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▁( G ut hr ie , ▁Sam ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁America ▁( R og ers , ▁Steve ) ▁Captain ▁Atlas ▁Captain ▁Britain ▁( Br add ock , ▁Brian ) ▁Captain ▁France ▁( E ther lin ck , ▁Hugo ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Italy ▁( Land i , ▁Um berto ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Marvel ▁ ▁Captain ▁Spain ▁( F ra ile , ▁Carlos ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁UK ▁Car n age ▁- ▁f used ▁with ▁Ven om , ▁currently ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁Carol ▁Dan vers ▁C ath r ine ▁M ora ▁Ch ame le on ▁The ▁Champion ▁Ch ita uri ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁The ▁Colonel ▁( Al - R ah man , ▁Abd ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Col oss us ▁Cont essa ▁Valent ina ▁Al leg ra ▁di ▁Font aine ▁Cross b ones ▁( B rock , ▁Rum low ) ▁Cry stal ▁Cy clo ps ▁- ▁dead ▁Captain ▁Marvel ▁ ▁D ▁D ai ▁Thomas ▁Daniel ▁Tol iver ▁D are dev il ▁( M urd ock , ▁Matthew ▁" M att ") ▁- ▁dead ▁D azz ler ▁( B la ire , ▁All ison ▁" A li ") ▁- ▁dead ▁De acon ▁F rost ▁Dead pool ▁( Wil son , ▁W ade ) ▁Death ▁Ad der ▁( unknown ) ▁Death lo k ▁( unknown ) ▁Death st rike ▁( O y ama , ▁Y ur iko ) ▁- ▁dead ▁D erek ▁Morgan ▁Det on ate ▁( John son , ▁Mike ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Det on ator ▁( G ib son , ▁R icky |
) ▁- ▁dead ▁Di ablo ▁( Est eb an ▁Cor azon ▁de ▁Ab lo ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Do om ▁( V an ▁Dam me , ▁Victor )- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Oct opus ▁( Oct av ius , ▁Otto ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁( Str ange , ▁Stephen ▁Sr .) ▁- ▁unknown ▁Doctor ▁Str ange ▁( Str ange , ▁Stephen ▁Jr .) ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁Dol ores ▁Dom ino ▁Dra ke ▁R aven ▁ ▁Donald ▁Ro xx on ▁Do omb ot ▁Doctor ▁Spect rum ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Dr . ▁Fa ust us ▁D read kn ight ▁( B ram ▁V els ing ) ▁Dream catch er ▁De ▁L one ▁Wolf ▁( As im ▁Lim bu ) ▁ ▁E ▁E cho ▁( M aya ▁L ope z ) ▁E go ▁Elect ro ▁( D illon , ▁Max ) ▁Ele kt ra ▁( N atch ios , ▁Ele kt ra ) ▁Emma ▁F rost ▁- ▁dead ▁En chant ress ▁- ▁dead ▁En id ▁Rich ards ▁ ▁F ▁Fal con ▁( Wil son , ▁Sam ) ▁F ancy ▁Dan ▁( R uben stein , ▁Dan ) ▁F and ral ▁- ▁dead ▁Fen ris ▁( von ▁Str ucker , ▁Andrea ▁and ▁Andreas ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Fil ament ▁Fin ▁Case y ▁( I v ory ▁Sh adow ) ▁Fire power ▁Fir est ar ▁( All en , ▁Elizabeth ▁" L iz ") ▁For ge ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁F ount ain ▁Franklin ▁" F og gy " ▁Nelson ▁Franklin ▁Rich ards ▁Franklin ▁Storm |
▁Fred ▁" Fl ash " ▁Thompson ▁F ury ▁ ▁G ▁G ah ▁Lak ▁T us ▁Gall ow glass ▁G amb it ▁( Le Be au , ▁Rem y ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Gam ora ▁G arrison ▁K ane ▁Gel do ff ▁Ghost ▁Ghost ▁R ider ▁Ghost ware ▁Gi ant ▁Man ▁/ ▁Ant ▁Man ▁/ ▁Y ellow jack et ▁( P ym , ▁Henry ▁" H ank ") ▁- ▁dead ▁Gi ant ▁Man ▁( Sc ott ▁Lang ) ▁Glad i ator ▁( unknown ) ▁Gl enn ▁Tal bot ▁Green ▁G ob lin ▁( Os born , ▁Norman ) ▁- ▁dead ▁G org on ▁Gr ass ▁Ho pper ▁G ri zz ly ▁Gregory ▁St ark ▁- ▁dead ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁- ▁dead ▁G wen ▁St acy ▁( clone )/ C arn age ▁G root ▁ ▁H ▁Ham mer ▁( C ant y , ▁Eisen h ower ) ▁Ham mer head ▁( unknown ) ▁Hard - D rive ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hav ok ▁( Sum mers , ▁Alexander ▁" Alex ") ▁Haw k - O w l ▁( D anner , ▁Jack ) ▁Haw key e ▁( B art on , ▁Cl int ) ▁He ather ▁Hudson ▁He im d all ▁- ▁dead ▁H ela ▁Hell cat ▁( W alk er , ▁P ats y ) ▁Hob g ob lin ▁( Har ry ▁Os born ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hog un ▁- ▁dead ▁Howard ▁the ▁D uck ▁H ulk ▁( B anner , ▁Robert ▁Bruce ) ▁Human ▁Tor ch ▁( St orm , ▁John ▁" |
John ny ") ▁Human ▁Tor ch ▁( Mar vel ▁Z omb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁H urr icane ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Hyper ion ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁ ▁I ▁I c eman ▁( Dra ke , ▁Robert ▁" Bob by ") ▁Im possible ▁Man ▁In ert ia ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁In visible ▁Woman ▁( S us an ▁Storm ) ▁Iron ▁F ist ▁( R and , ▁Daniel ▁" D anny ") ▁Iron ▁Man ▁( St ark , ▁Antonio ▁" T ony ", ▁Dead ) ▁Iron ▁Mong er ▁( Ob ad iah ▁St ane ) ▁ ▁J ▁Jack al ▁J ai ▁" The ▁Mal achi ▁Dest roy er " ▁A min ▁James ▁Br add ock ▁James ▁Hudson ▁James ▁Ru pert ▁" J im " ▁Rh odes ▁( W ar ▁Machine ) ▁James ▁Buch an an ▁" B ucky " ▁Bar nes ▁Jane ▁F oster ▁Jar vis , ▁Ed win ▁Jean ne ▁de ▁Wol fe ▁- ▁dead ▁Jenn ifer ▁Wal ters ▁Jess ica ▁Jones ▁Jimmy ▁Hudson ▁John ▁Ry ker ▁John ▁St acy ▁- ▁dead ▁J . ▁Jon ah ▁James on ▁Jug g ern aut ▁( Mark o , ▁C ain ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Justin ▁Ham mer ▁- ▁dead ▁J um per ▁( C ah y adi , ▁Andre ) ▁ ▁K ▁K aine ▁ ▁K ang ▁the ▁Con quer or ▁Kar en ▁Grant ▁( Jean ▁Grey ) ▁Kar ma ▁( M ahn , ▁X i ' an ▁Co y ) ▁K arn ak ▁Ka - Z ar ▁Ken |
ny ▁" K ing ▁Kong " ▁Mc F ar lane ▁King pin ▁( F isk , ▁Wilson ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Kra ven ▁The ▁Hunter ▁( K rav ino ff , ▁Serge i ) ▁- ▁dead ▁K ree ▁K org ▁ ▁L ▁Lady ▁L ark ▁L ay la ▁mill er ▁Lee ▁( first ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁Le ech ▁Le vi athan ▁Li am ▁Jenkins ▁Lie ber man ▁( first ▁name ▁unknown ) ▁Lil andra ▁N er am ani ▁L izard ▁( Con n ors , ▁Curt us ) ▁Lock j aw ▁L oki ▁ ▁Long shot ▁( Cent ino , ▁Arthur ) ▁L ucky ▁( ▁Dead pool ▁ 2 ▁) ▁ ▁M ▁Madame ▁Web ▁Mad ▁T itan ▁Mag da ▁Mag ician ▁( B og gs , ▁Elli ot ) ▁Mag net o ▁( L ens herr , ▁Erik )- ▁dead ▁Marvel ▁Girl ▁( G rey , ▁Jean ) ▁Man - A pe ▁( M ' b aku ) ▁Mand arin ▁Man - Th ing ▁( S all is , ▁Ted ) ▁▁ ▁Mant is ▁Mark ▁Ra xt on ▁Mary ▁Parker ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁Watson ▁Master ▁Men ace ▁( Em il ▁Bur bank ) ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Master mind ▁( unknown ) ▁Maxim us ▁May ▁Parker ▁Mel issa ▁Beck erman ▁Me ph isto ▁Mil es ▁Warren ▁Mil es ▁Bul lock ▁" Capt ain ▁Winter " ▁Mil es ▁Mor ales ▁M ister ▁Fant astic / M aker ▁( Rich ards , ▁Re ed ) ▁M ister ▁Fant astic ▁( Rich ards , ▁Re ed |
) ▁( Mar vel ▁z omb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁M ister ▁G olog ▁M ister ▁N ix ▁Mr . ▁Rose ▁M s . ▁Marvel ▁MO DO K ▁( T ar leton , ▁George ) ▁Mo jo ▁Adams ▁M ole ▁Man ▁( M ole ke vic , ▁Arthur ) ▁Mor b ius ▁( unknown , ▁but ▁imp lied ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Vlad ▁T ep es ▁D rac ula ) ▁Mo ira ▁Mac Tag g ert ▁Magn ific ent ▁Br ute ▁Mor lock s ▁Mont ana ▁( B ale , ▁Mont ana ) ▁Mo ond rag on ▁( D oug las , ▁He ather ) ▁Med usa ▁Moon ▁Knight ▁( S pect or , ▁Marc ) ▁Multiple ▁Man ▁( Mad ro x , ▁James ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Myst er io ▁Myst ique ▁( unknown ) ▁ ▁N ▁Nam or ▁Nathan iel ▁Rich ards ▁N erd ▁H ulk ▁( Cl one ▁of ▁Original ▁H ulk ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Neb ula ▁( guard ians ▁of ▁the ▁galax y ) ▁The ▁New ▁S entin els ▁Night m are ▁Night c raw ler ▁( W agner , ▁Kurt ) ▁- ▁alive ▁N ighth awk ▁( Rich mond , ▁K yle ) ▁Nick ▁F ury ▁N ih il ▁- ▁dead ▁North star ▁( Be a ub ier , ▁Jean - Paul ) ▁Nova ▁( R ick ▁Jones ) ▁Nu ke ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Nu ke ▁Mal achi ▁" The ▁J elly fish " ▁Kelly ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁O ▁Od in ▁- ▁dead ▁Om ega |
▁Red ▁( unknown ) ▁The ▁One ▁A bove ▁All ▁On s la ug ht ▁Or b ▁We aver ▁( unknown ) ▁O w l ▁Ox ▁( S anche z , ▁Bruno ) ▁ ▁P ▁Pal adin ▁( M arc ▁Spect or ) ▁Pen ult imate ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Per un ▁( unknown ) ▁P ete ▁Wis dom ▁Phil ▁C oul son ▁Phoenix ▁Force ▁Pho eb e ▁Mc All ister ▁P iled river ▁Pol aris ▁( D ane , ▁Lor na ) ▁( de ad ) ▁Power ▁Man ▁( C age , ▁Luke ) ▁Power ▁Princess ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Pr imal ▁S cre amer ▁Princess ▁Python ▁The ▁Princi pal ▁( J ones , ▁Larry ) ▁P row ler ▁( A aron ▁Davis ) ▁Pro sim ian ▁( unknown ) ▁Prote us ▁( X avier , ▁David ) ▁( de ad ) ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Ps y lock e ▁( Br add ock , ▁Elisabeth ▁" B ets y ") ▁P un isher ▁( Cast le , ▁Frank ) ▁( de ad ) ▁Py ro ▁( unknown ) ▁Poss ester ▁( John ston , ▁Alex ) ▁( new ▁Marvel ▁Character ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁Pe pper ▁Pot ts ▁( I ron ▁Man ▁series ) ▁ ▁Q ▁Qu as ar ▁Qu icks il ver ▁( L ens herr , ▁Pietro ) ▁( de ad ) ▁ ▁R ▁R age ▁Ray ▁Con nar ▁Red ▁Sk ull ▁- ▁dead ▁Red ▁Ghost ▁Red ▁Guardian ▁Red ▁W asp ▁( P etra ▁L ask ov ) |
▁R H IN O ▁Rh ona ▁B urch ill ▁Rob bie ▁B urch ill ▁Richard ▁Parker ▁R inger ▁( D av is , ▁Anthony ) ▁Rob bie ▁Robert son ▁Rog ue ▁( An na ▁Marie ▁( s urname ▁unknown )) ▁Ron an ▁the ▁Acc user ▁Ron in ▁( S pect or , ▁Marc ) ▁Rock ▁Man ▁( B ry an ▁St igg ler ) ▁ ▁S ▁Sab ra ▁Sab re to oth ▁( Cre ed , ▁Victor ) ▁ ▁Sal uki ▁( unknown ) ▁Sam ual ▁Stern s ▁Sand man ▁( Mark o , ▁Fl int ) ▁S as qu atch ▁Sam ▁Bull it ▁Sc ar let ▁W itch ▁( L ens herr , ▁W anda ) ▁( de ad ) ▁Sch iz oid ▁Man ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Sc orp ion ▁( clone ▁of ▁Peter ▁Parker ) ▁- ▁Status ▁unknown ▁S entin els ▁S entry ▁Sh adow cat ▁( P ry de , ▁K itt y ) ▁Shang - Ch i ▁Sh aman ▁S . H . I . E . L . D . ▁Shin obi ▁Shaw ▁Sh ape ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Sh aron ▁Carter ▁Ult imate ▁Marvel ▁Sky - E ater ▁Sk r ull ▁Sebastian ▁Shaw ▁- ▁dead ▁Spider - G irl ▁( P ark er , ▁May ) ▁Spider - Man ▁( P ark er , ▁Peter ▁Benjamin ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Spider - W oman ▁( D rew , ▁Jess ica ) ▁Sho cker ▁Storm ▁ ▁T ▁T andy ▁Bow en ▁T ara ▁Tar ant |
ula ▁- ▁dead ▁ ▁Ted dy ▁Allen ▁Th ad de us ▁Alo ys ius ▁Cad wall ader ▁" D um - D um " ▁D ug an ▁Th ad de us ▁E . ▁" Th under bol t " ▁Ross ▁Th anos ▁ ▁Th ing ▁( Gr imm , ▁Benjamin ▁J . ▁" Ben ") ▁Th ing ▁( Mar vel ▁Z omb ies ) ▁- ▁dead ▁Thor ▁- ▁alive ▁ ▁Th under ball ▁T ink erer ▁( S tern , ▁E lij ah ) ▁- ▁dead ▁T itan ium ▁Man ▁To ad ▁( unknown ) ▁Tom ▁Th umb ▁( S quad ron ▁Supreme ) ▁Tre y ▁Lang st rom ▁T rit on ▁T yr one ▁C ash ▁Th under bol t ▁Tony ▁St ark ▁( ▁Iron ▁Man ▁) ▁ ▁U ▁Ul tr on ▁Un us ▁( unknown ) ▁- ▁dead ▁U rich , ▁Ben ▁Un ic orn ▁ ▁V ▁V alk y rie ▁( Bar bara ▁( s urname ▁unknown )) ▁- ▁dead ▁Val ▁Cooper ▁V amp ire ▁x ▁Van isher ▁( unknown ) ▁Ven om ▁( B rock , ▁Edd ie ▁Jr .) ▁V ind icator ▁( W ra ith , ▁John ) ▁V yk ni ▁V ision ▁- ▁dead ▁V ulture ▁( Drag o , ▁Black ie ) ▁Ven ge ance ▁Vol st agg ▁- ▁dead ▁V amp ire ▁( New ▁major ▁super villa in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁W ▁W asp ▁( P ym , ▁Jan et ) ▁ ▁Wh iz ▁Kid ▁( T aki , ▁M |
ats u ya ) ▁Wild pack ▁( Ch en , ▁Pow ell , ▁Qu arter main ) ▁Wol ver ine ▁( How lett , ▁James ▁" Log an ") ▁ ▁W oo , ▁Jimmy ▁Wo ody ▁( K ipp le , ▁H ank ) ▁War ▁Machine # U lt imate ▁Marvel ▁( James ▁Rh odes ) ▁W ong ▁Wh iz zer ▁W re cker ▁Wolf sb ane ▁( R ah ne ▁S inc la ir ) ▁War lock ▁ ▁X ▁X - 2 3 ▁( La ura , ▁Kin ney ) ▁X orn ▁( K uan - Y i ) ▁X - man ▁( from ▁future ) ▁ ▁Y ▁Y mir ▁Y ellow jack et ▁( D ar ren ▁Cross ) ▁Y on du ▁( Gu ard ians ▁of ▁the ▁Gal axy ) ▁ ▁Z ▁Z ab u ▁Zero ▁Z orn ▁( Sh en - Y i ) ▁ ▁Z ola ▁ ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁N ain a ▁Pe ak ▁is ▁the ▁highest ▁hill ▁in ▁N ain ital ▁district ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁State ▁in ▁India . ▁▁ ▁The ▁trail ▁to ▁the ▁peak ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁N anda ▁De vi ▁H imal ay an ▁bird ▁conservation ▁reserve . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ills ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand <0x0A> </s> ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁document ary ▁series ▁shown ▁on ▁BBC ▁Two . ▁It ▁is ▁about ▁human ▁evolution ▁and ▁is |
▁presented ▁by ▁Alice ▁Roberts . ▁ ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁episodes , ▁each ▁an ▁hour ▁long . ▁▁ ▁E pisode ▁ 1 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁B ones ▁ ▁E pisode ▁ 2 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁G uts ▁ ▁E pisode ▁ 3 : ▁air ▁date ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁Bra ins ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Da wn ▁of ▁Human ity ▁( 2 0 1 5 ▁P BS ▁document ary ) ▁ ▁Life ▁tim eline ▁ ▁Nature ▁tim eline ▁ ▁Pre histor ic ▁Aut ops y ▁( 2 0 1 2 ▁BBC ▁document ary ) ▁ ▁The ▁In cred ible ▁Human ▁J our ney ▁( 2 0 0 9 ▁BBC ▁document ary ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁at ▁Doc u Wik i . net . ▁▁▁ ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁at ▁Amazon . com . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁– ▁video ▁search ▁on ▁YouTube . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Us ▁– ▁video ▁search ▁on ▁D ail ym otion . ▁▁▁ ▁Human ▁Tim eline ▁( Inter active ) ▁– ▁Smith son ian , ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁( August ▁ 2 0 1 6 ). ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category |
: B BC ▁high ▁definition ▁program mes ▁Category : B BC ▁television ▁document aries ▁Category : B rit ish ▁television ▁min is eries ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : Document ary ▁films ▁about ▁pre histor ic ▁life <0x0A> </s> ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁her itage - list ed ▁post ▁office ▁at ▁ 4 7 ▁Ox ley ▁Street , ▁Bour ke , ▁Bour ke ▁Sh ire , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Bar net ▁and ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁by ▁E . ▁H es eler . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁and ▁Te legraph ▁Office . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁Australia ▁Post ▁and ▁the ▁Ke ane ▁Family ▁Trust . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁official ▁postal ▁service ▁in ▁Australia ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁when ▁the ▁Sydney ▁merchant ▁Isaac ▁Nich ols ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Post master ▁in ▁the ▁col ony ▁of ▁NS W . ▁Prior ▁to ▁this ▁mail ▁had ▁been ▁distributed ▁directly ▁by ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁ship ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁mail ▁arrived , ▁however ▁this ▁system ▁was ▁neither ▁reliable ▁nor ▁secure . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁the ▁colonial ▁administration ▁was ▁emp ower ed ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁Post master ▁General ' s ▁Department , ▁which |
▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁admin ister ed ▁from ▁Britain . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 8 ▁the ▁first ▁post ▁offices ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney ▁were ▁established , ▁with ▁offices ▁in ▁Bath urst , ▁Camp b ellt own , ▁Par ram atta , ▁Liverpool , ▁New castle , ▁Pen r ith ▁and ▁W inds or . ▁By ▁ 1 8 3 9 ▁there ▁were ▁forty ▁post ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁col ony , ▁with ▁more ▁opening ▁as ▁settlement ▁spread . ▁The ▁advance ▁of ▁postal ▁services ▁was ▁further ▁increased ▁as ▁the ▁railway ▁network ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁established ▁throughout ▁NS W ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁Also , ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁the ▁Post master ▁General ▁W . ▁H . ▁Christ ie ▁noted ▁that ▁accommod ation ▁facilities ▁for ▁post master s ▁in ▁some ▁post ▁offices ▁was ▁quite ▁limited , ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁importance ▁that ▁" post ▁master s ▁should ▁res ide ▁and ▁sleep ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁roof ▁as ▁the ▁office ". ▁ ▁The ▁appointment ▁of ▁James ▁Bar net ▁as ▁Act ing ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁a ▁considerable ▁increase ▁in ▁fund ing ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁works ▁program . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁maintenance ▁of ▁ 1 6 9 ▁post ▁offices ▁and ▁te legraph ▁offices ▁in ▁NS W . ▁The ▁post ▁offices ▁constructed ▁during ▁this ▁period ▁were |
▁designed ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁architect ural ▁styles , ▁as ▁Bar net ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁local ▁parliament ary ▁represent atives ▁always ▁preferred ▁" d ifferent ▁patterns ". ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁new ▁post ▁offices ▁continued ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁De pression ▁years ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Walter ▁Liber ty ▁Vern on , ▁who ▁retained ▁office ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁While ▁twenty - se ven ▁post ▁offices ▁were ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁fund ing ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁was ▁cut ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁causing ▁Vern on ▁to ▁post p one ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁projects . ▁ ▁Following ▁Federation ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Government ▁took ▁over ▁responsibility ▁for ▁post , ▁te legraph ▁and ▁tele phone ▁offices , ▁with ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Home ▁Affairs ▁Works ▁Division ▁being ▁made ▁responsible ▁for ▁post ▁office ▁construction . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁construction ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Works ▁and ▁Rail ways , ▁with ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior ▁responsible ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁the ▁Post master ▁General ' s ▁Department ▁was ▁abol ished ▁and ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Post ▁and ▁Tele communic ations ▁Department , ▁with ▁Tele com ▁and ▁Australia ▁Post ▁being ▁created . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the |
▁Australian ▁Post al ▁Corporation ▁Act ▁established ▁Australia ▁Post ▁as ▁a ▁self ▁fund ing ▁entity , ▁which ▁her ald ed ▁a ▁new ▁direction ▁in ▁property ▁management , ▁including ▁a ▁move ▁towards ▁smaller ▁shop ▁front ▁style ▁post ▁offices ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁larger , ▁more ▁traditional ▁buildings . ▁ ▁For ▁much ▁of ▁its ▁history , ▁the ▁post ▁office ▁has ▁been ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁community ▁services ▁including ▁mail ▁distribution , ▁as ▁ag encies ▁for ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Sav ings ▁Bank , ▁elect oral ▁en rol ments , ▁and ▁the ▁provision ▁of ▁te legraph ▁and ▁tele phone ▁services . ▁The ▁town ▁post ▁office ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁foc al ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁community , ▁most ▁often ▁built ▁in ▁a ▁prominent ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁town ▁close ▁to ▁other ▁public ▁buildings , ▁creating ▁a ▁nucle us ▁of ▁civ ic ▁buildings ▁and ▁community ▁pride . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁The ▁Post ▁Office ▁at ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁with ▁Joseph ▁Be cker ▁appointed ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁post master . ▁Be cker ▁was ▁an ▁employee ▁of ▁the ▁firm ▁Alexander ▁Ross ▁and ▁Co , ▁whose ▁building ▁acted ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁post ▁office . ▁This ▁office ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁located ▁at ▁Fort ▁Bour ke , ▁some ▁ ▁down ▁the ▁Dar ling ▁River ▁at ▁N ult a ▁N ult a . ▁Fort ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁a ▁te legraph ▁office |
▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁Bour ke , ▁also ▁in ▁a ▁r ented ▁prem ises . ▁The ▁two ▁offices ▁were ▁am alg am ated ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁although ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁operating ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁building ▁since ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁saw ▁considerable ▁economic ▁growth ▁in ▁Bour ke , ▁with ▁river ▁trade ▁bo oming . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁new ▁buildings ▁were ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁town , ▁creating ▁a ▁small ▁civ ic ▁prec inct . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁a ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁proposed ▁new ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁selected ▁on ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁Government ▁Reserve ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁Court ▁House . ▁A ▁sum ▁of ▁£ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁was ▁proposed ▁for ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁an ▁office ▁meas uring ▁ 3 5 ▁feet ▁by ▁ 2 0 ▁feet , ▁with ▁a ▁residence ▁compr ising ▁two ▁sitting ▁rooms , ▁four ▁bed rooms , ▁kitchen , ▁p antry ▁and ▁stable . ▁A ▁bath room ▁was ▁added ▁later . ▁ ▁By ▁May ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁no ▁tend ers ▁had ▁been ▁accepted ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ▁ow ing ▁to ▁the ▁excess ive ▁cost , ▁however ▁by ▁November ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁the ▁tender ▁of ▁E . ▁H es eler ▁for ▁a ▁single - store y ▁office ▁had ▁been ▁approved , ▁with ▁an ▁under ground ▁well ▁and ▁site ▁f ence . ▁The ▁new |
▁building ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁however ▁by ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁extensive ▁rep airs ▁were ▁required ▁due ▁to ▁white ▁ant ▁damage ▁and ▁a ▁le aking ▁roof , ▁with ▁the ▁well ▁also ▁requiring ▁clean ing ▁and ▁re br ick ing . ▁The ▁post master ▁also ▁requested ▁the ▁ere ction ▁of ▁a ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Te legraph ▁Department . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁obvious ▁that ▁alter ations ▁would ▁reduce ▁the ▁living ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁post master , ▁an ▁additional ▁store y ▁was ▁proposed ▁for ▁the ▁building ▁to ▁provide ▁additional ▁accommod ation . ▁For ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 1 5 9 0 ▁an ▁additional ▁store y , ▁ver and ah ▁and ▁internal ▁modifications ▁were ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁with ▁a ▁weather board ▁stable ▁building ▁also ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁and ▁most ▁important ▁post ▁and ▁te legraph ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney , ▁due ▁to ▁Bour ke ▁being ▁a ▁major ▁service ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁NS W ▁and ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁Queensland . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁adjacent ▁land ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Office ▁was ▁acquired ▁for ▁a ▁stable ▁yard . ▁Further ▁work ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 , ▁including ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁entrance ▁lo bb y |
▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁the ▁old ▁lo bb y ▁being ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁mess enger ' s ▁room . ▁A ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁post master ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁be ▁built . ▁A ▁te legraph ▁operating ▁table ▁was ▁also ▁to ▁be ▁installed , ▁with ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁add itions ▁being ▁ad vised ▁on ▁ 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 7 3 0 . ▁The ▁old ▁tim ber ▁lo bb y ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁due ▁to ▁it ▁being ▁de emed ▁unnecessary ▁and ▁e aten ▁by ▁white ▁an ts . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁rear ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁is ▁unknown , ▁however ▁it ▁appears ▁to ▁date ▁from ▁around ▁- 1 9 1 0 s . ▁The ▁rear ▁service ▁wing ▁under w ent ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁use ▁s ▁with ▁the ▁probable ▁expansion ▁of ▁tele communic ations ▁facilities . ▁Install ation ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁kitchen ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁residence ▁and ▁bath room ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁occurred ▁- 7 0 s , ▁followed ▁by ▁installation ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁to ile ts ▁and ▁staff ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁- 8 0 s . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁remains ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁river bo at ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communic ations ▁to ▁the ▁north western ▁region ▁of ▁NS W ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is |
▁a ▁two - store y ▁Victor ian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style ▁building ▁of ▁cre am ▁painted ▁double ▁brick ▁lower ▁store y ▁and ▁re dd ish - b rown ▁face ▁brick ▁upper ▁store y . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁single - store y ▁painted ▁double ▁brick ▁wing ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁section ▁and ▁an ▁en closed ▁weather board ▁skill ion ▁ver and ah ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁building ▁has ▁a ▁wide , ▁two - store y ▁ver and ah ▁that ▁wra ps ▁around ▁three ▁fac ades ▁and ▁is ▁partly ▁en closed ▁to ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁with ▁weather board ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁with ▁fib re ▁c ement ▁sheet ▁and ▁fly screen . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁asym met rical ▁( the ▁original ▁section ▁having ▁been ▁symmet rical ) ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁early ▁single - store y ▁cre am ▁painted ▁brick ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁centre ▁front ▁fac ade , ▁extending ▁out ▁from ▁beneath ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁ver and ah . ▁The ▁addition ▁has ▁a ▁separate ▁hi pped ▁aw ning ▁of ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁a ▁white ▁painted , ▁cur ved ▁solid ▁tim ber ▁val ance ▁and ▁tim ber ▁posts . ▁ ▁The ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁is ▁cor rug ated ▁iron , ▁and ▁is ▁two ▁tier ed ▁with ▁a ▁hi pped ▁roof ▁and ▁sh aped ▁e aves ▁brackets . ▁It ▁s its ▁above ▁a ▁hi pped ▁and ▁skill ion ▁first ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁aw ning ▁supported ▁on ▁green ▁painted |
▁cast ▁iron ▁posts ▁with ▁white ▁painted ▁original ▁cast ▁iron ▁brackets ▁and ▁bal ust rade . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁floor ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁ver and ah ▁is ▁supported ▁on ▁cast ▁iron ▁posts ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁posts , ▁with ▁an ▁original ▁white ▁painted , ▁deep , ▁cur ved , ▁vertical ▁pal ing ▁val ance . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁cre am ▁painted ▁cor bel led ▁chim ne ys ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁pen etr ating ▁the ▁top ▁roof ▁r idge ▁lines ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁roof . ▁Between ▁the ▁chim ne ys ▁is ▁an ▁intr us ive ▁air ▁condition ing ▁unit . ▁Two ▁additional ▁face ▁brick ▁cor bel led ▁chim ne ys ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁wing ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁sides ▁and ▁another ▁face ▁brick ▁single ▁chim ney ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁la und ry ▁in ▁the ▁weather board ▁skill ion ▁addition ▁at ▁the ▁far ▁eastern ▁end . ▁Another ▁intr us ive ▁air ▁condition ing ▁unit ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁wing . ▁ ▁Do ors ▁and ▁windows ▁appear ▁largely ▁original . ▁They ▁include ▁tim ber ▁s ash ▁windows ▁and ▁French ▁doors ▁with ▁flat ▁brick ▁arch es ▁( r ub bed ▁red ▁brick ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁floor ), ▁painted ▁stone ▁s ills ▁and ▁some ▁pol ished ▁stone ▁th resh olds ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁doors . ▁ ▁Sign age ▁to ▁the ▁building ▁compr ises ▁the ▁building ▁title ▁and ▁post code ▁above ▁the ▁front ▁addition ▁aw ning ▁and ▁a ▁standard ▁Australia ▁Post ▁sign |
▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁not ▁attached . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁small ▁br ass ▁pla que ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁addition ▁fac ade ▁indicating ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁flo od ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁ground ▁floor ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁main ▁areas , ▁including ▁the ▁small , ▁car pet ed ▁ret ail ▁area ▁with ▁standard ▁modern ▁Australia ▁Post ▁fit out ▁compr ising ▁display ▁wall ▁pan elling , ▁security ▁mirror s ▁and ▁l amin ated ▁coun ters ▁in ▁a ▁grey ▁colour ▁scheme . ▁To ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁ret ail ▁area ▁is ▁the ▁vin yl - f lo ored ▁mail ▁sorting ▁and ▁storage ▁area , ▁post ▁boxes ▁and ▁staff ▁facilities ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁ver and ah . ▁Also ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁is ▁the ▁car pet ed ▁resident ial ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁including ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁rear , ▁en closed ▁ver and ah . ▁ ▁The ▁mail ▁area ▁in ▁particular ▁has ▁been ▁consider ably ▁alter ed , ▁with ▁modern ▁sh el ving , ▁post ▁boxes , ▁blocked ▁fire p laces ▁and ▁later ▁open ings . ▁The ▁walls ▁to ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁rendered ▁and ▁painted ▁grey ▁and ▁the ▁ground ▁floor ▁retain s ▁a ▁s ▁pl aster ▁and ▁b atten ▁ce iling . ▁Original ▁elements ▁have ▁been ▁retained , ▁including ▁columns ▁and ▁pil aster s ▁with ▁decor ated ▁capit als ▁and ▁original ▁wall ▁v ents . ▁The ▁ground ▁floor ▁resident ial ▁area ▁appears ▁largely ▁original , ▁retain ing ▁doors , ▁windows , ▁arch it ra ves |
, ▁sk ir ting , ▁picture ▁rails ▁and ▁corn ices , ▁except ing ▁the ▁substantial ly ▁changed ▁resident ial ▁kitchen ▁currently ▁under going ▁renov ation . ▁ ▁The ▁residence , ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁upper ▁floor ▁and ▁rear ▁ground ▁floor , ▁generally ▁retain s ▁its ▁original ▁doors ▁and ▁windows , ▁with ▁French ▁doors ▁and ▁fan light s ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁ver and ah , ▁later ▁screen ▁doors , ▁var n ished ▁join ery , ▁grey ▁mar ble ▁( upper ▁floor ), ▁or ▁sl ate ▁and ▁tim ber ▁fire p laces ▁( ground ▁floor ) ▁and ▁st air . ▁ ▁The ▁st air ▁compr ises ▁turned ▁tim ber ▁posts ▁and ▁bal ust ers ▁and ▁car ved ▁brackets ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁string er , ▁with ▁a ▁var n ished ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁l ining ▁to ▁the ▁under ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁upper ▁flight ▁and ▁tim ber ▁side ▁pan elling . ▁The ▁walls ▁have ▁been ▁re - render ed ▁and ▁painted , ▁the ▁former ▁library ▁being ▁wall paper ed . ▁Some ▁ce il ings ▁have ▁been ▁alter ed ▁with ▁batt ens ▁and ▁new ▁ce il ings . ▁The ▁upper ▁floor ▁has ▁a ▁complete ▁new , ▁lower ed , ▁pl aster board ▁ce iling ▁and ▁cor nice ▁with ▁air ▁condition ing ▁registers ▁installed . ▁Un sym path etic ▁light ▁f itt ings ▁have ▁been ▁installed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁and ▁upper ▁flo ors . ▁The ▁upper ▁floor ▁ver and ah ▁has ▁an ▁un fin ished ▁narrow ▁tim ber ▁board ed ▁floor ▁and ▁a ▁painted ▁v - joint ed ▁board |
ed ▁so ff it . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁dom ed ▁old ▁brick ▁tank ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁yard ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁and ▁an ▁English ▁bond ▁brick ▁out building , ▁which ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁en closed ▁ver and ah ▁via ▁a ▁covered ▁way . ▁The ▁out building ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁original ▁construction ▁as ▁the ▁former ▁service ▁wing ▁containing ▁kitchen ▁and ▁other ▁services . ▁The ▁open ings ▁to ▁the ▁southern ▁side ▁have ▁been ▁br icked ▁in , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁by ▁Tel stra , ▁with ▁a ▁ver and ah ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side . ▁The ▁out building ▁is ▁currently ▁separated ▁from ▁Post ▁Office ▁usage , ▁however ▁it ▁remains ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁cur til age . ▁A ▁car port ▁and ▁rust ic ated ▁weather board ▁shed , ▁neither ▁significant , ▁are ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁back yard . ▁ ▁A ▁large ▁Tel stra ▁communic ations ▁tower ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁domin ates ▁the ▁roof s cape . ▁To ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁uns ym path etic , ▁aust ere ▁single - store y ▁Tel stra ▁exchange ▁building ▁in ▁red ▁brick . ▁To ▁the ▁east ▁is ▁the ▁brick ▁and ▁tile ▁National ▁Australia ▁Bank . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁a ▁pre domin antly ▁single - store y , ▁wide ▁streets cape , ▁pun ctu ated ▁by ▁the ▁two - store y ▁buildings ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Fitz ger ald ▁Post ▁Office ▁Hotel ▁opposite ▁and ▁other ▁t aller ▁fac |
ades . ▁Veg et ation ▁is ▁sparse ▁to ▁the ▁street ▁and ▁shop front ▁a wn ings ▁are ▁common . ▁ ▁Tele phone ▁boxes ▁have ▁been ▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁pav ement ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁left ▁of ▁the ▁L ach lan ▁Street ▁fac ade . ▁Sl ender ▁sympath etic ▁street ▁light ing ▁pol es ▁have ▁been ▁well ▁spac ed ▁out ▁along ▁the ▁street , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁young ▁trees ▁in ▁traffic ▁islands ▁to ▁the ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Pa vers ▁have ▁been ▁laid ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁foot path ▁and ▁ab ut ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁ground ▁floor ▁walls . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁appear ▁to ▁generally ▁be ▁in ▁very ▁good ▁condition ▁except ing ▁general ▁wear ▁and ▁te ar ▁as ▁at ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁arch ae ological ▁potential ▁within ▁the ▁grounds , ▁particularly ▁within ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁brick ▁tank ▁and ▁former ▁service ▁wing . ▁The ▁open ings ▁to ▁the ▁former ▁service ▁wing ▁have ▁been ▁br icked ▁in ▁and ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁isolated ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁Tel stra . ▁The ▁exterior ▁appears ▁generally ▁int act , ▁however ▁the ▁interior ▁was ▁in access ible . ▁ ▁The ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁largely ▁int act , ▁and ▁retain s ▁the ▁features ▁which ▁make ▁it ▁cult ur ally ▁significant , ▁including ▁architect ural ▁details ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁decor ative ▁tim ber ▁val ance , ▁iron ▁bal con y ▁rail ings , ▁iron ▁brackets , ▁and ▁its ▁overall ▁scale , ▁form ▁and ▁style |
. ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁significant ▁at ▁a ▁State ▁level ▁for ▁its ▁historical ▁associations , ▁a est h etic ▁qual ities ▁and ▁social ▁meaning . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communic ations ▁for ▁the ▁north western ▁region ▁of ▁NS W ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁The ▁form ▁and ▁scale ▁of ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁reflect s ▁the ▁river bo at ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁provides ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁changing ▁nature ▁of ▁postal ▁and ▁tele communic ations ▁practices ▁in ▁NS W , ▁particularly ▁in ▁serv icing ▁a ▁widely ▁dispers ed ▁regional ▁community . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a est het ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁strong ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style , ▁and ▁makes ▁an ▁important ▁a est h etic ▁contribution ▁to ▁the ▁civ ic ▁prec inct ▁in ▁Bour ke . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Bar net . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁also ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁Bour ke ▁community ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁place . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁course , ▁or ▁pattern , ▁of ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁in |
▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁histor ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bus iest ▁post ▁and ▁te legraph ▁offices ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁outside ▁of ▁Sydney ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁nin ete enth ▁century , ▁as ▁Bour ke ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁service ▁centre ▁for ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁NS W ▁and ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁Q LD . ▁The ▁Post ▁Office ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communic ations ▁for ▁the ▁community ▁for ▁over ▁a ▁century . ▁The ▁form ▁and ▁scale ▁of ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁reflect ▁the ▁river bo at ▁period ▁of ▁great ▁prosper ity ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Bar net , ▁which ▁designed ▁and ▁maintained ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁post ▁offices ▁across ▁NS W ▁between ▁ 1 8 6 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 0 . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁also ▁provides ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁changing ▁nature ▁of ▁postal ▁and ▁tele communic ations ▁practices ▁in ▁NS W , ▁particularly ▁in ▁serv icing ▁a ▁widely ▁dispers ed ▁regional ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁add itions ▁made ▁to ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁to ▁improve ▁the ▁accommod ation ▁facilities ▁for ▁the ▁res iding ▁post master s ▁reflect s ▁the ▁changing ▁requirements ▁and ▁standards ▁in ▁working ▁conditions ▁in ▁NS W . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁a est h etic ▁characteristics ▁and / or ▁a ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁cre ative ▁or ▁technical ▁achiev ement ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour |
ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a est het ically ▁significant ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁fine ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style . ▁The ▁architect ural ▁style ▁and ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁also ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁foc al ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁civ ic ▁prec inct ▁of ▁Bour ke , ▁end ow ing ▁it ▁with ▁land mark ▁qual ities . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁prominent ▁civ ic ▁building , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁communic ations ▁for ▁the ▁region , ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁Bour ke ▁community ' s ▁sense ▁of ▁place . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁potential ▁to ▁yield ▁information ▁that ▁will ▁contribute ▁to ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁has ▁some ▁potential ▁to ▁contain ▁arch ae ological ▁information ▁which ▁may ▁provide ▁information ▁rel ating ▁to ▁the ▁previous ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁site ▁and ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁out - build ings ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁by ▁the ▁Post ▁Office . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁poss esses ▁un common , ▁rare ▁or ▁end anger ed ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁history ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁an ▁arch et yp al ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁country ▁post ▁office , ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁strongly ▁express ive ▁of ▁Australian ▁country ▁architecture ▁in ▁the ▁late |
▁Victor ian ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁or ▁natural ▁places / environ ments ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Bour ke ▁Post ▁Office ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁example ▁of ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Fil ig ree ▁style ▁of ▁architecture . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁post ▁offices ▁in ▁NS W ▁designed ▁by ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Arch itect ' s ▁Office ▁under ▁James ▁Bar net . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : B our ke , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Post ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁State ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : G overn ment ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁Category : James ▁Bar net ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁All ▁Star ▁Game , ▁also ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Italian ▁Basketball ▁All ▁Star ▁game , ▁is ▁an ▁all - star ▁game ▁organ ised ▁ann ually ▁by ▁L ega ▁B asket , ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁R CS ▁Sport ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁Basketball ▁Federation . ▁ ▁It ▁brings ▁together ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁Serie ▁A ▁( L BA ), ▁the ▁highest - t ier ▁professional ▁basketball ▁league ▁in ▁Italy , ▁to ▁play ▁between ▁themselves |
, ▁or ▁against ▁another ▁oppon ent . ▁ ▁First ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁event ▁has ▁seen ▁a ▁fl uct u ating ▁history , ▁with ▁numerous ▁changes ▁of ▁format ▁through ▁the ▁years , ▁including ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁men ' s ▁Italian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season , ▁the ▁annual ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁All - Star ▁Game ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁held ▁that ▁gathered ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁game ▁all ▁the ▁major ▁stars ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁basketball ▁league . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Italian ▁Basketball ▁Federation ▁organ ised ▁an ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁Italy ' s ▁silver ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁The ▁first ▁All ▁Star ▁Game , ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁L ega ▁B asket , ▁the ▁entity ▁responsible ▁for ▁organ ising ▁the ▁top ▁two ▁professional ▁le agues ▁in ▁Italy , ▁the ▁first - t ier ▁Serie ▁A ▁and ▁second - t ier ▁Serie ▁A 2 . ▁ ▁Two ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁respective ▁divisions ▁were ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁public , ▁at ▁the ▁league ' s ▁games ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁game , ▁also ▁selecting ▁the ▁coach es ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Pal as port ▁di ▁San ▁S iro ▁in ▁Milan . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁edition , ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁term ed ▁the ▁All |
▁Star ▁Game ▁U LE B ▁and ▁was ▁organ ised ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁Spanish ▁AC B ▁League ' s ▁organ izing ▁body , ▁the ▁AC B , ▁seeing ▁a ▁squad ▁from ▁each ▁league ▁comp ete ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁The ▁formula ▁was ▁repeated ▁the ▁next ▁year , ▁this ▁time ▁in ▁Rome . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁U LE B , ▁saw ▁a ▁team ▁from ▁the ▁top - t ier ▁French ▁Pro ▁A ▁League ▁also ▁take ▁part . ▁The ▁three ▁squad s , ▁mostly ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁foreign ▁players , ▁played ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁games ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁ 2 0 ▁minute ▁quarter ▁in ▁Val encia ' s ▁Fu ente ▁de ▁San ▁Luis . ▁ ▁The ▁senior ▁men ' s ▁Italian ▁national ▁team ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁All ▁Star ▁Games . ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁squad ▁of ▁Serie ▁A ▁based ▁players ▁was ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁squad , ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁player ▁( the ▁Spain - based ▁Nik ola ▁Rad ul ović ) ▁from ▁the ▁Euro B asket ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁bronze ▁medal ▁team ▁absent ▁for ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁edition . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁recent ▁ed itions , ▁with ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁players ▁abroad ▁( to ▁the ▁NBA ▁for ▁example ), ▁the ▁Italy ▁squad s ▁have ▁been ▁more ▁experimental , ▁and ▁have ▁consisted ▁mostly ▁of ▁reserve ▁players ▁and ▁prom ising ▁players . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 |
1 5 ▁ed itions ▁saw ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁E A 7 ▁Emp orio ▁Ar man i ▁Milano ▁players , ▁as ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁Euro Le ague ▁games ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁period . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁can ce led ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁L BA ▁season . ▁That ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁General ▁Me eting ▁of ▁the ▁L BA ▁clubs , ▁which ▁met ▁in ▁Bolog na , ▁at ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁L ega ▁B asket . ▁According ▁to ▁L ega ▁B asket ' s ▁President , ▁Eg id io ▁Bian chi , ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁is ▁currently ▁unable ▁to ▁produce ▁an ▁interesting ▁format ▁under ▁which ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁All ▁Star ▁Game . ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁Three - Point ▁Cont est ▁The ▁Three - point ▁contest ▁( ), ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Fest ina ▁Three ▁Point s ▁Cont est ▁for ▁spons or ship ▁reasons , ▁was ▁first ▁organ ised ▁during ▁the ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁edition , ▁Oscar ▁Schmidt ▁is ▁the ▁record - holder ▁with ▁four ▁wins , ▁adding ▁an ▁uno fficial ▁title ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁after ▁be ating ▁the ▁official ▁winner ▁M iche le ▁M ian ▁in ▁an ▁extra ▁contest . ▁The ▁latest ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁edition ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁try ▁to ▁score ▁as ▁many ▁three - point ▁field ▁goals ▁as ▁possible ▁from ▁five ▁shooting ▁positions ▁around ▁the ▁three - point |
▁line , ▁with ▁each ▁position ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁ra ck ▁with ▁four ▁balls ▁worth ▁three - points ▁and ▁a ▁special ▁" M oney ▁Ball " ▁worth ▁six , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁twenty ▁five ▁sh ots ▁in ▁one ▁minute , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁score ▁crow ning ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁S lam ▁d unk ▁contest ▁The ▁sl am ▁d unk ▁contest ▁( ), ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Open job met is ▁S lam ▁D unk ▁Cont est ▁for ▁spons or ship ▁reasons , ▁was ▁first ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Spain ' s ▁AC B ▁during ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ed itions ▁played ▁in ▁that ▁country . ▁The ▁first ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁edition , ▁d unk ▁special ist ▁James ▁White ▁is ▁the ▁record - holder ▁with ▁two ▁wins ▁( Ch and ler ▁Thompson ▁won ▁both ▁AC B ▁ed itions ). ▁White ▁refused ▁to ▁defend ▁his ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁having ▁decided ▁to ▁ret ire ▁from ▁d unk ▁cont ests ▁following ▁his ▁last ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁NBA ▁S lam ▁D unk ▁Cont est . ▁It ▁formerly ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁each ▁have ▁two ▁d unk ▁attempts , ▁with ▁the ▁pair ▁performing ▁the ▁best ▁jud ged ▁d unks ▁reaching ▁the ▁final , ▁where ▁another ▁couple ▁of ▁attempts ▁crown ed ▁the ▁winner . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁saw ▁the ▁contest ants ▁separated |
▁into ▁two ▁teams , ▁consisting ▁of ▁players ▁De Qu an ▁Jones ▁and ▁Tony ▁Mitchell ▁each ▁pa ired ▁with ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Da ▁Move ▁fre est yle ▁group , ▁whose ▁five ▁attempts ▁each ▁were ▁jud ged ▁by ▁a ▁panel ▁of ▁exper ts ▁and ▁the ▁public ▁ ▁Family ▁Sho ot out ▁The ▁Grund ig ▁spons ored ▁Family ▁Sho ot out ▁was ▁a ▁one - off ▁event ▁organ ised ▁during ▁the ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁edition . ▁It ▁saw ▁four ▁pairs ▁of ▁current ▁or ▁former ▁professional ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁family ▁contest ▁success ive ▁r ounds ▁of ▁four ▁sh ots ▁from ▁different ▁positions . ▁The ▁father - son ▁pair ▁of ▁N ando ▁and ▁Stef ano ▁Gent ile ▁pre va iled ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁over ▁brothers ▁M iche le ▁and ▁Lu ca ▁V ital i . ▁ ▁Under - 2 3 ▁game ▁The ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁edition ▁saw ▁a ▁game ▁played ▁between ▁mostly ▁( but ▁not ▁exclus ively ) ▁under - 2 3 ▁Italian ▁players ▁in ▁view ▁of ▁jud ging ▁their ▁potential ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bel grade ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁project ▁by ▁the ▁national ▁team ▁organisation . ▁Andrea ▁Michel ori ▁top - sc ored ▁with ▁ 2 8 ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁between ▁Blues ▁and ▁Wh ites ▁that ▁finished ▁ 9 0 - 7 2 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁box sc ores ▁by ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁ ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁team ▁and |
▁individual ▁results ▁by ▁L ega ▁B asket ▁ ▁Retrieved ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : B asketball ▁All - Star ▁Games ▁Category : An n ual ▁sport ing ▁events ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : Rec urr ing ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁All ▁Star ▁Game ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Italy <0x0A> </s> ▁Under ground ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁guitar ist ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy , ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁on ▁N iss i ▁Records . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁demo ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁by ▁Ke ag gy ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁studio . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁on ▁CD ▁by ▁the ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy ▁Club , ▁and ▁features ▁a ▁different ▁track ▁order . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁songs ▁written ▁by ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy . ▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁LP ▁and ▁c ass ette ▁release ▁Side ▁one ▁ ▁" What ▁a ▁Love " ▁— ▁ 3 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" The ▁R ans om " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 7 ▁ ▁" D ead line " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" One ▁in ▁a ▁Mill ion " ▁— ▁ 4 : 3 6 ▁ ▁" I ▁Know ▁Some one " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁ ▁" A ▁G lor ious ▁Sun set " |
▁( c ass ette ▁only ) ▁ ▁Side ▁two ▁ ▁" The ▁Two ▁of ▁You " ▁— ▁ 4 : 5 6 ▁ ▁" Pa id ▁in ▁Full " ▁— ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Are ▁Inside " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" F ollow ▁Me ▁On " ▁— ▁ 3 : 2 4 ▁ ▁" The ▁Sur viv or " ▁— ▁ 5 : 1 2 ▁ ▁" When ▁I ▁Say ▁I ▁Love ▁You " ▁( c ass ette ▁only ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁CD ▁re - release ▁ ▁" Pa id ▁in ▁Full " ▁— ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" I ▁Know ▁Some one " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 8 ▁ ▁" D ead line " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" What ▁a ▁Love " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 5 ▁ ▁" The ▁Two ▁of ▁You " ▁— ▁ 5 : 0 1 ▁ ▁" One ▁in ▁a ▁Mill ion " ▁— ▁ 4 : 3 3 ▁ ▁" The ▁R ans om " ▁— ▁ 3 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" What ▁You ▁Are ▁Inside " ▁— ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" A ▁G lor ious ▁Sun set " ▁— ▁ 4 : 0 2 ▁ ▁" F ollow ▁Me ▁On " ▁— ▁ 3 : 2 2 ▁ ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁— ▁ 3 : 4 6 ▁ ▁" When ▁I ▁Say ▁I ▁Love ▁You " ▁— ▁ |
3 : 1 1 ▁ ▁" The ▁Sur viv or " ▁— ▁ 5 : 1 6 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy : ▁gu it ars , ▁drum ▁programming , ▁per cussion , ▁bass , ▁key boards , ▁vocals ▁Bern ad ette ▁Ke ag gy : ▁partial ▁lead ▁vocal ▁on ▁" Th ink ▁About ▁It " ▁ ▁Production ▁notes ▁Produ ced , ▁recorded ▁and ▁mixed ▁by ▁Phil ▁Ke ag gy . ▁Songs ▁written ▁and ▁recorded : ▁aut umn ▁ 1 9 8 2 - spring ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁albums ▁Category : Ph il ▁Ke ag gy ▁albums ▁Category : Demo ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁J ør gen ▁Tr amm ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁ro wer . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁eight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Dan ish ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁Den mark ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Es b jer g <0x0A> </s> ▁D onn ▁S lé ib he ▁U a ▁G ad h ra , ▁King ▁of ▁S li ab h ▁L ug ha , ▁died ▁ 1 1 8 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ann als ▁of ▁L |
ough ▁Ce ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁contemporary ▁reference ▁to ▁D onn ▁S lé ib he , ▁la con ically ▁reporting ▁that ▁Don ns le ib he ▁O ' G ad h ra ▁mort u us ▁est ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 1 8 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁http :// www . u cc . ie / c elt / pub lished / T 1 0 0 0 1 0 A / index . html ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁County ▁May o ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁Irish ▁monarch s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁( T K D ) ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Marc ▁Ok rand ▁describing ▁the ▁K ling on ▁language . ▁First ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁with ▁an ▁add endum ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁it ▁includes ▁pron unci ation , ▁grammar ▁and ▁voc ab ul ary . ▁It ▁has ▁sold ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁hundred ▁thousand ▁copies ▁ ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁translated ▁into ▁five ▁languages . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁grammar ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁examples ▁for ▁every ▁rule . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁suitable ▁for ▁active ▁learning ▁and ▁practice ▁of ▁the ▁language , ▁because ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁contain ▁any ▁exer cis es . ▁It ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁learning ▁book . ▁Its ▁source ▁was ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁guide ▁for ▁script writ ers ▁and ▁actors . ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁later ▁sold ▁for ▁mer ch and ising ▁for ▁Star ▁Tre k |
▁fans . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁The ▁dictionary ▁is ▁written ▁from ▁an ▁in - un iverse ▁perspective . ▁After ▁a ▁brief ▁introduction ▁about ▁the ▁K ling on ▁culture ▁and ▁also ▁how ▁the ▁book ▁has ▁been ▁written , ▁the ▁pron unci ation ▁of ▁the ▁K ling on ▁letters ▁is ▁described . ▁Instead ▁of ▁using ▁ph on etic ▁symbols , ▁the ▁letters ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁alphabet ▁are ▁used , ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁written ▁in ▁upper ▁case ▁to ▁distinguish ▁special ▁pron unci ations . ▁For ▁instance ▁q ▁and ▁Q ▁are ▁different ▁sounds , ▁and ▁the ▁combination ▁ng ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁one ▁single ▁letter . ▁The ▁largest ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁grammar , ▁including ▁briefly ▁described ▁rules ▁sorted ▁by ▁type ▁of ▁words , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁few ▁examples ▁for ▁each ▁gram mat ical ▁topic . ▁The ▁last ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁contains ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁voc ab ul ary ▁with ▁roughly ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁words , ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁useful ▁phr ases . ▁The ▁add endum ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁contains ▁some ▁new ▁gram mat ical ▁details ▁and ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁new ▁words ▁that ▁appeared ▁in ▁or ▁were ▁created ▁for ▁later ▁mov ies ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Star ▁Tre k : ▁The ▁Next ▁Generation . ▁ ▁Digital ▁ed itions ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁book ▁is ▁available ▁for ▁E - book ▁readers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁publish er ▁Simon ▁& |
▁Sch uster ▁introduced ▁an ▁iPhone ▁application ▁version ▁of ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁three ▁applications ▁rolled ▁into ▁a ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Su ite . ▁The ▁new ▁digital ▁format ▁features ▁a ▁precise ▁pron unci ation ▁guide , ▁rules ▁for ▁proper ▁use ▁of ▁aff ix es ▁and ▁suffix es , ▁and ▁a ▁search ▁menu . ▁ ▁Trans l ations ▁ ▁The ▁dictionary ▁was ▁first ▁translated ▁into ▁Portuguese ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁Brazil ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Its ▁title ▁was ▁simply ▁D icion ário ▁da ▁lí ng ua ▁k ling on . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁translation ▁was ▁German ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁bearing ▁the ▁title ▁Das ▁off iz ielle ▁W ör ter buch ▁K ling on isch / De utsch ▁(" The ▁Official ▁K ling on - G erman ▁Dictionary "). ▁That ▁book ▁contains ▁many ▁ty pos ▁and ▁incorrect ▁transl ations , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁mis leading ▁when ▁learning ▁the ▁language . ▁A ▁re vised ▁version , ▁corrected ▁by ▁K ling on ▁teacher ▁Lie ven ▁L ita er , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁translation ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁publish er ▁F an ucci ▁Edit ore ▁and ▁named ▁Il ▁d iz ionario ▁K ling on - Ital iano ▁(" The ▁K ling on - Ital ian ▁Dictionary "). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁dictionary ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁Czech ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁K ling ons k ý ▁slov ník ▁( K |
ling on ▁Dictionary ). ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 9 ▁Swedish ▁translation , ▁K ling ons k ▁or db ok , ▁( with ▁Swedish ▁examples ▁and ▁with ▁additional ▁material ▁from ▁later ▁canonical ▁works ) ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁K ling ons ka ▁Akadem ien ▁website . ▁ ▁T riv ia ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁season ▁ 2 ▁episode ▁" The ▁P ant y ▁Pi ñ ata ▁Pol ar ization " ▁of ▁The ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Theory , ▁the ▁dictionary ▁is ▁being ▁used ▁during ▁a ▁game ▁of ▁K ling on ▁B oggle . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 0 ▁episode ▁ 7 ▁of ▁The ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Theory , ▁while ▁Sh eld on ▁and ▁Amy ▁are ▁having ▁supp er ▁with ▁Leonard ▁and ▁Pen ny , ▁Sh eld on ▁speak s ▁K ling on ▁with ▁Leonard ▁to ▁hide ▁what ▁they ▁are ▁speaking ▁about ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁girls . ▁ ▁Follow ▁up ▁ ▁New ▁voc ab ul ary ▁and ▁grammar ▁rules , ▁published ▁after ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁two ▁audio - c ourses ▁and ▁two ▁more ▁books ▁by ▁Marc ▁Ok rand , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁scholar ly ▁journal ▁Hol Q e D ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Institute ▁( 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 4 ): ▁▁ ▁Con vers ational ▁K ling on ▁( 1 9 9 2 ) ▁- ▁audi oc ourse ▁ ▁Power ▁K ling on ▁( 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ ▁- |
▁audi oc ourse ▁ ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Way ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ ▁K ling on ▁for ▁the ▁Gal actic ▁Tra v eller ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁K ling on ▁grammar ▁ ▁K ling ons ▁ ▁The ▁K ling on ▁Way ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Star ▁Tre k ▁reference ▁books ▁ ▁Ali en ▁language ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁K ling on ▁Language ▁Institute ▁ ▁K ling on ▁Dictionary ▁for ▁iPhone ▁ ▁K ling on ▁Mult iling ual ▁Dictionary ▁ ▁Category : Con struct ed ▁languages ▁resources ▁Dictionary ▁Category : Star ▁Tre k ▁reference ▁books ▁Category : P ocket ▁Books ▁books ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : English ▁b iling ual ▁diction aries <0x0A> </s> ▁É ric ▁Pac ôme ▁N ' D ri ▁( born ▁March ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁I vor ian ▁ath lete ▁special izing ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres . ▁ ▁Part icip ating ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁he ▁achieved ▁third ▁place ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁heat , ▁thus ▁se cur ing ▁qual ification ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁He ▁then ▁achieved ▁e ighth ▁place ▁in ▁his ▁second ▁round ▁heat , ▁thus ▁failing ▁to ▁secure ▁qual ification ▁to ▁the ▁semi - final s . ▁He ▁also ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁N |
' D ri ▁has ▁won ▁two ▁med als ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁Jeux ▁de ▁la ▁Franc oph onie ; ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁N ' D ri ▁co - holds ▁the ▁national ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁record ▁of ▁ 3 8 . 6 0 ▁seconds , ▁achieved ▁with ▁team m ates ▁I bra him ▁Me ité , ▁Ah med ▁Dou hou ▁and ▁Y ves ▁Son an ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Ed mont on . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I vor ian ▁male ▁spr inter s ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁I v ory ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bayer ▁design ation ▁X i ▁Cap ric or ni ▁( ξ ▁Cap , ▁ ξ ▁Cap ric or ni ) ▁is ▁shared ▁by ▁two ▁star ▁systems , ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁Cap ric orn us : ▁▁ ξ ¹ ▁Cap ric or ni |
▁▁ ξ ² ▁Cap ric or ni , ▁being ▁the ▁br ighter ▁of ▁the ▁two , ▁often ▁simply ▁called ▁ ξ ▁Cap ric or ni ▁They ▁are ▁separated ▁by ▁ 0 . 2 5 ° ▁in ▁the ▁sky . ▁ ▁Cap ric or ni , ▁X i ▁Category : Cap ric orn us ▁( const ell ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg , ▁born ▁January ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁in ▁Land sk ron a , ▁was ▁a ▁Swedish ▁b obs led der ▁who ▁competed ▁from ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁He ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁four - man ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁F IB T ▁World ▁Championships ▁in ▁Lake ▁P lac id , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁W en ner berg ▁died ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁in ▁Seg elt orp . ▁ ▁References ▁Bob s le igh ▁four - man ▁world ▁championship ▁medal ists ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg ▁Biography ▁and ▁Statistics ▁Sweden ▁Bob s le igh ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Gren o ble ▁Winter ▁Games ▁Eric ▁W en ner berg ▁- ▁www . s ok . se ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁death s ▁Category : S wed ish ▁male ▁b obs led ders ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁b |
obs led ders ▁of ▁Sweden ▁Category : B obs led ders ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁( ; ▁Hi O ) ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁state ▁university ▁college ▁in ▁Norway ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 8 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁and ▁appro x . ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁employees . ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁merged ▁with ▁Ak ers hus ▁University ▁College ▁to ▁form ▁Os lo ▁and ▁Ak ers hus ▁University ▁College ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁this ▁institution ▁became ▁Os lo ▁Metropolitan ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁O UC ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁when ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁college ▁system ▁was ▁rest ruct ured ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁smaller ▁colleg es ▁in ▁the ▁Os lo ▁area ▁merged . ▁From ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁centre ▁of ▁Os lo ▁along ▁Pil est red et ▁street . ▁The ▁main ▁campus ▁was ▁the ▁previous ▁F ry den l und ▁Bre wer y ▁near ▁Bis lett ▁stad ium . ▁O UC ▁offered ▁the ▁broad est ▁port folio ▁of ▁professional ▁studies ▁available ▁in ▁Norway . ▁The ▁language ▁of ▁instruction ▁was ▁Norwegian . ▁ ▁Fac ult ies ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Art , ▁Design ▁and ▁D rama ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Education ▁and ▁International ▁Studies ▁Fac ulty ▁of |
▁Engineering ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Health ▁Sciences ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Journal ism , ▁Library ▁and ▁Information ▁Science ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁N urs ing ▁ ▁Cent res ▁ ▁Centre ▁for ▁Edu c ational ▁Research ▁and ▁Development ▁Centre ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Prof essions ▁National ▁Centre ▁for ▁Mult icult ural ▁Education ▁Learning ▁Centre ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁website ▁C ourses ▁taught ▁in ▁English ▁at ▁Os lo ▁University ▁College ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁* ▁Category : E ducation ▁in ▁Os lo ▁Os lo ▁Category : F lor ence ▁Network ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁Sy bra ▁ind ist inct a ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Bre uning ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁ind ist inct a ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Y ose f ▁Bar atz ▁( , ▁born ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁died ▁ 1 4 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Z ion ist ▁activ ist ▁and ▁Isra eli ▁politician . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Co ş ni ţ a , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Kh erson ▁Governor ate ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire ▁( today ▁in ▁the ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District ▁of ▁Mold ova ), ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁a ▁H eder ▁and ▁joined ▁the |
▁Young ▁Z ion ▁movement ▁in ▁Chi ş in ă u . ▁He ▁imm igr ated ▁to ▁Ott oman - control led ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 , ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁agricult ure ▁in ▁Pet ah ▁T ik va ▁and ▁Re hov ot , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁stone ▁cut ter ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁Tel ▁Av iv , ▁Atl it ▁and ▁Z ik hr on ▁Ya ' akov . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁also ▁amongst ▁the ▁early ▁members ▁of ▁D eg ania ▁Ale f , ▁the ▁first ▁k ib but z . ▁ ▁Bar atz ▁was ▁also ▁sent ▁abroad ▁as ▁an ▁em iss ary , ▁to ▁Russia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁Austria ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁committee ▁of ▁the ▁H agan ah , ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁K ness et ▁on ▁the ▁Map ai ▁list , ▁but ▁lost ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁elections . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Dub ă s ari ▁District ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T iras |
pol sky ▁U ye zd ▁Category : M old ovan ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁Jews ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : J ew s ▁in ▁Ott oman ▁Palest ine ▁Category : J ew s ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁people ▁of ▁Mold ovan - J ew ish ▁descent ▁Category : Map ai ▁polit icians ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Representatives ▁( M and atory ▁Palest ine ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁K ness et ▁( 1 9 4 9 – 1 9 5 1 ) ▁Category : H agan ah ▁members <0x0A> </s> ▁Fair V ote ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ) ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁organization ▁that ▁advoc ates ▁elect oral ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁as ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Represent ation ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁proportional ▁representation ▁in ▁American ▁elections , ▁the ▁organization ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁became ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Fair V ote ▁to ▁reflect ▁its ▁support ▁of ▁such ▁platforms ▁as ▁ranked ▁choice ▁voting ▁( RC V ), ▁for ▁single - w inner ▁elections , ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁for ▁president , ▁a ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁am end |
ment ▁to ▁the ▁Constitution , ▁and ▁universal ▁vot er ▁registration . ▁Fair V ote ▁releases ▁regular ▁publications ▁on ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁elect oral ▁system , ▁including ▁Dub ious ▁Dem ocracy ▁and ▁Mon opol y ▁Polit ics . ▁ ▁Notable ▁members ▁of ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁include ▁its ▁chair , ▁former ▁N ir v ana ▁bass ist ▁Krist ▁Nov os el ic . ▁The ▁previous ▁chair ▁was ▁former ▁Congress man ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁independent ▁president ial ▁candidate ▁John ▁Anderson . ▁ ▁About ▁ ▁Found ing ▁Fair V ote ▁was ▁founded ▁as ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Represent ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁in ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio , ▁by ▁a ▁diverse ▁group ▁of ▁sch ol ars , ▁grass ro ots ▁activ ists , ▁civ ic ▁leaders , ▁and ▁polit icians . ▁ ▁The ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁mer ger ▁of ▁several ▁smaller ▁groups ▁prom oting ▁proportional ▁representation ▁reform ▁into ▁a ▁single , ▁national ized ▁advoc acy ▁group , ▁it ▁originally ▁had ▁co - found er ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁as ▁executive ▁director , ▁co - found er ▁Matthew ▁C oss ol otto ▁as ▁president ▁and ▁third ▁co - found er ▁Steven ▁Hill ▁as ▁western ▁regional ▁director ▁based ▁in ▁Seattle ▁and ▁later ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁John ▁Anderson ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁its ▁national ▁advis ory ▁board ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁published ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁comment ary ▁advoc ating ▁R CV ▁in ▁president ial ▁elections . |
▁The ▁C PR ▁ended ▁its ▁found ing ▁year ▁operating ▁in ▁Alexand ria , ▁Virginia , ▁with ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 ▁members . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁tim eline ▁Since ▁its ▁found ing , ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁expanded ▁its ▁reach ▁and ▁expressed ▁its ▁platforms ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁all ▁levels ▁of ▁government ▁through ▁campaign s , ▁blog s , ▁news let ters , ▁lo bb ying , ▁inter views , ▁am icus ▁cur iae ▁brief s , ▁and ▁numerous ▁media ▁out lets . ▁Notable ▁events ▁include : ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁Ted ▁Ber ry , ▁the ▁first ▁African - American ▁mayor ▁of ▁C inc inn ati , ▁conduct s ▁a ▁wel coming ▁speech ▁at ▁the ▁C PR ▁opening ▁convention . ▁Ber ry ▁was ▁a ▁firm ▁supp orter ▁of ▁proportional ▁representation ▁and ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁to ▁re inst ate ▁the ▁practice ▁in ▁C inc inn ati ▁after ▁its ▁repe al ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Pro port ional ▁Represent ation ▁changes ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁to ▁reflect ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁re forms , ▁such ▁as ▁R CV ▁and ▁universal ▁vot er ▁registration . ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁re loc ates ▁to ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁appears ▁on ▁national ▁radio ▁to ▁explain ▁a ▁federal ▁judge |
' s ▁r uling ▁that ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁sett le ▁a ▁voting ▁rights ▁case ▁in ▁C ane ▁vs . ▁Wor c ester ▁County , ▁M . D . ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁V oting ▁and ▁Dem ocracy ▁releases ▁the ▁first ▁Dub ious ▁Dem ocracy , ▁its ▁b ian n ual ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁dem ocracy ▁in ▁con gression al ▁elections . ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Steven ▁Hill ▁runs ▁the ▁first ▁campaign ▁for ▁elect oral ▁system ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁for ▁several ▁dec ades , ▁a ▁vot er ▁initi ative ▁to ▁pass ▁preference ▁voting ▁( pro port ional ▁representation ) ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁The ▁campaign ▁los es , ▁ 5 4 - 4 6 %, ▁but ▁sets ▁the ▁stage ▁for ▁future ▁vict ories . ▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁The ▁Center ▁releases ▁Mon opol y ▁Polit ics , ▁a ▁report ▁on ▁the ▁und em ocr atic ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁winner ▁pl ur ality ▁system . ▁The ▁Center ' s ▁news ▁conference ▁is ▁fil med ▁on ▁C - SP AN , ▁and ▁Rob ▁Rich ie ' s ▁opinion ▁appears ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times . ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁R CV ▁for ▁state wide ▁elections ▁passes ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Mexico ▁State ▁Senate . ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Led ▁by ▁western ▁regional ▁director ▁Steven ▁Hill , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁major ▁city ▁to ▁pass ▁a ▁vot er ▁initi ative , ▁ 5 4 - 4 6 %, ▁to ▁adopt ▁R CV ▁for |
▁certain ▁city wide ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁Steven ▁Hill ' s ▁book ▁Fix ing ▁E lections : ▁the ▁Fail ure ▁of ▁American ' s ▁W inner ▁Take ▁All ▁E lections ▁is ▁published , ▁making ▁the ▁case ▁for ▁elect oral ▁system ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁San ▁Francisco ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁city ▁since ▁Ann ▁Ar bor , ▁M I ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁to ▁use ▁R CV ▁in ▁public ▁elections , ▁after ▁su ing ▁re cal cit rant ▁city ▁officials ▁to ▁comp el ▁comp liance ▁with ▁the ▁law . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Ark ansas ▁instit utes ▁R CV ▁for ▁over se as ▁military ▁vot ers ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁South ▁Carolina ▁instit utes ▁R CV ▁for ▁military ▁and ▁over se as ▁vot ers ▁and ▁Oak land ▁and ▁Min ne apolis ▁pass ▁it ▁for ▁city ▁elections ▁ 2 0 0 7 : ▁Maryland ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁state ▁to ▁pass ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁plan ▁for ▁president ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁Oak land , ▁Ber keley ▁and ▁San ▁Le andro , ▁CA ▁all ▁use ▁R CV ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁to ▁elect ▁local ▁offices . ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁writes ▁for ▁The ▁H uff ington ▁Post ▁supporting ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁for ▁president ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁Robert ▁Rich ie ▁co auth ors ▁the ▁fourth ▁edition ▁of ▁Every ▁V ote ▁Equ al , ▁a ▁book ▁explaining ▁and ▁supporting ▁the |
▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act ▁ 2 0 1 4 : ▁New ▁York ▁law m akers ▁pass ▁a ▁national ▁popular ▁vote ▁bill ▁that ▁will ▁award ▁the ▁state ' s ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁to ▁the ▁candidate ▁who ▁receives ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁vote ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁Fair V ote ▁co - hosts ▁with ▁the ▁Washington ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁a ▁" D em ocracy ▁S lam " ▁with ▁N BC ' s ▁Ch uck ▁Tod d ▁and ▁other ▁leading ▁journal ists ▁and ▁profess ors , ▁with ▁its ▁key ▁re forms ▁receiving ▁high ▁ratings . ▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁Maine ▁becomes ▁the ▁first ▁state ▁to ▁adopt ▁R CV ▁state wide , ▁with ▁Fair V ote ▁having ▁a ▁Fair V ote ▁Maine ▁arm ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁is ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Tak oma ▁Park , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Mission ▁The ▁stated ▁mission ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁is ▁" a ▁non part isan ▁champion ▁of ▁elect oral ▁re forms ▁that ▁give ▁vot ers ▁greater ▁choice , ▁a ▁stronger ▁voice , ▁and ▁a ▁representative ▁dem ocracy ▁that ▁works ▁for ▁all ▁Americans ." ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁concentr ates ▁its ▁efforts ▁on ▁elect oral ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁through ▁research , ▁education , ▁out re ach , ▁and ▁support ▁of ▁policies ▁that ▁fost er ▁equal ▁representation ▁and ▁greater ▁trans par ency ▁within ▁the ▁elect oral ▁administration . ▁ ▁The ▁organization ' s ▁projects ▁fall ▁into ▁three ▁broad ▁categories : ▁fair ▁access ▁to ▁participation |
, ▁fair ▁elections , ▁and ▁fair ▁representation . ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁it ▁spons ors ▁programs ▁like ▁the ▁Dem ocracy ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁( So S ) ▁Project , ▁which ▁scr ut in izes ▁practices ▁ob struct ing ▁the ▁voting ▁process ▁while ▁propos ing ▁solutions ▁to ▁hold ▁elect oral ▁officials ▁account able ▁for ▁their ▁actions . ▁The ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote ▁project ▁focus es ▁on ▁local ▁ideas ▁to ▁sp ur ▁participation . ▁ ▁M embers ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁regularly ▁write ▁blog s , ▁provide ▁comment ary ▁in ▁inter views , ▁and ▁offer ▁intern ships ▁for ▁interested ▁youth . ▁ ▁Public ▁per ception ▁ ▁General ▁coverage ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁been ▁covered ▁by ▁many ▁major ▁news ▁out lets , ▁including ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post , ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁and ▁N PR , ▁which ▁tend ▁to ▁call ▁it ▁a ▁non part isan ▁voting ▁rights ▁advoc acy ▁group . ▁Other ▁commonly ▁used ▁terms ▁include : ▁" v oting ▁rights ▁organization ," ▁" e lection ▁reform ▁advoc acy ▁group ," ▁" n ational ▁reform ▁organization ," ▁and ▁" e lection ▁participation ▁and ▁reform ▁group ." ▁The ▁Den ver ▁Post ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁as ▁" e lection - prote ction ▁campaign ers ." ▁ ▁Al leg ed ▁liberal ▁bias ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁profile ▁of ▁Fair V ote ▁co - found er ▁Steven ▁Hill , ▁Scott ▁James ▁called ▁Fair V ote ▁a ▁" left - wing ▁group ". ▁Other ▁writers ▁have ▁claimed ▁that ▁many ▁Fair V ote ▁policies , ▁such ▁as |
▁R CV , ▁are ▁popular ▁in ▁" li ber al ▁enc la ves " ▁and ▁supported ▁by ▁" pop ul ist ▁groups " ▁such ▁as ▁Common ▁C ause , ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁organization , ▁and ▁thus ▁give ▁the ▁group ▁a ▁liberal ▁t ilt . ▁Louis ▁Jacob son , ▁a ▁writer ▁for ▁Roll ▁Call , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁any ▁group ▁supporting ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act ▁will ▁be ▁perce ived ▁as ▁liberal - lean ing ▁because ▁of ▁Democratic ▁fr ustration ▁with ▁the ▁Elect oral ▁College ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁President ial ▁E lection . ▁But ▁Rob ▁Rich ie , ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁president , ▁has ▁said , ▁"[ F air V ote ] ▁is ▁definitely ▁not ▁a ▁Democratic ▁st alk ing ▁horse ." ▁In ▁addition , ▁Fair V ote ▁points ▁to ▁John ▁Anderson , ▁who ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁first ▁advis ory ▁board ▁and ▁a ▁current ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors , ▁who ▁ran ▁for ▁President ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁In ▁fact , ▁before ▁Anderson ▁ran ▁for ▁President , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁Republican ▁Congress man ▁from ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Pro posed ▁re forms ▁Re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Reform ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁four ▁goals ▁that ▁the ▁group ▁hopes ▁to ▁reach ▁by ▁ 2 0 2 0 : ▁ ▁Fair ▁Represent ation ▁V oting ▁Rank ed ▁Cho ice ▁V oting ▁Constitution al ▁Right ▁to ▁V |
ote ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁ ▁Elect oral ▁procedure ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁instant - run off ▁voting ▁( IR V ) ▁in ▁single - w inner ▁elections . ▁Under ▁this ▁system , ▁vot ers ▁rank ▁candidates ▁in ▁order ▁of ▁preference , ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁widely ▁used ▁pl ur ality ▁voting ▁system . ▁This ▁is ▁widely ▁called ▁" rank ed - choice ▁voting " ▁( RC V ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Fair V ote ▁back ed ▁a ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ball ot ▁initi ative ▁am ending ▁Section ▁ 1 3 . 1 0 2 ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁char ter ▁to ▁allow ▁R CV ▁in ▁local ▁elections . ▁The ▁city ▁began ▁using ▁R CV ▁to ▁elect ▁local ▁officials ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁ball ot ▁initi atives ▁supported ▁by ▁Fair V ote ▁have ▁allowed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁R CV ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁cities ▁( list ed ▁with ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁use ): ▁ ▁Tak oma ▁Park , ▁Maryland ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Oak land , ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁and ▁San ▁Le andro ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Port land , ▁Maine ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁San ▁Le andro , ▁California ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁St . ▁Paul , ▁Minnesota ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Spring field , ▁Illinois ▁( |
2 0 1 1 ) ▁Tell ur ide , ▁Colorado ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁M emph is , ▁Tennessee ▁( not ▁yet ▁implemented ) ▁Santa ▁Fe , ▁New ▁Mexico ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁supports ▁modification ▁of ▁state ▁laws ▁gover ning ▁the ▁Elect oral ▁College ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁president ▁is ▁elected ▁by ▁national ▁popular ▁vote . ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁National ▁Popular ▁V ote ▁Inter state ▁Comp act , ▁an ▁agreement ▁among ▁states ▁and ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁to ▁award ▁their ▁elect oral ▁votes ▁to ▁the ▁candidate ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁popular ▁vote ▁total ▁in ▁all ▁ 5 0 ▁states ▁and ▁DC . ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁played ▁an ▁active ▁role ▁in ▁lo bb ying ▁state ▁officials ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁compact . ▁New ▁York ▁Assembly man ▁Fred ▁Th iele ▁said ▁he ▁first ▁proposed ▁New ▁York ' s ▁entrance ▁into ▁the ▁compact ▁after ▁being ▁approached ▁by ▁Fair V ote . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁proportional ▁representation ▁( which ▁they ▁call ▁" f air ▁representation ▁voting ") ▁in ▁multi - se at ▁assembly ▁and ▁council ▁elections ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁this ▁system , ▁each ▁candidate ▁or ▁party ▁controls ▁a ▁share ▁of ▁seats ▁equal ▁to ▁its ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁The ▁organization ▁has ▁proposed ▁combining ▁several ▁con gression al ▁districts ▁into ▁one ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁proportional ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁California ▁and ▁Michigan ▁state ▁assemb lies . ▁They ▁advoc ate ▁for ▁several |
▁PR ▁systems , ▁including ▁ST V ▁( which ▁they ▁also ▁call ▁" R ank ed ▁Cho ice ▁V oting "), ▁cum ulative ▁voting , ▁un ordered ▁open ▁list ▁(" Open ▁T icket ▁V oting "), ▁SN TV ▁(" Single - V ote ▁Method "), ▁and ▁M MP ▁(" D istrict s ▁Plus "). ▁ ▁V oting ▁rights ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁back ed ▁the ▁proposed ▁Right ▁to ▁V ote ▁Am end ment ▁( H ouse ▁J oint ▁Resol ution ▁ 4 4 ), ▁spons ored ▁by ▁Representatives ▁Mark ▁P oc an ▁( D - WI ) ▁and ▁Keith ▁Ell ison ▁( D - M N ), ▁under ▁which ▁citizens ▁would ▁be ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁constitution al ▁right ▁to ▁vote . ▁Fair V ote ▁file d ▁a ▁policy ▁brief ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁legisl ation , ▁stating , ▁" We ▁believe ▁that ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁is ▁a ▁corner stone ▁of ▁representative ▁dem ocracy ▁that ▁depends ▁upon ▁broad ly ▁defined ▁vot er ▁el ig ibility , ▁universal ▁vot er ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁pol ls , ▁and ▁election ▁integrity ." ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁also ▁advoc ated ▁universal ▁vot er ▁registration , ▁a ▁system ▁in ▁which ▁all ▁citizens ▁of ▁legal ▁voting ▁age ▁would ▁be ▁registered ▁to ▁vote ▁automatically . ▁ ▁Research ▁and ▁reports ▁ ▁E lection ▁research ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁conducted ▁research ▁on ▁both ▁president ial ▁and ▁Cong r essional ▁elections . ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁president ial ▁election ▁research ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁elect oral ▁college ' s ▁effects ▁on ▁campaign ing . ▁In |
▁its ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁President ial ▁E lection ▁analysis , ▁Fair V ote ▁documented ▁the ▁large ▁dispar ity ▁in ▁both ▁time ▁and ▁money ▁spent ▁in ▁swing ▁states ▁( e . g ., ▁Florida ) ▁versus ▁safe ▁states ▁( e . g ., ▁Maryland ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁begun ▁publishing ▁data ▁on ▁how ▁much ▁time ▁sitting ▁pres idents ▁spend ▁in ▁swing ▁states . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁releases ▁two ▁main ▁documents ▁of ▁Cong r essional ▁research ▁every ▁election ▁cycle . ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁" Mon opol y ▁Polit ics ", ▁which ▁contains ▁predictions ▁and ▁analysis ▁for ▁each ▁race . ▁Fair V ote ▁first ▁categor izes ▁each ▁seat ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁compet it iveness ; ▁seats ▁are ▁l abeled ▁Sa fe ▁Democratic , ▁L ik ely ▁Democratic , ▁Le an ▁Democratic , ▁T oss ▁Up , ▁Le an ▁Republican , ▁L ik ely ▁Republican , ▁or ▁Sa fe ▁Republican . ▁Rel ated ly , ▁Fair V ote ▁gives ▁each ▁district ▁a ▁part is ans hip ▁ranking ▁derived ▁from ▁previous ▁elections . ▁Fair V ote ▁then ▁predict s ▁what ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁candidates ▁will ▁receive . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁research ▁tries ▁to ▁predict ▁inc umb ent ▁winning ▁percent ages ▁for ▁the ▁election ▁cycle . ▁For ▁example , ▁Fair V ote ▁expects ▁inc umb ents ▁to ▁do ▁ 4 . 5 % ▁better ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁than ▁they ▁did ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁major ▁document ▁is ▁" D ub ious |
▁Dem ocracy ", ▁an ▁assess ment ▁of ▁Cong r essional ▁elections ' ▁fair ness . ▁By ▁aggreg ating ▁Cong r essional ▁race ▁data ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁the ▁research ▁attempts ▁to ▁highlight ▁several ▁elements ▁of ▁Cong r essional ▁elections — ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁compet itive ▁to ▁non comp et itive ▁districts , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁ger ry m and ering , ▁and ▁vot er ▁turn out — ▁that ▁Fair V ote ▁bel ieves ▁hurt ▁the ▁dem ocr atic ▁process . ▁In ▁the ▁report , ▁every ▁Cong r essional ▁race ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁scale ▁of ▁compet it iveness , ▁from ▁T ight ▁( < 5 % ▁margin ▁of ▁victory ) ▁to ▁No ▁Cont est ▁( > 4 0 % ▁margin ▁of ▁victory ), ▁and ▁the ▁percentage ▁of ▁races ▁within ▁each ▁category ▁is ▁track ed ▁over ▁time . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁research ▁tracks ▁vot er ▁turn out ▁and ▁was ted ▁votes ▁over ▁time . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁report ▁follows ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁inc umb ents ▁in ▁winning ▁re e lection ▁over ▁time . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁Mon opol y ▁Polit ics ▁and ▁Dub ious ▁Dem ocracy , ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁mid term ▁elections ▁Fair V ote ▁released ▁data ▁on ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁third - party ▁and ▁spo iler ▁candidates . ▁The ▁report ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁districts ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁winning ▁candidate ▁did ▁not ▁receive ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁vote , ▁a ▁fact ▁the ▁group ▁finds ▁problem atic . ▁In ▁addition |
, ▁the ▁research ▁highlight ed ▁races ▁in ▁which ▁Independ ents ▁gar ner ed ▁a ▁s izable ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁Fair V ote ▁created ▁Represent ation ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁a ▁project ▁that ▁hopes ▁to ▁achieve ▁par ity ▁in ▁the ▁numbers ▁of ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁serving ▁in ▁elected ▁office . ▁The ▁project ▁has ▁three ▁main ▁goals : ▁institution al izing ▁changes ▁in ▁party ▁rules ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁and ▁train ▁more ▁women ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁office , ▁creating ▁family - friend ly ▁legisl ative ▁sched ules , ▁and ▁replacing ▁single - member ▁districts ▁with ▁multi - member ▁districts ▁with ▁proportional ▁representation . ▁Represent ation 2 0 2 0 ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁a ▁separate ▁non pro fit ▁called ▁Represent W omen ; ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁closely ▁aligned ▁with ▁Fair V ote . ▁ ▁V oting ▁rights ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁created ▁two ▁projects ▁that ▁aim ▁to ▁expand ▁and ▁protect ▁voting ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁first , ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote , ▁tries ▁to ▁provide ▁support ▁and ▁resources ▁for ▁groups ▁focused ▁on ▁expand ing ▁voting ▁rights . ▁The ▁group ▁provides ▁elect oral ▁research , ▁legal ▁analysis , ▁and ▁communic ations ▁assistance . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Prom ote ▁Our ▁V ote ▁creates ▁support ▁for ▁a ▁constitution al ▁right ▁to ▁vote ▁am end ment ▁by ▁building ▁up ▁support ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁level , ▁foc using ▁mainly ▁on ▁college ▁camp uses . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁project ▁is ▁Dem ocracy ▁So S , ▁which ▁a ims ▁to ▁familiar ize |
▁vot ers ▁with ▁the ▁important ▁role ▁of ▁state - level ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁officials . ▁To ▁that ▁end , ▁the ▁project ▁has ▁issued ▁reports ▁on ▁state ▁election ▁prepared ness , ▁interview ed ▁state ▁election ▁officials , ▁and ▁published ▁vot er ▁gu ides ▁that ▁focus ▁on ▁election ▁reform ▁policies . ▁The ▁project ▁also ▁hopes ▁to ▁popular ize ▁its ▁candidate ▁surve ys , ▁which ▁include ▁questions ▁about ▁election ▁planning ▁and ▁election ▁integrity . ▁ ▁In vol vement ▁in ▁court ▁cases ▁Fair V ote ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁recent ▁court ▁cases ▁as ▁am ici ▁cur iae ▁to ▁advance ▁fair ▁representation ▁voting , ▁particularly ▁under ▁the ▁California ▁and ▁federal ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act . ▁Notable ▁recent ▁cases ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁include : ▁ ▁San chez ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁San chez ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁de alt ▁with ▁the ▁constitution ality ▁of ▁the ▁California ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁( CV RA ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁California ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁of ▁Stanis laus ▁County ▁declared ▁the ▁CV RA ▁un const itution al ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Mod esto , ▁pla int iffs ▁En rique ▁San chez , ▁Emma ▁P ined o ▁and ▁Salvador ▁V era ▁appe aled ▁to ▁the ▁Fif th ▁App ell ate ▁District ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Kath ay ▁F eng ▁from ▁the ▁organization ▁California ▁Common ▁C |
ause , ▁Fair V ote ▁submitted ▁an ▁am icus ▁cur iae ▁brief ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁pla int iffs . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁winner - take - all ▁at - large ▁voting ▁systems ▁caused ▁" vote ▁dil utions ▁in ▁juris dict ions ▁affected ▁by ▁ra cially ▁polar ized ▁voting , ▁even ▁where ▁minor ity ▁vot ers ▁cannot ▁form ▁a ▁majority ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁member ▁district ." ▁ ▁Support ing ▁the ▁CV RA , ▁Fair V ote ▁viewed ▁the ▁law ▁requiring ▁courts ▁to ▁" f ashion ▁effective ▁rem ed ies ▁to ▁c ure ▁vote ▁dil ution ▁affect ing ▁smaller ▁and ▁dispers ed ▁minor ity ▁populations ." ▁ ▁As ser ting ▁that ▁the ▁CV RA ▁allows ▁California ▁to ▁become ▁more ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁people , ▁Fair V ote ▁concluded ▁that ▁the ▁CV RA ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁and ▁constitution al ▁piece ▁of ▁government ▁reform . ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁applied ▁rational ▁basis ▁review ▁to ▁CV RA ▁and ▁declared ▁the ▁law ▁constitution al , ▁revers ing ▁the ▁lower ▁court ' s ▁decision . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁v . ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Ch ester ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁Port ▁Ch ester ' s ▁at - large ▁system ▁of ▁elect ing ▁its ▁board ▁of ▁trust ees ▁viol ated ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁The ▁US ▁government ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁at - large |
▁elect oral ▁system ▁denied ▁the ▁His pan ic ▁population ▁" an ▁equal ▁opportunity ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁political ▁process ▁and ▁to ▁elect ▁represent atives ▁of ▁their ▁choice ." ▁ ▁In ▁United ▁States ▁v . ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Ch ester ▁( 2 0 0 8 ), ▁US ▁District ▁Judge ▁Stephen ▁Robinson ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁District ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁issued ▁a ▁decision ▁that ▁the ▁Village ' s ▁election ▁system ▁viol ated ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁and ▁ordered ▁rem ed ial ▁plans ▁from ▁all ▁parties . ▁ ▁The ▁Def end ants ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁Port ▁Ch ester , ▁proposed ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁as ▁a ▁rem edy , ▁which ▁" all ows ▁citizens ▁to ▁cast ▁multiple ▁votes ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁candidate ▁for ▁a ▁given ▁seat ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁B ren nan ▁Center , ▁representing ▁Fair V ote ▁as ▁am icus ▁cur iae , ▁submitted ▁a ▁brief ▁supporting ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁as ▁a ▁rem edy , ▁but ▁also ▁propos ing ▁another ▁system ▁known ▁as ▁" choice ▁voting ", ▁a ▁process ▁of ▁ranking ▁candidates . ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁" c um ulative ▁and ▁choice ▁voting ▁avoid ▁the ▁necessity ▁for ▁deliber ately ▁drawing ▁districts ▁along ▁ra cial ▁lines " ▁and ▁that ▁a ▁winner - take - all ▁system ▁would ▁not ▁allow ▁the ▁His pan ic ▁minor ity ▁population ▁to ▁gain ▁representation . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁also ▁argued ▁that ▁cum ulative ▁voting ▁is ▁appropriate ▁under ▁the ▁V oting ▁Rights |
▁Act , ▁as ▁it ▁" ens ures ▁the ▁equal ▁principle ▁of ▁" one - person , ▁one ▁vote " ", ▁is ▁race - neut ral , ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁case ▁law ▁and ▁history . ▁On ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Court ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁choice ▁voting ▁but ▁accepted ▁Port ▁Ch ester ' s ▁rem edy ▁of ▁cum ulative ▁voting . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Port ▁Ch ester ▁elected ▁its ▁first ▁Lat ino ▁to ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trust ees . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota ▁is ▁an ▁independent ▁al ly ▁of ▁Fair V ote . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota , ▁s iding ▁with ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁served ▁as ▁interven or - respond ent ▁in ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁a ▁case ▁that ▁was ▁att ested ▁at ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁de alt ▁with ▁the ▁constitution ality ▁of ▁R CV , ▁which ▁was ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis ▁for ▁its ▁municipal ▁elections . ▁ ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance , ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁app ell ants , ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁" method ▁viol ates ▁their ▁right ▁to ▁vote , ▁to ▁associate ▁for |
▁political ▁purposes , ▁and ▁to ▁equal ▁protection ▁under ▁both ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Constitution s ". ▁ ▁S iding ▁with ▁the ▁city , ▁Fair V ote ▁Minnesota ▁stated ▁that ▁instant - run off ▁voting ▁( IR V ) ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁R CV ▁that ▁allowed ▁vot ers ▁to ▁rank ▁multiple ▁candidates ▁on ▁a ▁single ▁ball ot . ▁They ▁argued ▁that ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁voting ▁had ▁legit imate ▁policy ▁reasons ▁such ▁as ▁simpl ifying ▁the ▁election ▁process , ▁saving ▁money , ▁increasing ▁vot er ▁turn - out , ▁ens uring ▁more ▁diverse ▁representation , ▁and ▁prom oting ▁civil ▁election ▁campaign s . ▁ ▁In ▁their ▁defense ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁app ell ants ▁bore ▁a ▁"" he avy ▁bur den ▁of ▁persu asion " ▁because ▁they ▁brought ▁a ▁fa cial ▁challenge ▁to ▁the ▁constitution ality ▁of ▁IR V " ▁and ▁that ▁" Min ne apolis ▁IR V ▁is ▁constitution al ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁legit imate ▁interests , ▁impos es ▁no ▁bur den ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁vote , ▁and ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁vot ers ". ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁aff ir med ▁the ▁lower ▁district ▁court ' s ▁r uling ▁that ▁R CV ▁did ▁not ▁in fr inge ▁on ▁the ▁app ell ants ' ▁constitution al ▁rights , ▁thus ▁reject ing ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁V ot ers ▁Alliance ' s ▁challenge ▁to ▁R CV . ▁After ▁the ▁result , ▁Jean ne ▁M asse y , ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁Fair V ote |
▁Minnesota , ▁app la ud ed ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁decision ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁Court ▁" bla zed ▁a ▁path ▁that ▁every ▁community ▁in ▁our ▁state ▁can ▁follow ▁toward ▁better ▁elections ▁and ▁a ▁stronger ▁dem ocracy " ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁" a ▁res ounding ▁end ors ement ▁of ▁ranked ▁choice ▁voting ". ▁ ▁Ja ure gi ▁v . ▁City ▁of ▁Pal md ale ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Juan ▁Ja ure gui , ▁the ▁pla int iff , ▁file d ▁a ▁compla int ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁Pal md ale ' s ▁at - large ▁method ▁of ▁elect ing ▁members ▁to ▁its ▁City ▁Council ▁resulted ▁in ▁vote ▁dil ution ▁for ▁Lat ino ▁and ▁African ▁American ▁residents . ▁ ▁The ▁law suit ▁claimed ▁that ▁Pal md ale ' s ▁at - large ▁method ▁denied ▁minor ity ▁residents ▁effective ▁political ▁participation ▁and ▁thus ▁viol ated ▁the ▁California ▁V oting ▁Rights ▁Act ▁( CV RA ). ▁The ▁case ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁to ▁Judge ▁Mo oney ▁of ▁the ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁California ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Judge ▁Mo oney ▁declared ▁that ▁the ▁CV RA ▁v ested ▁the ▁court ▁in ▁implementing ▁appropriate ▁rem ed ies ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁pla int iffs . ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁Pal md ale ▁immediately ▁appe aled ▁the ▁decision , ▁reasoning ▁that ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Pal md ale ▁residents ▁voted ▁for ▁an |
▁at - large ▁election ▁system . ▁The ▁case ▁reached ▁the ▁California ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁App ell ate ▁District . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Fair V ote ▁submitted ▁an ▁am icus ▁cur iae ▁brief ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁pla int iffs . ▁ ▁Fair V ote ▁argued ▁that ▁fair ▁representation ▁voting , ▁unlike ▁at - large ▁systems , ▁en hanced ▁minor ity ▁groups ▁to ▁elect ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁candidate ▁of ▁their ▁choice . ▁Fair V ote ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁alternative ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁ranked ▁choice ▁voting , ▁single ▁voting , ▁and ▁cum ulative ▁voting . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Pal md ale ▁opposed ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁participation , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁the ▁am icus ▁brief ▁" th re at ens ▁significant ▁pre jud ice ▁to ▁the ▁City " ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁delay ▁the ▁cert ification ▁of ▁the ▁City ' s ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁election . ▁The ▁California ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁has ▁denied ▁Fair V ote ' s ▁application ▁to ▁file ▁as ▁am icus ▁cur iae . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁E lection ▁Science ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : E lect oral ▁reform ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Non - pro fit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : E lect oral ▁reform ▁groups <0x0A> </s> ▁Bed ri ye ▁Ho ş g ör ▁( 1 8 |
8 9 ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁– ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁Turkey ) ▁was ▁a ▁Turkish ▁composer . ▁ ▁Ho ş g ör ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁tek ke ▁music ▁tradition ▁as ▁a ▁child ▁growing ▁up ▁in ▁K ony a . ▁After ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Ist an bul , ▁Ho ş g ör ▁took ▁ou d ▁less ons ▁from ▁End er un lu ▁ İ s met ▁E f endi ▁and ▁U di ▁Af et ▁and ▁us ul ▁less ons ▁from ▁Hal it ▁Bey , ▁a ▁m ue zz in ▁at ▁the ▁palace . ▁Ho ş g ör ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁Tan b uri ▁C em il ▁Bey ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁met ▁at ▁a ▁social ▁gather ing . ▁C em il ▁Bey ▁encourag ed ▁Ho ş g ör ▁to ▁en roll ▁in ▁the ▁“ D ar ül bed ay î - i ▁Musik - î ▁Os man î ” ▁school ▁where ▁she ▁greatly ▁expanded ▁her ▁knowledge ▁of ▁music . ▁Ho ş g ör ▁also ▁worked ▁with ▁U di ▁Nev res ▁Bey . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁compos ers ▁of ▁classical ▁Turkish ▁music ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁classical ▁music ▁Category : Com pos ers ▁of ▁Turkish ▁mak am ▁music ▁Category : 1 8 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Pop lar ▁River ▁Airport , ▁, ▁is ▁located ▁adjacent ▁to ▁Pop lar ▁River , ▁Man it oba , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External |
▁links ▁ ▁Category : Register ed ▁aer od rom es ▁in ▁Man it oba <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch agan ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet ▁under ground ▁nuclear ▁test ▁conducted ▁at ▁the ▁Sem ip al atin sk ▁Test ▁Site ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Ch agan ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 4 ▁det on ations ▁in ▁the ▁N uc lear ▁Ex pl os ions ▁for ▁the ▁National ▁Econom y ▁program , ▁designed ▁to ▁produce ▁peace ful ▁nuclear ▁explos ions ▁( P NE s ) ▁for ▁earth - mov ing ▁purposes . ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁using ▁P NE s ▁to ▁create ▁artificial ▁la kes , ▁har b ors ▁and ▁can als ▁was ▁mode led ▁after ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁program , ▁Project ▁P low share , ▁which ▁conducted ▁the ▁first ▁peace ful ▁nuclear ▁explos ion ▁( the ▁ 1 0 4 ▁k t ▁Sed an ▁shall ow ▁cr ater ing ▁test ) ▁at ▁the ▁Nev ada ▁Test ▁Site ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁▁ ▁Descri bed ▁as ▁a ▁" near ▁clone " ▁of ▁the ▁Sed an ▁shot , ▁Ch agan ' s ▁yield ▁was ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 ▁kil ot ons ▁of ▁T NT ▁and ▁sought ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁large ▁con ical ▁cr ater ▁suitable ▁for ▁a ▁lake . ▁The ▁site ▁was ▁a ▁dry ▁bed ▁of ▁the ▁Ch agan ▁River ▁( t rib ut ary ▁of ▁Ir ty sh ▁River ) ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁Sem |
ip al atin sk ▁Test ▁Site , ▁and ▁was ▁chosen ▁such ▁that ▁the ▁lip ▁of ▁the ▁cr ater ▁would ▁dam ▁the ▁river ▁during ▁its ▁high ▁spring ▁flow . ▁The ▁result ant ▁lake ▁has ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁is ▁ ▁deep . ▁ ▁Sh allow ▁sub sur face ▁( open ) ▁cr ater ing ▁explos ions ▁such ▁as ▁Sed an ▁or ▁Ch agan ▁release ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁steam ▁and ▁pul ver ized ▁rock ▁along ▁with ▁approximately ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁bomb ' s ▁normal ▁f ission ▁products ▁into ▁the ▁atmosphere . ▁Although ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁this ▁fall out ▁was ▁depos ited ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁test , ▁it ▁also ▁produced ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁meas urable ▁radio active ▁pl ume , ▁which ▁in ▁Ch agan ' s ▁case ▁was ▁detected ▁over ▁Japan ▁and ▁initially ▁prompt ed ▁compla ints ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁that ▁the ▁S ovi ets ▁were ▁viol ating ▁the ▁prov isions ▁of ▁the ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁Limited ▁Test ▁Ban ▁Tre aty , ▁which ▁b anned ▁atmos pher ic ▁tests ▁and ▁any ▁vent ed ▁( or ▁" open ") ▁sub sur face ▁det on ation ▁which ▁caused ▁" radio active ▁de br is ▁to ▁be ▁present ▁outside ▁the ▁territorial ▁limits ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁under ▁whose ▁juris diction ▁or ▁control ▁such ▁explos ion ▁is ▁conducted ". ▁The ▁matter ▁was ▁eventually ▁abandoned , ▁and ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁all ▁subsequent ▁Soviet ▁sh ots ▁were ▁smaller . ▁ ▁The ▁photo ▁of ▁the ▁Ch agan ▁shot ▁is ▁occasionally ▁confused ▁with |
▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Joe ▁ 1 ▁test . ▁The ▁correct ▁image ▁shows ▁a ▁squ at , ▁ground - level ▁cloud ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Sed an ▁shot ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁tall ▁m ush room ▁cloud ▁of ▁the ▁tower - det on ated ▁Joe - 1 . ▁ ▁Lake ▁Ch agan ▁ ▁Lake ▁Ch agan ▁or ▁Lake ▁Bal apan , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁a ▁lake ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁Ch agan ▁nuclear ▁test ▁roughly ▁ ▁in ▁size , ▁is ▁still ▁radio active , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁the ▁" At omic ▁Lake ". ▁As ▁at ▁the ▁Tr inity ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁United ▁States ▁nuclear ▁weapon ▁test ▁in ▁Al am og ordo , ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁the ▁exposed ▁rock ▁and ▁sand ▁was ▁m elt ed ▁into ▁a ▁glass y ▁subst ance ▁called ▁tr init ite . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sed an ▁( n uc lear ▁test ) ▁– ▁An ▁American ▁cr ater ing ▁det on ation ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Soviet ▁program ▁for ▁peace ful ▁uses ▁of ▁nuclear ▁weapons ▁On ▁the ▁Soviet ▁nuclear ▁program ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁the ▁Kaz akh ▁Soviet ▁Social ist ▁Republic ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁military ▁history ▁Category : Ex pl os ions ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁Category : Pe ace ful ▁nuclear ▁explos ions ▁Category : S ov iet ▁nuclear ▁weapons ▁testing ▁Category : Under ground ▁nuclear ▁weapons ▁testing ▁Category : J anu ary ▁ 1 9 |
6 5 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁V ital ▁K ib uk ▁( ; ▁; ▁born ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bel arus ian ▁professional ▁football ▁player . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁he ▁is ▁playing ▁for ▁Vol na ▁Pin sk . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Min sk ▁Bel arus ian ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁ ▁Tor ped o - Bel A Z ▁Z hod ino ▁Bel arus ian ▁Cup ▁winner : ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pin sk ▁Category : Bel arus ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : FC ▁Vol na ▁Pin sk ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Dynam o ▁Br est ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Din amo ▁Min sk ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Min sk ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Tor ped o - Bel A Z ▁Z hod ino ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Gran it ▁Mik as he v ichi ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁Sl ut sk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁An ucha ▁Mun jar ern ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁in ▁Sur at ▁Th ani , ▁Th ailand ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Th ai ▁fut sal ▁P ivot ▁who ▁is ▁Th ailand ▁national ▁fut sal ▁team ' s ▁all - time ▁top ▁goals cor er . ▁He ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁icon |
▁of ▁Th ai ▁fut sal ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁was ▁ha iled ▁as ▁" พ ่ อ ม ด <0xE0> <0xB8> <0x9F> ุ ต <0xE0> <0xB8> <0x8B> อ ล " ▁( Th ai ▁F uts al ▁Mag ician ) ▁by ▁Th ai ▁fut sal ▁fans ▁and ▁media . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁- ▁Third ▁place ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁- ▁Third ▁place ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁- ▁Third ▁place ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁Third ▁place ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁- ▁Run ner - up ▁ ▁A SE AN ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁- ▁Champions ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁- ▁Champions ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁Champions ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁- ▁Champions ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁Champions ▁ ▁Asian ▁Ind oor ▁Games ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁Run ner - up ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁- ▁Run ner - up ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁ ▁Best ▁player ▁▁ ▁M VP ▁A FC ▁F uts al ▁Championship : ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Th ailand ▁Beach ▁Soccer ▁Team ▁Th ailand ▁Squad ▁On ▁F ifa . com ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Th ai ▁men ' s ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal |
ists ▁for ▁Th ailand ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁fut sal ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Le ath erman ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁brand ▁of ▁mult it ools ▁and ▁kn ives ▁made ▁by ▁Le ath erman ▁Tool ▁Group ▁of ▁Port land , ▁Oregon . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁by ▁Tim othy ▁S . ▁Le ath erman ▁and ▁Steve ▁Berliner ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁market ▁his ▁idea ▁of ▁a ▁capable , ▁easily ▁ ▁port able ▁hand ▁tool ▁with ▁multiple ▁functions . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁Le ath erman ▁sold ▁the ▁first ▁mult it ool , ▁which ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁P ST ▁( P ocket ▁Sur v ival ▁Tool ). ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁Tim othy ▁S . ▁Le ath erman , ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁mechanical ▁engineering ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁Oregon ▁State ▁University , ▁and ▁his ▁business ▁partner , ▁Steve ▁Berliner , ▁formed ▁Le ath erman ▁Tool ▁Group ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Le ath erman ▁was ▁inspired ▁to ▁design ▁a ▁" Bo y ▁Sc out ▁kn ife ▁with ▁p liers " ▁while ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁tra ve led ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁often ▁attempting ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁simple ▁pocket kn ife ▁to ▁repair ▁their ▁repeatedly ▁mal function ing ▁car ▁and ▁leak y ▁hotel ▁pl umb ing . ▁He ▁spent ▁several ▁years ▁perfect ing ▁the ▁" Mr . |
▁Cr unch " ▁prototype ▁and ▁received ▁his ▁first ▁U . S . ▁pat ent ▁( 4 , 2 3 8 , 8 6 2 ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁After ▁additional ▁ref in ement , ▁Le ath erman ’ s ▁first ▁product ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁as ▁the ▁P ocket ▁Sur v ival ▁Tool ▁( P ST ) ▁and ▁initially ▁sold ▁through ▁Early ▁Winter s ' ▁and ▁C abel a ’ s ▁mail - order ▁catalog s . ▁ ▁Le ath erman ▁sold ▁nearly ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁tools ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁fuel ing ▁additional ▁product ▁development , ▁and ▁rapid ▁growth ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁manufact uring ▁capacity . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁company ▁had ▁sales ▁of ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁ann ually ▁and ▁had ▁sold ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁tools . ▁ ▁F old ing ▁kn ives ▁were ▁introduced ▁into ▁the ▁Le ath erman ▁product ▁line ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁company ▁opened ▁its ▁first ▁ret ail ▁store , ▁located ▁at ▁its ▁manufact uring ▁facility , ▁that ▁has ▁since ▁re located ▁to ▁a ▁ret ail ▁store ▁at ▁the ▁Cas cade ▁Station ▁sho pping ▁center ▁near ▁the ▁facility ▁and ▁C asc ades ▁MAX ▁Station ▁in ▁N ortheast ▁Port land . ▁The ▁same ▁year , ▁Tim ▁Le ath erman ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁Bla de ▁magazine ▁C ut |
l ery ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁design ▁impact ▁on ▁the ▁cut l ery ▁history . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Le ath erman ▁Tool ▁Group ▁acquired ▁German ▁light ▁manufact urer , ▁LED ▁L enser . ▁The ▁br ands ▁and ▁companies ▁are ▁run ▁separately , ▁under ▁the ▁Le ath erman ▁Tool ▁Group , ▁Inc . ▁um bre lla . ▁Le ath erman ▁Tool ▁Group ▁also ▁manufact ures ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁multi - tools ▁designed ▁specifically ▁for ▁military ▁and ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁personnel , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁access ories ▁for ▁carrying ▁and ▁expand ing ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁its ▁tools . ▁, ▁Le ath erman ▁produced ▁ 5 0 ▁products ▁sold ▁in ▁ 8 2 ▁countries , ▁with ▁U . S . ▁market ▁share ▁estimated ▁at ▁ 5 5 ▁percent . ▁ ▁Le ath erman ▁has ▁a ▁spons or ship ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁team ▁Port land ▁Tim bers . ▁Specifically , ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁the ▁sh irt ▁spons or ▁for ▁the ▁team ' s ▁mas cot , ▁" Tim ber ▁Jo ey ". ▁ ▁Product s ▁Le ath erman ’ s ▁primary ▁products ▁are ▁multi - tools ▁and ▁kn ives . ▁Most ▁Le ath erman ▁multi - tools ▁are ▁built ▁around ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁p liers , ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 1 ▁additional ▁tools ▁stored ▁in ▁the ▁handles , ▁including ▁kn ives ▁( stra ight ▁and ▁ser r ated ▁bl ades ), ▁sc rew dri vers ▁( flat , ▁Phill ips ), ▁saw s , |
▁wire ▁cut ters ▁and ▁stri ppers , ▁elect rical ▁crim per , ▁bott le ▁op ener , ▁and ▁can ▁op ener . ▁Most ▁models ▁have ▁a ▁built - in ▁safety ▁mechanism ▁that ▁lo cks ▁the ▁active ▁tool ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁position ▁when ▁fully ▁unfold ed . ▁Mod els ▁range ▁in ▁weight ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 2 . 5 ▁ ounce ▁( 3 3 5 ▁g ) ▁Sur ge ▁to ▁ 0 . 8 1 ▁ ounce ▁( 2 3 ▁g ) ▁Style . ▁ ▁Le ath erman ▁currently ▁produces ▁fol ding ▁kn ives ▁under ▁the ▁Cr ater ▁name . ▁Mod els ▁range ▁from ▁two ▁tools ▁( kn ife ▁bla de ▁and ▁car ab iner / b ott le ▁op ener ) ▁to ▁four ▁( bla de , ▁car ab iner / b ott le ▁op ener , ▁flat , ▁and ▁Phill ips ▁sc rew dri vers ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ger ber ▁mult it ool ▁ ▁Victor ino x ▁ ▁W enger ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Port land ▁Business ▁Journal : ▁Le ath erman ▁lear ns ▁pat ent ▁less ons ▁the ▁hard ▁way ▁ ▁Category : K n ife ▁manufact uring ▁companies ▁Category : Multi - tool ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : P liers ▁Category : C amp ing ▁equipment ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Category : P riv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Port land , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Good s ▁manufact |
ured ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : American ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁Ist ván ▁Gé za ▁B eb es ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁politician , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁( MP ) ▁from ▁Vas ▁County ▁Regional ▁List ▁between ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Kör m end ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ist ván ▁B eb es ▁joined ▁F ides z ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁an ▁individual ▁candidate ▁of ▁Kör m end ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁local ▁elections . ▁He ▁ran ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁this ▁time ▁un success fully . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁elected ▁on ▁the ▁representative ▁body ▁of ▁Kör m end . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Kör m end ▁party ▁branch ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁pres id ium ▁of ▁the ▁party ' s ▁Vas ▁County ▁Board ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Board ▁of ▁F ides z . ▁After ▁the ▁transformation ▁into ▁a ▁people ' s ▁party ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 - 2 0 0 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁the ▁Kör m |
end ▁constitu ency . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁elections ▁he ▁secured ▁a ▁seat ▁four ▁times ▁from ▁the ▁Vas ▁County ▁regional ▁list ▁of ▁F ides z ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁mayor ▁of ▁Kör m end ▁four ▁times ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁elections ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁B eb es ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Local ▁Government ▁and ▁Urban ▁Development ▁Committee ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Since ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁he ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Committee ▁on ▁European ▁Affairs . ▁ ▁Public ▁life ▁He ▁pres ided ▁over ▁BC ▁MAR C - K ör m end ▁Basketball ▁Club ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Techn ical ▁Committee ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Basketball ▁Federation ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁He ▁is ▁married . ▁His ▁wife ▁is ▁Jud it ▁B eb es né ▁B az s ó . ▁They ▁have ▁four ▁sons ▁( Att ila , ▁Á rp ád , ▁And rás , ▁M á ty ás ) ▁and ▁two ▁daughters ▁( Ad ri enn , ▁An ik ó ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F ides z ▁polit icians ▁Category : M |
embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 2 ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁( 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 6 ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁( 2 0 0 6 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁( 2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kap uv ár ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁Hung ary <0x0A> </s> ▁Pseud ot ol na ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁No ctu idae . ▁ ▁Species ▁Pseud ot ol na ▁ex im ia ▁ <0x09> ( Hol land , ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁Pseud ot ol na ▁le u com el as ▁ <0x09> G a ede , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Pseud ot ol na ▁line osa ▁ <0x09> L ap orte , ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Pseud ot ol na ▁per inet i ▁ <0x09> V iet te , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁ ▁References ▁Ham pson , ▁G . ▁F . ▁ 1 9 2 6 a . ▁Descri ptions ▁of ▁new ▁gener a ▁and ▁species ▁of ▁Le pid optera ▁Ph ala ena e ▁of ▁the ▁sub family ▁No ctu inae ▁( No ctu idae ) ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Museum ▁( N atural ▁History ). ▁- ▁— ▁: |
1 – 6 4 1 ▁ ▁Category : Cal p inae <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Bos eman ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁actor , ▁com ed ian ▁and ▁screen play ▁writer . ▁He ▁is ▁perhaps ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁performed ▁voice ▁imp erson ations ▁of ▁cele brit ies ▁and ▁TV ▁roles . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Bos eman ▁performed ▁S no op ▁Dog g ▁imp erson ation ▁in ▁the ▁College hum or ▁web ▁series , ▁written ▁by ▁Em ily ▁Ax ford ▁and ▁Pat ▁Cass els , ▁directed ▁by ▁Matthew ▁Pol lock ▁and ▁Bill ▁Ber gen . ▁High light s ▁as ▁a ▁television ▁writer ▁includes ▁Media ▁Wars , ▁Pil ot , ▁The ▁Late ▁Show ▁with ▁Stephen ▁Col bert , ▁Pl astic ▁Cup ▁Bo yz , ▁Red ▁Me ans ▁Go , ▁In AP Prop ri ate ▁Com edy ▁and ▁K att ▁Williams ▁Pres ents : ▁Kat th ouse ▁Com edy . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁acted ▁in ▁TV ▁episodes ▁and ▁mov ies ▁such ▁as ▁ 3 0 ▁Rock , ▁Living ▁and ▁Active , ▁Red ▁Mean ▁Go , ▁College H um or ' s ▁Com edy ▁Music ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁Media ▁Wars . ▁Bos eman ▁has ▁also ▁produced ▁an ▁episode ▁for ▁Media ▁Wars ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁male ▁voice ▁actors ▁Category : American ▁male ▁screen writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Russell ▁Street ▁Ne igh bour hood ▁Tra il ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁bi ke ▁trail ▁that ▁travel s ▁through ▁the ▁historic ▁Sand wich ▁Town ▁neighbourhood ▁in ▁western ▁W inds |
or , ▁Ontario . ▁The ▁trail ▁passes ▁by ▁the ▁Mill ▁Street ▁D ock , ▁Che w ett ▁Beach ▁/ ▁Che w ett ▁Park , ▁and ▁passes ▁by ▁Mack en zie ▁Hall , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁buildings ▁in ▁W inds or ▁( built ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 5 - 1 8 5 6 ). ▁ ▁Ext ensions ▁ ▁Rec ently , ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁W inds or ' s ▁Department ▁of ▁Rec re ation ▁has ▁announced ▁that ▁there ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁w iden ing ▁of ▁R ivers ide ▁Drive ' s ▁side walk ▁into ▁a ▁full ▁bi ke ▁trail , ▁connecting ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Russell ▁Street ▁Ne igh bour hood ▁Tra il , ▁as ▁it ▁would ▁cost ▁money ▁to ▁ex prop ri ate ▁a ▁few ▁houses ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁n urs ing ▁home ▁( now ▁a ▁D orm itory ▁for ▁students ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁W inds or ) ▁situated ▁along ▁the ▁river front . ▁The ▁Amb assador ▁Bridge ▁was ▁originally ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁bar rier , ▁but ▁this ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁announced ▁as ▁a ▁non - issue , ▁since ▁the ▁side walk ▁along ▁R ivers ide ▁Drive ▁will ▁simply ▁be ▁w iden ed ▁to ▁accommod ate ▁an ▁extension ▁to ▁link ▁the ▁two ▁tra ils . ▁No ▁tim et able ▁for ▁construction ▁and ▁completion ▁has ▁been ▁set , ▁however , ▁but ▁could ▁be ▁expected ▁within ▁ 5 – 1 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁City ▁of ▁W inds or ' s ▁Park s ▁and ▁Rec re ation ▁department ▁has ▁rect ified |
▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁River front ▁Tra il ▁and ▁Sand wich ▁Tow ne ▁and ▁the ▁Russell ▁Street ▁Ne igh bour hood ▁Tra il , ▁by ▁extending ▁b icy cle ▁lan es ▁along ▁University ▁Avenue ▁and ▁Sand wich ▁Street , ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁Prince ▁Road . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Grand ▁Mar ais ▁Tra il ▁ ▁Gan atch io ▁Tra il ▁ ▁Little ▁River ▁Ext ension ▁ ▁Dev on wood ▁Bi ke ▁Tra il ▁ ▁R ivers ide ▁Drive ▁V ista ▁Project ▁ ▁Bi ke ▁Tra ils ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁W inds or ▁ ▁Trans - Can ada ▁Tra il ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Bi ke ▁Tra ils ▁at ▁City ▁of ▁W inds or ' s ▁website , ▁City W inds or . ca ▁ ▁City ▁of ▁Wind or ▁B U MP ▁( B ike ▁User ▁Master ▁Plan ) ▁ ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁W inds or , ▁Ontario ▁Category : B ike ▁paths ▁in ▁W inds or , ▁Ontario ▁Category : Pro posed ▁transport ▁infrastr ucture ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁" Re aping ▁Death " ▁is ▁a ▁single ▁by ▁Swedish ▁black ▁metal ▁band ▁Wat ain ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁Law less ▁Dark ness . ▁" Re aping ▁Death " ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁CD ▁single ▁on ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁a ▁ 7 - inch ▁picture ▁disc ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁April . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Wat ain ▁confirmed ▁its ▁appearance ▁at ▁Sweden ▁Rock ▁Festival ▁and ▁announced ▁a |
▁t ribute ▁to ▁Bath ory ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁performance ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁After ▁the ▁announ cement , ▁Wat ain ▁were ▁approached ▁by ▁Sweden ▁Rock ▁magazine ▁to ▁record ▁a ▁Bath ory ▁cover . ▁In ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Sweden ▁Rock ▁magazine ▁and ▁Season ▁of ▁M ist , ▁Wat ain ▁released ▁a ▁CD ▁single ▁that ▁all ▁subscri bers ▁of ▁the ▁magazine ▁got ▁with ▁issue ▁number ▁ 7 0 . ▁The ▁CD ▁single ▁consists ▁of ▁" Re aping ▁Death " ▁and ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Bath ory ' s ▁" The ▁Return ▁of ▁the ▁Dark ness ▁and ▁Ev il ". ▁The ▁ 7 - inch ▁picture ▁disc ▁edition ▁is ▁limited ▁to ▁ 1 , 3 0 0 ▁copies ▁and ▁features , ▁besides ▁" Re aping ▁Death ", ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Death ▁SS ' s ▁" Ch ains ▁of ▁Death ". ▁ ▁L yr ics ▁and ▁meaning ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁presentation ▁in ▁Stockholm , ▁Wat ain ' s ▁front man ▁Erik ▁Daniel sson ▁explained ▁that ▁" Re aping ▁Death " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁C ain . ▁Daniel sson ▁described ▁C ain ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁murder er ▁and ▁Sat an ist , ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁through ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁his ▁brother ▁Ab el , ▁C ain ▁was ▁also ▁" the ▁first ▁to ▁break ▁the ▁sh ack les ▁of ▁creation ▁and ▁went ▁against ▁the ▁will ▁of ▁God . ▁Therefore , ▁C ain ▁was ▁pushed ▁away ▁and ▁found ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁his ▁true ▁father , ▁the ▁ser pent |
▁in ▁the ▁Garden ▁of ▁E den , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Sat an ." ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁CD ▁single ▁was ▁cert ified ▁gold ▁in ▁Sweden ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁of ▁the ▁Ph on ographic ▁Indust ry ▁for ▁sales ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁copies . ▁ ▁Ad rien ▁Begr and ▁of ▁Pop Mat ters ▁in ▁his ▁review ▁of ▁Law less ▁Dark ness ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁" Re aping ▁Death ' ▁approaches ▁the ▁simplicity ▁of ▁Im mort al ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁the ▁vers es ▁border ▁on ▁straight - up ▁thr ash ▁metal , ▁the ▁pre - chor us ▁r iff ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁early ▁C elt ic ▁F rost ▁as ▁[ E rik ] ▁Daniel sson ▁sp outs ▁his ▁usual ▁Sat an ic ▁s ht ick ▁in ▁surprising ly ▁effective ▁cad ences ▁and ▁rh ym ing ▁schemes : ▁' H ail ! ▁H ail ! ▁Th ou ▁who ▁makes ▁the ▁cos mos ▁w ail ! ▁/ ▁In ▁an gu ish ▁as ▁we ▁f uck ▁the ▁world ▁/ ▁And ▁sod om ize ▁the ▁god ▁that ▁failed ." ▁In ▁contrast , ▁David ▁E . ▁Ge hl ke ▁of ▁Bl ister ing . com ▁stated ▁that ▁" Re aping ▁Death ' ▁u ph olds ▁the ▁bold ▁and ▁blo ody ▁angle ▁of ▁pure ▁black ▁metal ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Comp act ▁Disc ▁ ▁Vin yl ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁E . ▁( E rik ▁Daniel sson ) ▁– ▁bass |
, ▁vocals ▁P . ▁( P elle ▁F ors berg ) ▁– ▁guitar ▁H . ▁( H å kan ▁J ons son ) ▁– ▁drums ▁T . ▁St j erna ▁– ▁producer ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" Re aping ▁Death " ▁at ▁Discogs ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁singles ▁Category : W at ain ▁songs ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Al aska ▁Conserv ation ▁Society ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁grass ro ots ▁environmental ▁conservation ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Al aska . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁coordinate ▁environmental ▁opposition ▁to ▁Project ▁Ch ari ot , ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁dig ▁a ▁har bor ▁in ▁Al aska ' s ▁North ▁Slo pe ▁with ▁nuclear ▁weapons , ▁and ▁to ▁fight ▁the ▁proposed ▁R amp art ▁Dam ▁project ▁on ▁the ▁Y uk on ▁River . ▁Later , ▁the ▁society ▁took ▁a ▁st ance ▁on ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁Trans - Al aska ▁P ipeline ▁System , ▁encourag ing ▁environmental ▁mit ig ation ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁its ▁construction , ▁becoming ▁a ▁major ▁factor ▁in ▁environmental ▁policy ▁within ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁group ▁operated ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁was ▁su pers eded ▁by ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Conserv ation ▁Foundation , ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁and ▁still ▁oper ates ▁today . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Conserv ation ▁Society ▁was ▁founded ▁by |
▁Al ask an ▁environmental ist ▁G in ny ▁Wood ▁and ▁her ▁then ▁husband , ▁Mort on ▁" W o ody " ▁Wood , ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Al aska ▁Fair b anks ▁in ▁College , ▁Al aska ▁to ▁bring ▁together ▁like - mind ed ▁people ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁better ▁organ ize ▁opposition ▁to ▁two ▁major ▁projects ▁in ▁Al aska : ▁Project ▁Ch ari ot ▁and ▁the ▁R amp art ▁Dam . ▁The ▁group ▁hoped ▁that ▁its ▁status ▁as ▁an ▁organization ▁" by ▁Al ask ans ▁and ▁for ▁Al ask ans " ▁would ▁allow ▁its ▁arguments ▁to ▁gain ▁tra ction ▁in ▁places ▁where ▁speak ers ▁from ▁the ▁Cont inental ▁United ▁States ▁had ▁not . ▁Cel ia ▁M . ▁Hunter , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁found ing ▁members , ▁became ▁its ▁first ▁president . ▁ ▁The ▁conservation ▁society ▁was ▁organized ▁into ▁two ▁groups : ▁Al aska ▁members , ▁who ▁had ▁voting ▁authority , ▁and ▁" associ ate " ▁or ▁non - Al aska ▁members , ▁who ▁did ▁not . ▁By ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁one ▁year ▁after ▁its ▁found ing , ▁the ▁Al aska ▁Conserv ation ▁Society ▁had ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁members , ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁associate ▁members . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁w iden ing ▁coverage ▁granted ▁it ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁opposition ▁to ▁Ch ari ot ▁and ▁R amp art , ▁the ▁group ▁expanded ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 0 0 ▁members ▁by ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁The ▁group ' s ▁influence ▁grew ▁after |
▁Ch ari ot ▁and ▁R amp art ▁were ▁can ce led , ▁a ▁fact ▁illustrated ▁by ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁Al aska ▁Conserv ation ▁Society ▁president ▁Ernst ▁W . ▁M ull er ▁as ▁commission er ▁of ▁the ▁Al aska ▁State ▁Department ▁of ▁Environment al ▁Conserv ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Co ates , ▁Peter ▁A . ▁The ▁Trans - Al aska ▁P ipeline ▁Cont ro vers y . ▁University ▁of ▁Al aska ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁Hay co x , ▁Stephen . ▁Al aska : ▁An ▁American ▁Col ony . ▁University ▁of ▁Washington ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁L ay ne , ▁Elizabeth ▁N . ▁" N om ine es ▁for ▁the ▁American ▁Heritage ▁Society ▁Awards ", ▁American ▁Heritage ▁Magazine . ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁Volume ▁ 2 1 , ▁Issue ▁ 2 . ▁p . 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Associ ated ▁Press . ▁" Two ▁pione ering ▁conservation ists ▁hon ored ", ▁The ▁Pen ins ula ▁Clar ion . ▁August ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Access ed ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Wood ford , ▁R iley . ▁" T ales ▁of ▁pione er ▁conservation ists ", ▁The ▁June au ▁Empire . ▁Access ed ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Category : Environment al ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Al aska ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established |
▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Al aska <0x0A> </s> ▁J od ie ▁R immer ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁New ▁Zealand ▁voice ▁and ▁perform er ▁actress ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁st arring ▁on ▁Young ▁Her cules , ▁as ▁Lil ith . ▁Her ▁work ▁includes ▁X ena : ▁War rior ▁Princess , ▁ ▁Ch ann elling ▁Baby , ▁The ▁St rip , ▁and ▁In ▁My ▁Father ' s ▁Den . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Awards ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁J od ie ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁Performance ▁by ▁an ▁Act ress ▁in ▁a ▁Support ing ▁Ro le ▁category ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Screen ▁Awards ▁for ▁her ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁In ▁My ▁Father ' s ▁Den ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : New ▁Zealand ▁soap ▁opera ▁actress es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁A uck land Category : 2 0 th - century ▁New ▁Zealand ▁actress es ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁New ▁Zealand ▁actress es ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Car mel ▁College , ▁A uck land <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Con n acht ▁Junior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁is ▁a ▁hur ling ▁competition ▁that ▁compr ises ▁the ▁w inners ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁hur ling ▁compet itions ▁from ▁S lig o ▁and ▁Le |
it rim ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Gal way ▁champions ▁who ▁receive ▁a ▁by e ▁to ▁the ▁final . ▁The ▁w inners ▁of ▁this ▁competition ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁All - I reland ▁Junior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁champions ▁of ▁May o ▁and ▁Ros common ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁intermediate ▁grade . ▁▁ ▁The ▁current ▁champions ▁are ▁M ích ael ▁Bre ath nach ' s ▁of ▁Gal way ▁who ▁defeated ▁Na om h ▁E oin ▁of ▁S lig o ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁final . ▁ ▁Rec ent ▁champion ships ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Final s ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mun ster ▁Junior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁ ▁Le in ster ▁Junior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁ ▁Ul ster ▁Junior ▁Club ▁Hur ling ▁Championship ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Bl isk ow ice - N ied b ał ki ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁Ann opol , ▁within ▁Kra ś nik ▁County , ▁Lub lin ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁eastern ▁Poland . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Kra ś nik ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Fab rí cio ▁Ram |
os ▁Mel o ▁( born ▁June ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Á gu ia ▁de ▁Mar ab á . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : P ays and u ▁Sport ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : S ert ão z inho ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Des port iva ▁Cab of ri ense ▁players ▁Category : B urs as por ▁football ers ▁Category : Bo av ista ▁Sport ▁Club ▁players ▁Category : Á gu ia ▁de ▁Mar ab á ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Ass ocia ção ▁Atl ética ▁An ap ol ina ▁players ▁Category : Par ag omin as ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Ind ep end ente ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : T una ▁L uso ▁Brasile ira ▁players ▁Category : Cl ube ▁do ▁Rem o ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Aud un ▁H ult green ▁Welt zien ▁( born ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Norwegian ▁or iente ering ▁compet itor . ▁ ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Ori ente ering ▁Championships ▁in ▁M isk ol c , ▁where ▁he ▁placed |
▁ 1 9 th ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁distance , ▁and ▁participated ▁on ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁relay ▁team . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁silver ▁medal ▁in ▁the ▁relay ▁at ▁the ▁Junior ▁World ▁Ori ente ering ▁Championships . ▁ ▁He ▁represents ▁the ▁club ▁IL ▁T yr ving . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁E yst ein ▁Welt zien ▁and ▁the ▁older ▁brother ▁of ▁Ing unn ▁Welt zien . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁B æ rum ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁male ▁long - distance ▁run ners ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁or iente ers ▁Category : M ale ▁or iente ers ▁Category : Foot ▁or iente ers ▁Category : World ▁Ori ente ering ▁Championships ▁medal ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Tele communic ations ▁in ▁Nic ar agua ▁include ▁radio , ▁television , ▁fixed ▁and ▁mobile ▁tele ph ones , ▁and ▁the ▁Internet . ▁ ▁Radio ▁and ▁television ▁▁ ▁Radio ▁stations : ▁ ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁radio ▁stations , ▁nearly ▁all ▁priv ately ▁owned ; ▁Radio ▁Nic ar agua ▁is ▁government - owned ▁and ▁Radio ▁Sand ino ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁Sand in ista ▁National ▁Liber ation ▁Front ▁( FS L N ) ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁Rad ios : ▁ 1 . 2 4 ▁million ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Television ▁stations : ▁Multiple ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁terrest rial ▁TV ▁networks , |
▁supp lement ed ▁by ▁cable ▁TV ▁in ▁most ▁urban ▁areas ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁ ▁Television ▁sets : ▁ 3 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁ ▁Media ▁restrictions ▁Independent ▁media ▁are ▁active ▁and ▁express ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁views . ▁The ▁government , ▁however , ▁restrict s ▁media ▁freedom ▁through ▁har ass ment , ▁c ensor ship , ▁arbitrary ▁application ▁of ▁lib el ▁laws , ▁and ▁use ▁of ▁national ▁security ▁just ifications . ▁Private ▁individuals ▁also ▁har ass ▁media ▁for ▁critic izing ▁the ▁government . ▁President ▁Or te ga ▁frequently ▁uses ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁allows ▁for ▁government ▁broadcast s ▁of ▁emer gency ▁messages ▁to ▁force ▁national ▁networks ▁either ▁to ▁broadcast ▁his ▁speech es ▁or ▁to ▁ce ase ▁other ▁programming ▁tempor arily ▁during ▁those ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁continues ▁to ▁close ▁opposition ▁radio ▁stations ▁and ▁cancel ▁opposition ▁television ▁programs , ▁alleg edly ▁for ▁political ▁reasons . ▁It ▁also ▁emp lo ys ▁v andal ism , ▁the ▁se iz ure ▁of ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁broadcast ▁equipment , ▁and ▁criminal ▁def am ation ▁charges ▁against ▁media ▁out let ▁own ers ▁or ▁program ▁hosts ▁to ▁limit ▁freedom ▁and ▁divers ity ▁of ▁the ▁press . ▁O pp osition ▁news ▁sources ▁report ▁that ▁generally ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁enter ▁official ▁government ▁events ▁and ▁are ▁denied ▁inter views ▁by ▁government ▁officials . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁Nic ar agu an ▁Association ▁for ▁Human ▁Rights ▁( AN PD H ) ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁Nic ar agu |
an ▁National ▁Police ▁( NN P ) ▁for ci b ly ▁closed ▁Som oto - based ▁Television ▁Channel ▁ 1 3 ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁station ' s ▁reporting ▁on ▁government ▁cor ruption . ▁The ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁station , ▁Juan ▁Carlos ▁P ined a , ▁claimed ▁that ▁N NP ▁officials ▁har ass ed ▁and ▁threatened ▁him ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁forced ▁closure . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁reports ▁of ▁an ▁investigation , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁the ▁station ▁remained ▁closed . ▁ ▁The ▁Communic ations ▁Research ▁Centre ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁( C IN CO ) ▁reported ▁that ▁control ▁over ▁television ▁media ▁by ▁the ▁Sand in ista ▁National ▁Liber ation ▁Front ▁( FS L N ) ▁and ▁President ▁Or te ga ▁strength ened ▁throughout ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁National ▁television ▁was ▁increasing ly ▁either ▁controlled ▁by ▁F SL N ▁supp or ters ▁or ▁directly ▁owned ▁and ▁admin ister ed ▁by ▁President ▁Or te ga ' s ▁family ▁members . ▁E ight ▁of ▁the ▁nine ▁basic ▁channels ▁available ▁were ▁under ▁direct ▁F SL N ▁influence . ▁ ▁In ▁general ▁media ▁out lets ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁president ial ▁family ▁limited ▁programming ▁to ▁pro g overn ment ▁or ▁F SL N ▁propag anda ▁and ▁campaign ▁advert is ements . ▁Press ▁and ▁human ▁rights ▁organizations ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁state ▁funds ▁for ▁official ▁media ▁placed ▁opposition ▁out lets ▁at ▁an ▁unf air ▁dis adv antage . ▁ ▁Some ▁journal ists ▁practice ▁self - c ensor ship , ▁fear ing ▁economic |
▁and ▁physical ▁re per cuss ions ▁for ▁investig ative ▁reporting ▁on ▁crime ▁or ▁official ▁cor ruption . ▁ ▁Tele ph ones ▁▁ ▁Call ing ▁code : ▁+ 5 0 5 ▁ ▁International ▁call ▁prefix : ▁ 0 0 ▁ ▁Main ▁lines : ▁ 3 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁lines ▁in ▁use , ▁ 1 1 2 th ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Mobile ▁cell ular : ▁ 5 . 3 ▁million ▁lines , ▁ 1 0 8 th ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Tele phone ▁system : ▁System ▁being ▁upgrad ed ▁by ▁foreign ▁invest ment ; ▁nearly ▁all ▁installed ▁tele communic ations ▁capacity ▁now ▁uses ▁digital ▁technology , ▁ow ing ▁to ▁invest ments ▁since ▁priv at ization ▁of ▁the ▁formerly ▁state - owned ▁tele communic ations ▁company ; ▁since ▁priv at ization , ▁access ▁to ▁fixed - line ▁and ▁mobile - cell ular ▁services ▁has ▁improved ; ▁fixed - line ▁te led ens ity ▁roughly ▁ 5 ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 ▁persons ; ▁mobile - cell ular ▁tele phone ▁subscri bers hip ▁has ▁increased ▁to ▁roughly ▁ 8 5 ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 ▁persons ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Sat ellite ▁earth ▁stations : ▁ 1 ▁In ters put nik ▁( At l antic ▁Ocean ▁region ) ▁and ▁ 1 ▁Int els at ▁( At l antic ▁Ocean ) ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Communic ations ▁c ables : ▁ ▁Amer icas ▁Region ▁Car ib |
bean ▁Ring ▁System ▁( AR CO S - 1 ) ▁fi ber ▁opt ic ▁sub marine ▁cable ▁provides ▁connect ivity ▁to ▁South ▁and ▁Central ▁America , ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁ ▁Internet ▁▁ ▁Top - level ▁domain : ▁. ni ▁ ▁Internet ▁users : ▁ 7 7 3 , 2 4 0 ▁users , ▁ 1 2 1 st ▁in ▁the ▁world ; ▁ 1 3 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁ 1 5 9 th ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁F ixed ▁broad band : ▁ 9 5 , 0 2 3 ▁subscri ptions , ▁ 1 0 2 nd ▁in ▁the ▁world ; ▁ 1 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁ 1 3 1 st ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁W ire less ▁broad band : ▁ 5 8 , 3 6 5 ▁subscri ptions , ▁ 1 2 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁world ; ▁ 1 . 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population , ▁ 1 3 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Internet ▁hosts : ▁ 2 9 6 , 0 6 8 ▁hosts , ▁ 6 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁IP v 4 : ▁ 3 6 9 , 4 0 8 ▁addresses ▁allocated , ▁less ▁than ▁ 0 . 0 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁total , ▁ |
6 4 . 5 ▁addresses ▁per ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁people ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Internet ▁Service ▁Pro viders : ▁ 5 ▁I SP s ▁( 1 9 9 9 ); ▁cable ▁internet ▁in ▁w ides p read ▁use ; ▁D SL ▁and ▁W AP ▁available ▁in ▁major ▁cities . ▁ ▁Internet ▁c ensor ship ▁and ▁surve ill ance ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁government ▁restrictions ▁on ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Internet ▁or ▁Internet ▁chat ▁rooms ; ▁however , ▁several ▁N GO s ▁claim ▁the ▁government ▁mon itors ▁their ▁e - mail . ▁Ind ividual s ▁and ▁groups ▁eng age ▁in ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁views ▁via ▁the ▁Internet , ▁including ▁by ▁e - mail ▁and ▁social ▁media . ▁ ▁The ▁constitution ▁provides ▁for ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech ▁and ▁press , ▁but ▁the ▁government ▁used ▁administrative , ▁jud icial , ▁and ▁financial ▁means ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁exercise ▁of ▁these ▁rights . ▁Although ▁the ▁law ▁provides ▁that ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁information ▁cannot ▁be ▁subject ed ▁to ▁c ensor ship , ▁it ▁also ▁establish es ▁retro active ▁li ability , ▁including ▁criminal ▁pen alt ies ▁for ▁lib el ▁and ▁s land er . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁municipal ▁elections , ▁a ▁popular ▁Web ▁site ▁that ▁allowed ▁vot ers ▁to ▁register ▁compla ints ▁or ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁election ▁fra ud ▁was ▁apparently ▁hack ed ▁on ▁several ▁occasions ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁shut ▁for ▁significant ▁port ions ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁C ertain ▁N GO s ▁claimed ▁the ▁Web ▁site ▁was ▁tam per |
ed ▁with ▁to ▁prevent ▁dis sem ination ▁of ▁vot er ▁compla ints . ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁there ▁were ▁several ▁reported ▁cases ▁of ▁thre ats ▁and ▁violence ▁against ▁the ▁press . ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 1 , ▁the ▁sp okes man ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Justice ▁public ly ▁accused ▁the ▁online ▁news week ly ▁Conf ident ial ▁of ▁being ▁fin anced ▁by ▁n arc ot ics ▁tra ff ick ing ▁organizations , ▁an ▁alleg ation ▁rights ▁groups ▁said ▁was ▁polit ically ▁motiv ated . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Media ▁of ▁Nic ar agua ▁ ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Engineering ▁( N ic ar agua ), ▁registr ar ▁for ▁the ▁. ni ▁domain . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁N IC . ni , ▁registr ar ▁for ▁the ▁. ni ▁domain ▁. ▁▁▁ ▁Nic ar agua ▁Nic ar agua ▁Nic ar agua <0x0A> </s> ▁Maryland ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁United ▁States . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Census , ▁Maryland ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁most ▁popul ous ▁state ▁with ▁ ▁inhabitants ▁and ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁smallest ▁by ▁land ▁area ▁sp anning ▁ ▁of ▁land . ▁The ▁state ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 2 3 ▁count ies ▁and ▁contains ▁ 1 5 7 ▁incorpor ated ▁municipal ities ▁consisting ▁of ▁cities , ▁towns , ▁or ▁villages . ▁Its ▁municipal ities ▁cover ▁only ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁state ' s ▁land ▁mass ▁but ▁are ▁home ▁to ▁ ▁of ▁its ▁population . ▁As ▁Maryland ▁does ▁not |
▁have ▁minor ▁civil ▁divisions ▁such ▁as ▁town ships , ▁areas ▁outside ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁have ▁no ▁government ▁below ▁the ▁county ▁level . ▁▁ ▁In cor por ated ▁places ▁in ▁Maryland — except ▁Baltimore , ▁which ▁was ▁char tered ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁Constitution — are ▁self - g over ning ▁municipal ities ▁char tered ▁as ▁cities , ▁towns , ▁or ▁villages ▁by ▁an ▁Act ▁of ▁the ▁Maryland ▁General ▁Assembly ▁or , ▁in ▁some ▁cases , ▁by ▁a ▁refer endum . ▁Municipal ities ▁are ▁the ▁lowest ▁tier ▁administrative ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁state , ▁and ▁all ▁except ▁Baltimore ▁are ▁also ▁subject ▁to ▁county ▁administration . ▁Despite ▁the ▁design ations ▁of ▁city , ▁town , ▁or ▁village , ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁differences ▁in ▁municipal ▁power ▁and ▁authority . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁official ▁classification ▁of ▁municipal ▁govern ments ▁and ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁are ▁equal ▁under ▁state ▁law . ▁The ▁municipal ities ▁themselves ▁decide ▁whether ▁to ▁avail ▁themselves ▁of ▁the ▁specific ▁powers ▁con ferred ▁on ▁them ▁by ▁the ▁Maryland ▁Constitution ▁and ▁state ▁code . ▁Since ▁its ▁separation ▁from ▁Baltimore ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 1 , ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Baltimore ▁functions ▁more ▁as ▁a ▁county ▁than ▁a ▁city ▁under ▁state ▁law ▁since ▁it ▁exer cis es ▁char ter ▁home ▁rule , ▁which ▁emp ow ers ▁the ▁city ▁with ▁broad ▁legisl ative ▁authority ▁similar ▁to ▁Maryland ' s ▁six ▁home ▁rule ▁count ies . ▁ ▁The ▁largest ▁municipality ▁by ▁population ▁in ▁Maryland ▁is ▁Baltimore , ▁an ▁independent ▁city , ▁with ▁ 6 2 0 , 9 6 1 ▁residents |
, ▁and ▁the ▁smallest ▁municipality ▁by ▁population ▁is ▁Port ▁Tob acco ▁Village ▁with ▁ 1 3 ▁residents . ▁The ▁largest ▁municipality ▁by ▁land ▁area ▁is ▁also ▁Baltimore , ▁which ▁sp ans ▁, ▁while ▁Brook view ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁at ▁. ▁Many ▁of ▁Maryland ' s ▁largest ▁population ▁cent ers ▁( such ▁as ▁Columbia , ▁Germ ant own , ▁Silver ▁Spring , ▁Wald orf , ▁Glen ▁Burn ie , ▁El lic ott ▁City , ▁D und alk ▁and ▁Beth es da ) ▁are ▁un in cor por ated ▁census ▁designated ▁places . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Local ▁government : ▁Municipal ities . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Maryland ▁Man ual ▁On - Line . ▁State ▁of ▁Maryland ▁Archives . ▁Retrieved ▁on ▁August ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁Maryland ▁Category : M ary land ▁ge ography - related ▁lists ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M ob ▁R ules ▁Tour , ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁rock ▁group ▁Black ▁S abb ath , ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁in ▁Quebec ▁City ▁and ▁ended ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁Hoff man ▁Est ates , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁Background ▁A ▁cross ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁stage ▁production . ▁ ▁" The ▁album ▁is ▁more ▁rock ier ▁than ▁we ' ve ▁done ▁before ," ▁observed ▁guitar ist ▁Tony ▁I om mi , ▁" and ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁far ▁more ▁u pt em po |
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