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ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Buch ar est ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁for ▁l ute ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pr inc eton , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁l uten ists ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁mus icians ▁Category : M ale ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁male ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Hyp ena ▁ligne alis ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae ▁described ▁by ▁Francis ▁Walker ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Description ▁Its ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 3 2 mm . ▁The ▁for ew ings ▁are ▁much ▁bro ader . ▁The ▁outer ▁margin ▁less ▁ob lique . ▁R ais ed ▁tu ft s ▁are ▁slight . ▁Head ▁and ▁thor ax ▁re dd ish ▁brown . ▁Abd omen ▁fus c ous . ▁Fore w ings ▁re dd ish ▁brown , ▁where ▁the ▁inner ▁area ▁suff used ▁with ▁bl u ish ▁grey , ▁which ▁is ▁narrow est ▁at ▁middle . ▁Some ▁black ▁sp ots ▁found ▁in ▁and ▁below ▁cell . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁ind ist inct ▁highly ▁ang led ▁post med ial ▁line ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁spot ▁on ▁it ▁below ▁cell . ▁The ▁cur ved ▁ap ical ▁stre ak ▁very ▁long ▁and ▁prominent , ▁with ▁two ▁black ▁sp ots ▁above ▁it . ▁An ▁ind ist inct ▁subm arg inal ▁black ▁spe cks ▁series |
▁can ▁be ▁seen . ▁H ind w ings ▁fus c ous . ▁Vent ral ▁side ▁of ▁for ew ings ▁with ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁sub ap ical ▁spe ck . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 ▁Category : H yp ena ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Japan ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka <0x0A> </s> ▁G ird har ▁or ▁Gir ad h ara ▁( 1 7 8 7 - 1 8 5 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Gu jar ati ▁poet . ▁ ▁Works ▁G ird har ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁po etic ▁ep ic ▁Ram ay ana ▁( 1 8 3 7 ) ▁which ▁is ▁popular ▁in ▁Gu jar at . ▁He ▁derived ▁the ▁story ▁from ▁Ram ay ana ▁of ▁T uls idas ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁Pur an ic ▁texts . ▁His ▁version ▁is ▁luc id ▁and ▁musical ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁in ▁simple ▁language ▁and ▁uses ▁traditional ▁metres ▁and ▁mel od ies . ▁His ▁poetry ▁Rad ha ▁V ira h na ▁Bar mas ▁is ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁poetry ▁of ▁Va ish nav ism . ▁His ▁Tul si ▁Viv ah ▁narr ates ▁the ▁wed ding ▁of ▁Kr ish na ▁and ▁Tul si ▁in ▁ 2 6 ▁lyr ics . ▁It ▁res emble ▁the ▁K ad va ▁( c ant os ) ▁style ▁of ▁medieval ▁Gu jar ati ▁poetry . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁lyr ics ▁on ▁G op i ▁and ▁Kr ish na ▁relations ▁and ▁wrote |
▁Ash w amed ha ▁and ▁Raj su y ay aj na . ▁He ▁based ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁po ems ▁on ▁Das am sk and ha ▁of ▁Bh ag av ata . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Gu jar ati - language ▁writers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Med ieval ▁po ets ▁Category : 1 7 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Gu jar ati - language ▁po ets <0x0A> </s> ▁He ▁Could n ' t ▁Say ▁No ▁is ▁a ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁film ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁It ▁stars ▁Frank ▁Mc H ugh ▁as ▁a ▁tim id ▁advert ising ▁man ▁who ▁is ▁domin ated ▁by ▁everyone , ▁including ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁played ▁by ▁Jane ▁W yman . ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁play ▁Lar ger ▁than ▁Life ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Sch rank ▁and ▁the ▁short ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Norman ▁H . ▁Mat son . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Lam bert ▁T . ▁H unk ins ▁( Fran k ▁Mc H ugh ) ▁works ▁at ▁a ▁lin ole um ▁company . ▁When ▁his ▁b oss , ▁Ox n ard ▁O . ▁Par s ons ▁( F err is ▁Taylor ), ▁gives ▁him ▁a ▁raise ▁from ▁$ 3 0 ▁a ▁month ▁to ▁$ 4 0 , ▁his ▁girl friend ▁V io let ' s ▁( J ane ▁W yman ) ▁mother , ▁Mrs . ▁C oney ▁( C ora ▁With |
ers po on ), ▁dec ides ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁time ▁for ▁the ▁two ▁to ▁get ▁married . ▁Lam bert ▁is ▁too ▁me ek ▁to ▁object . ▁ ▁They ▁go ▁to ▁an ▁au ction ▁to ▁buy ▁some ▁furn iture , ▁but ▁when ▁he ▁sees ▁a ▁statue ▁that ▁res emb les ▁social ite ▁I ris ▁M ab by ▁( D iana ▁Lewis ), ▁the ▁woman ▁he ▁ad ores ▁from ▁af ar , ▁he ▁bu ys ▁it , ▁over ▁the ▁C one ys ' ▁ob jections . ▁As ▁Lam bert ▁is ▁leaving , ▁I ris ' s ▁father , ▁Senator ▁M ab by ▁( B erton ▁Church ill ), ▁tries ▁to ▁buy ▁the ▁statue ▁from ▁him , ▁but ▁Lam bert ▁ref uses ▁to ▁sell ▁at ▁any ▁price . ▁Their ▁b arg aining ▁attract s ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁a ▁street ▁rep orter ▁( John ▁R id g ely ), ▁and ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁the ▁hum ble ▁office ▁worker ▁turning ▁down ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁gets ▁into ▁the ▁media . ▁The ▁sen ator ▁r ush es ▁off ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁be ▁recognized . ▁It ▁turns ▁out ▁that ▁Senator ▁M ab by ▁is ▁mount ing ▁a ▁public ▁campaign ▁against ▁n ud ity , ▁and ▁the ▁art work ▁( for ▁which ▁his ▁daughter ▁pos ed ) ▁would ▁be ▁ter rib ly ▁embar rass ing ▁to ▁him . ▁I ris ▁does ▁not ▁care . ▁ ▁I ris ▁vis its ▁Lam bert , ▁curious ▁about ▁the ▁bu yer . ▁She ▁finds ▁he ▁is ▁like ▁no ▁other ▁man ▁she ▁has ▁ever ▁met |
, ▁and ▁encourag es ▁him ▁to ▁stand ▁firm ▁against ▁her ▁father . ▁Julia ▁Be cker , ▁the ▁sculpt or , ▁also ▁pays ▁a ▁visit . ▁Despite ▁his ▁weak ▁protest s , ▁she ▁ins ists ▁she ▁will ▁send ▁him ▁two ▁companion ▁stat ues ▁( also ▁based ▁on ▁I ris ). ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁cro ok ▁H ym ie ▁Atlas ▁( R ay mond ▁Hat ton ) ▁dec ides ▁the ▁statue ▁must ▁be ▁worth ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁money . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁two ▁th ugs , ▁Sl ug ▁( Will iam ▁Ha ade ) ▁and ▁Dim ples ▁( Tom ▁Kennedy ), ▁bar ge ▁into ▁Lam bert ' s ▁a partment ▁to ▁ste al ▁it . ▁When ▁Senator ▁M ab by ▁and ▁I ris ▁show ▁up ▁to ▁make ▁another ▁offer , ▁the ▁three ▁gang sters ▁hide ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁room . ▁With ▁a ▁gun ▁secret ly ▁pointed ▁at ▁him , ▁Lam bert ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁ins ist ▁on ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁sen ator ▁ref uses , ▁and ▁I ris ▁is ▁dis ill usion ed . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁M abb ys ▁leave , ▁H ym ie ▁assign s ▁Dim ples ▁to ▁keep ▁an ▁eye ▁on ▁Lam bert . ▁The ▁next ▁day , ▁Lam bert ▁receives ▁a ▁tele gram , ▁bearing ▁an ▁Iowa ▁museum ' s ▁bid ▁of ▁$ 5 0 0 0 . ▁Lam bert ▁man ages ▁to ▁knock ▁Dim ples ▁out ▁and ▁ste al ▁a ▁lin ole um ▁tr uck ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁art work |
▁to ▁the ▁museum ' s ▁represent atives . ▁However , ▁H ym ie ▁and ▁Sl ug ▁return ▁before ▁he ▁can ▁load ▁it . ▁They ▁tie ▁him ▁up ▁and ▁drive ▁to ▁the ▁buy ers , ▁una ware ▁that ▁Lam bert ▁has ▁out sm art ed ▁them ▁( what ▁they ▁think ▁is ▁the ▁covered ▁statue ▁is ▁actually ▁an ▁un cons cious ▁Dim ples ). ▁When ▁Par s ons ▁brings ▁the ▁police , ▁looking ▁for ▁his ▁tr uck , ▁Lam bert ▁leads ▁them ▁to ▁the ▁th ieves . ▁The ▁cro oks ▁are ▁captured , ▁and ▁an ▁im pressed ▁Par s ons ▁gives ▁Lam bert ▁his ▁job ▁back . ▁When ▁V io let ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁also ▁show ▁up , ▁an ▁emb old ened ▁Lam bert ▁tells ▁them ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁going ▁to ▁marry ▁V io let . ▁With ▁the ▁$ 5 0 0 0 ▁check ▁in ▁hand , ▁he ▁propos es ▁to ▁I ris ▁instead ; ▁she ▁cannot ▁say ▁no . ▁ ▁Cast ▁Frank ▁Mc H ugh ▁as ▁Lam bert ▁T . ▁H unk ins ▁Jane ▁W yman ▁as ▁V io let ▁C oney ▁C ora ▁With ers po on ▁as ▁Mrs . ▁C oney ▁D iana ▁Lewis ▁as ▁I ris ▁M ab by ▁Bert on ▁Church ill ▁as ▁Senator ▁M ab by ▁Ferr is ▁Taylor ▁as ▁Ox n ard ▁O . ▁Par s ons ▁William ▁Ha ade ▁as ▁Sl ug ▁Tom ▁Kennedy ▁as ▁Dim ples ▁Raymond ▁Hat ton ▁as ▁H ym ie ▁Atlas ▁John ▁R id g ely ▁as ▁Ed , ▁the ▁rep orter ▁Ch |
ester ▁Cl ute ▁as ▁Mus gra ve ▁Cl iff ▁Clark ▁as ▁Au ction e er ▁R ita ▁G ould ▁as ▁Julia ▁Be cker ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : American ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁based ▁on ▁plays ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁short ▁fiction ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Lewis ▁Se iler ▁Category : W ar ner ▁B ros . ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁rom antic ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Techn ological ▁University , ▁M aw lam y ine ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁techn ological ▁and ▁engineering ▁university ▁located ▁in ▁M aw lam y ine , ▁Mon ▁State , ▁Bur ma . ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁University ▁( M aw lam y ine ) ▁is ▁teaching ▁a ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁ 2 2 0 3 ▁students ▁in ▁the ▁Academ ic ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁techn ological ▁department ▁was ▁separated ▁from ▁M aw lam y ine ▁University ▁to ▁form ▁Government ▁Techn ical ▁Institute ▁( M aw lam y ine ). ▁It ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁Government ▁Techn ological ▁College ▁( M aw lam y ine ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁It ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁university ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Depart ments ▁ ▁Civil ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁Electron ic ▁and ▁Communic ation ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁Elect rical |
▁Power ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁Mechan ical ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁Information ▁Technology ▁Department ▁Me chat ron ics ▁Engineering ▁Department ▁ ▁Program s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Te chn ological ▁univers ities ▁in ▁My an mar <0x0A> </s> ▁V ig adó ▁( us ually ▁translated ▁as ▁" Place ▁for ▁M err iment ") ▁is ▁Budapest ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁concert ▁hall , ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁Eastern ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Dan ube ▁in ▁Budapest , ▁Hung ary . ▁▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁ac oust ics ▁are ▁lack ing , ▁the ▁building ▁itself , ▁designed ▁by ▁Fr ig yes ▁F esz l ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁makes ▁a ▁bold ▁impression ▁along ▁the ▁P est ▁emb ank ment . ▁Bu ilt ▁to ▁replace ▁another ▁concert ▁hall ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁site ▁( which ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence ) ▁F esz l ' s ▁V ig adó ▁was ▁also ▁badly ▁dam aged , ▁this ▁time ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁The ▁post - war ▁reconst ruction , ▁which ▁took ▁some ▁thirty - six ▁years ▁to ▁complete , ▁remains ▁faithful ▁to ▁his ▁original ▁design ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁attract ▁leading ▁conduct ors ▁and ▁perform ers ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁fac ade ▁of ▁the ▁V ig adó ▁was ▁clean ed ▁and ▁restored ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁Bud ai ▁V ig adó ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁stage ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁State ▁Fol k ▁Ens emble ▁( The ▁House ▁of ▁Trad itions ), ▁the ▁group ▁having |
▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁with ▁Hung arian ▁traditional ▁dance ▁and ▁music . ▁The ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁ 3 0 ▁d anc ers , ▁a ▁Gy ps y ▁band ▁of ▁ 1 4 , ▁and ▁a ▁ 5 - member ▁folk ▁band . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁concert ▁h alls ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Budapest ▁Category : Culture ▁in ▁Budapest ▁Category : Music ▁ven ues ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Budapest ▁Category : 1 8 5 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Empire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 3 4 th ▁British ▁Film ▁Awards , ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Academy ▁of ▁Film ▁and ▁Television ▁Arts ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁hon oured ▁the ▁best ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁records , ▁and ▁no ▁explanation , ▁showing ▁any ▁nomin ations ▁nor ▁winner ▁for ▁the ▁B AF TA ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁in ▁a ▁Support ing ▁Ro le ▁and ▁B AF TA ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Support ing ▁Ro le ▁at ▁this ▁ 3 4 th ▁film ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁W inners ▁and ▁nom ine es ▁▁ ▁B AF TA ▁Fellow ship : ▁Ab el ▁G ance , ▁Emer ic ▁Press burger ▁and ▁Michael ▁Pow ell ▁ ▁B AF TA ▁Out standing ▁British ▁Cont ribution ▁to ▁Cinema ▁Award : ▁Kevin ▁Brown low ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ |
5 3 rd ▁Academy ▁Awards ▁▁ 6 th ▁César ▁Awards ▁▁ 3 3 rd ▁Direct ors ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁Awards ▁▁ 3 8 th ▁Golden ▁Glo be ▁Awards ▁▁ 1 st ▁Golden ▁R asp berry ▁Awards ▁▁ 7 th ▁Sat urn ▁Awards ▁▁ 3 3 rd ▁Writ ers ▁Gu ild ▁of ▁America ▁Awards ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 ▁film ▁awards ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁British ▁cinema ▁Film 0 3 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert us ▁front atus ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁c ob web ▁sp ider ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ther idi idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Th er idi idae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ban ī ▁ ʿ A wn ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁sub - d istrict ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Sh ar ' ab ▁as - Sal am ▁District , ▁Ta iz ▁Governor ate , ▁Y emen . ▁Ban ī ▁ ʿ A wn ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 , 1 7 5 ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁census . ▁ ▁Vill ages ▁Al - w atia ▁Al - kar iba . ▁Q a ' dar ▁* Al - math ira h . ▁Al - h ay ja ▁village . ▁Al - q arf ▁village . ▁Al - h aj if uh ▁village . ▁Al - h aw ab is ▁village . ▁Al - |
k har ay ib ▁village . ▁k away ak ban ▁village . ▁Al - kar ba ▁village . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Sub - d istrict s ▁in ▁Sh ar ' ab ▁as - Sal am ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Fl at ul ence ▁hum our ▁or ▁flat ul ence ▁humor ▁refers ▁to ▁any ▁type ▁of ▁jo ke , ▁practical ▁jo ke ▁device , ▁or ▁other ▁off - color ▁humor ▁related ▁to ▁flat ul ence . ▁ ▁History ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁flat ul ence ▁humor ▁has ▁long ▁been ▁considered ▁fun ny ▁in ▁cult ures ▁that ▁consider ▁the ▁public ▁passing ▁of ▁gas ▁imp ol ite , ▁such ▁j okes ▁are ▁rarely ▁recorded . ▁Two ▁important ▁early ▁texts ▁are ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century ▁BC ▁plays ▁The ▁Kn ights ▁and ▁The ▁Cloud s , ▁both ▁by ▁Arist oph anes , ▁which ▁contain ▁numerous ▁f art ▁j okes . ▁Another ▁example ▁from ▁classical ▁times ▁appeared ▁in ▁Ap oc ol oc ynt osis ▁or ▁The ▁P ump kin ification ▁of ▁Claud ius , ▁a ▁sat ire ▁attributed ▁to ▁Sen eca ▁on ▁the ▁late ▁Roman ▁em peror : ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁explains ▁he ▁got ▁to ▁the ▁after life ▁with ▁a ▁quote ▁from ▁H omer : ▁ ▁Ar che ologist ▁War wick ▁Ball ▁as ser ts ▁that ▁the ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁El ag ab ulus ▁played ▁practical ▁j okes ▁on ▁his ▁guests , ▁employ ing ▁a ▁who ope e ▁c ush ion - like ▁device ▁at ▁dinner ▁parties . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁translated ▁version ▁of ▁P engu in |
' s ▁ 1 0 0 1 ▁Arab ian ▁N ights ▁T ales , ▁a ▁story ▁entitled ▁" The ▁Historic ▁F art " ▁tells ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁who ▁fle es ▁his ▁country ▁from ▁the ▁she er ▁embar rass ment ▁of ▁f art ing ▁at ▁his ▁wed ding , ▁only ▁to ▁return ▁ten ▁years ▁later ▁to ▁discover ▁that ▁his ▁f art ▁had ▁become ▁so ▁famous , ▁that ▁people ▁used ▁the ▁anni versary ▁of ▁its ▁occurrence ▁to ▁date ▁other ▁events . ▁ ▁Upon ▁learning ▁this ▁he ▁exclaimed , ▁" Ver ily , ▁my ▁f art ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁date ! ▁ ▁It ▁shall ▁be ▁remembered ▁forever !" ▁His ▁embar rass ment ▁is ▁so ▁great ▁he ▁returns ▁to ▁ex ile ▁in ▁India . ▁▁▁▁ ▁In ▁a ▁similar ▁ve in , ▁John ▁A ubre y ' s ▁Br ief ▁L ives ▁rec ount s ▁of ▁Edward ▁de ▁Vere , ▁ 1 7 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Oxford ▁that : ▁" The ▁Ear le ▁of ▁Oxford , ▁making ▁his ▁low ▁ob e is ance ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth , ▁happened ▁to ▁let ▁a ▁F art , ▁at ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁so ▁ab ashed ▁and ▁ash amed ▁that ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Tra v ell , ▁ 7 ▁year es . ▁Upon ▁his ▁return ▁home , ▁the ▁Queen ▁gre et ed ▁him , ▁reported ly ▁saying ▁" My ▁Lord , ▁I ▁had ▁forgot ▁the ▁F art ." ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁celebrated ▁inc idents ▁of ▁flat ul ence ▁humor ▁in ▁early ▁English ▁literature ▁is ▁in ▁The ▁Miller ' s ▁T ale |
▁by ▁Geoff rey ▁Ch au cer , ▁which ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ; ▁The ▁Sum mon er ' s ▁T ale ▁has ▁another . ▁In ▁the ▁first , ▁the ▁character ▁Nicholas ▁st icks ▁his ▁but to cks ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁window ▁at ▁night ▁and ▁hum ili ates ▁his ▁rival ▁Ab sol om ▁by ▁f art ing ▁in ▁his ▁face . ▁But ▁Ab sol om ▁gets ▁reven ge ▁by ▁thrust ing ▁a ▁red - hot ▁pl ough ▁bla de ▁between ▁Nicholas ' s ▁che eks ▁(" am my d ▁the ▁ers ") ▁ ▁The ▁medieval ▁Latin ▁jo ke ▁book ▁Fac et iae ▁includes ▁six ▁tales ▁about ▁f art ing . ▁ ▁François ▁R abel ais ' ▁tales ▁of ▁G arg ant ua ▁and ▁P ant ag ru el ▁are ▁l aden ▁with ▁acts ▁of ▁flat ul ence . ▁In ▁Chapter ▁XX V II ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁book , ▁the ▁giant , ▁P ant ag ru el , ▁releases ▁a ▁f art ▁that ▁" made ▁the ▁earth ▁sh ake ▁for ▁twenty - n ine ▁miles ▁around , ▁and ▁the ▁f oul ▁air ▁he ▁ble w ▁out ▁created ▁more ▁than ▁fifty - three ▁thousand ▁tiny ▁men , ▁d war ves ▁and ▁cre atures ▁of ▁weird ▁shapes , ▁and ▁then ▁he ▁em itted ▁a ▁fat ▁wet ▁f art ▁that ▁turned ▁into ▁just ▁as ▁many ▁tiny ▁sto op ing ▁women ." ▁ ▁The ▁plays ▁of ▁William ▁Shakespeare ▁include ▁several ▁hum orous ▁references ▁to ▁flat ul ence , ▁including ▁the ▁following ▁from ▁O th ello |
: ▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin , ▁in ▁his ▁open ▁letter ▁" To ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁F art ing ", ▁sat ir ically ▁propos es ▁that ▁converting ▁f arts ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁agree able ▁form ▁through ▁science ▁should ▁be ▁a ▁mil estone ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy . ▁ ▁In ▁Mark ▁Tw ain ' s ▁ 1 6 0 1 , ▁properly ▁named ▁[ ▁Date : ▁ 1 6 0 1 .] ▁Con vers ation , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁Social ▁F ires ide , ▁in ▁the ▁Time ▁of ▁the ▁T ud ors , ▁a ▁cup b ear er ▁at ▁Court ▁who ' s ▁a ▁D iar ist ▁reports : ▁ ▁The ▁Queen ▁inqu ires ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁source , ▁and ▁receives ▁various ▁rep lies . ▁Lady ▁Alice ▁says : ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁chapter ▁of ▁M oby ▁Dick , ▁the ▁narr ator ▁states : ▁ ▁In cul pat ory ▁pron oun c ements ▁The ▁s our cing ▁of ▁a ▁f art ▁involves ▁a ▁rit ual ▁of ▁assignment ▁that ▁sometimes ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁rh ym ing ▁game . ▁These ▁are ▁frequently ▁used ▁to ▁disc ou rage ▁others ▁from ▁mention ing ▁the ▁f art ▁or ▁to ▁turn ▁the ▁embar rass ment ▁of ▁f art ing ▁into ▁a ▁ple as urable ▁subject ▁matter . ▁The ▁trick ▁is ▁to ▁pin ▁the ▁bl ame ▁on ▁someone ▁else , ▁often ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁de ception , ▁or ▁using ▁a ▁back ▁and ▁forth ▁rh ym ing ▁game ▁that ▁includes ▁phr ases ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁following : ▁He ▁who |
▁declared ▁it ▁bla red ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁observed ▁it ▁served ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁detected ▁it ▁e ject ed ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁rejected ▁it ▁respect ed ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁sm elt ▁it ▁de alt ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁denied ▁it ▁supplied ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁said ▁the ▁rh yme ▁did ▁the ▁crime . ▁He ▁who ▁acc uses ▁ble w ▁the ▁f uses . ▁He ▁who ▁pointed ▁the ▁finger ▁pulled ▁the ▁trigger . ▁He ▁who ▁art ic ulated ▁it ▁partic ulated ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁introduced ▁it ▁produced ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁in cul p ated ▁prom ul g ated . ▁He ▁who ▁dedu ced ▁it ▁produced ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁smart - ass ▁has ▁a ▁f art - ass . ▁He ▁who ▁sn iff ed ▁it ▁b iff ed ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁e ul og ized ▁it ▁a eros ol ized ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁ra pped ▁it ▁crack ed ▁it . ▁He ▁who ▁pol iced ▁it ▁released ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁re but s ▁it ▁cut s ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁said ▁the ▁rap ▁did ▁the ▁c rap . ▁Who ever ▁had ▁the ▁sm irk ▁did ▁the ▁work . ▁Who ever ▁spoke ▁it ▁broke ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁asked ▁it ▁g ass ed ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁started ▁it ▁f art ed ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁explained ▁it ▁ord ained ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁th unk ▁it ▁st unk ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁is ▁s que aling ▁is ▁conce aling . ▁Who ever ▁thought ▁it ▁brought |
▁it . ▁Who ever ▁gave ▁the ▁call ▁g ass ed ▁us ▁all . ▁He ▁who ▁circul ated ▁it ▁perpet r ated ▁it . ▁Who ever ▁spoke ▁last ▁set ▁off ▁the ▁bl ast . ▁The ▁sm eller ' s ▁the ▁f eller . ▁The ▁one ▁who ▁said ▁the ▁verse ▁just ▁made ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁worse . ▁Who ever ' s ▁pok ing ▁fun ▁is ▁the ▁sm oking ▁gun . ▁It ▁tw as ▁the ▁think er ▁who ▁lo os ened ▁his ▁s ph inct er . ▁etc . ▁ ▁Ass ign ing ▁bl ame ▁to ▁another ▁can ▁back fire : ▁a ▁jo ke ▁about ▁royal ty ▁has ▁the ▁Queen ▁em itting ▁flat ul ence , ▁and ▁then ▁turning ▁to ▁a ▁nearby ▁page , ▁exc laim ing , ▁" Ar thur , ▁stop ▁that !" ▁The ▁page ▁rep lies , ▁" Yes , ▁Your ▁Majesty . ▁Which ▁way ▁did ▁it ▁go ?" ▁ ▁Pract ical ▁j okes ▁A ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁sl ang ▁term ▁for ▁lying ▁in ▁bed ▁with ▁another ▁person ▁and ▁pulling ▁the ▁covers ▁over ▁the ▁person ' s ▁head ▁while ▁flat ulating , ▁thereby ▁creating ▁an ▁un ple asant ▁situation ▁in ▁an ▁en closed ▁space . ▁This ▁is ▁done ▁as ▁a ▁pr ank ▁or ▁by ▁accident ▁to ▁one ' s ▁sleep ing ▁partner . ▁The ▁book ▁The ▁Al phabet ▁of ▁Man lin ess ▁discuss es ▁the ▁Dutch ▁o ven ▁and ▁a ▁phenomen on ▁it ▁refers ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" D utch ▁o ven ▁surprise ", ▁that ▁" h app ens ▁if ▁you ▁force ▁it ▁too |
▁hard ". ▁The ▁Illustr ated ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Sex ▁refers ▁to ▁this ▁as ▁a ▁Dutch ▁treat . ▁ ▁A ▁connection ▁between ▁relationships ▁and ▁performing ▁a ▁Dutch ▁o ven ▁has ▁been ▁discussed ▁in ▁two ▁under grad uate ▁student ▁newspaper ▁articles ▁and ▁in ▁actress ▁D iane ▁F arr ' s ▁relationships / hum or ▁book ▁The ▁Girl ▁Code . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Fl at ul ist ▁H unde pr utter utch eb ane ▁Le ▁P ét om ane ▁Mr . ▁M eth ane ▁P ull ▁my ▁finger ▁Who ope e ▁c ush ion ▁Ar mp it ▁f art ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P ract ical ▁jo ke ▁devices ▁Category : F lat ul ence ▁in ▁popular ▁culture <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Clark ' s ▁Min er ▁Be e ▁( And ren a ▁cl ark ella ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁min er ▁be e ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁And ren idae . ▁Other ▁common ▁names ▁include ▁Clark ' s ▁And ren a ▁and ▁Clar ke ' s ▁M ining ▁Be e . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Europe ▁& ▁Northern ▁Asia ▁( ex cluding ▁China ) ▁and ▁North ▁America . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : And ren inae ▁Category : Art icles ▁created ▁by ▁Q bug bot ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Trans c endent al ▁Youth ▁is ▁the ▁four teenth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁Mountain ▁Go ats . ▁The ▁album ▁focus es ▁on ▁out cast s , ▁re cl uses , ▁the |
▁ment ally ▁ill , ▁and ▁others ▁struggling ▁in ▁ordinary ▁society . ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁lo os ely ▁un ified ▁around ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁living ▁in ▁Washington ▁state . ▁At ▁least ▁one ▁character ▁is ▁confirmed ▁to ▁be ▁rec urr ing ▁from ▁All ▁H ail ▁West ▁Texas , ▁an ▁earlier ▁album . ▁ ▁Several ▁songs ▁were ▁performed ▁in ▁concert ▁with ▁a ▁cap ella ▁quart et ▁An onymous ▁ 4 ▁and ▁featured ▁arrang ements ▁by ▁long - time ▁friend ▁O wen ▁P alle tt . ▁ ▁However , ▁An onymous ▁ 4 ▁and ▁O wen ▁P alle tt ▁do ▁not ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁studio ▁album . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁Mountain ▁Go ats ▁album ▁to ▁prom in ently ▁feature ▁a ▁horn ▁section , ▁contributed ▁and ▁arranged ▁by ▁fellow ▁music ian ▁Matthew ▁E . ▁White , ▁who ▁opened ▁for ▁the ▁band ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁tour . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁pre orders ▁of ▁the ▁album ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁bonus ▁ 7 ", ▁containing ▁dem os ▁for ▁the ▁songs ▁" Ste al ▁Sm oked ▁Fish " ▁on ▁Side ▁A , ▁and ▁" In ▁the ▁Sh adow ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Hills ," ▁which ▁was ▁originally ▁written ▁for ▁the ▁album , ▁on ▁Side ▁B . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁First ▁reported ▁by ▁John ▁D arn ielle ▁on ▁July ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁track ▁list ▁is : ▁ ▁Person nel ▁John ▁D arn ielle ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar , ▁piano , ▁lyr ics , |
▁composition ▁ ▁Peter ▁Hugh es ▁– ▁bass , ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Jon ▁W ur ster ▁– ▁drums , ▁per cussion ▁Matthew ▁E . ▁White ▁– ▁horn ▁arrang ements ▁ ▁Bob ▁Miller ▁– ▁tr ump et ▁▁ ▁Bry an ▁H oot en ▁– ▁trom bone ▁▁ ▁Reg gie ▁Chap man ▁– ▁bass ▁trom bone ▁▁ ▁John ▁Lic ley ▁– ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one , ▁clar inet ▁▁ ▁Jason ▁Scott ▁– ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one , ▁clar inet , ▁fl ute ▁▁ ▁Phil ▁Cook ▁– ▁piano ▁on ▁" The ▁Dia z ▁Brothers " ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Scott ▁Sol ter ▁– ▁mixing , ▁" elect ron ics ▁and ▁atmosphere " ▁▁ ▁Br ent ▁Lam bert ▁– ▁master ing , ▁vocals ▁on ▁the ▁song ▁" Trans c endent al ▁Youth " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : The ▁Mountain ▁Go ats ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Br andon ▁E gg l eston ▁Category : Mer ge ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁F atal ▁Past ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Australian ▁thr iller ▁film . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁F atal ▁Past ▁at ▁B FI ▁F atal ▁Past ▁at ▁Let ter box ▁DVD ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Austral ian ▁thr iller ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁N SS - 5 ▁( Form er ly ▁known ▁as ▁Int els at ▁ 8 0 3 ▁and |
▁N SS - 8 0 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁communic ations ▁satellite ▁operated ▁by ▁Int els at ▁and ▁after ▁by ▁S ES ▁World ▁Sk ies . ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁it ▁was ▁operated ▁in ▁ge ost ation ary ▁orbit ▁at ▁a ▁longitude ▁of ▁ 5 0 . 5 ▁degrees ▁east ▁for ▁around ▁ 1 4 ▁years . ▁ ▁Sat ellite ▁The ▁third ▁of ▁six ▁Int els at ▁VIII ▁sat ell ites ▁to ▁be ▁launched , ▁N SS - 5 ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Lock he ed ▁Martin . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁space craft . ▁The ▁satellite ▁carried ▁a ▁ 2 x L ER OS - 1 B ▁ap og ee ▁motor ▁for ▁prop ulsion ▁and ▁was ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁ 3 8 ▁C ▁Band ▁trans pond ers ▁and ▁ 6 ▁Ku ▁band ▁trans pond ers , ▁power ed ▁by ▁ 2 ▁solar ▁cells ▁more ▁batter ies . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁a ▁four teen - year ▁service ▁life . ▁ ▁La unch ▁The ▁launch ▁of ▁N SS - 5 ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁an ▁Ari ane ▁ 4 ▁ro cket ▁flying ▁from ▁Gu iana ▁Space ▁Centre , ▁K our ou , ▁French ▁Gu iana . ▁The ▁launch ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁ 2 3 : 5 8 ▁UTC ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁space craft ▁entering ▁a ▁ge os ynchronous ▁transfer ▁orbit . ▁N SS - 5 ▁subsequently ▁fired ▁its ▁ap og ee ▁motor ▁to ▁achieve ▁ge ost ation ary ▁orbit |
. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁in ▁space fl ight ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Int els at ▁sat ell ites ▁Category : SE S ▁sat ell ites ▁Category : Space craft ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁near ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Gate head ▁in ▁East ▁A yr shire , ▁Scotland , ▁about ▁ 5 m iles ▁( 8 km ) ▁west ▁of ▁Kil mar no ck . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁world ' s ▁earliest ▁surv iving ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁on ▁a ▁public ▁railway , ▁and ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁surv iv or ▁of ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁multi - span ▁railway ▁structure ▁subsequently ▁adopted ▁univers ally . ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁restored ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 - 9 6 ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Category ▁A ▁listed ▁structure ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁It ▁brid ges ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine ▁which ▁forms ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁and ▁South ▁A yr shire . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway , ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ; ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁a ▁horse ▁drawn ▁plate way ▁( although ▁locomot ive ▁tra ction ▁was ▁tried ▁later ). ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁when ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁was ▁real igned ▁to ▁ease ▁the ▁sharp |
▁curve ▁for ▁locomot ive ▁operation , ▁and ▁a ▁wooden ▁bridge ▁was ▁built ▁a ▁little ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁carry ▁the ▁real igned ▁route . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁turn ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁third ▁structure ▁further ▁south ▁again , ▁which ▁car ries ▁trains ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁constructed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway , ▁which ▁opened ▁on ▁ 6 ▁July ▁ 1 8 1 2 . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁National ▁Grid ▁Reference ▁NS ▁ 3 8 3 4 ▁ 3 6 9 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁with ▁four ▁segment al ▁arch es ▁of ▁ 1 2 . 3 m ▁( 4 0 fe et ) ▁span , ▁and ▁a ▁rise ▁of ▁one - third ▁span ; ▁the ▁vous so irs ▁were ▁ 6 1 0 mm ▁( 2 4 in ches ) ▁thick . ▁The ▁railway ▁was ▁carried ▁about ▁ 8 m ▁( 2 5 fe et ) ▁above ▁the ▁river ▁surface . ▁ ▁The ▁arch es ▁were ▁of ▁local ▁fre estone ▁with ▁sand stone ▁as hl ar ▁fac ings ▁and ▁rounded ▁cut w aters : ▁these ▁were ▁later ▁extended ▁to ▁form ▁semi - circ ular ▁but tr esses . ▁Bu ilt ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 ▁- ▁ 1 8 1 2 , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁surv iving ▁railway ▁vi ad uct ▁in ▁Scotland . ▁and ▁one ▁of |
▁the ▁oldest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁ 8 2 m ▁( 2 7 0 ft ) ▁long ▁by ▁ 5 . 8 m ▁( 1 9 ft ) ▁wide ▁over ▁all . ▁The ▁pi ers ▁are ▁ 9 ft ▁( 2 . 7 m ) ▁wide . ▁Phot ograph s ▁taken ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁recent ▁rest oration ▁show ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁without ▁par ap ets , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁these ▁were ▁provided . ▁ ▁The ▁engineer ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁line ▁was ▁William ▁Jess op , ▁and ▁the ▁resident ▁engineer ▁was ▁Thomas ▁H oll is , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁probably ▁allowed ▁considerable ▁aut onomy ▁by ▁Jess op . ▁The ▁st on em ason ▁was ▁probably ▁John ▁Sim pson , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁extens ively ▁employed ▁by ▁Jess op ▁at ▁Ar d ross an ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁C aled onian ▁Canal . ▁ ▁H oll is ▁was ▁refused ▁permission ▁to ▁dis m ant le ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁mill ▁dam ▁to ▁lower ▁water ▁level ▁for ▁pier ▁construction , ▁and ▁" in ▁July ▁ 1 8 0 9 ▁he ▁was ▁author ized ▁to ▁proceed ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁a ▁c of fer dam , ▁involving ▁' very ▁little ▁more ▁exp ense ', ▁with ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁' the ▁stones ▁for ▁the ▁bridge ▁can ▁be ▁flo ated ▁down ▁on ▁a ▁punt ' ." ▁ ▁Pa xt on ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁original ▁standard ▁of ▁construction ▁was ▁poor : ▁ ▁This ▁util itar ian , ▁medium - |
scale ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁traditional ▁rather ▁than ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁state - of - the - art ▁practice . ▁It ▁did ▁not ▁incorpor ate ▁the ▁h ollow ▁cross - t ied ▁sp and rel ▁improvement ▁then ▁being ▁adopted ▁with ▁increasing ▁frequency ▁by ▁leading ▁engine ers . ▁If ▁this ▁had ▁been ▁adopted ▁here ▁instead ▁of ▁cl ay ▁fill , ▁it ▁would ▁have ▁ob vi ated ▁the ▁sp and rel ▁bul ging ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁stone ▁loss ▁that ▁occurred . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁vi ad uct ' s ▁stone ▁quality ▁and ▁some ▁work mans hip ▁at ▁the ▁west ▁end ▁were ▁only ▁just ▁ade qu ate ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁... ▁but ▁the ▁flat - stone , ▁l ime - mort ar - bed ded , ▁pier ▁heart ing ▁carried ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 m ▁above ▁arch ▁spring ing ▁was ▁an ▁effective ▁feature ▁which ▁had ▁probably ▁saved ▁the ▁pi ers ▁from ▁collapse . ▁In ▁cross - section , ▁the ▁sp and rel s ▁presented ▁an ▁unusual ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁gravity ▁retain ing ▁wall . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁dec ades ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁an ▁ever - w ors ening ▁condition , ▁with ▁much ▁serious ▁er os ion ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁fac ings ; ▁the ▁western ▁arch ▁had ▁sag ged ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁arch ▁had ▁h og ged ; ▁cra cks ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 mm ▁had ▁opened ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁extr ados |
▁of ▁the ▁arch ▁rings . ▁It ▁had ▁become ▁obvious ▁that ▁the ▁structure ▁was ▁near ▁to ▁collapse , ▁and ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁Conserv ation ▁Project ▁was ▁formed . ▁It ▁is ▁described ▁below . ▁ ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁by - pass ed , ▁it ▁remained ▁in ▁place , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁foot way ▁and ▁possibly ▁for ▁cart age ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁pit ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁river , ▁Fair lie ▁Col li ery ▁No . ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁Second ▁vi ad uct ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁the ▁propriet ors ▁determined ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁railway ▁for ▁ordinary ▁locomot ive ▁use . ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁process ▁involved ▁eas ing ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁sharp ▁curves ▁on ▁the ▁line . ▁This ▁process ▁included ▁providing ▁a ▁new ▁vi ad uct ▁to ▁cross ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine , ▁a ▁little ▁distance ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct . ▁This ▁second ▁bridge ▁was ▁wooden ; ▁it ▁was ▁located ▁where ▁the ▁river ▁banks ▁were ▁lower ▁than ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct , ▁and ▁elev ated ▁approaches ▁were ▁needed . ▁Little ▁detail ▁of ▁this ▁second ▁vi ad uct ▁has ▁surv ived . ▁ ▁This ▁structure ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁in ▁place , ▁but ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁ab ut ments ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine ▁when ▁the ▁water ▁is ▁exception ally ▁low . ▁ ▁Third ▁vi ad uct ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 5 |
▁the ▁wooden ▁structure ▁was ▁itself ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁vi ad uct ▁further ▁south , ▁impro ving ▁the ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁once ▁more . ▁The ▁new ▁vi ad uct ▁remains ▁in ▁use ▁by ▁Network ▁Rail ▁at ▁the ▁present ▁day ; ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁Gate head ▁Vi ad uct . ▁ ▁The ▁Kil mar no ck ▁& ▁Tro on ▁Railway ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 7 ▁the ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁T itch field ▁( l ater ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Port land ) ▁commission ed ▁William ▁Jess op ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁Tro on . ▁B entin ck ▁had ▁coal ▁p its ▁near ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁was ▁construct ing ▁a ▁har bour ▁at ▁Tro on . ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁coal ▁was ▁dest ined ▁for ▁Ireland ▁from ▁Tro on . ▁ ▁The ▁line ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ; ▁it ▁was ▁made ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁track ▁line , ▁as ▁a ▁plate way , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁rails ▁were ▁L - sh aped ▁in ▁cross ▁section ; ▁w ag ons ▁with ▁plain ▁whe els ▁could ▁use ▁the ▁line . ▁The ▁railway ▁used ▁horses ▁for ▁tra ction ; ▁a ▁locomot ive ▁was ▁tried , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁too ▁heavy ▁and ▁broke ▁the ▁pl ates . ▁Pass engers ▁were ▁carried ▁by ▁independent ▁ha ul iers . ▁ ▁The ▁plate way ▁system ▁had ▁significant ▁limitations , ▁and ▁the ▁Company ▁converted ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁an ▁edge ▁railway ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 |
1 . ▁Lo comot ive ▁tra ction ▁was ▁intended , ▁and ▁some ▁very ▁sharp ▁curves ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁line ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁e ased . ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁a ▁sharp ▁curve , ▁and ▁the ▁conversion ▁work ▁included ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁structure ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁The ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁Tro on ▁Railway ▁was ▁a ▁local ▁line , ▁and ▁as ▁larger ▁concerns ▁extended ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁influence , ▁the ▁Glasgow , ▁P ais ley , ▁Kil mar no ck ▁and ▁A yr ▁Railway ▁( GP K & AR ) ▁le ased ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁and ▁built ▁connecting ▁lines ▁so ▁that ▁it ▁became ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁network . ▁The ▁alignment ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁was ▁still ▁uns atisf actory ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁a ▁third ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁built ▁further ▁south . ▁The ▁G PK & AR ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁and ▁South ▁Western ▁Railway ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁remains ▁in ▁use ▁today ▁( 2 0 1 3 ), ▁owned ▁by ▁Network ▁Rail . ▁Pass enger ▁and ▁fre ight ▁trains ▁operate ▁over ▁the ▁route . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁project ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁Conserv ation ▁Project ▁was ▁formed , ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁conser ving ▁the ▁structure . ▁The ▁Project ▁did ▁not ▁necessarily ▁anticip ate ▁taking ▁on ▁ownership , ▁but |
▁this ▁became ▁necessary ▁as ▁a ▁condition ▁of ▁fund ing , ▁and ▁Str ath c ly de ▁Regional ▁Council ▁agreed ▁to ▁let ▁and ▁over see ▁the ▁main ▁contract ▁for ▁rest oration , ▁and ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁ownership ▁on ▁completion . ▁ ▁O wn ership ▁proved ▁difficult ▁to ▁trace , ▁but ▁was ▁eventually ▁found ▁to ▁rest ▁with ▁ad jo ining ▁farm ▁own ers , ▁and ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁purchased ▁from ▁them ▁for ▁a ▁nom inal ▁sum . ▁ ▁Cont ract s ▁were ▁prepared ▁on ▁a ▁design ▁and ▁build ▁basis , ▁and ▁fund ing ▁was ▁obtained ▁from : ▁ ▁National ▁Heritage ▁Memorial ▁Fund : ▁£ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Historic ▁Scotland : ▁£ 2 7 7 , 3 0 0 ▁ ▁European ▁Union : ▁£ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Str ath c ly de ▁Regional ▁Council : ▁£ 6 3 , 0 0 0 , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁roads ▁and ▁planning ▁services ▁ ▁K yle ▁& ▁Car rick ▁District ▁Council : ▁£ 6 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Kil mar no ck ▁& ▁L oud oun ▁District ▁Council : ▁£ 4 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁Enter prise ▁A yr shire : ▁£ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ ▁The ▁lowest ▁tender ▁for ▁execution ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁was ▁accepted ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁and ▁the ▁out - turn ▁was ▁£ 1 . 0 2 4 ▁million , ▁representing ▁ 9 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁fund ing ; ▁pre lim |
inary ▁works ▁account ed ▁for ▁ 1 . 5 % ▁and ▁legal ▁costs ▁and ▁administration ▁for ▁ 3 . 5 %. ▁Bar r ▁Const ruction ▁were ▁the ▁main ▁contract or . ▁ ▁Pa xt on ▁records ▁that ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁had ▁become ▁frag ile ▁largely ▁because ▁of ▁cr umb ling ▁of ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁stone , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁quality , ▁being ▁of ▁a ▁min utely ▁f iss ured ▁weak ▁texture . ▁With ▁lack ▁of ▁maintenance , ▁veget ation ▁and ▁weather ▁effects ▁this ▁weak ness ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁w ides p read ▁stone ▁loss ▁and ▁serious ▁under cut ting ▁to ▁all ▁pi ers ▁at ▁or ▁near ▁water ▁level . ▁The ▁west ▁pier ▁was ▁seriously ▁crack ed , ▁mainly ▁around ▁its ▁traditional ▁heart ing , ▁and ▁had ▁lost ▁about ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁its ▁ 2 . 9 m ▁thick ness . ▁Some ▁movement ▁had ▁occurred ▁long ▁ago ▁causing ▁stretch ing ▁and ▁h og ging ▁of ▁the ▁arch es ▁ad jo ining ▁the ▁west ▁pier . ▁... ▁The ▁north ▁sp and rel ▁wall ▁had ▁suffered ▁extensive ▁stone ▁loss ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁and ▁some ▁pe eling ▁away ▁of ▁pier ▁b ull - n oses . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁agent ▁had ▁shown ▁initi ative ▁by ▁artificial ly ▁age ing ▁a ▁trial ▁area ▁of ▁new ▁stone ▁with ▁pe at ▁and ▁milk , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁ins isted ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁stone ▁should ▁remain ▁un tre ated ▁in ▁order ▁that ▁old ▁and ▁new ▁work ▁could ▁be ▁identified . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁vi ad |
uct ▁had ▁not ▁had ▁par ap ets ▁and ▁had ▁probably ▁never ▁had ▁hand rails , ▁which ▁were ▁now ▁essential ▁for ▁safety . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁appropriate ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁of ▁steel ▁in ▁an ▁authentic ▁period ▁style , ▁and ▁after ▁exam ining ▁photograph s ▁of ▁the ▁cast ▁iron ▁rail ings ▁of ▁Ch irk ▁Aqu ed uct ▁and ▁other ▁early ▁examples , ▁m ason ry ▁cop ings ▁and ▁light - col oured ▁rail ings ▁were ▁provided . ▁The ▁pres ervation ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 0 0 mm ▁dist ort ion ▁of ▁arch ▁ 2 ▁was ▁maintained ; ▁the ▁light ▁col oured ▁rail ings ▁are ▁un ob tr us ive ▁vis ually ▁against ▁the ▁sky . ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁formally ▁re - open ed ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁East ▁and ▁South ▁A yr shire ▁Coun c ils ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Ind ic ations ▁from ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁and ▁other ▁maps ▁ ▁John ▁A ins lie ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁and ▁John ▁Thom son ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁both ▁show ▁the ▁route ▁of ▁the ▁Kil mar no ck ▁& ▁Tro on ▁railway ▁and ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁crossing ▁the ▁River ▁Ir v ine . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁shows |
▁a ▁farm ▁track ▁crossing ▁the ▁vi ad uct ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁by way ▁from ▁West ▁Gate head ▁farm ▁to ▁C ock hill ▁farm ▁and ▁the ▁Craig ▁estate . ▁The ▁new ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁of ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁car ries ▁the ▁railway . ▁The ▁new ▁bridge ▁required ▁emb ank ments ▁to ▁give ▁sufficient ▁height ▁over ▁the ▁river , ▁whereas ▁the ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁was ▁spr ung ▁from ▁higher ▁river ▁emb ank ments . ▁On ▁the ▁Tro on ▁side ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁track ▁has ▁been ▁ob liter ated ▁by ▁Fair lie ▁Col li ery ▁( P it ▁No . 3 ) ▁and ▁its ▁spo il ▁he aps . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 0 4 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁that ▁the ▁wooden ▁bridge ▁( the ▁second ▁structure ) ▁has ▁been ▁abandoned ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁bridge ▁built ▁further ▁up ▁river . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁marks ▁the ▁track bed ▁alignment ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁brid ges , ▁whilst ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁min eral ▁line ▁to ▁Thor nt oun ▁and ▁Gate head ▁col lier ies ▁is ▁now ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁foot path . ▁Fair lie ▁Col li ery ▁( P it ▁No . 3 ) ▁is ▁still ▁active ▁with ▁several ▁sid ings ▁and ▁spo il ▁he aps . ▁No ▁track ▁or ▁l ane ▁is ▁shown ▁running ▁to ▁West ▁Gate head ▁farm . ▁ ▁Mc N aught ' s ▁map ▁of ▁ |
1 9 1 2 ▁shows ▁the ▁col li ery ▁s iding ▁and ▁indicates ▁the ▁access ▁over ▁the ▁old ▁vi ad uct ▁to ▁West ▁Gate head . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁this ▁access ▁across ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁vi ad uct ▁to ▁the ▁col li ery ▁allowed ▁coal ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁off ▁the ▁site ▁by ▁road ▁and ▁allowed ▁ped est rian ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁col li ery . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 8 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁The ▁first ▁vi ad uct ▁is ▁still ▁clearly ▁shown ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁farm ▁track ▁to ▁C ock hill ▁farm ▁from ▁West ▁Gate head . ▁No ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁is ▁indicated ▁and ▁a ▁saw ▁mill ▁is ▁now ▁marked , ▁possibly ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁the ▁extra ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁ 1 : 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁map ▁shows ▁the ▁inter - f arm ▁route ▁as ▁still ▁int act ; ▁the ▁saw ▁mill ▁is ▁not ▁marked ; ▁and ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁had ▁become ▁a ▁public ▁house . ▁The ▁emb ank ments ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁railway ▁line ▁that ▁ran ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁wooden ▁vi ad uct ▁are ▁however ▁shown ▁here . ▁ ▁Trad itions ▁and ▁local ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁vi ad uct ▁has ▁gone ▁by ▁several ▁alternative ▁names , ▁such ▁as ▁G ates |
ide ▁Vi ad uct , ▁D ry bridge ▁Vi ad uct , ▁West ▁Gate head ▁Vi ad uct ▁or ▁even ▁the ▁' w et ▁bridge ', ▁as ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁nearby ▁' D ry bridge '. ▁ ▁Gate head ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁situated ▁nearby , ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁that ▁name . ▁It ▁closed ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁Gate head ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁named ▁from ▁the ▁turn pi ke ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁tool ▁bar . ▁A ▁' G ate head ▁T oll ▁Bar ' ▁is ▁still ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁down ▁to ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁mill ▁and ▁the ▁Craig ▁house ▁estate ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁OS ▁map . ▁ ▁A ▁ham let ▁called ▁' Mil ton ' ▁is ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁maps , ▁but ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁marked ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁and ▁the ▁more ▁recent ▁OS ▁maps . ▁ ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁D ry bridge ▁railway ▁station ▁and ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁are ▁nearby . ▁The ▁name ▁' D ry bridge ' ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁most ▁brid ges ▁up ▁until ▁the ▁era ▁of ▁the ▁rail ways ▁were ▁built ▁over ▁water c ourses ▁and ▁were ▁therefore ▁' w et ▁brid ges '. ▁A ▁' D ry ▁bridge ' ▁was ▁such ▁a ▁novel ty ▁that ▁the ▁name ▁has ▁surv ived ▁ever ▁since . ▁This ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁is ▁still ▁active ▁as |
▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Glasgow ▁South ▁Western ▁Line ▁( and ▁officially ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁' B urn s ▁Line ') ▁running ▁from ▁Kil mar no ck ▁to ▁Tro on . ▁ ▁View s ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁Another ▁early ▁Scottish ▁railway ▁structure ▁The ▁Black hall ▁Bridge ▁in ▁P ais ley ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁- ▁ 1 8 1 0 ▁as ▁an ▁aqu ed uct ▁for ▁the ▁Glasgow , ▁P ais ley ▁and ▁Ar d ross an ▁Canal . ▁It ▁was ▁converted ▁for ▁railway ▁use ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁and ▁currently ▁car ries ▁the ▁P ais ley ▁Canal ▁branch ▁railway . ▁The ▁bridge ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁longest ▁span ▁m ason ry ▁aqu ed uct ▁of ▁the ▁canal ▁age ▁on ▁a ▁British ▁canal , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁earliest ▁brid ges ▁carrying ▁a ▁public ▁railway . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁YouTube ▁video ▁of ▁La igh ▁Mil ton ▁Vi ad uct ▁ ▁YouTube ▁video ▁- ▁A yr shire ▁T ales ▁- ▁A ▁Rom antic ▁T rag edy ▁ ▁Category : B rid ges ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁Category : P ed est rian ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : History ▁of ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁Category : List ed ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : Category ▁A ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁East ▁A yr shire ▁Category : Category ▁A ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁South ▁A yr shire ▁Category : |
R ail way ▁brid ges ▁in ▁Scotland ▁Category : V i ad uct s ▁in ▁Scotland <0x0A> </s> ▁Regional ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Organ ization ▁( R P PO ) ▁is ▁an ▁inter g overn ment al ▁organization ▁responsible ▁for ▁co operation ▁in ▁plant ▁protection . ▁There ▁are ▁the ▁following ▁organizations ▁under ▁the ▁International ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Convention ▁( IP PC ): ▁Asia ▁and ▁Pacific ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Commission ▁( APP PC ) ▁Car ib bean ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Commission ▁( CP PC ) ▁Comité ▁de ▁San idad ▁Veg etal ▁del ▁Con o ▁Sur ▁( CO S AV E ) ▁European ▁and ▁Mediter rane an ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Organ ization ▁( EP PO ) ▁Inter a fr ican ▁Ph yt os an it ary ▁Council ▁( I AP SC ) ▁North ▁American ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Organ ization ▁( N AP PO ) ▁Near ▁East ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Organ ization ▁( NE P PO ) ▁Organ ismo ▁Internacional ▁Regional ▁de ▁San idad ▁Ag ro pec u aria ▁( O IR SA ) ▁Pacific ▁Plant ▁Prote ction ▁Organ ization ▁( PP PO ) ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁IP PC , ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁R P PO ▁is ▁to : ▁function ▁as ▁the ▁coordin ating ▁bodies ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁covered , ▁shall ▁particip ate ▁in ▁various ▁activities ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁object ives ▁of ▁this ▁Convention ▁and , ▁where ▁appropriate , ▁shall ▁gather ▁and ▁dis sem inate ▁information . ▁co oper ate ▁with ▁the ▁Secretary ▁in ▁ach ieving ▁the ▁object ives ▁of ▁the ▁Convention ▁and , ▁where ▁appropriate |
, ▁co oper ate ▁with ▁the ▁Secretary ▁and ▁the ▁Commission ▁in ▁developing ▁international ▁standards . ▁hold ▁regular ▁Techn ical ▁Cons ult ations ▁of ▁represent atives ▁of ▁regional ▁plant ▁protection ▁organizations ▁to : ▁promote ▁the ▁development ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁relevant ▁international ▁standards ▁for ▁ph yt os an it ary ▁measures ; ▁and ▁encou rage ▁inter - reg ional ▁co operation ▁in ▁prom oting ▁harm on ized ▁ph yt os an it ary ▁measures ▁for ▁cont rolling ▁p ests ▁and ▁in ▁prevent ing ▁their ▁spread ▁and / or ▁introduction . ▁ ▁Category : A gr icult ural ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁Sn ors com be ▁is ▁a ▁ru ined ▁ham let ▁south ▁of ▁Ever don ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire , ▁England , ▁whose ▁rural ▁location , ▁now ▁on ▁private ▁land , ▁makes ▁it ▁extremely ▁hard ▁to ▁access . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁ham let ▁was ▁once ▁a ▁th riv ing ▁community . ▁The ▁medieval ▁residents ▁would ▁have ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁local ▁Lord ▁under ▁the ▁man orial ▁system ▁and ▁cultiv ated ▁the ▁surrounding ▁land . ▁The ▁man or ▁at ▁Sn ors com be ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁a ▁Philip ▁Lov ell ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁King ▁John . ▁By ▁ 1 5 3 4 ▁it ▁had ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁Knight ley ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁man or ▁house ▁was ▁a ▁farm house ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁and ▁all ▁that ▁was ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁that ▁farm , ▁a ▁wat erm ill ▁and ▁a ▁c ott age . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ |
▁Ever don ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire ▁Category : D av entry ▁District ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire <0x0A> </s> ▁C erc op im or pha ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Ar ct i inae . ▁The ▁genus ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Gard iner ▁Butler ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁dol ens ▁( Sch aus , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁h off mann i ▁Z ern y , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁hom opter idia ▁Butler , ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁met ery th ra ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁post f lav ida ▁( R oth sch ild , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁s yl va ▁Schaus , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁t et rag onia ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁ ▁Selected ▁former ▁species ▁ ▁C erc op im or pha ▁complex a ▁Ga ede , ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ar ct i inae <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law , ▁Cambridge ▁is ▁the ▁law ▁school ▁of ▁the |
▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁fac ulty ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁oldest ▁and ▁fin est ▁law ▁schools , ▁ren owned ▁for ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁its ▁teaching ▁and ▁its ▁cutting - edge ▁legal ▁research , ▁particularly ▁in ▁international ▁law . ▁It ▁is ▁regularly ▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁by ▁major ▁national ▁league ▁tables . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁ranked ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁second ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Leg al ▁study ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁s its ▁the ▁oldest ▁law ▁professor ship ▁in ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁the ▁Reg ius ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 0 . ▁Today , ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁incorpor ates ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁C rimin ology ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 1 ▁Research ▁Cent res , ▁including ▁the ▁world ' s ▁leading ▁research ▁inst itute ▁for ▁international ▁law , ▁The ▁La uter p acht ▁Centre ▁for ▁International ▁Law . ▁The ▁fac ulty ▁has ▁ 3 1 ▁profess ors , ▁six ▁readers , ▁and ▁over ▁ 7 0 ▁other ▁university , ▁fac ulty ▁and ▁college ▁teaching ▁officers . ▁The ▁student ▁body ▁compr ises ▁about ▁ 7 0 0 ▁under grad uate ▁and ▁ 2 2 5 ▁gradu ate ▁students . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Law ▁Society , ▁the ▁largest ▁student - run |
▁law ▁society ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁history ▁of ▁legal ▁education ▁in ▁Cambridge ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁th ir teenth ▁century , ▁when ▁the ▁core ▁subjects ▁of ▁legal ▁study ▁in ▁all ▁European ▁univers ities ▁were ▁Civil ▁law ▁( the ▁law ▁of ▁ancient ▁Rome ) ▁and ▁the ▁Can on ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁Church . ▁Early ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁held ▁the ▁highest ▁jud icial ▁positions ▁in ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁R ota ▁at ▁Av ignon . ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁include ▁William ▁Bat eman ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Fast olf , ▁who ▁wrote ▁the ▁first ▁known ▁law ▁reports ▁in ▁the ▁i us ▁commune ▁tradition , ▁and ▁William ▁Ly nd wood , ▁the ▁principal ▁comment ator ▁on ▁medieval ▁English ▁Can on ▁law . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁English ▁Re formation , ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁ordered ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁to ▁stop ▁teaching ▁canon ▁law ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 5 . ▁Non eth eless , ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁received ▁some ▁compens ation ▁when ▁the ▁same ▁king ▁appointed ▁Thomas ▁Smith ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Reg ius ▁Professor ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 0 . ▁Academ ical ▁legal ▁learning ▁was ▁cosm opol itan ; ▁Cambridge ▁do ctors ▁of ▁law ▁pract ised ▁in ▁the ▁ecc les iast ical ▁and ▁adm ir alty ▁courts , ▁assist ed ▁the ▁nation ▁in ▁foreign ▁emb ass ies , ▁and ▁disc ours ed ▁on ▁law , ▁justice ▁and ▁government ▁in ▁philosoph ical |
▁and ▁compar ative ▁terms . ▁ ▁English ▁law ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁curr icul um ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 0 , ▁with ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁Down ing ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁England . ▁Ex amin ations ▁in ▁law ▁for ▁the ▁B . A . ▁degree ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁grew ▁stead ily ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁of ▁its ▁interests . ▁The ▁other ▁established ▁ch airs ▁in ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁are : ▁the ▁Whe well ▁( Intern ational ▁Law , ▁ 1 8 6 7 ), ▁the ▁R ouse ▁Ball ▁( English ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ), ▁the ▁Wolf son ▁( C rimin ology , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ), ▁the ▁Arthur ▁Good hart ▁Vis iting ▁Professor ship ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁the ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁Law ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁the ▁S . J . ▁Ber win ▁( Cor por ate ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁the ▁Her ch el ▁Smith ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁Intel lect ual ▁Property ▁Law ▁( 1 9 9 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Professor ship ▁of ▁European ▁Law ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁ ▁Among ▁benef actions ▁received ▁by ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁to ▁support ▁study ▁and ▁research ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁Whe well ▁Trust ▁Fund ▁( 1 8 6 7 ), ▁for ▁scholar ships ▁in ▁international ▁law ; ▁Edmund ▁Y or ke ' s ▁be quest ▁( 1 8 7 3 ), ▁used |
▁for ▁the ▁Y or ke ▁Prize ▁and ▁other ▁undert ak ings ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁law ; ▁the ▁M ait land ▁Memorial ▁Fund ▁( 1 9 0 6 ), ▁established ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁F . ▁W . ▁M ait land , ▁Down ing ▁Professor ▁and ▁ren owned ▁legal ▁historian , ▁for ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁research ▁and ▁instruction ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁law ▁and ▁of ▁legal ▁language ▁and ▁institutions ; ▁the ▁S quire ▁Sch olar ship ▁Fund , ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁trust ees ▁of ▁Miss ▁Reb e cca ▁F lower ▁S quire ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁provide ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁gr ants ▁in ▁law ; ▁the ▁Wright ▁Rog ers ▁be quest ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁for ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁gr ants ; ▁the ▁H ersch ▁La uter p acht ▁Fund ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁for ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁international ▁law ; ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prize ▁funds . ▁Further ▁gener ous ▁support ▁was ▁provided ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁building . ▁ ▁C ourses ▁offered ▁ ▁The ▁fac ulty ▁offers ▁six ▁degrees ▁in ▁Law : ▁B A , ▁L LM , ▁M CL , ▁ML itt , ▁Ph D ▁and ▁L LD . ▁In ▁addition , ▁it ▁offers ▁the ▁M Ph il ▁in ▁C rimin ology , ▁the ▁M Ph il ▁in ▁C rimin ological ▁Research , ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Leg al ▁Studies , ▁and ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁International ▁Law . ▁ ▁Rank ings ▁and ▁reputation ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁is ▁un anim ously |
▁ranked ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁law ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁by ▁all ▁major ▁national ▁academic ▁league ▁tables . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁ranked ▁first ▁by ▁The ▁Guardian , ▁The ▁Times / The ▁Sunday ▁Times ' ▁Good ▁University ▁Guide , ▁and ▁The ▁Complete ▁University ▁Guide . ▁Since ▁it ▁started ▁publishing ▁its ▁annual ▁rank ings ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁Guardian ▁has ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁first ▁six ▁times ▁( 2 0 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 8 ). ▁The ▁Complete ▁University ▁Guide ▁has ▁given ▁the ▁top ▁spot ▁to ▁Cambridge ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁eight ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 1 ▁years . ▁The ▁Times ▁Good ▁University ▁Guide ▁law ▁rank ings ▁has ▁Cambridge ▁at op ▁its ▁league ▁table ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Q S ▁World ▁University ▁Rank ings ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁third ▁best ▁university ▁for ▁law . ▁THE ▁ranked ▁Cambridge ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁third ▁best ▁university ▁for ▁law ▁in ▁its ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁subject ▁rank ings . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁ ▁The ▁fac ulty ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁on ▁the ▁university ' s ▁Sid g wick ▁Site ▁in ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁Building ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁University ' s ▁first ▁full - time ▁Vice - Ch an |
cell or ▁and ▁Professor ▁of ▁Public ▁Law , ▁Professor ▁Sir ▁David ▁Williams . ▁The ▁Building ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Norman ▁F oster , ▁who ▁also ▁designed ▁the ▁terminal ▁building ▁at ▁Stan sted ▁Airport ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁St ▁Mary ▁A xe ▁( the ▁" G her kin " ▁in ▁London ). ▁The ▁building ▁suffered ▁serious ▁ac oust ic ▁problems ▁( prim arily ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁consideration ▁of ▁ac oust ics ▁in ▁F oster ' s ▁design ), ▁with ▁its ▁form ▁ampl ifying ▁any ▁noise ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁levels ▁and ▁causing ▁significant ▁disturb ance ▁at ▁higher ▁levels , ▁not ▁least ▁in ▁the ▁library . ▁This ▁was ▁fixed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁the ▁installation ▁of ▁a ▁gla zed ▁ac oust ic ▁screen , ▁separ ating ▁quiet ▁areas ▁from ▁no isy ▁ones . ▁ ▁The ▁David ▁Williams ▁Building ▁contains ▁the ▁University ' s ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library , ▁together ▁with ▁offices , ▁lecture ▁and ▁sem inar ▁rooms ▁and ▁common ▁room ▁facilities . ▁ ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library ▁▁ ▁The ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library , ▁which ▁occup ies ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁first , ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁flo ors ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁is ▁a ▁dependent ▁library ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Library . ▁It ▁contains ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁largest ▁legal ▁collections ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 , 0 0 0 ▁volumes . ▁The ▁collection ▁is ▁very ▁strong ▁across ▁UK ▁law , ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁other ▁major ▁common ▁law ▁countries ▁( |
the ▁United ▁States , ▁Australia , ▁Canada ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ), ▁and ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁France ▁and ▁Germany . ▁There ▁are , ▁addition ally , ▁smaller ▁collections ▁for ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁many ▁other ▁countries . ▁The ▁library ▁provides ▁its ▁users ▁with ▁access ▁to ▁many ▁major ▁legal ▁databases . ▁ ▁The ▁library ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁at ▁first ▁with ▁only ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁volumes , ▁although ▁this ▁soon ▁increased . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁See ley ▁Historical ▁Library , ▁it ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁C ocker ell ▁Building ▁on ▁Senate ▁House ▁Pass age , ▁previously ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁Library ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 7 - 4 2 . ▁The ▁S quire ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁C ocker ell ▁Building ▁on ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁James ▁St ir ling ' s ▁building ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁library ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁S quire ' s ▁own ▁move ▁in ▁turn , ▁its ▁former ▁site ▁became ▁the ▁library ▁of ▁Gon ville ▁and ▁C ai us ▁College . ▁ ▁Most ▁individual ▁colleg es ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁smaller ▁law ▁library ▁of ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁Soci eties ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁groups ▁and ▁soci eties ▁based ▁around ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law : ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Law ▁Society ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Soci eties ▁at ▁the ▁In ns ▁of ▁Court ▁( G ray ' s ▁Inn , ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Inn , |
▁and ▁Middle ▁Temple ) ▁ ▁Gr adu ate ▁Law ▁Society ▁ ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Society ▁for ▁Women ▁Law y ers ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁University ▁Stud ents ' ▁Pro ▁B ono ▁Society ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Pro ▁B ono ▁Project ▁Most ▁colleg es ▁also ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁law ▁soci eties . ▁ ▁Publications ▁ ▁Notable ▁publications ▁produced ▁under ▁the ▁a eg is ▁of ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁include : ▁▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law ▁Leg al ▁Studies ▁Research ▁P aper ▁Series ▁▁ ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁Law ▁Journal ▁ ▁International ▁Law ▁Re ports ▁ ▁Clar end on ▁Studies ▁in ▁C rimin ology ▁( joint ▁vent ure ▁with ▁the ▁cr imin ology ▁cent res ▁at ▁Oxford ▁and ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ) ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁Studies ▁in ▁English ▁Leg al ▁History ▁ ▁Cambridge ▁International ▁Law ▁Journal ▁ ▁Notable ▁persons ▁ ▁Al umn i ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁ ▁N amed ▁Ch airs ▁ ▁Down ing ▁Professor ▁of ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁England ▁( S ar ah ▁Wor thing ton ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Reg ius ▁Professor ▁of ▁Civil ▁Law ▁( David ▁I bb et son ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁ ▁R ouse ▁Ball ▁Professor ▁of ▁English ▁Law ▁( Lou ise ▁G ull ifer ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Whe well ▁Professor ▁of ▁International ▁Law ▁( E yal ▁Ben ven isti ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Professor ▁of ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁( John ▁Bell ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Sir |
▁David ▁Williams ▁Professor ▁of ▁Public ▁Law ▁( Al ison ▁Young ▁from ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁O thers ▁ ▁Tre vor ▁All an , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Jur is pr ud ence ▁and ▁Public ▁Law ▁ ▁Catherine ▁Bar n ard , ▁Professor ▁of ▁European ▁Union ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁E il ís ▁Fer ran , ▁Professor ▁of ▁Company ▁and ▁Sec ur ities ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Graham ▁Vir go , ▁Professor ▁of ▁English ▁Private ▁Law ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁S quire ▁Law ▁Library ▁ ▁University ▁of ▁Cambridge ▁ ▁Category : N orm an ▁F oster ▁buildings ▁Category : High - tech ▁architecture ▁Category : L attice ▁shell ▁structures ▁Law , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Category : L aw ▁schools ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁College ▁Hall ▁is ▁a ▁fully ▁c ater ed ▁hall ▁of ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁on ▁M alet ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁Blo oms bury ▁district ▁of ▁London , ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁inter col leg iate ▁hall , ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁provides ▁accommod ation ▁for ▁full - time ▁students ▁at ▁constitu ent ▁colleg es ▁and ▁institutions ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁including ▁King ' s ▁College , ▁University ▁College , ▁Queen ▁Mary , ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Oriental ▁and ▁African ▁Studies ▁amongst ▁others . ▁ ▁History ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁and ▁initially ▁located ▁in |
▁By ng ▁Place , ▁College ▁Hall ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁It ▁moved ▁to ▁nearby ▁M alet ▁Street ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁It ▁histor ically ▁c ater ed ▁for ▁female ▁students ▁( h aving ▁been ▁co - f ounded ▁by ▁educational ist ▁and ▁suff rag ist ▁An nie ▁Le igh ▁Brow ne , ▁Mary ▁Stewart ▁Kil g our , ▁Mary ▁Brow ne ▁( L ady ▁Lock yer ) ▁and ▁Henri etta ▁Müller ) ▁but ▁today ▁wel comes ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁students ▁al ike . ▁▁ ▁College ▁Hall ▁provides ▁ 3 5 7 ▁rooms ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁majority ▁are ▁ensuite . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁inter col leg iate ▁h alls ▁of ▁residence ▁is ▁managed ▁by ▁a ▁Hall ▁Manager . ▁Every ▁hall ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁W arden ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁resident ▁Senior ▁M embers . ▁The ▁Hall ▁Man agers ▁and ▁their ▁staff ▁work ▁full - time ▁during ▁office ▁hours , ▁while ▁the ▁Ward ens ▁and ▁Senior ▁M embers , ▁commonly ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁W arden ial ▁staff , ▁are ▁part - time ▁staff ▁who ▁are ▁either ▁studying ▁or ▁working ▁in ▁academic ▁or ▁academic - related ▁roles ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Junior ▁Common ▁Room ▁( J CR ) ▁Committee , ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁students , ▁provides ▁social ▁and ▁sport ing ▁activities . ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁nearest ▁under ground ▁stations ▁are ▁Good ge ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁E ust on ▁Square ▁to ▁the |
▁north ▁and ▁Russell ▁Square ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Con n aught ▁Hall , ▁London ▁International ▁Hall , ▁London ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁College ▁Hall , ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁( download able ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁web ▁page ) ▁ ▁College ▁Hall , ▁University ▁of ▁London : ▁Summer ▁H ous ing ▁( download able ▁from ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁web ▁page ) ▁ ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁London ▁inter col leg iate ▁h alls ▁of ▁residence ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Blo oms bury <0x0A> </s> ▁M ito ch ond rial ▁import ▁inner ▁memb rane ▁trans loc ase ▁sub unit ▁Tim 1 0 ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁T I MM 1 0 ▁gene . ▁ ▁T I MM 1 0 ▁belongs ▁to ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁evolution arily ▁conser ved ▁prote ins ▁that ▁are ▁organized ▁in ▁heter ool ig omer ic ▁complex es ▁in ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁inter m emb rane ▁space . ▁These ▁prote ins ▁medi ate ▁the ▁import ▁and ▁insert ion ▁of ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁memb rane ▁prote ins ▁into ▁the ▁mit och ond rial ▁inner ▁memb rane .[ supp lied ▁by ▁O M IM ] ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading <0x0A> </s> ▁El bt al ▁is ▁a ▁community ▁in ▁Lim burg - We il burg ▁district ▁in ▁H esse , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Location ▁El bt al ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁West er wald ’ s ▁southern ▁slope ▁above ▁the ▁L ahn ▁valley . ▁ ▁Const |
itu ent ▁communities ▁El bt al ’ s ▁Ortste ile ▁are ▁Dor ch heim ▁( admin istr ative ▁seat ), ▁El b grund , ▁H angen me il ingen , ▁und ▁He uch el heim . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁hills ▁on ▁either ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁El bb ach ▁were ▁already ▁inhab ited ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁Stone ▁Age , ▁as ▁shown ▁by ▁the ▁many ▁finds ▁of ▁stone ▁tools . ▁The ▁circular ▁r amp art ▁called ▁He iden hä us chen ▁(" L ittle ▁He ath ▁House ") ▁near ▁H angen me il ingen ▁has ▁been ▁dated ▁to ▁Hall st att ▁times ▁( 7 5 0 ▁to ▁ 4 5 0 ▁BC ). ▁ ▁He uch el heim ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁document ary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 7 7 2 ▁in ▁a ▁don ation ▁document ▁from ▁the ▁Lor sch ▁Ab bey . ▁Wald mann sh aus en , ▁one ▁of ▁El b grund ’ s ▁for er un ner ▁communities , ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁document ary ▁mention ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 1 1 3 8 ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁its ▁don ation ▁to ▁the ▁monaster y ▁at ▁St . ▁Go ar . ▁Dor ch heim ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁document ary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 1 2 1 5 ▁in ▁a ▁document ▁from ▁the ▁Maria ▁La ach ▁Ab bey ▁while ▁M ühl bach , ▁El b grund ’ s ▁other ▁for er un ner ▁community , ▁was ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 2 3 0 ▁in ▁a ▁don ation ▁by ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁N ass au ▁to |
▁the ▁Te ut onic ▁Kn ights . ▁H angen me il ingen ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁document ary ▁mention ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 3 3 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁still ▁preserved ▁mo ated ▁castle ▁of ▁Wald mann sh aus en ▁in ▁El b grund ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁Wal p ode , ▁who ▁held ▁the ▁jud ici ary ▁over l ord ship ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁country . ▁The ▁building ▁work ▁compr ises ▁a ▁Late ▁Goth ic ▁dwell ing ▁house ▁with ▁two ▁round ▁to wers ▁and ▁commercial ▁buildings , ▁which ▁are ▁still ▁used ▁today . ▁To ▁the ▁west ▁are ▁found ▁the ▁ru ins ▁of ▁an ▁older , ▁cross - sh aped ▁castle . ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁the ▁castle ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁prominent ▁Beth mann ▁bank ing ▁family ’ s ▁ownership . ▁After ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁it ▁was ▁qu arters ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army . ▁Today ▁its ▁use ▁is ▁sch ol astic . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁is ▁the ▁Mar ienst ätter ▁Hof ▁in ▁Dor ch heim , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁as ▁El bt al ’ s ▁town ▁hall . ▁Its ▁exact ▁building ▁year ▁is ▁unknown . ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁still ▁preserved ▁est ates ▁that ▁belonged ▁to ▁Mar ienst att ▁Ab bey . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁mid ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁cl ay ▁and ▁bas alt ▁were ▁quar ried ▁in ▁M ühl bach ’ |
s ▁municipal ▁area . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁the ▁communities ▁of ▁Dor ch heim , ▁H angen me il ingen ▁and ▁He uch el heim ▁merged ▁into ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁El bt al . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁then ▁still ▁autonom ous ▁community ▁of ▁El b grund ▁also ▁joined , ▁after ▁itself ▁having ▁been ▁formed ▁in ▁a ▁mer ger ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁of ▁the ▁formerly ▁autonom ous ▁communities ▁of ▁M ühl bach ▁and ▁Wald mann sh aus en . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁Community ▁council ▁The ▁municipal ▁election ▁held ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁yield ed ▁the ▁following ▁results : ▁ ▁S ight see ing ▁ ▁Wald mann sh aus en ▁Castle ▁ ▁Kap elle ▁St . ▁Nikol aus ▁( “ Saint ▁Nicholas ’ s ▁Chap el ” ) ▁at ▁the ▁Dor ch heim ▁c emetery ▁Bu ilt ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁and ▁converted ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁it ▁has ▁central ▁pill ars ▁with ▁rich ▁car ving ▁and ▁a ▁san ctu ary ▁with ▁a ▁painting ▁gallery . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁El bt al ▁is ▁a ▁resident ial ▁community . ▁Besides ▁the ▁tr ades ▁and ▁craft s ▁that ▁are ▁custom ary ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁place , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁industry . ▁ ▁Transport ▁The ▁community ▁lies ▁on ▁Bundes straße ▁ 5 4 ▁( S ie gen ▁- ▁Lim burg ) |
▁and ▁is ▁thereby ▁well ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁long - distance ▁road ▁network . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁El bt al schule ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁common ▁primary ▁school ▁for ▁the ▁community . ▁Near by ▁secondary ▁schools ▁are ▁the ▁Mittel punkt schule ▁St . ▁Bl as ius ▁in ▁Fr ick hof en ▁and ▁the ▁Für st ▁Johann ▁Ludwig ▁Schule ▁in ▁Had amar . ▁ ▁Public ▁institutions ▁ ▁Kinder g arten ▁El bt al ▁" S onnen bl ume " ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁ ▁Kinder g arten ▁El bt al ▁" St . ▁Josef " ▁in ▁Dor ch heim ▁ ▁Dor ch heim ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁El b grund ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁H angen me il ingen ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁He uch el heim ▁Vol unte er ▁Fire ▁Brigade , ▁founded ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁( includes ▁Youth ▁Fire ▁Brigade ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : L im burg - We il burg <0x0A> </s> ▁Am al da ▁t ind al li ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Oliv idae , ▁the ▁ol ives . ▁ ▁The ▁tax onomy ▁status ▁is ▁uncertain . ▁ ▁Description ▁ |
▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : O liv idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁high - speed ▁air port ▁rail ▁link ▁connecting ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard ermo en ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station ▁in ▁nin ete en ▁minutes . ▁Run ▁by ▁Fly t og et ▁AS ▁( former ly ▁N SB ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁AS ), ▁it ▁oper ates ▁on ▁the ▁high - speed ▁Gard ermo en ▁Line ▁using ▁six teen ▁G MB ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁electric ▁trains . ▁ ▁Normal ▁service ▁frequency ▁is ▁once ▁every ▁ten ▁minutes , ▁with ▁five ▁of ▁the ▁services ▁each ▁hour ▁continu ing ▁west wards ▁beyond ▁Os lo ▁Central . ▁The ▁extended ▁services ▁serve ▁nine ▁stops ▁within ▁Gre ater ▁Os lo ▁and ▁take ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 min utes . ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁transport ed ▁ 5 . 4 mill ion ▁passengers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁a ▁ 3 4 - percent ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁air port ▁ground ▁transport . ▁The ▁service , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁service ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Const ruction ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁high - speed ▁trains ▁began ▁serving ▁Gard ermo en ▁Airport ▁from ▁the ▁date ▁of ▁its ▁opening ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁although ▁full ▁operation ▁using ▁the ▁ ▁Rom er ike ▁T unnel ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁another |
▁ten ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁months ▁after ▁severe ▁le aks ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁tunnel ' s ▁construction ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁partial ▁de ple tion ▁of ▁two ▁la kes . ▁ ▁Form ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁as ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁Norwegian ▁State ▁Rail ways , ▁the ▁company ▁has ▁been ▁owned ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Trade ▁and ▁Indust ry . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Dec ision ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁air port ▁connection ▁When ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Norway ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁decided ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁central ▁air port ▁for ▁Eastern ▁Norway , ▁they ▁also ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁main ▁mode ▁of ▁ground ▁transport ▁should ▁be ▁by ▁rail . ▁While ▁the ▁previous ▁air port , ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁For ne bu , ▁was ▁located ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁limits , ▁the ▁new ▁air port , ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard ermo en , ▁would ▁be ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁outside ▁the ▁reach ▁of ▁existing ▁public ▁transport . ▁The ▁principle ▁of ▁the ▁air port ▁construction ▁was ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁foot ed ▁by ▁the ▁tax ▁pay ers ; ▁the ▁entire ▁air port ▁would ▁be ▁built ▁with ▁borrow ed ▁money ▁through ▁Os lo ▁L uf th av n ▁AS , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Airport ▁Administration . ▁The ▁same ▁principle ▁was ▁chosen ▁for ▁the ▁air port ▁rail ▁link — the ▁Norwegian ▁State ▁Rail ways ▁( N SB ) ▁creating ▁the ▁limited ▁company ▁subs idi |
ary ▁N SB ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁AS , ▁founded ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁line . ▁It ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁charge ▁train ▁operators ▁using ▁the ▁line , ▁channel ing ▁the ▁pay ments ▁to ▁cover ▁down ▁pay ments ▁and ▁interest ▁of ▁the ▁deb t ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁railway . ▁Prof it ▁margin ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁ 7 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁ ▁Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard ermo en , ▁is ▁not ▁on ▁the ▁Tr unk ▁Line ▁that ▁runs ▁north ▁from ▁Os lo . ▁With ▁heavy ▁traffic ▁and ▁many ▁small ▁stops ▁until ▁L ill estr ø m , ▁and ▁continu ing ▁north ▁as ▁single ▁track , ▁the ▁Tr unk ▁Line ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁be ▁supp lement ed ▁by ▁a ▁parallel ▁double ▁track ▁from ▁Os lo , ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁route ▁north ▁of ▁Kl ø ft a ▁to ▁E ids vol l ; ▁the ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁air port ▁allowing ▁trains ▁operating ▁on ▁the ▁D ov re ▁Line ▁to ▁L ille ham mer ▁and ▁Tr ond heim ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁air port . ▁The ▁ ▁line ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line . ▁ ▁The ▁Gard ermo ▁Line ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁attempt ▁to ▁build ▁high - speed ▁rail ▁in ▁Norway , ▁after ▁the ▁ ▁line ▁from ▁Ski ▁to ▁M oss ▁on ▁the ▁ Ø st fold ▁Line . ▁But ▁no ▁operation ▁spe eds ▁exceed ing ▁ ▁are ▁achieved ▁there ▁due ▁to ▁short ▁distances ▁and ▁limitations ▁to |
▁rolling ▁stock , ▁making ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁the ▁first ▁real ▁high - speed ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁Norway . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁dom ination ▁of ▁single ▁track ▁in ▁Norway , ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line ▁increased ▁the ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁double ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁kingdom ▁by ▁two - third s . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁An ▁agreement ▁for ▁purchase ▁of ▁six teen ▁three - car ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units ▁was ▁signed ▁with ▁Ad tr anz ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Parliament ▁decided ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁that ▁the ▁construction ▁company ▁would ▁also ▁operate ▁the ▁new ▁train ▁service . ▁The ▁trains ▁were ▁delivered ▁between ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁ 3 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁cost ing ▁N OK 1 . 4 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Ch alleng es ▁ ▁The ▁greatest ▁challenge ▁was ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁ ▁Rom er ike ▁railway ▁tunnel ▁– ▁Norway ' s ▁longest ▁– ▁beneath ▁the ▁ge olog ically ▁highly ▁un stable ▁ Ø st mark a ▁area ▁between ▁Et ter stad , ▁close ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station , ▁and ▁L ill estr ø m . ▁During ▁construction , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁water ▁level ▁in ▁some ▁la kes ▁above ▁the ▁tunnel , ▁including ▁L ut v ann ▁and ▁Nord re ▁P utt j ern , ▁s ank ▁dram atically |
. ▁After ▁the ▁le aks ▁were ▁discovered ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁san ctions ▁were ▁im posed ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Water ▁Resources ▁and ▁Energy ▁Director ate ▁requiring ▁the ▁elim ination ▁of ▁all ▁leak ages . ▁At ▁its ▁worst , ▁the ▁tunnel ▁was ▁le aking ▁ ▁of ▁water ▁per ▁minute . ▁ ▁Rh oca - G il ▁se al ant ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁fix ▁the ▁le aks , ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁work ▁properly . ▁Not ▁only ▁did ▁it ▁not ▁polym er ise , ▁and ▁therefore ▁failed ▁to ▁sta unch ▁the ▁le aks , ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁poison ed ▁its ▁surr ound ings ▁with ▁ac ry lam ide . ▁Man ual ▁fixing ▁with ▁concrete ▁became ▁necessary ; ▁the ▁fixing ▁and ▁clean ing ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁to x in ▁delayed ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁tunnel ▁by ▁one ▁year . ▁Further ▁comp lications ▁arose ▁due ▁to ▁conflicts ▁between ▁N SB ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁company , ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Rock ▁Group , ▁with ▁the ▁latter ▁at ▁one ▁instance ▁stopping ▁work ▁for ▁three ▁weeks ▁while ▁the ▁parties ▁quar rel led ▁in ▁court . ▁ ▁Re ports ▁have ▁shown ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁ins pection ▁and ▁reporting ▁procedures ▁during ▁inc idents ▁that ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁addressed ▁– ▁but ▁were ▁never ▁taken ▁seriously ▁– ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁the ▁tunnel ▁caused ▁damage ▁to ▁around ▁si xty ▁houses ▁and ▁an ▁evaluation ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communic ations ▁showed ▁that ▁N |
OK ▁ 5 0 0 mill ion ▁was ▁spent ▁on ▁fixing ▁the ▁le aks ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁an ▁unnecessary ▁exp end iture ▁which ▁ ▁more ▁efficient ▁engineering ▁procedures ▁would ▁have ▁avoided . ▁The ▁report ▁also ▁critic ised ▁the ▁administrative ▁planning ▁and ▁organisation ▁of ▁the ▁overall ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁ ▁Airport ▁Express ▁Tra ins ▁began ▁operating ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁air port ▁( and ▁the ▁L ill estr ø m ▁to ▁Gard ermo en ▁stretch ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁high - speed ▁line ) ▁opened ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁however , ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁months ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁old ▁H oved b ane ▁( Tr unk ▁Line ) ▁between ▁Os lo ▁S ▁and ▁L ill estr ø m , ▁which ▁restricted ▁their ▁frequency ▁to ▁just ▁two ▁trains ▁per ▁hour . ▁Reg ular ▁operations ▁at ▁full ▁capacity , ▁using ▁the ▁Rom er ike ▁T unnel , ▁did ▁not ▁commence ▁until ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Re organisation ▁ ▁Est im ates ▁for ▁the ▁project ▁costs ▁were ▁N OK 4 . 3 b ill ion , ▁ ± 2 0 %, ▁but ▁by ▁completion ▁they ▁had ▁ended ▁at ▁N OK 7 . 7 b ill ion , ▁of ▁which ▁N OK 1 . 3 b ill ion ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁leak ages . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁had ▁a ▁cost ▁exceed ings ▁of ▁N |
OK 0 . 4 b ill ion . ▁The ▁company ▁had ▁acquired ▁financial ▁costs ▁of ▁N OK 0 . 9 b ill ion , ▁so ▁the ▁company ▁ow ed ▁N OK 1 0 . 0 b ill ion ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁including ▁money ▁spent ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁trains . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁steps ▁of ▁organis ational ▁rest ruct ure ▁were ▁taken ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁CE O ▁of ▁N SB , ▁O sm und ▁U eland , ▁was ▁fired ▁due ▁to ▁several ▁inc idents ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁N SB — not ▁just ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line . ▁Ein ar ▁Eng er ▁took ▁over ▁as ▁new ▁CE O ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁deb t ▁in ▁N SB ▁Gard erm ob an en ▁had ▁become ▁un man age able , ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁parliament ▁accepted ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁possible ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line — with ▁the ▁current ▁structure — the ▁prof itable ▁vent ure ▁predicted ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁company ▁changed ▁name ▁to ▁Fly t og et ▁AS , ▁retain ing ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁and ▁operations ▁and ▁kept ▁as ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁N SB . ▁The ▁tracks ▁and ▁infrastr ucture ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁( ), |
▁who ▁own s ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁railway ▁network . ▁All ▁deb t ▁was ▁restored ▁and ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁a ▁vehicle ▁exc ise ▁duty ▁was ▁implemented ▁on ▁the ▁Gard ermo ▁Line ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁management ▁and ▁maintenance ▁of ▁the ▁line , ▁to ▁be ▁paid ▁by ▁all ▁users . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁parliament ▁decided ▁that ▁Fly t og et ▁AS ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁separate ▁railway ▁company ▁from ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁owned ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Transport ▁and ▁Communic ations . ▁One ▁year ▁later ▁the ▁ownership ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Trade ▁and ▁Indust ry ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁clean up ▁of ▁political ▁over ha ul ▁between ▁the ▁depart ments . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁process , ▁a ▁new ▁CE O , ▁Thomas ▁Hav neg jer de , ▁was ▁appointed ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁and ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁new ▁Chair , ▁End re ▁Sk j ø rest ad — who ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁position ▁form ▁N SB ' s ▁director ▁Ein ar ▁Eng er . ▁Hav neg jer de ▁announced ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁ret ire ▁from ▁his ▁job ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁L inda ▁Bern ander ▁S ils eth ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
, ▁two ▁of ▁three ▁services ▁to ▁Ask er ▁were ▁extended ▁to ▁D ram men . ▁This ▁followed ▁up gr ades ▁to ▁the ▁D ram men ▁Line , ▁including ▁the ▁L ier å sen ▁T unnel , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁par king ▁lot ▁at ▁D ram men ▁Station , ▁in ▁total ▁cost ing ▁N OK 2 0 mill ion . ▁ ▁Oper ations ▁ ▁Depart ures ▁operate ▁every ▁ten ▁minutes ▁from ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station ▁( Os lo S ) ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁- ▁i . e . ▁six ▁trains ▁pr . ▁hour . ▁Half ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁origin ate ▁in ▁D ram men , ▁making ▁five ▁intermediate ▁stops ▁before ▁Os lo S , ▁and ▁again ▁at ▁L ill estr ø m . ▁One ▁starts ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁and ▁go ▁directly ▁to ▁Gard ermo en ▁without ▁intermediate ▁stops . ▁Two ▁start ▁from ▁St ab ek k ▁and ▁calls ▁at ▁L ys aker , ▁Sk ø yen , ▁National the ater et ▁and ▁Os lo ▁S . ▁On ▁S atur days , ▁Sunday ▁m orn ings ▁and ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁July , ▁Fly t og et ▁does ▁not ▁operate ▁the ▁direct ▁trains ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁or ▁St ab ek k ▁— ▁only ▁the ▁ 2 0 - min ute ▁head way ▁all - stop ▁trains . ▁While ▁the ▁services ▁n ortheast ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁use ▁the ▁high - speed ▁Gard ermo ▁Line , ▁those ▁west wards ▁towards ▁Ask er ▁use |
▁the ▁D ram men ▁Line ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 0 – 7 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Ask er ▁Line ; ▁so ▁while ▁the ▁ ▁from ▁Os lo S ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁in ▁ 1 9 min utes , ▁the ▁ ▁from ▁Ask er ▁to ▁Os lo S ▁takes ▁ 2 6 min utes . ▁The ▁latter ▁does ▁however ▁include ▁stops ▁at ▁five ▁stations : ▁National the at ret , ▁Sk ø yen , ▁L ys aker , ▁Sand v ika ▁and ▁Ask er . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁is ▁offered ▁from ▁other ▁means ▁of ▁ground ▁transport ▁and ▁by ▁N SB ▁who ▁operate ▁trains ▁from ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁air port . ▁This ▁includes ▁one ▁hour ly ▁departure ▁with ▁line ▁L 1 2 ▁of ▁the ▁Os lo ▁Comm uter ▁Rail ▁north ▁to ▁E ids vol l ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁Os lo , ▁D ram men ▁and ▁Kong s berg ; ▁two ▁regional ▁trains ▁( line ▁R 1 0 ▁and ▁R 1 1 ) ▁hour ly ▁north ▁to ▁E ids vol l ▁and ▁L ille ham mer ▁and ▁south ▁to ▁D ram men ▁and ▁V est fold ; ▁and ▁five ▁daily ▁express ▁trains ▁to ▁D omb å s ▁and ▁Tr ond heim ▁calling ▁Os lo ▁Airport ▁Station , ▁including ▁one ▁night ▁train ▁( although ▁the ▁express ▁trains ▁to ▁Tr ond heim ▁do ▁not ▁accept ▁passengers ▁only ▁trav elling ▁between ▁Os lo ▁and ▁Gard ermo en ). ▁ ▁The ▁price ▁of ▁a ▁ticket ▁to ▁Os lo ▁is ▁N OK |
1 8 0 , ▁though ▁higher ▁if ▁depart ing ▁from ▁Sand v ika , ▁Ask er ▁and ▁D ram men . ▁Red u ced ▁far es ▁with ▁ 5 0 % ▁disc ount ▁are ▁offered ▁to ▁senior ▁citizens , ▁children , ▁youth ▁under ▁ 2 1 ▁years , ▁students , ▁benefit ▁recip ients ▁and ▁military ▁personnel . ▁Fly t og et ▁tick ets ▁are ▁not ▁valid ▁on ▁N SB ▁trains , ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁N SB ▁tick ets ▁are ▁generally ▁che aper , ▁though ▁not ▁for ▁some ▁groups ▁with ▁reduced ▁fare ; ▁for ▁instance ▁students ▁are ▁granted ▁a ▁greater ▁disc ount ▁with ▁Fly t og et ▁than ▁with ▁N SB . ▁T icket ▁can ▁either ▁be ▁bought ▁at ▁v ending ▁machines ▁or ▁as ▁e - tick ets ; ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁seat ▁res ervation . ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁transport ed ▁ 5 . 4 mill ion ▁passengers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁a ▁ 3 4 % ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁air port ▁ground ▁transport . ▁Fly t og et ▁bo asts ▁a ▁high ▁service ▁quality , ▁with ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁arriv ing ▁within ▁ 3 min utes ▁of ▁schedule ▁and ▁only ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁can ce led . ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁air port ▁express ▁trains ▁receiving ▁priority ▁over ▁other ▁trains ▁in ▁the ▁limited ▁capacity ▁around ▁Os lo . ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁announced ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁most ▁satisfied , ▁and |
▁the ▁fourth ▁most ▁loyal ▁customers ▁of ▁all ▁Norwegian ▁companies ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁by ▁the ▁customer ▁satisfaction ▁survey ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁School ▁of ▁Management . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁declared ▁the ▁best ▁place ▁of ▁work ▁in ▁Norway ▁by ▁Great ▁Place ▁to ▁Work . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁rec ruit ment ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁educated ▁train ▁divers ▁chose ▁Fly t og et ▁over ▁N SB , ▁mostly ▁due ▁to ▁higher ▁w ages . ▁ ▁St ations ▁ ▁Inc idents ▁ ▁Several ▁death s ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁route , ▁but ▁only ▁one ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁accident . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁train ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁operating ▁at ▁ ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁tempor arily ▁reduced ▁limit ▁of ▁; ▁Fly t og et ▁was ▁f ined ▁for ▁not ▁inform ing ▁the ▁engineer ▁of ▁the ▁speed ▁limit ▁reduction . ▁Several ▁other ▁death s ▁on ▁the ▁line ▁have ▁been ▁class ified ▁as ▁suic ides , ▁and ▁so ▁are ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁accident ▁statistics ; ▁they ▁do ▁however ▁cause ▁del ays ▁on ▁all ▁services ▁for ▁hours ▁after ▁the ▁incident ▁takes ▁place . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 – 0 1 , ▁Fly t og et ▁experienced ▁three ▁der ail ments ▁with ▁empty ▁trains ▁at ▁Gard ermo en ; ▁one ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁engineer ▁falling ▁as leep ▁and ▁two ▁by ▁the ▁train ▁passing ▁a ▁red ▁light . ▁No ▁more ▁such ▁acc |
idents ▁occurred ▁after ▁automatic ▁Train ▁Control ▁was ▁installed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Del ays ▁have ▁been ▁experienced ▁many ▁times ▁by ▁travel ers ▁due ▁to ▁technical ▁problems ▁on ▁the ▁infrastr ucture . ▁In ▁particular ▁the ▁old ▁line ▁west ▁of ▁Os lo ▁causes ▁much ▁delay , ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Rail ▁Administration ▁performed ▁during ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁a ▁N OK 1 0 0 mill ion ▁upgrade ▁to ▁the ▁Os lo ▁T unnel ▁to ▁ensure ▁better ▁performance . ▁But ▁problems ▁also ▁in cur ▁on ▁the ▁new ▁sections , ▁regularly ▁delay ing ▁service ▁or ▁capacity , ▁and ▁forcing ▁Fly t og et ▁to ▁operate ▁fewer ▁depart ures . ▁In ▁total ▁ 9 6 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁arrived ▁within ▁ 3 min utes ▁of ▁schedule ▁and ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁of ▁depart ures ▁were ▁can ce led ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Pick po cket ing ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁problem ▁since ▁the ▁start ; ▁even ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Police ▁in ▁Os lo ▁has ▁been ▁ro bb ed ▁on ▁the ▁train . ▁The ▁train ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁the ▁target ▁of ▁sab ot age , ▁and ▁em be zz lement ▁for ▁N OK 1 mill ion ▁by ▁an ▁employed ▁ticket ▁sales man , ▁who ▁found ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁print ▁two ▁tick ets ▁with ▁the ▁system ▁only ▁charg ing ▁for ▁one , ▁by ▁turning ▁off ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ticket ▁printer . ▁ ▁When ▁Al ▁G ore ▁came ▁to ▁Os lo ▁to ▁receive ▁his ▁Nobel ▁Peace ▁Prize |
▁on ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁used ▁the ▁Airport ▁Express ▁Train ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁journey ▁as ▁environment ally ▁friendly ▁as ▁possible . ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁initi ated ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁ensure ▁better ▁di et ▁for ▁the ▁employees ; ▁this ▁had ▁made ▁several ▁lose ▁weight ▁and ▁has ▁reduced ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁sick ▁leave ▁from ▁ 1 2 ▁to ▁ 8 %. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 0 7 , ▁a ▁program ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁energy ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁trains ▁through ▁sm arter ▁operation ▁reduced ▁energy ▁consumption ▁by ▁ 1 5 %. ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁vol cano ▁air ▁travel ▁dis ruption , ▁the ▁Gard ermo en ▁air port ▁was ▁closed ▁for ▁a ▁period , ▁and ▁the ▁Fly t og et ▁trains ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁N SB ▁instead , ▁to ▁give ▁extra ▁train ▁capacity ▁for ▁long - distance ▁routes . ▁ ▁Rol ling ▁stock ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁oper ates ▁six teen ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁three - car ▁electric ▁multiple ▁units ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 , ▁and ▁built ▁dom est ically ▁by ▁Ad tr anz ▁at ▁Str ø m men ▁based ▁on ▁car b od ies ▁built ▁in ▁Ad tr anz ▁factory ▁in ▁Kal mar . ▁They ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Swedish ▁X 2 ▁operated ▁by ▁S J ▁in ▁their ▁X ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁inter city ▁service , ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Kal mar ▁Ver k stad ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁The |
▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁are ▁nearly ▁identical ▁to ▁the ▁N SB ▁Class ▁ 7 3 , ▁save ▁the ▁ 7 1 - series ▁lack ing ▁one ▁car ▁and ▁til ting ▁mechanism , ▁and ▁a ▁different ▁interior . ▁Both ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁not ▁use ▁the ▁original ▁locomot ive ▁design , ▁instead ▁installing ▁one ▁power ed ▁bog ie ▁in ▁each ▁car . ▁The ▁ 7 1 - series ▁is ▁built ▁for ▁a ▁maximum ▁operating ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁but ▁has ▁achieved ▁higher ▁spe eds ▁in ▁test ▁runs . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁features ▁are ▁pressure - t ight ▁cab ins ▁to ▁allow ▁comfortable ▁travel ▁through ▁t unn els ▁at ▁high ▁spe eds , ▁and ▁step - free ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁cars . ▁Instead , ▁steps ▁are ▁inside ▁the ▁trains ; ▁this ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁non - con formance ▁with ▁public ▁access ibility ▁policy . ▁The ▁multiple ▁units ▁can ▁only ▁operate ▁in ▁fixed ▁sets ▁of ▁three ▁cars , ▁but ▁up ▁to ▁three ▁sets ▁can ▁be ▁run ▁in ▁multiple . ▁Fly t og et ▁regularly ▁uses ▁double ▁sets ▁to ▁create ▁six - car ▁trains . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 0 9 , ▁all ▁units ▁will ▁be ▁ref it ▁with ▁an ▁additional ▁middle ▁car ▁by ▁Bomb ard ier ▁Transport ation , ▁increasing ▁capacity ▁by ▁ 4 0 % ▁to ▁ 2 4 4 ▁seats . ▁ ▁Un like ▁the ▁Class ▁ 7 1 , ▁the ▁sister ▁trains ▁in ▁service ▁with ▁N SB ▁were ▁pr one ▁to ▁trouble , ▁having ▁to ▁operate ▁on ▁hundred |
- year - old ▁infrastr ucture ▁on ▁cross - mount ain ▁services ; ▁the ▁Class ▁ 7 1 ▁has ▁more ▁len ient ▁operating ▁conditions ▁thanks ▁to ▁better ▁infrastr ucture . ▁The ▁only ▁incident ▁to ▁ground ▁all ▁the ▁B M 7 1 ▁trains ▁occurred ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁at ▁Nel aug ▁when ▁a ▁Class ▁ 7 3 ▁train ▁operated ▁by ▁N SB ▁der a iled ▁because ▁of ▁stress ▁on ▁the ▁ax le . ▁Un like ▁the ▁N SB ▁trains , ▁the ▁air port ▁express ▁trains ▁were ▁back ▁in ▁service ▁the ▁next ▁day , ▁while ▁the ▁ 7 3 - series ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁another ▁month . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁a ▁unit ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁out ▁of ▁service ▁due ▁to ▁smoke ▁from ▁a ▁str essed ▁bearing — with in ▁days ▁the ▁bear ings ▁were ▁replaced ▁on ▁all ▁units . ▁ ▁Future ▁ ▁New ▁tracks ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ask er ▁Line ▁opened ▁between ▁Sand v ika ▁and ▁Ask er , ▁with ▁new ▁double ▁track ▁running ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁D ram men ▁Line , ▁allowing ▁quick er ▁travel ▁times ▁to ▁Ask er . ▁The ▁second ▁section , ▁between ▁L ys aker ▁and ▁Sand v ika , ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁reduced ▁travel ▁time ▁west ▁of ▁L ys aker ▁by ▁about ▁seven ▁minutes . ▁The ▁project ▁also ▁included ▁a ▁full ▁upgrade ▁of ▁L ys aker ▁Station . |
▁There ▁are ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁two ▁more ▁tracks ▁from ▁L ys aker ▁to ▁Os lo ▁Central ▁Station , ▁including ▁a ▁new ▁tunnel ▁under ▁central ▁Os lo . ▁This ▁project ▁is ▁not ▁decided . ▁ ▁New ▁EM Us ▁Fly t og et ▁has ▁ordered ▁eight ▁new ▁ 4 - car ▁C AF ▁O aris ▁EM Us ▁from ▁the ▁Spanish ▁manufact urer ▁C AF . ▁The ▁trains ▁are ▁planned ▁to ▁start ▁operation ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁and ▁be ▁named ▁class ▁ 7 8 . ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁EM U ' s ▁maximum ▁speed ▁is ▁, ▁the ▁infrastr ucture ▁limits ▁the ▁speed ▁to ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : High - speed ▁rail ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁of ▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Ak ers hus ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Bus ker ud ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Os lo ▁ ▁Fly t og et ▁Category : A ir port ▁rail ▁links ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : R ail way ▁services ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Category : Os lo ▁Airport , ▁Gard ermo en <0x0A> </s> ▁A be ▁" The ▁News boy " ▁Holland ers ky ▁( Dec ember ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁became ▁the ▁second ▁American ▁box er ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁Pan aman |
ian ▁He avy weight ▁Title ▁when ▁he ▁defeated ▁Californ ian ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁nine ▁r ounds ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ ▁American ▁con gress men , ▁Naval ▁personnel , ▁and ▁canal ▁workers ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁crowd ▁of ▁nearly ▁two ▁thousand ▁who ▁watched ▁Holland ers ky ▁gain ▁victory ▁over ▁an ▁oppon ent ▁who ▁out we ighed ▁him ▁by ▁over ▁thirty - five ▁pounds . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁announced ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁best ▁known ▁win ▁the ▁following ▁morning . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁re put ed ▁to ▁have ▁fought ▁an ▁un pre ced ented ▁ 1 , 0 3 9 ▁box ing ▁matches ▁between ▁ 1 9 0 5 – 1 8 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 3 8 7 ▁wrest ling ▁matches . ▁ ▁The ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 0 3 9 ▁b outs ▁from ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography ▁was ▁featured ▁for ▁dec ades ▁in ▁the ▁Gu in ness ▁Book ▁of ▁World ▁Records , ▁Ri ple y ' s ▁Bel ieve ▁it ▁or ▁Not , ▁The ▁Ring ▁Record ▁Book , ▁and ▁hundreds ▁of ▁short ▁newspaper ▁articles ▁made ▁available ▁as ▁Associ ated ▁Press ▁fill ers , ▁appearing ▁most ▁frequently ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁common ▁fight ▁total ▁c ited ▁by ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁ 1 0 3 9 , ▁but ▁as ▁A be ▁fought ▁additional ▁exhib itions ▁he ▁increased ▁the |
▁count , ▁thus ▁a ▁few ▁sources ▁that ▁interview ed ▁him ▁after ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁his ▁book ▁quote ▁higher ▁tot als . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁role ▁as ▁news boy ▁to ▁the ▁Navy ▁he ▁met , ▁worked ▁or ▁correspond ed ▁with ▁four ▁Pres idents , ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁Secretary s ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁and ▁many ▁high ▁ranking ▁adm ir als , ▁while ▁document ing ▁his ▁meet ings ▁and ▁correspond ence . ▁ ▁Several ▁sources ▁also ▁credit ▁him ▁with ▁taking ▁an ▁American ▁or ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Wrestling ▁Championship ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁claim ▁to ▁the ▁championship ▁was ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁victory ▁over ▁" You ng ▁Ro e ber " ▁who ▁wrest led ▁frequently ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁held ▁several ▁wrest ling ▁weight ▁division ▁titles . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁Jewish ▁parents ▁Charles ▁and ▁Cel ia ▁Holland ers ky ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Ber ż nik i , ▁in ▁N ort he astern ▁Poland ▁border ing ▁on ▁Lith u ania , ▁then ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Su w ał ki , ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Like ▁many ▁Jewish ▁families ▁in ▁their ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁the ▁Holland ers k ys ▁strugg led ▁to ▁surv ive ▁in ▁the ▁g ri ps ▁of ▁pover ty ▁with ▁little ▁opportunity ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁fate . ▁ ▁A be ▁held ▁mem ories ▁of ▁his ▁mother ▁was hing ▁clothes ▁bare foot ▁in ▁the ▁snow ▁of ▁Ber zn iki . ▁ ▁Though ▁his ▁book |
▁and ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁manifest ▁from ▁his ▁first ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁give ▁his ▁birth ▁year ▁as ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁Holland ers ky ▁c ited ▁December ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁as ▁his ▁birth ▁date ▁in ▁his ▁pass port ▁application , ▁and ▁other ▁official ▁documents . ▁ ▁The ▁ship ' s ▁manifest ▁for ▁his ▁arrival ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁likely ▁gives ▁the ▁more ▁accurate ▁birth ▁date ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 8 , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁his ▁mother ▁on ▁entry ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁when ▁A be ▁was ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁Cel ia , ▁raised ▁by ▁a ▁religious ▁leader , ▁created ▁strong ▁Old ▁Testament ▁values ▁in ▁A be ▁that ▁were ▁reflected ▁in ▁the ▁moral ▁tone ▁of ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography . ▁ ▁Cel ia ' s ▁father , ▁M ow za ▁( M oses ) ▁F ink iel sz te j n , ▁was ▁a ▁" Pod sk ol nik ", ▁a ▁part - time ▁temple ▁leader ▁who ▁could ▁fill ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁Rab bi ▁or ▁teach ▁Heb rew . ▁ ▁P og rom s , ▁fam ine , ▁restrictions ▁on ▁career ▁opportun ities , ▁the ▁in ability ▁to ▁own ▁or ▁purchase ▁property , ▁and ▁highly ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁public ▁secondary ▁education ▁caused ▁by ▁Ts ar ▁Alexander ▁III ' s ▁May ▁La ws ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁encourag ed ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁leave ▁Russia |
. ▁According ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁of ▁Ber zn iki ▁were ▁ev icted ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁by ▁ed ict ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁if ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁prove ▁they ▁were ▁land ▁own ers . ▁ ▁Fl ight ▁from ▁Russia , ▁arrival ▁in ▁America ▁According ▁to ▁gene alog ist ▁Mar l ene ▁Silver man , ▁F alk ▁Holland ers ky , ▁A be ' s ▁Uncle , ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁America ▁at ▁age ▁forty - three , ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁accompanied ▁by ▁his ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁F ey ga ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁married ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁ceremony ▁in ▁Ber zn icki ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁F alk ▁far med ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁winter ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁largely ▁hand ▁made ▁gar ment ▁and ▁tail oring ▁shop ▁in ▁Ch ester field , ▁Connecticut , ▁special izing ▁in ▁p ants . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁he ▁opened ▁a ▁tail oring ▁and ▁cl othing ▁shop ▁with ▁his ▁son - in - law ▁Simon ▁Pl att us ▁that ▁eventually ▁included ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁quality ▁fur ▁co ats ▁he ▁often ▁made ▁himself . ▁ ▁Four ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁sib lings , ▁two ▁boys ▁and ▁two ▁girls , ▁died ▁of ▁mal nut r ition ▁in ▁Ber zn iki ▁prior ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁departure . ▁ ▁Depart ing ▁Russia ▁around ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁nine ▁or ▁ten , |
▁Holland ers ky ▁head ed ▁to ▁Berlin , ▁Germany ▁and ▁than ▁Manchester , ▁England ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁Cel ia ▁and ▁older ▁brother ▁Sol . ▁ ▁In ▁Manchester , ▁Cel ia ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁text ile ▁industry ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁for ▁passage ▁to ▁America . ▁ ▁Manchester ▁was ▁a ▁natural ▁choice ▁as ▁her ▁cousin ▁Sol omon ▁Holland ers ky , ▁Uncle ▁F alk ' s ▁son , ▁had ▁already ▁em igr ated ▁there ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁America . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁father ▁Charles , ▁a ▁tail or , ▁had ▁preced ed ▁him ▁to ▁America ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁find ▁work , ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁p lying ▁his ▁trade ▁with ▁his ▁brother ▁F alk ▁in ▁New ▁England . ▁ ▁Charles ▁sent ▁money ▁from ▁New ▁England ▁to ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁so ▁his ▁family ▁could ▁eventually ▁afford ▁passage ▁to ▁America , ▁but ▁became ▁blind ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁leave ▁Ber zn iki . ▁Uncle ▁F alk ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁F ey ga ▁provided ▁parent al ▁support ▁to ▁A be ▁at ▁times ▁in ▁his ▁youth . ▁ ▁F alk ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁wife ▁Sarah ▁and ▁A be ' s ▁mother ▁Cel ia ▁were ▁sister s , ▁daughters ▁of ▁assistant ▁Rab bi ▁M ow za ▁( M oses ) ▁F ink iel sz te j n ▁( born ▁c . ▁ 1 8 1 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁sister s ▁in ▁turn ▁married ▁the ▁Holland ers ky ▁brothers ▁F alk ▁and ▁Charles . ▁ ▁A be |
, ▁his ▁mother ▁Cel ia , ▁and ▁brother ▁Sol ▁first ▁arrived ▁in ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁arrived ▁with ▁little ▁or ▁no ▁public ▁school ing . ▁ ▁He ▁took ▁box ing ▁training ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁Y M CA , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁sell ▁newsp apers ▁as ▁a ▁youth , ▁having ▁begun ▁by ▁s elling ▁them ▁in ▁Manchester , ▁England , ▁around ▁age ▁eight ▁or ▁nine . ▁ ▁Youth ful ▁tres pass ing ▁off ense ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁By ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sevent een , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁wrest ling ▁profession ally ▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁and ▁at ▁six teen , ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁was ▁found ▁guilty ▁of ▁tres pass ing ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁York , ▁New ▁H aven , ▁and ▁New ▁London ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁London ▁judge ▁found ▁A be ▁was ▁the ▁" ring le ader ▁of ▁a ▁gang ▁of ▁boys ▁who ▁made ▁themselves ▁a ▁n uis ance ▁by ▁h anging ▁around ▁the ▁station ," ▁and ▁they ▁may ▁have ▁h itch ed ▁the ▁occas ional ▁ride ▁on ▁the ▁box c ars . ▁For ▁a ▁boy ▁who ▁chose ▁box ing ▁as ▁a ▁profession , ▁this ▁was ▁a ▁minor ▁off ense , ▁but ▁Holland ers ky ▁may ▁have ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁adult ▁super vision ▁having ▁never ▁attended ▁public ▁school , ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁blind ▁father ▁who ▁was ▁limited ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁he ▁could ▁take ▁in ▁his ▁up br ing ing . ▁The ▁following ▁month , ▁according ▁to |
▁The ▁Day , ▁Holland ers ky ▁head ed ▁South west ▁to ▁Louis ville , ▁Kentucky ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁family . ▁ ▁Enc ounter ▁with ▁President ▁Ro ose vel t ▁▁ ▁After ▁he ▁tried ▁to ▁sell ▁a ▁newspaper ▁to ▁Ted dy ▁Ro ose vel t ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁president ial ▁y acht ▁USS ▁May flow er ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁Ro ose vel t ▁had ▁Admir al ▁Ro ble y ▁D . ▁Evans , ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁Fle et , ▁create ▁the ▁official ▁un pa id ▁title ▁" News boy ▁of ▁the ▁Navy ," ▁for ▁Holland ers ky , ▁giving ▁him ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁sell ▁papers ▁to ▁any ▁Navy ▁ship ▁and ▁travel ▁to ▁any ▁destination ▁on ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁vessels . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁their ▁meeting ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁Ro ose vel t ' s ▁President ial ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁Naval ▁fleet ▁in ▁New ▁York ' s ▁O yst er ▁Bay , ▁off ▁Long ▁Island , ▁September ▁ 2 – 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁point ▁in ▁A be ' s ▁career . ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁a ▁busy ▁box ing ▁schedule ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁that ▁year ▁which ▁kept ▁him ▁near ▁O yst er ▁Bay , ▁and ▁Ro ose vel t ▁had ▁likely ▁come ▁from ▁his ▁home ▁off ▁the ▁Bay . ▁▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁and ▁the ▁President ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁brief ▁and ▁friendly ▁exchange ▁of ▁light |
▁blow s ▁after ▁Ro ose vel t ▁w aved ▁off ▁his ▁Secret ▁Service ▁body gu ards . ▁ ▁Their ▁meeting ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁Star board ▁deck ▁of ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁after ▁Ro ose vel t ▁saw ▁A be ' s ▁ca ul if lower ▁ear , ▁and ▁asked ▁if ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁box er . ▁ ▁The ▁President ▁had ▁box ed ▁compet it ively ▁at ▁Harvard , ▁and ▁took ▁a ▁s inc ere ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁eigh teen ▁year ▁old ▁news boy ▁who ▁was ▁keen ▁on ▁s elling ▁his ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁Abraham ▁Hoff man , ▁Charles ▁J . ▁Bon ap arte , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy , ▁several ▁Secret ▁Service ▁body gu ards , ▁Ed ith ▁Ro ose vel t , ▁the ▁President ' s ▁wife , ▁and ▁the ▁well ▁known ▁entrepr ene ur ▁Corn el ius ▁V ander b ilt ▁were ▁also ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁May flow er ▁during ▁Ro ose vel t ' s ▁September ▁fleet ▁review . ▁ ▁A ▁signed ▁letter ▁from ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁book ▁authentic ates ▁a ▁relationship ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁President ▁Ro ose vel t . ▁ ▁The ▁letter ▁extends ▁an ▁inv itation ▁from ▁the ▁President ▁for ▁A be ▁to ▁visit ▁him ▁at ▁the ▁White ▁House . ▁ ▁Cor respond ence ▁also ▁is ▁documented ▁from ▁Ro ose vel t ' s ▁wife ▁Ed ith . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁while ▁s elling ▁papers , ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁to ▁have |
▁board ed ▁one ▁of ▁Admir al ▁Evans ' ▁old ▁commands , ▁the ▁, ▁flags hip ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fle et , ▁while ▁Ro ose vel t ▁was ▁again ▁ab o ard . ▁After ▁meeting ▁Ro ose vel t , ▁Holland ers ky ▁box ed ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁May flow er ▁to ▁entertain ▁members ▁of ▁Congress , ▁and ▁later ▁briefly ▁met ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁May flow er ▁off ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Naval ▁contacts ▁and ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁▁ ▁During ▁his ▁early ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Navy , ▁A be ▁sold ▁newsp apers ▁to ▁ships ▁off ▁the ▁New ▁London ▁har bor . ▁While ▁serving ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁Mid ship men ▁during ▁their ▁annual ▁summer ▁cru ise ▁from ▁Ann apolis ▁in ▁July ▁and ▁August ▁in ▁New ▁London ' s ▁Gard iner ▁Bay , ▁he ▁met ▁many ▁future ▁Admir als . ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁A be ▁met ▁Captain ▁George ▁Fried ▁who ▁would ▁become ▁famous ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁for ▁the ▁val i ant ▁res c ues ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁ship ▁Ant ino e ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁fre ighter ▁Florida ▁while ▁he ▁commanded ▁ocean ▁lin ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁L ines . ▁ ▁When ▁they ▁first ▁met , ▁ ▁Fried ▁was ▁a ▁young ▁fled g ling ▁sail or ▁serving ▁his ▁first ▁Naval ▁assignment ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁old ▁civil ▁war ▁era ▁sch oon er ▁USS ▁Hart ford , ▁where ▁he ▁learned |
▁the ▁art ▁of ▁navigation . ▁ ▁Fried ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁maintained ▁an ▁acquaint ance ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁ ▁Admir al ▁J . ▁M . ▁Re e ves , ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁Naval ▁air ▁war fare , ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁high - ran king ▁officers ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁sold ▁newsp apers ▁by ▁Holland ers ky ▁very ▁early ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁and ▁throughout ▁his ▁very ▁distinguished ▁years ▁of ▁service . ▁ ▁Future ▁Com mod ore ▁Harry ▁Ash er ▁B adt ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁many ▁Naval ▁Academy ▁mid ship man ▁who ▁met ▁A be ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁during ▁the ▁Academy ' s ▁annual ▁summer ▁cru ise ▁from ▁Ann apolis . ▁B adt ▁was ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁USS ▁Ch es ape ake , ▁a ▁three - m asted , ▁wooden - h ul led , ▁fully ▁rig ged ▁ship , ▁renamed ▁the ▁USS ▁Se vern ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁again ▁sold ▁papers ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁Se vern ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁port ▁near ▁An con , ▁Pan ama ▁around ▁late ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁B adt ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Naval ▁Academy ' s ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁according ▁to ▁their ▁year book ▁the ▁L ucky ▁Bag , ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁when ▁Lieutenant ▁William ▁D . ▁Le ah y ▁was ▁beginning ▁his ▁Naval ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁teaching ▁assistant ▁in ▁Physics ▁and |
▁Elect rical ▁Engineering . ▁ ▁Tw enty - five ▁years ▁later , ▁Admir al ▁Le ah y , ▁while ▁serving ▁as ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁to ▁Franklin ▁Ro ose vel t , ▁would ▁write ▁a ▁brief ▁review ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁book ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁on ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁would ▁sign ▁his ▁Award ▁of ▁Mer it ▁for ▁rec ruit ing ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁men ▁for ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁the ▁r amp ▁up ▁for ▁W W II . ▁Le ah y ▁had ▁formerly ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Chief ▁of ▁Naval ▁Oper ations ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 7 – 3 9 . ▁Also ▁signing ▁the ▁award ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁were ▁Fle et ▁Admir al ▁C . W . ▁N im itz , ▁largely ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁Navy ' s ▁success ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mid way ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁and ▁James ▁For rest al , ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Navy . ▁ ▁Both ▁would ▁send ▁photograph s ▁to ▁A be ▁for ▁his ▁book , ▁with ▁Admir al ▁N im itz ' s ▁photo ▁dep ict ing ▁him ▁pos ing ▁with ▁A be ▁before ▁a ▁map . ▁ ▁Fight ing ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁and ▁bear ▁A be ▁box ed ▁a ▁huge ▁m uzz led ▁bear ▁named ▁" C uster " ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁at ▁H uber ' s ▁D ime ▁Museum ▁on ▁ 1 4 th ▁Street ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City |
. ▁Harry ▁H oud ini ▁would ▁later ▁perform ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁H uber ' s . ▁With ▁his ▁friend , ▁Irish ▁heavy weight ▁box er ▁and ▁ex - N avy ▁man ▁Tom ▁Sh ar key ▁acting ▁as ▁ref eree , ▁A be ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁knock ed ▁out ▁the ▁bear , ▁who ▁fell ▁from ▁the ▁ring ▁dam aging ▁a ▁grand ▁piano , ▁inf uri ating ▁the ▁Museum ' s ▁manager ▁and ▁amaz ing ▁the ▁large ▁audience ▁who ▁included ▁several ▁Tam many ▁Hall ▁polit icians . ▁ ▁Sh ar key ▁had ▁held ▁the ▁World ▁He avy weight ▁Championship ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 6 – 9 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁arg u ably ▁the ▁greatest ▁box er ▁the ▁Navy ▁produced ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century . ▁A be ▁box ed ▁or ▁wrest led ▁a ▁k ang ar oo ▁in ▁an ▁exhibition ▁in ▁Australia ▁during ▁his ▁first ▁world ▁cru ise ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 7 - 8 , ▁but ▁was ▁thrown ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ring ▁by ▁a ▁swing ▁of ▁the ▁animal ' s ▁tail . ▁ ▁These ▁inc idents ▁were ▁described ▁with ▁humor ▁and ▁detail ▁in ▁A be ' s ▁book ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁much ▁later ▁being ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁noted ▁sports ▁writer ▁Harold ▁Ros ent hal ' s ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁article ▁on ▁A be ▁in ▁Sports ▁Illustr ated . ▁They ▁added ▁a ▁certain ▁color ▁to ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁which ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁newspaper ▁rep or ters ▁that ▁wrote ▁about ▁him ▁in ▁brief |
▁bi ograph ies . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁early ▁box ing ▁experience ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁as ▁his ▁family ▁kept ▁a ▁residence ▁there ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁while ▁A be ' s ▁father ▁maintained ▁an ▁a partment ▁on ▁ 1 6 7 ▁East ▁Broadway . ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁New ▁York ▁club ▁f ighter ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁A be ▁fought ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁box ers ▁Tod o ▁Mor an , ▁P ats y ▁Con n ors , ▁Harry ▁Green house ▁and ▁" B uff alo " ▁Edd ie ▁Kelly . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁Spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁in ▁a ▁sm o key ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁box ing ▁club ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Lion ' s ▁Palace , ▁tal ented ▁fe ather weight ▁" B uff alo " ▁Edd ie ▁Kelly ▁took ▁only ▁ten ▁seconds ▁to ▁knock ▁an ▁in ex per ien ced ▁eigh teen ▁year ▁old ▁A be ▁to ▁the ▁canvas ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁count . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁Kelly ▁would ▁challenge ▁the ▁legend ary ▁Jewish ▁box er ▁A be ▁Att ell ▁three ▁times ▁for ▁the ▁Fe ather weight ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁World . ▁ ▁B out ▁with ▁Maurice ▁Lem o ine , ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 8 , ▁not ▁long ▁after ▁his ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fle et ▁at ▁only ▁twenty , ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁a ▁close |
▁six - round ▁match ▁with ▁Maurice ▁Lem o ine ▁at ▁the ▁Grand ▁Opera ▁House ▁in ▁New ▁H aven , ▁Connecticut . ▁Though ▁New ▁London ' s ▁The ▁Day ▁gave ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁Lem o ine , ▁the ▁pr estig ious ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁felt ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁the ▁better ▁of ▁the ▁bout ," win ning ▁on ▁points ", ▁and ▁" b atter ing ▁Lem o ine ▁in ▁the ▁sixth ▁and ▁last ▁round ". ▁The ▁widely ▁covered ▁fight ▁was ▁a ▁pre lim inary ▁to ▁a ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Title ▁match ▁between ▁reign ing ▁Jewish ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁Harry ▁Lewis , ▁and ▁his ▁frequent ▁oppon ent ▁Will ie ▁Lewis . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁close ▁bout ▁with ▁Lem o ine , ▁A be , ▁with ▁excess ive ▁self - conf idence , ▁challeng ed ▁former ▁World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁H oney ▁M ell ody ▁to ▁a ▁bout ▁by ▁posting ▁a ▁challenge ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁London ▁Day . ▁M ell ody ' s ▁handler ' s ▁decl ined ▁to ▁respond . ▁Two ▁weeks ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁challenge , ▁M ell ody ▁had ▁knock ed ▁out ▁A be ' s ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁oppon ent ▁Lem o ine , ▁and ▁drew ▁against ▁him ▁four ▁months ▁later ▁in ▁a ▁bout ▁in ▁Web ster , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁used ▁M ell ody ' s ▁matching ▁with ▁Lem o ine , ▁a ▁box er ▁he ▁may ▁have ▁be aten , |
▁as ▁an ▁indic ation ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁skills ▁to ▁face ▁the ▁ex - World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion . ▁ ▁New ▁England ▁oppon ents ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁best ▁known ▁oppon ents ▁in ▁New ▁England ▁included ▁Austin ▁R ice , ▁Dave ▁Pal itz , ▁Al ▁Rog ers , ▁Italian ▁Joe ▁G ans , ▁and ▁Tommy ▁Te ague . ▁ ▁Te ague ▁was ▁a ▁Navy ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁from ▁the ▁USS ▁Michigan ▁when ▁they ▁fought ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁and ▁later ▁an ▁un success ful ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁Jewish ▁box er ▁Al ▁Mc Co y ▁four ▁days ▁before ▁Mc Co y ▁became ▁the ▁young est ▁box er ▁at ▁sevent een ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁World ▁Middle weight ▁Championship . ▁Mc Co y ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁would ▁later ▁both ▁appear ▁in ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Picture ' s ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁The ▁Bow ery . ▁Fellow ▁wel ter weight ▁box er ▁Al ▁Rog ers ▁had ▁decis ively ▁be aten ▁ex - World ▁Wel ter weight ▁Champion ▁H oney ▁M ell ody ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁just ▁two ▁weeks ▁before ▁be ating ▁A be ▁in ▁an ▁important ▁fifteen ▁round ▁bout ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁city ' s ▁Empire ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁fellow ▁New ▁London er ▁Austin ▁R ice ▁and ▁Connecticut ▁wel ter weight ▁Dave ▁Pal itz ▁on ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁occasions ▁each . ▁R ice ▁had ▁shown ▁enorm ous ▁box ing |
▁promise ▁at ▁age ▁thirty ▁as ▁a ▁cont ender ▁for ▁the ▁Fe ather weight ▁Championship ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁against ▁Young ▁Cor b ett ▁II ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁R ice , ▁who ▁was ▁twelve ▁years ▁older ▁and ▁s idel ined ▁as ▁a ▁car p enter , ▁in ▁both ▁paid ▁and ▁exhibition ▁b outs ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁R ice ' s ▁box ing ▁career . ▁Fellow ▁New ▁London er ▁M ose y ▁King , ▁an ▁early ▁New ▁England ▁Light weight ▁Champion ▁and ▁Y ale ▁box ing ▁coach ▁for ▁forty ▁years , ▁is ▁included ▁in ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁list ▁of ▁f ights ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁as ▁a ▁" Win ". ▁King , ▁who ▁like ▁A be ▁was ▁of ▁Jewish ▁ancest ry ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁a ▁close ▁family , ▁was ▁Connecticut ' s ▁first ▁box ing ▁commission er ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 – 2 3 , ▁and ▁re put ed ▁to ▁have ▁given ▁tips ▁to ▁any ▁box er ▁looking ▁to ▁improve ▁his ▁game . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁likely ▁oppon ent ▁of ▁Holland ers ky ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁a ▁sp arring ▁or ▁exhibition ▁match , ▁as ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁with ▁A be . ▁According ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁source , ▁R ice , ▁King , ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁shared ▁Jimmy ▁Nelson ▁as ▁an ▁early ▁coach ▁and ▁sp arring ▁partner ▁as ▁youth s ▁in ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁The ▁legend ▁goes ▁that ▁Nelson |
▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁corner ▁man ▁for ▁und efe ated ▁World ▁Light weight ▁Champion ▁Jack ▁Mc A ul iffe ▁before ▁coming ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁Work ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁long ▁career ▁with ▁the ▁Navy ▁included ▁work ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁supply ▁boat ▁operator ▁or ▁" bum ▁bo ater " ▁from ▁which ▁he ▁sold ▁mag az ines ▁and ▁newsp apers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet . ▁His ▁boat ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁motor ized ▁d ing y ▁that ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁Admir al ▁Ro ble y ▁Evans . ▁ ▁Early ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁A be ▁saved ▁several ▁people ▁from ▁d row ning ▁and ▁res cu ed ▁str and ed ▁boats ▁in ▁Gard iner ▁Bay ▁off ▁the ▁do cks ▁of ▁New ▁London ▁while ▁" bum ▁bo ating " ▁for ▁the ▁Navy . ▁" B um ▁bo ating " ▁consisted ▁of ▁taking ▁a ▁small ▁launch ▁out ▁to ▁naval ▁vessels ▁and ▁s elling ▁newsp apers , ▁mag az ines , ▁and ▁small ▁supplies ▁to ▁Navy ▁personnel . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁small ▁launch , ▁he ▁also ▁performed ▁tasks ▁such ▁as ▁deliver ing ▁mail ▁to ▁naval ▁ships . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁mid - care er ▁with ▁the ▁Navy , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁box ing ▁instruct or ▁for ▁sail ors ▁at ▁the ▁pier ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁near ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁W WI , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁rec ru iter ▁of ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁naval ▁personnel ▁in ▁W W II ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁living ▁in ▁Los |
▁Angeles . ▁He ▁also ▁gave ▁box ing ▁exhib itions ▁and ▁training , ▁and ▁sold ▁newsp apers ▁to ▁Naval ▁ships ▁during ▁his ▁world ▁cru ises . ▁ ▁After ▁cru ising ▁to ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁A be ▁helped ▁the ▁Navy ▁provide ▁relief ▁for ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁earth qu ake ▁that ▁struck ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁raised ▁War ▁B onds ▁in ▁W W II , ▁occasionally ▁capital izing ▁on ▁his ▁contacts ▁with ▁former ▁box ers , ▁and ▁entertain ers , ▁such ▁as ▁Jimmy ▁Durante , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁movie . ▁He ▁later ▁assist ed ▁the ▁Navy ▁in ▁providing ▁relief ▁following ▁the ▁March ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁area ▁earth qu ake ▁that ▁had ▁an ▁ep ic enter ▁near ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁his ▁news ▁stand . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁earth qu ake ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁it ▁struck , ▁and ▁narrow ly ▁escaped ▁injury . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁Navy ▁best owed ▁on ▁A be ▁the ▁" A ward ▁of ▁Mer it " ▁ ▁for ▁his ▁rec ruit ing ▁of ▁both ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁for ▁W W II . ▁ ▁Four ▁cru ises ▁with ▁the ▁fleet ▁Holland ers ky ▁took ▁four ▁long ▁voy ages ▁that ▁included ▁cru ises ▁on ▁Naval ▁vessels ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁marriage . ▁ ▁A be ▁took ▁a ▁cru ise ▁som etime ▁between |
▁ 1 9 0 6 – 8 ▁that ▁followed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fle et ▁to ▁Australia , ▁and ▁possibly ▁Japan ▁and ▁China , ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁long ▁box ing ▁cru ise ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁to ▁J ama ica , ▁Pan ama , ▁E cuador , ▁Peru ▁and ▁Chile ▁that ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁His ▁third ▁trip ▁was ▁a ▁voyage ▁that ▁included ▁primarily ▁land ▁travel ▁from ▁New ▁London , ▁Connecticut ▁to ▁San ▁Pedro , ▁California ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁and ▁his ▁fourth ▁cru ise ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁went ▁via ▁sea ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁to ▁Cuba ▁than ▁over land ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Coast , ▁before ▁following ▁the ▁Trans - P ac ific ▁" Good ▁Will ▁Cru ise " ▁from ▁San ▁Francisco ▁to ▁Hon ol ulu ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁cru ises , ▁A be ▁often ▁box ed ▁and ▁wrest led ▁matches ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁training ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁of ▁the ▁troops ▁and ▁fought ▁a ▁few ▁land - based ▁professional ▁b outs ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁His ▁primary ▁function ▁was ▁acting ▁as ▁a ▁news boy ▁to ▁the ▁crew , ▁making ▁stops ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁English ▁newsp apers ▁at ▁most ▁major ▁ports . ▁ ▁Cru ise ▁with ▁Great ▁White ▁Fle et , ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 1 9 0 8 ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁voyage ▁to ▁Australia ▁occurred ▁not ▁long ▁after ▁he ▁met ▁The odore |
▁Ro ose vel t , ▁early ▁in ▁his ▁box ing ▁career , ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 6 – 0 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cru ise ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁White ▁Fle et . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁four teen - month ▁cru ise , ▁much ▁of ▁which ▁included ▁A be , ▁rout ed ▁six teen ▁state - of - the - art ▁coal ▁burning ▁American ▁batt les hips ▁with ▁white ▁painted ▁h ull s ▁from ▁the ▁California ▁coast ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁Australia , ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁China . ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Japan ▁was ▁already ▁threaten ing ▁as ▁a ▁naval ▁power ▁and ▁President ▁Ro ose vel t , ▁architect ▁of ▁the ▁cru ise , ▁intended ▁to ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁fleet ▁to ▁both ▁al lied ▁countries ▁and ▁potential ▁enemies . ▁Holland ers ky ▁sa iled ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁USS ▁K ears ar ge ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁her ▁news boy ▁as ▁she ▁circ umn avig ated ▁the ▁glo be ▁and ▁dock ed ▁at ▁the ▁Navy ' s ▁most ▁ex otic ▁ports . ▁▁ ▁The ▁p inn acle ▁of ▁naval ▁technology ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁K ears ar ge ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁flags hip ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁fleet ▁through ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁Both ▁heavily ▁armed ▁and ▁arm ored , ▁she ▁carried ▁a ▁crew ▁of ▁ 5 5 0 , ▁and ▁could ▁cru ise ▁at ▁a ▁top ▁speed ▁of ▁twenty ▁miles ▁per ▁hour . ▁ ▁She ▁dock ed ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁August ▁ |
1 9 0 8 , ▁along ▁with ▁close ▁to ▁a ▁thousand ▁sail ors ▁from ▁the ▁fifteen ▁other ▁Naval ▁vessels ▁who ▁flo oded ▁the ▁streets ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁warm ▁reception ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁A be ▁would ▁have ▁had ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁primarily ▁the ▁Australian ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁cru ise . ▁ ▁He ▁likely ▁stopped ▁at ▁A uk land , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁and ▁possibly ▁the ▁Philippines ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁absent ▁from ▁New ▁London ▁through ▁much ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁six ▁months ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁nine ▁months ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁period ▁when ▁the ▁K ears ar ge ▁arrived ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁August . ▁ ▁His ▁rig orous ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁schedule ▁pre cluded ▁him ▁from ▁travel ing ▁continu ously ▁for ▁the ▁full ▁four teen ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁cru ise . ▁ ▁Chief ▁Harry ▁Sim mon ▁Morris , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁Ord inary ▁Se aman ▁and ▁bug ler ▁on ▁the ▁ ▁during ▁the ▁cru ise ▁with ▁A be , ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁A be ' s ▁lif el ong ▁friends . ▁ ▁A ▁Tor ped o ' s ▁Mate ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁Morris ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁longest - ser ving ▁en list ed ▁man ▁in ▁U . ▁S . ▁Naval ▁history ▁at ▁ 5 5 ▁years , ▁serving ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 3 – 5 8 . ▁ ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁London ▁from ▁his ▁travel s ▁around ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 |
8 , ▁A be ▁decided ▁to ▁meet ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁fleet ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁to ▁America . ▁He ▁may ▁have ▁broken ▁his ▁record ▁for ▁newspaper ▁sales ▁when ▁he ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁news ies ▁contract ed ▁to ▁him ▁sold ▁thousands ▁of ▁papers ▁to ▁the ▁returning ▁sail ors , ▁off ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads , ▁near ▁Nor folk , ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁The ▁Ham pton ▁Ro ads ▁ceremony ▁for ▁the ▁returning ▁fleet ▁included ▁a ▁speech ▁by ▁President ▁The odore ▁Ro ose vel t ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁USS ▁Connecticut , ▁flags hip ▁of ▁the ▁cru ise , ▁during ▁the ▁third ▁week ▁of ▁February , ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁book , ▁Holland ers ky ▁personally ▁sold ▁a ▁paper ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁Admir al ▁Evans ▁on ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁the ▁cru ise . ▁ ▁Second ▁cru ise , ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁America ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 1 4 ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁a ▁busy ▁box ing ▁schedule ▁throughout ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁used ▁his ▁naval ▁privileges ▁in ▁combination ▁with ▁commercial ▁vessels ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁to ▁sail ▁south ▁from ▁his ▁h omet own ▁of ▁New ▁London , ▁s elling ▁newsp apers ▁to ▁the ▁fleet ▁while ▁stopping ▁to ▁fight ▁box ing ▁matches ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁J ama ica , ▁Pan ama , ▁Chile , ▁and ▁later ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁from ▁Chile , |
▁ending ▁his ▁South ▁American ▁travel s ▁in ▁early ▁December ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁London . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁and ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁taking ▁a ▁commercial ▁vessel ▁South , ▁he ▁fought ▁several ▁b outs ▁and ▁wrest led ▁at ▁or ▁near ▁the ▁base ▁in ▁Gu ant an amo , ▁Cuba , ▁while ▁the ▁fleet ▁was ▁on ▁man eu vers . ▁He ▁served ▁briefly ▁as ▁news boy ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁Cuba ▁in ▁January . ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une ▁of ▁March , ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁reported ▁" A be ▁has ▁been ▁with ▁the ▁fleet ▁at ▁Gu ant an amo ▁all ▁winter ▁and ▁has ▁won ▁several ▁b outs ▁with ▁ease ▁against ▁the ▁best ▁the ▁island ▁aff ords ." ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁W . ▁H . ▁" I rons ides " ▁Re an ey ▁was ▁a ▁box ing ▁ment or ▁to ▁A be ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁and ▁helped ▁ar range ▁his ▁Cub an ▁b outs ▁during ▁morning ▁breakfast s ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁ill - f ated ▁batt les hip ▁USS ▁Ut ah . ▁ ▁Re an ey ▁helped ▁ref eree ▁a ▁few ▁ship board ▁f ights , ▁and ▁had ▁box ed ▁in ▁his ▁earlier ▁days . ▁The ▁USS ▁Ut ah ▁had ▁been ▁constructed ▁the ▁previous ▁August , ▁ 1 9 1 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁on ▁a ▁sh aked own ▁cru ise ▁ending ▁in ▁Gu ant an amo . ▁Though ▁ob sole te ▁by |
▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁she ▁would ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ships ▁lost ▁at ▁Pear l ▁Har bor . ▁ ▁A be ▁cred ited ▁Re an ey ▁with ▁helping ▁him ▁to ▁find ▁matches ▁in ▁J ama ica ▁and ▁for ▁encourag ing ▁him ▁to ▁seek ▁his ▁fortune ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁A be ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁states ▁via ▁steam ship ▁from ▁Cuba , ▁res umed ▁his ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁career , ▁and ▁res cu ed ▁a ▁woman ▁from ▁a ▁sub way ▁m ish ap ▁in ▁New ▁London ▁that ▁August . ▁ ▁He ading ▁South ▁the ▁following ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁A be ▁defeated ▁tal ented ▁black ▁box ers ▁T . ▁K . ▁W int , ▁bil led ▁as ▁Young ▁Jack ▁Johnson , ▁" W elter weight ▁Champion ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies ," ▁and ▁Young ▁Joe ▁Jean ette ▁in ▁ten ▁round ▁b outs ▁in ▁King ston , ▁J ama ica . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁head ed ▁directly ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁to ▁face ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁champion ▁Jack ▁Or te ga . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁He avy ▁Title , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁His ▁historic ▁first ▁bout ▁for ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁He avy weight ▁Title ▁with ▁Californ ian ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁featured ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁nearly ▁two ▁thousand ▁and ▁included |
▁most ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁American ▁con gression al ▁party ▁in ▁Pan ama , ▁there ▁to ▁view ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁A be , ▁the ▁con gress men ▁had ▁sa iled ▁there ▁on ▁the ▁President ial ▁y acht ▁May flow er . ▁ ▁Or te ga , ▁the ▁reign ing ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁champion , ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁deliver ▁knock out ▁p unch es ▁and ▁his ▁size ▁made ▁him ▁a ▁form id able ▁oppon ent . ▁▁ ▁A be ▁entered ▁the ▁ring ▁to ▁an ▁ov ation ▁and ▁a ▁heart y ▁round ▁of ▁app la use , ▁as ▁Or te ga ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁crowd ▁who ▁knew ▁him ▁from ▁previous ▁f ights . ▁ ▁The ▁match ▁ended ▁in ▁an ▁e ighth ▁round ▁f oul ▁when , ▁by ▁most ▁accounts , ▁A be ▁was ▁having ▁the ▁better ▁of ▁the ▁bout , ▁landing ▁more ▁frequent ▁and ▁strateg ic ▁blow s , ▁if ▁less ▁powerful ▁than ▁his ▁oppon ent ' s . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁around ▁twenty - five ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁prime ▁of ▁his ▁box ing ▁career , ▁while ▁Or te ga ▁was ▁around ▁thirty - six , ▁and ▁out we ighed ▁Holland ers ky ▁by ▁at ▁least ▁thirty - five ▁or ▁forty ▁pounds . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁power , ▁and ▁strength , ▁but ▁lack ed ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁his ▁younger ▁oppon ent . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁one ▁newspaper , ▁after ▁Or te ga |
▁pushed ▁him ▁onto ▁the ▁ro pes ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁round , ▁" A be ▁was ▁partly ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁partly ▁out ▁of ▁it , ▁spect ators ▁in ▁the ▁crowd ▁trying ▁to ▁prevent ▁his ▁falling ▁from ▁the ▁platform ▁and ▁Or te ga , ▁without ▁really ▁real izing ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁doing ▁but ▁fighting ▁mad ly , ▁sw ung ▁low ▁and ▁land ed ▁on ▁A be ' s ▁gro in ". ▁ ▁The ▁article ▁continues , ▁" A be , ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁fall ▁when ▁the ▁blow ▁was ▁delivered , ▁walked ▁to ▁his ▁corner ▁across ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁then ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁to ▁recover ▁from ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁the ▁p unch . ▁The ▁injury ▁he ▁received ▁was ▁apparent ▁to ▁all ▁who ▁were ▁close ▁to ▁see ▁him ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁und ress ed ▁by ▁his ▁seconds . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁some ▁fifteen ▁minutes ▁before ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁ring ." ▁Holland ers ky ▁infer red ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁the ▁f oul ▁was ▁probably ▁intent ional , ▁particularly ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁ended ▁his ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Or te ga ▁later ▁in ▁August . ▁ ▁The ▁f oul ▁ended ▁the ▁bout , ▁and ▁made ▁Holland ers ky ▁He avy weight ▁Champion ▁of ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁T aking ▁home ▁the ▁pr inc ely ▁sum ▁of ▁$ 9 0 0 ▁for ▁the ▁bout , ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁used ▁$ 6 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁w inn ings ▁for ▁a ▁down ▁payment ▁on ▁a ▁home ▁for ▁his ▁blind ▁father ▁Charles |
▁in ▁New ▁London , ▁likely ▁at ▁ 2 5 1 ▁Hun ting ton ▁Avenue . ▁ ▁That ▁night , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁promised ▁a ▁He avy weight ▁Championship ▁bel t ▁at ▁a ▁ban quet ▁in ▁his ▁honor ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City , ▁and ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁meet ▁with ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Pan ama , ▁Bel is ario ▁Por ras ▁Bar ah ona . ▁ ▁A be ▁spoke ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁dign itar ies , ▁g amb lers , ▁and ▁fellow ▁box ers ▁about ▁his ▁victory . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁rem atch , ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁Pan aman ian ▁He avy weight ▁Title ▁only ▁once , ▁in ▁an ▁ 1 8 ▁of ▁ 4 5 ▁round ▁rem atch ▁with ▁Jack ▁Or te ga ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁August ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Sports ▁Arena ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁City . ▁After ▁a ▁morning ▁rain , ▁the ▁length y ▁match ▁took ▁place ▁out do ors ▁beneath ▁the ▁tropical ▁sun , ▁beginning ▁around ▁four ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁trained ▁for ▁a ▁full ▁month , ▁making ▁a ▁training ▁camp ▁on ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁Pacific ▁island ▁of ▁Tab oga , ▁while ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁trained ▁more ▁dil ig ently ▁than ▁he ▁had ▁for ▁his ▁first ▁bout . ▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁went ▁slowly ▁and ▁une vent fully , ▁followed ▁by ▁several ▁r ounds ▁where ▁Or te |
ga ▁cl inch ed ▁frequently ▁using ▁his ▁weight ▁advantage ▁to ▁wear ▁down ▁his ▁oppon ent . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁r ounds , ▁Holland ers ky ▁land ed ▁frequent ▁blow s ▁to ▁the ▁ch est , ▁probably ▁lack ing ▁the ▁reach ▁to ▁connect ▁often ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁or ▁ch in ▁and ▁w ary ▁of ▁expos ing ▁himself ▁to ▁an ▁oppon ent ▁with ▁greater ▁reach ▁and ▁power . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁did ▁on ▁occasion ▁connect ▁with ▁a ▁st iff ▁left ▁j ab ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁Or te ga . ▁ ▁Through out ▁the ▁match , ▁Or te ga ▁used ▁back hand ed ▁blow s ▁from ▁his ▁glo ve ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁face ▁and ▁j aw . ▁ ▁With ▁Or te ga ▁in ▁pain , ▁exha usted , ▁struggling , ▁and ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁blow ▁to ▁the ▁ch in , ▁he ▁struck ▁A be ▁below ▁the ▁bel t ▁in ▁round ▁ 1 8 . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁Holland ers ky ' s ▁aut obi ography , ▁Or te ga , ▁" back ed ▁away , ▁le ered ▁at ▁me , ▁and ▁then ▁deliber ately ▁raised ▁his ▁leg ▁and ▁k icked ▁me ▁in ▁the ▁bel ly ". ▁ ▁One ▁account ▁indicates ▁the ▁blow ▁was ▁from ▁a ▁raised ▁kne e . ▁ ▁After ▁calling ▁a ▁f oul ▁for ▁the ▁low ▁blow , ▁the ▁ref eree ▁ended ▁the ▁bout , ▁and ▁Holland ers ky ▁retained ▁the ▁Pan aman ian ▁He avy weight ▁Title . ▁ ▁Or te ga ▁would ▁be ▁arrested ▁in ▁Pan |
ama ▁City ▁only ▁one ▁week ▁later ▁for ▁fixing ▁a ▁fight ▁by ▁taking ▁a ▁first ▁round ▁d ive ▁against ▁the ▁Pitts burgh ▁box er ▁Buck ▁Cr ouse . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁fight . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁been ▁conv icted ▁of ▁assault ing ▁an ▁eleven - year - old ▁girl ▁in ▁San ▁Jose , ▁California ▁and ▁was ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁San ▁Qu entin . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁only ▁around ▁twelve ▁years ▁before ▁travel ing ▁to ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁his ▁arrest ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁he ▁had ▁once ▁brut ally ▁k icked ▁an ▁oppon ent ▁in ▁the ▁ring ▁during ▁a ▁prize - f ight ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁incident ▁been ▁arrested ▁for ▁battery . ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁that ▁Or te ga ▁had ▁sent ▁en vo ys ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁b ri be ▁him ▁to ▁lose ▁their ▁second ▁bout , ▁and ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁once ▁attempted ▁armed ▁assault ▁against ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁Pan aman ian ▁bar . ▁ ▁Pan aman ian ▁Title ▁loss , ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁Five ▁months ▁after ▁taking ▁the ▁championship ▁from ▁Or te ga , ▁Holland ers ky ▁lost ▁his ▁Pan aman ian ▁heavy weight ▁title , ▁but ▁last ed ▁for ▁twenty - five ▁gru eling ▁r ounds ▁against ▁the ▁young ▁and ▁gift ed , ▁ 1 9 |
2 1 ▁American ▁" Color ed " ▁World ▁Light ▁He avy weight ▁Champion , ▁William ▁Ward , ▁known ▁as ▁Kid ▁Nor folk . ▁ ▁F ew ▁in ▁the ▁crowd ▁believed ▁that ▁Holland ers ky ▁would ▁last ▁ten ▁r ounds ▁with ▁the ▁future ▁Box ing ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁champion , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁four - inch ▁height ▁advantage ▁and ▁out we ighed ▁him ▁by ▁over ▁twenty - five ▁pounds . ▁ ▁A be ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁go ▁the ▁limit ▁with ▁Nor folk , ▁seemed ▁more ▁impress ive ▁when ▁considering , ▁" from ▁eleven ▁until ▁two ▁o ' clock ▁on ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁battle , ▁Holland ers ky ▁was ▁at ▁Col on ▁Har bor ▁s elling ▁newsp apers ▁to ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁on ▁the ▁USS ▁Minnesota , ▁only ▁two ▁hours ▁before ▁ste pping ▁into ▁the ▁ring ▁with ▁Kid ▁Nor folk ▁at ▁four ▁that ▁afternoon ". ▁ ▁The ▁match ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁a ▁Sk ating ▁R ink ▁in ▁An con , ▁Pan ama , ▁on ▁Sunday ▁afternoon , ▁January ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁before ▁a ▁sold - out ▁crowd . ▁ ▁New ▁London ' s ▁The ▁Day ▁wrote ▁that ▁Holland ers ky ▁had ▁the ▁edge ▁in ▁only ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁r ounds , ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁when ▁Nor folk ▁" beg an ▁batter ing ▁A be ▁around ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁trying ▁hard ▁for ▁a ▁knock out ". ▁ ▁The ▁Pan aman ian ▁crowd ▁vo iced ▁their ▁appro val ▁of ▁the ▁News boy ' s ▁ten acity , ▁and |
▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁the ▁final ▁bell ▁sound ed ▁to ▁end ▁the ▁long ▁contest , ▁they ▁" st orm ed ▁the ▁ring ▁and ▁carried ▁the ▁little ▁fellow ▁( A be ) ▁off ▁on ▁their ▁shoulders ." ▁ ▁Holland ers ky ▁claimed ▁he ▁was ▁paid ▁ten ▁dollars ▁a ▁round ▁for ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁bout , ▁and ▁an ▁additional ▁sevent een ▁hundred ▁dollars ▁that ▁he ▁shared ▁from ▁the ▁w inn ings ▁of ▁his ▁sail or ▁friends , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁had ▁bet ▁on ▁him ▁to ▁last ▁ten ▁r ounds . ▁ ▁This ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁ear nings ▁for ▁his ▁evening ' s ▁work ▁to ▁$ 1 , 9 5 0 , ▁roughly ▁two ▁years ▁sal ary ▁for ▁many ▁Americans ▁in ▁that ▁era . ▁ ▁Box ing ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁after ▁title ▁The ▁better ▁known ▁oppon ents ▁Holland ers ky ▁fought ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁after ▁his ▁loss ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁included ▁Jerry ▁Cole , ▁" Ste am bo at " ▁Bill ▁Scott , ▁Tommy ▁Con n ors , ▁and ▁Edd ie ▁Ryan ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁Pan ama ▁Joe ▁G ans . ▁Pan ama ▁Joe ▁had ▁such ▁legend ary ▁speed ▁and ▁skill ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁sp arring ▁partner ▁to ▁prepare ▁Jack ▁D emp sey ▁for ▁his ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁He avy weight ▁Title ▁bout ▁with ▁Hall ▁of ▁F amer ▁Billy ▁M iske ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁D emp sey ' s ▁earlier ▁bout ▁when ▁he ▁first ▁took ▁the ▁He avy weight |
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