with ▁this ▁state ▁of ▁affairs ▁and ▁wish ing ▁to ▁fight ▁under ▁a ▁recognized ▁army , ▁Pra z ina ▁asked ▁to ▁be ▁formally ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁H VO ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁December . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁H VO ▁denied ▁his ▁request ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁nothing ▁to ▁gain ▁from ▁having ▁a ▁presence ▁on ▁Ig man , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁his ▁stay ▁on ▁the ▁mountain ▁his ▁event ual ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁H VO ▁was ▁considered ▁im min ent . ▁In ▁trying ▁to ▁conv ince ▁his ▁closest ▁officers ▁to ▁join ▁him ▁on ▁Ig man ▁he ▁had ▁revealed ▁his ▁intent ions ▁of ▁joining ▁the ▁H VO ▁and ▁their ▁willing ness ▁to ▁accept ▁him ; ▁revel ations ▁which ▁played ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁their ▁ref us al ▁to ▁follow ▁him . ▁Despite ▁this ▁lack ▁of ▁support ▁from ▁his ▁former ▁com r ades , ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁his ▁defeat ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Zu ka ▁and ▁the ▁AR Bi H ▁made ▁H VO ▁held ▁territory ▁in ▁Herz egov ina ▁a ▁logical ▁destination ▁for ▁Pra z ina . ▁ ▁The ▁H VO ▁authorities ▁appointed ▁Pra z ina ▁head ▁of ▁their ▁Special ▁Forces ▁and ▁assigned ▁him ▁to ▁guard ▁over ▁the
▁Sar aje vo - M ost ar ▁cor rid or ▁near ▁the ▁hydro elect ric ▁power ▁plant ▁Sal akov ac ▁in ▁northern ▁Herz egov ina . ▁There ▁he ▁rout in ely ▁stopped ▁and ▁m alt re ated ▁passing ▁Bos nia ks ; ▁particularly ▁those ▁that ▁ha iled ▁from ▁Sar aje vo ▁or ▁Sand ž ak . ▁Following ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Bos nia k - C ro at ▁conflict ▁that ▁spring , ▁the ▁H VO ▁launched ▁a ▁major ▁off ensive ▁in ▁Most ar ▁on ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁conflict , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Most ar ▁( the ▁major ▁urban ▁center ▁of ▁Herz egov ina ) ▁was ▁nearly ▁even ly ▁split ▁among ▁the ▁two ▁pe op les . ▁With ▁the ▁battle ▁front ▁running ▁down ▁the ▁city ' s ▁main ▁bou lev ard , ▁the ▁H VO ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁eth n ically ▁clean se ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁town ▁under ▁their ▁control . ▁Pra z ina ▁and ▁his ▁unit , ▁sent ▁down ▁from ▁their ▁previous ▁post , ▁were ▁responsible ▁for ▁carrying ▁out ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁this ▁operation . ▁ ▁Pra z ina ▁just ified ▁his ▁actions ▁by ▁brand ing ▁the ▁exp elled ▁Bos nia k ▁civ ili ans ▁as ▁extrem ists , ▁and ▁by ▁claim ing ▁that ▁their ▁homes ▁in ▁the ▁tower ▁blocks ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁vac ated ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁not ▁leave ▁good ▁v antage ▁points ▁for ▁enemy ▁sn ip ers . ▁For ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁his ▁stay ▁in ▁Herz egov ina , ▁Pra z
ina ▁fought ▁against ▁AR Bi H ▁forces ▁on ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁line ▁along ▁the ▁bou lev ard . ▁He ▁also ▁reported ly ▁ran ▁the ▁Hel iod rom ▁Camp ▁for ▁Bos nia ks , ▁making ▁frequent ▁vis its ▁and ▁even ▁directly ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁m alt re at ment ▁of ▁d eta ine es . ▁ ▁Later ▁days ▁and ▁death ▁Following ▁his ▁actions ▁in ▁Herz egov ina ▁Pra z ina ▁left ▁for ▁Cro atia , ▁sp ending ▁several ▁months ▁in ▁a ▁villa ▁on ▁the ▁Dal mat ian ▁coast ▁provided ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁government . ▁General ▁St j ep an ▁Š iber ▁would ▁later ▁rec ount ▁to ▁Sar aje vo ▁media ▁a ▁brief ▁encounter ▁he ▁had ▁with ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁Zag reb ▁hotel ▁lo bb y ▁in ▁early ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁a ▁je an - cl ad ▁Pra z ina ▁approached ▁him , ▁expressed ▁regret ▁for ▁his ▁actions ▁and ▁asked ▁to ▁be ▁forg iven ▁and ▁re inst ated ▁to ▁the ▁AR Bi H . ▁Š iber ▁assured ▁Pra z ina ▁he ▁would ▁do ▁what ▁he ▁could , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁two ▁never ▁saw ▁each ▁other ▁again . ▁Not ▁allowed ▁to ▁carry ▁weapons ▁by ▁the ▁Zag reb ▁authorities , ▁Pra z ina ▁alleg edly ▁grew ▁bitter ▁and ▁rest less . ▁ ▁Through ▁b rib es ▁and ▁thre ats , ▁he ▁eventually ▁managed ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁permission ▁to ▁go ▁to ▁Sloven ia ▁for ▁himself ▁and ▁twenty ▁close ▁compan ions . ▁From ▁there ▁the ▁group
▁moved ▁through ▁Austria ▁and ▁Germany ▁before ▁finally ▁re loc ating ▁to ▁Li ège , ▁Belg ium . ▁Although ▁Pra z ina ▁settled ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁follow ers ▁in ▁a ▁neighborhood ▁populated ▁mostly ▁by ▁imm igr ants ▁from ▁Turkey ▁and ▁the ▁Mag h reb , ▁he ▁eventually ▁established ▁himself ▁among ▁the ▁city ' s ▁small ▁Y ug oslav ▁em igr ant ▁community . ▁There , ▁Pra z ina ▁was ▁last ▁seen ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁went ▁out ▁with ▁his ▁body gu ards ▁after ▁a ▁game ▁of ▁cards ▁and ▁never ▁came ▁back . ▁The ▁next ▁morning , ▁German ▁police ▁found ▁his ▁A udi ▁abandoned ▁at ▁the ▁rail road ▁station ▁in ▁A achen . ▁The ▁car ▁body ▁had ▁two ▁bullet ▁holes ▁from ▁a ▁ 9 mm ▁hand gun ; ▁pres umed ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁Ber etta . ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁body ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁a ▁canal ▁alongside ▁a ▁highway ▁near ▁the ▁German ▁border ▁by ▁two ▁Roman ian ▁h itch - h ik ers ▁on ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁E ve . ▁The ▁bul lets ▁found ▁in ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁head ▁correspond ed ▁to ▁the ▁holes ▁in ▁his ▁car , ▁and ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁a ▁Ber etta ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁body gu ards ▁se aled ▁the ▁case ▁in ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁Belg ian ▁police . ▁The ▁four ▁body gu ards ▁were ▁arrested , ▁and ▁three ▁of ▁them ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁tried ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁serve ▁time ▁in ▁prison . ▁
▁As ▁the ▁specific ▁mot ive ▁was ▁never ▁established , ▁the ▁case ▁allowed ▁for ▁numerous ▁consp i racy ▁theories . ▁Cro at ian ▁media ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁bl amed ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁government ▁of ▁Ali ja ▁I zet beg ović ▁and ▁claimed ▁there ▁were ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁secret ▁service . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁documents ▁detail ing ▁war - time ▁convers ations ▁between ▁then ▁president ▁of ▁Cro atia ▁Fran jo ▁Tu đ man ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁parliament ▁St j ep an ▁M esi ć ▁were ▁dec lass ified . ▁In ▁one ▁part ▁of ▁these ▁documents , ▁M esi ć ▁revealed ▁his ▁susp ic ions ▁that ▁Bos n ian ▁Cro at ▁extrem ists ▁were ▁to ▁bl ame ▁for ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁death . ▁The ▁most ▁concrete ▁links ▁came ▁from ▁an ▁un success ful ▁six - year ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁Bav arian ▁C riminal ▁Police . ▁The ▁investigation ▁imp licated ▁Bos nia k ▁gang ster ▁Sen ad ▁" Š aja " ▁Š ah in pa š ić , ▁and ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁t apped ▁phone ▁convers ations ▁which ▁showed ▁that ▁Š ah in pa š ić ▁was ▁aware ▁of ▁Pra z ina ' s ▁death ▁by ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁– ▁well ▁before ▁his ▁body ▁had ▁been ▁discovered . ▁Š ah in pa š ić ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁threaten ing ▁alter c ations ▁with ▁Pra z ina , ▁who ▁had ▁considered ▁Š ah in pa š ić ▁to

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