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▁Singapore ▁Airlines ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 7 7 - 3 0 0 ER ▁Business ▁Class ▁and ▁the ▁Air bus ▁A 3 8 0 ▁whose ▁ma iden ▁commercial ▁voyage ▁to ▁Sydney ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁spons or ship ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁by ▁Singapore ▁Airlines , ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Girl ▁has ▁appeared ▁as ▁grid ▁girls ▁on ▁the ▁starting ▁grid . ▁ ▁Rec ruit ment ▁ ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁efforts ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁the ▁" Sing ap ore ▁Girl ", ▁the ▁air line ▁runs ▁a ▁rig orous ▁training ▁program ▁for ▁cabin ▁and ▁flight ▁crew . ▁The ▁air line ' s ▁re put e , ▁and ▁the ▁resulting ▁prest ige ▁of ▁the ▁job ▁has ▁allowed ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁highly ▁select ive ▁during ▁its ▁rec ruit ment ▁process ▁as ▁it ▁receives ▁numerous ▁applications ▁locally ▁and ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁region . ▁Singapore ▁Airlines ▁used ▁to ▁rec ruit ▁only ▁Singapore ans ▁and ▁Malays ians ▁as ▁cabin ▁crew , ▁but ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁its ▁global ▁expansion , ▁rec ruit ment ▁extended ▁to ▁other ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁China , ▁India , ▁Indones ia , ▁Japan , ▁Korea ▁and ▁Taiwan ▁to ▁minim ise ▁language ▁bar riers ▁between ▁cabin ▁crew ▁and ▁trav ellers ▁and ▁to ▁maintain ▁its ▁ess ence ▁as ▁an ▁Asian ▁car rier . ▁ ▁A ▁training ▁batch ▁typically ▁consists ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁cabin ▁crew ▁tra ine es , ▁and ▁the ▁training ▁sp ans ▁three - and - a - |
half ▁months . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁strict ▁rules ▁and ▁reg ulations ▁for ▁the ▁crew ▁include : ▁ ▁Height ▁requirement ▁of ▁ 1 . 6 5 ▁m ▁for ▁male ▁crew ▁and ▁ 1 . 5 8 ▁m ▁for ▁female ▁crew , ▁to ▁ensure ▁cabin ▁crew ▁are ▁tall ▁enough ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁heavy ▁overhead ▁compart ments ▁in ▁the ▁cabin . ▁ ▁The ▁air line ▁requires ▁flight ▁attend ants ▁to ▁colour ▁their ▁hair ▁black ▁or ▁dark ▁brown . ▁Fl ight ▁attend ants ▁cannot ▁use ▁highlight s . ▁ ▁Fl ight ▁attend ants ▁with ▁long ▁hair ▁are ▁to ▁co il ▁it ▁into ▁b uns ▁or ▁French ▁tw ists . ▁ ▁Male ▁flight ▁attend ants ▁are ▁to ▁sport ▁short ▁hair ▁above ▁their ▁col lar ▁lines ▁and ▁side burn s ▁no ▁longer ▁than ▁the ▁ear ▁lo bes . ▁Fr ing es ▁cannot ▁touch ▁their ▁e y eb rows . ▁E y eb rows ▁must ▁be ▁sh aped , ▁and ▁cannot ▁be ▁fake , ▁be ▁it ▁drawn - on ▁or ▁t atto o ed . ▁ ▁E ye ▁shadow ▁must ▁be ▁of ▁the ▁colour ▁pres cribed ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁– ▁either ▁blue ▁or ▁brown , ▁depending ▁on ▁skin ▁tone . ▁No ▁f anc iful , ▁d ang ling ▁ear r ings ▁allowed ; ▁only ▁stud s ▁or ▁p ear ls . ▁ ▁Lip st ick ▁colour ▁must ▁be ▁among ▁the ▁few ▁sh ades ▁of ▁bright ▁red ▁pres cribed ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁P ink ▁or ▁pl um ▁sh ades ▁are ▁forb idden . ▁No ▁ch ains ▁and ▁neck laces ▁allowed |
. ▁ ▁Only ▁simple ▁bra ce lets ▁and ▁rings ▁can ▁be ▁worn . ▁Only ▁small ▁and ▁simple ▁watch es ▁can ▁be ▁worn . ▁A ▁spare ▁k eb aya ▁must ▁be ▁brought ▁for ▁every ▁flight , ▁including ▁short , ▁one - hour ▁fl ights . ▁N ail ▁pol ish ▁must ▁be ▁of ▁the ▁bright ▁red ▁colour ▁pres cribed ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁N ails ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁ch ipped . ▁To en ails ▁must ▁be ▁of ▁the ▁bright ▁red ▁colour ▁pres cribed ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁If ▁toen ails ▁are ▁un p aint ed , ▁stock ings ▁must ▁be ▁worn ▁as ▁a ▁substitute . ▁Saf ety ▁sho es ▁or ▁covered ▁sand als ▁must ▁be ▁worn ▁during ▁take - off ▁and ▁landing . ▁At ▁other ▁times , ▁flight ▁attend ants ▁should ▁wear ▁their ▁bat ik ▁sli ppers . ▁ ▁Un iform ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁K eb aya ▁colours ▁that ▁represent ▁the ▁ranking ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Girls : ▁Blue ▁– ▁" F light ▁Ste ward ess " ▁Green ▁– ▁" L ead ing ▁Ste ward ess " ▁Red ▁– ▁" Ch ief ▁Ste ward ess " ▁Burg und y ▁– ▁" In - F light ▁Super visor " ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁uniform ▁of ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Girl ▁has ▁remained ▁largely ▁un changed , ▁the ▁uniform ▁for ▁male ▁cabin ▁crew ▁was ▁updated ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁All ▁male ▁cabin ▁crew ▁wear ▁the ▁same , ▁distinct ive ▁n avy ▁blue ▁su its ▁to ▁complement ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Girl ' s ▁c ob |
alt ▁blue ▁k eb aya , ▁their ▁ranks ▁differenti ated ▁by ▁the ▁colours ▁of ▁their ▁t ies . ▁ ▁The ▁four ▁tie ▁colours ▁that ▁distinguish ▁male ▁cabin ▁crew : ▁Blue ▁St ri pes ▁– ▁" F light ▁Ste ward " ▁Green ▁St ri pes ▁– ▁" L ead ing ▁Ste ward " ▁Red ▁St ri pes ▁– ▁" Ch ief ▁Ste ward " ▁Pur ple ▁St ri pes ▁– ▁" In - F light ▁Super visor " ▁ ▁This ▁update ▁rep laces ▁the ▁previous ▁uniform ▁of ▁business ▁jack ets ▁and ▁grey ▁tr ous ers , ▁with ▁jack ets ▁distingu ishing ▁their ▁ranks : ▁ ▁Light ▁Blue ▁– ▁" F light ▁Ste ward " ▁Sky ▁Blue ▁– ▁" L ead ing ▁Ste ward " ▁Navy ▁Blue ▁– ▁" Ch ief ▁Ste ward " ▁Grey ▁– ▁" In - F light ▁Super visor " ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁sho es ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Bal main - des igned ▁safety ▁sho es , ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁safety ▁reviews ▁after ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Airlines ▁Fl ight ▁ 0 0 6 ▁crash ▁where ▁flight ▁attend ants ▁compla ined ▁of ▁missing ▁sand als . ▁ ▁Crit ic isms ▁The ▁Singapore ▁Girl ▁market ing ▁concept ▁has ▁been ▁critic ized ▁as ▁being ▁sex ist ▁– ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁in ac cur acy ▁of ▁the ▁term ▁Girl , ▁the ▁concept ▁has ▁been ▁accused ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁s tere ot ype ▁of ▁Asian ▁women ▁as ▁being ▁sub serv ient . ▁However , ▁the ▁market ing ▁concept ▁is |
▁unlikely ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁altogether ▁in ▁any ▁future ▁market ing ▁campaign s : ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁New ▁York - based ▁advert ising ▁agent ▁T B WA ▁World wide ▁beat ▁two ▁other ▁short - list ed ▁candidates , ▁D DB ▁World wide ▁and ▁Public is , ▁to ▁become ▁S IA ' s ▁new ▁principal ▁advert ising ▁ag ency . ▁The ▁contract ▁is ▁worth ▁S $ 5 0 ▁million ▁per ▁year ▁over ▁the ▁following ▁five ▁years , ▁making ▁it ▁T B WA ' s ▁largest ▁win ▁since ▁it ▁started ▁operations ▁in ▁Asia ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁change ▁does ▁not ▁affect ▁S IA ' s ▁bu ying ▁media ▁ag ency , ▁which ▁is ▁presently ▁M EC . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁car rier ' s ▁brand ing ▁strategy ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁times , ▁S IA ▁has ▁promised ▁to ▁retain ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Girl ▁and ▁her ▁traditional ▁uniform . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Singapore ▁Girls , ▁Audio ▁report age ▁by ▁Jay ne ▁Clark ▁of ▁USA ▁Today ▁in ▁Flash ▁format . ▁ ▁Category : Sing ap ore an ▁br ands ▁Category : Sing ap ore ▁Airlines ▁Category : A ir line ▁services ▁Category : Work s ▁about ▁flight ▁attend ants <0x0A> </s> ▁First ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ , ▁Scient ist ▁was ▁a ▁Pra irie ▁School ▁church ▁building ▁located ▁at ▁ 4 1 2 ▁West ▁Main ▁Street , ▁in ▁Marshall town , ▁Iowa , ▁United ▁States . ▁Design ed |
▁by ▁architect , ▁Hugh ▁M . G . ▁Garden , ▁it ▁was ▁once ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places , ▁but ▁was ▁bul ld oz ed ▁in ▁August , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Register . ▁ ▁National ▁register ▁listing ▁First ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ , ▁Scient ist ▁** ▁( added ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁- ▁Building ▁- ▁# 7 9 0 0 0 9 1 5 ) ▁ 4 1 2 ▁W . ▁Main ▁St ., ▁Marshall town ▁Historic ▁Sign ific ance : ▁ <0x09> Arch itecture / Engine ering ▁Arch itect , ▁builder , ▁or ▁engineer : ▁ <0x09> G arden , ▁Hugh ▁M . G . ▁Arch itect ural ▁Style : ▁ <0x09> P ra irie ▁School ▁Area ▁of ▁Sign ific ance : ▁ <0x09> Arch itecture ▁Period ▁of ▁Sign ific ance : ▁ <0x09> 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 2 4 ▁O wner : ▁ <0x09> Private ▁Historic ▁Function : ▁ <0x09> Rel ig ion ▁Historic ▁Sub - function : ▁ <0x09> Rel ig ious ▁Str ucture ▁Current ▁Function : ▁ <0x09> Rel ig ion ▁Current ▁Sub - function : ▁ <0x09> Rel ig ious ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Register ed ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Iowa ▁List ▁of ▁former ▁Christian ▁Science ▁churches , ▁soci eties ▁and ▁buildings ▁First ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ , ▁Scient ist ▁( disambiguation ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁list ings ▁for ▁Marshall ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁ ▁National |
▁Register ▁Week ly ▁List , ▁ 5 / 2 2 / 9 8 ▁ ▁Pra irie ▁School ▁Tra vel er ▁ ▁Book ▁on ▁Christian ▁Science ▁Church es ▁Hugh ▁Garden ▁ ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁search : ▁put ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁this ▁article ▁to ▁pull ▁up ▁hold ings ▁with ▁ 2 ▁images ▁ ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Christian ▁Science ▁church ▁buildings ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Marshall town , ▁Iowa ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Marshall ▁County , ▁Iowa ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : Form er ▁Christian ▁Science ▁churches , ▁soci eties ▁and ▁buildings ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : D em ol ished ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Form er ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : D em ol ished ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Iowa ▁Category : Form er ▁churches ▁in ▁Iowa <0x0A> </s> ▁German ▁sub marine ▁U - 9 9 1 ▁was ▁a ▁Type ▁VII C ▁U - bo at ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany ' s ▁Kriegs marine ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁ ▁The ▁U - 9 9 1 ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Blo hm ▁& ▁V oss ▁yard ▁in ▁Hamburg , ▁Germany . ▁She ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ |
8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁commission ed ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Ober le ut nant ▁zur ▁See ▁Kurt ▁Hil big , ▁who ▁was ▁replaced ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁by ▁Ober le ut nant ▁zur ▁See ▁Karl - He in z ▁Stein met z . ▁Her ▁U - bo at ▁em blem ▁was ▁ 1 3 ▁and ▁Clo ver . ▁ ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁completed , ▁the ▁sub marine ▁was ▁ ▁long , ▁with ▁a ▁beam ▁of ▁, ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁. ▁She ▁was ▁ass essed ▁at ▁ ▁sub mer ged . ▁The ▁sub marine ▁was ▁power ed ▁by ▁two ▁Germania wer ft ▁F 4 6 ▁four - stroke , ▁six - cy l inder ▁super charg ed ▁dies el ▁engines ▁producing ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁for ▁use ▁while ▁sur fac ed ▁and ▁two ▁BBC ▁G G ▁U B ▁ 7 2 0 / 8 ▁double - act ing ▁electric ▁mot ors ▁producing ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁for ▁use ▁while ▁sub mer ged . ▁She ▁had ▁two ▁sh aft s ▁and ▁two ▁ ▁prop ellers . ▁The ▁sub marine ▁was ▁capable ▁of ▁operating ▁at ▁depth s ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁, ▁had ▁a ▁maximum ▁surface ▁speed ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁sub mer ged ▁speed ▁of ▁. When ▁sub mer ged , ▁the ▁U - bo at ▁could ▁operate ▁for ▁ ▁at ▁ ▁and ▁when ▁sur fac ed , ▁she ▁could |
▁travel ▁ ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁The ▁sub marine ▁was ▁fitted ▁with ▁five ▁ ▁tor ped o ▁tub es ▁( four ▁fitted ▁at ▁the ▁bow ▁and ▁one ▁at ▁the ▁stern ), ▁four teen ▁tor ped o es , ▁one ▁ ▁deck ▁gun ▁( 2 2 0 ▁r ounds ) ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁F lak ▁M 4 2 ▁anti - air craft ▁gun . ▁The ▁boat ▁had ▁a ▁complement ▁of ▁ 4 4 ▁to ▁ 5 7 ▁men . ▁ ▁Service ▁history ▁U - 9 9 1 ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁Training ▁ship ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁U - bo at ▁Fl ot illa ▁from ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 2 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁where ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁trained ▁and ▁tested ▁at ▁the ▁individual ▁commands ▁( U AK , ▁TE K , ▁A GR U - Front , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁part ▁of ▁Aus bild ungs fl ott ill en ▁( 2 6 th ▁U - bo at ▁Fl ot illa , ▁ 2 7 ▁U - fl ot illa , ▁etc .) ▁for ▁remaining ▁works ▁and ▁equipment , ▁before ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁U - bo at ▁Fl ot illa ▁for ▁active ▁service ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Pat rol s ▁And ▁Inc idents ▁ ▁During ▁her ▁active ▁service , ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁made ▁ 3 ▁pat rol s . ▁She ▁left ▁Mar v iken ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March |
▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁for ▁her ▁first ▁pat rol ▁and ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁between ▁Ireland ▁and ▁New found land . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁at ▁ 3 . 5 1 am , ▁North ▁West ▁of ▁Cape ▁Fin ister re , ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁a ▁British ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁B Z 9 4 5 ▁( 5 3 ▁S q dn ▁R AF / O , ▁pilot ▁F / L ▁L . M . ▁Bur ton ). ▁The ▁B - 2 4 ▁st raf ed ▁the ▁boat ▁in ▁a ▁Le igh ▁Light ▁attack ▁and ▁dropped ▁two ▁depth ▁charges ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁bomb ▁on ▁the ▁sub marine , ▁which ▁fell ▁wide , ▁causing ▁no ▁damage . ▁The ▁plane ▁however ▁wasn ' t ▁so ▁luck y ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁fla k ▁during ▁the ▁approach , ▁which ▁set ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁engines ▁on ▁fire . ▁The ▁plane ▁crash ed ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁and ▁expl oded ▁on ▁impact ▁appro x . ▁ 6 0 0 m ▁( 6 5 6 ▁y ds ) ▁from ▁the ▁sub marine , ▁all ▁ 1 1 ▁air cre w ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁crash . ▁The ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁arrived ▁in ▁Lor ient ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁without ▁further ▁incident , ▁after ▁a ▁pat rol ▁of ▁ 3 1 ▁days . ▁ ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁left ▁Lor ient ▁for ▁her ▁second ▁pat rol |
▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean , ▁but ▁she ▁stayed ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁coast . ▁She ▁arrived ▁in ▁Br est ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁after ▁a ▁pat rol ▁of ▁ 9 ▁days . ▁ ▁The ▁sub marine ▁left ▁Br est ▁for ▁her ▁third ▁and ▁last ▁pat rol ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁commander , ▁Ober le ut nant ▁zur ▁See ▁Karl - He in z ▁Stein met z . ▁The ▁sub marine ▁was ▁also ▁fitted ▁with ▁a ▁Sch nor ch el ▁under water - bre ath ing ▁appar atus ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁She ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁and ▁sa iled ▁West ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Ireland ▁and ▁North ▁of ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands . ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁a ▁crew ▁member ▁died ▁of ▁j au nd ice ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic . ▁The ▁sub marine ▁arrived ▁Ber gen ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁after ▁a ▁pat rol ▁of ▁ 3 3 ▁days . ▁In ▁total , ▁U 9 9 3 ▁spend ▁ 7 6 ▁days ▁at ▁sea . ▁ ▁S inking ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁was ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁Lak se va ag ▁ship yard ▁at ▁Ber gen , ▁Norway . ▁At ▁ 9 . |
3 0 am , ▁ 4 7 ▁Lanc aster ▁Bom ber ▁and ▁ 9 3 ▁Hal if ax ▁bom ber ▁of ▁ 6 ▁RC AF ▁and ▁ 8 ▁R AF ▁Group ▁threw ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 6 0 3 ▁bomb s ▁which ▁each ▁weight ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁pounds ▁on ▁the ▁port ▁of ▁Ber gen . ▁Seven ▁bomb s ▁hit ▁the ▁sub marine ▁b unker , ▁but ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁thick ▁rein for ced ▁concrete ▁sl abs ▁resulted ▁in ▁almost ▁no ▁damage . ▁Only ▁the ▁elect rical ▁w iring ▁was ▁destroyed ▁and ▁the ▁repair ▁yards ▁were ▁sever ely ▁dam aged . ▁ ▁However , ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁and ▁ ▁both ▁caps ized ▁and ▁s ank ▁in ▁a ▁floating ▁dock ▁outside ▁the ▁b unker ▁and ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁were ▁so ▁badly ▁dam aged ▁that ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁de comm ission ed . ▁Tw enty ▁of ▁the ▁Al lied ▁mach in ery ▁had ▁received ▁specific ▁objective ▁instructions ▁for ▁dam aging ▁and / or ▁destroy ing ▁un protected ▁sub mar ines ▁in ▁the ▁port . ▁One ▁man ▁died ▁on ▁U - 9 9 3 ▁and ▁another ▁man ▁died ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁of ▁his ▁inj uries ; ▁the ▁surv iv or ▁count ▁is ▁unknown . ▁The ▁sub marine ▁was ▁later ▁salv aged ▁and ▁de comm ission ed . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁sub marine ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁British ▁forces ▁and ▁broken ▁up . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : G erman ▁Type ▁VII |
C ▁sub mar ines ▁Category : U - bo ats ▁commission ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁sub mar ines ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Hamburg ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁ships ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁Category : Sh ip w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean <0x0A> </s> ▁School ▁of ▁Bolog na ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁The ▁Bolog n ese ▁School ▁or ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Bolog na ▁of ▁painting ▁fl our ished ▁in ▁Bolog na , ▁the ▁capital ▁of ▁Em ilia ▁Rom agna , ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries ▁in ▁Italy ▁The ▁Bolog na ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁historical ▁school ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁history , ▁special izing ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council . <0x0A> </s> ▁D end roph ilia ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ge le chi idae . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁Russia , ▁Korea , ▁Japan , ▁China , ▁Taiwan , ▁India ▁and ▁Indones ia ▁( Java ). ▁ ▁Species ▁Sub gen us ▁D end roph ilia ▁D end roph ilia ▁ac ris ▁Park , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁D end roph ilia ▁al bid ella ▁( S n ellen , ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁car agan ella ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁D end roph ilia ▁fu j ian ensis ▁H . H |
. ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁grand im ac ular is ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁hen an ensis ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁h eta er opsis ▁( M ey rick , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁leg umin ella ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁D end roph ilia ▁medio fas ci ana ▁( P ark , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁ne ot ap hr on oma ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁(= D end roph ilia ▁obsc ure lla ▁Park , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁sa x ig era ▁Mey rick , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁D end roph ilia ▁sol itar ia ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁D end roph ilia ▁sop hora ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁st ic to cos ma ▁( M ey rick , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁tap hr on oma ▁( M ey rick , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) |
▁D end roph ilia ▁t et rag ama ▁( M ey rick , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁D end roph ilia ▁un icol or ella ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁D end roph ilia ▁y if eng ensis ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁y uan ji ang ensis ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁y ue xi ensis ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁D end roph ilia ▁y ush an ica ▁H . H . ▁Li ▁& ▁Z . M . ▁Zh eng , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Sub gen us ▁Micro d end roph ilia ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁D end roph ilia ▁pet rin opsis ▁( M ey rick , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁, ▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁A ▁system atic ▁study ▁on ▁the ▁genus ▁D end roph ilia ▁P onom aren ko , ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁from ▁China ▁( L ep id optera : ▁Ge le chi idae ). ▁Sh il ap ▁Rev ista ▁de ▁Le pid opter ologia ▁ 2 6 ▁( 1 0 2 ): ▁ 1 0 1 - 1 1 1 . ▁ ▁Category : Ch |
el ari ini ▁Category : D end roph ilia ▁( m oth ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁is ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁located ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁The ▁L ighth ouse ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁social ▁service ▁ag encies ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁Among ▁the ▁many ▁programs ▁it ▁offers ▁are ▁a ▁school ▁for ▁children ▁with ▁multi - dis abilities ; ▁job ▁training ▁and ▁pla cement ; ▁a ▁low ▁vision ▁clin ic ; ▁and ▁a ▁manufact uring ▁facility ▁that ▁bo asts ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁sole ▁contract ▁to ▁supply ▁clock s ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁government . ▁The ▁L ighth ouse ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁compreh ensive ▁ag ency ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁in ▁the ▁Mid west ▁and ▁a ▁model ▁ag ency ▁nation ally . ▁ ▁During ▁its ▁existence , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁has ▁improved ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁life ▁for ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁blind ▁or ▁vis ually ▁imp a ired ▁and ▁has ▁provided ▁opportun ities ▁toward ▁increased ▁independent ▁living . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁blind ▁and ▁sight ed ▁women ▁volunte ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁and ▁was ▁called ▁the ▁" Im prov ement ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind ." ▁Its ▁found ing ▁purpose ▁was ▁to ▁integrate ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁blind ▁into ▁society ▁and ▁to ▁provide ▁basic ▁care . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁trained ▁and ▁placed ▁ 4 6 ▁people , ▁both ▁men |
▁and ▁women , ▁who ▁were ▁blind ▁or ▁vis ually ▁imp a ired ▁in ▁compet itive ▁work . ▁Job ▁opportun ities ▁included ▁craft ing ▁coff in ▁handles ▁and ▁edges , ▁assemb ling ▁various ▁products ▁such ▁as ▁elect rical ▁w ires ▁for ▁Ed ison ▁App liance ▁Company , ▁and ▁hand ▁we aving ▁b ask ets , ▁which ▁were ▁later ▁to ▁be ▁sold ▁as ▁gift ▁items ▁in ▁the ▁sh ops ▁and ▁hol iday ▁catalog s ▁of ▁Marshall ▁Field ' s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ' s ▁original ▁name , ▁" Im prov ement ▁Association ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind ," ▁is ▁changed ▁to ▁" The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁hosted ▁a ▁dedic ation ▁ceremony ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁at ▁which ▁Helen ▁K eller ▁was ▁the ▁ke yn ote ▁speaker . ▁Helen ▁K eller ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁visitor ▁to ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ' s ▁annual ▁d inners ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Low ▁V ision ▁C lin ic ▁– ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁in ▁the ▁Mid west ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁– ▁was ▁formally ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁involving ▁both ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Opt ometric ▁Association ▁and ▁the ▁Chicago ▁O ph th alm ological ▁Society , ▁to ▁provide ▁low ▁vision ▁services ▁for ▁people ▁whose ▁vision ▁cannot |
▁be ▁improved ▁with ▁standard ▁correct ive ▁l enses . ▁ ▁The ▁ag ency ▁officially ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁" The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind " ▁to ▁" The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁for ▁People ▁Who ▁Are ▁Bl ind ▁or ▁Vis ually ▁Imp a ired " ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁organization ▁short ened ▁its ▁official ▁name ▁to ▁simply ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse . ▁ ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Indust ries ▁and ▁China ▁ ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Indust ries ▁is ▁a ▁manufact uring ▁facility ▁that ▁emp lo ys ▁people ▁who ▁are ▁blind ▁or ▁vis ually ▁imp a ired . ▁It ▁has ▁grown ▁from ▁a ▁work shop ▁environment ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁to ▁a ▁professional ▁manufact urer ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁three ▁dec enn ia . ▁ ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁to ▁produce ▁wall ▁clock s . ▁A ▁year ▁later , ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Indust ries ▁was ▁officially ▁initi ated . ▁The ▁wall ▁clock s ▁are ▁sold ▁to ▁several ▁depart ments ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government , ▁including ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Def ense , ▁and ▁to ▁and ▁through ▁various ▁commercial ▁entities . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁page ▁of ▁The ▁Wall ▁Street ▁Journal . ▁The ▁article ▁by ▁Michael ▁J . ▁Mc Car thy ▁covered ▁how ▁the ▁L ighth |
ouse ▁Indust ries ▁was ▁cop ing ▁with ▁competition ▁from ▁foreign ▁countries ▁like ▁China . ▁ ▁" The ▁clock ▁is ▁tick ing ▁for ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ," ▁writes ▁Mc Car thy , ▁" which ▁faces ▁heavy ▁new ▁competition ▁from ▁China . ▁In ▁the ▁past ▁four ▁years , ▁U . S . ▁imports ▁of ▁wall ▁clock s ▁-- ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁from ▁China ▁-- ▁have ▁increased ▁by ▁ 2 4 %, ▁total ing ▁$ 1 2 1 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ." ▁ ▁However , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁President ▁Ro ose vel t ▁signed ▁the ▁Wagner - O ' Day ▁Act ▁which ▁directed ▁the ▁government ▁to ▁purchase ▁products ▁manufact ured ▁by ▁blind ▁Americans . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Senator ▁Jacob ▁J av its ▁introduced ▁legisl ation ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁J av its – W agner – O ' Day ▁Act , ▁extending ▁the ▁act ▁to ▁sever ely ▁hand ic apped ▁individuals . ▁For ▁a ▁long ▁time , ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁had ▁a ▁lock ▁on ▁the ▁wall ▁clock ▁business . ▁Today , ▁not ▁every ▁government ▁bu yer ▁is ▁aware ▁of ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ' s ▁fav ored ▁status ▁as ▁a ▁manufact urer , ▁because ▁the ▁government ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁de cade ▁ago ▁decent ral ized ▁bu ying ▁and ▁encourag ed ▁individual ▁depart ments ▁to ▁seek ▁b arg ains . ▁ ▁" But ▁China ▁isn ' t ▁clean ing ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ' s ▁clock ▁just ▁yet ," ▁adds ▁Mc Car |
thy . ▁" The ▁company ' s ▁sales ▁have ▁actually ▁cre pt ▁up ▁a ▁bit ▁in ▁recent ▁years ▁amid ▁a ▁push ▁to ▁make ▁its ▁clock s ▁available ▁to ▁corpor ations ▁and ▁the ▁general ▁public ." ▁ ▁The ▁issue ▁has ▁since ▁raised ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁former ▁Senator ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama , ▁who ▁visited ▁The ▁L ighth ouse ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Congress man ▁D anny ▁Davis ▁rem ind ed ▁officials ▁on ▁the ▁House ▁F loor ▁in ▁Washington ▁to ▁purchase ▁from ▁the ▁L ighth ouse ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁remarks : ▁ ▁" We ▁are ▁always ▁looking ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁cost - efficient ▁way ▁of ▁doing ▁business . ▁We ▁also ▁better ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁our ▁people ▁and ▁we ▁better ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁our ▁community ▁to ▁provide ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁blind ▁people ▁to ▁work , ▁to ▁have ▁dign ity , ▁to ▁have ▁pride , ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁self - worth . ▁We ▁should ▁not ▁let ▁anything ▁er ode ▁that , ▁we ▁should ▁not ▁let ▁anything ▁take ▁that ▁away ▁and ▁so ▁I ▁would ▁ur ge ▁us , ▁as ▁we ▁purchase , ▁as ▁we ▁continue ▁to ▁purchase ▁clock s , ▁that ▁we ▁remember ▁something ▁the ▁b ible ▁says : ▁' Where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁vision , ▁the ▁people ▁per ish .' ▁Some ▁people ▁can ▁see ▁but ▁have ▁no ▁vision ; ▁sometimes ▁our ▁policies ▁reflect ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁see , ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁a ▁vision ary ▁way . ▁Please , ▁America , ▁let ' |
s ▁not ▁put ▁the ▁people ▁at ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind ▁out ▁of ▁work . ▁Let ' s ▁keep ▁them ▁working ▁and ▁hopefully ▁all ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁us ▁will ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁see ." ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁The ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Web ▁Site ▁Chicago ▁L ighth ouse ▁Indust ries ▁Web ▁Site ▁Committee ▁for ▁P urchase ▁From ▁People ▁Who ▁Are ▁Bl ind ▁or ▁Sever ely ▁Dis abled ▁National ▁Indust ries ▁for ▁the ▁Bl ind ▁ ▁Category : Bl ind ness ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Non - pro fit ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Chicago <0x0A> </s> ▁Major ▁General ▁ ▁Gustav ▁Henry ▁" G us " ▁Fran ke ▁( Se ptember ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁career ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁officer , ▁who ▁served ▁during ▁World ▁Wars ▁I ▁and ▁II . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Gustav ▁H . ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁Iowa ▁on ▁September ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁ ▁His ▁father , ▁Gust ave ▁Henry ▁Fran ke , ▁was ▁a ▁tail or ▁in ▁Mann ing , ▁Iowa . ▁ ▁" G us " ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁an ▁hon ors ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy , ▁class ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁ 1 2 th ▁in ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁ 8 3 . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Fran ke ' s ▁class m ates ▁at |
▁West ▁Point ▁was ▁future ▁general ▁Terry ▁Allen , ▁until ▁Allen ' s ▁academic ▁difficulties ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁dismiss al ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁a cademy . ▁ ▁Another ▁distinguished ▁class mate ▁was ▁Wal ton ▁Walker , ▁who ▁would ▁rise ▁to ▁L t . ▁General ▁and ▁command ▁the ▁E ighth ▁Army ▁in ▁Korea ▁during ▁the ▁des perate ▁times ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Fran ke ▁served ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Branch . ▁ ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁US ▁unit ▁( Art illery ) ▁to ▁eng age ▁the ▁Germany ▁Army ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁as ▁the ▁American ▁forces ▁moved ▁forward . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁years ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁the ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Command ant ▁of ▁the ▁Field ▁Art illery ▁Rep lacement ▁Center ▁at ▁Fort ▁B rag g ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁the ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁Art illery ▁for ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Division . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁invol vement ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁General ▁Fran ke ▁became ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 1 st ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁at ▁Fort ▁R ucker , ▁Alabama , ▁from ▁its ▁react iv ation ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 |
4 2 ▁until ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁Gen . ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁and ▁establishment ▁of ▁F t . ▁R ucker ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁facility ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁and ▁training ▁center ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 1 st ▁Infantry ▁Division . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁at ▁the ▁ 8 1 st ▁by ▁Maj . ▁General ▁Paul ▁J . ▁Mu eller . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁Fran ke ▁became ▁ill ▁and ▁was ▁hospital ized ▁for ▁several ▁months ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁Georgia . ▁ ▁Fran ke ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁Department ▁Dep endency ▁Board ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁Major ▁General ▁Fran ke ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁His ▁son , ▁Gustav ▁H . ▁Fran ke ▁Jr ., ▁was ▁also ▁an ▁army ▁officer ▁and ▁served ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁Silver ▁Star . ▁ ▁Like ▁his ▁father , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁career ▁art illery ▁officer , ▁eventually ▁ret iring ▁from ▁the ▁Army ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁After ▁he ▁completed ▁courses ▁at ▁Duke ▁University , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁professor ▁at ▁H amp den - S yd ney ▁College ▁in ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁that ▁followed ▁in ▁his ▁grand father ▁and ▁father ' s ▁steps . ▁ ▁Gustav ▁W . ▁Fran ke ▁served ▁as ▁an ▁Army ▁A vi ator |
▁and ▁Engine er ▁officer . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁F lying ▁Cross ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁head ed ▁up ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Def ense ▁Key ▁As set ▁Prote ction ▁Program ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁G ulf ▁War ▁and ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁as ▁a ▁Colonel . ▁ ▁References ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Div is ional ▁Com bat ▁Chron icles ; ▁retrieved ▁ 5 / 7 / 0 9 ▁Short ▁Bio ▁for ▁Gen . ▁Fran ke ; ▁retrieved ▁ 5 / 7 / 0 9 ▁Article ▁in ▁Mann ing ▁Mon itor ; ▁retrieved ▁ 5 / 7 / 0 9 ▁NY ▁Times ▁Article ▁regarding ▁West ▁Point ▁Gr adu ation ▁for ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Class ; ▁retrieved ▁ 5 / 7 / 0 9 ▁The ▁Cold est ▁Winter : ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ; ▁ ▁David ▁Hal ber st am ; ▁ ▁Edition : ▁illustrated ; ▁ ▁Hyper ion , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁, ▁ 9 7 8 - 1 - 4 0 1 3 - 0 0 5 2 - 4 ▁pg . ▁ 1 5 7 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 3 ▁death s ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : American ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : American ▁army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁M its |
ub ishi ▁Lan cer ▁( A 7 0 ) ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁version ▁of ▁M its ub ishi ' s ▁long - running ▁Lan cer ▁name plate . ▁When ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁it ▁filled ▁the ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁Min ica ▁ke i ▁car ▁and ▁the ▁consider ably ▁larger ▁Gal ant . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁Col t ▁ 1 1 0 0 , ▁last ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁Although ▁sedan ▁production ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁v ans ▁continued ▁on ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁This ▁Lan cer ▁also ▁formed ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁Cel este ▁sports ▁coup é ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁through ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁These ▁Lanc ers ▁were ▁sold ▁under ▁a ▁mult itude ▁of ▁names ▁in ▁different ▁mark ets . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 7 3 – 1 9 7 6 ▁The ▁Lan cer ▁A 7 0 ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁in ▁two - ▁and ▁four - door ▁sedan ▁form . ▁It ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁particularly ▁successful ▁in ▁r al lies , ▁a ▁claim ▁that ▁it ▁retain s ▁to ▁this ▁day . ▁The ▁Lan cer ▁served ▁to ▁fill ▁a ▁gap ▁in ▁M its ub ishi ' s ▁line up ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁to ▁lower - medium ▁segment ▁of ▁the ▁growing ▁Japanese ▁market . ▁Tw elve ▁models ▁were ▁launched , ▁r anging ▁from ▁a ▁basic ▁ 1 . 2 - |
lit re ▁sedan ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁powerful ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁G SR ▁model , ▁successful ▁in ▁r ally ing . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁three ▁body ▁styles ▁( four ▁if ▁the ▁Cel este ▁lift back / c oup é ▁is ▁included ), ▁two - ▁and ▁four - door ▁sed ans ▁and ▁a ▁rarely ▁seen ▁five - door ▁station ▁w agon ▁introduced ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁the ▁smallest ▁engine ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁another ▁ 1 . 2 - lit re ▁four , ▁the ▁ 8 0 hp ▁ 4 G 3 6 . ▁In ▁November , ▁the ▁entire ▁engine ▁line up ▁lost ▁around ▁eight – n ine percent ▁of ▁its ▁power , ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁str ic ter ▁em issions ▁standards ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁Ref lect ing ▁a ▁popular ▁appearance ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁adopted ▁" co ke ▁bott le ▁sty ling " ▁on ▁the ▁sedan ▁and ▁w agon ▁for ▁this ▁entire ▁generation . ▁ ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁received ▁an ▁O H V ▁ 1 . 2 - lit re ▁Ne pt une ▁ 4 G 4 2 , ▁an ▁O HC ▁ 1 . 4 - lit re ▁Sat urn ▁ 4 G 3 3 ▁or ▁the ▁larger ▁ 1 . 6 - lit re ▁ 4 G 3 2 . ▁Power ▁outputs ▁were ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁respectively ▁for ▁what ▁was |
▁called ▁A 7 1 , ▁A 7 2 ▁and ▁A 7 3 ▁models . ▁The ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁G SR , ▁introduced ▁in ▁September , ▁used ▁two ▁Mik uni - made ▁tw in - bar rel ▁So lex ▁car b ure t ors ▁for ▁ ▁at ▁ 6 , 7 0 0 r pm . ▁ ▁This ▁vehicle ▁was ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁" Col t ▁Lan cer " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Ireland ▁and ▁other ▁European ▁countries . ▁In ▁some ▁Latin ▁American ▁countries , ▁as ▁for ▁example , ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁the ▁car ▁initially ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" D odge ▁Lan cer ". ▁This ▁rel uct ance ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁" M its ub ishi " ▁brand ▁in ▁many ▁export ▁mark ets ▁stem med ▁from ▁a ▁fear ▁of ▁bu yer ▁resistance ▁amongst ▁those ▁who ▁could ▁still ▁remember ▁fighting ▁Japanese ▁pil ots ▁in ▁M its ub ishi ▁A 6 M ▁Z eros . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Australian ▁market , ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁models ▁were ▁initially ▁sold ▁under ▁the ▁" Ch rys ler ▁V ali ant ▁Lan cer " ▁name , ▁with ▁approximately ▁ 1 1 , 8 0 0 ▁units ▁sold ▁between ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁original ▁LA ▁series ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁two ▁levels ▁of ▁specification , ▁a ▁basic ▁two - door ▁EL ▁and ▁the ▁four - door ▁GL ▁sedan ▁which ▁offered ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁equipment . ▁Only ▁one ▁engine |
▁was ▁offered , ▁the ▁ 1 , 4 3 9 cc ▁single ▁cam , ▁al loy - head ▁four - cy l inder ▁engine ▁r ated ▁at ▁ ▁at ▁ 6 , 3 0 0 r pm . ▁This ▁could ▁be ▁pa ired ▁with ▁either ▁an ▁all - syn chrom esh ▁four - speed ▁manual , ▁or ▁a ▁three - speed ▁automatic . ▁ ▁European ▁market ▁Lanc ers ▁received ▁the ▁ 1 . 2 , ▁ 1 . 4 ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 - lit re ▁" S at urn ▁ 8 0 " ▁engines , ▁with ▁claimed ▁output ▁of ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁ ▁D IN ▁( GS R ). ▁The ▁ 1 . 6 - liter ▁engine ▁was ▁reserved ▁for ▁the ▁two - door ▁version , ▁while ▁four - door ▁sed ans ▁only ▁received ▁the ▁ 1 . 4 . ▁Top ▁spe eds ▁were ▁ 1 5 0 , ▁ 1 5 5 , ▁and ▁ 1 6 5 km / h . ▁▁ 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁the ▁Japanese ▁market ▁models ▁received ▁a ▁fac el ift , ▁losing ▁the ▁previous ▁L - sh aped / u pr ight ▁rear ▁l amps ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁wide ▁rect angular ▁units . ▁Front ▁indic ators ▁were ▁en larg ed ▁and ▁moved , ▁and ▁new ▁bigger ▁rub ber ▁b ump ers ▁were ▁also ▁added , ▁and ▁new ▁gr illes ▁were ▁introduced . ▁This ▁generation ▁gradually ▁became ▁the ▁A |
1 4 0 - series ▁in ▁Japan , ▁reflect ing ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁new ▁engines . ▁Since ▁it ▁kept ▁the ▁ 4 G 3 2 ▁engine , ▁the ▁G SR ▁was ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁an ▁A 7 3 ▁until ▁the ▁very ▁end ▁in ▁spite ▁of ▁having ▁received ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁body work ▁modifications . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁em issions ▁standards ▁taking ▁effect ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁the ▁ 1 . 2 - lit re ▁Sat urn ▁engine ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁ 7 0 PS ▁Or ion ▁G 1 1 B ▁( 1 , 2 4 4 cc ) ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁new ▁lean - burn ing ▁M CA - J et ▁engine , ▁which ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁existing ▁Sat urn ▁ 4 G 3 3 ▁and ▁ 4 G 3 2 ▁engines ▁in ▁June . ▁Power ▁for ▁these ▁( now ▁G 3 3 B / G 3 2 B ) ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁this ▁series ▁that ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁as ▁the ▁D odge ▁Col t ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁model ▁year ▁(" P ly mouth ▁Col t " ▁in ▁Canada ), ▁taking ▁over ▁from ▁a ▁bad ge - engine ered ▁M its ub ishi ▁Gal ant ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁It ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁one ▁more ▁model ▁year ▁before ▁the ▁D odge ▁Col t ▁name ▁was ▁gradually ▁transferred ▁to ▁the |
▁front ▁wheel ▁drive ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mira ge . ▁The ▁very ▁large ▁safety ▁b ump ers ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁market ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁certain ▁models ▁in ▁the ▁domestic ▁range ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁( GL ▁Ext ra , ▁G SL , ▁G SR ) ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁one ▁last ▁minor ▁fac el ift . ▁This ▁fac el ift ▁also ▁introduced ▁the ▁larger ▁ 1 . 4 - lit re ▁Or ion ▁engine ▁( G 1 2 B ), ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁saw ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁fac el ift ▁model ▁in ▁Australia , ▁designated ▁locally ▁as ▁the ▁L B ▁series . ▁This ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁having ▁lost ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁market ▁share ▁to ▁the ▁bigger , ▁locally ▁built ▁Ch rys ler ▁S igma . ▁▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁G SR ▁The ▁high - per formance ▁" M its ub ishi ▁Lan cer ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁G SR " ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁" Col t ▁Lan cer ▁ 1 6 0 0 ▁G SR " ▁in ▁Europe , ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mot ors ▁to ▁further ▁their ▁asp ir ations ▁in ▁off - road ▁racing , ▁especially ▁the ▁Safari ▁R ally ▁of ▁Ken ya . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁repeated ▁triumph s ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁gru elling ▁r ally ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁it ▁earned ▁the ▁nick name ▁" K ing ▁of ▁C ars " ▁in ▁Africa |
. ▁ ▁In ▁r ally ▁spec , ▁the ▁G SR ▁produced ▁ ▁at ▁ 7 8 0 0 r pm ▁and ▁ ▁at ▁ 5 5 0 0 r pm . ▁Street ▁versions ▁originally ▁developed ▁, ▁but ▁this ▁dropped ▁to ▁ ▁when ▁t ighter ▁em issions ▁standards ▁were ▁introduced ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁sp or adic ▁success es ▁with ▁the ▁Col t ▁and ▁Gal ant ▁r ally ▁cars ▁in ▁previous ▁years , ▁M its ub ishi ▁decided ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁Lan cer ▁model ▁specifically ▁to ▁tack le ▁the ▁not orious ▁Safari ▁R ally . ▁Run ▁over ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 km ▁of ▁ar du ous ▁terrain ▁under ▁se aring ▁equ atorial ▁temper atures , ▁the ▁race ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁the ▁t ough est ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁typically ▁only ▁one ▁car ▁in ▁five ▁which ▁set ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁start ▁would ▁manage ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁finish ▁line ▁in ▁N airo bi . ▁M its ub ishi ▁san ction ed ▁official ▁factory ▁teams ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 7 7 ▁events , ▁building ▁for ▁itself ▁an ▁envi able ▁reputation ▁for ▁dur ability ▁when ▁only ▁one ▁of ▁th ir teen ▁cars ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁those ▁four ▁attempts . ▁The ▁high ▁point ▁was ▁a ▁clean ▁swe ep ▁of ▁the ▁pod ium ▁places ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁car ▁had ▁previously ▁demonstrated ▁similar ▁qual ities ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁with ▁its ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁Southern |
▁Cross ▁R ally ▁being ▁reward ed ▁with ▁a ▁clean ▁swe ep ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁places . ▁Works ▁driver ▁Andrew ▁Cow an ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁domin ate ▁this ▁race ▁in ▁the ▁' 7 0 s , ▁winning ▁five ▁consecutive ▁titles ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁' 7 6 . ▁Cow an ▁and ▁J og inder ▁Singh ▁also ▁scored ▁a ▁ 1 – 2 ▁finish ▁for ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁G SR ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁R ally e ▁Band ama ▁C ô te ▁d ' I vo ire . ▁ ▁Even ▁after ▁production ▁ended ▁it ▁remained ▁a ▁popular ▁car ▁with ▁private ers ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁However , ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁end urance ▁r ally ing ▁and ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁B ▁class ▁eventually ▁sign alled ▁its ▁dem ise . ▁ ▁Van / W agon ▁ ▁As ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁station ▁w agon ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁EX , ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁Lan cer ▁Van ▁( w agon ) ▁continued ▁in ▁production ▁for ▁the ▁home ▁and ▁select ▁export ▁mark ets ▁until ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁by ▁which ▁time ▁the ▁car ▁was ▁consp ic u ously ▁out mod ed . ▁When ▁the ▁ 1 . 2 - lit re ▁push rod ▁was ▁replaced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁V ans ▁for ▁the ▁domestic ▁market ▁retained ▁the ▁old ▁Ne pt une ▁engine ▁for ▁an ▁extra ▁year , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 2 3 8 / 1 4 |
3 9 cc ▁Sat urn ▁engines ▁wer en ' t ▁replaced ▁by ▁Or ions ▁until ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁smaller ▁Or ion ▁eng ined ▁version ▁( 1 . 2 L ▁A 1 4 1 V ) ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁available ▁in ▁Greece ▁and ▁Ken ya ▁into ▁the ▁eight ies . ▁W agon ▁versions ▁for ▁export ▁received ▁updates ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁schedule ▁as ▁did ▁export ▁sed ans / c oup és . ▁The ▁domestic ▁market ▁v ans ▁received ▁yet ▁another ▁update ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁again ▁to ▁clean ▁em issions , ▁meaning ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁set ▁of ▁ch ass is ▁numbers ▁were ▁assigned . ▁The ▁home ▁market ▁v ans ▁were ▁available ▁in ▁Standard ▁( only ▁ 1 2 0 0 ), ▁EL , ▁and ▁GL ▁trim ▁levels . ▁The ▁Lan cer ▁Van ▁was ▁finally ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁new ▁front - w heel ▁drive ▁Mira ge / L ancer ▁W agon ▁and ▁Van ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Cel este ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁was ▁complement ed ▁by ▁a ▁h atch back ▁coup é ▁called ▁the ▁" M its ub ishi ▁Lan cer ▁Cel este " ▁( A 7 0 - series ). ▁It ▁succeeded ▁the ▁Gal ant ▁F TO , ▁which ▁never ▁did ▁very ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁market place ▁due ▁to ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁Gal ant ▁G TO ▁and ▁carrying ▁too ▁high ▁a ▁price . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁" M |
its ub ishi ▁Cel este " ▁or ▁" Col t ▁Cel este " ▁in ▁some ▁mark ets ; ▁and ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁" Ch rys ler ▁Lan cer ▁H atch back " ▁in ▁Australia , ▁the ▁" D odge ▁Lan cer ▁Cel este " ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁the ▁" P ly mouth ▁Ar row " ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁the ▁" D odge ▁Ar row " ▁in ▁Canada . ▁S itting ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁ 2 , 3 4 0 mm ▁wheel base ▁as ▁the ▁Lan cer , ▁length ▁was ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 , 1 1 5 mm . ▁ ▁The ▁Cel este ▁was ▁originally ▁available ▁with ▁ 1 . 4 - ▁and ▁ 1 . 6 - lit re ▁options , ▁a ▁bigger ▁ 2 . 0 - lit re ▁model ▁was ▁added ▁later . ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 9 – 8 0 ▁P ly mouth ▁" Fire ▁Ar row " ▁came ▁with ▁an ▁even ▁larger ▁( 2 , 5 5 5 cc ) ▁four - cy l inder , ▁but ▁str ang led ▁by ▁American ▁em issions ▁reg ulations ▁it ▁only ▁offered ▁, ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁Japanese ▁market ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁GT . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁receiving ▁a ▁light ▁fac el ift ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁including ▁new ▁ta ill ights ▁and ▁the ▁cleaner ▁( but ▁lower ▁power ed ) ▁M CA - J et ▁engines , ▁new ▁model ▁codes ▁( A 1 4 0 - |
series ) ▁were ▁introduced . ▁There ▁was ▁another ▁fac el ift ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 8 ; ▁square ▁head light s ▁and ▁bigger , ▁less ▁integrated ▁b ump ers ▁her ald ed ▁the ▁coming ▁eight ies . ▁N amed ▁accordingly , ▁a ▁top - of - the - line ▁" GT ▁System ▁ 8 0 " ▁version ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁including ▁every ▁possible ▁extra ▁and ▁special ▁black ▁and ▁gold ▁paint work . ▁This ▁was ▁tr ump ed ▁by ▁the ▁ ▁" 2 0 0 0 ▁GT " ▁introduced ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁with ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 - lit re ▁A str on ▁engine ▁already ▁used ▁in ▁export ▁since ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Production ▁of ▁the ▁Lan cer ▁Cel este ▁ended ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁front - w heel ▁drive ▁Cord ia ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁Ar row ' s ▁long , ▁narrow , ▁aer od ynamic , ▁light weight ▁design ▁and ▁rug ged ▁susp ension , ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁extens ively ▁in ▁various ▁types ▁of ▁racing ▁including ▁S CC A ▁road ▁racing , ▁r ally ▁and ▁drag ▁racing . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar row ▁body ▁design ▁was ▁used ▁on ▁pro ▁stock ▁and ▁fun ny ▁cars ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁by ▁not ew orth y ▁rac ers ▁such ▁as ▁Ray ▁God man , ▁Don |
▁Pr ud homme , ▁Bob ▁Gl idden ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁Raymond ▁B ead le . ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 . 6 - liter ▁Cel este ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁Australia ▁as ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁Lan cer ▁H atch back ▁ ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁L B ▁series ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁It ▁featured ▁sports ▁instrument ation ▁and ▁a ▁ ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 G 3 2 . ▁The ▁final ▁L C ▁iteration ▁arrived ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁with ▁a ▁rational ised ▁model ▁range ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁sedan ▁body ▁variant ▁deleted . ▁Ch anges ▁were ▁as ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Cel est es , ▁compr ising ▁rect angular ▁head lam ps , ▁red es igned ▁tail - lam ps , ▁black ▁painted ▁metal ▁b ump ers , ▁a ▁new ▁five - speed ▁manual ▁transmission , ▁and ▁a ▁bel t ▁driven ▁SO HC ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 G 3 2 ▁engine ▁called ▁the ▁G 3 2 B . ▁During ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁was ▁re brand ed ▁" M its ub ishi ▁Lan cer " ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁market , ▁last ing ▁until ▁August ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁cars ▁featured ▁had ▁" arrow " ▁de cal s ▁on ▁the ▁h ood ▁and ▁stri pes ▁on ▁the ▁fl anks , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁body ▁colour . ▁These ▁were ▁less ▁fl am boy ant ▁than ▁on ▁those ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁market |
. ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁Ch rys ler ▁introduced ▁the ▁" P ly mouth ▁Ar row " ▁as ▁a ▁capt ive ▁import ▁of ▁the ▁Cel este ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁as ▁an ▁extension ▁to ▁the ▁D odge ▁Col t ▁line up . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" D odge ▁Ar row " ▁in ▁Canada . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁sold ▁as ▁the ▁" D odge ▁Cel este " ▁in ▁Puerto ▁Rico . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar row ▁was ▁a ▁rear - w heel ▁drive ▁car ▁util izing ▁a ▁solid ▁rear ▁ax le ▁and ▁leaf ▁spr ings ▁in ▁the ▁rear , ▁with ▁Mac Ph erson ▁str uts ▁in ▁the ▁front . ▁Trans mission ▁types ▁included ▁four ▁and ▁five - speed ▁manual ▁transm issions ▁and ▁a ▁three - speed ▁automatic . ▁A ▁ 1 . 6 ▁L ▁inline - four ▁engine ▁was ▁standard ▁with ▁an ▁optional ▁ 2 . 0 ▁L ▁I 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁in ▁various ▁trim ▁levels ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 6 0 , ▁G S ▁and ▁GT . ▁The ▁first ▁year ▁Ar row ▁is ▁easily ▁identified ▁from ▁later ▁years ▁because ▁its ▁quarter - window ▁l ou vers ▁have ▁two ▁sl ats ▁in ▁the ▁center , ▁which ▁were ▁changed ▁to ▁three ▁on ▁all ▁later ▁years . ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Ar row ▁also ▁came ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁wind sh ield - wi per ▁fluid ▁no zz le ▁on ▁the ▁h ood , ▁which ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁dual ▁no zz les ▁for ▁ 1 9 7 7 |
▁and ▁remained ▁that ▁way ▁for ▁all ▁later ▁year ▁Ar rows . ▁ ▁Sport y ▁exterior ▁finish es ▁were ▁also ▁offered , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Ar row ▁Jet ▁package , ▁first ▁offered ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar row ▁Jet ▁paint ▁package ▁was ▁an ▁eye - catch ing ▁two - t one ▁finish , ▁typically ▁in ▁sp it - fire ▁orange ▁and ▁black . ▁ ▁The ▁entire ▁car ▁was ▁sp it - fire ▁orange , ▁but ▁the ▁entire ▁bottom ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁car ▁was ▁covered ▁in ▁a ▁solid ▁flat ▁black ▁stri pe ▁with ▁the ▁words ▁" Ar row ▁Jet " ▁st enci led ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁stri pe ▁on ▁the ▁doors ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁underlying ▁body ▁color ▁showed ▁through . ▁ ▁This ▁color ▁combination ▁of ▁sp it - fire ▁orange ▁and ▁flat ▁black ▁seems ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁design ▁inspir ations ▁for ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁Ar row , ▁that ▁being ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁Bar rac uda . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁the ▁Bar rac uda ▁was ▁offered ▁with ▁a ▁" b ill board " ▁de cal ▁option , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁large , ▁solid ▁flat ▁black ▁de cal ▁that ▁covered ▁the ▁entire ▁back ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁car ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁( o ften ▁in ▁a ▁red ▁and ▁flat ▁black ▁color ▁combination ). ▁ ▁For ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁sty ling ▁was ▁fres hen ed ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁flush ▁b ump ers , ▁a ▁more ▁horizontal ▁gr ille |
▁with ▁rect angular ▁head light s ▁and ▁hidden ▁turn ▁signals , ▁chrome ▁stri ps ▁on ▁the ▁tail - lam ps , ▁and ▁larger ▁rear ▁glass ▁for ▁the ▁h atch back . ▁Inside , ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁previously ▁found ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁Ar row ▁GT ▁was ▁now ▁standard ▁while ▁the ▁he ater ▁provided ▁more ▁output . ▁The ▁rear ▁ax le ▁was ▁also ▁extended ▁ 2 . 5 in ches ▁for ▁better ▁tra ction . ▁A ▁sport y ▁variant ▁called ▁the ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁was ▁first ▁offered ▁this ▁year , ▁which ▁had ▁special ▁de cal s ▁and ▁a ▁sport y ▁interior , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 . 6 ▁L ▁I 4 ▁engine ▁and ▁four - w heel ▁disc ▁bra kes . ▁The ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁had ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁horse power / weight ▁r ati os ▁among ▁U . S . ▁production ▁cars ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁light ▁weight . ▁The ▁ 2 . 6 ▁was ▁also ▁optional ▁on ▁the ▁G S ▁and ▁GT ▁models , ▁and ▁was ▁only ▁offered ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁disc ▁bra kes ▁all ▁around . ▁For ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁the ▁succeed ing ▁year , ▁the ▁line up ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁base ▁Ar row ▁( where ▁the ▁ 2 . 0 ▁L ▁I 4 ▁engine ▁was ▁a ▁new ▁engine ▁option ), ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁G S , ▁GT , ▁and ▁the ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁on ▁top . ▁ ▁The ▁sty ling ▁changes ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁models ▁carried |
▁over ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁The ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁however , ▁was ▁changed ▁significantly . ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁was ▁now ▁available ▁with ▁two ▁new ▁paint ▁schemes : ▁tan ▁with ▁a ▁dark er ▁car am el - color ed ▁h ood , ▁and ▁blue ▁with ▁a ▁dark ▁blue ▁h ood . ▁These ▁colored ▁models ▁were ▁available ▁with ▁the ▁smaller ▁ 1 . 6 ▁engine ▁and , ▁like ▁the ▁base - model ▁Ar rows , ▁had ▁b ump ers ▁that ▁were ▁chrome ▁instead ▁of ▁body ▁color . ▁The ▁white ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁was ▁also ▁changed , ▁and ▁now ▁had ▁a ▁mat te - black ▁h ood ▁and ▁cow l , ▁with ▁the ▁black ▁paint ▁continu ing ▁along ▁the ▁to ps ▁of ▁the ▁f enders ▁and ▁doors ▁and ▁ending ▁under ▁the ▁quarter - windows . ▁Un like ▁the ▁colored ▁versions , ▁the ▁white / black ▁Fire ▁Ar row ▁had ▁only ▁one ▁engine ▁option , ▁the ▁ 2 . 6 ▁I 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar row ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁model - year ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁S app oro / D odge ▁Ch allen ger ▁which ▁was ▁larger , ▁heav ier ▁and ▁had ▁more ▁amen ities . ▁The ▁S app oro / Ch allen ger ▁retained ▁rear - w heel ▁drive ▁and ▁was ▁itself ▁the ▁for er un ner ▁to ▁the ▁M its ub ishi ▁Star ion . ▁A ▁pick up ▁version ▁of ▁the |
▁Ar row ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁available ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 . 6 ▁L ▁engine , ▁but ▁they ▁shared ▁few , ▁if ▁any ▁parts . ▁ ▁The ▁Ar row ' s ▁sty ling ▁influence ▁can ▁clearly ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁Ar row ▁T ruck ▁and ▁its ▁c ous ins ; ▁the ▁D odge ▁D - 5 0 ▁and ▁M its ub ishi ▁M ight y ▁Max ▁pick ups . ▁ ▁The ▁Harry ▁Nil sson ▁song , ▁" Me ▁and ▁My ▁Ar row " ▁( from ▁The ▁Point !) ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁television ▁commer ci als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁prom oting ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁Ar row ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁interesting ▁options ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁Ar row ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁tent . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁rear ▁seats ▁were ▁lower ed ▁and ▁the ▁tent ▁was ▁cli pped ▁over ▁the ▁open ▁h atch back , ▁it ▁would ▁allow ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁car ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁camp ing . ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁would ▁borrow ▁this ▁design ▁many ▁years ▁later ▁for ▁the ▁Pont iac ▁Az tek . ▁ ▁Spec ifications ▁and ▁tim eline ▁Data ▁tables ▁expand . ▁Mod els ▁listed ▁are ▁primarily ▁as ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁Japanese ▁domestic ▁market , ▁with ▁notes ▁on ▁important ▁export ▁variants . ▁For ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁Lan cer - based ▁D odge ▁Col t ▁see ▁that ▁article . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Lan cer ▁( A 7 0 ) ▁Category |
: R ear - w heel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁D ool ittle ▁Re ports : ▁ ▁The ▁D ool ittle ▁report ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 7 : ▁Cond ition ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Trib es : ▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁J oint ▁Special ▁Committee ▁App oint ed ▁Under ▁J oint ▁Resol ution ▁of ▁March ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁The ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁committee ▁was ▁Senator ▁James ▁Ro od ▁D ool ittle , ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁from ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁A ▁report ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁D ool ittle ▁on ▁the ▁D ool ittle ▁Ra id ▁on ▁Tokyo ▁H alse y - D ool ittle ▁Ra id , ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁ ▁A ▁class ified ▁report ▁by ▁Jimmy ▁D ool ittle ▁to ▁U . S . ▁President ▁D w ight ▁Eisen h ower ▁regarding ▁the ▁C IA ' s ▁Director ate ▁of ▁Pl ans ▁that ▁had ▁responsibility ▁for ▁both ▁c land est ine ▁intelligence ▁collection ▁and ▁cover t ▁operations . ▁Dec lass ified ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁this ▁report ▁is ▁generally ▁called ▁the ▁D ool ittle ▁Report , ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁H ilda ▁Maria ▁Hann un en ▁( 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁Lau ka a ▁– ▁? ) ▁was ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁we aver ▁and |
▁politician . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Finland , ▁representing ▁the ▁Social ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁of ▁Finland ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Work ers ' ▁Party ▁of ▁Finland ▁( S ST P ) ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁When ▁the ▁S ST P ▁was ▁b anned ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁she ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁where ▁she ▁subsequently ▁worked ▁as ▁the ▁director ▁of ▁a ▁ret irement ▁home . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁unknown ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Lau ka a ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Va asa ▁Province ▁( Gr and ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Finland ) ▁Category : So cial ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁of ▁Finland ▁polit icians ▁Category : So cial ist ▁Work ers ' ▁Party ▁of ▁Finland ▁polit icians ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Finland ▁( 1 9 1 9 – 2 2 ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Finland ▁( 1 9 2 2 – 2 4 ) ▁Category : W omen ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Finland <0x0A> </s> ▁Tra î nou ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Lo ire t ▁department ▁in ▁north - central ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Comm unes ▁of ▁the ▁Lo ire t ▁department ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Lo ire t <0x0A> </s> ▁D rac |
ula ▁in a equ alis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁orch id . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁in a equ alis <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Ó ge ▁Mart yn ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 0 2 ▁– ▁ 1 6 4 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Gal way ▁lawyer ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Confeder ates ▁of ▁Ireland . ▁He ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁senior ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Mart yn ▁family , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Trib es ▁of ▁Gal way . ▁He ▁lived ▁at ▁D ung ua ire ▁Castle , ▁Kin var ra . ▁He ▁worked ▁with ▁his ▁brother - in - law ▁and ▁first ▁cousin , ▁Patrick ▁Dar cy , ▁against ▁the ▁Plant ation ▁of ▁Con n aught ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 3 0 s , ▁and ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Council ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁C athol ics ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 4 0 s . ▁Mart yn ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Gal way , ▁ 1 6 4 2 – 1 6 4 3 . ▁He ▁and ▁Dar cy ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁Catholic ▁law y ers ▁in ▁Gal way ▁who ▁cont riv ed ▁to ▁continue ▁in ▁practice ▁in ▁def iance ▁of ▁the ▁Pen al ▁La ws , ▁which ▁bar red ▁C athol ics ▁from ▁the ▁prof essions . ▁Richard ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁King ' s ▁In ns ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 1 : ▁he ▁was ▁susp ended ▁from ▁practice ▁at ▁the ▁Irish ▁Bar ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 5 ▁as ▁a ▁known ▁Catholic , |
▁but ▁permitted ▁to ▁res ume ▁practice ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 7 , ▁apparently ▁because ▁he ▁had ▁sw orn ▁the ▁O ath ▁of ▁Sup rem acy . ▁ ▁Fri ends ▁and ▁acquaint ances ▁included ▁John ▁Lyn ch , ▁Mary ▁Bon av ent ure ▁Brow ne , ▁and ▁Sir ▁D erm ott ▁Ó ▁Se ach n asa igh . ▁His ▁contempor aries ▁included ▁M í che ál ▁Ó ▁Cl é ir igh ▁and ▁Rand al ▁Mac D onn ell , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁An trim . ▁▁ 1 6 4 1 ▁De pos itions ▁ ▁Mart yn ▁is ▁mentioned ▁in ▁several ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 4 1 ▁De pos itions ▁concerning ▁the ▁events ▁in ▁Gal way ▁in ▁from ▁early ▁ 1 6 4 2 ▁to ▁summer ▁ 1 6 4 3 , ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁leading ▁part : ▁▁ ▁William ▁Ham ond ▁– ▁▁ ▁Joseph ▁Ham pton ▁– ▁ ▁( including ) ▁Richard ▁Martin , ▁▁ ▁William ▁Lincoln ▁– ▁▁ ▁Thomas ▁Bag worth ▁– ▁▁ ▁Andrew ▁Dar cy ▁– ▁▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁most ▁dam ming ▁depos itions ▁are ▁those ▁given ▁by ▁John ▁Turner : ▁ ▁Family ▁and ▁descend ants ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁surv ived ▁by ▁his ▁wife , ▁Mag dal ene ▁French , ▁and ▁five ▁surv iving ▁children , ▁Oliver ▁Ó ge ▁Mart yn , ▁Peter ▁Mart yn , ▁John , ▁Patrick ▁and ▁Mag dal ene , ▁and ▁his ▁father ▁Oliver ▁M ór ▁Mart yn . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁ancest or ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁first ▁president ▁of |
▁S inn ▁F é in , ▁Edward ▁Mart yn ▁( 1 8 5 9 – 1 9 2 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Union ist ▁Alliance ▁and ▁Ul ster ▁Union ist ▁Party ▁Edward ▁Car son , ▁Baron ▁Car son ▁( 1 8 5 4 – 1 9 3 5 ). ▁ ▁A ▁later ▁desc endant ▁was ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁artist , ▁Fer enc ▁Mart yn ▁( 1 8 9 9 – 1 9 8 6 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁k ins man ▁to ▁Richard ▁Martin ▁( 1 7 5 4 – 1 8 3 4 ), ▁who ▁was ▁like wise ▁an ▁Irish ▁national ist . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁The ▁Trib es ▁of ▁Gal way ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// 1 6 4 1 . t cd . ie / about . php ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Gal way , ▁James ▁Hard iman , ▁Gal way , ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁ ▁Old ▁Gal way , ▁Ma ure en ▁Don ovan ▁O ' S ull ivan , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁ ▁Confeder ate ▁Ireland ▁ 1 6 4 2 – 4 9 , ▁M iche al ▁O ' S io ch ru , ▁Four ▁Cour ts ▁Press , ▁Dublin , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁ ▁" Land ▁ownership ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁Century ", ▁Ad rian ▁Mart yn , ▁in ▁As ▁The ▁Cent uries ▁Pass ed : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁K ilt ull agh ▁ 1 5 0 0 – 1 |
9 0 0 ▁pp . 9 3 – 9 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Kingdom s ▁in ▁Cris is : ▁Ireland ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 4 0 s , ▁M iche ál ▁Ó ▁S io chr ú , ▁ed ., ▁Dublin , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Henry , ▁William ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Ro le ▁of ▁Hon our : ▁The ▁May ors ▁of ▁Gal way ▁City ▁ 1 4 8 5 – 2 0 0 1 . ▁Gal way : ▁Gal way ▁City ▁Council . ▁▁▁ ▁" A ▁Gal way ▁Law yer ▁at ▁the ▁Confeder ation ▁of ▁Kil ken ny ", ▁Ad rian ▁Mart yn , ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Gene alog ical ▁Society ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁Summer ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Mart yn , ▁Ad rian , ▁The ▁Trib es ▁of ▁Gal way : 1 1 2 4 – 1 6 4 2 , ▁Gal way , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 6 0 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 4 8 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Irish ▁people ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Gal way ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁County ▁Gal way ▁Category : I r ish ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Confeder ates ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Confeder ate ▁Wars ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁King ' s ▁In ns ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Ireland ▁( pre - 1 8 0 |
1 ) ▁for ▁County ▁Gal way ▁constitu encies ▁Category : I r ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 6 3 4 – 1 6 3 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Call ▁to ▁Po etry ▁was ▁a ▁one - night ▁performance ▁art ▁/ ▁international ▁poetry ▁gather ing ▁event ▁held ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Ist an bul , ▁near ▁Tak sim ▁Square , ▁widely ▁promoted ▁and ▁heavily ▁attended ▁by ▁international ▁po ets ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁poetry ▁with ▁a ▁dram atic ▁reading ▁of ▁the ▁world ’ s ▁oldest ▁love ▁poem , ▁which ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Ist an bul ▁Arch ae ology ▁Museum s . ▁ ▁The ▁Call ▁to ▁Po etry ▁gar ner ed ▁significant ▁interest ▁in ▁Ist an bul , ▁the ▁greater ▁Middle ▁East ▁and ▁the ▁US , ▁as ▁did ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁evening ▁dedicated ▁to ▁poetry ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Spring . ▁ ▁The ▁World ' s ▁Old est ▁Love ▁Po em ▁ ▁Writ ten ▁on ▁a ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 - year - old ▁cl ay ▁table t ▁known ▁as ▁ İ stan bul ▁# 2 4 6 1 , ▁the ▁ ▁S umer ian ▁poem ▁currently ▁has ▁its ▁home ▁at ▁the ▁ İ stan bul ▁Arch ae ology ▁Museum ▁and ▁was ▁composed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁B . C . ▁for ▁the ▁S umer ian ▁king ▁Sh u - S in , ▁who ▁ruled ▁from ▁ 2 0 3 7 – 2 0 2 9 ▁BC . ▁The ▁poem |
▁was ▁intended ▁for ▁a ▁spring ▁fert ility ▁rit ual ▁and ▁rec ited ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁br ides . ▁ ▁Arab ▁Spring ▁Po etry ▁ ▁The ▁Call ▁to ▁Po etry ▁featured ▁read ings ▁from ▁contemporary ▁Egypt ian ▁poet ▁H es ham ▁Al - G ak , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁contest ant ▁on ▁the ▁Arab ▁world ' s ▁popular ▁American ▁Id ol - style ▁TV ▁program ▁based ▁in ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ▁called ▁Prince ▁of ▁Po ets . ▁During ▁the ▁Egypt ian ▁revolution , ▁Al - G ak ▁used ▁the ▁competition ▁to ▁rec ite ▁po ems ▁critical ▁of ▁Egypt ian ▁leaders ▁and ▁depart ed ▁Prince ▁of ▁Po ets ' s ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ▁stud ios ▁to ▁visit ▁C airo ▁ ▁to ▁compose ▁and ▁rec ite ▁verse ▁at ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁protest s ▁there . ▁ ▁Event ▁Organ izers ▁ ▁Call ▁to ▁Po etry ▁organ izer , ▁American ▁writer ▁Dan ▁Bo yl an ▁c ited ▁Beat ▁Generation ▁figure ▁Allen ▁G ins berg ▁as ▁an ▁influence ▁on ▁the ▁evening . ▁Having ▁met ▁G ins berg ▁as ▁a ▁te en ager , ▁Bo yl an ▁premier ed ▁Ist an bul - in sp ired ▁sound ▁poetry ▁during ▁the ▁event , ▁which ▁included ▁music ▁and ▁an ▁over - cap acity ▁crowd ▁that ▁listened ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁ven ue . ▁American ▁journalist ▁David ▁Tr illing ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Call ▁to ▁Po etry ' s ▁master ▁of ▁cer emon ies ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Po et ▁Fred ▁Sim pon ▁released ▁his ▁book ▁of ▁verse |
, ▁“ L ucky ▁Me !” ▁during ▁the ▁event . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁poetry ▁Category : Sp oken ▁word ▁Category : Per form ing ▁arts ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Be at ▁Generation ▁Category : Ar ts ▁in ▁Turkey ▁Category : Po etry ▁festiv als ▁in ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁Ash ok ▁K anth a ▁or ▁Ash ok ▁K . ▁K anth a ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁diplom at ▁and ▁was ▁formerly ▁the ▁Indian ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁China . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁batch ▁Indian ▁Foreign ▁Service ▁officer . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁External ▁Affairs ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁( 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 ), ▁High ▁Commission er ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁( 2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 3 ) ▁and ▁as ▁India ' s ▁High ▁Commission er ▁to ▁Malays ia ▁( 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 9 ). ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Chinese ▁Studies , ▁Del hi . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Fellow ▁at ▁V ive kan anda ▁International ▁Foundation , ▁a ▁New ▁Del hi - based ▁think - t ank . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁background ▁K anth a ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁History ▁from ▁Pat na ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁he ▁briefly ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁executive ▁with ▁the ▁State ▁Bank |
▁of ▁India . ▁He ▁joined ▁the ▁Indian ▁Foreign ▁Service ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁studied ▁Chinese ▁Language ▁at ▁N any ang ▁University , ▁Singapore . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bi har ▁Category : Ind ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Pat na ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Am b ass adors ▁of ▁India ▁to ▁China ▁Category : Ind ian ▁Foreign ▁Service ▁officers ▁Category : High ▁Commission ers ▁of ▁India ▁to ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Category : High ▁Commission ers ▁of ▁India ▁to ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁mountain ▁and ▁village ▁of ▁hol iday ▁c ott ages ▁in ▁Nar vik ▁Municip ality ▁in ▁Nord land ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁ ▁It ' s ▁located ▁along ▁the ▁Of ot ban en ▁railway ▁line ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁route ▁E 1 0 ▁highway , ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁and ▁the ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁Chap el ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁many ▁cab ins ▁and ▁homes ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁name ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁for ▁short ▁may ▁often ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁Railway ▁Station . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁vac ation ▁spot ▁for ▁residents ▁of ▁Nar vik . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁mountain ▁got ▁its ▁name ▁during ▁the ▁planning ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁ 1 8 |
8 3 . ▁The ▁old ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁named ▁B j ør ne f j ell ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁being ▁used ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 2 – 2 5 . ▁A ▁new ▁railway ▁station ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁and ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁station ▁dropped ▁the ▁middle ▁e ▁from ▁the ▁sp elling . ▁ ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁B j ør ne f j ell ▁occurred ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Nar vik ▁Camp aign ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁A ▁Norwegian ▁company ▁which ▁had ▁escaped ▁from ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Nar vik ▁by ▁travel ing ▁along ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁of ▁April ▁ 9 ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁superior ▁German ▁forces . ▁After ▁capt uring ▁the ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁area , ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁used ▁the ▁area ▁to ▁drop ▁supplies ▁and ▁soldiers ▁from ▁Ju ▁ 8 8 ▁air plan es . ▁The ▁stone ▁c ott age ▁" Sol heim s bra k ka " ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁headquarters ▁by ▁the ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Edu ard ▁Diet l ▁during ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Nar vik . ▁ ▁A ▁German ▁prison ▁camp ▁was ▁later ▁established ▁north ▁west ▁of ▁B j ør n f j ell . ▁Y ug oslav ▁part is ans ▁were ▁intern ed ▁there , ▁and ▁ 2 3 8 ▁died . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁there ▁were ▁mass ac res ▁of ▁P OW s ▁at ▁Be isf j ord |
▁and ▁B j ør n f j ell . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁mass ac res ▁at ▁Be isf j ord ▁and ▁B j ør n f j ell ▁ ▁Category : N ar vik ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Nord land ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁Jam ia ▁Mas j id ▁( D ong a ▁Bag h ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁mos que ▁in ▁S ial k ot , ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁has ▁two ▁small ▁and ▁one ▁large ▁min are ts ; ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁min aret ▁in ▁S ial k ot . ▁There ▁is ▁notable ▁mirror ▁work ▁on ▁front ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁prayer ▁hall . ▁ ▁The ▁mos que ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁S ial k ot ▁near ▁All ama ▁I q bal ▁Ch ow k . ▁The ▁mos que ▁was ▁founded ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁gener ous ▁contributions ▁by ▁ren owned ▁business man ▁of ▁S ial k ot ▁H aj i ▁Muhammad ▁Sh af i ▁and ▁others . ▁H aj i ▁Muhammad ▁Sh af i ' s ▁and ▁other ▁contrib utors ▁name ▁is ▁placed ▁on ▁a ▁table t ▁in ▁Jam ia ▁Mos que ▁to ▁acknow ledge ▁their ▁gener ous ▁contribution ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁mos que . ▁ ▁Being ▁located ▁near ▁S ial k ot ▁Railway ▁Station , ▁the ▁mos que ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁main ▁mark ets ▁of ▁S ial k ot ▁city |
▁and ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁reason ▁the ▁Mos que ▁always ▁remains ▁open ▁for ▁worship ers . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁S ial k ot ▁ ▁Category : M os ques ▁in ▁S ial k ot <0x0A> </s> ▁Hamburg ▁Aer od rome , ▁, ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Hamburg ▁area , ▁on ▁the ▁Ch inch aga ▁Forest ry ▁Road ▁in ▁north - western ▁Al berta , ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁air port ▁was ▁built ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Apache ▁Canada ▁Corporation ▁but ▁was ▁later ▁maintained ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Canadian ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁Limited . ▁ ▁The ▁Hamburg ▁Open ▁Camp ▁( prov iding ▁lod ging ▁and ▁auto ▁fuel ) ▁is ▁located ▁just ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁a irst rip . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁air ports ▁in ▁Al berta ▁Category : Clear ▁Hills ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁" R eb el ▁Music ▁( Rem ix )" ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁ra pper ▁MC ▁Ren , ▁released ▁on ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁his ▁EP ▁Reb el ▁Music . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁rem ix ▁of ▁his ▁previously ▁released ▁lead ▁single ▁ ▁Reb el ▁Music . ▁The ▁song , ▁produced ▁by ▁E - A - S ki , ▁features ▁another ▁N . W . A ▁band ▁member , ▁Ice ▁C ube , ▁making ▁it ▁a ▁low - key ▁N . W . A ▁re union . ▁ ▁Com position ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁three ▁vers es , ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁third ▁by ▁MC |
▁Ren ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁by ▁Ice ▁C ube . ▁E - A - S ki , ▁who ▁produced ▁the ▁song , ▁provides ▁un cred ited ▁vocals ▁in ▁the ▁introduction . ▁MC ▁Ren ▁used ▁the ▁same ▁vers es ▁from ▁the ▁original ▁song . ▁The ▁beat ▁had ▁been ▁partly ▁rem ixed , ▁with ▁the ▁bas ics ▁still ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁the ▁original . ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁ ▁MC ▁Ren ▁said ▁on ▁his ▁Twitter ▁account ▁that ▁there ▁were ▁plans ▁made ▁to ▁shoot ▁a ▁music ▁video , ▁without ▁giving ▁much ▁information . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁if ▁the ▁music ▁video ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁rem ix ▁or ▁the ▁original ▁song . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Release ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁MC ▁Ren ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ice ▁C ube ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁songs ▁Category : MC ▁Ren ▁songs ▁Category : G ang sta ▁rap ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁Vol var ina ▁b ayer i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mar gin ell idae , ▁the ▁margin ▁sn ails . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M argin ell idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ka i ▁Christian ▁College ▁is ▁a ▁college ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁Ch ü m ou ked ima ▁of ▁Dim ap ur ▁district , ▁and ▁is ▁r ated ▁highest |
▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Ass ess ment ▁and ▁Acc red itation ▁Council ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Nag aland , ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 1 ▁colleg es ▁recogn ised ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁Gr ants ▁Commission ▁of ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁r ated ▁with ▁A ▁grade ▁for ▁three ▁consecutive ▁assess ments ▁by ▁NA AC ▁and ▁also ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁status ▁of ▁C PE ▁( Col lege ▁with ▁potential ▁for ▁excell ence ). ▁The ▁NA AC ▁team ▁re - ac cred ited ▁the ▁institution ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁giving ▁it ▁the ▁A ▁grade ▁with ▁a ▁CG PA ▁of ▁ 3 . 0 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁it ▁is ▁re - ac cred ited ▁with ▁CG PA ▁ 3 . 2 6 . Pat ka i ▁Christian ▁College ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁as ▁a ▁liberal ▁Arts ▁College . ▁The ▁College ▁firm ly ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁education ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁man ▁in ▁a ▁framework ▁of ▁spiritual ▁and ▁moral ▁absol utes . ▁Pat ka i , ▁like ▁every ▁Christian ▁College , ▁has ▁the ▁difficult ▁task ▁of ▁retain ing ▁its ▁traditional ▁st ance ▁while ▁seeking ▁to ▁make ▁its ▁educational ▁philosophy ▁relevant ▁to ▁the ▁world ▁around ▁it . ▁Comm itted ▁to ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁the ▁truth ▁is ▁revealed ▁by ▁God ▁through ▁Christ ▁“ in ▁Wh om ▁are ▁hidden ▁all ▁the ▁tre asures ▁of ▁wisdom ▁and ▁knowledge ” ▁( Col . ▁ 2 : 3 ), ▁Pat ka i ▁will ▁seek ▁to ▁relate ▁its ▁instruction ▁to ▁the ▁needs |
▁of ▁contemporary ▁society . The ▁College ▁will ▁cons ci ously ▁seek ▁to ▁place ▁all ▁its ▁activity ▁within ▁the ▁framework ▁of ▁Bib lic al ▁perspective ▁on ▁such ▁critical ▁issues ▁as ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁God , ▁man , ▁nature , ▁and ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁History ▁Pat ka i , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁Nag aland ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁Council ▁and ▁Man ip ur ▁Bapt ist ▁Convention ▁are ▁major ▁spons ors , ▁was ▁started ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁with ▁twenty ▁students . ▁However , ▁the ▁College ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁denomin ational ▁institution , ▁so ▁the ▁College ▁receives ▁financial ▁assistance ▁from ▁several ▁Christian ▁denomin ational ▁churches ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁independent ▁churches ▁and ▁organizations . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁Pat ka i ▁was ▁provision ally ▁affili ated ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Eastern ▁Hill ▁University , ▁Sh ill ong . ▁ ▁The ▁college ▁offers ▁various ▁courses ▁from ▁all ▁available ▁art ▁courses , ▁social ▁sciences , ▁commerce , ▁sciences , ▁computer ▁sciences , ▁business ▁administration , ▁and ▁music ▁courses . ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁- ▁ ▁College ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁- ▁ ▁Pro vis ional ▁Aff ili ation ▁with ▁ ▁NE H U ▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁programme ▁in ▁Political ▁Science ▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁- ▁ ▁P erman ent ▁Aff ili ation ▁with ▁NE H U ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁- ▁ ▁Aff ili ation ▁transferred ▁ ▁to ▁N U . ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 |
▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁B . Sc . ▁Program me ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Acc red ited ▁ ▁B ++ ▁Gra de ▁by ▁NA AC ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁ ▁Con ferred ▁ ▁Aut onom ous ▁Status ▁by ▁U GC ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁ ▁Re ac cred ited ▁ ▁' A ' ▁Gra de ▁with ▁CG PA ▁of ▁ 3 . 0 6 ▁by ▁NA AC ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Con ferred ▁' C PE ▁( Col lege ▁with ▁potential ▁for ▁excell ence ) ▁Status ' ▁by ▁U GC ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁ ▁Aut onomy ▁status ▁extended ▁for ▁Second ▁term ▁till ▁ 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁- ▁ ▁Del ink ed ▁High er ▁Second ary ▁from ▁D eg ree ▁as ▁per ▁U GC ▁Gu idel ines ▁ ▁. ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁- ▁ ▁M . Sc . in ▁ ▁Environment al ▁Science ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁M . A . ▁in ▁ ▁English ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Rec ogn ized ▁as ▁‘ PG ▁College ’ ▁by ▁U GC ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁U GC ▁approved ▁Cert ificate ▁Cour se ▁in ▁Music ▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁U GC ▁approved ▁Cert ificate ▁Cour se ▁in ▁App lied ▁Electron ics ▁and ▁Computer ▁Hard war es ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁U GC ▁approved ▁Cert ificate ▁Cour se ▁ ▁in ▁IT ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁Cour se ▁in ▁Communic ation ▁Sk ills ▁for ▁M |
. A . ▁in ▁English ▁▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Computer ▁App lications ▁for ▁M . ▁Sc . ▁En v . ▁Sc . ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Computer ▁App lications ▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁IT ▁▁▁ ▁- ▁ ▁Cert ificate ▁in ▁Coun s elling ▁ ▁- ▁M . Sc ▁in ▁Ge ology ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁ ▁Re - ac cred ited ▁with ▁CG PA ▁ 3 . 2 6 ▁ ▁by ▁NA AC . ▁First ▁college ▁in ▁Nag aland ▁to ▁adopt ▁the ▁Cho ice - based ▁credit ▁system ▁( C BC S ) ▁ ▁as ▁per ▁U GC ▁guid eline ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁- ▁M . A . ▁in ▁Political ▁Science ▁ ▁Program mes ▁offered ▁ ▁Under grad uate ▁program mes ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁ ▁Econom ics ▁ ▁Education ▁English ▁History ▁Political ▁Science ▁Philosoph y ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Science ▁ ▁Bot any ▁Chem istry ▁Ge ology ▁Mathemat ics ▁Physics ▁Zo ology ▁Computer ▁Science ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Com merce ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Computer ▁App lications ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Music ▁ ▁Post grad uate ▁ ▁program mes ▁M . ▁A . ▁in ▁English ▁ ▁M . ▁A . ▁in ▁Political ▁Science ▁M . ▁Sc . ▁In ▁Environment al ▁Science ▁M . ▁Sc . ▁Ge ology ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁NA AC ▁report ▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁The ▁Facebook ▁group ▁for ▁Pat ka i ▁Ch . ▁College ▁ ▁Category : Univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es |
▁in ▁Nag aland ▁Category : Col leg es ▁affili ated ▁to ▁Nag aland ▁University ▁Category : Dim ap ur <0x0A> </s> ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance , ▁Inc . ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁holding ▁company ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois , ▁that ▁own s ▁Wal gre ens , ▁Bo ots , ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁ph arma ce ut ical ▁manufact uring , ▁wh oles ale , ▁and ▁distribution ▁companies . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁after ▁Wal gre ens ▁purchased ▁the ▁ 5 5 % ▁st ake ▁in ▁UK ▁and ▁Switzerland - based ▁Alliance ▁Bo ots ▁that ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁already ▁own . ▁The ▁total ▁price ▁of ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁was ▁$ 4 . 9 ▁billion ▁in ▁c ash ▁and ▁ 1 4 4 . 3 ▁million ▁common ▁shares ▁with ▁fair ▁value ▁of ▁$ 1 0 . 7 ▁billion . ▁Wal gre ens ▁had ▁previously ▁purchased ▁ 4 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁$ 4 . 0 ▁billion ▁and ▁ 8 3 . 4 ▁million ▁common ▁shares ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁with ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁remaining ▁shares ▁within ▁three ▁years . ▁Wal gre ens ▁became ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁company ▁after ▁the ▁transactions ▁were ▁completed . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁organized ▁into ▁three ▁divisions : ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁USA ▁( W al gre ens ▁and ▁Du ane ▁Re ade ), ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁International |
▁( Bo ots ▁and ▁other ▁ret ail ▁operations ▁intern ation ally ), ▁and ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Wh oles ale , ▁incorpor ating ▁Alliance ▁Health care . ▁The ▁new ▁holding ▁company ▁began ▁trad ing ▁on ▁the ▁NAS DA Q ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁combined ▁business ▁has ▁operations ▁in ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁countries . ▁ ▁Wal gre ens ▁had ▁formerly ▁operated ▁sole ly ▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁its ▁territ ories , ▁while ▁Alliance ▁Bo ots ▁operated ▁a ▁more ▁international ▁business . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ▁published ▁its ▁fourth ▁quarter ▁ear nings ▁report . ▁F is cal ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁sales ▁were ▁$ 1 3 6 . 9 ▁billion , ▁up ▁ 5 . 8 % ▁from ▁fis cal ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and ▁net ▁ear nings ▁decre ased ▁to ▁$ 3 . 9 ▁billion . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ▁replaced ▁General ▁Electric ▁on ▁the ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁Indust rial ▁Index . ▁ ▁Oper ations ▁ ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁USA ▁ ▁Wal gre ens ▁and ▁Du ane ▁Re ade ▁operate ▁within ▁the ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁USA ▁division ▁of ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance . ▁Both ▁business es ▁sell ▁pres cription ▁and ▁non - pres cription ▁dru gs , ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁household ▁items , ▁including ▁personal |
▁care ▁and ▁beauty ▁products . ▁Wal gre ens ▁provides ▁access ▁to ▁consumer ▁goods ▁and ▁services , ▁plus ▁ph arm acy , ▁photo ▁department , ▁health ▁and ▁well ness ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁through ▁its ▁ret ail ▁drug st ores . ▁The ▁division ▁has ▁ 9 , 2 7 7 ▁drug st ores ▁as ▁of ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Wal gre ens ▁runs ▁several ▁online ▁stores , ▁such ▁as : ▁Beaut y . com , ▁D rug store . com ▁and ▁V ision Direct . com . ▁ ▁Wal gre ens ▁has ▁stores ▁in ▁all ▁ 5 0 ▁US ▁states , ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia , ▁Puerto ▁Rico , ▁and ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Virgin ▁Islands . ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁announced ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁compet itor ▁R ite ▁A id ▁for ▁$ 1 7 . 2 ▁billion . ▁However , ▁that ▁deal ▁was ▁later ▁scra pped ▁due ▁to ▁ant it rust ▁concerns ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁a ▁$ 5 . 1 8 ▁billion ▁deal , ▁in ▁which ▁Wal gre ens ▁only ▁acquired ▁half ▁of ▁R ite ▁A id ▁locations . ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Trade ▁Commission ▁( FT C ) ▁approved ▁a ▁fourth ▁deal ▁agreement ▁to ▁purchase ▁ 1 , 9 3 2 ▁R ite ▁A id ▁stores ▁for ▁$ 4 . 3 8 ▁billion ▁total , ▁a ▁transaction ▁which ▁was ▁completed |
▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁International ▁ ▁Bo ots ▁forms ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ret ail ▁Ph arm acy ▁International ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁The ▁Bo ots ▁brand ▁has ▁a ▁history ▁stretch ing ▁back ▁over ▁ 1 7 0 ▁years ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁familiar ▁sight ▁on ▁Britain ' s ▁high ▁streets . ▁St ores ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁prominent ▁high ▁street ▁and ▁city ▁center ▁locations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁local ▁communities . ▁Most ▁branches ▁include ▁a ▁ph arm acy ▁and ▁focus ▁on ▁health care , ▁personal ▁care , ▁and ▁cos met ic ▁products , ▁with ▁most ▁stores ▁s elling ▁over - the - counter ▁medic ines . ▁Lar ger ▁stores ▁typically ▁offer ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁health care ▁services ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁disp ens ing ▁pres cri ptions , ▁and ▁ch lam yd ia ▁testing ▁and ▁treatment ▁( private ▁service ). ▁Opt ician ▁services ▁are ▁also ▁offered ▁in ▁many ▁larger ▁stores , ▁with ▁Bo ots ▁Opt icians ▁providing ▁eye ▁tests ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁spect acles ▁and ▁contact ▁l enses . ▁ ▁Many ▁stores ▁also ▁feature ▁traditional ▁photo ▁processing ▁and / or ▁a ▁H P ▁picture ▁k ios k ▁where ▁users ▁of ▁digital ▁cam eras ▁and ▁camera ▁ph ones ▁can ▁create ▁prints ▁via ▁Bl uetooth , ▁USB , ▁or ▁CD . ▁ ▁Lar ger ▁stores ▁usually ▁offer ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁elect rical ▁equipment ▁such ▁as ▁ha ird ry ers , ▁curl ers , ▁and ▁foot ▁mass agers , ▁while ▁selected ▁stores ▁offer ▁a |
▁range ▁of ▁sand wich es , ▁b agu ettes , ▁wra ps , ▁sal ads , ▁and ▁be ver ages . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁Bo ots ▁stores ▁outside ▁the ▁UK . ▁St ores ▁in ▁countries ▁as ▁widely ▁spread ▁as ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁Canada ▁( see ▁Ph arma ▁Plus ), ▁and ▁France ▁were ▁all ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Today , ▁there ▁are ▁Bo ots ▁brand ed ▁stores ▁outside ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁Ireland ▁and ▁other ▁countries ▁including ▁United ▁Arab ▁Em ir ates , ▁Bah rain , ▁Norway , ▁Lith u ania , ▁The ▁Netherlands , ▁Th ailand . ▁ ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁ph arma cies ▁Ben av ides ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Far ma cias ▁Ah um ada ▁( F AS A ) ▁in ▁Chile . ▁ ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Wh oles ale ▁ ▁Alliance ▁Health care ▁forms ▁the ▁main ▁part ▁of ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ' s ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Wh oles ale ▁division . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁twice ▁daily ▁deliver ies ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 6 , 5 0 0 ▁delivery ▁points ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁alone . ▁Intern ation ally , ▁the ▁Ph arma ce ut ical ▁Wh oles ale ▁Division , ▁which ▁mainly ▁oper ates ▁under ▁the ▁Alliance ▁Health care ▁brand , ▁supplies ▁medic ines , ▁other ▁health care ▁products ▁and ▁related ▁services ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁ph |
arma cies , ▁do ctors , ▁health ▁cent ers ▁and ▁hosp it als ▁each ▁year ▁from ▁ 3 0 0 ▁distribution ▁cent ers ▁in ▁ 1 1 ▁countries . ▁The ▁division ' s ▁Al phe ga ▁Ph arm acy ▁network ▁provides ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁services ▁for ▁independent ▁ph arma cies , ▁including ▁brand ing , ▁professional ▁training ▁and ▁patient ▁care , ▁ret ail ▁support ▁services ▁and ▁supply ▁benefits ▁together ▁with ▁ph arm acy ▁and ▁IT ▁support . ▁ ▁Fin ances ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁fis cal ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ▁reported ▁ear nings ▁of ▁US $ 3 . 9 8 2 ▁billion , ▁with ▁an ▁annual ▁re venue ▁of ▁US $ 1 3 6 . 8 6 6 ▁billion , ▁an ▁increase ▁of ▁ 5 . 8 % ▁over ▁the ▁previous ▁fis cal ▁cycle . ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ' s ▁shares ▁trad ed ▁at ▁$ 6 0 . 6 7 ▁per ▁share , ▁and ▁its ▁market ▁capital ization ▁was ▁val ued ▁at ▁over ▁US $ 5 4 . 0 9 ▁billion ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Num bers ▁before ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁are ▁for ▁Wal gre ens ▁only . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ▁is ▁ranked ▁# 1 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Fort une ▁ 5 0 0 ▁rank ings ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁United ▁States ▁corpor ations ▁by ▁total ▁re venue . ▁ ▁Product ▁br ands ▁Bo ots ▁produces |
▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁br ands , ▁including ▁No 7 , ▁Sol tan ▁and ▁Botan ics , ▁Bo ots ▁Ph arma ce ut ical s , ▁and ▁Bo ots ▁Labor ator ies , ▁that ▁Alliance ▁Bo ots ▁and ▁Wal gre ens ▁sought ▁to ▁launch ▁intern ation ally ▁following ▁the ▁first ▁share ▁purchase ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁ ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁No 7 ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁anti - aging ▁beauty ▁ser ums , ▁developed ▁in ▁Not ting ham , ▁that ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁range ▁compr ises ▁products ▁designed ▁to ▁target ▁the ▁ag ing ▁concerns ▁of ▁specific ▁age ▁groups . ▁No 7 ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁Wal gre ens ▁and ▁Du ane ▁Re ade ▁stores ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁from ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁beginning ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁La unch ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁Sol tan ▁mark ets ▁its ▁U VA ▁ 5 - star ▁protection , ▁a ▁standard ▁of ▁protection ▁developed ▁by ▁Bo ots ▁and ▁now ▁adopted ▁as ▁the ▁benchmark ▁for ▁s unc are ▁products ▁in ▁the ▁UK . ▁Although ▁in ▁both ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Watch dog , ▁a ▁BBC ▁consumer ▁investig ative ▁TV ▁program ▁and ▁c ited ▁on ▁BBC ▁News , ▁plus ▁the ▁consumer ▁WH IC H ? ▁Magazine , ▁each ▁did ▁an ▁investigation ▁finding ▁the ▁ 5 - star ▁rating ▁was ▁un subst anti ated , ▁and |
▁sk inc are ▁exper ts ▁declared ▁it ▁to ▁be ▁far ▁less ▁safe ▁than ▁claimed . ▁ ▁First ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁Botan ics ▁range , ▁developed ▁in ▁partners hip ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Botan ic ▁Gard ens , ▁K ew , ▁uses ▁plant ▁extract s ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁products ▁and ▁includes ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁organ ic ▁products . ▁The ▁Botan ics ▁range ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁through ▁third ▁party ▁ret ail ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Bo ots ▁own ▁brand ▁range ▁of ▁products ▁includes ▁sk inc are , ▁medic ines , ▁health care ▁products , ▁and ▁many ▁more . ▁Bo ots ▁Labor ator ies ▁sk inc are ▁range ▁for ▁independent ▁ph arm acy ▁customers ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁Portugal ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 / 0 9 ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁sold ▁in ▁Spain , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Bo ots ▁now ▁own s ▁Al mus ▁Ph arma ce ut ical s , ▁a ▁brand ▁of ▁generic ▁pres cription ▁dru gs , ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁sold ▁in ▁five ▁countries ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁um bre lla ▁brand ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁lower ▁cost ▁generic ▁medic ines . ▁Al mus ▁placed ▁considerable ▁emphas is ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁pack aging ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁errors ▁by ▁the ▁disp ens ing ▁chem ist ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁patient ▁rel ating ▁to ▁incorrect ▁dos age ▁which ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁either ▁a ▁dangerous ▁accident al ▁over d ose ▁or |
▁an ▁equally ▁dangerous ▁under ▁do se . ▁ ▁Wal gre ens ▁has ▁a ▁self - brand ed ▁line ▁of ▁products , ▁" Well ▁at ▁Wal gre ens ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Wal gre ens ▁Bo ots ▁Alliance ▁paid ▁£ 1 4 0 ▁million ▁( about ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁million ) ▁for ▁UK ▁sk inc are ▁brand ▁L iz ▁Ear le ▁Natur ally ▁Active , ▁an ▁Av on ▁subs idi ary ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁L iz ▁Ear le ▁Beaut y ▁Co ▁co - found er ▁L iz ▁Ear le , ▁' one ▁of ▁the ▁biggest ▁names ▁in ▁the ▁beauty ▁industry ' ▁stayed ▁on ▁as ▁an ▁' amb assador ' ▁after ▁s elling ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁sum ▁and ▁told ▁her ▁own ▁L iz ▁Ear le ▁Well be ing ▁magazine ' s ▁website ▁that ▁' ... al ong side ▁my ▁new ▁digital ▁and ▁print ▁publishing ▁vent ure ... at ▁the ▁moment ▁I ’ m ▁still ▁connected ▁to ▁L iz ▁Ear le ▁Beaut y ▁Co ▁and ▁continue ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁consult ant ▁to ▁the ▁brand ▁that ▁car ries ▁my ▁name . ▁I ’ m ▁involved ▁in ▁new ▁product ▁development ... ' ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁L iz ▁Ear le ▁announced ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Hold ing ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Mult in ational |
▁companies ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Hold ing ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁NAS DA Q ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁De er field , ▁Illinois ▁Category : He alth ▁care ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : Special ty ▁dru gs ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁formed ▁by ▁mer ger ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁in ▁the ▁Dow ▁Jones ▁Indust rial ▁A verage ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁mer gers ▁and ▁ac quis itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Des ire ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁American ▁rom antic ▁comedy - d rama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Bor z age , ▁st arring ▁Mar l ene ▁Diet rich ▁and ▁Gary ▁Cooper , ▁and ▁produced ▁by ▁Bor z age ▁and ▁Ernst ▁Lub itsch . ▁The ▁picture ▁is ▁a ▁re make ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁German ▁film ▁Happy ▁Days ▁in ▁A ran j uez . ▁The ▁screen play ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Hoff en stein , ▁Ed win ▁Just us ▁May er ▁and ▁Wal dem ar ▁Young ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁play ▁Die ▁Schön en ▁Tage ▁von ▁A ran j uez ▁by ▁Hans ▁Sz ék ely ▁and ▁Robert ▁A . ▁St em m le . ▁The ▁music ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁Frederick ▁Holland er ▁and ▁the ▁cinemat ography ▁was ▁shot ▁by ▁Charles ▁Lang ▁and ▁Victor ▁Mil ner . ▁Mar l ene ▁Diet rich ' s ▁w ard ro be ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁Tra vis ▁B anton |
. ▁The ▁supporting ▁cast ▁features ▁John ▁Hall iday , ▁William ▁F raw ley , ▁Ak im ▁Tam iro ff , ▁and ▁Alan ▁M ow b ray . ▁ ▁Plot ▁In ▁Paris , ▁Made le ine ▁de ▁Beau pre ▁( Mar l ene ▁Diet rich ) ▁cons ▁j ew eler ▁Arist ide ▁Du val le ▁( Er nest ▁C oss art ) ▁and ▁psych iat rist ▁Maurice ▁P au quet ▁( Al an ▁M ow b ray ) ▁by ▁telling ▁each ▁man ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁other . ▁Du val le ▁del ivers ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁p ear ls ▁worth ▁millions ▁of ▁fran cs ▁to ▁P au quet ' s ▁office , ▁expecting ▁to ▁be ▁paid , ▁but ▁P au quet ▁thinks ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁new ▁patient ▁who ▁has ▁del us ions ▁of ▁need ing ▁to ▁collect ▁deb ts . ▁Made le ine ▁is ▁there ▁to ▁introduce ▁them ▁to ▁each ▁other , ▁and ▁dep arts ▁with ▁the ▁p ear ls ▁before ▁they ▁figure ▁out ▁what ▁she ▁has ▁done . ▁ ▁While ▁driving ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish ▁border , ▁Made le ine ▁spl ash es ▁mud ▁onto ▁Tom ▁Brad ley ▁( G ary ▁Cooper ), ▁an ▁American ▁autom ot ive ▁engineer ▁vac ation ing ▁in ▁Europe . ▁Then ▁as ▁they ▁approach ▁the ▁border , ▁her ▁car ' s ▁horn ▁control ▁st icks ▁" on ", ▁to ▁the ▁anno y ance ▁of ▁the ▁custom s ▁officers . ▁Tom ▁fixes ▁it ▁and ▁they ▁go ▁into ▁the ▁office ▁together . ▁ ▁L ugg age ▁and ▁purs es |
▁are ▁being ▁ins pected , ▁so ▁she ▁dec ides ▁to ▁hide ▁the ▁p ear ls ▁in ▁his ▁jack et ▁pocket . ▁On ▁the ▁road , ▁she ▁pull s ▁ahead ▁of ▁Tom , ▁then ▁dis ables ▁her ▁own ▁car ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁will ▁have ▁to ▁give ▁her ▁a ▁lift . ▁ ▁But ▁he ▁has ▁changed ▁jack ets . ▁She ▁says ▁she ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁San ▁Sebast i án , ▁and ▁he ▁offers ▁to ▁drive ▁her ▁there . ▁En ▁route ▁she ▁se izes ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁ste al ▁his ▁car , ▁leaving ▁him ▁standing ▁in ▁the ▁road — al ong ▁with ▁the ▁suit case ▁his ▁other ▁jack et ▁is ▁in . ▁She ▁then ▁crashes ▁the ▁car ▁while ▁ev ading ▁police . ▁ ▁They ▁make ▁their ▁way ▁separately ▁to ▁San ▁Sebast i án . ▁There ▁" Count ess " ▁de ▁Beau pre ▁meets ▁her ▁accomp lice , ▁supposed ly ▁her ▁uncle , ▁" Pr ince " ▁Carlos ▁Marg oli ▁( John ▁Hall iday ). ▁Tom ▁loc ates ▁Made le ine ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁polic eman ▁( A kim ▁Tam iro ff ), ▁who ▁cannot ▁imagine ▁that ▁a ▁char ming ▁count ess ▁would ▁ste al ▁a ▁car ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁even ▁stay ▁to ▁see ▁if ▁Tom ▁ident ifies ▁her ▁as ▁the ▁th ief . ▁ ▁As ▁it ▁seems ▁that ▁Tom ▁still ▁has ▁the ▁p ear ls ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁know ▁it , ▁Carlos ▁quickly ▁offers ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁car , ▁and ▁Made le ine ▁pret ends ▁to ▁be ▁attract ed ▁to ▁him . ▁They |
▁all ▁become ▁friendly ▁and ▁go ▁together ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁Carlos ' s ▁villa . ▁There , ▁when ▁Tom ▁we ars ▁his ▁other ▁jack et , ▁Carlos ▁gets ▁the ▁p ear ls ▁from ▁him ▁using ▁another ▁trick . ▁ ▁Carlos ▁now ▁wants ▁Made le ine ▁to ▁accomp any ▁him ▁to ▁Madrid ▁to ▁sell ▁them , ▁but ▁she ▁has ▁actually ▁fallen ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁Tom , ▁and ▁wants ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁gang ▁instead . ▁Despite ▁the ▁attempts ▁of ▁Carlos ▁and ▁" A unt " ▁Ol ga ▁( Z eff ie ▁T il bury ), ▁another ▁gang ▁member , ▁to ▁break ▁them ▁up , ▁they ▁become ▁engaged . ▁ ▁After ▁Carlos ▁and ▁Ol ga ▁ta unt ▁Made le ine ▁about ▁being ▁unable ▁to ▁tell ▁Tom ▁the ▁truth ▁about ▁herself , ▁she ▁throws ▁ca ution ▁to ▁the ▁wind ▁and ▁does ▁just ▁that . ▁They ▁ste al ▁the ▁neck lace ▁back ▁from ▁Carlos ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Paris , ▁where ▁Made le ine ▁returns ▁it ▁to ▁Du val le . ▁He ▁personally ▁forg ives ▁her , ▁but ▁says ▁she ▁must ▁still ▁face ▁the ▁authorities . ▁The ▁final ▁scene ▁is ▁Tom ▁and ▁Made le ine ' s ▁wed ding , ▁where ▁her ▁par ole ▁ ▁document ▁is ▁accident ally ▁shown , ▁prov ing ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁done ▁so . ▁P au quet ▁and ▁Du val le , ▁who ▁now ▁is ▁his ▁patient , ▁attend ▁the ▁wed ding ▁as ▁witness es . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Mar l ene ▁Diet rich ▁as ▁Made le ine ▁de ▁Beau pre ▁ ▁Gary ▁Cooper ▁as |
▁Tom ▁Brad ley ▁ ▁John ▁Hall iday ▁as ▁Carlos ▁Marg oli ▁ ▁William ▁F raw ley ▁as ▁Mr . ▁Gib son ▁ ▁Ernest ▁C oss art ▁as ▁Arist ide ▁Du val le ▁ ▁Ak im ▁Tam iro ff ▁as ▁Av ilia , ▁Police ▁Official ▁ ▁Alan ▁M ow b ray ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Maurice ▁P au quet ▁ ▁Ze ff ie ▁T il bury ▁as ▁A unt ▁Ol ga ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁John ▁Gilbert ▁was ▁initially ▁cast ▁as ▁Carlos ▁Marg oli , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁com eb ack ▁role . ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁in ▁his ▁dress ing ▁room ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁later ▁and ▁was ▁immediately ▁replaced ▁by ▁John ▁Hall iday . ▁A ▁few ▁days ▁later , ▁Gilbert ▁died ▁of ▁alco hol - indu ced ▁heart ▁failure . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁scenes ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁were ▁directed ▁by ▁Ernst ▁Lub itsch ▁whilst ▁Frank ▁Bor z age ▁was ▁ful fill ing ▁a ▁prior ▁commit ment ▁at ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁shot ▁at ▁Param ount ▁Studios ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁I vers on ▁Movie ▁R anch , ▁Ch ats worth , ▁California ▁and , ▁unusual ▁for ▁its ▁time , ▁on ▁location ▁in ▁France ▁and ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Of ▁the ▁film , ▁Diet rich ▁said : ▁The ▁only ▁film ▁I ▁need ▁not ▁be ▁ash amed ▁of ▁is ▁Des ire , ▁directed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Bor z age ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁script ▁by ▁Ernst ▁Lub itsch . ▁I ▁found ▁Gary ▁Cooper ▁a ▁little ▁less ▁mon os yll ab ic ▁than ▁before . |
▁He ▁was ▁finally ▁rid ▁of ▁Lu pe ▁Vé lez , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁at ▁his ▁he els ▁constantly ▁throughout ▁the ▁shooting ▁of ▁Mor oc co . ▁and : ▁ ▁Des ire ▁became ▁a ▁good ▁film ▁and , ▁moreover , ▁also ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁box - office ▁success . ▁The ▁script ▁was ▁excellent , ▁the ▁roles ▁super b ▁- ▁one ▁more ▁proof ▁that ▁these ▁elements ▁are ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁actors . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁Writing ▁for ▁The ▁Spect ator ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁Graham ▁Gre ene ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁a ▁good ▁review , ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁" the ▁best ▁film ▁in ▁which ▁Miss ▁Mar l ene ▁Diet rich ▁has ▁appeared ▁since ▁she ▁left ▁Germany , ▁and ▁the ▁most ▁am using ▁new ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁London ▁this ▁week ". ▁Green ▁also ▁pra ised ▁Cooper ' s ▁performance ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁best . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁recognized ▁by ▁American ▁Film ▁Institute ▁in ▁these ▁lists : ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁A FI ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Years ... 1 0 0 ▁Pass ions ▁– ▁N omin ated ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Des ire ▁at ▁Virtual ▁History ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 6 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁rom antic ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁rom antic ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films |
▁based ▁on ▁plays ▁Category : American ▁rem akes ▁of ▁German ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Frank ▁Bor z age ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Frank ▁Bor z age <0x0A> </s> ▁P adas ak ▁Tan vi ri y ave ch ak ul ▁( ; ▁, ▁born ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Th ai ▁table ▁tennis ▁player . ▁ ▁P adas ak ▁started ▁playing ▁table ▁tennis ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 8 . ▁P adas ak ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 5 0 6 0 8 1 6 0 1 0 5 / http :// www . si ams port . co . th / Column / 1 5 0 6 0 4 _ 1 1 2 . html ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 6 0 3 0 4 1 0 3 3 0 6 / http :// www . th ait able ten nis . com / w iz Content . asp ? w iz Con ID = 9 1 4 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁table ▁tennis ▁players ▁of ▁Th ailand ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 |
6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Table ▁tennis ▁players ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bang k ok ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁table ▁tennis ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁silver ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Th ailand ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Th ailand ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁Th ailand ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : Comp et itors ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : S out heast ▁Asian ▁Games ▁gold ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Th ailand <0x0A> </s> ▁Dream ▁Come ▁True ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁collaboration ▁album ▁by ▁Filip ino ▁singer - act ress ▁N ora ▁A un or , ▁with ▁singer ▁Tir so ▁Cruz ▁III ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁by ▁Vic or ▁Music ▁Corporation ▁( now ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁VI VA ▁Entertainment ) ▁in ▁LP ▁format . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁du ets ▁of ▁A un or ▁and ▁De ▁Leon ▁who |
▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁greatest ▁love ▁team ▁of ▁the ▁Philipp ine ▁Entertainment ▁Indust ry , ▁they ▁made ▁several ▁other ▁collaboration ▁albums ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁The ▁Album ▁contains ▁ 1 2 ▁tracks ▁including ▁the ▁song ▁Moon light ▁Be comes ▁You ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁winning ▁song ▁of ▁N ora ▁A un or ▁in ▁the ▁" T aw ag ▁ng ▁Tang hal an " ▁singing ▁contest . ▁ ▁Background ▁One ▁of ▁local ▁show b iz ' s ▁most ▁popular ▁love ▁teams ▁of ▁all ▁time ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁box - office ▁hit ▁The ▁Musical ▁Te en age ▁Id ol ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁Their ▁tan dem ▁was ▁unusual , ▁say ▁older ▁fans , ▁because ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁a ▁mor ena ▁( N ora ) ▁was ▁pa ired ▁with ▁a ▁mest izo ▁( T ir so ). ▁And ▁the ▁unusual ▁became ▁phenomen al ! ▁Even ▁Maria ▁Leon ora ▁Ther esa , ▁the ▁doll ▁given ▁by ▁P ip ▁to ▁Guy , ▁was ▁a ▁sens ation . ▁. ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Side ▁one ▁ ▁Side ▁two ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁N ora ▁A un or ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Category : N ora ▁A un or ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁albums ▁Category : Coll abor ative ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Do omed ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁novel ▁by ▁Ch uck ▁Pal ah ni uk . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁novel ▁in ▁a ▁tr il ogy ▁that ▁started ▁with ▁Dam ned . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Do omed ▁follows |
▁Mad ison ▁Sp encer ▁after ▁she ▁esc apes ▁from ▁Hell , ▁do omed ▁to ▁w ander ▁Earth ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁p urg atory ▁for ▁a ▁year , ▁ha un ting ▁her ▁parents . ▁Do omed ▁gives ▁us ▁a ▁clearer ▁view ▁of ▁Mad ison ' s ▁child hood ▁and ▁explains ▁why ▁she ▁was ▁dam ned ▁to ▁Hell . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁by ▁Ch uck ▁Pal ah ni uk ▁Category : Sequ el ▁nov els ▁Category : P urg atory ▁in ▁fiction <0x0A> </s> ▁Per one ut yp a ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁fung i ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Di at ry pace ae . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Index ▁F ung orum ▁ ▁Category : X yl arial es <0x0A> </s> ▁Song g w ang sa ▁() ▁translation : ▁Sp reading ▁P ine ▁Temple ; ▁altern ates : ▁Song g w ang - sa , ▁or ▁Song g w ang ▁Sa , ▁or ▁Song kw ang sa ; ▁also ▁known ▁as : ▁P ine y ▁Ex pan se ▁Mon aster y ; ▁originally : ▁G ils ang sa ), ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁j ew els ▁of ▁Se on ▁Buddh ism , ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁South ▁Je ol la ▁Province ▁on ▁Mount ▁Song g w angs an ▁on ▁the ▁Korean ▁Pen ins ula . ▁ ▁Situ ated ▁approximately ▁ ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁sea , ▁it ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁J og yes an ▁Provin cial ▁Park . ▁ ▁While ▁founded ▁in |
▁ 8 6 7 , ▁it ▁fell ▁into ▁dis use ▁but ▁was ▁re - est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 1 9 0 ▁by ▁Se on ▁master ▁Jin ul . ▁Jin ul ' s ▁med itation ▁teach ings ▁evol ved ▁from ▁this ▁monaster y ▁and ▁contributed ▁significantly ▁to ▁the ▁Se on ▁practice ▁that ▁prev ails ▁to ▁this ▁day ▁in ▁Korea . ▁Song g w ang sa ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁" j ew el " ▁( Sam g har at na ) ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁mon astic ▁community . ▁Though ▁smaller ▁in ▁size , ▁it ▁is ▁considered ▁as ▁the ▁greatest ▁among ▁the ▁tri o ▁of ▁Three ▁Jew els ▁Tem ples ▁representing ▁“ the ▁Bud d ha , ▁the ▁d har ma , ▁and ▁the ▁sang ha ". ▁The ▁other ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁tri o , ▁T ong d osa ▁and ▁H ae ins a , ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁South ▁G ye ongs ang ▁Province . ▁ ▁This ▁monaster y , ▁though ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁J og ye ▁Order ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁body . ▁It ▁controls ▁a ▁network ▁of ▁ 4 9 ▁small ▁branch ▁tem ples ▁whose ▁abb ots ▁are ▁chosen ▁from ▁among ▁the ▁mon ks ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁monaster y ▁and ▁who ▁also ▁enjoy ▁a ▁fair ▁degree ▁of ▁independence ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁function ▁as ▁independent ▁economic ▁units ▁without ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁main ▁monaster y . ▁It ▁currently ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁temple ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁J og ye |
▁Order ▁among ▁the ▁ 2 5 ▁head ▁monaster ies ▁of ▁the ▁order . ▁Song g w ang sa , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁Se on ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Korea , ▁is ▁still ▁very ▁active ▁today ▁as ▁a ▁practice ▁center . ▁ ▁Over ▁the ▁centuries , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁re built ▁many ▁times ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁fully ▁restored . ▁As ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁many ▁mon ks , ▁the ▁monaster y ▁has ▁an ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁ste le ▁and ▁pag od as ▁which ▁contain ▁the ▁as hes ▁of ▁many ▁mon ks . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁living ▁qu arters ▁in ▁Korea ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Song g w ang sa , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁International ▁Se on ▁Center ▁that ▁is ▁popular ▁with ▁foreign ers ▁who ▁seek ▁the ▁experience ▁of ▁living ▁in ▁a ▁Se on ▁temple . ▁K ory o ▁Sa , ▁the ▁first ▁foreign ▁branch ▁of ▁Song g w ang sa , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁Kore at own , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁US ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁by ▁K us an ▁Sun im . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Song g w ang sa ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁J og yes an ▁in ▁Song g w ang - my e on , ▁Sun che on , ▁South ▁Je ol la ▁Province , ▁South ▁Korea . ▁Se on ams a , ▁a ▁qui eter ▁herm itage ▁d ating ▁to ▁ 5 2 9 , ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁J ang gun b ong ▁Mountain ▁at ▁, |
▁also ▁within ▁the ▁J og yes an ▁Provin cial ▁Park . ▁Song g w ang sa , ▁located ▁between ▁Ch ong ju ▁and ▁Mais an , ▁is ▁accessible ▁via ▁Ch on ju ▁city ▁bus ▁or ▁tax i . ▁ ▁The ▁road ▁that ▁access es ▁Song g w ang sa ▁is ▁fl ank ed ▁with ▁giant ▁p ine ▁trees ▁and ▁cross es ▁a ▁valley ▁with ▁a ▁round ▁pav il ion ▁bridge ▁called ▁Che ong ny ang g ak , ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁place ▁to ▁rest . ▁A ▁stream ▁runs ▁at ▁the ▁entrance ▁to ▁the ▁temple ▁and ▁two ▁brid ges ▁cross ▁this ▁stream . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁brid ges ▁has ▁a ▁unique ▁architect ural ▁arch . ▁Also ▁seen ▁near ▁the ▁bridge ▁are ▁two ▁independent ▁small ▁houses ▁det ached ▁from ▁the ▁main ▁the ▁temple . ▁There ▁are ▁differ ing ▁versions ▁as ▁to ▁why ▁they ▁were ▁built . ▁One ▁version ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁meant ▁as ▁a ▁store house ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁mort al ▁remains ▁for ▁a ▁specified ▁period ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁the ▁dead . ▁The ▁other ▁version ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁dress ing ▁room ▁by ▁the ▁royal ▁family ▁after ▁bath ing ▁to ▁ad orn ▁their ▁wed ding ▁dress ▁prior ▁to ▁marriage . ▁These ▁versions ▁and ▁practices ▁have ▁been ▁reported ▁on ▁in ▁Robert ▁Bus well ' s ▁The ▁Z en ▁Mon astic ▁Exper ience ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁Song g w ang ▁means ▁" a ▁temple ▁in ▁which ▁ 1 8 ▁great ▁mon ks ▁will ▁spread ▁the |
▁teaching ▁of ▁Bud d ha ", ▁" S ong " ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁great ▁men ▁and ▁" G w ang " ▁to ▁the ▁spread ing ▁of ▁Buddh ism . ▁ ▁History ▁Little ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁G ils ang sa , ▁a ▁temple ▁built ▁during ▁S illa ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁Song g w ang sa . ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁Se on ▁master ▁H yer in ▁who ▁also ▁built ▁a ▁herm itage ▁and ▁lived ▁there . ▁It ▁was ▁about ▁one ▁hundred ▁kan ▁() ▁in ▁size ▁( about ▁), ▁and ▁included ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁mon ks . ▁As ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁information ▁about ▁H yer in , ▁Bus well ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁states ▁that ▁sch ol ars ▁may ▁have ▁de vised ▁H yer in ▁as ▁a ▁legend ary ▁figure ▁who ▁pred ated ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Jin ul . ▁ ▁G ils ang sa ▁was ▁abandoned ▁for ▁over ▁fifty ▁years ▁but ▁was ▁re construct ed ▁over ▁a ▁nine - year ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 1 9 0 s ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁important ▁centre ▁of ▁Korean ▁Buddh ism ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁centre ▁for ▁scholar ly ▁learning ▁of ▁the ▁Je ong hy eg ye ols a ▁movement . ▁Historical ▁records ▁indicate ▁that ▁Z en ▁Master ▁Ch in ul ▁( S on ▁or ▁H wa ' om ▁Master ) ▁established ▁Song g w ang sa ▁in ▁ 1 1 9 0 ▁on ▁J og yes an . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁leg |
ends ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁the ▁temple . ▁However , ▁Ch in ul , ▁the ▁national ▁master ▁Bo jo , ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁flow n ▁a ▁black ▁k ite ▁made ▁of ▁wood ▁in ▁M t . ▁Moh u , ▁and ▁where ▁it ▁land ed ▁he ▁named ▁it ▁Ch ira k da e , ▁meaning ▁" the ▁place ▁where ▁a ▁black ▁k ite ▁land ed ". ▁The ▁mountain ▁was ▁later ▁renamed ▁as ▁Mount ▁Song g w ang . ▁ ▁The ▁monaster y ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁tur bul ent ▁history , ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁Second ▁Japanese ▁invasion ▁( 1 5 9 7 – 1 5 9 8 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Korean ▁War . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁abb ots , ▁S ok chin , ▁wrote ▁an ▁anth ology ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁based ▁on ▁ext ant ▁references ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Song g w ang sa . ▁Master ▁K us an ▁( 1 9 0 1 – 1 9 8 3 ), ▁an ▁important ▁dis ci ple ▁of ▁Hy ob ong , ▁was ▁ord ained ▁and ▁res ided ▁at ▁the ▁temple ▁for ▁some ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁It ▁has ▁produced ▁ 1 6 ▁national ▁pre cept ors . ▁ ▁Se ok jo , ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁In j ong ▁of ▁G ory e o , ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁grand ▁plans ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁temple ▁but ▁died ▁before ▁his ▁plans ▁could ▁take ▁effect . ▁The ▁temple ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 |
7 th ▁century ▁when ▁Buddh ism ▁was ▁reg aining ▁popular ity . ▁Ren ov ations ▁carried ▁out ▁after ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁were ▁very ▁elaborate ▁and ▁extensive ▁with ▁original ▁found ations ▁as ▁the ▁base ▁structure . ▁The ▁ref urb ishing ▁involved ▁ 1 4 ▁buildings ▁including ▁the ▁main ▁hall . ▁The ▁uniqu eness ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁built ▁after ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁is ▁unlike ▁that ▁of ▁other ▁great ▁monaster ies . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁The ▁layout ▁plan ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y ▁closely ▁res emb les ▁the ▁" o cean - se al ▁chart ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁d har ma - w heel ▁chart ", ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁diagram ▁indic ative ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁doctrine ▁of ▁H wa ' om . ▁ ▁The ▁elev ation ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁temple ▁building ▁( D ae ung bo je on ), ▁gives ▁a ▁double ▁roof ed ▁appearance . ▁The ▁main ▁temple ▁or ▁hall ▁( T ae ung - ch on , ▁" Bas il ica ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Hero "), ▁is ▁accessed ▁via ▁a ▁single ▁beam ▁gate ▁known ▁as ▁an ▁il ich u - mun , ▁and ▁is ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁style ▁with ▁wooden ▁be ams . ▁It ▁contains ▁a ▁shr ine ▁of ▁V ai roc ana , ▁the ▁D harm ak ā ya ▁Bud d ha , ▁and ▁re lic s ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁H wa e om ▁school ▁of ▁Buddh ism , ▁illustr ating ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁this ▁philosophy ▁in ▁Korean ▁Buddh ism . ▁The ▁main ▁hall ▁houses ▁the ▁three |
▁main ▁stat ues ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁Bud d ha , ▁D ī p ank ara ▁Bud d ha , ▁the ▁" current " ▁Bud d ha , ▁G aut ama ▁Bud d ha , ▁and ▁the ▁future ▁Bud d ha , ▁M ait re ya . ▁The ▁main ▁shr ine ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁temple ▁is ▁about ▁ ▁high ▁on ▁a ▁wooden ▁alt ar ▁but ▁has ▁space ▁surrounding ▁it ▁so ▁that ▁visit ing ▁pil gr ims ▁can ▁circum amb ulate ▁around ▁it . ▁The ▁entry ▁hall ▁contains ▁the ▁stat ues ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁heaven ly ▁k ings ▁( s ach ' on w ang ) ▁which ▁act ▁as ▁D har ma ▁protect ors ▁to ▁w ard ▁off ▁evil ▁spirits . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁building ▁is ▁the ▁J ij ang je on , ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁Bud d ha ▁statue ▁and ▁the ▁Se ung bo je o , ▁which ▁explains ▁its ▁affili ation ▁and ▁importance ▁to ▁the ▁Se on . ▁Just ▁below ▁the ▁main ▁temple ▁complex , ▁which ▁is ▁craft ed ▁in ▁wood , ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁stone ▁st ela e , ▁all ▁meas uring ▁roughly ▁ ▁in ▁height , ▁that ▁display ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁An ▁ancient ▁h itch ing ▁post ▁near ▁this ▁area ▁would ▁histor ically ▁have ▁served ▁government ▁officials ▁and ▁other ▁em inent ▁visitors . ▁The ▁nearby ▁Dr um ▁and ▁the ▁Bell ▁Tower ▁( Ch ong go - ru ) ▁houses ▁many ▁implements ▁used ▁dom est ically ▁in ▁the ▁monaster y ' s ▁history |
. ▁The ▁Te aching ▁Hall , ▁the ▁Masters ' ▁Port rait ▁Hall ▁and ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Spirit ual ▁Le ader ▁are ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁highest ▁elev ation ▁but ▁not ▁the ▁main ▁hall . ▁Also ▁near ▁the ▁Spirit ual ▁Le ader ’ s ▁residence ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁house ▁with ▁a ▁conventional ▁chim ney ▁that ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century , ▁said ▁to ▁belong ▁to ▁his ▁deput y , ▁and ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁“ one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁living ▁qu arters ▁in ▁Korea ." ▁ ▁Fe atures ▁Several ▁stat ues ▁surr ound ▁the ▁main ▁temple ▁building ▁and ▁a ▁giant , ▁colour ful ▁ta eng h wa ▁( scroll ▁painting ) ▁hang s ▁behind ▁the ▁main ▁image , ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁Buddh ist ▁p ant he on . ▁The ▁main ▁image ▁de ified ▁on ▁a ▁wooden ▁alt ar ▁is ▁very ▁tall , ▁covering ▁the ▁entire ▁height ▁from ▁floor ▁to ▁the ▁ce iling . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁portrait ▁of ▁the ▁guard ian ▁general ▁of ▁Buddh ism , ▁W ita , ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁side ▁walls , ▁which ▁is ▁a kin ▁to ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁port ra its ▁found ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁complex ▁has ▁three ▁great ▁tre asures : ▁the ▁Bis ari ▁G us i , ▁S s ang hy ang su , ▁and ▁the ▁Ne ung gy e onn ans a . ▁The ▁Bis ari ▁G us i ▁is ▁a ▁massive ▁rice ▁container ▁made ▁from ▁trees ▁( two ▁large ▁Chinese ▁juni per ▁trees ) ▁which |
▁can ▁contain ▁enough ▁rice ▁to ▁feed ▁ 4 0 0 0 ▁mon ks . ▁Sang hy ang su ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁two ▁very ▁large ▁Chinese ▁juni per ▁trees ▁( J uni per us ▁ch in ensis ) ▁and ▁Ne ung gy e onn ans a ▁is ▁an ▁intr ic ately ▁designed ▁plate . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁festiv als ▁ ▁Bud d ha ’ s ▁birth day ▁ ▁Bud d ha ’ s ▁B irth day ▁( B uche on im ▁o sh in ▁n al ) ▁festival ▁is ▁a ▁g ala ▁annual ▁festival ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁in ▁all ▁Buddh ist ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁Korea ▁on ▁the ▁eight - day ▁of ▁the ▁fourth ▁lun ar ▁month ▁( cor respond s ▁Greg or ian ▁calendar ▁month ▁of ▁early ▁May ) ▁which ▁corresponds ▁to ▁two ▁weeks ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁summer ▁retre at . ▁On ▁this ▁occasion , ▁paper ▁lan tern s ▁or ▁l amps ▁with ▁cand les ▁are ▁lit ▁which ▁are ▁str ung ▁around ▁all ▁the ▁shr ines ▁within ▁the ▁monaster y ▁and ▁in ▁series ▁of ▁rows ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁cour ty ard . ▁The ▁most ▁orn ate ▁type ▁of ▁lan tern ▁is ▁the ▁lot us ▁flower ▁type . ▁These ▁are ▁usually ▁profession ally ▁made ▁by ▁women ▁mon ks ▁of ▁the ▁subs idi ary ▁monaster ies ▁of ▁Song g w ang sa . ▁The ▁lan tern s ▁are ▁also ▁put ▁up ▁for ▁sale ▁at ▁the ▁main ▁entrance ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y . ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁learned ▁mon k ▁of ▁the ▁Song g |
w ang sa ▁monaster y , ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁lan tern ▁light ing ▁is ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁J ata ka ▁tales ▁of ▁Bud d ha ' s ▁past ▁lives . ▁The ▁largest ▁l amps ▁inside ▁the ▁main ▁shr ine ▁hall ▁have ▁been ▁dedicated ▁in ▁the ▁past ▁to ▁President ▁Park ▁Ch ung - he e ▁and ▁his ▁wife . ▁Food ▁offer ings ▁for ▁l unch ▁and ▁dinner ▁at ▁an ▁impro vised ▁alt ar ▁and ▁d har ma ▁lect ures ▁are ▁a ▁common ▁feature ▁on ▁this ▁occasion . ▁The ▁Song g w ang sa ▁is ▁on ▁this ▁day ▁ ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁That ▁is , ▁only ▁once ▁a ▁year ▁when ▁mon ks ▁are ▁seen ▁holding ▁guard ▁at ▁all ▁the ▁shr ines ▁and ▁h alls ▁of ▁the ▁monaster y , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁med itation ▁hall ▁and ▁the ▁private ▁rooms ▁of ▁the ▁mon ks ▁which ▁are ▁bar red ▁for ▁public ▁view ing . ▁On ▁this ▁day ▁offering ▁of ▁l amps ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁mer itor ious ▁de ed ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁said , ▁" If ▁someone , ▁wanting ▁to ▁make ▁mer it , ▁respect fully ▁offers ▁a ▁bright ▁lamp ▁or ▁even ▁a ▁small ▁cand le ▁before ▁the ▁images ▁en sh r ined ▁inside ▁a ▁stup a ▁or ▁shr ine ▁… , ▁that ▁mer it ▁can ▁not ▁be ▁compreh ended ▁by ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁ś r ā v ak as ▁or ▁pr aty ek ab ud d has ; ▁only ▁the ▁Bud d has , ▁t ath ag at as ▁can ▁compreh |
end ▁it ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁evening , ▁light ing ▁ceremony ▁is ▁held ▁when ▁lay ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁bought ▁l amps ▁or ▁lan tern s ▁light ▁them ▁by ▁placing ▁a ▁cand le ▁inside ▁the ▁lan tern , ▁at ▁about ▁ 7 . 3 0 ▁PM . ▁The ▁light ed ▁l amps ▁are ▁a ▁delight ful ▁sight ▁to ▁beh old , ▁walking ▁around ▁the ▁monaster y ▁or ▁view ing ▁from ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁a ▁nearby ▁hill . ▁The ▁l amps ▁are ▁later ▁dim med ▁to ▁mark ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁New ▁Year ▁day ▁Another ▁notable ▁festival ▁is ▁the ▁New ▁Year ▁( sol l al ) ▁day ▁that ▁is ▁observed ▁with ▁p iety ▁and ▁g ai ety , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Sol ar ▁calendar ▁in ▁late ▁January ▁or ▁early ▁February , ▁every ▁year . ▁The ▁festival , ▁which ▁starts ▁with ▁New ▁Year ’ s ▁e ve ▁last s ▁for ▁three ▁days . ▁ ▁Med itations ▁A part ▁from ▁the ▁festiv als , ▁the ▁monaster y ▁obser ves ▁two ▁med itation ▁seasons , ▁which ▁are ▁an ▁integral ▁feature ▁of ▁Korean ▁Buddh ism , ▁in ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁historical ▁Bud d ha ; ▁both ▁are ▁two ▁ 3 - month ▁med itation ▁seasons , ▁one ▁in ▁winter ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁in ▁summer , ▁scheduled ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁lun ar ▁calendar . ▁Norm ally , ▁ 1 2 0 ▁mon ks ▁attend ▁these ▁med itations , ▁which ▁are ▁still ▁pract iced ▁in ▁Korean ▁Buddh ism . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁resident ▁mon ks ▁att ending |
▁the ▁med itation ▁practices ▁fl uct u ates ▁according ▁to ▁season , ▁and ▁generally ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 ▁mon ks ▁during ▁med itation ▁seasons ▁and ▁ 7 0 ▁mon ks ▁during ▁the ▁off ▁seasons . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁mon ks ▁med itate ▁for ▁ 1 2 ▁hours , ▁and ▁even ▁more ▁severe ▁order ▁of ▁continuous ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁period ▁of ▁med itation ▁is ▁observed ▁with ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁creating ▁and ▁also ▁building ▁imp et us ▁and ▁energy ▁for ▁ach ieving ▁progress ▁on ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁en light en ment . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Buddh ism ▁in ▁Korea ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Buddh ist ▁tem ples ▁ ▁Mart ine ▁B atch elor ▁ ▁Korean ▁Buddh ist ▁tem ples ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁Digital ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Buddh ism ▁( log ▁in ▁as ▁" gu est ") ▁ ▁Category : B ud dh ist ▁tem ples ▁of ▁the ▁J og ye ▁Order ▁Category : Se on ▁tem ples ▁Category : B ud dh ist ▁tem ples ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : S un che on ▁Category : 1 1 9 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Asia ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁South ▁Je ol la ▁Province ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁South ▁Je ol la ▁Province ▁Category : 1 2 th - century ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁P ter ost yl is ▁ten u iss ima , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁sw amp ▁green hood , ▁is ▁a ▁species |
▁of ▁orch id ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁southern ▁main land ▁of ▁Australia . ▁As ▁with ▁similar ▁green hood s , ▁the ▁flow ering ▁plants ▁differ ▁from ▁those ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁flow ering . ▁The ▁non - flow ering ▁plants ▁have ▁a ▁ro set te ▁of ▁leaves ▁flat ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁but ▁the ▁flow ering ▁plants ▁have ▁a ▁single ▁flower ▁with ▁leaves ▁on ▁the ▁flow ering ▁sp ike . ▁This ▁green hood ▁has ▁small ▁transl uc ent ▁white ▁flowers ▁with ▁dark ▁green ▁stri pes ▁and ▁mark ings ▁and ▁both ▁the ▁d ors al ▁se pal ▁and ▁later al ▁sep als ▁have ▁relatively ▁long , ▁thread - like ▁tips . ▁ ▁Description ▁P ter ost yl is ▁ten u iss ima ▁is ▁a ▁terrest rial , ▁per enn ial , ▁decid uous , ▁her b ▁with ▁an ▁under ground ▁t uber ▁and ▁when ▁not ▁flow ering , ▁a ▁ro set te ▁of ▁egg - sh aped ▁leaves ▁lying ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁ground , ▁each ▁leaf ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide . ▁Flow ering ▁plants ▁have ▁a ▁single ▁flower ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁bor ne ▁on ▁a ▁flow ering ▁stem ▁ ▁mm ▁high ▁with ▁between ▁three ▁and ▁seven ▁stem ▁leaves . ▁The ▁flowers ▁are ▁transl uc ent ▁white ▁with ▁dark ▁green ▁stri pes ▁and ▁mark ings . ▁The ▁d ors al ▁se pal ▁and ▁pet als ▁are ▁f used , ▁forming ▁a ▁h ood ▁or ▁" g ale a " ▁over ▁the ▁column . ▁The ▁d ors al ▁se pal ▁curves ▁forward ▁and ▁down ward |
▁with ▁a ▁thread - like ▁tip ▁ ▁long . ▁The ▁later al ▁sep als ▁are ▁held ▁closely ▁against ▁the ▁g ale a ▁with ▁ere ct , ▁thread - like ▁tips ▁ ▁long . ▁The ▁sin us ▁between ▁the ▁later al ▁sep als ▁bul ges ▁forward ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁V - sh aped ▁not ch ▁in ▁the ▁centre . ▁The ▁lab ell um ▁is ▁ ▁long , ▁about ▁ ▁wide , ▁dark ▁brown , ▁slightly ▁cur ved ▁and ▁pro tr udes ▁above ▁the ▁sin us . ▁Flow ering ▁occurs ▁from ▁October ▁to ▁February . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁and ▁naming ▁P ter ost yl is ▁ten u iss ima ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁by ▁William ▁Nich oll s ▁from ▁a ▁spec imen ▁collected ▁near ▁Nelson ▁and ▁the ▁description ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁The ▁Victor ian ▁Natural ist . ▁The ▁specific ▁ep ith et ▁( ten u iss ima ) ▁is ▁the ▁super l ative ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁ten uis ▁meaning ▁" th in ", ▁hence ▁" th inn est ". ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁The ▁sw amp ▁green hood ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁south - e astern ▁corner ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁south - western ▁Victoria ▁with ▁a ▁dis j unct ▁population ▁on ▁W ils ons ▁Prom ont ory . ▁It ▁grows ▁in ▁sw amp y ▁mud ▁under ▁dense ▁thick ets ▁of ▁w ool ly ▁tea - tree ▁( Le pt os perm um ▁lan iger um ) ▁and ▁sc ented ▁paper b ark ▁( M el ale |
uca ▁squ ar ros a ), ▁sometimes ▁forming ▁large ▁colon ies . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁P ter ost yl is ▁ten u iss ima ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁ ▁" v ul ner able " ▁under ▁the ▁Australian ▁Government ▁Environment ▁Prote ction ▁and ▁B iod iversity ▁Conserv ation ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Government ▁Flora ▁and ▁Fa una ▁Gu arante e ▁Act ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Th re ats ▁to ▁the ▁species ▁include ▁land ▁clear ing , ▁gra zing ▁by ▁liv est ock , ▁dra ining ▁of ▁wet land ▁and ▁we ed ▁invasion . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁ten u iss ima ▁Category : End em ic ▁orch ids ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : Or ch ids ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁Category : Or ch ids ▁of ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hat ton ids ▁were ▁an ▁important ▁imperial ▁noble ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁century , ▁during ▁the ▁reign s ▁of ▁the ▁Carol ing ian ▁k ings ▁Char lemagne ▁and ▁Louis ▁the ▁P ious . ▁They ▁lost ▁their ▁position ▁under ▁Louis ▁the ▁German . ▁They ▁were ▁patron ised ▁by ▁the ▁em per ors ▁and ▁were ▁en fe off ed ▁with ▁benef ices ▁on ▁imperial ▁est ates . ▁They ▁attended ▁emp ire - wide ▁coun c ils ▁and ▁were ▁given ▁military ▁commands ▁on ▁the ▁borders ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁emp ire ▁from ▁Dan ish ▁Vik ings ▁and ▁S lav s . ▁▁ |
▁H ail ing ▁from ▁Sax ony ▁and ▁Bav aria , ▁where ▁they ▁had ▁many ▁lands ▁and ▁hon ores , ▁the ▁Hat ton ids ▁were ▁appointed ▁to ▁pre fect ures ▁and ▁count ies ▁in ▁East ▁Fran con ia ▁and ▁the ▁central ▁Rh in eland ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁date . ▁One ▁of ▁their ▁family , ▁B anz le ib , ▁was ▁both ▁Count ▁of ▁Maine ▁in ▁Ne ust ria ▁and ▁Mar gra ve ▁of ▁Sax ony ▁under ▁Louis ▁the ▁P ious . ▁The ▁Hat ton ids ▁more ▁or ▁less ▁controlled ▁Sax ony ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁years ▁of ▁Louis ▁the ▁P ious ' ▁reign . ▁They ▁were ▁sta unch ▁supp or ters ▁of ▁Louis ▁the ▁P ious ▁and ▁his ▁el dest ▁son ▁L oth air ▁I ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁from ▁ 8 3 8 ▁to ▁ 8 4 3 . ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁hat red ▁for ▁Louis ▁the ▁German ▁and ▁opposed ▁his ▁rule ▁in ▁Sax ony ▁and ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁kingdom ▁of ▁East ▁Francia , ▁since ▁they ▁had ▁lands ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁Louis ▁the ▁German , ▁however , ▁je alous ▁of ▁their ▁influence ▁and ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁Rh in eland , ▁made ▁war ▁on ▁them ; ▁a ▁war ▁which ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁W ör nitz , ▁where at ▁the ▁Hat ton id ▁leader ▁Ad al bert , ▁Count ▁of ▁Met z , ▁died . ▁Ad al bert ▁and ▁B anz le ib ' s ▁older ▁brother , ▁H atto , ▁was ▁disp la ced ▁from ▁his |
▁county ▁of ▁N ass au , ▁too , ▁but ▁he ▁maintained ▁his ▁ground ▁in ▁A lem ann ia ▁until ▁at ▁least ▁ 8 5 7 . ▁ ▁S ources ▁Lexikon ▁des ▁Mittel al ters : ▁Seite ▁ 1 0 4 . ▁Gold berg , ▁Eric ▁J . ▁" Pop ular ▁Revol t , ▁D yn astic ▁Polit ics , ▁and ▁Arist ocr atic ▁F action al ism ▁in ▁the ▁Early ▁Middle ▁A ges : ▁The ▁Sax on ▁St elling a ▁Re cons ider ed ." ▁Spe cul um , ▁Vol . ▁ 7 0 , ▁No . ▁ 3 . ▁( Jul ., ▁ 1 9 9 5 ), ▁pp ▁ 4 6 7 – 5 0 1 . ▁ ▁Category : H at ton id ▁dynast y <0x0A> </s> ▁Louise ▁Em ily ▁( Em ma ) ▁L om ax ▁( 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁composer ▁and ▁pian ist . ▁She ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bright on , ▁daughter ▁of ▁the ▁cur ator ▁of ▁Bright on ▁Free ▁Library ▁and ▁Museum , ▁and ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁Bright on ▁School ▁of ▁Music ▁and ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁London . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁G oring ▁Thomas ▁Sch olar ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 7 – 1 0 ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁Lucas ▁Silver ▁Medal . ▁ ▁After ▁comple ting ▁her ▁studies , ▁L om ax ▁taught ▁theory ▁and ▁counter point ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music . ▁ |
▁She ▁died ▁in ▁Bright on . ▁ ▁Works ▁Selected ▁works ▁include : ▁The ▁Storm ▁Bird , ▁cant ata ▁( 1 9 0 2 ) ▁P rel ude ▁to ▁Act ▁II ▁of ▁The ▁Marsh ▁of ▁Ver va is ▁ ▁L om ax ▁wrote ▁professional ▁articles ▁including : ▁" Dr ▁Eb ene zer ▁Pr out ▁-- ▁and ▁Bach ," ▁Music ▁in ▁Education , ▁vol . ▁ 2 3 ▁( J uly – August ▁ 1 9 5 9 ), ▁p . 7 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 3 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Music ▁educ ators ▁Category : F em ale ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : English ▁classical ▁compos ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Bright on ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁Category : A cadem ics ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁Music ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁women ▁mus icians ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁compos ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁British ▁compos ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁women ▁mus icians ▁Category : W omen ▁music ▁educ ators <0x0A> </s> ▁Tor ren ue va ▁is ▁a ▁municipality ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ciudad ▁Real , ▁Cast ile - La ▁Man cha , ▁Spain |
. ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 , 9 8 8 ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ciudad ▁Real ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Ciudad ▁Real <0x0A> </s> ▁Ti pton ▁Har riers ▁were ▁created ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ti pton ▁branch ▁of ▁Bir ch field ▁Har riers ▁resolved ▁to ▁end ▁their ▁connection ▁and ▁become ▁independent . ▁So on , ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁members ▁were ▁meeting ▁and ▁training ▁regularly ▁from ▁a ▁former ▁pain ters ' ▁work shop ▁and ▁store ▁in ▁a ▁lo ft ▁behind ▁a ▁shop ▁and ▁houses ▁in ▁Water lo o ▁Street . ▁These ▁primitive ▁facilities , ▁sp ars ely ▁furn ished , ▁using ▁two ▁ 1 8 ▁feet ▁square , ▁ 8 ▁inches ▁deep ▁be er ▁cool ing ▁v ats ▁as ▁bath s ▁with ▁water ▁he ated ▁in ▁an ▁old ▁co pper ▁was hing ▁bo iler , ▁remained ▁the ▁club ▁H . Q . ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 6 . ▁The ▁house ▁where ▁the ▁formation ▁took ▁place ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Much ▁of ▁this ▁happened ▁despite ▁serious ▁bomb ▁damage ▁during ▁the ▁Ze ppel in ▁ra ids ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁the ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁non - im pro ving ▁land l ady . ▁▁ ▁In ▁competition ▁the ▁green ▁and ▁white ▁ho oped ▁v ests ▁with ▁the ▁wh i ppet ▁em blem ▁sur |
mount ing ▁the ▁s log an ▁" Sw ift ▁and ▁E ager ", ▁soon ▁became ▁a ▁force ▁to ▁be ▁reck oned ▁with ▁in ▁cross - country ▁competition . ▁This ▁despite ▁the ▁dem ands ▁of ▁the ▁armed ▁forces ▁and ▁m un itions ▁work ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁rav ages ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁economic ▁de press ions ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁when ▁at ▁times ▁up ▁to ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁were ▁un emp loy ed . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁membership ▁grew ▁and ▁club ▁branches ▁were ▁founded ▁at ▁Wol ver ham pton , ▁D ud ley , ▁Wed nes bury ▁and ▁C rad ley ▁He ath ▁until ▁this ▁practice ▁was ▁b anned ▁by ▁the ▁M . C . A . A . A . ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁major ▁team ▁success es , ▁winning ▁the ▁Mid lands ▁' j un ior ' ▁and ▁Staff ord shire ▁Championships ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 5 - 2 6 ▁season ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁also ▁run ners - up ▁in ▁the ▁Mid land ▁Senior ▁Championship . ▁This ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁golden ▁age ▁for ▁the ▁club , ▁which ▁was ▁domin ated ▁by ▁two ▁out standing ▁individuals , ▁Jack ▁Hold en ▁and ▁the ▁club ▁president ▁' In nie ' ▁Pale th or pe . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁transformed ▁the ▁image ▁and ▁the ▁reputation ▁of ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁The ▁Har rier ▁public |
▁house , ▁which ▁opened ▁on ▁Pow is ▁Avenue ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Ti pton ▁Har riers . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Ti pton ▁Har riers ▁Website ▁▁ ▁Category : S ports ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁Sand well ▁Category : A th let ics ▁clubs ▁in ▁England ▁Category : 1 9 1 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : T i pton <0x0A> </s> ▁Lub o š ▁J í ra ▁( born ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Czech ▁lug er . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁singles ▁and ▁doubles ▁events ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁His ▁son ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁l uge ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Winter ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C zech ▁male ▁lug ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁lug ers ▁of ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁Category : L ug ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Just o ▁Br ice ño ▁Municip ality ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 3 ▁municipal ities ▁( m unicip ios ) ▁that ▁makes ▁up ▁the ▁Venez uel an ▁state ▁of ▁M ér ida ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁population ▁estimate ▁by ▁the ▁National |
▁Institute ▁of ▁Statistics ▁of ▁Venezuela , ▁the ▁municipality ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 6 , 4 7 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Tor ond oy ▁is ▁the ▁sh ire ▁town ▁of ▁the ▁Just o ▁Br ice ño ▁Municip ality . ▁ ▁History ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 7 , ▁it ▁was ▁established ▁as ▁Tor ond oy ▁Civil ▁Par ish ▁. ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁Tor ond oy ▁District ▁was ▁established , ▁compr ising ▁the ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Pi ñ ango , ▁Santa ▁Apol onia ▁and ▁Tor ond oy . ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁Tor ond oy ▁District ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁Gó mez ▁District , ▁but ▁this ▁change ▁was ▁short - l ived , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁renamed ▁Just o ▁Br ice ño ▁District . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁it ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁Tul io ▁Feb res ▁Cord ero ▁Municip ality ▁and ▁adopted ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Just o ▁Br ice ño ▁Aut onom ous ▁Municip ality , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁dropped ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Aut onom ous ▁to ▁become ▁Just o ▁Br ice ño ▁Municip ality . ▁ ▁A ▁historical ▁border ▁conflict ▁has ▁existed ▁over ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁Z ul ia ▁State ▁and ▁M ér ida ▁State ▁parts ▁of ▁town . ▁ ▁Geography ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁completely ▁mountain ous ▁region . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁lies ▁between ▁ 1 , 1 |
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