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. ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁therefore ▁assigned ▁other ▁duties . ▁ ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁class ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁H af od ▁shed ▁for ▁bank ing ▁duties ▁on ▁trains ▁on ▁the ▁grad ients ▁between ▁Tre h af od ▁J unction ▁and ▁Pont y pr idd ▁and ▁between ▁T ref or est ▁J unction ▁and ▁T onte g . ▁ ▁The ▁other ▁three ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁ha uling ▁coal ▁trains ▁between ▁C ado xt on ▁Y ard ▁and ▁Barry ▁D ock s . ▁ ▁Later ▁on , ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁H af od , ▁joining ▁the ▁first ▁two , ▁for ▁bank ing ▁duties ▁and ▁the ▁fifth ▁was ▁retained ▁at ▁Barry ▁as ▁shed ▁pilot . ▁ ▁He avy ▁on ▁coal ▁and ▁water ▁When ▁tests ▁were ▁originally ▁carried ▁out , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁necessary ▁to ▁stop ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁times ▁while ▁taking ▁empty ▁w ag ons ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Rh ond da . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁driver , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁advis able ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁single ▁water ▁column ▁for ▁fear ▁of ▁running ▁short ▁before ▁the ▁next ▁one . ▁ ▁Special ▁train ▁Every ▁year , ▁on ▁Good ▁Friday , ▁the ▁Direct ors ▁would ▁organ ise ▁an ▁orch est ral ▁concert ▁in ▁Barry ▁and ▁ar range ▁a ▁special ▁train ▁from ▁Tre h af od ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁company ' s ▁employees ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁to ▁the ▁concert . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁“ K ▁Class ” ▁was ▁vac u um ▁fitted , ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁only ▁engines ▁station ed ▁at ▁H af od ▁shed ▁suit ably
▁equ ipped ▁to ▁ha ul ▁a ▁passenger ▁train . ▁ ▁This ▁tradition ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 0 0 s . ▁ ▁With draw al ▁The ▁locomot ives ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁but ▁were ▁with dra wn ▁between ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁ ▁None ▁surv ived ▁into ▁British ▁Rail ways ▁ownership ▁and ▁none ▁have ▁been ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Number ing ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁K ▁Category : 0 - 6 - 2 T ▁locomot ives ▁Category : C oo ke ▁locomot ives ▁Category : R ail way ▁locomot ives ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Category : Standard ▁gauge ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁Category : Sc ra pped ▁locomot ives <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁Collection ▁is ▁the ▁third ▁" best - of " ▁compilation ▁album ▁and ▁by ▁Bos n ian ▁rock ▁band ▁Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je , ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁double - full - length ▁album ▁is ▁released ▁through ▁Cro atia ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁Source : ▁Cro atia ▁Records , ▁Discogs ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Cred its ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁album ' s ▁l iner ▁notes . ▁ ▁Production ▁▁ ▁K la ud ija ▁Č ular ▁– ▁editing ▁( S ony ▁D AD C ▁in ▁Sal zburg , ▁Austria ) ▁ ▁Ž el imir ▁Bab og red ac ▁– ▁production ▁ ▁Design ▁Ig
or ▁Kel č ec ▁– ▁design ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁compilation ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁greatest ▁hits ▁albums ▁Category : Z ab ran jen o ▁Pu š en je ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Being ▁Ian ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁series ▁produced ▁by ▁Studio ▁B ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Nel v ana ▁Limited ▁for ▁Y TV , ▁foc using ▁on ▁ 1 2 - year - old ▁Ian ▁K elle y , ▁who ▁asp ires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁It ▁originally ▁a ired ▁from ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁to ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁early ▁life ▁of ▁cre ator ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁It ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Burn aby , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁Produ ced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁it ▁deb uted ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁on ▁Y TV . ▁The ▁series ▁first ▁a ired ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁Jet ix ▁along ▁with ▁Carl ² ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁series ▁also ▁a ired ▁on ▁Q ub o ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 9 ▁to ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁Q ub o ' s ▁Night ▁O w
l ▁block ▁until ▁March ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁However ▁it ▁returned ▁to ▁Q ub o ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁network ' s ▁Night ▁O w l ▁Block ▁until ▁September ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Y TV ▁stopped ▁air ing ▁r er uns ▁in ▁Canada . ▁Nick el ode on ▁Canada ▁a ired ▁r er uns ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁from ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁R er uns ▁continued ▁to ▁air ▁on ▁BBC ▁K ids ▁in ▁Canada ▁until ▁the ▁network ' s ▁closure ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁K elle y ▁family ▁Ian ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁Ian ▁C ox . ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁series , ▁Ian ▁K elle y ▁asp ires ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁film maker . ▁Unfortunately , ▁his ▁family ▁is ▁mostly ▁ind ifferent ▁towards ▁his ▁cre ative ▁stre ak , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁source ▁of ▁fr ustration ▁for ▁him . ▁Ian ▁is ▁intellig ent , ▁if ▁somewhat ▁na ive , ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁large ▁imagination , ▁and ▁often ▁gets ▁lost ▁in ▁day d ream s ▁( many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁par od ies ▁of ▁famous ▁films ). ▁His ▁ult imate ▁dream ▁is ▁to ▁win ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award ,
▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁constantly ▁practices ▁his ▁accept ance ▁speech , ▁just ▁so ▁he ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁caught ▁speech less ▁if ▁and ▁when ▁it ▁ever ▁does ▁happen . ▁As ide ▁from ▁this , ▁Ian ▁is ▁a ▁typical ▁sit com ▁child ; ▁most ▁plots ▁involve ▁him ▁either ▁failing ▁at ▁an ▁elaborate ▁scheme ▁or ▁trying ▁des per ately ▁to ▁surv ive ▁in ▁a ▁world ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁fit ▁his ▁ide als . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁episode ▁" Be ing ▁Princi pal ▁Bill ", ▁Ian ' s ▁middle ▁name ▁is ▁James , ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett , ▁whom ▁he ▁is ▁based ▁on . ▁He ▁has ▁a ▁cr ush ▁on ▁Sand i ▁as ▁seen ▁in ▁various ▁animated ▁thoughts . ▁ ▁Kenneth ▁" K en " ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Louis ▁Ch ir illo . ▁Kenneth ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁father ; ▁he ▁own s ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards , ▁a ▁local ▁music ▁store . ▁Ken , ▁while ▁a ▁lov ing ▁husband ▁and ▁father , ▁is ▁somewhat ▁cl uel ess , ▁easily ▁dist ract ed , ▁and ▁chron ically ▁un co ol . ▁While ▁he ▁tries ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁household ▁in ▁check , ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁his ▁family ▁knows ▁exactly ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁their ▁way ▁with ▁him . ▁Ken ▁is ▁chron ically ▁dependent ▁on ▁his ▁wife ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁life ▁in ▁check ; ▁when ▁she ▁tempor arily ▁left ▁him , ▁it ▁only ▁took ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁re gress ▁to ▁a ▁ne
ander th al . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁younger , ▁Ken ▁dream ed ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁recording ▁star ▁and ▁showing ▁up ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁" co ol " ▁k ids ▁who ▁sn ub bed ▁him . ▁However , ▁his ▁recording ▁career ▁ended ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁it ▁began , ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁song ▁he ▁played ▁was ▁" I ' s ▁the ▁B ' y ". ▁While ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁com ic ▁relief , ▁Ken ▁can ▁be ▁a ▁sympath etic ▁character , ▁especially ▁when ▁he ▁seems ▁aware ▁of ▁how ▁un co ol ▁he ▁is . ▁Ken ▁is ▁a ▁work ah ol ic ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁g ung - ho ▁attitude ▁towards ▁volunte er ▁service , ▁seem ingly ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁his ▁sons ▁do ▁not ▁share ▁his ▁attitude . ▁His ▁catch phr ase ▁is ▁" H oly ▁M oli , ▁R avi oli ! ". ▁Victoria ▁" V icky " ▁K elle y ▁( née ▁Mens ke ): ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Dra ke . ▁Victoria ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁mother ▁from ▁Poland . ▁She ▁div ides ▁her ▁time ▁as ▁a ▁hom em aker ▁and ▁helping ▁Ken ▁run ▁the ▁music ▁store . ▁While ▁she ▁lov es ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁very ▁dear ly , ▁they ▁all ▁have ▁a ▁good ▁reason ▁to ▁fear ▁her ▁wr ath . ▁While ▁she ▁usually ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁level - head ed ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁V icki ▁can ▁be ▁surprising ly ▁pet ty ▁and ▁self ish ▁when ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁get ▁her ▁own
▁way . ▁She ▁also ▁constantly ▁anno ys ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁odd ▁obs essions ▁she ▁develop s ▁( collect or ' s ▁spo ons , ▁organ ic ▁food , ▁de formed ▁animals , ▁etc .), ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁ob liv ious ▁to ▁anything ▁else . ▁Usually ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁sons ▁are ▁at ▁her ▁wr ath , ▁while ▁she ▁is ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁achiev ements ▁and ▁they ▁care ▁about ▁each ▁other . ▁K yle ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ty ▁Ol sson . ▁K yle ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁oldest ▁of ▁the ▁family . ▁A ▁laid - back , ▁somewhat ▁dol t ish ▁te en ager , ▁K yle ▁is ▁not ▁stupid ▁so ▁much ▁as ▁lazy ; ▁he ▁knows ▁how ▁to ▁get ▁his ▁way ▁around ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁sees ▁no ▁reason ▁to ▁put ▁any ▁real ▁effort ▁into ▁anything . ▁Un known ▁to ▁most , ▁he ▁is ▁actually ▁very ▁intellig ent ; ▁he ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁spell ▁highly ▁difficult ▁words ▁with ▁ease , ▁can ▁perform ▁complex ▁mathematical ▁equations ▁in ▁his ▁head , ▁and ▁can ▁memor ize ▁entire ▁science ▁text books . ▁The ▁only ▁thing ▁that ▁K yle ▁is ▁really ▁interested ▁in ▁is ▁the ▁opposite ▁sex ; ▁he ▁readily ▁will ▁take ▁ch ase ▁after ▁any ▁attract ive ▁female ▁that ▁catch es ▁his ▁eye , ▁but ▁his ▁purs uits ▁s eld om ▁lead ▁to ▁anything ▁other ▁than ▁re jection . ▁As ▁with ▁Kore y , ▁K yle ▁has ▁a ▁play fully ▁ant agon istic ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁well - be
hav ed ▁Ian ; ▁while ▁he ▁probably ▁car es ▁for ▁the ▁" do of us " ▁deep ▁down , ▁the ▁tempt ations ▁to ▁play ▁off ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁g ul lib ility ▁and ▁sens itivity ▁are ▁too ▁much ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁resist ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Kore y ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Matt ▁Hill . ▁Kore y ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁brother ▁and ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁of ▁the ▁three . ▁Kore y ▁is ▁a ▁rather ▁id ios ync r atic ▁individual ▁- ▁not ▁even ▁his ▁own ▁family ▁understand s ▁him ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁Kore y ▁seems ▁lost ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁world . ▁Despite ▁this , ▁Kore y ▁actually ▁has ▁a ▁sharp ▁mind ▁and ▁is ▁often ▁very ▁observ ant ▁- ▁it ▁seems ▁he ▁simply ▁cho oses ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁aware ▁of ▁his ▁surr ound ings ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁time . ▁C aught ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁between ▁his ▁two ▁brothers , ▁as ▁being ▁the ▁middle ▁child ▁Kore y ▁comb ines ▁the ▁nic eness ▁and ▁sens it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁young est ▁child ▁and ▁the ▁la z iness ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁to ▁form ▁his ▁own ▁person ality . ▁Although ▁it ' s ▁not ▁shown ▁as ▁much , ▁Kore y ▁( s ometimes ▁open ly ) ▁shows ▁affection ▁and ▁kind ness ▁for ▁Ian ▁and ▁his ▁other ▁family ▁members ; ▁however , ▁this ▁is ▁over look ed ▁quite ▁a ▁lot ▁as ▁he ▁is ▁often ▁playing ▁pr anks ▁with ▁K yle ▁and ▁is ▁very ▁lazy ▁at ▁times .
▁A ▁running ▁g ag ▁is ▁that ▁Kore y ▁never ▁removes ▁his ▁cap , ▁even ▁when ▁he ▁sle eps . ▁Ch op in : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁David ▁K aye . ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁the ▁K elle y ▁family ▁dog , ▁a ▁lap ▁dog ▁of ▁ind et erm inate ▁bre ed ▁who ▁is ▁missing ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁h ind ▁legs . ▁Ian ▁received ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁young , ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁since ▁come ▁out ▁that ▁V icky , ▁who ▁car es ▁deeply ▁for ▁de formed ▁animals , ▁told ▁him ▁that ▁all ▁dogs ▁have ▁three ▁legs ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Ch op in ' s ▁role ▁is ▁mostly ▁limited ▁to ▁physical ▁comedy ▁- ▁an ▁often - used ▁g ag ▁is ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁Ch op in ▁is ▁unable ▁to ▁stay ▁u pr ight ▁when ▁he ▁lif ts ▁a ▁leg ▁to ▁ur inate . ▁ ▁Fri ends ▁and ▁relatives ▁T yr one ▁" Ty " ▁Washington : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁D ex ter ▁Bell . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁best ▁friend ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Consider ably ▁more ▁together ▁than ▁Ian , ▁T yr one ▁often ▁attempts ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁the ▁voice ▁of ▁reason , ▁although ▁he ▁is ▁usually ▁willing ▁to ▁go ▁along ▁with ▁whatever ▁schemes ▁his ▁friend ▁cook s ▁up . ▁T yr one ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁one ▁to ▁pull ▁Ian ▁back ▁to ▁reality ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁fant as ies ▁goes ▁too ▁far . ▁His ▁father ▁is ▁a ▁ 6 ' 8 " ▁African -
American ▁basketball ▁player . ▁His ▁mother ▁is ▁a ▁ 4 ' 3 " ▁Asian ▁nur se . ▁Sand ra ▁" S and i " ▁Cro cker : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Tab ith a ▁St . ▁Germ ain . ▁Sand i ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁other ▁best ▁friend . ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁athlet ic , ▁short - temper ed ▁tom boy , ▁and ▁can ▁phys ically ▁domin ate ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ▁easily . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁T yr one , ▁Sand i ▁often ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁bem used ▁sort ▁of ▁Greek ▁ch orus ▁to ▁Ian ' s ▁ant ics . ▁Her ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁boys ▁is ▁completely ▁plat onic , ▁although ▁she ▁once ▁accident ally ▁admitted ▁that ▁she ▁expects ▁Ian ▁and ▁T yr one ' s ▁friendship ▁to ▁be ▁stra ined ▁by ▁fighting ▁for ▁her ▁aff e ctions ▁when ▁they ▁become ▁older . ▁There ▁is , ▁however , ▁a ▁slight ▁rom ance ▁hint ed ▁between ▁Ian ▁and ▁Sand i . ▁Grand ma ▁Ele an or ▁K elle y : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Dra ke . ▁Grand ma ▁K elle y ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁patri otic ▁mother ▁from ▁Scotland . ▁She ▁speak s ▁in ▁a ▁thick ▁bro gue ▁and ▁can ▁terror ize ▁her ▁entire ▁family ▁with ▁little ▁effort ▁- ▁no ▁member ▁of ▁her ▁family ▁is ▁willing ▁to ▁cross ▁her . ▁A ▁clever ▁jo ke ▁is ▁made ▁of ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁theme ▁at ▁one ▁point ; ▁Ian ▁fant as izes ▁his ▁family ▁as ▁movie ▁mon sters , ▁but ▁Grand
ma ▁K elle y ▁stays ▁exactly ▁the ▁same . ▁Grand ma ▁Mary ▁Mens ke : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Christ ina ▁J astr z emb ska . ▁Grand ma ▁Mens ke ▁is ▁V icky ' s ▁mother ; ▁being ▁a ▁dot ing ▁grand m other , ▁she ▁is ▁constantly ▁pam per ing ▁her ▁family ▁with ▁heart y ▁me als ▁and ▁tack y ▁hand - made ▁cl othing . ▁She ▁never ▁approved ▁of ▁Ken ' s ▁marriage ▁to ▁V icky ; ▁she ▁rather ▁sees ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁Gy ps y ▁cur se ▁on ▁her ▁family . ▁Even ▁after ▁Ken ▁and ▁V icky ▁had ▁been ▁married ▁for ▁two ▁dec ades , ▁she ▁still ▁held ▁out ▁on ▁hope ▁for ▁V icky ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁with ▁her ▁ex - boy friend ▁Lub om ir ▁W orm ch uk . ▁She ▁only ▁gave ▁her ▁bless ing ▁to ▁the ▁marriage ▁when ▁she ▁discovered ▁that ▁Lub om ir ▁had ▁lost ▁his ▁teeth ▁( what ▁had ▁attract ed ▁her ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁place ). ▁O db ald : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁Ken ' s ▁assistant ▁at ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards . ▁A ▁rural ▁imm igr ant ▁from ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Canada ▁to ▁escape ▁a ▁life ▁of ▁" pol ishing ▁che eses ▁and ▁car ving ▁wooden ▁sho es ". ▁O db ald , ▁despite ▁being ▁an ▁adult , ▁is ▁very ▁imm ature ▁- ▁leaving ▁him ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁K elle y ▁boys ▁always
▁results ▁in ▁dis aster . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁key boards ▁of ▁all ▁kinds , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁he ▁becomes ▁em otion ally ▁attached ▁to ▁them . ▁O db ald ▁is ▁utter ly ▁devoted ▁to ▁Ken ▁- ▁or ▁" M ish ter ▁K elle y ", ▁as ▁he ▁calls ▁him ▁- ▁and ▁often ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁aid ▁Ken ▁in ▁tasks ▁far ▁beyond ▁his ▁duties ▁in ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards . ▁When ever ▁Ken ▁accident ally ▁dam ages ▁something , ▁his ▁stock ▁response ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁" O db ald , ▁could ▁you ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁that ▁for ▁me ?" ▁O db ald ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁room ▁of ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁pro cl ivity ▁for ▁nod ding ▁off ▁at ▁in app ropri ate ▁times ▁and ▁e ating ▁mess ily . ▁ ▁Support ing ▁Princi pal ▁Bill ▁Mc Cam mon : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Richard ▁New man . ▁Mr . ▁Mc Cam mon ▁is ▁Ian ' s ▁school ▁principal ▁at ▁C eline ▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁He ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁his ▁family . ▁Nevertheless , ▁he ▁does ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁set ▁forward ▁a ▁proper ▁education ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁school . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble : ▁Vo iced ▁by ▁Peter ▁Kel am is , ▁and ▁Ty ▁Ol sson ▁on ▁his ▁first ▁appearance . ▁Mr . ▁Gree ble ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Ian ' s ▁teachers ▁at ▁C eline
▁D ion ▁Middle ▁School . ▁Like ▁Mr . ▁Mc Cam mon , ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁trust ▁Ian ▁sometimes ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁imagination . ▁Ron ald ▁Fle eman : ▁Vo iced ▁by : ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁a ▁smooth ie ▁shop ▁next ▁door ▁to ▁K elle y ' s ▁Key boards ▁( and ▁Sp a ). ▁ ▁Epis odes ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Andy ▁Bart lett , ▁Josh ▁Me ph am ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 0 5 – 0 6 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Josh ▁Me ph am ▁ ▁Season ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Direct ed ▁By : ▁Ch ad ▁Van ▁De ▁Ke ere ▁ ▁International ▁broadcast ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Being ▁Ian ▁website ▁on ▁Y TV . com ▁Ian ▁James ▁Cor lett ▁( see ▁Being ▁Ian ▁in ▁the ▁Original ▁Project s ▁section ) ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁Canadian ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁children ' s ▁animated ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : T ele vision ▁shows ▁set ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁produced ▁in ▁V ancouver ▁Category : Y TV ▁shows ▁Category : Q ub o ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁Nel v ana ▁Category : T ele vision ▁series ▁by ▁D H X ▁Media ▁Category : Can
ad ian ▁flash ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Canadian ▁animated ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁television ▁series ▁with ▁live ▁action ▁and ▁animation ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁children ▁Category : Anim ated ▁television ▁series ▁about ▁families <0x0A> </s> ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( m ob ster ), ▁Italian - Can ad ian ▁mob ster ▁ ▁Paul ▁Vol pe ▁( p oker ▁player ), ▁American ▁pok er ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al , ▁O . F . M . ▁( 1 5 0 2 – 1 5 7 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁in ▁New ▁Spain , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁Biography ▁De ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ord ained ▁a ▁priest ▁in ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Fri ars ▁Minor . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 5 6 1 , ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁the ▁first ▁bishop ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Y uc at án ▁and ▁consec r ated ▁bishop ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁by ▁San cho ▁Dí az ▁de ▁Tru j illo , ▁A ux ili ary ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pl as encia , ▁with ▁Fernando ▁de ▁Vill ag ó mez , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁T lax cala , ▁and ▁Juan ▁de ▁V aca , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Pan am á , ▁serving ▁as ▁co - con sec rat ors . ▁ ▁As
▁part ▁of ▁his ▁effort ▁to ▁Christian ize ▁the ▁Indians ▁of ▁New ▁Spain , ▁Tor al ▁learned ▁to ▁speak ▁the ▁N ahu at l ▁and ▁Pop ol oca ▁languages , ▁and ▁compiled ▁a ▁dictionary ▁and ▁grammar ▁of ▁the ▁latter . ▁He ▁also ▁charged ▁Bernard ino ▁de ▁Sah ag ún ▁with ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Historia ▁General ▁de ▁las ▁Cos as ▁de ▁Nueva ▁España . ▁In ▁Y uc at án ▁he ▁led ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁alleg ed ▁ab uses ▁of ▁the ▁May a ▁by ▁Diego ▁de ▁Land a , ▁employ ing ▁Gas par ▁Antonio ▁Chi ▁as ▁his ▁interpreter ; ▁Land a ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁acqu itted , ▁and ▁follow ▁Tor al ▁as ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Y uc at án . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁cross es ▁were ▁being ▁burn ed , ▁and ▁human ▁sacrific es ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁church . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁May ans ▁were ▁considered ▁innoc ent , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁proof . ▁Francisco ▁de ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁his ▁permission ▁be ▁terminated , ▁but ▁his ▁request ▁was ▁denied . ▁Following ▁this ▁den ial , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Mexico ▁City ▁and ▁lived ▁there ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 1 5 7 1 . ▁ ▁Exper ien ces ▁in ▁Y uc at án ▁ ▁Before ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Y uc at án , ▁Land a ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁and ▁ordered ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁May an ▁artifact s ▁that ▁were ▁determined ▁to ▁be ▁cult
▁images ▁over ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁over see ing ▁of ▁these ▁artifact s ’ ▁destruction , ▁he ▁act ively ▁tort ured ▁May ans ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁conf essions ▁of ▁id ol at ry . ▁May ans ▁that ▁conf essed ▁to ▁id ol ▁worship ▁faced ▁severe ▁pen alt ies , ▁r anging ▁from ▁f logging ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁of ▁forced ▁labor ▁for ▁minor ▁off enses . ▁ ▁Tor al ▁arrived ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 2 ▁to ▁a ▁province ▁that ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁great ▁state ▁of ▁un rest . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁controvers y ▁among ▁May ans ▁and ▁sec ular ▁government ▁officials ▁with ▁regards ▁to ▁Land a ’ s ▁treatment ▁of ▁alleg edly ▁id ol atr ous ▁Indians . ▁Tor al ▁was ▁shock ed ▁by ▁the ▁violent ▁behavior ▁of ▁the ▁Francis can ▁fri ars . ▁He ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁cler gy ▁had ▁both ▁a ▁right ▁and ▁duty ▁to ▁phys ically ▁pun ish ▁May ans ▁resist ing ▁conversion , ▁but ▁Tor al ▁was ▁ske pt ical ▁that ▁the ▁conf essions ▁Land a ▁el ic ited ▁were ▁legit imate ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁pun ish ments ▁were ▁an ▁over re action ▁to ▁the ▁situation . ▁In ▁Tor al ’ s ▁eyes , ▁Land a ▁was ▁doing ▁work ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁position ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁designated . ▁With ▁this ▁conflict ▁began ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁dist rust ▁between ▁Tor al ▁and ▁the ▁Francis c ans ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc at án . ▁ ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁these ▁events , ▁Tor al
▁forced ▁Land a ’ s ▁return ▁to ▁Spain ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 3 ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁answer ▁the ▁accus ations ▁that ▁were ▁being ▁drawn ▁against ▁him . ▁As ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁exercise ▁his ▁authority , ▁he ▁fre ed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁May ans ▁that ▁Land a ▁had ▁imprison ed . ▁Under ▁his ▁super vision ▁only ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁cases ▁of ▁id ol at ry ▁were ▁investig ated , ▁and ▁even ▁those ▁resulted ▁in ▁fairly ▁light ▁sentences . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁Tor al ▁began ▁to ▁co oper ate ▁more ▁with ▁local ▁sec ular ▁authorities ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁his ▁religious ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁effective ▁as ▁possible . ▁He ▁removed ▁Francis can ▁mission ary ▁cler gy ▁from ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁justice , ▁ur ging ▁his ▁sec ular ▁cler gy ▁to ▁use ▁ver bal ▁persu asion ▁to ▁draw ▁May ans ▁away ▁from ▁id ol at ry . ▁ ▁Tor al ’ s ▁dist rust ▁of ▁Francis c ans ▁and ▁his ▁in ability ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁fri ars ▁still ▁holding ▁authority ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁t ension ▁between ▁himself , ▁the ▁Francis can ▁order , ▁and ▁local ▁government ▁authorities , ▁namely ▁Governor ▁Luis ▁de ▁Cés ped es ▁y ▁O v ied o . ▁Ch arg es ▁were ▁brought ▁against ▁him ▁by ▁Governor ▁Cés ped es ▁for ▁us ur ping ▁royal ▁juris diction ▁as ▁anim os ity ▁towards ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁religious ▁leader ▁began ▁to ▁grow . ▁Land a ▁was ▁eventually ▁absol ved ▁of ▁his ▁charges ▁in ▁ 1
5 6 9 . ▁Following ▁this ▁and ▁his ▁on going ▁d ile mm as ▁in ▁Y uc at án , ▁Tor al ▁requested ▁he ▁be ▁re located ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁Mexico ▁City ▁before ▁ultimately ▁ab dic ating ▁his ▁position ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁and ▁dying ▁in ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁and ▁additional ▁sources ▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁( for ▁Chron ology ▁of ▁B ish ops ) ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 5 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 7 1 ▁death s ▁Category : M ex ican ▁Francis c ans ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁b ish ops ▁Category : M ission ary ▁lingu ists ▁Category : B ish ops ▁appointed ▁by ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁IV ▁Category : Fran cis can ▁b ish ops <0x0A> </s> ▁Es mail abad ▁or ▁Es ma e el abad ▁() ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Al bor z ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Al bor z ▁Es mail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁B ala , ▁Al bor z ▁Es mail abad ▁Sh ur ▁Q ale h - ye ▁P ain , ▁Al bor z ▁ ▁Ch ah arma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ch ah arma hal ▁and ▁Bak ht i ari , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ku hr ang ▁County ▁ ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁East ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a
▁village ▁in ▁Sar ab ▁County ▁ ▁F ars ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Bav an at , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Bav an at ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Dar ab , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Dar ab ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Jah rom , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Jah rom ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁K har ame h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K har ame h ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Mar v das ht , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud zan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 0 ° 0 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 2 ° 3 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁Dor ud zan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Se yy ed an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Mar v das ht ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Sh ira z , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sh ira z ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar q an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sh ira z ▁County ▁ ▁Gil an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Gil an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ras ht ▁County ▁ ▁Gol est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Gol est an ▁ ▁K erman ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ar z ui ye h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ar z ui ye h ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁O
ly a , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B aft ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁B am , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B am ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁B ards ir , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ards ir ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁F ah raj , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁F ah raj ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁K erman , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Mah an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K erman ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Raf san jan , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ferd ows , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Raf san jan ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Rav ar , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rav ar ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar and , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Zar and ▁County ▁ ▁K erm ans h ah ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁K erm ans h ah , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sar pol - e ▁Z ah ab ▁County ▁ ▁Kh uz est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Kh uz est an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Got v and ▁County ▁ ▁Lor est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Lor est an ▁ ▁Mark azi ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Save h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Save h ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Zar and ie h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Zar and ie h ▁County ▁ ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁North ▁K hor as an ▁ ▁Q az vin ▁Province ▁Es mail abad
, ▁Q az vin ▁Es mail abad , ▁Bu in ▁Z ah ra , ▁Q az vin ▁ ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁B ard ask an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁B ard ask an ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Chen aran , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Chen aran ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁J ow ay in , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁J ow ay in ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 6 ° 2 1 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 6 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 3 6 ° 2 6 ′ ▁N ▁ 5 9 ° 3 1 ′ ▁E ), ▁M ash had , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁A hm ad abad , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁M ash had ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁P ain ▁Jam , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁Gor ji , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tor bat - e ▁Jam ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Z ave h , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Z ave h ▁County ▁ ▁S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 2 0 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 7 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh ,
▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁( 2 8 ° 3 7 ′ ▁N ▁ 6 0 ° 2 5 ′ ▁E ), ▁G ow har ▁K uh , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁K hash ▁County ▁Es mail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( S istan ▁and ▁Bal uch est an ▁Province ) ▁ ▁South ▁K hor as an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁D arm ian , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁D arm ian ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Ne h band an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ne h band an ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Q a en , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Q a en ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Tab as , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Tab as ▁County ▁ ▁Te h ran ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁Rey , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Rey ▁County ▁Es mail abad , ▁Var amin , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Var amin ▁County ▁Es mail abad - e ▁Mo in ▁Es mail abad ▁R ural ▁District ▁( Te h ran ▁Province ) ▁ ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Province ▁Es mail abad , ▁West ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁P old as ht ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Fran cke ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁August ▁Hermann ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 6 6 3 – 1 7 2 7 ), ▁German ▁Protest ant ▁the olog ian ▁Ar ne ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 0 4 – 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Swedish ▁horse ▁r ider
▁ ▁Gl oria ▁Niem ey er ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 2 0 0 8 ), ▁American ▁ph arm ac ist ▁and ▁science ▁writer ▁ ▁K uno ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 8 5 5 – 1 9 3 0 ), ▁educ ator ▁and ▁historian ▁ ▁Mal col m ▁Fran cke ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 9 ), ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Master ▁Fran cke ▁( c . 1 3 8 0 – 1 4 4 0 ), ▁German ▁painter ▁ ▁Michael ▁Fran cke ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁Department ▁of ▁Cor re ctions ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( arch itect ) ▁( c . 1 5 3 7 - 1 6 1 5 ), ▁German ▁architect ▁and ▁master ▁builder ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( football er ) ▁(† ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ), ▁German ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁founder ▁member ▁of ▁Bayern ▁Mun ich ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( ge ologist ) ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 5 7 ), ▁German ▁ge ologist ▁ ▁Paul ▁Fran cke ▁( mus ician ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁American ▁music ian ▁ ▁R end ▁al - R ah im ▁Fran cke ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 9 ), ▁Ira qi ▁political ▁activ ist ▁and ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Fran ke ▁ ▁Fran cken ▁ ▁Fran ck ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁Category :
G erman - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Christopher ▁Sh ank ▁( born ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁who ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁has ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Senate ▁representing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁District ▁in ▁Washington ▁County . ▁ ▁Education ▁Sh ank ▁graduated ▁from ▁South ▁H ager st own ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁and ▁later ▁attended ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁B . A . ▁( history ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁He ▁graduated ▁a ▁Ph i ▁B eta ▁K appa . ▁He ▁later ▁att ained ▁his ▁M . A . ▁( polit ical ▁management ) ▁from ▁The ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁at ▁the ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁v aled ict or ian ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁Howard ▁Pale y ▁Academ ic ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁After ▁college , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁a ▁legisl ative ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁De leg ation . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁this ▁role ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 8 . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁being ▁a ▁delegate ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁adj unct ▁professor ▁at ▁the ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management
▁at ▁George ▁Washington ▁University . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁We ather ▁Hom eless ▁Sh elter ▁of ▁Washington ▁County , ▁serving ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁formerly ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁Chapter ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Can cer ▁Society . ▁Sh ank ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Legisl ative ▁Exchange ▁Council ▁( A LE C ), ▁serving ▁as ▁Maryland ▁state ▁leader . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Science ▁Committee . ▁His ▁focus ▁topics ▁were ▁human ▁space fl ight ▁and ▁Earth ▁science . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bush ▁presiden cy , ▁Sh ank ▁served ▁as ▁special ▁assistant ▁to ▁NASA ▁administrator ▁Mike ▁Griff in . ▁Following ▁that ▁role , ▁he ▁took ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Director ▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁In vest ments ▁at ▁NASA . ▁There , ▁he ▁resolved ▁budget ing ▁with ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁He ▁briefly ▁served ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁Communic ations ▁at ▁NASA ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁teaching ▁post ▁in ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ' s ▁Summer ▁Sch ol ars ▁Program . ▁Sh ank ▁taught ▁a ▁course ▁on ▁election ▁politics . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 0 - day ▁program ▁he ▁lect ured ▁on ▁his ▁experience ▁in ▁campaign ing ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁worked ▁with ▁students ▁to ▁simulate ▁a
▁mock ▁campaign . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁announced ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁challenge ▁long - ser ving ▁state ▁sen ator ▁Donald ▁Mun son ▁based ▁on ▁charges ▁that ▁Mun son ▁was ▁" to o ▁liberal ." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Sh ank ▁defeated ▁Mun son ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁election , ▁winning ▁the ▁party ' s ▁nom ination . ▁Sh ank ▁received ▁ 5 7 . 0 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁compared ▁to ▁Mun son ' s ▁ 4 2 . 0 5 %. ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Governor ' s ▁Office ▁of ▁Crime ▁Control ▁and ▁Pre vention ▁and ▁res igned ▁his ▁state ▁sen ate ▁seat ▁eight ▁days ▁later . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Sh ank ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁of ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁President ▁Trump ▁presented ▁Sh ank ▁as ▁his ▁first ▁choice ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁NASA ▁transition ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Legisl ative ▁notes ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁voted ▁for ▁sl ots ▁( H B 1 3 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Pos itions ▁ ▁Sh ank ▁disput es ▁the ▁climate ▁cons ensus ▁that ▁climate ▁change ▁is ▁occurr ing ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁influenced ▁in ▁large ▁part ▁by ▁human ▁behavior . ▁At ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁panel ▁on ▁science ▁communication , ▁Sh ank
▁crit iqu ed ▁the ▁goals ▁of ▁climate ▁policy ▁and ▁the ▁accuracy ▁of ▁scientific ▁measurements , ▁despite ▁rules ▁for ▁the ▁discussion ▁that ▁basic ▁facts ▁of ▁science ▁were ▁not ▁up ▁for ▁debate . ▁He ▁also ▁compared ▁climate ▁ske pt ics ▁to ▁Gal ile o , ▁a ▁tro pe ▁widely ▁der ided ▁by ▁science ▁histor ians . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates – ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ \| ▁class =" wik itable " ▁\| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁\| 9 , 6 0 6 ▁\| 9 9 % ▁\| W on ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| Other ▁Write - In s ▁\| 1 0 1 ▁\| 1 . 0 % ▁\| L ost ▁\| } ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ \| ▁class =" wik itable " ▁\| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁\| 7 , 7 4 9 ▁\| 7 2 . 3 3 % ▁\| W on ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| David ▁M . ▁Rus so ▁\| 2 , 9 5 4
▁\| 2 7 . 5 7 % ▁\| L ost ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| Other ▁Write - In s ▁\| 1 1 ▁\| 0 . 1 0 % ▁\| L ost ▁\| } ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Race ▁for ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁House ▁Of ▁De leg ates ▁– ▁District ▁ 2 B ▁V ot ers ▁to ▁choose ▁one : ▁{ \| ▁class =" wik itable " ▁\| - ▁! Name ▁! V otes ▁! Percent ▁! Out come ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| Christ opher ▁B . ▁Sh ank , ▁Rep . ▁\| 4 , 8 7 3 ▁\| 5 1 % ▁\| W on ▁\| - ▁\| - ▁\| D . ▁Bruce ▁Po ole ▁\| 4 , 6 2 6 ▁\| 4 9 % ▁\| L ost ▁\| - ▁\| } ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁bi ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : M ary land ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁H ager st own , ▁Maryland ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁Category : J oh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : The ▁Gr adu ate ▁School ▁of ▁Political ▁Management ▁al umn i ▁Category : M ary land ▁Republic ans ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Te
ph rin ops ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁ ▁References ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Le pid optera ▁genus ▁database ▁ ▁Category : Cal p inae <0x0A> </s> ▁, ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁with ▁or ▁without ▁sub title ▁as ▁, ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁turn - based ▁traditional ▁game ▁developed ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁I rem ▁exclus ively ▁in ▁Japan ▁for ▁the ▁N intendo ▁Game ▁Boy ▁on ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁spin - off ▁of ▁I rem ' s ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁beat ▁' em ▁up ▁ar cade ▁game ▁simply ▁titled ▁Under cover ▁C ops . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁second - to - last ▁game ▁I rem ▁released ▁for ▁the ▁Game ▁Boy , ▁with ▁Da iku ▁no ▁Gen - san ▁- ▁Rob ot ▁Te ik oku ▁no ▁Y ab ō ▁being ▁the ▁last . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁The ▁player ▁starts ▁by ▁choosing ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁Z an ▁Tak ah ara ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Claude ), ▁Matt ▁G ables ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁B ub ba ) ▁and ▁Rosa ▁Fel mon de ▁( known ▁outside ▁Japan ▁as ▁Fl ame ). ▁After ▁that ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁map ▁in ▁a ▁board ▁game ▁pattern . ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁part , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁options : ▁" SL OT " ▁or ▁" ITE M ". ▁To ▁move ▁through ▁the ▁pattern ,
▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁" SL OT ", ▁then ▁choose ▁one ▁out ▁of ▁five ▁numbers ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁selects ▁a ▁" 2 " ▁or ▁higher , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁play ▁a ▁slot ▁machine ▁game ▁( infl uen ced ▁by ▁the ▁ones ▁seen ▁during ▁the ▁" Ass ess ment ▁Day " ▁segments ▁after ▁each ▁stage ▁before ▁the ▁final ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁Under cover ▁C ops ▁ar cade ▁game ) ▁that ▁will ▁randomly ▁select ▁either ▁the ▁number ▁the ▁player ▁selected ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁number ▁lower . ▁ ▁For ▁instance , ▁if ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁" 1 0 " ▁was ▁chosen , ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁select ▁between ▁" 1 0 " ▁and ▁" 1 ". ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁cho oses ▁a ▁" 1 ", ▁the ▁slot ▁machine ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁played , ▁while ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁move ▁to ▁one ▁square . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁selects ▁" ITE M ", ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁can ▁use ▁items ▁they ▁obtained ▁throughout ▁the ▁game . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁squares ▁to ▁step ▁on . ▁ ▁White ▁squares ▁do ▁nothing , ▁brown ▁squares ▁give ▁money , ▁black ▁squares ▁start ▁either ▁a ▁battle ▁or ▁a ▁min ig ame , ▁" SH OP " ▁squares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁buy ▁items , ▁" IN N " ▁squares ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁rest ▁and ▁gain ▁more ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ), ▁" 7 7 7 " ▁squares ▁will ▁allow ▁players ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁cas ino - like ▁game ▁to ▁gam ble , ▁squares
▁with ▁mag icians ▁give ▁something ▁special , ▁squares ▁with ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figures ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁b oss ▁battle , ▁squares ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁them ▁will ▁start ▁a ▁battle ▁that ▁costs ▁money ▁to ▁learn ▁a ▁new ▁normal ▁attack ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁randomly ▁used ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁one ▁the ▁player ▁already ▁has , ▁and ▁squares ▁with ▁pictures ▁of ▁either ▁city ▁buildings , ▁valle ys ▁or ▁other ▁environmental ▁areas ▁have ▁civ ili ans ▁that ▁will ▁either ▁give ▁an ▁advice , ▁money , ▁items ▁or ▁other ▁stuff . ▁ ▁During ▁a ▁battle ▁after ▁ste pping ▁either ▁on ▁a ▁black ▁square , ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁( after ▁sp ending ▁money ) ▁or ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁fighting ▁stick ▁figure , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁choose ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁has ▁while ▁the ▁CPU - control led ▁enemy ▁randomly ▁cho oses ▁a ▁number . ▁ ▁Who ever ▁has ▁the ▁higher ▁number ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁" AT TAC K ", ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁will ▁be ▁in ▁" DEF EN SE ". ▁If ▁both ▁have ▁an ▁equal ▁number , ▁they ' ll ▁have ▁to ▁select ▁another ▁number . ▁In ▁" DEF EN SE " ▁mode , ▁the ▁player ▁must ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" G U ARD ", ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" R UN ▁A WA Y ". ▁" G U ARD " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁parts ▁of ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁chosen ▁Under cover ▁Cop ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁make ▁him ▁or ▁her
▁protect , ▁before ▁choosing ▁a ▁number . ▁The ▁higher ▁the ▁number , ▁the ▁greater ▁the ▁player ' s ▁chance ▁at ▁blocking ▁or ▁dod ging ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁attack ▁becomes ▁if ▁the ▁enemy ▁attacks ▁anywhere ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁part ▁the ▁player ▁def ends . ▁In ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁while ▁the ▁enemy ▁will ▁randomly ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁first ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁actions : ▁" AT TAC K ", ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁( ab br . ▁for ▁" S PE CI AL "). ▁ ▁" AT TAC K " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁to ▁attack ▁at . ▁After ▁that , ▁the ▁player ▁will ▁select ▁a ▁number , ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁easier ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁successfully ▁hit ▁the ▁enemy . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁" DEF EN SE " ▁and ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁" ITE M " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁use ▁an ▁item ▁for ▁support . ▁" SP " ▁( or ▁" S PE CI AL ") ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁send ▁a ▁special ▁move ▁that ▁will ▁hit ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁with ▁greater ▁damage ▁than ▁normal ▁attacks ▁without ▁selecting ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁part ▁to ▁attack ▁at , ▁but ▁will ▁d rain ▁the ▁player ' s ▁hearts ▁( or ▁health ). ▁" R UN ▁A WA Y " ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁either ▁successfully ▁fle e ▁from ▁the ▁enemy ▁or ▁be ▁attacked ▁by ▁the ▁enemy
. ▁After ▁selecting ▁a ▁number ▁in ▁each ▁part ▁of ▁each ▁battle , ▁a ▁new ▁number ▁will ▁randomly ▁be ▁drawn ▁and ▁added ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁player ' s ▁and ▁enemy ' s ▁hands . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁wins , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁will ▁ear n ▁a ▁certain ▁money ▁and ▁experiment ▁( pr ▁" EX P ") ▁points ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁map ▁screen . ▁If ▁the ▁player ▁los es , ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁over . ▁In ▁batt les ▁after ▁ste pping ▁on ▁a ▁square ▁with ▁a ▁giant ▁man ▁on ▁it , ▁the ▁player ▁only ▁can ▁select ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁enemy ' s ▁body ▁parts ▁when ▁in ▁" AT TAC K " ▁mode , ▁which ▁means ▁no ▁" ITE M " ▁or ▁" SP " ▁allowed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Fam its u ▁review ▁r ated ▁it ▁ 1 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 4 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Under cover ▁C ops : ▁H aka ish in ▁Gar um aa ▁at ▁Game FA Q s ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy ▁games ▁Category : Game ▁Boy - only ▁games ▁Category : I rem ▁games ▁Category : J apan - ex clus ive ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Board ▁game - style ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁spin - offs ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁scored ▁by ▁Ken ji ▁Yam az aki ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁featuring ▁female ▁protagon ists ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in
▁the ▁ 2 0 4 0 s ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁set ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Ron ▁Dow ling ▁( 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Col ling wood ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Dow ling , ▁an ▁engineer ▁by ▁profession , ▁played ▁as ▁an ▁amateur ▁during ▁his ▁league ▁career . ▁He ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁wing ▁for ▁Col ling wood ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁V FL ▁Grand ▁Final s , ▁which ▁they ▁lost . ▁A ▁susp ension ▁cost ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁success ive ▁grand ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁having ▁been ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁striking ▁Melbourne ▁player ▁Keith ▁Tr usc ott ▁in ▁the ▁semi ▁final . ▁ ▁Before ▁he ▁died , ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 9 1 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁living ▁Col ling wood ▁player . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Col ling wood ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : I van ho e ▁Am ateurs ▁Football ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁Italian ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Marcel lo ▁Av all one ▁and
▁st arring ▁by ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁and ▁Oliver ▁Re ed . ▁ ▁Plot ▁On ▁an ▁id yl lic ▁Car ib bean ▁island , ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁and ▁his ▁friends , ▁eng age ▁a ▁battle ▁with ▁Fox ▁Perry , ▁the ▁wealth y ▁American ▁b oss ▁who ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁island ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁Las ▁Veg as ▁ex otic . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Scott ▁Pl ank ▁as ▁Pan ama ▁Sug ar ▁Oliver ▁Re ed ▁as ▁General ▁Lu cre zia ▁L ante ▁della ▁R over e ▁as ▁L iza ▁Vitt orio ▁Am and ola ▁as ▁Fox ▁Perry ▁Du ilio ▁Del ▁Pre te ▁as ▁Blue ▁Ball ▁Mem è ▁Per lin i ▁as ▁L t . ▁Gar cia ▁Francesco ▁Sc im emi ▁as ▁Moz art ▁Mass im il iano ▁U b ald i ▁as ▁Bad ▁tw in ▁Jos ette ▁Mart ial ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Italian ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 ▁films ▁Category : Ital ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Ital ian ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean <0x0A> </s> ▁Mid night ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁virtual ▁university ▁for ▁free ▁public ▁education . ▁It ▁contains ▁over ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁scholar ly ▁articles . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁it ▁received ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 . 5 ▁million ▁vis its ▁per ▁month ▁from ▁users ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁Besides ▁providing ▁scholar ly
▁articles , ▁the ▁Mid night ▁University ▁website ▁provides ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁public ▁to ▁discuss ▁social ▁and ▁political ▁issues . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁in ▁Chi ang ▁Mai . ▁▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Th ai ▁coup ▁d ' état , ▁Mid night ▁University ' s ▁website ▁was ▁shut ▁down ▁after ▁Chi ang ▁Mai ▁University ▁management ▁and ▁staff ▁protest ed ▁the ▁jun ta ' s ▁draft ▁inter im ▁char ter . ▁Kas ian ▁Te j api ra ▁of ▁Th amm as at ▁University ▁claimed ▁the ▁website ▁was ▁" the ▁for em ost ▁free ▁and ▁critical ▁educational ▁and ▁public ▁intellectual ▁website ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁The ▁shut down ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁huge ▁loss ▁to ▁academic ▁and ▁intellectual ▁freedom ▁in ▁Th ai ▁society , ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁forum ▁for ▁the ▁cont ention ▁of ▁ideas ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁peace ful ▁alternative ▁to ▁violent ▁conflict ▁in ▁Th ailand ." ▁Kra is orn ▁P orn s ut he e , ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information ▁and ▁Communic ation ▁Technology ▁( MI CT ) ▁P erman ent ▁Secretary ▁claimed ▁ignor ance ▁of ▁the ▁shut down ▁of ▁the ▁website ▁and ▁decl ined ▁to ▁give ▁his ▁r ationale ▁or ▁opinion ▁about ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mid night ▁University ▁( arch ived ▁copy ) ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁educational ▁websites ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 太后 , ▁personal ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁( d ied
▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 8 4 8 ), ▁formally ▁Em press ▁Y i ' an ▁( <0xE6> <0x87> <0xBF> 安皇后 , ▁" the ▁bene vol ent ▁and ▁peace ful ▁em press "), ▁was ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁dynast y ▁Tang ▁D ynast y . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁her ▁husband ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁she ▁was ▁commonly ▁regarded ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁the ▁proper ▁em press ▁even ▁though ▁she ▁never ▁received ▁the ▁title ▁from ▁him , ▁and ▁she ▁subsequently ▁served ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁their ▁son ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁their ▁grands ons ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong , ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁( by ▁a ▁conc ub ine ) ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong . ▁ ▁Background ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁exactly ▁when ▁the ▁future ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁the ▁official ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE6> <0x9B> <0x96> ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁sons ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁general ▁Gu o ▁Z iy i , ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁Princess ▁Sh eng ping , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Emperor ▁Da iz ong . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 9 3 — by ▁which ▁time ▁her ▁father ▁Gu o ▁A i ▁was ▁described ▁to ▁be ▁dece ased — she ▁married ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Gu ang ling , ▁the ▁oldest ▁son ▁of ▁Li ▁Song
▁the ▁Crown ▁Prince , ▁son ▁of ▁then - re ign ing ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁( Em peror ▁Da iz ong ' s ▁son ). ▁ ▁( She ▁was ▁therefore ▁marry ing ▁her ▁cousin ' s ▁son .) ▁ ▁She ▁thus ▁became ▁the ▁Princess ▁of ▁Gu ang ling . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁because ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁prin cess ▁and ▁her ▁grand father ▁and ▁father ▁both ▁had ▁great ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁was ▁much ▁fav ored ▁by ▁her ▁father - in - law ▁Li ▁Song . ▁ ▁In ▁ 7 9 5 , ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁third ▁son ▁Li ▁You . ▁Later ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ' s ▁sixth ▁son ▁Li ▁Wu ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Princess ▁Q iy ang . ▁ ▁As ▁imperial ▁cons ort ▁In ▁ 8 0 5 , ▁Emperor ▁Dez ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Song ▁became ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ), ▁but ▁as ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁seriously ▁ill ▁himself , ▁he ▁yield ed ▁the ▁throne ▁to ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁and ▁Li ▁Ch un ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ). ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁Princess ▁Gu o ' s ▁mother ▁Princess ▁Sh eng ping ▁offered ▁a ▁t ribute ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁women ▁to ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁decl ined ▁on ▁the ▁r ationale
▁that ▁if ▁Emperor ▁Sh un z ong ▁was ▁not ▁accepting ▁t ributes , ▁neither ▁could ▁he . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 0 6 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁created ▁Princess ▁Gu o ▁Gu ife i ▁( 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ) ▁— ▁the ▁highest ▁rank ▁for ▁imperial ▁cons ort s ▁— ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁her ▁em press . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁did ▁not ▁create ▁Li ▁You ▁crown ▁prince ; ▁rather , ▁he ▁only ▁created ▁Li ▁You ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁S ui , ▁instead ▁creating ▁Li ▁You ' s ▁older ▁brother ▁Li ▁N ing , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Ji , ▁crown ▁prince . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁Li ▁N ing ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 1 1 ▁was ▁Li ▁You ▁( who ▁was ▁renamed ▁Li ▁H eng ) ▁created ▁crown ▁prince , ▁by pass ing ▁another ▁older ▁brother , ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( 李 <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xAC> ) ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Li . ▁ ▁Before ▁doing ▁so , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁had ▁the ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁C ui ▁Q un ▁draft ▁a ▁pet ition ▁offering ▁to ▁yield ▁on ▁Li ▁K uan ' s ▁beh alf , ▁but ▁C ui ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁Li ▁H eng ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁wife ▁— ▁and ▁in ▁doing ▁so , ▁recognized ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁wife ▁rather ▁than ▁conc ub ine ▁— ▁whereas ▁Li ▁K uan ▁was ▁born ▁of ▁a ▁conc ub ine , ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁pet ition ▁would ▁be
▁unnecessary . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁agreed ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁ins ist ▁on ▁such ▁a ▁pet ition . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁officials , ▁throughout ▁the ▁years , ▁submitted ▁repeated ▁pet itions ▁that ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁be ▁created ▁em press , ▁and ▁the ▁efforts ▁became ▁particularly ▁inten se ▁in ▁ 8 1 3 . ▁However , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁who ▁had ▁many ▁favorite ▁conc ub ines , ▁was ▁concerned ▁that ▁due ▁to ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ' s ▁hon ored ▁line age , ▁if ▁he ▁created ▁her ▁em press , ▁the ▁other ▁conc ub ines ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁have ▁sexual ▁relations ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁He ▁therefore ▁decl ined ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁the ▁times ▁were ▁not ▁fort un ate ▁times . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 0 , ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁died ▁suddenly ▁— ▁a ▁death ▁that ▁was ▁commonly ▁believed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁murder ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁e un uch ▁Chen ▁Hong z hi ▁( 陳弘志 ). ▁ ▁After ▁some ▁confusion , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁powerful ▁e un uch ▁T ut u ▁Ch eng c ui ▁apparently ▁tried ▁to ▁have ▁Li ▁K uan ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁had ▁been ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Y un ▁( 李 <0xE6> <0x83> <0xB2> ) ▁by ▁this ▁point ) ▁made ▁em peror , ▁several ▁other ▁key ▁e un uchs ▁— ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁( <0xE6> <0xA2> <0x81> 守 <0xE8> <0xAC> <0x99> ), ▁Ma ▁J int an ▁( 馬
進 <0xE6> <0xBD> <0xAD> ), ▁Li u ▁Ch eng j ie ▁( 劉 <0xE6> <0x89> <0xBF> <0xE5> <0x81> <0x95> ), ▁Wei ▁Yu ans u ▁( <0xE9> <0x9F> <0x8B> 元素 ), ▁and ▁Wang ▁Sh ouch eng ▁— ▁had ▁T ut u ▁and ▁Li ▁Y un ▁killed , ▁and ▁they ▁supported ▁Li ▁H eng ▁to ▁be ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ). ▁ ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁hon ored ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁( An other ▁son ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Y i , ▁would ▁later ▁suspect ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁and ▁Li ▁H eng ▁of ▁being ▁comp licit ▁in ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁murder , ▁although ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁particular ▁evidence ▁linking ▁either ▁to ▁the ▁murder .) ▁ ▁As ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁and ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁ ▁After ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁took ▁the ▁throne , ▁he ▁took ▁much ▁effort ▁to ▁post hum ously ▁honor ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁male ▁ancest ors ▁and ▁her ▁mother , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁give ▁her ▁older ▁brothers ▁Gu o ▁Z ha o ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x87> <0x97> ) ▁and ▁Gu o ▁Cong ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> <0xE9> <0x8F> <0xA6> ) ▁high ▁hon ors . ▁ ▁She ▁took ▁up ▁residence ▁at ▁X ing q ing ▁Palace ▁( <0xE8> <0x88> <0x88> <0xE6> <0x85> <0xB6> 宮 ), ▁and ▁he ▁visited ▁her ▁twice ▁a
▁month . ▁ ▁When ever ▁it ▁was ▁her ▁birth day ▁or ▁a ▁particularly ▁special ▁day , ▁he ▁would ▁gre et ▁her ▁along ▁with ▁officials ▁in ▁grand ▁cer emon ies , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁ex uber ant ▁in ▁providing ▁supplies ▁to ▁her ▁palace , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁being ▁excess ive ▁and ▁waste ful . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 1 , ▁a ▁daughter ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s , ▁Princess ▁Tai he , ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁Hu igu ▁to ▁marry ▁its ▁Ch ong de ▁Khan . ▁ ▁On ▁an ▁occasion ▁in ▁ 8 2 2 , ▁when ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁visited ▁H ua q ing ▁Palace ▁( 華清宮 , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁hot ▁spr ings ), ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁joined ▁her ▁there , ▁although ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁Ch ang ' an ▁after ▁just ▁one ▁day ▁and ▁she ▁spent ▁several ▁days ▁there ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Ch ang ' an . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 4 , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁became ▁seriously ▁ill , ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁orders , ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Z han ▁was ▁made ▁reg ent . ▁ ▁The ▁e un uchs ▁suggested ▁that ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁should ▁herself ▁assume ▁the ▁reg ency ▁— ▁to ▁which ▁she ▁respond ed : ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁took ▁the ▁proposed ▁ed ict ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁is ▁named ▁reg ent ▁and ▁t ore ▁it ▁up ▁herself . ▁ ▁Her ▁brother ▁Gu o ▁Z ha
o ▁also ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal , ▁and ▁the ▁proposal ▁was ▁not ▁carried ▁out . ▁ ▁That ▁evening , ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁Li ▁Z han ▁took ▁the ▁throne ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁hon ored ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁as ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁while ▁hon oring ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Wang ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁when ▁a ▁disturb ance ▁led ▁by ▁two ▁common ers , ▁Su ▁X uan ming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> <0xE7> <0x8E> <0x84> 明 ) ▁and ▁Z hang ▁Sh ao ▁( 張 <0xE9> <0x9F> <0xB6> ), ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁fle e ▁the ▁palace ▁briefly ▁and ▁fle e ▁to ▁the ▁Sh ence ▁Army ▁( 神 <0xE7> <0xAD> <0x96> 軍 ) ▁cam ps , ▁he ▁was ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁em press es ▁dow ager ▁and ▁had ▁the ▁soldiers ▁esc ort ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁Sh ence ▁Army ▁cam ps ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Only ▁after ▁the ▁disturb ance ▁was ▁suppress ed ▁did ▁he ▁( and ▁pres umably ▁they ) ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁palace . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 2 6 , ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ▁was ▁assass in ated ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁e un uchs ▁led ▁by ▁Su ▁Zu oming ▁( <0xE8> <0x98> <0x87> 佐明 ). ▁ ▁Another ▁e un uch , ▁Li u ▁K em ing ▁( 劉克明 ), ▁wanted
▁to ▁support ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s ▁brother ▁Li ▁Wu ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji à ng ▁as ▁em peror , ▁but ▁Wang ▁Sh ouch eng , ▁Yang ▁Ch eng he ▁( <0xE6> <0xA5> <0x8A> <0xE6> <0x89> <0xBF> 和 ), ▁Wei ▁Cong j ian ▁( <0xE9> <0xAD> <0x8F> <0xE5> <0xBE> <0x9E> <0xE7> <0xB0> <0xA1> ), ▁and ▁Li ang ▁Sh ou q ian ▁instead ▁supported ▁another ▁brother ▁of ▁Emperor ▁J ing z ong ' s , ▁Li ▁Han ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ji ā ng ▁( note ▁different ▁tone ). ▁ ▁Their ▁troops ▁batt led ▁Li u ' s ▁and ▁pre va iled , ▁killing ▁Li u ▁and ▁Li ▁Wu . ▁ ▁An ▁ed ict ▁was ▁issued ▁in ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁name , ▁naming ▁Li ▁Han ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ). ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁reign ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁hon ored ▁his ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁X iao ▁as ▁an ▁em press ▁dow ager ▁as ▁well ▁— ▁so ▁there ▁were ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁fil ial ly ▁p ious ▁toward ▁all ▁three , ▁and ▁that ▁whenever ▁he ▁received ▁pre cious ▁things , ▁he ▁would ▁first ▁offer ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁em press es ▁dow ager . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 3 8 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁shortly ▁after ▁two ▁daughters ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁uncle ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁( <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD>
<0xE6> <0x97> <0xBC> ) ▁arrived ▁at ▁the ▁palace ▁to ▁visit ▁her , ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁military ▁governor ▁( J ied ush i ) ▁of ▁Bin ning ▁Circ uit ▁( <0xE9> <0x82> <0xA0> <0xE5> <0xAF> <0xA7> , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁modern ▁X ian y ang , ▁Sh a an xi ). ▁ ▁The ▁imperial ▁scholar ▁Li u ▁G ong qu an ▁pointed ▁out ▁to ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁came ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁Gu o ▁Min ▁had ▁offered ▁his ▁two ▁daughters ▁to ▁be ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ' s ▁conc ub ines , ▁and ▁in ▁exchange ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁military ▁governor . ▁ ▁At ▁Li u ' s ▁suggestion , ▁that ▁same ▁day , ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁had ▁her ▁two ▁c ous ins ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Gu o ▁Min ' s ▁house . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 0 , ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Li ▁Chan ▁became ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁said ▁that ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁fav ored ▁hunting ▁and ▁mart ial ▁games , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁imperial ▁servants ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys ▁( 五 <0xE5> <0x9D> <0x8A> 小 <0xE5> <0x85> <0x92> ) ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁enter ▁and ▁leave ▁the ▁palace ▁at ▁will ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁fav ors ▁for ▁them . ▁ ▁In ▁ 8 4 1 , ▁on ▁an ▁occasion ▁when ▁he ▁went
▁to ▁gre et ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁and ▁asked ▁her ▁for ▁advice ▁on ▁gover ning ▁the ▁state , ▁she ▁suggested ▁that ▁he ▁listen ▁to ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁the ▁officials . ▁ ▁Once ▁he ▁left ▁her ▁presence , ▁he ▁review ed ▁the ▁pet itions ▁from ▁the ▁officials , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁ad vised ▁him ▁against ▁hunting ▁and ▁games . ▁ ▁There after , ▁he ▁reduced ▁those ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁awards ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁giving ▁the ▁W uf ang ▁Boys . ▁ ▁During ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁reign ▁In ▁ 8 4 6 , ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ▁died , ▁and ▁his ▁uncle ▁Li ▁Y i ▁( wh ose ▁name ▁was ▁then ▁changed ▁to ▁Li ▁Chen ) — Em peror ▁X ian z ong ' s ▁son ▁by ▁his ▁conc ub ine ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng — bec ame ▁em peror ▁( as ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ). ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁grand ▁em press ▁dow ager , ▁but ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁mother ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng ▁was ▁hon ored ▁as ▁em press ▁dow ager . ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ’ s ▁brother , ▁the ▁late ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong , ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁then ▁crown ▁prince ▁Li ▁Ch un ’ s ▁Main ▁Cons ort ▁( L ady ▁Gu o ); ▁thus ▁in ▁the ▁her edit ary ▁mon archy , ▁he ▁inherited ▁the ▁most ▁legit imate
▁right ▁to ▁the ▁Tang ▁D ynast y ▁throne . ▁Although ▁Emperor ▁M uz ong ’ s ▁three ▁sons ▁( Em peror ▁J ing z ong , ▁ ▁Emperor ▁W enz ong ▁and ▁Emperor ▁W uz ong ) ▁had ▁all ▁produced ▁male ▁he irs , ▁X u ā n z ong ▁still ▁asc ended ▁to ▁the ▁throne ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁powerful ▁group ▁of ▁e un uchs . ▁As ▁a ▁consequence , ▁all ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁descend ants ▁lost ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁claim ▁the ▁Tang ’ s ▁crown . ▁To ▁add ▁ins ult ▁to ▁injury , ▁Cons ort ▁Zh eng , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁a ▁servant ▁girl ▁of ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ' s ▁before ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁imperial ▁cons ort , ▁res ented ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o , ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁did ▁not ▁treat ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁with ▁great ▁respect . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁in ▁year ▁ 8 4 8 ▁a . d ., ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁attempted ▁to ▁commit ▁suic ide ▁when ▁visit ing ▁Q in zh eng ▁Tower ▁( <0xE5> <0x8B> <0xA4> 政 <0xE6> <0xA8> <0x93> ), ▁by ▁throwing ▁herself ▁off ▁the ▁high ▁tower ; ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁stopped ▁by ▁her ▁attend ants . ▁ ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁was ▁fur ious ▁when ▁he ▁learned ▁about ▁the ▁incident . ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁died ▁that
▁very ▁night , ▁no ▁cause ▁of ▁death ▁was ▁recorded . ▁ ▁As ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁wanted ▁to ▁reserve ▁for ▁his ▁mother ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Zh eng ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁being ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong . ▁ ▁The ▁officials ▁thus ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁per im eters ▁of ▁his ▁tomb ▁J ing ling ▁( 景 <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> ) ▁and ▁that ▁her ▁spirit ▁table t ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁inside ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁official ▁Wang ▁Ha o ▁( 王 <0xE7> <0x9A> <0x9E> ) ▁earnest ly ▁opposed ▁the ▁proposal ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁she ▁be ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong ▁and ▁be ▁wor sh ipped ▁in ▁his ▁temple , ▁Wang ▁off ended ▁both ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ▁and ▁the ▁ch an cell or ▁B ai ▁Min zh ong , ▁and ▁was ▁ex iled . ▁ ▁Still , ▁in ▁the ▁after math s ▁of ▁the ▁dispute , ▁she ▁was ▁buried ▁with ▁Emperor ▁X ian z ong , ▁although ▁she ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁wor sh ipped ▁at ▁his ▁temple . ▁ ▁Only ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Emperor ▁X u ā n z ong ' s ▁son ▁Emperor ▁Y iz ong , ▁when ▁Wang ▁had ▁been ▁re called ▁and ▁again ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁her ▁en sh rin ement , ▁was ▁she ▁en sh r ined ▁at ▁Emperor ▁X ian
z ong ' s ▁temple . ▁ ▁St yles ▁ ▁Lady ▁Gu o ▁ ▁Princess ▁Cons ort ▁of ▁Gu ang ling ▁ <0xE5> <0xBB> <0xA3> <0xE9> <0x99> <0xB5> 王 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁ ▁No ble ▁Cons ort ▁Gu o ▁ <0xE9> <0x83> <0xAD> 貴 <0xE5> <0xA6> <0x83> ▁( 8 0 6 – 8 2 0 ) ▁ ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 0 – 8 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Grand ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁( 8 2 4 – 8 4 8 ) ▁ ▁In ▁fiction ▁Play ed ▁by ▁Susan ▁T se , ▁a ▁fict ional ized ▁version ▁of ▁Em press ▁Dow ager ▁Gu o ▁was ▁port rayed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Hong ▁Kong ' s ▁TV B ▁television ▁series , ▁Bey ond ▁the ▁Real m ▁of ▁Cons cience . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁▁ ▁Old ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 5 2 . ▁ ▁New ▁Book ▁of ▁Tang , ▁vol . ▁ 7 7 . ▁ ▁Z iz hi ▁T ong j ian , ▁vol s . ▁ 2 3 4 , ▁ 2 3 6 , ▁ 2 3 7 , ▁ 2 3 8 , ▁ 2 4 1 , ▁ 2 4 2 , ▁ 2 4 3 , ▁ 2 4 6 , ▁ 2 4 8 , ▁ 2 5 0 . ▁ ▁Category : 8 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 4 8 ▁death s ▁Category : T ang ▁dynast y ▁em press es
▁dow ager ▁Category : Ch inese ▁grand ▁em press es ▁dow ager <0x0A> </s> ▁Kar cz ow ice ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁places ▁in ▁Poland : ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh - west ▁Poland ) ▁Kar cz ow ice , ▁L esser ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip ▁( s outh ▁Poland ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar tha ▁V io let ▁Ball ▁( May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁educ ator , ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁activ ist , ▁writer , ▁and ▁editor . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁under to ok ▁the ▁un pop ular ▁work ▁of ▁opening ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁End ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁she ▁assist ed ▁in ▁the ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁of ▁which ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁held ▁leadership ▁roles . ▁Her ▁work ▁among ▁un fortun ate ▁women ▁and ▁girls ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Reform ▁Society , ▁with ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁from ▁its ▁beginning ▁connected ▁as ▁Secretary ▁and ▁Manager . ▁For ▁twenty - five ▁years , ▁she ▁was ▁joint - editor ▁of ▁its ▁organ , ▁the ▁Home ▁Guardian , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁affili ated ▁in ▁its ▁department
, ▁" The ▁Children ' s ▁F ires ide ". ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁constitu ent ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society , ▁first ▁as ▁its ▁Secretary ▁and ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁its ▁President . ▁Ball ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁He ath en ▁Land s , ▁and ▁a ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Mar tha ▁V io let ▁Ball ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts , ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁Her ▁parents ▁were ▁Joseph ▁T . ▁Ball ▁( born , ▁J ama ica , ▁West ▁Ind ies ) ▁and ▁Mary ▁Mont gom ery ▁D rew ▁Ball . ▁There ▁were ▁at ▁least ▁five ▁sib lings , ▁Mary ▁( 1 8 0 0 – 1 8 2 9 ), ▁Joseph ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 6 1 ), ▁Lucy ▁( 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 9 1 ), ▁Hann ah ▁( 1 8 1 3 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁and ▁Thomas ▁( 1 8 1 9 – 1 8 1 9 ). ▁She ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁and ▁by ▁private ▁tut ors . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ball ▁was ▁a ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁thirty ▁years ▁and ▁a ▁Sunday ▁school ▁teacher ▁for ▁forty ▁years . ▁From ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁to ▁
1 8 3 9 , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁operated ▁a ▁ ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁West ▁End , ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 , ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Fem ale ▁Mor al ▁Reform ▁Society , ▁she ▁started ▁providing ▁services ▁for ▁fallen , ▁int em perate ▁women ▁and ▁un fortun ate ▁young ▁girls . ▁In ▁this ▁regard , ▁Ball ▁served ▁on ▁The ▁Home ▁Guardian , ▁a ▁month ly ▁period ical ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁society , ▁for ▁twenty - se ven ▁years , ▁ten ▁years , ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁as ▁assistant ▁and ▁sevent een ▁years ▁as ▁editor . ▁She ▁res igned ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁on ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁ill ness ▁of ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy . ▁ ▁Ball ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁assist ed ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society ▁in ▁the ▁par lor ▁of ▁Mrs . ▁J . ▁N . ▁Bar bour . ▁She ▁served ▁as ▁recording ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 – 3 8 . ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁labor ▁for ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁sla very ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 6 , ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁friends , ▁she ▁opened ▁an ▁evening ▁school ▁for ▁young ▁African ▁American ▁girls ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁part ▁of ▁Boston . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁after ▁the ▁dissol ution ▁of
▁the ▁Boston ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society , ▁Ball ▁and ▁her ▁sister , ▁Lucy , ▁helped ▁found ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Fem ale ▁E man cip ation ▁Society . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁Ball ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁a ▁delegate ▁to ▁an ▁anti - s la very ▁convention ▁of ▁women ▁held ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Hall , ▁where ▁the ▁convention ▁met , ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁mob ▁of ▁several ▁thousands , ▁the ▁women ▁were ▁driven ▁out ▁and ▁p elt ed ▁with ▁stones , ▁mud ▁and ▁miss iles ▁of ▁various ▁kinds , ▁and ▁Ball ▁was ▁struck ▁in ▁her ▁ch est ▁by ▁a ▁piece ▁of ▁brick . ▁The ▁hall ▁was ▁shortly ▁after ▁burn ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁by ▁the ▁mob . ▁ ▁Ball ▁a ided ▁in ▁forming ▁the ▁Lad ies ' ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society ▁and ▁was ▁secretary ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁She ▁was ▁then ▁elected ▁president , ▁and ▁retained ▁that ▁office ▁for ▁thirty ▁years . ▁The ▁society ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁and ▁influ ential ▁body , ▁labor ing ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁Bapt ist ▁Beth el ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁Ball , ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁other ▁women , ▁organized ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁Union ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁America ▁for ▁He ath en ▁Land s . ▁▁ ▁A ▁char ter ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Woman ' s ▁Press ▁Association , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁several ▁small , ▁popular ▁books . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁religion , ▁Ball ▁was ▁a
▁Bapt ist . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁R owe ▁Street ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁in ▁Boston , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁prominent ▁in ▁social ▁and ▁religious ▁work , ▁and ▁was ▁long ▁interested ▁in ▁Home ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Miss ions . ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Boston ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : E du c ators ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Ph il anth rop ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Boston ▁Category : American ▁edit ors ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sch ool ▁found ers ▁Category : Wik ipedia ▁articles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁the ▁Century <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁who ▁has ▁initi ated ▁the ▁campaign ▁of ▁clean ing ▁various ▁la kes ▁across ▁India . ▁He ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁found ing ▁the ▁N GO , ▁Environment al ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁( E FI ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁based ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁which ▁has ▁its ▁branches ▁in ▁other ▁cities ▁such ▁as ▁Hy der abad , ▁Del hi ▁and ▁Co imb atore . ▁Ar
un ▁with ▁the ▁organisation ▁has ▁been ▁successful ▁in ▁clean ing ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 9 ▁la kes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁having ▁worked ▁in ▁Google ▁before ▁qu itting ▁the ▁job ▁to ▁dedic ate ▁volunt arily . ▁He ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁among ▁the ▁five ▁people ▁for ▁pr estig ious ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁scientific ▁lake ▁rest oration ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Ar un ▁spent ▁his ▁child hood ▁in ▁M ud ich ur , ▁a ▁village ▁ 2 9 km ▁from ▁Chen na i . ▁He ▁studied ▁in ▁Good ▁Earth ▁School ▁located ▁in ▁N adu ve er ap att u . ▁He ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁a ▁village ▁pan ch ay at ▁head , ▁D ham od har an ▁who ▁had ▁encourag ed ▁people ▁to ▁collect ▁the ▁garbage ▁from ▁the ▁p ond ▁to ▁keep ▁it ▁clean . ▁Ar un ' s ▁friend ▁Kar th ik ▁Sh ivas und aram ▁was ▁also ▁his ▁insp iration . ▁He ▁enjo ys ▁film - making , ▁phot ography ▁and ▁cy cling . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁completed ▁his ▁b ach elor ' s ▁in ▁micro bi ology ▁from ▁Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁and ▁worked ▁at ▁Google , ▁Hy der abad ▁for ▁over ▁three ▁years . ▁Ar un ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁The ▁Indian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Mass ▁Communic ation ▁in ▁Del hi . ▁He ▁then ▁joined ▁Good all ' s ▁Ro ots ▁& ▁Sho ots ▁in ▁India
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁an ▁organisation ▁that ▁helps ▁young ▁people ▁to ▁resolve ▁problems ▁within ▁the ▁communities . ▁ ▁Ted X ▁Tal ks ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁strong ▁environment ▁public ▁speaker , ▁Ar un ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁riv eting ▁speech es . ▁His ▁Ted X ▁tal ks ▁at ▁Bang al ore , ▁N IT ▁Tr ich y , ▁X L RI - J am sh ed pur , ▁V SS UT - S amb al pur , ▁G CT - Co imb atore , ▁II M - K ash ip ur ▁and ▁others ▁were ▁well ▁received . ▁His ▁speech es ▁focus ▁on ▁India ' s ▁rivers , ▁la kes , ▁wild life . ▁ ▁Ro lex ▁La ure ate ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁enter prise . ▁Ar un ▁was ▁awarded ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁Gene va . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁young est ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁award . ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁Ar un ' s ▁work ▁towards ▁lake ▁rest oration ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Ar un ▁worked ▁at ▁Google ▁but ▁later ▁quit ▁to ▁start ▁his ▁own ▁company . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁environment ▁and ▁wild life ▁has ▁always ▁attract ed ▁him , ▁but ▁the ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁green ery ▁had ▁motiv ated ▁him ▁to ▁protect ▁it . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁founded ▁an ▁intern ation ally ▁recogn ised ▁organisation ,
▁E FI ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁, ▁self - fund ed ▁and ▁was ▁registered ▁as ▁a ▁trust ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁organisation ▁rec ruits ▁volunte ers ▁mainly ▁through ▁school ▁program mes ▁including ▁sem in ars ▁and ▁work sh ops . ▁ ▁Their ▁main ▁projects ▁include ▁lake ▁rest oration , ▁beach ▁clean ▁ups , ▁her bs ▁rest oration , ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁and ▁e co ▁b ags ▁introduction . ▁Ar un ▁own s ▁his ▁company ▁Business ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media , ▁which ▁works ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁digital ▁media ▁market ing , ▁corpor ate ▁training , ▁business ▁development ▁and ▁election ▁results ▁predictions . ▁ ▁Document ary ▁Films ▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁direct ing ▁several ▁environmental ▁document ary ▁films . ▁This ▁includes ▁a ▁television ▁series ▁titled ▁' Ne er um ▁Nil am um ' ▁which ▁was ▁tele cast ed ▁for ▁ 8 ▁months ▁on ▁Th anth i ▁TV . ▁The ▁travel ▁document ary ▁on ▁rivers ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁script ed ▁and ▁shot ▁by ▁Ar un ▁and ▁team ▁Environment al ▁Film ▁Association ▁was ▁well ▁received . ▁The ▁document aries ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁C au very , ▁Th am ira b har ani , ▁Va ig ai , ▁Ad yar , ▁Co ou m , ▁Kos as th al ay ar , ▁Pal ar ▁and ▁Then pen na i ya ar . ▁ ▁Lake ▁rest oration ▁ ▁Ar un ▁started ▁with ▁clean ing ▁the ▁G ur un ad
ham ▁Lake ▁in ▁Hy der abad ▁and ▁a ▁lake ▁in ▁Del hi ▁and ▁included ▁several ▁other ▁program mes ▁such ▁as ▁' Green ▁Gram am ', ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁development ▁plan ▁for ▁establish ing ▁e co - friend ly ▁villages , ▁' A ni Pal ' ▁which ▁is ▁st ray ▁animal ▁care ▁programme ▁and ▁' W aste ▁Not ' ▁which ▁offers ▁waste ▁management ▁solutions . ▁They ▁have ▁set ▁up ▁ 1 9 ▁b iod iversity ▁par ks ▁in ▁schools . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 6 - month ▁project ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁provides ▁physical ▁garbage ▁removal ▁but ▁also ▁puts ▁f encing ▁in ▁the ▁la kes ▁to ▁protect ▁them ▁from ▁human ▁activities ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁clean ing ▁beach ▁from ▁In j amb ak k am ▁to ▁Bes ant ▁Nag ar ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁Ar un ▁has ▁further ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁introduced ▁animal ▁amb ul ance ▁for ▁street ▁animals ▁and ▁on ▁establish ing ▁one ▁animal ▁rescue ▁and ▁a ▁re h abil itation ▁centre ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁Hy der abad ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁follows ▁a ▁scientific ▁approach ▁towards ▁clean ing ▁and ▁saving ▁aqu atic ▁species . ▁On ▁wild life ▁conservation , ▁the ▁team ▁is ▁currently ▁foc using ▁on ▁fresh water ▁life ▁forms , ▁birds ▁that ▁are ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁la kes ▁where ▁many ▁t urt les ▁live . ▁Ar un ▁plans ▁blocking ▁access ▁to ▁any ▁lake ▁once ▁clean ing ▁is ▁completed ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁aqu
atic ▁plants ▁and ▁species ▁would ▁be ▁protected . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁had ▁won ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Imp act ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁for ▁rest oring ▁la kes ▁in ▁Hy der abad . ▁He ▁had ▁directed ▁document ary ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁‘ C aught ▁By ’ , ▁which ▁focus es ▁on ▁land ▁and ▁sea ▁connection ▁and ▁fish es ▁in ▁the ▁la kes ▁Kur ma ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁for ▁which ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award ▁for ▁showing ▁the ▁poor ▁condition ▁of ▁sea ▁t urt les ▁and ▁Eli x ir ▁Po ison ed ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁which ▁highlight s ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁aqu atic ▁environment . ▁As ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ 3 9 ▁la kes ▁and ▁ 4 8 ▁p onds ▁have ▁been ▁restored ▁in ▁states ▁such ▁as ▁Ker ala , ▁K arn ata ka , ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh , ▁Tel ang ana ▁and ▁Gu jar at . ▁ ▁Rest oration ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁ ▁Ar un ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁team ▁E FI ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁clean ing ▁many ▁la kes ▁in ▁T amil ▁N adu ▁with ▁majority ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁district . ▁D ifferent ▁methods ▁were ▁employed ▁for ▁scientific ▁rest oration ▁such ▁as ▁including ▁" G " ▁sh aped ▁central ▁island ▁for ▁aqu atic ▁species , ▁per col ation ▁tren ches ▁for ▁effective ▁water ▁har vest ing , ▁re ef
▁bed ▁for ▁growing ▁pl ank ton ▁and ▁installation ▁of ▁decent ral ised ▁water ▁treatment ▁plant ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁Sel v ach int am ani ▁K ul am ▁lake ▁in ▁Co imb atore . ▁It ▁had ▁also ▁included ▁entire ▁lake ▁division ▁into ▁patch es ▁and ▁removal ▁of ▁was tes ▁such ▁as ▁glass , ▁pl astic , ▁p oul try ▁waste ▁and ▁construction ▁de br is ▁from ▁Mad amb ak k am ▁lake , ▁repeated ▁clean ▁up ▁of ▁physical ▁garbage ▁with ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁soil ▁pattern ▁and ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁water ▁in ▁K ee zh k att al ai ▁lake ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁aw aren ess ▁and ▁mass ▁sens it isation ▁campaign ▁created ▁among ▁the ▁people . ▁The ▁fund ing ▁for ▁the ▁rest oration ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁done ▁through ▁crow ds our cing ▁with ▁support ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁corpor ation ▁as ▁well . ▁Similar ▁efforts ▁have ▁been ▁done ▁for ▁clean ing ▁other ▁la kes ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁Pres ent ▁Sc enario ▁ ▁Ar un ' s ▁organisation ▁E FI ▁has ▁ 2 1 2 ▁volunte ers ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁membership ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁in ▁India ▁by ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁is ▁cred ited ▁in ▁clean ing ▁ 1 7 ▁la kes ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁including ▁five ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁by ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Ar un ▁had ▁mentioned ▁that ▁his ▁N GO ▁plans ▁to ▁clean ▁over ▁ 2 0 ▁la
kes ▁by ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁Ar un ▁wants ▁to ▁initi ate ▁conservation ▁projects ▁for ▁the ▁corpor ate ▁and ▁start ▁activities ▁in ▁neighbour ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Nep al ▁and ▁Bh ut an . ▁He ▁had ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁see ▁personal ▁success ▁in ▁winning ▁Ro lex ▁award ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁team ▁effort ▁and ▁had ▁stated ▁that ▁people ▁think ▁that ▁without ▁going ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁the ▁la kes ▁would ▁be ▁free ▁from ▁garbage ▁and ▁d irt , ▁with ▁lay ing ▁stress ▁on ▁public ▁support ▁through ▁aw aren ess ▁campaign s . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁has ▁received ▁volunt ary ▁support ▁from ▁cele brit ies ▁of ▁film ▁industry ▁as ▁well , ▁including ▁Kam al ▁Has an ▁and ▁Tr ish a ▁Kr ish nan . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁flo ods ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁areas ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu , ▁Ar un ▁and ▁E FI ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁relief ▁work ▁in ▁Chen na i ▁and ▁several ▁villages ▁in ▁C ud dal ore ▁District . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁▁ ▁British ▁Council ▁International ▁Cl imate ▁Champion ▁Ex cell ence ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Google ▁Al umn i ▁Imp act ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁▁ ▁Ro lex ▁Awards ▁for ▁Enter prise ▁award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁for ▁Lake ▁Rest oration ▁efforts ▁in ▁Chen na i . ▁▁ ▁Jane ▁Good all ▁Institute ▁Global ▁Youth ▁Le ad ership ▁Award ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 .
▁▁ ▁Youth ▁Action ▁Net ▁Fellow . ▁ ▁P uth i ya ▁Th ala im ur ai ▁T amil an ▁Award ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁under ▁ 4 0 ▁young ▁leaders ▁by ▁The ▁New ▁Indian ▁Express ▁▁ ▁Ar un ▁Kr ish nam ur thy ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁brand ▁amb ass adors ▁for ▁the ▁Ox emberg ▁brand ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁# Make Your Move ▁campaign . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁E FI ▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁in ▁Environment al ist ▁Foundation ▁of ▁India ▁ ▁Kr ish ▁Info ▁Media ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁environmental ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Chen na i ▁district ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mad ras ▁Christian ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁a ▁private , ▁se as ide ▁estate ▁in ▁P unta ▁M ita , ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁media ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁Joe ▁Francis . ▁ ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁is ▁in ▁P unta ▁M ita , ▁a ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 - acre ▁beach front ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁B ander as ▁Bay ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁state ▁of ▁N ay ar it , ▁about ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁( 1 6 km ) ▁north ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Vall arta ,
▁J alis co . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁residence ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Ar am ara , ▁the ▁Hu ich ol ▁Indian ▁god dess ▁of ▁life , ▁from ▁the ▁n atives ▁who ▁lived ▁on ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁resort ▁is ▁now ▁located . ▁The ▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 - square - foot ▁property ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁Joe ▁Francis ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁Mart yn - L aw rence ▁Bull ard . ▁The ▁home ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Bra vo ' s ▁hit ▁television ▁show , ▁Mill ion ▁D ollar ▁Dec or ators , ▁and ▁E !' s ▁m ega ▁franch ise , ▁Keep ing ▁Up ▁with ▁the ▁K ard ash ians . ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁private ▁get away ▁for ▁Jenn ifer ▁An ist on , ▁Eva ▁Long oria , ▁Dem i ▁Moore , ▁and ▁the ▁K ard ash ian ▁family . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁boy friend ▁Scott ▁Dis ick ▁took ▁their ▁children ▁to ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Ext ra ▁and ▁The ▁X ▁F actor ▁host ▁Mario ▁L ope z ▁used ▁the ▁property ▁as ▁the ▁site ▁for ▁his ▁wed ding ▁to ▁Court ney ▁Maz za , ▁which ▁was ▁fil med ▁by ▁the ▁cable ▁network ▁T LC ▁in ▁Mario ▁and ▁Court ney ' s ▁Wed ding ▁F i esta . ▁K ourt ney ▁K ard ash ian ▁revis ited ▁the ▁resort ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁with
▁her ▁partner , ▁Scott ▁Dis ick , ▁and ▁their ▁children , ▁Mason ▁and ▁Pen el ope ▁Dis ick ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁her ▁ 3 5 th ▁B irth day . ▁Kim ▁K ard ash ian ▁and ▁K any e ▁West ▁celebrated ▁their ▁h one ym oon ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Casa ▁Ar am ara ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁Mexico ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁N ay ar it ▁Category : Hot els ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Mexico <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁Mass ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁American ▁bi ographical ▁crime ▁drama ▁film ▁produced ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁But ter worth , ▁based ▁on ▁Dick ▁Lehr ▁and ▁Ger ard ▁O ' Ne ill ' s ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁book ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁F BI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob . ▁The ▁film ▁has ▁an ▁ensemble ▁cast ▁including ▁Johnny ▁De pp , ▁Jo el ▁Ed g erton , ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch , ▁Kevin ▁Ba con , ▁J esse ▁P lem ons , ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard , ▁R ory ▁C och rane , ▁Adam ▁Scott , ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son , ▁Dak ota ▁Johnson , ▁and ▁Core y ▁St oll . ▁
▁The ▁film ▁follows ▁the ▁criminal ▁career ▁of ▁inf am ous ▁American ▁mob ster ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁( De pp ). ▁Princi pal ▁phot ography ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁began ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Boston ▁and ▁wrapped ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 7 2 nd ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁world wide ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁It ▁received ▁generally ▁positive ▁reviews ▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 9 9 ▁million . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger , ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁Gang , ▁controls ▁most ▁organized ▁crime ▁within ▁South ▁Boston , ▁along ▁with ▁his ▁right - hand ▁man ▁Stephen ▁F lem mi , ▁new com er ▁Kevin ▁We eks , ▁and ▁call ous ▁hit man ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano . ▁Bul ger ▁lives ▁with ▁his ▁common - law ▁wife ▁Lind sey ▁C yr ▁and ▁their ▁young ▁son ▁Douglas . ▁ ▁Bul ger ' s ▁supre m acy ▁is ▁challeng ed ▁by ▁the ▁North ▁End - based ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers , ▁a ▁rival ▁gang ▁that ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁M af ia ▁family . ▁F BI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁returns ▁to ▁the ▁area , ▁having ▁grown ▁up ▁in ▁South ▁Boston ▁as ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁White y ▁and ▁his
▁brother ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ' s ; ▁Billy ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Senate ▁President . ▁Con n olly ▁tries ▁in fil tr ating ▁the ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers ▁and ▁attempts ▁to ▁get ▁White y ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁F BI . ▁Although ▁White y ▁h ates ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁rat , ▁he ▁understand s ▁the ▁protection ▁doing ▁so ▁would ▁afford ▁him , ▁his ▁gang , ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁Douglas ▁suff ers ▁from ▁Re ye ▁synd rome , ▁leading ▁the ▁dev ast ated ▁Lind sey ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁from ▁life ▁support ▁over ▁White y ' s ▁fur ious ▁ob jections . ▁When ▁the ▁An gi ulo ▁Brothers ▁murder ▁a ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁soldier , ▁White y ▁becomes ▁an ▁inform ant . ▁ ▁Although ▁Con n olly ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁his ▁co - worker ▁John ▁Morris , ▁their ▁b oss , ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁is ▁susp icious . ▁White y ▁increasing ly ▁explo its ▁his ▁status ▁as ▁an ▁inform ant , ▁using ▁Con n olly ' s ▁" prote ction " ▁as ▁a ▁cover ▁for ▁his ▁cr imes . ▁When ▁Con n olly ▁dem ands ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁An gi ulos ' ▁ra ck ete ering ▁locations , ▁White y ▁gets ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁rival ▁gang ' s ▁hide outs , ▁allowing ▁the ▁F BI ▁to ▁plant ▁wire t aps . ▁The ▁F BI ▁arr ests ▁the ▁An gi ulos , ▁thus ▁elimin ating ▁the ▁remaining ▁opposition ▁to ▁White y ' s ▁power . ▁Con n
olly , ▁blind ed ▁by ▁his ▁past , ▁grows ▁closer ▁to ▁White y ▁and ▁the ▁gang , ▁and ▁even ▁inv ites ▁them ▁to ▁his ▁house ▁for ▁a ▁cook out . ▁His ▁wife , ▁Marian ne , ▁sees ▁negative ▁changes ▁in ▁her ▁husband ▁as ▁his ▁agent - in form ant ▁relationship ▁with ▁White y ▁grows , ▁including ▁accepting ▁expensive ▁g ifts ▁and ▁money ▁from ▁the ▁gang . ▁ ▁An ▁associate , ▁Brian ▁Hall or an , ▁goes ▁to ▁the ▁F BI ▁to ▁report ▁White y ' s ▁invol vement , ▁much ▁to ▁Con n olly ' s ▁dis ple asure . ▁Con n olly ▁then ▁tells ▁White y ▁of ▁Hall or an ' s ▁accus ation , ▁thereby ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁mur ders ▁of ▁Hall or an ▁and ▁an ▁un named ▁accomp lice . ▁Following ▁his ▁mother ' s ▁death , ▁White y ' s ▁behavior ▁becomes ▁increasing ly ▁violent ▁and ▁un predict able , ▁d eter ior ating ▁his ▁inform ant ▁relationship . ▁ ▁When ▁" bul ld og " ▁pro sec utor ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁is ▁appointed ▁the ▁new ▁assistant ▁U . ▁S . ▁Att orney ▁in ▁Boston , ▁Con n olly ▁attempts ▁to ▁make ▁friends ▁and ▁to ▁perhaps ▁di vert ▁his ▁attention ▁from ▁White y , ▁but ▁Wy sh ak ▁bl unt ly ▁ref uses ▁and ▁dem ands ▁the ▁F BI ▁arrest ▁him . ▁John ▁Mc Int y re , ▁an ▁inform ant ▁within ▁the ▁Winter ▁Hill ▁Gang , ▁inform s ▁on ▁an ▁attempt ▁by ▁White y ▁to ▁sm ug
gle ▁weapons ▁for ▁the ▁I RA . ▁The ▁ship ment ▁is ▁seized , ▁but ▁White y ▁k ills ▁Mc Int y re ▁after ▁Con n olly ▁tips ▁him ▁off . ▁Wy sh ak ▁and ▁Mc Gu ire ▁investigate ▁Con n olly ' s ▁management ▁of ▁White y ' s ▁inform ant ▁role ▁and ▁realize ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁" ti ps " ▁provided ▁by ▁White y ▁were ▁already ▁obtained ▁from ▁other ▁sources . ▁Morris , ▁dis ill usion ed ▁and ▁fear ing ▁pro sec ution ▁for ▁his ▁association ▁with ▁Con n olly ' s ▁activities , ▁an onym ously ▁div ul ges ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁White y ' s ▁relationship ▁to ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be , ▁and ▁a ▁front - page ▁story ▁ex poses ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁links ▁to ▁organized ▁crime . ▁ ▁Con n olly , ▁F lem mi , ▁We eks , ▁and ▁Mart or ano ▁are ▁arrested . ▁White y ▁goes ▁on ▁the ▁run , ▁but ▁not ▁before ▁giving ▁Billy ▁a ▁final ▁good bye ▁from ▁a ▁pay ▁phone . ▁Morris ▁turns ▁state ' s ▁evidence ▁and ▁test ifies ▁against ▁Con n olly ▁in ▁return ▁for ▁imm unity . ▁Con n olly ' s ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁characters ' ▁sentences ▁are ▁listed , ▁and ▁a ▁con cluding ▁sequence ▁shows ▁the ▁now - el der ly ▁White y ▁being ▁caught ▁by ▁the ▁F BI ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁ ▁Johnny ▁De pp ▁as ▁James ▁" White y " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Jo
el ▁Ed g erton ▁as ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁ ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁as ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁R ory ▁C och rane ▁as ▁Stephen ▁" The ▁R if le man " ▁F lem mi ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Ba con ▁as ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire ▁ ▁J esse ▁P lem ons ▁as ▁Kevin ▁We eks ▁ ▁Peter ▁S ars ga ard ▁as ▁Brian ▁Hall or an ▁ ▁Dak ota ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Lind sey ▁C yr ▁ ▁Core y ▁St oll ▁as ▁Fred ▁Wy sh ak ▁ ▁David ▁Har bour ▁as ▁John ▁Morris ▁ ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son ▁as ▁Marian ne ▁Con n olly ▁( née ▁Lock ary ) ▁ ▁Adam ▁Scott ▁as ▁Robert ▁Fitz pat rick ▁ ▁Brad ▁Carter ▁as ▁John ▁Mc Int y re ▁ ▁W . ▁Earl ▁Brown ▁as ▁Johnny ▁Mart or ano ▁ ▁Mark ▁Mah oney ▁as ▁Mic key ▁Mal oney ▁ ▁Jun o ▁Temple ▁as ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey ▁ ▁Er ica ▁Mc D erm ott ▁as ▁Mary ▁Bul ger ▁ ▁Bill ▁Camp ▁as ▁John ▁Cal la han ▁ ▁Scott ▁Anderson ▁as ▁Tommy ▁King ▁ ▁David ▁De Be ck ▁as ▁Roger ▁Whe eler ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁D onn elly ▁as ▁M s . ▁C ody ▁ ▁Patrick ▁M . ▁Wal sh ▁as ▁Michael ▁Don ah ue ▁ ▁Jer emy ▁Str ong ▁as ▁Josh ▁Bond ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ ▁James ▁Rus so ▁as ▁Scott ▁Gar ri ola ▁( un cred ited ) ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁An ▁idea ▁for ▁a ▁film
▁adaptation ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass : ▁The ▁True ▁Story ▁of ▁an ▁Un hol y ▁Alliance ▁Between ▁the ▁F BI ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob ▁gar ner ed ▁interest ▁inter mitt ently ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Even ▁before ▁its ▁published ▁release , ▁the ▁book ' s ▁film ▁rights ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sold ▁to ▁Mir am ax , ▁when ▁Har vey ▁Wein stein ▁was ▁still ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁According ▁to ▁co - author ▁Dick ▁Lehr , ▁Wein stein ▁had ▁never ▁exerc ised ▁the ▁film ▁option ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons , ▁and ▁the ▁rights ▁exp ired . ▁At ▁one ▁point ▁afterwards , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁film maker ▁Robert ▁Green wald ▁had ▁planned ▁to ▁adapt ▁Black ▁Mass ▁into ▁a ▁ 4 - hour ▁min is eries ▁for ▁USA ▁Network , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁never ▁developed . ▁Event ually ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁film ▁producer ▁Brian ▁Oliver ▁acquired ▁the ▁film ▁rights ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁adaptation ▁with ▁CP ▁Production ▁partners ▁Michael ▁C eren zie ▁and ▁Christ ine ▁Peters . ▁ ▁After ▁Oliver ' s ▁ac quisition , ▁Jim ▁Sher idan ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Sher idan ▁had ▁finished ▁writing ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁the ▁adapted ▁screen play ▁with ▁N ye ▁Her on , ▁and ▁principal ▁phot ography ▁was ▁reported ly ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁However , ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁while
▁discuss ing ▁the ▁trouble d ▁production ▁of ▁his ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁film ▁Dream ▁House , ▁Sher idan ▁hint ed ▁at ▁his ▁det achment ▁from ▁the ▁Black ▁Mass ▁project . ▁Oliver ' s ▁then - new ly ▁founded ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures ▁film ▁production ▁company ▁took ▁over ▁finan cing ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass , ▁and ▁Sher idan ' s ▁exit ▁was ▁confirmed ▁when ▁Russell ▁Gew irt z ▁was ▁h ired ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁write ▁another ▁draft ▁for ▁the ▁adaptation , ▁and ▁Barry ▁Le vin son ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁direct ▁instead . ▁The ▁finished ▁version ▁of ▁Black ▁Mass ▁was ▁script ed ▁by ▁Mark ▁Mall ou k ▁and ▁Je z ▁But ter worth , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁bil led ▁as ▁the ▁" true ▁story ▁of ▁White y ▁Bul ger , ▁F BI ▁agent ▁John ▁Con n olly ▁and ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁witness ▁protection ▁program ▁that ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁J . ▁Ed gar ▁Ho over ." ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁re - write ▁and ▁direct ▁the ▁film . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁picked ▁up ▁the ▁film ' s ▁world wide ▁distribution ▁rights , ▁eye ing ▁an ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁release , ▁and ▁the ▁studio ▁co - fin anced ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁Cross ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁Johnny ▁De pp ' s ▁invol vement ▁with ▁Black ▁Mass ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 1
3 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁while ▁Barry ▁Le vin son ▁was ▁still ▁sl ated ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁principal ▁phot ography ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁begin ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁De pp ▁briefly ▁ex ited ▁the ▁project ▁shortly ▁after ▁its ▁sale ▁at ▁the ▁ 6 6 th ▁annual ▁C annes ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁sal ary ▁dispute ▁with ▁Cross ▁Creek ▁Pictures . ▁He ▁later ▁rejo ined ▁at ▁around ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁replace ▁Le vin son ▁as ▁director , ▁and ▁his ▁signing ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁made ▁official ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁J esse ▁P lem ons ▁and ▁Jun o ▁Temple ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁to ▁play ▁as ▁Kevin ▁We eks ▁( a ▁coh ort ▁of ▁Bul ger ) ▁and ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey , ▁one ▁of ▁Bul ger ' s ▁vict ims , ▁respectively , ▁around ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁P lem ons ▁reported ly ▁prepared ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁by ▁h iring ▁a ▁dialect ▁coach ▁and ▁studying ▁video ▁of ▁the ▁actual ▁Kevin ▁We eks . ▁ ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁replaced ▁Guy ▁Pear ce ▁as ▁William ▁" B illy " ▁Bul ger ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Jer emy ▁Str ong ▁would ▁co - star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 4 , ▁James ▁Rus so ▁joined ▁the ▁cast ▁of
▁the ▁film ▁to ▁play ▁Scott ▁Gar ri ola , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁F BI ▁agents ▁who ▁took ▁down ▁Bul ger . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁Kevin ▁Ba con ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁cast ▁to ▁play ▁Charles ▁Mc Gu ire , ▁the ▁F BI ▁Special ▁Agent ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Boston ▁field ▁office ▁and ▁John ▁Con n olly ' s ▁b oss . ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 , ▁David ▁Har bour ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁cast ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁star ▁as ▁John ▁Morris , ▁a ▁cor rupt ▁F BI ▁agent ▁along ▁with ▁Con n olly . ▁ ▁The ▁roles ▁of ▁Con n olly ▁– ▁who ▁was ▁White y ▁Bul ger ' s ▁F BI ▁handler ▁– ▁and ▁his ▁first ▁wife ▁Marian ne , ▁were ▁filled ▁by ▁Jo el ▁Ed g erton ▁and ▁Julian ne ▁Nich ol son , ▁respectively . ▁Cooper ▁chose ▁Nich ol son ▁for ▁the ▁part ▁after ▁her ▁performance ▁as ▁S ally ▁in ▁Sam ▁She p ard ' s ▁off - B road way ▁play ▁Heart less ▁( before ▁Cla ire ▁van ▁der ▁Bo om ▁succeeded ▁her ▁for ▁the ▁play ' s ▁two - week ▁extension ). ▁Ed g erton ▁developed ▁his ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Con n olly ▁by ▁studying ▁past ▁foot age ▁of ▁the ▁F BI ▁agent ▁before ▁his ▁imprison ment , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁include ▁his ▁appearances ▁on ▁talk ▁shows ▁and ▁in ▁court rooms . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal , ▁Ed g erton ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁decl ined ▁trying ▁to ▁meet ▁with
▁the ▁actual ▁Con n olly , ▁reasoning ▁that ▁Con n olly ▁" has ▁one ▁version ▁of ▁events ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁different ▁version ". ▁Ed g erton ▁originally ▁dropped ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁when ▁De pp ▁agreed ▁to ▁return , ▁and ▁Tom ▁Hard y ▁was ▁in ▁early ▁tal ks ▁for ▁the ▁role . ▁However , ▁Ed g erton ▁returned ▁in ▁the ▁role . ▁ ▁In ▁prepar ing ▁for ▁his ▁role , ▁De pp ▁similarly ▁studied ▁surve ill ance ▁and ▁police ▁audio ▁foot age ▁involving ▁Bul ger . ▁The ▁actor ▁was ▁ad am ant ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁the ▁Boston ▁gang ▁leader ' s ▁criminal ▁and ▁personal ▁life ▁as ▁would ▁be ▁ultimately ▁port rayed ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁To ▁achieve ▁that , ▁De pp ▁attempted ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁Bul ger ▁himself , ▁but ▁was ▁decl ined ▁a ▁meeting ▁and ▁instead ▁consult ed ▁Jay ▁Car ney , ▁Bul ger ' s ▁att orney . ▁Car ney ▁appeared ▁on ▁set ▁a ▁few ▁times , ▁to ▁provide ▁feedback ▁on ▁De pp ' s ▁performance . ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁Princi pal ▁phot ography ▁comm enced ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Boston ; ▁actors ▁were ▁seen ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁in ▁Dor chester . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 3 , ▁some ▁sh ots ▁were ▁also ▁fil med ▁at ▁Polish ▁American ▁Club ▁( alter ed ▁to ▁re create ▁West ▁Broadway ' s ▁Tri ple ▁O ' s ▁L oun ge , ▁White y ' s ▁inf am ous ▁South ▁Boston ▁hang out ),
▁on ▁Cambridge ▁Street ▁in ▁Cambridge . ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁film ing ▁was ▁taking ▁place ▁in ▁East ▁Boston , ▁where ▁Johnny ▁De pp ▁and ▁J esse ▁P lem ons ▁were ▁seen ▁together ▁on ▁the ▁set . ▁Next ▁day ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁Jo el ▁Ed g erton ▁was ▁seen ▁during ▁film ing ▁of ▁a ▁scene ▁on ▁Silver ▁Street ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 4 , ▁De pp ▁was ▁sp otted ▁in ▁Lyn n ▁during ▁a ▁recre ation ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁mur ders ▁of ▁Brian ▁Hall or an ▁and ▁Michael ▁Don ah ue ▁by ▁Bul ger . ▁On ▁June ▁ 6 – 7 , ▁De pp ▁was ▁seen ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁at ▁C ople y ▁Square ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁De pp ' s ▁ 5 1 st ▁birth day , ▁he ▁was ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁Qu in cy , ▁where ▁actress ▁Dak ota ▁Johnson ▁was ▁in ▁Back ▁Bay , ▁playing ▁White y ▁Bul ger ' s ▁long time ▁former ▁girl friend , ▁Lind sey ▁C yr . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 1 , ▁shooting ▁was ▁under way ▁in ▁Lyn n , ▁where ▁the ▁crew ▁was ▁film ing ▁scenes ▁in ▁which ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁Stephen ▁F lem mi ▁pick ▁up ▁a ▁prost itute ▁named ▁Deb or ah ▁Hus sey ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Jun o ▁Temple ) ▁from ▁the ▁police ▁station . ▁Temple ▁was ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁set . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁De
pp ▁and ▁P lem ons ▁were ▁sp otted ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁news ▁posted ▁some ▁photos ▁from ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁which ▁features ▁classic ▁cars ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁set ▁in ▁South ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 3 , ▁C umber batch ▁and ▁De pp ▁were ▁sp otted ▁during ▁a ▁re - cre ation ▁of ▁Saint ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day ▁para de ▁scenes ▁in ▁Lyn n . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 4 , ▁scenes ▁were ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Club ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁C umber batch ▁was ▁sp otted ▁with ▁crew ▁while ▁film ing ▁around ▁Ash mont ▁Gr ill ▁in ▁Dor chester . ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 9 , ▁the ▁pav ement ▁outside ▁South ▁Boston ▁High ▁School ▁had ▁gra ff iti ▁read ings ▁of ▁" Stop ▁For ced ▁B using " ▁and ▁" Press ▁Print ▁the ▁Tr uth ." ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 , ▁De pp ▁and ▁C umber batch ▁were ▁together ▁film ing ▁some ▁scenes ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁July ▁ 7 – 8 , ▁film ing ▁was ▁set ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁on ▁Gil son ▁Road ▁in ▁Qu in cy . ▁A ▁four - story ▁building ▁on ▁ 6 ▁Gil son ▁Road ▁was ▁transformed ▁to ▁res emble ▁the ▁Princess ▁Eugen ia ▁apart ments ▁in ▁Santa ▁Mon ica , ▁California , ▁where ▁F BI ▁agents ▁arrested ▁Bul ger ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Ar
rest ▁scenes ▁were ▁fil med ▁there ▁on ▁July ▁ 7 ▁and ▁ 8 , ▁and ▁S ien na ▁Miller ▁was ▁sp otted ▁dressed ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig . ▁From ▁July ▁ 8 – 1 0 , ▁scenes ▁were ▁fil med ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Beach , ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁remained ▁closed . ▁Between ▁July ▁ 1 1 – 1 2 , ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁Bou lev ard ▁remained ▁closed ▁for ▁shooting . ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁Miami ▁Beach , ▁Florida , ▁as ▁live ▁pal m ▁trees ▁had ▁been ▁plant ed ▁in ▁the ▁sand ▁and ▁a ▁p izza ▁restaurant ▁was ▁transformed ▁into ▁a ▁Cub an ▁ca fe ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁Bou lev ard ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁Beach . ▁De pp ▁as ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁Miller ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig ▁were ▁sp otted ▁on ▁the ▁Black ▁Mass ▁set ▁on ▁the ▁Re vere ▁Beach ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁C umber batch ▁wrapped ▁film ing ▁for ▁his ▁part ▁in ▁Boston . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁De pp ▁fil med ▁some ▁scenes ▁at ▁the ▁former ▁Anthony ' s ▁Haw th or ne ▁restaurant , ▁located ▁at ▁Oxford ▁Street ▁and ▁Central ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Lyn n . ▁De pp ' s ▁wife ▁Am ber ▁He ard ▁visited ▁De pp ▁on ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁the ▁last ▁day ▁of ▁film ing ▁for ▁De pp ' s ▁role
. ▁ ▁In ▁July , ▁director ▁Cooper ▁told ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be ▁that ▁film ing ▁had ▁to ▁take ▁place ▁for ▁two ▁more ▁weeks ▁in ▁Boston , ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁F BI ' s ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁Bul ger ▁story . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁Kevin ▁Ba con ▁was ▁in ▁Boston , ▁film ing ▁some ▁remaining ▁scenes ▁for ▁the ▁film . ▁According ▁to ▁The ▁Boston ▁Glo be , ▁film ing ▁for ▁Black ▁Mass ▁wrapped ▁up ▁on ▁Friday , ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁Boston . ▁ ▁Post - production ▁S ien na ▁Miller ▁was ▁cast ▁and ▁fil med ▁scenes ▁as ▁Catherine ▁Gre ig , ▁Bul ger ' s ▁companion ▁while ▁a ▁fug itive , ▁but ▁her ▁scenes ▁ended ▁up ▁getting ▁cut ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁due ▁to ▁" n arr ative ▁choices ". ▁Er ica ▁Mc D erm ott ▁was ▁cast ▁as ▁Mary ▁Bul ger , ▁wife ▁of ▁Billy ▁Bul ger , ▁but ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁her ▁scenes ▁were ▁cut ▁out . ▁ ▁Release ▁On ▁June ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁set ▁the ▁film ▁for ▁a ▁September ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁world wide ▁release . ▁It ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁be ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁" F u ori ▁Con cor so " ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁Tell ur ide ▁Film ▁Festival ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Special ▁Pres entation ▁section ▁of
▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Mark eting ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁first ▁tra iler ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁second ▁tra iler ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 . ▁A ▁third ▁tra iler ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 3 0 . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁Black ▁Mass ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁DVD ▁and ▁Bl u - ray ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Box ▁office ▁Black ▁Mass ▁gross ed ▁$ 6 2 . 6 ▁million ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada , ▁and ▁$ 3 7 . 2 ▁million ▁in ▁other ▁territ ories , ▁for ▁a ▁world wide ▁total ▁of ▁$ 9 9 . 8 ▁million , ▁against ▁a ▁production ▁budget ▁of ▁$ 5 3 ▁million . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁opening ▁week end , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁project ed ▁to ▁ear n ▁around ▁$ 2 6 ▁million ▁from ▁ 3 , 1 8 8 ▁the aters . ▁It ▁gross ed ▁$ 8 . 8 ▁million ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁day , ▁including ▁$ 1 . 4 ▁million ▁from ▁its ▁early ▁Th urs day ▁show ings . ▁It ▁ended ▁up ▁debut ing ▁to ▁$ 2 2 . 6 ▁million , ▁finishing ▁second ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office ▁behind ▁fellow ▁new com er ▁Maz e ▁Run ner : ▁The ▁Sc orch ▁Tri als ▁($ 3 0 . 3 ▁million ). ▁It ▁dropped ▁ 5 1 % ▁in ▁its ▁second ▁week
end , ▁making ▁$ 1 1 ▁million ▁and ▁finishing ▁ 5 th . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁On ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁an ▁appro val ▁rating ▁of ▁ 7 3 % ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 8 4 ▁reviews ▁and ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 6 . 7 / 1 0 . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁critical ▁cons ensus ▁reads , ▁" Black ▁Mass ▁sp ins ▁a ▁g ri pping ▁y arn ▁out ▁of ▁its ▁fact - based ▁story ▁– ▁and ▁leaves ▁aud ien ces ▁with ▁one ▁of ▁Johnny ▁De pp ' s ▁most ▁comp elling ▁performances ▁in ▁years ." ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁the ▁film ▁has ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 6 8 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 4 3 ▁critics , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ". ▁Aud ien ces ▁pol led ▁by ▁Cinema Score ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁an ▁average ▁grade ▁of ▁" B " ▁on ▁an ▁A + ▁to ▁F ▁scale . ▁ ▁De pp ' s ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Bul ger ▁received ▁critical ▁acc laim . ▁Crit ics ▁from ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter , ▁Vari ety , ▁and ▁The W rap ▁called ▁it ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁best ▁performances ▁to ▁date . ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Re por ters ▁Tod d ▁Mc Car thy , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁pra ising ▁the ▁film , ▁called ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁" fully ▁convin cing ▁and ▁fright ening ", ▁saying ▁it ▁is ▁" very ▁welcome ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁his
▁best ." ▁ ▁Similarly , ▁Ind ie ▁W ires ▁Eric ▁K ohn ▁pra ised ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁highlight ed ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁and ▁Cooper ' s ▁director ial ▁efforts ▁to ▁dep ict ▁" the ▁ha un ting ▁legacy ▁of ▁Bul ger ' s ▁criminal ▁de eds , ▁and ▁the ▁ling ering ▁sense ▁that ▁no ▁justice ▁can ▁er ase ▁their ▁impact ." ▁Ad m iring ▁Black ▁Mass ▁as ▁an ▁" e leg antly ▁under st ated ▁crime ▁drama ", ▁Vari et ys ▁Scott ▁Found as ▁posit ively ▁compared ▁De pp ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁his ▁earlier ▁roles ▁with ▁Tim ▁Bur ton . ▁ ▁The W ra ps ▁Al onso ▁D ural de ▁pra ised ▁De pp ' s ▁performance , ▁but ▁was ▁less ▁positive ▁towards ▁the ▁film ' s ▁p acing ▁and ▁short ▁on screen ▁appearances ▁of ▁some ▁supporting ▁characters . ▁BBC ▁Culture ' s ▁Nicolas ▁Bar ber ▁found ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁sub plots ▁to ▁be ▁unnecessary ▁( specific ally ▁mention ing ▁Bened ict ▁C umber batch ▁as ▁Billy ▁Bul ger ), ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁" the ▁film ▁is ▁never ▁bad , ▁but , ▁given ▁the ▁g ob - sm ack ing ▁true ▁story , ▁it ' s ▁disappoint ing ▁that ▁it ' s ▁not ▁great ". ▁In ▁a ▁negative ▁review , ▁Cra ve On line ' s ▁Fred ▁Top el ▁l abeled ▁Black ▁Mass ▁as ▁a ▁" black ▁mess ". ▁He ▁critic ized ▁the ▁screen writing ▁and ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁bor rows ▁too ▁heavily ▁from ▁Good f
ell as , ▁writing : ▁"... it ' s ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁film m akers ▁wanted ▁to ▁turn ▁this ▁into ▁Good f ell as ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁sh oe horn ▁this ▁story ▁into ▁a ▁similar ▁kind ▁of ▁sed uct ive , ▁fun ny , ▁shock ing ▁gang ster ▁tale . ▁... S ever al ▁scenes ▁seem ▁to ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁like ▁the ▁' how ▁am ▁I ▁fun ny ?' ▁scene ▁in ▁Good f ell as , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁bl at ant ". ▁ ▁Response ▁by ▁the ▁subjects ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁himself ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁refused ▁to ▁see ▁it , ▁while ▁his ▁associate ▁Kevin ▁We eks , ▁while ▁adm itting ▁the ▁kill ings ▁took ▁place , ▁otherwise ▁called ▁the ▁movie ▁" p ure ▁fiction ", ▁compreh ens ively ▁disput ing ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁film ' s ▁dep iction ▁of ▁events .</ blockquote > ▁ ▁Most ▁cru cially ▁he ▁also ▁dis av owed ▁the ▁character is ations ▁of ▁the ▁key ▁figures : ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁White y ' s ▁character ▁was ▁the ▁hair line . ▁[...] ▁The ▁manner isms ▁— ▁the ▁way ▁that ▁White y ▁talked ▁to ▁us ▁— ▁he ▁never ▁sw ore ▁at ▁us . ▁In ▁all ▁the ▁years ▁I ▁was ▁with ▁that ▁man , ▁he ▁never ▁sw ore ▁at ▁me ▁once . ▁We ▁never ▁y elled ▁at ▁each ▁other . ▁[...] ▁The ▁language ▁is ▁all ▁wrong ▁[...] ▁and ▁White y ▁never ▁would ' ve ▁ber ated ▁Ste vie , ▁either . ▁Ste
vie ▁was ▁a ▁psych op ath . ▁Ste vie ▁would ' ve ▁killed ▁him . ▁[...] ▁Ste vie ▁wasn ' t ▁all ▁sympath etic , ▁m our ning , ▁and ▁sorrow ful ▁like ▁he ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁movie . ▁Ste vie ▁enjoyed ▁murder . ▁ ▁We eks ▁also ▁disag rees ▁completely ▁with ▁his ▁port ray al ▁in ▁the ▁film , ▁for ▁instance , ▁the ▁suggestion ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁his ▁son ▁had ▁any ▁impact ▁on ▁his ▁behavior , ▁or ▁that ▁Bul ger ▁ever ▁once ▁discussed ▁business ▁at ▁home ▁or ▁with ▁his ▁brother . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ ▁Many ▁people ▁believed ▁De pp ▁des erved ▁an ▁Academy ▁Award ▁nom ination ▁for ▁his ▁performance ▁as ▁Bul ger ▁and ▁were ▁surprised ▁when ▁his ▁name ▁was ▁left ▁off ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁nom ine es . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁The ▁sound track , ▁written ▁and ▁composed ▁by ▁Tom ▁Hol ken borg , ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁at ▁Water T ower ▁Music ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" Black ▁Mass ▁Open ing ▁Title " ▁" B oston ▁Crime ▁Lord " ▁" John ▁Con n olly " ▁" B ul ger ▁Bur ial ▁Gr ound " ▁" My ▁Boy " ▁" Don ' t ▁W ake ▁Him ▁Up " ▁" You ▁Got ▁Two ▁Min utes " ▁" A sp ir in " ▁" No ▁Dru gs , ▁No ▁Mur der " ▁" I ▁Will ▁P ull ▁the ▁Pl ug ▁Mys elf " ▁" When ▁You ▁W ake ▁Up ▁In ▁the ▁Mor ning "
▁" It ' s ▁Just ▁the ▁Begin ning " ▁" Mart or ano " ▁" Did ▁You ▁Ever ▁See ▁White y ▁Bul ger ▁Mur der ▁Anyone ?" ▁" Thanks ▁to ▁White y " ▁" J im my ▁and ▁Marian ne " ▁" You ' ll ▁Be ▁Sorry " ▁" B oston ▁Glo be " ▁" Val hal la " ▁" Str ict ly ▁C riminal " ▁" Take ▁Care ▁Kid " ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Wat ert ower ▁Music ▁( 6 1 : 2 6 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁bi ographical ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Cr ime ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : C ross ▁Creek ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Inf init um ▁N ih il ▁films ▁Category : W ar ner ▁B ros . ▁films ▁Category : D rama ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁J unk ie ▁X L ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁the ▁Irish ▁M ob ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁organized ▁crime ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁about ▁organized ▁crime ▁Category :
Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Scott ▁Cooper ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Brian ▁Oliver ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Miami ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁on ▁be aches ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Boston ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : T hr iller ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁actual ▁events ▁Category : W inter ▁Hill ▁Gang ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁Je z ▁But ter worth <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁F lyn n ▁( né ▁Robert ▁L ope z ▁F lyn n ; ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁in ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas ) ▁is ▁an ▁author ▁and ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁University . ▁ ▁St yles ▁and ▁them es ▁F lyn n ' s ▁early ▁fame ▁came ▁with ▁the ▁novel , ▁North ▁to ▁Y esterday , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁national ▁best s eller . ▁In ▁Don ▁Qu ix ote ▁fashion , ▁it ▁mock ed ▁the ▁legend ▁of ▁the ▁cow boy ▁in ▁Western ▁nov els ▁while ▁pay ing ▁hom age ▁to ▁it ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁( antic ip ating ▁Larry ▁Mc M ur try ' s ▁L ones ome ▁D ove ). ▁Later ▁works ▁focused ▁on ▁more ▁modern ▁them es : ▁rural ▁life , ▁going ▁to ▁war
, ▁religion ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁and ▁conflicts ▁between ▁" small ▁town ▁mor ality " ▁and ▁mass ▁media / pop ▁culture . ▁ ▁Nov els ▁like ▁In ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁expl ored ▁more ▁religious / sp irit ual ▁them es . ▁W ander er ▁Spr ings ▁adopted ▁the ▁g ently ▁sat ir ical ▁tone ▁of ▁his ▁earlier ▁works ▁while ▁also ▁exam ining ▁the ▁inter connected ness ▁between ▁people ▁and ▁families ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁Texas ▁town ▁( inv iting ▁comparison ▁to ▁writers ▁like ▁El mer ▁Kel ton ▁or ▁G arrison ▁Ke ill or ). ▁ ▁The ▁Last ▁K lick ▁touch es ▁upon ▁them es ▁of ▁his ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁( re min is cent ▁of ▁novel ist ▁Tim ▁O ' B rien ). ▁In ▁his ▁latest ▁novel ▁T ie - F ast ▁Country , ▁F lyn n ▁returns ▁to ▁earlier ▁them es , ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁grand m other ▁ran cher ▁with ▁a ▁check ered ▁past ▁who ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁sync ▁with ▁contemporary ▁life . ▁( The ▁narr ator , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁is ▁a ▁TV ▁news ▁producer ▁who ▁has ▁to ▁confront ▁her ). ▁ ▁F lyn n ' s ▁short ▁stories ▁touch ▁upon ▁more ▁serious ▁them es ▁and ▁are ▁written ▁perhaps ▁with ▁a ▁more ▁lyr ical ▁style . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁F lyn n ▁ ▁published ▁two ▁nov els ▁through ▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia , ▁J ade : Out law ▁and ▁its ▁sequ el
, ▁J ade : ▁the ▁Law . ▁Both ▁nov els ▁port ray ▁the ▁gr im ▁real ities ▁of ▁living ▁in ▁west ▁Texas ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁where ▁sett lers / Ind ians / M ex icans ▁frequently ▁cl ash . ▁J ade , ▁the ▁protagon ist , ▁is ▁h ired ▁as ▁an ▁ ▁esc ort ▁for ▁cattle , ▁guard ing ▁property ▁and ▁ch asing ▁after ▁rust lers . ▁He ▁quickly ▁disco vers ▁that ▁just ▁to ▁do ▁his ▁job ▁means ▁getting ▁involved ▁in ▁brut al ▁situations ▁that ▁trouble ▁his ▁conscience . ▁J ade ▁ends ▁up ▁falling ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Crow ▁Po ison , ▁an ▁Indian ▁woman ▁whose ▁husband ▁he ▁had ▁killed . ▁Event ually ▁he ▁real izes ▁that ▁both ▁sides ▁have ▁cul p ability . ▁His ▁out rage ▁transl ates ▁into ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁justice ▁( even ▁if ▁it ▁results ▁in ▁tra ged y ). ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁novel , ▁J ade ▁( with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁his ▁wife ) ▁agre es ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁sh er iff ▁for ▁his ▁town ▁( which ▁becomes ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁sequ el , ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Law ). ▁Of ▁this ▁e book , ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Express ▁News ▁book ▁rev iewer ▁Ed ▁Con roy ▁writes : ▁" F lyn n ▁br illi antly ▁emp lo ys ▁a ▁directly ▁simple , ▁subt le ▁and ▁at ▁times ▁s ard onic ▁narr ative ▁voice ▁to ▁tell ▁this ▁tale . ▁It ▁is ▁altern ately ▁t ough ▁and ▁tender ,
▁succ inct ▁and ▁sweet , ▁c aden ced ▁to ▁the ▁clip - c lop ▁of ▁a ▁horse ▁tro tt ing ▁down ▁Main ▁Street , ▁the ▁h ull ab al oo ▁of ▁a ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁triumph antly ▁making ▁its ▁way ▁into ▁town ▁amid ▁a ▁j ub il ant ▁crowd ' s ▁ho op la , ▁and , ▁of ▁course , ▁to ▁the ▁sh ots ▁of ▁guns ▁of ▁many ▁kinds ▁fired ▁in ▁self - def ense , ▁anger , ▁tre ach ery ▁and ▁has te .... T hr ough ▁chron ic ling ▁J ade ' s ▁strugg les ▁to ▁bring ▁some ▁ordinary ▁order ▁into ▁what ▁eventually ▁becomes ▁J ade ▁Town , ▁F lyn n ▁makes ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁our ▁male ▁ancest ors ' ▁gen oc idal ▁policies ▁toward ▁Indians , ▁system atic ▁ab use ▁of ▁women ▁and ▁fear s ▁of ▁the ▁" m ong rel ization " ▁of ▁the ▁" white ▁race " ▁was ▁massive ▁social ▁tra uma ▁of ▁imm ens ely ▁trag ic ▁proport ions ." ▁ ▁F lyn n ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Texas ▁Liter ary ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁F lyn n ▁taught ▁writing ▁to ▁college ▁students ▁over ▁four ▁dec ades . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁audio ▁interview , ▁he ▁said , ▁ ▁" You ▁can ▁read ▁any ▁book ▁on ▁writing ▁fiction ▁for ▁example , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁tell ▁you ▁the ▁same ▁thing . ▁Some one ▁may ▁say ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁way ▁that ▁gives
▁you ▁better ▁insight , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁ ▁no ▁secre ts ▁in ▁writing ; ▁it ' s ▁just ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁doing ▁it ." ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁F lyn n ▁joined ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁and ▁served ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁during ▁the ▁Korea ▁War ▁era . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁he ▁received ▁drama ▁degree ▁from ▁Bay lor ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War , ▁F lyn n ▁embedded ▁with ▁G olf ▁Company , ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁ 5 th ▁Mar ines ▁as ▁a ▁civil ian ▁war ▁correspond ent ▁for ▁two ▁months . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Nov els ▁North ▁To ▁Y esterday ▁In ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁The ▁S ounds ▁of ▁Res cue , ▁The ▁Sign s ▁of ▁Hope ▁W ander er ▁Spr ings ▁The ▁Last ▁K lick ▁The ▁Dev il ' s ▁T iger , ▁with ▁Dan ▁Kle pper ▁T ie - F ast ▁Country ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Out law ▁( ebook ▁+ ▁p b ) ▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia ▁( Se ptember ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁J ade : ▁The ▁Law ▁( ebook ▁+ ▁p b ) ▁Jo S ara ▁Me D ia ▁( Oct ober ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Vietnam ▁Mem oir ▁A ▁Personal ▁War ▁In ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Short ▁story ▁collections ▁Living ▁with ▁the ▁Hy enas ▁Season al ▁Rain ▁Sl ouch ing ▁towards ▁Z ion ▁ ▁Ess ays ▁When ▁I ▁was ▁Just ▁Your ▁Age ,
▁or al ▁histor ies , ▁edited ▁with ▁Susan ▁Russell ▁G row ing ▁Up ▁a ▁S ull en ▁Bapt ist ▁Paul ▁Baker ▁and ▁the ▁Integr ation ▁of ▁Ab ilities ▁ ▁Relig ious / social ▁ess ays ▁The ▁Most ▁Fam ous ▁Christian ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ? ▁For ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁A ga pe ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁Art ▁at ▁Our ▁Do or step : ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Art ists ▁featuring ▁Robert ▁F lyn n . ▁Ed ited ▁by ▁Nan ▁Cuba ▁and ▁R iley ▁Robinson ▁( Tr inity ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ). ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Robert ▁F lyn n ( about ▁his ▁book ▁G row ing ▁Up ▁a ▁S ull en ▁Bapt ist ). ▁ ▁The ▁Do or : ▁The ▁World ' s ▁Pre tty ▁Much ▁Only ▁Magazine ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Sat ire . ▁Ess ay ▁by ▁Robert ▁F lyn n . ▁Robert ▁F lyn n ' s ▁Author ▁Website ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Texas ▁Author ▁Robert ▁F lyn n ▁( audio ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁hum orous ▁reading ▁ ▁at ▁ ▁Pe cha K ucha ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Vol . ▁ 3 6 . ▁Sub ject ▁was ▁growing ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁ ▁Southern ▁Bapt ist ▁from ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas . ▁( video ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists
▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁war ▁correspond ents ▁of ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁Category : West ern ▁( gen re ) ▁writers ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Category : Nov el ists ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ch ill ic othe , ▁Texas ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Mar ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Ort ol anus ▁( fl . ▁ 1 3 0 0 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁H ort ul anus , ▁was ▁a ▁medieval ▁al chem ist . ▁Little ▁information ▁exists ▁about ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁identity . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁influ ential ▁comment ary ▁on ▁The ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁entitled ▁Liber ▁super ▁text um ▁Herm et is . ▁It ▁was ▁composed ▁before ▁ 1 3 2 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁original ▁work ▁has ▁two ▁sections . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁entitled ▁Spirit us ▁qu inte ▁ess ent ie ▁et ▁in ▁qu o ▁element o ▁habitat . ▁It ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁making ▁a ▁pro dig ious ▁subst ance , ▁the ▁qu int ess ence , ▁from ▁a ▁myster ious ▁material ▁called ▁arg ento ▁v ivo , ▁which ▁happens ▁to ▁be ▁wine . ▁Orth olan ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁author ▁to ▁relate ▁alco hol ▁and ▁qu int ess ence , ▁half ▁a ▁century ▁before ▁Jean ▁de ▁Ro quet ail lade . ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁view , ▁the ▁qu int ess ence ▁would ▁have ▁a ▁universal ▁presence , ▁but ▁is ▁best ▁obtained ▁of ▁some
▁subst ances ; ▁ide ally ▁the ▁wine . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁part ▁is ▁a ▁theoretical ▁text . ▁It ▁is ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁comment ▁to ▁the ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁attributed ▁to ▁Herm es . ▁Its ▁theme ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁prim ord ial ▁heat , ▁pra ised ▁by ▁Herm es ▁as ▁a ▁universal ▁substr ate ▁that ▁gives ▁dynam ism ▁to ▁the ▁whole ▁cos mos . ▁Ort ol anus ▁bel ieves ▁alco hol ▁or ▁qu int ess ence ▁is ▁the ▁hidden ▁prim ord ial ▁heat ▁in ▁all ▁material ▁things . ▁This ▁second ▁part ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁al chem ical ▁compilation ▁In ▁h oc ▁vol um ine ▁de ▁al chem ia ▁continent ur ▁h æ c ▁( 1 5 4 1 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁printed ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 5 . ▁A ▁ 1 5 6 0 ▁edition ▁appeared ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Comp end ium ▁al ch im iae ▁and ▁was ▁attributed ▁to ▁Johannes ▁de ▁Gar land ia ▁( ph il ologist ). ▁Another ▁edition ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 5 7 1 . ▁With ▁this ▁w ides p read ▁publishing , ▁the ▁second ▁section ▁became ▁very ▁popular ▁among ▁al chem ists ▁of ▁the ▁Early ▁modern ▁period . ▁The ▁first ▁part , ▁which ▁was ▁never ▁published , ▁was ▁forgotten ▁and ▁no ▁one ▁related ▁Ort ol anus ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁qu inta ess encia . ▁ ▁Identity ▁The ▁true ▁identity ▁of ▁Ort ol anus ▁is ▁unknown . ▁His ▁works ▁have ▁been ▁f als ely ▁attributed ▁to ▁Johannes ▁de ▁Gar
land ia ▁( ph il ologist ) ▁( fl . ▁ 1 2 0 5 - 1 2 5 5 ), ▁and ▁more ▁probably ▁to ▁Jakob ▁Ort lein ▁of ▁N örd lingen ▁( fl . ▁ 1 2 7 5 - 1 3 2 5 ), ▁who ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁Domin ican ▁fri ar . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁names ▁Martin ▁Ort olan ▁or ▁L orth ol ain ▁in ▁later ▁sources . ▁ ▁The ▁pre face ▁of ▁his ▁famous ▁comment ary ▁gives ▁a ▁hint ▁to ▁his ▁identity : ▁" I ▁H ort ul anus , ▁so ▁called ▁from ▁the ▁Gard ens ▁border ing ▁upon ▁the ▁sea ▁coast , ▁wrapped ▁in ▁a ▁I ac ob in ▁skin ne , ▁un worth y ▁to ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁Dis ci ple ▁of ▁Philosoph ie ... ". ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Ros arius ▁minor . ▁Can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁M ell on ▁Collection , ▁pp Y ale ▁University ▁Library ]] ▁MS . ▁ 5 . ▁ ▁Text us ▁al kim ie . ▁ ▁Liber ▁super ▁text um ▁Herm et is ▁or ▁Comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁emer ald ▁table t ▁of ▁Herm es . ▁Ort ol anus ▁interpreted ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁Emer ald ▁Table t ▁as ▁an ▁alleg or ical ▁phys ico - chem ical ▁reci pe ▁for ▁the ▁Phil os opher ' s ▁Stone . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁later ▁comment ary ▁by ▁an ▁al chem ist ▁called ▁John ▁B umb les ▁or ▁D omb el ay : ▁Pract ica ▁ver a ▁al
chem ica . ▁It ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 6 ▁and ▁dedicated ▁to ▁K uno ▁II ▁von ▁Fal ken stein . ▁This ▁work ▁claims ▁to ▁be ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁practice ▁done ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁himself ▁or ▁someone ▁else ▁in ▁ 1 3 5 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁al chem ists ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tax onomy , ▁a ▁group ▁is ▁par ap hy let ic ▁if ▁it ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁and ▁ ▁all ▁descend ants ▁of ▁that ▁ancest or ▁ex cluding ▁a ▁few — typ ically ▁only ▁one ▁or ▁two — mon oph y let ic ▁sub groups . ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁par ap hy let ic ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁ex cluded ▁sub groups . ▁The ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁par ap hy ly . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁commonly ▁used ▁in ▁ph y log en et ics ▁( a ▁sub field ▁of ▁bi ology ) ▁and ▁in ▁lingu istics . ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁was ▁co ined ▁to ▁apply ▁to ▁well - known ▁tax a ▁like ▁Re pt ilia ▁( re pt iles ) ▁which , ▁as ▁commonly ▁named ▁and ▁tradition ally ▁defined , ▁is ▁par ap hy let ic ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁m amm als ▁and ▁birds . ▁Re pt ilia ▁contains ▁the ▁last ▁common ▁ancest or ▁of ▁re pt iles ▁and ▁all ▁descend ants ▁of ▁that
▁ancest or , ▁including ▁all ▁ext ant ▁re pt iles ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ext inct ▁syn aps ids , ▁except ▁for ▁m amm als ▁and ▁birds . ▁ ▁Other ▁commonly ▁recognized ▁par ap hy let ic ▁groups ▁include ▁fish , ▁mon keys , ▁and ▁l iz ards . ▁ ▁If ▁many ▁sub groups ▁are ▁missing ▁from ▁the ▁named ▁group , ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁poly par ap hy let ic . ▁A ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group ▁cannot ▁be ▁a ▁cla de , ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group , ▁which ▁is ▁any ▁group ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁includes ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁its ▁descend ants . ▁Form ally , ▁a ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group ▁is ▁the ▁relative ▁complement ▁of ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sub cl ades ▁within ▁a ▁cla de : ▁removing ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁sub cl ades ▁leaves ▁a ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁par ap hy ly , ▁or ▁par ap hy let ic , ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁two ▁An cient ▁Greek ▁words ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" bes ide , ▁near ", ▁and ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" gen us , ▁species ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁situation ▁in ▁which ▁one ▁or ▁several ▁mon oph y let ic ▁sub groups ▁of ▁organ isms ▁( e . g ., ▁gener a , ▁species ) ▁are ▁left ▁apart ▁from ▁all ▁other ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁unique ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁ ▁Con vers ely
, ▁the ▁term ▁mon oph y ly , ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic , ▁builds ▁on ▁the ▁An cient ▁Greek ▁prefix ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" alone , ▁only , ▁unique ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁includes ▁organ isms ▁consisting ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁unique ▁common ▁ancest or . ▁ ▁By ▁comparison , ▁the ▁term ▁poly phy ly , ▁or ▁poly phy let ic , ▁uses ▁the ▁An cient ▁Greek ▁prefix ▁ ▁( ), ▁meaning ▁" many , ▁a ▁lot ▁of ", ▁and ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁poly phy let ic ▁group ▁includes ▁organ isms ▁ar ising ▁from ▁multiple ▁ancest ral ▁sources . ▁ ▁Ph y log en et ics ▁ ▁In ▁cl ad istics ▁▁ ▁Gr oups ▁that ▁include ▁all ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁mon oph y let ic . ▁A ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group ▁is ▁a ▁mon oph y let ic ▁group ▁from ▁which ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁subs idi ary ▁cl ades ▁( mon oph y let ic ▁groups ) ▁are ▁ex cluded ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁separate ▁group . ▁E res he f sky ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁par ap hy let ic ▁tax a ▁are ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁an agen esis ▁in ▁the ▁ex cluded ▁group ▁or ▁groups . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁whose ▁ident ifying ▁features ▁evol ved ▁conver g ently ▁in ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁line ages ▁is ▁poly phy let ic ▁( G reek ▁
π ο λ ύ ς ▁[ pol ys ], ▁" many "). ▁More ▁broad ly , ▁any ▁tax on ▁that ▁is ▁not ▁par ap hy let ic ▁or ▁mon oph y let ic ▁can ▁be ▁called ▁poly phy let ic . ▁ ▁These ▁terms ▁were ▁developed ▁during ▁the ▁deb ates ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁accomp any ing ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁cl ad istics . ▁ ▁Par ap hy let ic ▁group ings ▁are ▁considered ▁problem atic ▁by ▁many ▁tax onom ists , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁talk ▁precisely ▁about ▁their ▁ph y log en etic ▁relationships , ▁their ▁characteristic ▁tra its ▁and ▁literal ▁ext inction . ▁Rel ated ▁termin ology ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁encountered ▁are ▁stem ▁group , ▁chron os pecies , ▁ ▁bud ding ▁cl ad ogen esis , ▁an agen esis , ▁or ▁' grade ' ▁group ings . ▁Par ap hy let ic ▁groups ▁are ▁often ▁a ▁re lic ▁from ▁previous ▁err one ous ▁assess ments ▁about ▁ph y log en ic ▁relationships , ▁or ▁from ▁before ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁cl ad istics . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁▁ ▁The ▁pro k ary otes ▁( single - cel led ▁life ▁forms ▁without ▁cell ▁nuc lei ), ▁because ▁they ▁exclude ▁the ▁e uk ary otes , ▁a ▁desc endant ▁group . ▁B acter ia ▁and ▁Arch ae a ▁are ▁pro k ary otes , ▁but ▁arch ae a ▁and ▁e uk ary otes ▁share ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁that
▁is ▁not ▁ancest ral ▁to ▁the ▁b acter ia . ▁The ▁pro k ary ote / e uk ary ote ▁distinction ▁was ▁proposed ▁by ▁Ed ou ard ▁Ch at ton ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁was ▁generally ▁accepted ▁after ▁being ▁adopted ▁by ▁Roger ▁Stan ier ▁and ▁C . B . ▁van ▁N iel ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁The ▁botan ical ▁code ▁( the ▁IC B N , ▁now ▁the ▁I CN ) ▁abandoned ▁consideration ▁of ▁b acter ial ▁nom en cl ature ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ; ▁currently , ▁pro k ary otic ▁nom en cl ature ▁is ▁reg ulated ▁under ▁the ▁I CN B ▁with ▁a ▁starting ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁( in ▁contrast ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 7 5 3 ▁start ▁date ▁under ▁the ▁IC B N / IC N ). ▁ ▁Among ▁plants , ▁dic oty led ons ▁( in ▁the ▁traditional ▁sense ) ▁are ▁par ap hy let ic ▁because ▁the ▁group ▁ex cludes ▁mon oc oty led ons . ▁" D ic oty led on " ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁botan ic ▁classification ▁for ▁dec ades , ▁but ▁is ▁allowed ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁Magn oli ops ida . ▁Ph y log en etic ▁analysis ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁mon oc ots ▁are ▁a ▁development ▁from ▁a ▁dic ot ▁ancest or . ▁Ex cluding ▁mon oc ots ▁from ▁the ▁dic ots ▁makes ▁the ▁latter ▁a ▁par ap hy let ic ▁group . ▁
▁Among ▁animals , ▁several ▁familiar ▁groups ▁are ▁not , ▁in ▁fact , ▁cl ades . ▁The ▁order ▁Ar ti od act y la ▁( even - to ed ▁ung ul ates ) ▁is ▁par ap hy let ic ▁because ▁it ▁ex cludes ▁Cet ace ans ▁( wh ales , ▁dol ph ins , ▁etc .). ▁In ▁the ▁IC Z N ▁Code , ▁the ▁two ▁tax a ▁are ▁orders ▁of ▁equal ▁rank . ▁M ole cular ▁studies , ▁however , ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁Cet ace a ▁descend ▁from ▁art iod act yl ▁ancest ors , ▁although ▁the ▁precise ▁ph y log eny ▁within ▁the ▁order ▁remains ▁uncertain . ▁Without ▁the ▁Cet ace an ▁descend ants ▁the ▁Ar ti od act yl s ▁must ▁be ▁par ap hy let ic . ▁The ▁class ▁Re pt ilia ▁as ▁tradition ally ▁defined ▁is ▁par ap hy let ic ▁because ▁it ▁ex cludes ▁birds ▁( class ▁A ves ) ▁and ▁m amm als . ▁In ▁the ▁IC Z N ▁Code , ▁the ▁three ▁tax a ▁are ▁classes ▁of ▁equal ▁rank . ▁However , ▁m amm als ▁ha il ▁from ▁the ▁syn aps ids ▁( which ▁were ▁once ▁described ▁as ▁" m amm al - like ▁re pt iles ") ▁and ▁birds ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁the ▁din osa urs ▁( a ▁group ▁of ▁Dia ps ida ), ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁re pt iles . ▁Alternatively , ▁re pt iles ▁are ▁par ap hy let ic ▁because ▁they ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁( only ) ▁birds . ▁Bird
s ▁and ▁re pt iles ▁together ▁make ▁Sau ro ps ids . ▁O ste ich th yes , ▁b ony ▁fish , ▁are ▁par ap hy let ic ▁when ▁they ▁include ▁only ▁Act in opter yg ii ▁( ray - f inned ▁fish ) ▁and ▁S arc opter yg ii ▁( lung fish , ▁etc .), ▁ex cluding ▁t et rap ods ; ▁more ▁recently , ▁O ste ich th yes ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁cla de , ▁including ▁the ▁t et rap ods . ▁The ▁was ps ▁are ▁par ap hy let ic , ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁narrow - wa isted ▁Ap oc rita ▁without ▁the ▁an ts ▁and ▁be es . ▁The ▁saw f lies ▁( Sym phy ta ) ▁are ▁similarly ▁par ap hy let ic , ▁forming ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁H ymen optera ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁Ap oc rita , ▁a ▁cla de ▁deep ▁within ▁the ▁saw fly ▁tree . ▁Cr ust ace ans ▁are ▁not ▁a ▁cla de ▁because ▁the ▁H ex ap oda ▁( in sect s ) ▁are ▁ex cluded . ▁The ▁modern ▁cla de ▁that ▁sp ans ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁is ▁the ▁T etra con ata . ▁ ▁Par ap hy ly ▁in ▁species ▁▁ ▁Species ▁have ▁a ▁special ▁status ▁in ▁system at ics ▁as ▁being ▁an ▁observable ▁feature ▁of ▁nature ▁itself ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁basic ▁unit ▁of ▁classification . ▁The ▁ph y log en etic ▁species ▁concept ▁requires ▁species ▁to ▁be ▁mon oph y let ic , ▁but ▁par ap hy let ic ▁species