text
stringlengths 505
4.3k
|
|---|
▁Klein , ▁Mart ial ▁R ays se , ▁N iki ▁de ▁Saint ▁Ph alle , ▁Wolf ▁V ost ell , ▁David ▁H ock ney , ▁Alex ▁K atz , ▁Mal col m ▁Mor ley , ▁Ralph ▁Go ings , ▁Aud rey ▁F lack , ▁Richard ▁Est es , ▁Ch uck ▁Close , ▁Susan ▁Roth enberg , ▁Eric ▁F isch l , ▁John ▁Ba eder ▁and ▁V ija ▁Cel m ins ▁were ▁a ▁few ▁who ▁became ▁prominent ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁Fair field ▁Por ter ▁was ▁largely ▁self - t aught , ▁and ▁produced ▁represent ational ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁the ▁Abstract ▁Expression ist ▁movement . ▁His ▁subjects ▁were ▁primarily ▁land sc apes , ▁domestic ▁inter iors ▁and ▁port ra its ▁of ▁family , ▁friends ▁and ▁fellow ▁artists , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁School ▁of ▁writers , ▁including ▁John ▁Ash ber y , ▁Frank ▁O ' H ara , ▁and ▁James ▁Sch uy ler . ▁Many ▁of ▁his ▁paint ings ▁were ▁set ▁in ▁or ▁around ▁the ▁family ▁summer ▁house ▁on ▁Great ▁Spr uce ▁Head ▁Island , ▁Maine . ▁ ▁Also ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁reaction ▁against ▁painting . ▁Crit ics ▁like ▁Douglas ▁C rim p ▁viewed ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁artists ▁like ▁Ad ▁Rein hardt , ▁and ▁declared ▁the ▁" de ath ▁of ▁painting ". ▁Art ists ▁began ▁to ▁practice ▁new |
▁ways ▁of ▁making ▁art . ▁New ▁movements ▁gained ▁prom in ence ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are : ▁Fl ux us , ▁H app ening , ▁Video ▁art , ▁Install ation ▁art ▁Mail ▁art , ▁the ▁situation ists , ▁Con cept ual ▁art , ▁Post min imal ism , ▁Earth ▁art , ▁arte ▁pover a , ▁performance ▁art ▁and ▁body ▁art ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁Ne o - D ada ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁movement ▁that ▁started ▁ 1 n ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁Abstract ▁expression ism ▁only ▁with ▁imag ery . ▁Fe aturing ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁combined ▁manufact ured ▁items , ▁with ▁artist ▁materials , ▁moving ▁away ▁from ▁previous ▁convent ions ▁of ▁painting . ▁This ▁tr end ▁in ▁art ▁is ▁exempl ified ▁by ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Jas per ▁Joh ns ▁and ▁Robert ▁R aus chen berg , ▁whose ▁" comb ines " ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁were ▁for er unn ers ▁of ▁Pop ▁Art ▁and ▁Install ation ▁art , ▁and ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁assemb lage ▁of ▁large ▁physical ▁objects , ▁including ▁stuff ed ▁animals , ▁birds ▁and ▁commercial ▁phot ography . ▁Robert ▁R aus chen berg , ▁Jas per ▁Joh ns , ▁Larry ▁R ivers , ▁John ▁Chamber lain , ▁Cla es ▁Old enburg , ▁George ▁Seg al , ▁Jim ▁D ine , ▁and ▁Edward ▁K ien hol z ▁among ▁others ▁were ▁important ▁pione ers ▁of ▁both ▁abstra ction ▁and ▁Pop ▁Art ; ▁creating ▁new |
▁convent ions ▁of ▁art - making ; ▁they ▁made ▁acceptable ▁in ▁serious ▁contemporary ▁art ▁circles ▁the ▁radical ▁inclusion ▁of ▁unlikely ▁materials ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁their ▁works ▁of ▁art . ▁ ▁New ▁abstra ction ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁ ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting ▁clearly ▁pointed ▁toward ▁a ▁new ▁direction ▁in ▁American ▁painting , ▁away ▁from ▁abstract ▁expression ism . ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁post - p ain ter ly ▁abstra ction , ▁supre mat ism , ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁hard - edge ▁painting ▁and ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁abstract ▁painting ▁continued ▁to ▁develop ▁in ▁America ▁through ▁varied ▁styles . ▁Ge ometric ▁abstra ction , ▁Op ▁art , ▁hard - edge ▁painting , ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting ▁and ▁minimal ▁painting , ▁were ▁some ▁inter related ▁directions ▁for ▁advanced ▁abstract ▁painting ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁some ▁other ▁new ▁movements . ▁Morris ▁Louis ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁pione er ▁in ▁advanced ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁his ▁work ▁can ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁bridge ▁between ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁and ▁minimal ▁art . ▁Two ▁influ ential ▁teachers ▁Josef ▁Al bers ▁and ▁Hans ▁Hof mann ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁American ▁artists ▁to ▁their ▁advanced ▁theories ▁of ▁color ▁and ▁space . ▁Josef ▁Al bers ▁is ▁best ▁remembered ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁Ge ometric ▁abstra ction ist ▁painter ▁and ▁the or ist . ▁Most ▁famous ▁of |
▁all ▁are ▁the ▁hundreds ▁of ▁paint ings ▁and ▁prints ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁series ▁Hom age ▁to ▁the ▁Square . ▁In ▁this ▁rig orous ▁series , ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Al bers ▁expl ored ▁chrom atic ▁interactions ▁with ▁flat ▁colored ▁squares ▁arranged ▁concentr ically ▁on ▁the ▁canvas . ▁Al bers ' ▁theories ▁on ▁art ▁and ▁education ▁were ▁form ative ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁generation ▁of ▁artists . ▁His ▁own ▁paint ings ▁form ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁both ▁hard - edge ▁painting ▁and ▁Op ▁art . ▁ ▁Josef ▁Al bers , ▁Hans ▁Hof mann , ▁I ly a ▁Bol ot ow sky , ▁Bur go y ne ▁D iller , ▁Victor ▁Vas are ly , ▁Br idget ▁R iley , ▁Richard ▁An us zk iew icz , ▁Frank ▁St ella , ▁Morris ▁Louis , ▁Kenneth ▁N ol and , ▁Ell sw orth ▁Kelly , ▁Bar nett ▁New man , ▁Larry ▁Po ons , ▁Ron ald ▁Davis , ▁Larry ▁Z ox , ▁Al ▁H eld ▁and ▁some ▁others ▁like ▁M ino ▁Argent o , ▁are ▁artists ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁Ge ometric ▁abstra ction , ▁Op ▁art , ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Hof mann ▁and ▁New man ▁Abstract ▁expression ism ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁an ▁exhibition ▁called ▁The ▁Res p ons ive ▁E ye , ▁cur ated ▁by ▁William ▁C . ▁Se itz , ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁The ▁works ▁shown ▁were |
▁wide ▁r anging , ▁en comp ass ing ▁the ▁Min imal ism ▁of ▁Frank ▁St ella , ▁the ▁Op ▁art ▁of ▁Larry ▁Po ons , ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Alexander ▁Liber man , ▁alongside ▁the ▁master s ▁of ▁the ▁Op ▁Art ▁movement : ▁Victor ▁Vas are ly , ▁Richard ▁An us zk iew icz , ▁Br idget ▁R iley ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁exhibition ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁per cept ual ▁aspects ▁of ▁art , ▁which ▁result ▁both ▁from ▁the ▁ill usion ▁of ▁movement ▁and ▁the ▁interaction ▁of ▁color ▁relationships . ▁Op ▁art , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁optical ▁art , ▁is ▁a ▁style ▁present ▁in ▁some ▁paint ings ▁and ▁other ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁that ▁use ▁optical ▁ill us ions . ▁Op ▁art ▁is ▁also ▁closely ▁a kin ▁to ▁geometric ▁abstra ction ▁and ▁hard - edge ▁painting . ▁Although ▁sometimes ▁the ▁term ▁used ▁for ▁it ▁is ▁per cept ual ▁abstra ction . ▁ ▁Op ▁art ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁painting ▁concerning ▁the ▁interaction ▁between ▁ill usion ▁and ▁picture ▁plane , ▁between ▁understanding ▁and ▁seeing . ▁Op ▁art ▁works ▁are ▁abstract , ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁better ▁known ▁pieces ▁made ▁in ▁only ▁black ▁and ▁white . ▁When ▁the ▁vie wer ▁looks ▁at ▁them , ▁the ▁impression ▁is ▁given ▁of ▁movement , ▁hidden ▁images , ▁flash ing ▁and ▁v ibration , ▁patterns , ▁or ▁altern atively , ▁of ▁sw elling ▁or ▁war ping . ▁ ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting ▁sought ▁to ▁rid ▁art ▁of ▁super fl uous ▁r het or ic . ▁Art ists ▁like ▁C ly ff ord |
▁Still , ▁Mark ▁Roth ko , ▁Hans ▁Hof mann , ▁Morris ▁Louis , ▁Jules ▁Ol it ski , ▁Kenneth ▁N ol and , ▁Helen ▁Frank ent hal er , ▁John ▁Ho y land , ▁Larry ▁Z ox , ▁and ▁others ▁often ▁used ▁greatly ▁reduced ▁references ▁to ▁nature , ▁and ▁they ▁painted ▁with ▁a ▁highly ▁art ic ulated ▁and ▁psych ological ▁use ▁of ▁color . ▁In ▁general ▁these ▁artists ▁elimin ated ▁recogn izable ▁imag ery . ▁C ertain ▁artists ▁quoted ▁references ▁to ▁past ▁or ▁present ▁art , ▁but ▁in ▁general ▁color ▁field ▁painting ▁presents ▁abstra ction ▁as ▁an ▁end ▁in ▁itself . ▁In ▁purs uing ▁this ▁direction ▁of ▁modern ▁art , ▁artists ▁wanted ▁to ▁present ▁each ▁painting ▁as ▁one ▁un ified , ▁coh es ive , ▁mon ol ith ic ▁image . ▁ ▁Frank ▁St ella , ▁Kenneth ▁N ol and , ▁Ell sw orth ▁Kelly , ▁Bar nett ▁New man , ▁Ron ald ▁Davis , ▁Neil ▁Williams , ▁Robert ▁Mang old , ▁Charles ▁Hin man , ▁Richard ▁T utt le , ▁David ▁Nov ros , ▁and ▁Al ▁L oving ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁artists ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Many ▁Ge ometric ▁abstract ▁artists , ▁minimal ists , ▁and ▁Hard - edge ▁pain ters ▁elected ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁image ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁painting ▁rather ▁than ▁accepting ▁the ▁rect angular ▁format . ▁In ▁fact , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁sh aped |
▁canvas ▁is ▁primarily ▁associated ▁with ▁paint ings ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁that ▁are ▁cool ly ▁abstract , ▁formal istic , ▁geomet rical , ▁objective , ▁rational istic , ▁clean - lined , ▁br ash ly ▁sharp - ed ged , ▁or ▁minimal ist ▁in ▁character . ▁The ▁Andre ▁Em mer ich ▁Gallery , ▁the ▁Leo ▁Cast elli ▁Gallery , ▁the ▁Richard ▁Fe igen ▁Gallery , ▁and ▁the ▁Park ▁Place ▁Gallery ▁were ▁important ▁show cases ▁for ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁painting ▁and ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁connection ▁with ▁post - p ain ter ly ▁abstra ction , ▁which ▁react ed ▁against ▁abstract ▁expression isms ' ▁myst ic ism , ▁hyper - subject ivity , ▁and ▁emphas is ▁on ▁making ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁painting ▁itself ▁dram atically ▁visible ▁– ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁solemn ▁accept ance ▁of ▁the ▁flat ▁rectangle ▁as ▁an ▁almost ▁rit ual ▁pr ere quis ite ▁for ▁serious ▁painting . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting ▁and ▁Min imal ▁art ▁were ▁often ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁each ▁other . ▁In ▁actual ity ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁both ▁movements ▁became ▁decided ly ▁diverse . ▁ ▁Washington ▁Color ▁School , ▁Sh aped ▁Can vas , ▁Abstract ▁Ill usion ism , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁ ▁Another ▁related ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁late |
▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁( the ▁term ▁being ▁co ined ▁by ▁Larry ▁Ald rich , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Ald rich ▁Contempor ary ▁Art ▁Museum , ▁R idge field ▁Connecticut ), ▁en comp ass ed ▁what ▁Ald rich ▁said ▁he ▁saw ▁in ▁the ▁stud ios ▁of ▁many ▁artists ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁an ▁exhibition ▁that ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁Ald rich ▁Museum ▁and ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art ▁and ▁other ▁museum s ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁paint ings ▁of ▁Dan ▁Christ ensen , ▁Ron nie ▁Land field , ▁Peter ▁Young ▁and ▁others , ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁flux us ▁movement ▁and ▁post min imal ism ▁( a ▁term ▁first ▁co ined ▁by ▁Robert ▁P inc us - W itten ▁in ▁the ▁pages ▁of ▁Art forum ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁sought ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁abstract ▁painting ▁and ▁minimal ism ▁by ▁foc using ▁on ▁process , ▁new ▁materials ▁and ▁new ▁ways ▁of ▁expression . ▁Post min imal ism ▁often ▁incorpor ating ▁industrial ▁materials , ▁raw ▁materials , ▁fabric ations , ▁found ▁objects , ▁installation , ▁serial ▁repet ition , ▁and ▁often ▁with ▁references ▁to ▁D ada ▁and ▁Sur real ism ▁is ▁best ▁exempl ified ▁in |
▁the ▁sculpt ures ▁of ▁Eva ▁H esse . ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction , ▁concept ual ▁art , ▁post min imal ism , ▁Earth ▁art , ▁video , ▁performance ▁art , ▁installation ▁art , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁continu ation ▁of ▁flux us , ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁hard - edge ▁painting , ▁minimal ▁art , ▁op ▁art , ▁pop ▁art , ▁phot ore al ism ▁and ▁New ▁Real ism ▁extended ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁contemporary ▁art ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁fre ew heel ing ▁abstract ▁painting ▁that ▁emer ged ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s ▁when ▁abstract ▁pain ters ▁returned ▁to ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁painter ly , ▁p ict orial , ▁expression ism ▁with ▁a ▁pre dom inate ▁focus ▁on ▁process , ▁gest alt ▁and ▁repet itive ▁compos itional ▁strateg ies ▁in ▁general . ▁ ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁shares ▁similar ities ▁with ▁color ▁field ▁painting ▁and ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁as ▁exempl ified ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Ron nie ▁Land field ▁painting ▁For ▁William ▁Bla ke , ▁( above ) ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁fre ew heel ing ▁usage ▁of ▁paint ▁– ▁texture ▁and ▁surface . ▁Direct ▁drawing , ▁call ig raph ic ▁use ▁of ▁line , ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁br ushed , ▁spl atter ed , ▁st ained , ▁s |
que eg eed , ▁pou red , ▁and ▁spl ashed ▁paint ▁super f icial ly ▁res emble ▁the ▁effects ▁seen ▁in ▁abstract ▁expression ism ▁and ▁color ▁field ▁painting . ▁However , ▁the ▁styles ▁are ▁marked ly ▁different . ▁Setting ▁it ▁apart ▁from ▁abstract ▁expression ism ▁and ▁action ▁painting ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁is ▁the ▁approach ▁to ▁composition ▁and ▁drama . ▁As ▁seen ▁in ▁action ▁painting ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁br ush st ro kes , ▁high ▁compos itional ▁drama , ▁dynamic ▁compos itional ▁t ension . ▁While ▁in ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁sense ▁of ▁compos itional ▁random ness , ▁all ▁over ▁composition , ▁low ▁key ▁and ▁relax ed ▁compos itional ▁drama ▁and ▁an ▁emphas is ▁on ▁process , ▁repet ition , ▁and ▁an ▁all ▁over ▁sens ibility ., ▁ ▁Hard - edge ▁painting , ▁minimal ism , ▁post min imal ism , ▁mon och rome ▁painting ▁ ▁Ag nes ▁Martin , ▁Robert ▁Mang old , ▁Br ice ▁M arden , ▁Jo ▁Ba er , ▁Robert ▁R yman , ▁Richard ▁T utt le , ▁Neil ▁Williams , ▁David ▁Nov ros , ▁Paul ▁M og enson , ▁Charles ▁Hin man ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁artists ▁associated ▁with ▁Min imal ism ▁and ▁( exception s ▁of ▁Martin , ▁Ba er ▁and ▁M arden ) ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁also ▁during ▁the ▁period ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Many ▁Ge ometric |
▁abstract ▁artists , ▁minimal ists , ▁and ▁hard - edge ▁pain ters ▁elected ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁image ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁painting ▁rather ▁than ▁accepting ▁the ▁rect angular ▁format . ▁In ▁fact , ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁is ▁primarily ▁associated ▁with ▁paint ings ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁that ▁are ▁cool ly ▁abstract , ▁formal istic , ▁geomet rical , ▁objective , ▁rational istic , ▁clean - lined , ▁br ash ly ▁sharp - ed ged , ▁or ▁minimal ist ▁in ▁character . ▁The ▁By k ert ▁Gallery , ▁and ▁the ▁Park ▁Place ▁Gallery ▁were ▁important ▁show cases ▁for ▁Min imal ism ▁and ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁painting ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Robert ▁Mother well , ▁Ad olph ▁Gott lie b , ▁Phill ip ▁Gust on , ▁Lee ▁K ras ner , ▁Cy ▁Tw omb ly , ▁Robert ▁R aus chen berg , ▁Jas per ▁Joh ns , ▁Richard ▁Die ben k orn , ▁Josef ▁Al bers , ▁El mer ▁B isch off , ▁Ag nes ▁Martin , ▁Al ▁H eld , ▁Sam ▁Francis , ▁Ell sw orth ▁Kelly , ▁Morris ▁Louis , ▁Helen ▁Frank ent hal er , ▁Gene ▁Davis , ▁Frank ▁St ella , ▁Kenneth ▁N ol and , ▁Joan ▁Mitchell , ▁Fried el ▁D z |
ub as , ▁and ▁younger ▁artists ▁like ▁Br ice ▁M arden , ▁Robert ▁Mang old , ▁Sam ▁Gill iam , ▁John ▁Ho y land , ▁Se an ▁S cul ly , ▁Pat ▁Ste ir , ▁Elizabeth ▁Murray , ▁Larry ▁Po ons , ▁Walter ▁Dar by ▁B ann ard , ▁Larry ▁Z ox , ▁Ron nie ▁Land field , ▁Ron ald ▁Davis , ▁Dan ▁Christ ensen , ▁Joan ▁S ny der , ▁Ross ▁Ble ck ner , ▁Arch ie ▁Rand , ▁Susan ▁C rile , ▁and ▁do z ens ▁of ▁others ▁produced ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁paint ings . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁reaction ▁against ▁abstract ▁painting . ▁Some ▁critics ▁viewed ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁artists ▁like ▁Ad ▁Rein hardt , ▁and ▁declared ▁the ▁' de ath ▁of ▁painting '. ▁Art ists ▁began ▁to ▁practice ▁new ▁ways ▁of ▁making ▁art . ▁New ▁movements ▁gained ▁prom in ence ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁are : ▁post min imal ism , ▁Earth ▁art , ▁video ▁art , ▁installation ▁art , ▁arte ▁pover a , ▁performance ▁art , ▁body ▁art , ▁flux us , ▁happening , ▁mail ▁art , ▁the ▁situation ists ▁and ▁concept ual ▁art ▁among ▁others . ▁ ▁However ▁still ▁other ▁important ▁innov ations ▁in ▁abstract ▁painting ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁character ized ▁by ▁mon och rome ▁painting ▁and ▁hard - edge ▁painting ▁inspired ▁by ▁Ad ▁Rein hardt |
, ▁Bar nett ▁New man , ▁Mil ton ▁Res nick , ▁and ▁Ell sw orth ▁Kelly . ▁Art ists ▁as ▁diverse ▁as ▁Ag nes ▁Martin , ▁Al ▁H eld , ▁Larry ▁Z ox , ▁Frank ▁St ella , ▁Larry ▁Po ons , ▁Br ice ▁M arden ▁and ▁others ▁expl ored ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁simpl ification . ▁The ▁convergence ▁of ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁minimal ▁art , ▁hard - edge ▁painting , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction , ▁and ▁post min imal ism ▁bl ur red ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁movements ▁that ▁became ▁more ▁apparent ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁The ▁ne o - expression ism ▁movement ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁earlier ▁develop ments ▁in ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁ne o - D ada , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction ▁and ▁post min imal ▁painting . ▁ ▁Ne o ▁Expression ism ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁the ▁abstract ▁expression ist ▁painter ▁Philip ▁Gust on ▁helped ▁to ▁lead ▁a ▁transition ▁from ▁abstract ▁expression ism ▁to ▁Ne o - expression ism ▁in ▁painting , ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁so - called ▁" p ure ▁abstra ction " ▁of ▁abstract ▁expression ism ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁more ▁cart oon ish ▁render ings ▁of ▁various ▁personal ▁symbols ▁and ▁objects . ▁These ▁works ▁were ▁inspir ational ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁generation ▁of ▁pain ters ▁interested ▁in ▁a ▁rev ival ▁of ▁express ive ▁imag ery . ▁His ▁painting ▁P ain ting , ▁Sm oking , ▁E ating |
▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁seen ▁above ▁in ▁the ▁gallery ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁Gust on ' s ▁final ▁and ▁conclus ive ▁return ▁to ▁representation . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁return ▁to ▁painting ▁that ▁occurred ▁almost ▁simultaneously ▁in ▁Italy , ▁Germany , ▁France ▁and ▁Britain . ▁These ▁movements ▁were ▁called ▁Trans avant guard ia , ▁Neue ▁Wil de , ▁Fig uration ▁Lib re , ▁Ne o - expression ism , ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁London , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁St uck ists ▁respectively . ▁These ▁painting ▁were ▁character ized ▁by ▁large ▁formats , ▁free ▁express ive ▁mark ▁making , ▁fig uration , ▁myth ▁and ▁imagination . ▁All ▁work ▁in ▁this ▁genre ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁l abeled ▁ne o - expression ism . ▁Crit ical ▁reaction ▁was ▁divided . ▁Some ▁critics ▁regarded ▁it ▁as ▁driven ▁by ▁profit ▁motiv ations ▁by ▁large ▁commercial ▁gall eries . ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁art ▁continues ▁in ▁popular ity ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁art ▁crash ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁An sel m ▁K ie fer ▁is ▁a ▁leading ▁figure ▁in ▁European ▁Ne o - expression ism ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁K ie fer ' s ▁them es ▁w iden ed ▁from ▁a ▁focus ▁on ▁Germany ' s ▁role ▁in ▁civil ization ▁to ▁the ▁fate ▁of |
▁art ▁and ▁culture ▁in ▁general . ▁His ▁work ▁became ▁more ▁sculpt ural ▁and ▁involves ▁not ▁only ▁national ▁identity ▁and ▁collect ive ▁memory , ▁but ▁also ▁occ ult ▁symbol ism , ▁the ology ▁and ▁myst ic ism . ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁work ▁is ▁the ▁tra uma ▁experienced ▁by ▁entire ▁soci eties , ▁and ▁the ▁contin ual ▁reb irth ▁and ▁renew al ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁pain ters ▁who ▁began ▁working ▁with ▁inv ig or ated ▁surfaces ▁and ▁who ▁returned ▁to ▁imag ery ▁like ▁Susan ▁Roth enberg ▁gained ▁in ▁popular ity , ▁especially ▁as ▁seen ▁above ▁in ▁paint ings ▁like ▁Hor se ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁American ▁artists ▁like ▁Eric ▁F isch l , ▁David ▁S alle , ▁Jean - Mich el ▁Bas qui at ▁( who ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁gra ff iti ▁artist ), ▁Julian ▁Sch n abel , ▁and ▁Keith ▁Har ing , ▁and ▁Italian ▁pain ters ▁like ▁M im mo ▁Pal ad ino , ▁Sand ro ▁Ch ia , ▁and ▁En zo ▁C uc chi , ▁among ▁others ▁defined ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁Ne o - expression ism ▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁Ne o - expression ism ▁was ▁a ▁style ▁of ▁modern ▁painting ▁that ▁became ▁popular ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁domin ated ▁the ▁art ▁market ▁until ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s . ▁It ▁developed ▁in ▁Europe |
▁as ▁a ▁reaction ▁against ▁the ▁concept ual ▁and ▁minimal istic ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁Ne o - expression ists ▁returned ▁to ▁port ray ing ▁recogn izable ▁objects , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁human ▁body ▁( although ▁sometimes ▁in ▁a ▁virt ually ▁abstract ▁manner ), ▁in ▁a ▁rough ▁and ▁viol ently ▁emot ional ▁way ▁using ▁v ivid ▁colours ▁and ▁b anal ▁colour ▁harm on ies . ▁The ▁veter an ▁pain ters ▁Philip ▁Gust on , ▁Frank ▁A uer bach , ▁Leon ▁Kos so ff , ▁Ger hard ▁Rich ter , ▁A . ▁R . ▁Pen ck ▁and ▁Georg ▁Bas el itz , ▁along ▁with ▁slightly ▁younger ▁artists ▁like ▁An sel m ▁K ie fer , ▁Eric ▁F isch l , ▁Susan ▁Roth enberg , ▁Francesco ▁Clement e , ▁Jean - Mich el ▁Bas qui at , ▁Julian ▁Sch n abel , ▁Keith ▁Har ing , ▁and ▁many ▁others ▁became ▁known ▁for ▁working ▁in ▁this ▁inten se ▁expression ist ▁ve in ▁of ▁painting . ▁ ▁P ain ting ▁still ▁holds ▁a ▁respect ed ▁position ▁in ▁contemporary ▁art . ▁Art ▁is ▁an ▁open ▁field ▁no ▁longer ▁divided ▁by ▁the ▁objective ▁versus ▁non - object ive ▁dich ot omy . ▁Art ists ▁can ▁achieve ▁critical ▁success ▁whether ▁their ▁images ▁are ▁represent ational ▁or ▁abstract . ▁What ▁has ▁currency ▁is ▁content , ▁expl oring ▁the ▁boundaries ▁of ▁the ▁medium , ▁and ▁a ▁ref us al ▁to ▁rec ap it ulate ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁as |
▁an ▁end ▁goal . ▁ ▁Contempor ary ▁painting ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁Contempor ary ▁painting ▁and ▁Contempor ary ▁art ▁in ▁general ▁continues ▁in ▁several ▁cont igu ous ▁modes , ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁pl ural ism . ▁The ▁" c ris is " ▁in ▁painting ▁and ▁current ▁art ▁and ▁current ▁art ▁criticism ▁today ▁is ▁brought ▁about ▁by ▁pl ural ism . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁cons ensus , ▁nor ▁need ▁there ▁be , ▁as ▁to ▁a ▁representative ▁style ▁of ▁the ▁age . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁anything ▁goes ▁attitude ▁that ▁prev ails ; ▁an ▁" every thing ▁going ▁on ", ▁and ▁consequ ently ▁" nothing ▁going ▁on " ▁synd rome ; ▁this ▁creates ▁an ▁a est h etic ▁traffic ▁jam ▁with ▁no ▁firm ▁and ▁clear ▁direction ▁and ▁with ▁every ▁l ane ▁on ▁the ▁art istic ▁super high way ▁filled ▁to ▁capacity . ▁Con sequently ▁magnific ent ▁and ▁important ▁works ▁of ▁art ▁continue ▁to ▁be ▁made ▁al beit ▁in ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁styles ▁and ▁a est h etic ▁temper aments , ▁the ▁market place ▁being ▁left ▁to ▁judge ▁mer it . ▁ ▁Hard - edge ▁painting , ▁geometric ▁abstra ction , ▁appropri ation , ▁hyper real ism , ▁phot ore al ism , ▁expression ism , ▁minimal ism , ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction , ▁pop ▁art , ▁op ▁art , ▁abstract ▁expression ism , ▁Color ▁Field ▁painting , ▁mon och rome ▁painting , ▁ne o - expression |
ism , ▁coll age , ▁inter media ▁painting , ▁assemb lage ▁painting , ▁digital ▁painting , ▁post mod ern ▁painting , ▁ne o - D ada ▁painting , ▁sh aped ▁canvas ▁painting , ▁environmental ▁m ural ▁painting , ▁traditional ▁figure ▁painting , ▁landscape ▁painting , ▁portrait ▁painting , ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁continu ing ▁and ▁current ▁directions ▁in ▁painting ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁ ▁Amer icas ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁period ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁European ▁expl oration ▁and ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas , ▁including ▁North ▁America , ▁Central ▁America , ▁South ▁America ▁and ▁the ▁Islands ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean , ▁the ▁Ant illes , ▁the ▁L esser ▁Ant illes ▁and ▁other ▁island ▁groups , ▁ind igen ous ▁native ▁cult ures ▁produced ▁cre ative ▁works ▁including ▁architecture , ▁pot tery , ▁cer am ics , ▁we aving , ▁car ving , ▁sculpt ure , ▁painting ▁and ▁mur als ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁religious ▁and ▁util itar ian ▁objects . ▁Each ▁continent ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁hosted ▁soci eties ▁that ▁were ▁unique ▁and ▁individually ▁developed ▁cult ures ; ▁that ▁produced ▁to tem s , ▁works ▁of ▁religious ▁symbol ism , ▁and ▁decor ative ▁and ▁express ive ▁painted ▁works . ▁African ▁influence ▁was ▁especially ▁strong ▁in ▁the ▁art ▁of ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁The ▁arts ▁of ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁had ▁an ▁enorm ous ▁impact ▁and ▁influence ▁on ▁European ▁art ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁Age ▁of |
▁Ex pl oration . ▁Spain , ▁Portugal , ▁France , ▁The ▁Netherlands , ▁and ▁England ▁were ▁all ▁powerful ▁and ▁influ ential ▁colonial ▁powers ▁in ▁the ▁Amer icas ▁during ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁cultural ▁influence ▁began ▁to ▁flow ▁both ▁ways ▁across ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁ ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Central ▁America ▁ ▁South ▁America ▁ ▁North ▁America ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁Car ib bean ▁ ▁Islam ic ▁ ▁The ▁dep iction ▁of ▁humans , ▁animals ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁figur ative ▁subjects ▁is ▁forb idden ▁within ▁Islam ▁to ▁prevent ▁bel ie vers ▁from ▁id ol at ry ▁so ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁religious ly ▁motiv ated ▁painting ▁( or ▁sculpt ure ) ▁tradition ▁within ▁Muslim ▁culture . ▁P ict orial ▁activity ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁Arab es que , ▁mainly ▁abstract , ▁with ▁geomet rical ▁configuration ▁or ▁fl oral ▁and ▁plant - like ▁patterns . ▁Str ong ly ▁connected ▁to ▁architecture ▁and ▁call ig raph y , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁widely ▁seen ▁as ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁painting ▁of ▁t iles ▁in ▁mos ques ▁or ▁in ▁ill umin ations ▁around ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁Kor an ▁and ▁other ▁books . ▁In ▁fact , ▁abstract ▁art ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁in vention ▁of ▁modern ▁art ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁present ▁in ▁pre - class ical , ▁bar bar ian ▁and ▁non - western ▁cult ures ▁many ▁centuries ▁before ▁it ▁and ▁is ▁essentially ▁a ▁decor ative ▁or ▁applied ▁art . ▁Notable ▁illustr ator ▁M . ▁C . ▁E scher ▁was ▁influenced |
▁by ▁this ▁geomet rical ▁and ▁pattern - based ▁art . ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁( A ubre y ▁Be ards ley ▁and ▁the ▁architect ▁Antonio ▁Ga ud í ) ▁re - int rodu ced ▁abstract ▁fl oral ▁patterns ▁into ▁western ▁art . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁despite ▁the ▁tab oo ▁of ▁figur ative ▁visual ization , ▁some ▁Muslim ▁countries ▁did ▁cultiv ate ▁a ▁rich ▁tradition ▁in ▁painting , ▁though ▁not ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁right , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁companion ▁to ▁the ▁written ▁word . ▁Iran ian ▁or ▁Pers ian ▁art , ▁widely ▁known ▁as ▁Pers ian ▁mini ature , ▁concentr ates ▁on ▁the ▁illustr ation ▁of ▁ep ic ▁or ▁rom antic ▁works ▁of ▁literature . ▁Pers ian ▁ill ust rat ors ▁deliber ately ▁avoided ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁sh ading ▁and ▁perspective , ▁though ▁familiar ▁with ▁it ▁in ▁their ▁pre - I sl am ic ▁history , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁ab ide ▁by ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁not ▁creating ▁any ▁lif eli ke ▁ill usion ▁of ▁the ▁real ▁world . ▁Their ▁aim ▁was ▁not ▁to ▁dep ict ▁the ▁world ▁as ▁it ▁is , ▁but ▁to ▁create ▁images ▁of ▁an ▁ideal ▁world ▁of ▁tim eless ▁beauty ▁and ▁perfect ▁order . ▁ ▁In ▁present ▁days , ▁painting ▁by ▁art ▁students ▁or ▁professional ▁artists ▁in ▁Arab ▁and ▁non - A rab ▁Muslim ▁countries ▁follows ▁the ▁same ▁t endencies ▁of ▁Western ▁culture ▁art . ▁ ▁Iran ▁ ▁Oriental ▁historian ▁Bas il ▁Gray ▁bel ieves ▁" I ran ▁has ▁offered ▁a ▁particularly ▁unique ▁ ▁art ▁to ▁the ▁world ▁which ▁is ▁excellent |
▁in ▁its ▁kind ". ▁C aves ▁in ▁Iran ' s ▁Lor est an ▁province ▁exhib it ▁painted ▁imag ery ▁of ▁animals ▁and ▁hunting ▁scenes . ▁Some ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁in ▁F ars ▁Province ▁and ▁S ial k ▁are ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁P ain ting ▁in ▁Iran ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁reached ▁a ▁clim ax ▁during ▁the ▁T amer lane ▁era , ▁when ▁out standing ▁master s ▁such ▁as ▁Kam ale dd in ▁Be h z ad ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁style ▁of ▁painting . ▁ ▁P aint ings ▁of ▁the ▁Q aj ar ▁period ▁are ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁European ▁influ ences ▁and ▁Saf avid ▁mini ature ▁schools ▁of ▁painting ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁introduced ▁by ▁Re za ▁Abb asi ▁and ▁classical ▁works ▁by ▁Mi hr ▁' A li . ▁Masters ▁such ▁as ▁Kam al - ol - m olk ▁further ▁pushed ▁forward ▁the ▁European ▁influence ▁in ▁Iran . ▁It ▁was ▁during ▁the ▁Q aj ar ▁era ▁when ▁" C off ee ▁House ▁painting " ▁emer ged . ▁Sub ject s ▁of ▁this ▁style ▁were ▁often ▁religious ▁in ▁nature ▁dep ict ing ▁scenes ▁from ▁Sh ia ▁ep ics ▁and ▁the ▁like . ▁ ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁O ce ania ▁ ▁Australia ▁ ▁New ▁Zealand ▁ ▁Africa ▁ ▁African ▁traditional ▁culture ▁and ▁tribes ▁do ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁great ▁interest ▁in ▁two - dimensional ▁representations ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁relief . ▁However , ▁decor ative ▁painting ▁in ▁African ▁culture ▁is ▁often ▁abstract ▁and ▁geomet rical . |
▁Another ▁p ict orial ▁manifest ation ▁is ▁body ▁painting , ▁and ▁face ▁painting ▁present ▁for ▁example ▁in ▁Ma as ai ▁and ▁K ĩ k ũ y ũ ▁culture ▁in ▁their ▁ceremony ▁rit uals . ▁Cer emon ial ▁cave ▁painting ▁in ▁certain ▁villages ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁still ▁in ▁use . ▁Note ▁that ▁Pablo ▁Pic asso ▁and ▁other ▁modern ▁artists ▁were ▁influenced ▁by ▁African ▁sculpt ure ▁and ▁mask s ▁in ▁their ▁varied ▁styles . ▁Contempor ary ▁African ▁artists ▁follow ▁western ▁art ▁movements ▁and ▁their ▁paint ings ▁have ▁little ▁difference ▁from ▁occident al ▁art ▁works . ▁ ▁Sud an ese ▁ ▁The ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁K ush ▁in ▁ancient ▁N ub ia ▁( i . e . ▁modern ▁Sud an ), ▁border ing ▁An cient ▁Egypt , ▁produced ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁arts , ▁including ▁wall ▁paint ings ▁and ▁painted ▁objects . ▁At ▁the ▁Sud an ese ▁site ▁of ▁Ker ma , ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁Ker ma ▁culture ▁that ▁pred ated ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁K ush , ▁a ▁circa ▁ 1 7 0 0 ▁BC ▁fragment ary ▁painting ▁from ▁a ▁royal ▁tomb ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁sail ing ▁ship ▁and ▁houses ▁with ▁l add ers ▁that ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁scenes ▁in ▁relief s ▁from ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Egypt ian ▁queen ▁H ats he ps ut ▁( c . ▁ 1 4 7 9 – 1 4 5 8 ▁BC ). ▁The ▁ancient ▁tradition ▁of ▁wall ▁paint ings , ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Ab u ▁S ali h ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁AD , |
▁continued ▁into ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁medieval ▁N ub ia . ▁ ▁Eth iop ian ▁ ▁The ▁Christian ▁tradition ▁of ▁painting ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁century ▁AD , ▁during ▁the ▁ancient ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁A ks um . ▁During ▁their ▁ex ile ▁to ▁Ax um , ▁the ▁ 7 th - century ▁follow ers ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁described ▁paint ings ▁decor ating ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁of ▁Z ion . ▁However , ▁the ▁earliest ▁surv iving ▁examples ▁of ▁church ▁paint ings ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁Deb re ▁Sel am ▁M ika el ▁in ▁the ▁Tig ray ▁Region , ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁century ▁AD . ▁Eth iop ian ▁paint ings ▁in ▁ill umin ated ▁manuscript s ▁pre date ▁the ▁earliest ▁surv iving ▁church ▁paint ings . ▁For ▁instance , ▁the ▁Eth iop ian ▁Gar ima ▁G osp els ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th - 6 th ▁centuries ▁AD ▁contain ▁ill umin ated ▁scenes ▁im it ating ▁the ▁contemporary ▁By z antine ▁ill umin ated ▁style . ▁ ▁In flu ence ▁on ▁Western ▁art ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁artists ▁like ▁Pic asso , ▁Mat isse , ▁Paul ▁G au gu in ▁and ▁Mod igli ani ▁became ▁aware ▁of , ▁and ▁were ▁inspired ▁by , ▁African ▁art . ▁In ▁a ▁situation ▁where ▁the ▁established ▁avant ▁gar de ▁was ▁stra ining ▁against ▁the ▁constraints ▁im posed ▁by ▁serving ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁appearances , ▁African |
▁Art ▁demonstrated ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁supre m ely ▁well ▁organ ised ▁forms ; ▁produced ▁not ▁only ▁by ▁respond ing ▁to ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁sight , ▁but ▁also ▁and ▁often ▁primarily , ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁imagination , ▁em otion ▁and ▁myst ical ▁and ▁religious ▁experience . ▁These ▁artists ▁saw ▁in ▁African ▁art ▁a ▁formal ▁per fection ▁and ▁s oph istic ation ▁un ified ▁with ▁phenomen al ▁express ive ▁power . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 th - century ▁Western ▁painting ▁ ▁Art ▁periods ▁ ▁Hier archy ▁of ▁gen res ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁pain ters ▁ ▁L ives ▁of ▁the ▁Most ▁Ex cell ent ▁P ain ters , ▁S cul pt ors , ▁and ▁Arch itect s ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Italian ▁artists ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Clement ▁Green berg , ▁Art ▁and ▁Culture , ▁Be acon ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ ▁L yr ical ▁Ab stra ction , ▁Ex hib ition ▁Catalogue , ▁Whit ney ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art , ▁NY C , ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁O ' Con nor , ▁Francis ▁V . ▁Jackson ▁Pol lock ▁Ex hib ition ▁Catalogue , ▁( New ▁York , ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁[ 1 9 6 7 ]) ▁▁ ▁Pictures ▁of ▁Nothing : ▁Abstract ▁Art ▁since ▁Pol lock ▁( A . W . ▁M ell on ▁L ect ures ▁in ▁the ▁Fine ▁Arts ), ▁Kirk ▁V arn ed oe , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁The |
▁Tri umph ▁of ▁Modern ism : ▁The ▁Art ▁World , ▁ 1 9 8 5 – 2 0 0 5 , ▁Hil ton ▁K ram er , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁Art : ▁From ▁Pale ol ith ic ▁Age ▁to ▁Contempor ary ▁Art ▁ ▁K and in sky ▁▁ ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Art ▁History ▁ ▁An cient ▁Roman ▁Wall - P ain ting ▁ ▁P ain ting ▁P ain ting ▁Category : Pre histor ic ▁art ▁P ain ting ▁Category : Med ieval ▁art ▁Category : G oth ic ▁paint ings ▁Category : By z antine ▁art ▁Category : Ill umin ated ▁manuscript s ▁Category : R ena issance ▁art ▁Category : R ena issance ▁paint ings ▁Category : M anner ism ▁Category : M anner ist ▁paint ings ▁▁ ▁Category : R oc oco ▁art ▁Category : Im pression ism ▁Category : Post - Im pression ism ▁Category : L umin ism ▁( American ▁art ▁style ) ▁Category : R om antic ▁art ▁Category : Mod ern ▁art ▁Category : C ub ism ▁Category : Sur real ism ▁Category : D ada ▁Category : Abstract ▁expression ism ▁Category : Pop ▁art <0x0A> </s> ▁Keith ▁Anthony ▁Ce as ar ▁Russell ▁( 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁known ▁as ▁Tony ▁Russell , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁jazz ▁music ian ▁and ▁composer , ▁pian ist ▁and ▁trom bon ist . |
▁Not ably , ▁he ▁worked ▁extens ively ▁with ▁Johnny ▁D ank worth ▁and ▁created ▁the ▁score ▁for ▁The ▁Match g irls , ▁together ▁with ▁writing ▁theme ▁t unes ▁and ▁background ▁music ▁for ▁TV ▁series ▁such ▁as ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁and ▁the ▁children ' s ▁programme ▁The ▁Her bs . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁he ▁turned ▁from ▁the ▁jazz ▁id iom ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁setting ▁of ▁a ▁Mass . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁Tony ▁Russell ▁was ▁born ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁W anst ead , ▁Es sex . ▁As ▁a ▁youth , ▁he ▁became ▁very ▁interested ▁in ▁jazz , ▁learning ▁the ▁trom bone , ▁bar it one ▁horn ▁and ▁piano . ▁ ▁He ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁Ang ela ▁Esp os ito ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁five ▁children ▁together . ▁He ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁child ▁from ▁an ▁earlier ▁relationship . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Russell ' s ▁jazz ▁career ▁began ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁when ▁he ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Style ▁trom bon ist ▁with ▁the ▁London - based ▁Washington ▁and ▁Lee ▁Sw ing , ▁George ▁Web b ’ s ▁D ix il and ers ▁George ▁Web b . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁he ▁formed ▁the ▁pione ering ▁trad ▁band , ▁the ▁Russell - W ick ham ▁Hot ▁Six , ▁which ▁he ▁led ▁with ▁the ▁tr ump eter ▁Alan ▁W ick ham . ▁At ▁this ▁time ▁he ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁R ag ’ s ▁Russell ▁because |
▁he ▁played ▁a ▁little ▁rag time ▁on ▁the ▁piano . ▁In ▁the ▁fled g ling ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁also ▁performed ▁vocals . ▁▁ ▁He ▁played ▁with ▁Vic ▁Lewis , ▁Oscar ▁Rab in , ▁Ralph ▁Sh aron , ▁Jack ▁Par nell ▁Tony ▁C rom bie . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁he ▁led ▁a ▁band ▁of ▁his ▁own , ▁after ▁which , ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁association ▁with ▁Johnny ▁D ank worth , ▁first ▁as ▁a ▁trom bon ist ▁in ▁his ▁big ▁band . ▁Here ▁he ▁had ▁the ▁opportun ut y ▁to ▁both ▁ar range ▁and ▁compose , ▁a ▁favour ite ▁Jazz ▁piece ▁often ▁included ▁in ▁performances ▁was ▁Russell ' s ▁" J oe ▁And ▁L ol ' s ▁Blues ". ▁He ▁recorded ▁quite ▁extens ively ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁from ▁December ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁on ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁bands ▁Par lo phone , ▁Columbia , ▁Top ▁Rank ▁and ▁Font ana ▁albums . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁bands ▁road ▁manager ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁he ▁went ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁to ▁play ▁at ▁the ▁New port ▁Jazz ▁Festival . ▁ ▁Russell ▁studied ▁composition ▁with ▁Richard ▁Rod ney ▁Ben nett ▁and ▁Bill ▁Rus so . ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁Rus so ' s ▁London ▁Jazz ▁Orchestra ▁and ▁took ▁over ▁running ▁this ▁when ▁Rus so ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁USA ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁years , ▁Russell ▁became ▁bus ier ▁as ▁a ▁composer ▁and ▁won ▁acc laim ▁in ▁ |
1 9 6 6 ▁for ▁writing ▁the ▁score ▁for ▁the ▁musical ▁Match g irls , ▁which ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁lon ge vity ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁same ▁year ▁with ▁Johnny ▁D ank worth ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Fl ann ag han , ▁he ▁formed ▁Music ▁Activity ▁Management ▁Ltd . ▁Russell ▁continued ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁do ▁sessions ▁for ▁other ▁leaders . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁music ▁for ▁shows ▁and ▁TV ▁series ▁such ▁as ▁On ▁the ▁B uses ▁and ▁the ▁children ' s ▁programme ▁The ▁Her bs . ▁▁ ▁Russell ▁suffered ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁with ▁H od g kin ' s ▁disease . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁final ▁ill ness , ▁he ▁was ▁commission ed ▁to ▁compose ▁a ▁Mass , ▁a ▁Miss a ▁Bre vis , ▁which ▁was ▁completed ▁shortly ▁before ▁he ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁In ▁his ▁final ▁composition ▁he ▁moves ▁from ▁an ▁over t ▁Jazz ▁id iom , ▁to ▁en comp ass ▁classical ▁features ▁of ▁vocal ▁scoring ▁and ▁inst ur ment ation . ▁' The ▁Russell ▁Mass ' ▁stands ▁somewhere ▁between ▁the ▁Jazz , ▁classical ▁and ▁popular ▁styles ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁▁ ▁Russell ▁appeared ▁in ▁Terr ence ▁Don ovan ' s ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁photograph ▁taken ▁in ▁T raf al gar ▁Square ▁and ▁featuring ▁ 3 9 ▁mus icians . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ob itu ary ▁▁ ▁Bill ▁Rus so ▁said : ▁" T ony ▁Russell ▁was ▁an ▁el o quent ▁trom bon ist |
, ▁a ▁composer ▁of ▁deep ▁conv iction ▁and ▁great ▁talent ▁and ▁my ▁dear ▁friend , ▁I ▁shall ▁miss ▁him ." ▁ ▁John ▁D ank worth ▁said : ▁" T ony ▁had ▁rare ▁combination ▁of ▁three ▁g ifts . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁fine ▁music ian , ▁an ▁efficient ▁business ▁man ▁and ▁warm ▁sensitive ▁person . ▁The ▁two ▁latter ▁qual ities ▁are ▁rarely ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁man , ▁but ▁Tony ▁showed ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁many ▁years ▁he ▁was ▁road ▁m anger ▁for ▁my ▁big ▁band . ▁He ▁would ▁never ▁allow ▁me ▁to ▁ar range ▁a ▁tour ▁he ▁considered ▁und uly ▁hard ▁for ▁the ▁fell ows ▁and ▁always ▁put ▁forward ▁the ▁rank - and ▁file - view , ▁whatever ▁I ▁might ▁think ▁about ▁it ." ▁ ▁Johnny ▁Fl an agan ▁said : ▁" T ony ▁worked ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁bra vest ▁fashion , ▁sometimes ▁it ▁was ▁very ▁hard ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁other ▁times ▁when ▁he ▁said ▁' I ' m ▁sorry ▁John , ▁I ' ve ▁had ▁it ▁today .' ▁Our ▁whole ▁business ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁a ▁very ▁personal ▁thing . ▁He ' ll ▁be ▁deeply ▁missed ." ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁jazz ▁compos ers ▁Category : J azz - bl ues ▁tr ump eters ▁Category : B rit ish ▁jazz ▁trom bon ists ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁compos ers ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁compos ers <0x0A> </s> ▁The |
▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Melbourne ▁Car n ival ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁National ▁Football ▁Car n ival , ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football ▁inter state ▁competition . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁car n ival ▁to ▁be ▁hosted ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Victoria ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Cent en ary ▁Car n ival ▁as ▁it ▁celebrated ▁ 1 0 0 ▁years ▁since ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁sport . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Br is b ane ▁Car n ival , ▁all ▁nine ▁el ig ible ▁teams ▁in ▁both ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁and ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁car n ival . ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁consisted ▁of ▁two ▁Victor ian ▁teams ▁from ▁the ▁( V FL ▁and ▁V FA ), ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁Tas mania ; ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁consisted ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Can ber ra , ▁Queensland ▁and ▁the ▁Australian ▁Am ateurs . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁only ▁the ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁teams ▁had ▁travel led ▁for ▁the ▁car n ival , ▁but ▁the ▁AN FC ▁decided ▁to ▁bring ▁all ▁nine ▁teams ▁to ▁mark ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁celebr ation . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁car n ival , ▁the ▁AN FC ▁announced ▁that ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁reduced ▁from ▁five ▁teams ▁to ▁four ▁teams ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁car n ival ▁( h eld ▁Br is b ane ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 6 1 ); ▁the ▁team ▁which ▁finished ▁last ▁in ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁for ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁Car n ival ▁was ▁held ▁between ▁ 2 ▁July ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁July . ▁Day ▁matches ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Cr icket ▁Gr ound , ▁and ▁night ▁matches ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Melbourne ▁Cr icket ▁Gr ound . ▁Over all , ▁the ▁AN FC ▁made ▁a ▁loss ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁£ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁on ▁the ▁car n ival , ▁similar ▁in ▁magnitude ▁to ▁the ▁loss ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁previous ▁nine - team ▁car n ival ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁ ▁Results ▁In ▁Section ▁ 1 , ▁the ▁Victoria ▁( V FL ) ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁und efe ated ▁team ; ▁forward ▁John ▁D ug dale ▁was ▁the ▁car n ival ' s ▁leading ▁go alk icker ▁with ▁ 1 8 . ▁Western ▁Australia ▁and ▁Tas mania ▁each ▁finished ▁with ▁records ▁of ▁ 2 – 2 ; ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁successful ▁car n ival ▁result ▁in ▁Tas mania ' s ▁history , ▁with ▁wins ▁against ▁both ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁Last ▁place ▁was ▁decided ▁in ▁the ▁match ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁July , ▁when ▁South ▁Australia ' s ▁large ▁win ▁over ▁the ▁V FA ▁saw ▁the ▁clubs ▁equal ▁on ▁ 1 – 3 , ▁and ▁saw ▁South ▁Australia ▁over take ▁the ▁V FA ▁on ▁percentage . ▁ ▁In ▁Section |
▁ 2 , ▁the ▁Australian ▁Am ateurs ▁were ▁und efe ated . ▁Can ber ra , ▁which ▁had ▁cont ested ▁the ▁car n iv als ▁since ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁recorded ▁its ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁car n ival ▁wins ▁of ▁all - time . ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁win less ▁team ▁for ▁the ▁car n ival . ▁ ▁CR : ▁indicates ▁that ▁this ▁match ▁was ▁a ▁cur tain - ra iser ; ▁the ▁crowd ▁figure ▁given ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁main ▁match . ▁ ▁Squad s ▁ ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁ ▁All - Austral ian ▁team ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁the ▁All - Austral ian ▁team ▁was ▁picked ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Car n ival . ▁ ▁T ass ie ▁Medal ▁Both ▁Allen ▁A yle tt ▁and ▁Ted ▁Wh itten ▁pol led ▁seven ▁votes ▁but ▁A yle tt ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁medal ▁after ▁a ▁count back . ▁Wh itten ▁was ▁declared ▁joint ▁winner ▁ret ros pect ively ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁inter state ▁football ▁Melbourne ▁Car n ival , ▁ 1 9 5 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Jo ye ux ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁People ▁André ▁Jo ye ux ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 1 ), ▁French ▁artist ▁and ▁teacher ▁Mal ik ▁Jo ye ux ▁( 1 9 8 0 – 2 0 0 5 ), ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁sur fer ▁Maurice ▁Jo ye ux ▁( 1 9 1 0 |
– 1 9 9 1 ), ▁French ▁writer ▁and ▁an arch ist ▁Od ette ▁Jo ye ux ▁( 1 9 1 4 – 2 0 0 0 ), ▁French ▁actress , ▁play w right ▁and ▁novel ist ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁Jo ye ux , ▁Ain , ▁commune ▁in ▁eastern ▁France ▁Jo ye ux ▁No ël , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁French ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁film <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 5 9 8 ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁– ▁J ij ab ai , ▁mother ▁of ▁Sh iv aj i , ▁( d ied ▁ 1 6 7 4 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁M ata ▁Bh ani , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Bib i ▁Bh ani , ▁daughter ▁of ▁third ▁S ikh ▁g uru ▁G uru ▁Am ar ▁Das , ▁wife ▁of ▁fourth ▁S ikh ▁g uru ▁G uru ▁Ram ▁Das ▁and ▁mother ▁of ▁fifth ▁S ikh ▁g uru ▁G uru ▁Ar jan ▁Dev ▁dies ▁( born ▁ 1 5 3 5 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Indian ▁history <0x0A> </s> ▁. pd m ▁is ▁a ▁file ▁suffix ▁that ▁has ▁the ▁following ▁design ations : ▁ ▁Des k M ate ▁program ▁file ▁Power Des igner ' s ▁physical ▁data ▁model ▁( rel ational ▁model ) ▁file ▁format ▁Visual ▁Basic ▁Project ▁Information ▁File ▁Power DE VS ▁file ▁Ad obe ▁P agem aker ▁file ▁Parad ig m ▁( software ) ▁used ▁in ▁experimental ▁psych ology ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁P |
DM ▁( disambiguation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Dublin ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁various ▁sie ges ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁capital ▁including : ▁▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Dublin ▁( 1 1 7 1 ), ▁during ▁the ▁Norman ▁invasion ▁of ▁Ireland ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Dublin ▁( 1 5 3 4 ), ▁during ▁the ▁K ild are ▁Reb ell ion ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Dublin ▁( 1 6 4 9 ), ▁during ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁the ▁Three ▁Kingdom s <0x0A> </s> ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 ▁( SR ▁ 2 0 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁primary ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁Kn own ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁length ▁as ▁Rog ers ▁Clark ▁Bou lev ard , ▁the ▁state ▁highway ▁runs ▁ ▁from ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 1 ▁( US ▁ 1 ) ▁in ▁R uther ▁Glen ▁east ▁to ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 2 ▁in ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁is ▁a ▁divided ▁highway ▁connection ▁between ▁Inter state ▁ 9 5 ▁( I - 9 5 ) ▁north ▁of ▁Richmond ▁and ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 , ▁which ▁heads ▁toward ▁Fort ▁A . P . ▁Hill , ▁the ▁Northern ▁Ne ck , ▁and ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁River ▁Bridge ▁to ▁Southern ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁begins ▁at ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US ▁ 1 ▁( J eff erson ▁Davis ▁Highway ) ▁in ▁R uther ▁Glen , ▁in ▁an ▁area |
▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Car mel ▁Church , ▁in ▁western ▁Caroline ▁County . ▁ ▁The ▁state ▁highway ▁heads ▁east ▁as ▁Rog ers ▁Clark ▁Bou lev ard , ▁a ▁four - lane ▁divided ▁highway ▁that ▁passes ▁through ▁a ▁commercial ▁area ▁with ▁services ▁c ater ing ▁to ▁trav ellers . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁commercial ▁area , ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁has ▁a ▁partial ▁clo ver leaf ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 9 5 . ▁ ▁East ▁of ▁R uther ▁Glen , ▁the ▁state ▁highway ▁heads ▁n ortheast ▁toward ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁cross es ▁over ▁CS X ' s ▁R F & P ▁Sub div ision ▁and ▁the ▁Matt ap oni ▁River ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Mil ford . ▁ ▁South west ▁of ▁Bow ling ▁Green , ▁the ▁state ▁highway ▁meets ▁the ▁western ▁end ▁of ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁Business , ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁name ▁Rog ers ▁Clark ▁Bou lev ard ▁toward ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁continues ▁east ▁as ▁the ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁B yp ass ▁to ▁the ▁route ' s ▁eastern ▁termin us . ▁ ▁The ▁state ▁highway ▁cross es ▁over ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 2 ▁( Rich mond ▁Turn pi ke ) ▁and ▁ends ▁at ▁a ▁two - way ▁r amp ▁between ▁the ▁north – s outh ▁road ▁and ▁the ▁by pass . ▁ ▁The ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁B yp ass ▁continues ▁n ortheast ▁as ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁toward ▁Fort |
▁A . P . ▁Hill . ▁ ▁The ▁two - way ▁r amp , ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 , ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁Richmond ▁Turn pi ke , ▁which ▁heads ▁south ▁toward ▁Richmond ▁as ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁and ▁SR ▁ 2 ▁and ▁north ▁into ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁as ▁SR ▁ 2 ▁and ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁Business . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Under ▁a ▁previous ▁number ing ▁system , ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁State ▁Route ▁ 6 1 3 ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 9 - 1 9 3 3 . ▁This ▁Route ▁ 6 1 3 ▁initially ▁ran ▁only ▁from ▁US ▁ 1 ▁at ▁Car mel ▁Church ▁to ▁the ▁Matt ap oni ▁River ▁but , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 - 3 1 , ▁was ▁extended ▁east ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁Business ▁and ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 ▁intersection ▁in ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁was ▁ren umber ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁as ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 , ▁which ▁itself ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁previous ▁design ation ▁of ▁part ▁of ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Route ▁ 2 4 ▁near ▁Ro ano ke . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁path ▁of ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 , ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁route ▁included ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁Route ▁ 6 3 9 ▁in ▁Caroline ▁County ▁from ▁Ch iles burg ▁to ▁Lad ys m ith ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁ren umber |
ed ▁as ▁Route ▁ 2 2 9 ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁was ▁en larg ed ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁section ▁running ▁from ▁a ▁point ▁ ▁east ▁of ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁through ▁Port ▁Royal ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁State ▁Route ▁ 3 ▁at ▁Office ▁Hall . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁this ▁route ▁had ▁been ▁Route ▁ 2 2 9 ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁this ▁new ▁section ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 3 0 1 ▁which ▁it ▁remains ▁. ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁business ▁route ▁ ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 ▁Business ▁( SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁Business ) ▁is ▁a ▁business ▁route ▁of ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁in ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁The ▁two - lane ▁highway , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁begins ▁at ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 , ▁which ▁heads ▁west ▁as ▁Rog ers ▁Clark ▁Bou lev ard ▁and ▁east ▁as ▁the ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁B yp ass . ▁ ▁SR ▁ 2 0 7 ▁Business ▁heads ▁n ortheast ▁as ▁Rog ers ▁Clark ▁Bou lev ard ▁and ▁becomes ▁Bro add us ▁Avenue ▁on ▁entering ▁the ▁town ▁limits ▁of ▁Bow ling ▁Green . ▁ ▁The ▁business ▁route ▁reaches ▁its ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁at ▁SR ▁ 2 ▁( Main ▁Street ). ▁ ▁US ▁ 3 0 1 ▁Business ▁also ▁heads ▁south ▁on ▁Main ▁Street ▁and ▁east |
▁on ▁Bro add us ▁Avenue ▁to ▁its ▁northern ▁end ▁between ▁Bow ling ▁Green ▁and ▁Fort ▁A . P . ▁Hill . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Virginia ▁High ways ▁Project : ▁V A ▁ 2 0 7 ▁▁ 2 0 7 ▁State ▁Route ▁ 2 0 7 ▁Category : U . S . ▁Route ▁ 3 0 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ar med ▁Forces ' ▁Christian ▁Union ▁( AF C U ) ▁— former ly ▁Offic ers ' ▁Christian ▁Union — ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁military ▁char ity ▁( Register ed ▁Char ity ▁Number ▁ 2 4 9 6 3 6 ) ▁whose ▁benef ici aries ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁Christian ▁organization ▁with ▁orig ins ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 th ▁century ▁Army ▁P ray er ▁Union . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁the ▁president ▁is ▁Com mod ore ▁Jam ie ▁Hay ▁R N . ▁A FC U ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁of ▁Military ▁Christian ▁Fellow ships ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁military ▁Christian ▁fellow ships ▁in ▁ 4 0 ▁other ▁countries . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁membership ▁of ▁serving ▁military ▁personnel ▁and ▁non - ser ving ▁people , ▁many ▁of ▁whom ▁are ▁relatives ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁ ▁Mission ▁ ▁The ▁Mission ▁of ▁the ▁A FC U ▁is ▁prayer fully ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Enc ou rage ▁those ▁who ▁are ▁already ▁Christians ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁and ▁their ▁families , ▁to ▁live ▁out ▁and ▁develop ▁their |
▁faith , ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁' s alt ▁and ▁light ', ▁and ▁through ▁them ▁to ▁encou rage ▁others ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁committed ▁faith ▁in ▁the ▁Lord ▁Jesus ▁Christ ; ▁ ▁Work ▁for ▁Christian ▁unity ▁amongst ▁serving ▁military ▁Christians ▁world wide ▁and ▁to ▁work ▁alongside ▁military ▁Christian ▁organizations ▁( M CO ) ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁chap la ins ; ▁ ▁Support ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces , ▁providing ▁a ▁God ly ▁influence ▁upon ▁military ▁culture ; ▁ ▁Ex pose ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Christians ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁to ▁the ▁wider ▁Christian ▁and ▁sec ular ▁community . ▁ ▁V ision ▁ ▁The ▁vision ▁for ▁the ▁A FC U ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁dynamic ▁and ▁out ward ▁looking ▁prayer ▁union , ▁providing ▁dis ci ples hip ▁to ▁a ▁growing ▁membership , ▁which ▁u ph olds ▁bib lic al ▁principles ▁in ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Christians ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁Offic ers ' ▁Christian ▁Fellow ship ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁A FC U ▁along ▁with ▁similar ▁organizations ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁of ▁Military ▁Christian ▁Fellow ships ▁ ▁Category : E v angel ical ▁par ach urch ▁organizations <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cover up , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Th acker ▁Case , ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁crime - th r iller ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Brian ▁Jun ▁and ▁st arring ▁Gabriel ▁Mann ▁and ▁El iza ▁D ush ku . ▁ ▁Plot ▁This ▁movie , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁true ▁story , ▁cent ers ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 9 |
8 6 ▁investigation ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Kevin ▁Th acker . ▁Kevin ▁Th acker ▁of ▁Iowa ▁is ▁a ▁repeat ▁dr unk ▁driving ▁off ender , ▁and ▁when ▁he ▁is ▁taken ▁into ▁the ▁Marshall town , ▁Iowa , ▁police ▁station ▁and ▁question ed ▁for ▁his ▁latest ▁D UI , ▁he ▁attempts ▁to ▁escape . ▁When ▁he ▁is ▁found ▁dece ased ▁in ▁an ▁al ley ▁behind ▁the ▁station , ▁the ▁town ▁police ▁report ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁jump ▁from ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁station ▁to ▁a ▁nearby ▁building , ▁a ▁gap ▁too ▁far ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁clear . ▁He ▁fell , ▁and ▁was ▁killed ▁on ▁impact . ▁▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁Kevin ▁Th acker ▁disag ree ▁with ▁this ▁story . ▁They ▁suspect ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁murder ed ▁by ▁K end all ▁E ld red , ▁the ▁police ▁officer ▁who ▁question ed ▁him . ▁They ▁seek ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁a ▁personal ▁injury ▁att orney , ▁Stuart ▁M . ▁Pe pper , ▁who ▁works ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁evidence ▁to ▁prove ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁an ▁accident al ▁death , ▁but ▁a ▁deliber ate ▁murder ▁and ▁case ▁of ▁police ▁brut ality . ▁ ▁Att orney ▁Pe pper ▁takes ▁E ld red ▁to ▁court ▁and ▁uses ▁evidence ▁of ▁Th acker ' s ▁inj uries , ▁the ▁crime ▁scene ▁itself , ▁and ▁time ▁constraints ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁death ▁to ▁dis pro ve ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁Kevin ▁Th acker ▁falling ▁from ▁the ▁ro o ft op . ▁Pe pper ' s ▁arguments ▁prove ▁successful , ▁and ▁the ▁court ▁eventually |
▁finds ▁K end all ▁E ld red ▁guilty ▁of ▁the ▁murder . ▁It ▁was ▁all ▁a ▁massive ▁cover - up ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁Marshall town ▁police ▁department ▁to ▁hide ▁the ▁gu ilt ▁of ▁an ▁officer . ▁The ▁truth ▁came ▁to ▁light , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁that ▁an ▁un ar med , ▁def ens eless ▁Kevin ▁Th acker ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁cold ▁blood ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁blow ▁from ▁Officer ▁E ld red . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Gabriel ▁Mann ▁as ▁Stu ▁Pe pper ▁ ▁El iza ▁D ush ku ▁as ▁Mon ica ▁Wright ▁ ▁John ▁Sav age ▁as ▁Thomas ▁Th acker ▁ ▁Michael ▁Wel ch ▁as ▁Kevin ▁Th acker ▁ ▁Release ▁The ▁film ▁wrapped ▁production ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁made ▁waves ▁in ▁the ▁festival ▁circuit ▁having ▁screen ings ▁in ▁the ▁Austin ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁the ▁Hollywood ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁the ▁St . ▁Louis ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁the ▁C ed ar ▁Rap ids ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Hollywood ▁Re porter ▁article ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : American ▁crime ▁thr iller ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Iowa <0x0A> </s> ▁F ram ton ▁is ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Johannes burg , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁C BD ▁and ▁neighbour ing ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Bo o ys ens . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Region ▁F ▁of |
▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Johannes burg ▁Metropolitan ▁Municip ality . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁sub urb ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁and ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁Morris ▁Herbert ▁F ram . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : J oh annes burg ▁Region ▁F <0x0A> </s> ▁Kath le en ▁Ann ▁D ahl kem per ▁( née ▁Ste en ber ge ; ▁born ▁December ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁politician . ▁She ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁county ▁executive ▁of ▁Er ie ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁ ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life , ▁education ▁and ▁career ▁D ahl kem per ▁was ▁born ▁Kath le en ▁Ann ▁Ste en ber ge ▁in ▁Er ie , ▁one ▁of ▁seven ▁children ▁of ▁Carl ▁W . ▁and ▁M . ▁Jan et ▁Clar ke ▁Ste en ber ge . ▁She ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁from ▁Ed in bor o ▁State ▁College ▁( now ▁Ed in bor o ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ) ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁di et et ics . ▁After ▁gradu ating , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁clin ical ▁di etic ian , ▁first ▁briefly ▁in ▁Houston , ▁Texas ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁Er ie ▁area . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁she ▁has ▁been ▁part - owner , ▁human ▁resources |
▁manager ▁and ▁special ▁projects ▁director ▁of ▁D ahl kem per ▁Land s cape ▁Arch itect s ▁and ▁Cont ract ors , ▁a ▁major ▁land sc aping ▁firm ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁co - found er / direct or ▁of ▁the ▁Lake ▁Er ie ▁Ar bor et um ▁at ▁Front ier ▁Park . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁Committee ▁assign ments ▁Committee ▁on ▁Agricult ure ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁Conserv ation , ▁Cred it , ▁Energy , ▁and ▁Research ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁Department ▁Oper ations , ▁O vers ight , ▁N ut r ition ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁Committee ▁on ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁Investig ations ▁and ▁O vers ight ▁Committee ▁on ▁Small ▁Business ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁Reg ulations , ▁Health care ▁and ▁Trade ▁( Ch air w oman ) ▁Sub comm ittee ▁on ▁R ural ▁and ▁Urban ▁Entre pr ene ur ship ▁ ▁Ten ure ▁ ▁D ahl kem per ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Blue ▁Dog ▁Co al ition . ▁She ▁supported ▁the ▁repe al ▁of ▁the ▁" Don ' t ▁Ask , ▁Don ' t ▁Tell " ▁policy ▁for ▁the ▁armed ▁forces , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁co - sp ons or ▁of ▁the ▁Employee ▁Free ▁Cho ice ▁Act , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁" Card ▁check ". ▁D ahl kem per ▁ident ifies ▁as ▁pro - life , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁" H all ▁of ▁Fame " ▁Award ▁recip ient ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Conference ▁of ▁Democr ats |
▁for ▁Life ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁She ▁supported ▁the ▁St up ak - P itt s ▁Am end ment , ▁an ▁anti - ab ort ion ▁am end ment ▁to ▁America ' s ▁Aff ord able ▁Health ▁Care ▁Act ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁( HR ▁ 3 9 6 2 ), ▁but ▁later ▁voted ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Pat ient ▁Prote ction ▁and ▁Aff ord able ▁Care ▁Act ▁after ▁President ▁Ob ama ▁issued ▁an ▁executive ▁order ▁that ▁bar red ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁federal ▁funds ▁for ▁abort ions . ▁ ▁Political ▁campaign s ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁con gression al ▁campaign ▁ ▁D ahl kem per ▁announced ▁her ▁candid acy ▁for ▁the ▁Democratic ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁District ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁As ▁a ▁first - time ▁candidate ▁for ▁political ▁office , ▁she ▁defeated ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Cong r essional ▁Camp aign ▁Committee ' s ▁fav ored ▁candidate , ▁Er ie ▁County ▁Council man ▁K yle ▁Fou st , ▁by ▁an ▁unexpected ly ▁wide ▁ 1 9 - point ▁margin . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁general ▁election , ▁D ahl kem per ▁faced ▁seven - term ▁Republican ▁inc umb ent ▁Phil ▁English . ▁During ▁the ▁campaign , ▁she ▁attacked ▁English ▁for ▁breaking ▁his ▁original ▁promise ▁to ▁only ▁serve ▁six ▁terms ▁in ▁Congress , ▁and ▁also ▁tied ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁Bush ▁administration . ▁She ▁raised ▁$ 8 7 2 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁English ' s ▁$ 2 . 2 ▁million , ▁but ▁was ▁a ided |
▁by ▁large ▁sp ending ▁by ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Cong r essional ▁Camp aign ▁Committee . ▁In ▁the ▁November ▁election , ▁D ahl kem per ▁won ▁in ▁an ▁ups et , ▁taking ▁ 5 1 . 2 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁to ▁English ' s ▁ 4 8 . 8 ▁percent . ▁ ▁Though ▁she ▁won ▁only ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁district ' s ▁seven ▁count ies ▁( Er ie ▁and ▁Mer cer ), ▁D ahl kem per ▁secured ▁victory ▁by ▁running ▁up ▁a ▁large ▁margin ▁in ▁Er ie ▁County , ▁which ▁she ▁won ▁by ▁nearly ▁ 1 6 , 0 0 0 ▁votes . ▁ ▁D ahl kem per ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Dem ocrat ▁to ▁represent ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁District ▁since ▁Joseph ▁V ig or ito ▁was ▁to pp led ▁by ▁Marc ▁L . ▁Mark s ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁only ▁the ▁third ▁Dem ocrat ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁district ▁since ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁Although ▁the ▁district ▁is ▁anch ored ▁by ▁heavily ▁Democratic ▁Er ie , ▁the ▁largest ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁( no ▁other ▁city ▁has ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people ), ▁it ▁has ▁histor ically ▁elected ▁moder ate ▁Republic ans ▁( most ▁not ably ▁Tom ▁R idge , ▁who ▁represented ▁it ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 ). ▁ ▁D ahl kem per ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁represent ▁north west ▁Pennsylvania ▁in ▁the ▁House , ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁women |
▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 - member ▁deleg ation ▁from ▁Pennsylvania , ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁Al ly son ▁Schw art z ▁of ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁area . ▁ ▁Her ▁husband , ▁Dan , ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁first ▁male ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Cong r essional ▁Sp ouses ’ ▁fresh man ▁class ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁con gression al ▁re - e lection ▁campaign ▁ ▁D ahl kem per ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁Republican ▁Mike ▁Kelly , ▁a ▁car ▁deal er ▁from ▁the ▁far ▁southern ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁by ▁ 1 1 . 4 %, ▁the ▁highest ▁margin ▁of ▁defeat ▁for ▁any ▁inc umb ent ▁con gress person ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁While ▁she ▁carried ▁Er ie ▁County , ▁she ▁lost ▁badly ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁district . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Er ie ▁County ▁executive ▁campaign ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁D ahl kem per ▁announced ▁her ▁candid acy ▁for ▁Er ie ▁County ▁executive , ▁challeng ing ▁inc umb ent ▁Dem ocrat ▁Barry ▁G ross man . ▁She ▁defeated ▁G ross man ▁in ▁the ▁May ▁ 2 1 ▁Democratic ▁primary ▁with ▁ 5 2 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁In ▁the ▁November ▁general ▁election , ▁D ahl kem per ▁defeated ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁Don ▁T ucci , ▁winning ▁ 5 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote . ▁She ▁took ▁office ▁as ▁county ▁executive ▁on ▁January ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁▁ 2 0 |
1 7 ▁Er ie ▁County ▁executive ▁campaign ▁D ahl kem per ▁ran ▁for ▁re e lection ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁winning ▁by ▁ 3 0 7 ▁votes , ▁with ▁ 5 0 . 1 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁over ▁her ▁Republican ▁oppon ent , ▁Art ▁O lig eri , ▁who ▁gar ner ed ▁ 4 9 . 6 4 ▁percent . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁D ahl kem per ▁married ▁her ▁first ▁husband ▁while ▁in ▁college ; ▁they ▁divor ced ▁when ▁the ▁marriage ▁became ▁ab us ive , ▁and ▁she ▁raised ▁her ▁son ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁mother ▁on ▁food ▁stamp ▁assistance . ▁She ▁later ▁married ▁Dan ▁D ahl kem per , ▁who ▁adopted ▁her ▁son ; ▁they ▁had ▁four ▁additional ▁children . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Women ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Kath y ▁D ahl kem per ▁for ▁Congress ▁official ▁campaign ▁site ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Count y ▁execut ives ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Er ie , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : P en nsylvan ia ▁Democr ats ▁Category : F em ale ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : W omen ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁politics ▁Category : D em ocr atic ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category |
: 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁women ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Ram az ano ğ lu ▁Hall ▁is ▁the ▁old ▁government ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Ram ad an ids ▁located ▁in ▁Ad ana . ▁Currently ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁cultural ▁center , ▁it ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁examples ▁of ▁a ▁m ansion ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁Loc ated ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁U lu ▁Cam ii , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁H are m ▁of ▁the ▁Ram ad an id ▁family ▁and ▁besides ▁being ▁a ▁fine ▁expression ▁of ▁mod esty ▁of ▁the ▁em ir ate , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁important ▁work ▁res emb ling ▁the ▁M aml uk ▁m ans ions ▁of ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ins cription ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁gate , ▁H are m lik ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁Hal il ▁Bey ▁in ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁Sh a ' aban ▁year ▁ 9 0 0 ▁( A pril , ▁ 1 4 9 5 ). ▁Nevertheless , ▁this ▁date ▁does ▁not ▁represent ▁the ▁completion ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁building . ▁The ▁section ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 5 ▁was ▁an ▁attachment ▁to ▁another ▁structure ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁side ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁earlier . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁H are m , ▁there ▁used ▁to ▁stand ▁the ▁Sel aml ı k , ▁where ▁the ▁government ▁offices ▁were ▁located . ▁The ▁Sel aml ı k ▁was ▁suffered ▁from ▁dil ap id ation ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁remains ▁today ▁are ▁the ▁section ▁with ▁the ▁d ome ▁and ▁the ▁section ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the |
▁ham am . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Era , ▁the ▁hall ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁residence ▁for ▁number ▁of ▁s ult ans ▁visit ing ▁Ad ana , ▁including ▁S ule iman ▁the ▁Magn ific ent ▁and ▁Sel im ▁I . ▁ ▁The ▁hall ▁had ▁an ▁extensive ▁renov ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ad ana – C ey han ▁earth qu ake , ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁dam aged ▁and ▁was ▁restored ▁by ▁the ▁General ▁Director ate ▁of ▁the ▁Found ations ▁there after . ▁The ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁hall ▁was ▁then ▁given ▁to ▁ Ç u ku ro va ▁University ▁to ▁be ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁cultural ▁center ▁and ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁hall ▁opened ▁to ▁the ▁public ; ▁it ▁currently ▁hosts ▁con ferences , ▁meet ings ▁and ▁concert s . ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁Ram az ano ğ lu ▁Hall ▁has ▁a ▁mod est ▁appearance ▁with ▁its ▁architecture ▁built ▁of ▁he wn ▁stone ▁on ▁the ▁lower ▁level ▁and ▁brick ▁on ▁the ▁upper . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 3 - story ▁building ▁in ▁a ▁rect angular ▁shape ▁( 1 6 x 1 0 . 5 m ), ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ground ▁floor , ▁me zz an ine ▁and ▁an ▁upper ▁floor . ▁The ▁building ▁also ▁includes ▁a ▁cour ty ard ▁placed ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁L ▁sh aped ▁ground ▁floor ▁plan . ▁On ▁the ▁south ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁floor , ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁st ony ▁place |
▁which ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁st airs ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁flo ors ▁and ▁two ▁rooms ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁st ony ▁place . ▁The ▁hall way ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁section , ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁gro in ▁v ault ▁room ▁and ▁a ▁door ▁opening ▁to ▁a ▁cr ad le ▁v ault ▁cor rid or . ▁This ▁north ▁section ▁was ▁most ▁likely ▁the ▁Sel aml ı k ▁of ▁the ▁m ansion ▁with ▁spir al ▁st airs ▁going ▁up . ▁ ▁The ▁me zz an ine ▁floor ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁a ▁kitchen , ▁two ▁rooms ▁and ▁hall way ▁in ▁between . ▁On ▁the ▁upper ▁floor , ▁there ▁is ▁the ▁bath ing ▁cub icle ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁landing ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁bed room ▁at ▁the ▁south ▁end . ▁There ▁are ▁no ▁orn aments ▁in ▁the ▁m ansion ▁except ▁a ▁verse ▁of ▁the ▁Kor an ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁west ▁large ▁room , ▁" K ül le ma ▁da he le ▁a ley ha ▁Z ek er ri y ya ' l - mi h ra be ", ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁mi h rab s . ▁The ▁call ig raph y , ▁which ▁was ▁removed ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁rest oration , ▁indicates ▁that ▁this ▁room ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁mas j id ▁of ▁the ▁hall . ▁ ▁References ▁and ▁notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Start ▁of ▁series ▁of ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁hall ▁ ▁Category : Land marks ▁in ▁Ad ana ▁Category : Culture ▁in ▁Ad ana ▁Category : |
Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Ad ana <0x0A> </s> ▁Adri à ▁Mu ñ oz ▁Fernández ▁( born ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ), ▁simply ▁known ▁as ▁Adri à , ▁is ▁a ▁Spanish ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁goal keeper ▁for ▁FC ▁Mul house . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁Gir ona , ▁Catal onia , ▁Adri à ▁finished ▁his ▁gradu ation ▁with ▁UE ▁L lag ost era . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁with ▁the ▁res erves ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁in ▁the ▁regional ▁le agues . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Adri à ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut , ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁late ▁substitute ▁for ▁injured ▁José ▁Mor ag ón ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁Real ▁Vall ad olid ▁for ▁the ▁Segunda ▁División ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Adri à ▁signed ▁for ▁Bright on ▁based ▁English ▁National ▁League ▁South ▁side ▁White h awk , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁but ▁played ▁on ▁a ▁non - cont ract ▁basis ▁in ▁the ▁FA ▁Tro phy ▁against ▁We ym outh ▁the ▁following ▁month ▁when ▁both ▁other ▁first ▁team ▁goal keep ers ▁were ▁un available . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁his ▁Lew es ▁debut ▁against ▁Three ▁Br id ges . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving |
▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gir ona ▁Category : Span ish ▁football ers ▁Category : C atal an ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : Seg unda ▁División ▁players ▁Category : UE ▁L lag ost era ▁football ers ▁Category : National ▁League ▁( English ▁football ) ▁players ▁Category : White h awk ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Span ish ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Span ish ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁K yr k lig ▁för ny else ▁( name ▁transl ates ▁" ch urch ▁rev ival " ▁or ▁" ch urch ly ▁renew al ", ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁manif esto ▁of ▁the ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Luther an ▁High ▁Church ▁movement , ▁written ▁by ▁Swedish ▁priest ▁G unn ar ▁Ros end al . ▁ ▁K yr k lig ▁för ny else ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁many ▁books ▁by ▁Ros end al ▁that ▁would ▁advoc ate ▁High ▁Church ▁the ology ▁and ▁Catholic ▁lit urg ical ▁renew al ▁of ▁the ▁worship ▁within ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Sweden . ▁It ▁was ▁soon ▁followed ▁by ▁K yr k lig ▁för ny else ▁i ▁för sam lin sk yr kan ▁( Ch urch ▁rev ival ▁in ▁parish ▁church ), ▁where ▁he ▁answers ▁to ▁the ▁discussion ▁ar oused ▁by ▁the ▁book . ▁Both ▁these ▁books ▁were ▁written , ▁when ▁Ros end al ▁already ▁had ▁pract ised ▁his |
▁reform ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁parish . ▁ ▁Content ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁ ▁K yr k lig ▁för ny else ▁has ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁vision ▁of ▁what ▁was ▁needed ▁for ▁the ▁Church . ▁Ros end al ▁proposed ▁four ▁features ▁as ▁basic ▁to ▁the ▁Church : ▁its ▁conf essional , ▁sacr amental , ▁hier arch ical ▁and ▁lit urg ical ▁character : ▁Book ▁of ▁Con cord , ▁sacr aments , ▁holy ▁orders ▁and ▁lit ur gy . ▁These ▁four ▁features ▁each ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁chapter . ▁Pre aching ▁of ▁the ▁Word ▁and ▁the ▁Sac r ament ▁of ▁the ▁Alt ar ▁must ▁be ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁Christian ▁life . ▁Bapt ism ▁must ▁be ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁r ite ▁at ▁birth ; ▁it ▁must ▁set ▁its ▁mark ▁on ▁the ▁Christian ▁life . ▁The ▁past oral ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁hierarchy ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁rev ital ized . ▁The ▁lit ur gy ▁must ▁be ▁a ▁witness ▁to ▁heaven ly ▁beauty ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁give ▁expression ▁to ▁the ▁whole ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁sacr aments . ▁The ▁last ▁chapter ▁includes ▁a ▁warning . ▁For ▁those ▁who ▁see ▁" d anger ▁of ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism " ▁in ▁the ▁rev ival , ▁Ros end al ▁points ▁out ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁indeed ▁a ▁Roman ▁danger , ▁but ▁it ▁comes , ▁if ▁Catholic ▁renew al ▁is ▁not ▁carried ▁through . ▁In ▁that ▁case ▁people ▁will ▁find ▁One , ▁Holy , ▁Catholic , ▁and ▁Apost ol ic ▁Church ▁from ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Rome ▁instead ▁of ▁State ▁Church . ▁ ▁References ▁" A ▁High ▁Church ▁P ione |
er ". ▁article ▁in ▁St . ▁An sg ar ’ s ▁Bul letin ▁No . ▁ 1 0 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁( pub lished ▁by ▁St . ▁An sg ar ' s ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Catholic ▁League , ▁New ▁York ▁NY ) ▁ ▁Category : L uther an ▁texts ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Luther an ism ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁in ▁Christian ity <0x0A> </s> ▁Old ▁Stone ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁church ▁building ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 . ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁constructed , ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁P end leton ▁District , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁When ▁P end leton ▁District ▁was ▁divided ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 , ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁in ▁Pick ens ▁District . ▁When ▁Pick ens ▁District ▁was ▁split ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁O con ee ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁this ▁section ▁of ▁O con ee ▁County ▁was ▁an nex ed ▁back ▁to ▁Pick ens ▁County . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁about ▁mid way ▁between ▁the ▁cent ers ▁of ▁P end leton ▁and ▁C lem son . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁C lem son . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁the ▁Hope well ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church , ▁which ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁the ▁Hope well - Ke ow ee ▁Church , ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁Pick ens ▁District . ▁Hope well ▁was |
▁the ▁name ▁of ▁General ▁Andrew ▁Pick ens ' s ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁Sen eca ▁River . ▁Ke ow ee ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁name ▁for ▁this ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁Sen eca ▁River ▁in ▁this ▁period . ▁The ▁first ▁church ▁was ▁a ▁log ▁building . ▁Its ▁location ▁is ▁on ▁South ▁Ex perimental ▁Forest ▁of ▁C lem son ▁University ▁in ▁Pick ens ▁County ▁on ▁Se ed ▁Or ch ard ▁Road ▁about ▁ 2 0 0 ▁m ▁west ▁of ▁West ▁Queen ▁St . ▁This ▁church ▁burn ed ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 6 . ▁The ▁ru ins ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁forest . ▁A ▁monument ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁inside ▁of ▁Old ▁Stone ▁Church ▁to ▁prevent ▁v andal ism . ▁ ▁The ▁con greg ation ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁tract ▁of ▁land ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁by ▁John ▁Miller , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁printer ▁in ▁P end leton . ▁Miller ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁publish er ▁in ▁England . ▁In ▁ 1 7 7 5 , ▁he ▁and ▁two ▁partners ▁were ▁tried ▁for ▁lib el ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁publications ▁of ▁the ▁Jun ius ▁letters ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁They ▁were ▁found ▁not ▁guilty . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 2 , ▁Miller ▁came ▁to ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 3 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Char l eston , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁and ▁began ▁publishing ▁a ▁newspaper , ▁P end leton ▁M essen ger . ▁After ▁the ▁Tre aty |
▁of ▁Hope well , ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁ 6 4 0 ▁acres ▁( 2 5 9 ▁ha ) ▁on ▁E igh teen ▁M ile ▁Creek ▁near ▁P end leton ▁by ▁Governor ▁Benjamin ▁Guer ard . ▁He ▁or ▁his ▁son ▁later ▁de eded ▁about ▁ 1 6 . 9 ▁acres ▁( 6 . 8 ▁ha ) ▁to ▁the ▁Trust ees ▁of ▁Hope well ▁Church . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁church ▁was ▁constructed ▁of ▁field ▁stone ▁and ▁mort ar ▁by ▁John ▁Rus k , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁Texas ▁Senator ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson ▁Rus k , ▁over ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁ 1 7 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁building ▁with ▁wooden ▁p ew s ▁and ▁a ▁pul pit . ▁Early ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁included ▁Robert ▁Anderson ▁and ▁Andrew ▁Pick ens . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 4 , ▁the ▁con greg ation ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁church , ▁Hope well - P end leton , ▁in ▁P end leton . ▁After ▁the ▁new ▁church ▁was ▁built , ▁The ▁Old ▁Stone ▁Church ▁was ▁only ▁used ▁occasionally . ▁The ▁con greg ation ▁in ▁P end leton ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁P end leton ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church . ▁ ▁The ▁Old ▁Stone ▁Church ▁and ▁C emetery ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places , ▁No . ▁ 7 1 0 0 0 7 9 4 . ▁The ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Department ▁of ▁Archives ▁and ▁History ▁has ▁additional ▁pictures ▁and ▁information , ▁and ▁copies ▁of ▁the ▁nom ination |
▁forms . ▁ ▁Notable ▁bur ial s ▁Robert ▁Anderson , ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁colon el ▁Andrew ▁Pick ens , ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁Brig ad ier ▁general ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Reb e cca ▁Cal h oun ▁Pick ens , ▁wife ▁of ▁Andrew ▁Pick ens ▁and ▁cousin ▁of ▁John ▁C . ▁Cal h oun ▁John ▁Miller , ▁London ▁printer ▁Re ver end ▁Thomas ▁Re ese ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Pr inter ▁John ▁Miller ▁Historical ▁Mark er ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : C em eter ies ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Pick ens ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Pick ens ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : C lem son , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : Ind ivid ually ▁listed ▁contrib uting ▁properties ▁to ▁historic ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Johannes ▁Br ass ican us ▁can ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Johannes ▁Br ass ican us ▁( human ist ) ▁( 1 4 7 5 - 1 5 1 4 ), ▁German ▁human ist ▁and ▁scholar ▁ ▁Johann ▁Alexander ▁Br ass ican us ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 0 0 - 1 5 3 9 ), ▁Aust rian ▁jur ist ▁ |
▁Johann ▁Ludwig ▁Br ass ican us ▁( 1 5 0 9 - 1 5 4 9 ), ▁Aust rian ▁jur ist ▁ ▁Johannes ▁Br ass ican us ▁( compos er ) ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 7 0 - 1 6 3 4 ), ▁Aust rian ▁composer ▁and ▁poet <0x0A> </s> ▁Hed alen ▁is ▁both ▁a ▁valley ▁and ▁a ▁rural ▁village ▁( N or weg ian : ▁by g d ) ▁in ▁the ▁S ør - A ur dal ▁municipality ▁in ▁O pp land . ▁The ▁valley ▁is ▁next ▁to ▁Beng ad alen . ▁The ▁village , ▁character ized ▁by ▁con ifer ous ▁for ests , ▁agricult ural ▁properties ▁and ▁scattered ▁private ▁housing , ▁extends ▁west ▁and ▁north wards ▁towards ▁V ass f aret ▁from ▁N es ▁i ▁Å dal , ▁which ▁lies ▁along ▁European ▁route ▁E 1 6 ▁at ▁the ▁north ▁end ▁of ▁S per ill en ▁in ▁R inger ike ▁municipality ▁in ▁Bus ker ud . ▁The ▁conservation ▁area ▁V ass f aret ▁is ▁partially ▁in ▁Hed alen , ▁and ▁partially ▁in ▁Fl å ▁in ▁Bus ker ud . ▁From ▁Hed alen , ▁a ▁to ll ▁road ▁goes ▁in ▁to ▁A urd als d ammen , ▁and ▁Nev lingen ▁in ▁V ass f aret . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁center ▁in ▁Hed alen ▁includes , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁Hed alen ▁primary ▁and ▁lower ▁secondary ▁school , ▁two ▁convenience ▁stores ▁and ▁a ▁small ▁filling ▁station ▁with ▁service ▁shop . ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁Hed alen ▁St ave ▁Church , |
▁a ▁preserved ▁st ave ▁church ▁that ▁is ▁still ▁in ▁use . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁access ▁via ▁County ▁Road ▁ 2 4 3 ▁from ▁N es ▁i ▁Å dal , ▁County ▁Road ▁ 2 2 5 ▁from ▁Beg nad alen , ▁and ▁County ▁Road ▁ 2 2 3 ▁from ▁( N es by en ▁in ▁Hall ing dal . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁possible ▁to ▁get ▁there ▁via ▁the ▁Str ø ms odd by g da ▁Road ▁from ▁S ok na ▁and ▁the ▁to ll ▁road ▁from ▁upper ▁Str ø ms odd by g da ▁in ▁S ok ned alen ▁above ▁Vid alen . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁old ▁royal ▁road ▁to ▁Val d res . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁village ▁center ▁in ▁Hed alen ▁to ▁N es ▁in ▁Å dal , ▁it ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 2 ▁km ; ▁to ▁B agn ▁in ▁Val d res , ▁about ▁ 3 5 . 8 ▁km ; ▁and ▁to ▁N es by en ▁in ▁Hall ing dal , ▁about ▁ 4 7 ▁km . ▁ ▁Hed alen ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁supp lier ▁of ▁tim ber ▁from ▁ancient ▁times , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁annual ▁flo ats ▁of ▁tim ber ▁on ▁the ▁water c ourses ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁until ▁the ▁late ▁ 6 0 s . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁re - record ed ▁as ▁a ▁cultural ▁her itage , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁log ▁p ond ▁dam ming ▁in ▁V ass af aret . ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁Mik k jel ▁F ø n hus ▁and ▁Ed vard |
▁Els r ud ▁have ▁set ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁action ▁in ▁several ▁books ▁throughout ▁Hed alen ▁and ▁the ▁areas ▁in ▁V ass f aret , ▁among ▁others ▁Sk og g and sm and , ▁S lag b j ør nen ▁R ugg , ▁and ▁B j ør nej akt ▁i ▁V ass f aret . ▁ ▁People ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁have ▁had ▁great ▁interest ▁for ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁- ▁and ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁established ▁a ▁living ▁museum ▁at ▁B aut ah au gen ▁Sam ling er . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁B aut ah au gen ▁has ▁also ▁obtained ▁a ▁complete ▁farm st ead , ▁Ber gs r ud ▁i ▁Hed alen . ▁This ▁has ▁now ▁been ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁" l iving ▁farm ", ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁way . ▁ ▁In ▁private ▁ownership , ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁old ▁mill , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁good ▁condition , ▁but ▁not ▁in ▁operation . ▁It ▁has ▁w ander ed ▁a ▁bit ▁in ▁its ▁many ▁years ▁of ▁life , ▁and ▁goes ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁" H us em ø lla " ▁or ▁Hed als m ø lla . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Hed al ▁st ave ▁church ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁web ▁site ▁( N or weg ian ) ▁ ▁Category : Val le ys ▁of ▁Inn land et ▁Category : S ør - A ur dal <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁located ▁in ▁Ok hot sk ▁Sub p ref ect ure , ▁H ok ka |
ido , ▁Japan . ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁A inu ▁word ▁pip oro , ▁meaning ▁" place ▁of ▁much ▁water ". ▁ ▁L arg ely ▁agricult ural , ▁the ▁town ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁Bi hor o ▁Pass , ▁which ▁has ▁views ▁over ▁Lake ▁K us sh aro ▁in ▁the ▁Ak an ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁its ▁attra ctions ▁is ▁Bi hor o ▁A viation ▁Park , ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁aircraft ▁previously ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Japan ▁Self - Def ense ▁Forces . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁town ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 9 2 0 , ▁and ▁a ▁population ▁density ▁of ▁ 4 8 ▁persons ▁per ▁km ². ▁The ▁total ▁area ▁is ▁ 4 3 8 . 3 6 km ². ▁ ▁History ▁ 1 9 1 5 : ▁Bi hor o ▁Village ▁founded . ▁ 1 9 1 9 : ▁T sub ets u ▁Village ▁( 津 別 村 ), ▁now ▁T sub ets u ▁Town , ▁split . ▁ 1 9 2 1 : ▁Part ▁of ▁T sub ets u ▁Village ▁incorpor ated . ▁ 1 9 2 3 : ▁Bi hor o ▁Village ▁becomes ▁Bi hor o ▁Town . ▁ 1 9 4 6 : ▁Part ▁of ▁Mem an b ets u ▁Village ▁( now ▁Mem an b ets u ▁Town ) ▁incorpor ated . ▁ 1 9 5 3 : ▁Bi hor o ▁song , ▁Tor u ▁Tak em its |
u . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁H ok ka ido <0x0A> </s> ▁Gl enn ▁Rand ▁( born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁C inc inn ati , ▁Ohio , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁phot ographic ▁artist , ▁educ ator ▁and ▁writer . ▁He ▁has ▁produced ▁phot ographic ▁art ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁included ▁in ▁public ▁museum ▁collections ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁twelve ▁books ▁on ▁phot ography ▁and ▁contributed ▁regularly ▁to ▁mag az ines . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁the ▁Ph oto ▁Im aging ▁Education ▁Association ▁( PI E A ) ▁presented ▁him ▁with ▁its ▁" Ex cell ence ▁in ▁Education ▁Award " ▁for ▁his ▁insight ful ▁contributions ▁to ▁phot ographic ▁education . ▁ ▁High er ▁education ▁After ▁receiving ▁his ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Art ▁degree ▁at ▁Pur due ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁with ▁a ▁Major ▁in ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Design , ▁Rand ▁continued ▁on ▁at ▁Pur due ▁acqu iring ▁a ▁ ▁Master ▁of ▁Art ▁in ▁Indust rial ▁and ▁Environment al ▁Design ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁During ▁his ▁studies ▁at ▁Pur due ▁he ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁Fine - art ▁phot ography ▁studying ▁with ▁Vern on ▁Che ek . ▁He ▁ ▁received ▁a ▁ ▁High ▁School ▁Te aching ▁Cert ificate ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁at ▁Edge cl iff ▁College , ▁and ▁a ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Education ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of |
▁C inc inn ati . ▁He ▁did ▁post - do ctor al ▁study ▁and ▁research ▁as ▁a ▁visit ing ▁scholar ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Te aching ▁Rand ' s ▁ 5 0 ▁year ▁teaching ▁career ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁while ▁purs uing ▁gradu ate ▁work . ▁Rand ▁has ▁taught ▁in ▁public ▁education , ▁community ▁colleg es ▁and ▁univers ities . ▁Major ▁teaching ▁or ▁administrative ▁positions ▁include , ▁Pur due ▁University ( 1 9 6 6 - 1 9 7 2 ), ▁Colorado ▁Mountain ▁College ▁( 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 0 ), ▁L ans ing ▁Community ▁College ▁( 1 9 8 0 - 2 0 0 0 ) ▁and ▁Bro oks ▁Institute ▁( 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 2 ). ▁During ▁his ▁career ▁he ▁has ▁created ▁and / or ▁red es igned ▁curr ic ula ▁for ▁multiple ▁forms ▁of ▁art ▁such ▁as ▁fine ▁art ▁phot ography , ▁commercial ▁phot ography , ▁digital ▁imag ing , ▁craft s ▁and ▁al lied ▁curr ic ula . ▁ ▁Works ▁Rand ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁traditional ▁silver ▁gel atin ▁prints ▁and ▁digital ▁fine - art ▁phot ography . ▁His ▁fine - art ▁phot ography ▁has ▁been ▁acquired ▁into ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁permanent ▁collections ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁exhib ited ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁abroad . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁worked ▁profession ally ▁special izing ▁in ▁table - top ▁illustr ation ▁for ▁primarily ▁for ▁editor ial ▁content . ▁Rand ▁has ▁also ▁consult ed ▁with ▁corpor ate |
▁and ▁educational ▁clients ▁including ▁the ▁East man ▁K od ak ▁Company , ▁the ▁Ford ▁Motor ▁Company , ▁the ▁Ph oto ▁Mark eting ▁Association ▁International , ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁of ▁Finland , ▁and ▁other ▁business es , ▁and ▁several ▁colleg es . ▁ ▁Works ▁in ▁permanent ▁collections ▁A ▁selected ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁permanent ▁collections ▁that ▁include ▁Rand ' s ▁work : ▁Center ▁For ▁Creative ▁Phot ography ▁C inc inn ati ▁Art ▁Museum ▁Cro cker ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁Day ton ▁Art ▁Institute ▁Den ver ▁Art ▁Museum ▁Finn ish ▁Museum ▁of ▁Phot ography ▁High ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁Museum ▁of ▁Fine ▁Art ▁- ▁Houston ▁Santa ▁Barbara ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁ ▁Pub lished ▁works ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : American ▁photograph ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Michigan ▁fell ows ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁National ny ck eln ▁till ▁Sver iges ▁fl ora ▁och ▁fa una ▁( S wed ish ▁for ▁" National ▁Key ▁to ▁Sweden ' s ▁Flora ▁and ▁Fa una ") ▁is ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁books , ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁of ▁which , ▁F jär ilar : ▁D ag f jär ilar ▁( But ter f lies , ▁ 1 4 0 ▁species ), ▁appeared ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁The ▁publishing ▁plan ▁compr ises ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁illustr ations ▁spread ▁over ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁volumes , ▁to ▁appear ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 2 |
0 ▁years , ▁listing ▁and ▁providing ▁popular ▁scientific ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁all ▁species ▁of ▁plants ▁( fl ora ) ▁and ▁animals ▁( fa una ) ▁in ▁Sweden . ▁So ▁large ▁a ▁work ▁has ▁never ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Swedish ▁literature . ▁ ▁National ny ck eln ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁scientific ▁account ▁produced ▁on ▁contract ▁from ▁the ▁R ik sd ag ▁by ▁the ▁ ▁Swedish ▁Species ▁Information ▁Centre ▁( Art Dat ab ank en ) ▁at ▁the ▁Swedish ▁University ▁of ▁Agricult ural ▁Sciences ▁( SL U ) ▁in ▁U pp s ala . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁National ny ck eln , ▁official ▁website ▁Art Dat ab ank en , ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : S wed ish ▁en cyc loped ias ▁Category : Bi ology ▁books ▁Category : En cyc loped ias ▁of ▁science ▁Category : 2 0 0 5 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁en cyc loped ias ▁Category : Fl ora e ▁( public ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Thomas ▁Watson ▁( ca . ▁ 1 7 0 1 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 7 6 6 ) ▁of ▁Gr ind on ▁Bridge , ▁North umber land , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁politician ▁who ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁from ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁▁ ▁Watson ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Watson ▁of ▁Ber wick ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Margaret ▁C ler k . ▁He ▁married ▁Barbara ▁For ster . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an |
▁influ ential ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁corpor ation ▁of ▁Ber wick ▁and ▁was ▁ ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Ber wick ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 7 , ▁ 1 7 2 9 , ▁ 1 7 3 2 , ▁ 1 7 3 4 , ▁ 1 7 3 6 ▁and ▁ 1 7 3 9 . ▁In ▁ 1 7 3 2 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁comm iss ary ▁of ▁must ers ▁in ▁south ▁Britain . ▁ ▁Watson ▁was ▁returned ▁as ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁( MP ) ▁for ▁Ber wick - up on - T we ed ▁at ▁a ▁by - e lection ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 7 4 0 . ▁He ▁voted ▁regularly ▁with ▁the ▁Government ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 1 ▁was ▁appointed ▁deput y ▁comm iss ary ▁for ▁Dan ish ▁and ▁H ess ian ▁troops ▁in ▁British ▁pay . ▁He ▁was ▁returned ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 1 ▁and ▁ 1 7 4 7 . ▁ ▁Watson ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp osed ▁as ▁MP ▁for ▁Ber wick ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁British ▁general ▁election . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁he ▁is ▁shown ▁in ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁secret ▁service ▁p ensions ▁as ▁receiving ▁one ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁a ▁year . ▁This ▁p ension ▁la ps ed ▁when ▁New castle , ▁who ▁awarded ▁it , ▁left ▁office ▁and ▁Watson ▁spent ▁years ▁trying ▁to ▁recover ▁it . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁British ▁general ▁election , ▁Watson ▁was ▁returned ▁uno pp |
osed ▁again . ▁He ▁vac ated ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 7 6 5 . ▁ ▁Watson ▁died ▁without ▁issue ▁on ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 7 6 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 0 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 6 6 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁uncertain ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 3 4 – 1 7 4 1 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 4 1 – 1 7 4 7 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 4 7 – 1 7 5 4 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 5 4 – 1 7 6 1 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 6 1 – 1 7 6 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Gi ard ini ▁Botan ici ▁di ▁St igli ano ▁are ▁botan ical ▁gard ens ▁located ▁in ▁Can ale ▁Mon ter ano , ▁province ▁of ▁Rome , ▁Lat ium , ▁central ▁Italy . ▁They ▁form ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Grand i ▁Gi ard ini ▁Italian i . ▁ ▁The ▁sul ph ur ▁spr ings ▁themselves ▁have ▁been ▁known ▁since ▁E tr us can ▁times , ▁and ▁named ▁Ac qu ae ▁St yg ian ae ▁by ▁the ▁Rom ans . ▁The ▁hotel ▁park land ▁extends ▁across ▁ 2 0 ▁hect ares , ▁and ▁contain ▁the ▁ru |
ins ▁of ▁Roman ▁thermal ▁bath s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁b am bo o , ▁ha zel ▁trees , ▁map les , ▁o aks , ▁Roman ▁p ines , ▁t amar is ks , ▁and ▁fa una ▁including ▁fal cons , ▁her ons , ▁ow ls , ▁bad gers , ▁fer rets , ▁fo xes , ▁por cup ines , ▁and ▁we as els . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁botan ical ▁gard ens ▁in ▁Italy ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Grand i ▁Gi ardin ia ▁entry ▁( Ital ian ) ▁ ▁Gi ard ini ▁d ' Italia ▁( ph ot ograph s ) ▁ ▁Com une ▁di ▁Can ale ▁Mon ter ano ▁( Ital ian ) ▁ ▁St igli ano ▁Category : G ard ens ▁in ▁Laz io <0x0A> </s> ▁Pub lius ▁Ter ent ius ▁Var ro ▁At ac inus ▁( ; ▁ 8 2 ▁BC ▁– ▁c . ▁ 3 5 ▁BC ) ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁poet , ▁more ▁pol ished ▁in ▁his ▁style ▁than ▁the ▁more ▁famous ▁and ▁learned ▁Var ro ▁Re at inus , ▁his ▁contemporary , ▁and ▁therefore ▁more ▁widely ▁read ▁by ▁the ▁August an ▁writers . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Gall ia ▁Nar bon ensis , ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁Ga ul ▁with ▁its ▁capital ▁at ▁Nar bon ne , ▁on ▁the ▁river ▁A tax ▁( now ▁the ▁A ude ), ▁for ▁his ▁cogn omen ▁At ac inus ▁indicates ▁his ▁birth place . ▁▁▁ ▁Only ▁fragments ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁surv ive . ▁His ▁first ▁known |
▁works ▁are ▁Bell um ▁sequ an icum , ▁a ▁poem ▁on ▁Julius ▁Ca esar ' s ▁campaign ▁against ▁Ari ov ist us , ▁and ▁some ▁sat ires ; ▁these ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁Men i ppe an ▁Sat ires ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁Var ro , ▁of ▁which ▁some ▁ 6 0 0 ▁fragments ▁surv ive . ▁ ▁He ▁translated ▁the ▁Alexand rian ▁poet ▁Ap oll on ius ▁Rh od ius ' ▁Arg onaut ica ▁into ▁Latin . ▁ ▁Of ▁Var ro ' s ▁fragments , ▁the ▁ ▁ep ig ram ▁on ▁" The ▁T omb s ▁of ▁the ▁Great " ▁is ▁well - known ; ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁it ▁is ▁truly ▁Var ro ' s ▁is ▁deb atable : ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : G old en ▁Age ▁Latin ▁writers ▁Category : R oman - era ▁po ets ▁Category : T er ent ii ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Rom ans ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Roman ▁po ets ▁Category : 8 2 ▁BC ▁birth s ▁Category : 3 0 s ▁BC ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Gall ia ▁Nar bon ensis ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Gal lo - R oman ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ch rys ler ▁Con cor de ▁is ▁a ▁full - size , ▁front ▁wheel ▁drive ▁four - door ▁sedan ▁that ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Ch rys ler ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁It ▁assumed ▁the ▁C - body ▁Ch rys |
ler ▁New ▁York er ▁Sal on ' s ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁entry - level ▁full - size ▁sedan ▁in ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁brand ▁line up . ▁One ▁of ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁three ▁original ▁Ch rys ler ▁L H ▁platform ▁models , ▁it ▁used ▁revolution ary ▁cab ▁forward ▁design . ▁ ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Ch rys ler / D odge ▁In tre pid , ▁E agle ▁V ision , ▁Ch rys ler ▁ 3 0 0 M , ▁Ch rys ler ▁L HS , ▁and ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁and ▁final ▁generation ▁Ch rys ler ▁New ▁York er . ▁▁ ▁It ▁was ▁on ▁Car ▁and ▁Driver ▁magazine ' s ▁Ten ▁Best ▁list ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Design ▁background ▁▁ ▁The ▁Con cor de ' s ▁design ▁can ▁be ▁trac ed ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁when ▁designer ▁Kevin ▁Ver du yn ▁completed ▁the ▁initial ▁exterior ▁design ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁aer od ynamic ▁concept ▁sedan ▁called ▁N ava jo . ▁The ▁design ▁never ▁passed ▁the ▁cl ay ▁model ▁stage . ▁Also ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁Corporation ▁purchased ▁bank rupt ▁Italian ▁sports ▁car ▁manufact urer ▁Lamb org h ini . ▁The ▁N ava jo ' s ▁exterior ▁design ▁was ▁re work ed ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁Lamb org h ini ▁Port of ino , ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁concept ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Frankfurt ▁Auto ▁Show . ▁The ▁Port of ino |
▁was ▁her ald ed ▁as ▁a ▁design ▁triumph , ▁setting ▁in ▁motion ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁production ▁sedan ▁with ▁the ▁Port of ino ' s ▁revolution ary ▁exterior ▁design , ▁called ▁" c ab - forward ". ▁The ▁cab ▁forward ▁design ▁was ▁character ized ▁by ▁the ▁long , ▁low ▁sl ung ▁wind sh ield , ▁and ▁relatively ▁short ▁over hang s . ▁The ▁whe els ▁were ▁effectively ▁pushed ▁to ▁the ▁corners ▁of ▁the ▁car , ▁creating ▁a ▁much ▁larger ▁passenger ▁cabin ▁compared ▁to ▁its ▁contemporary ▁cars . ▁ ▁Design ▁of ▁the ▁ch ass is ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁after ▁Ch rys ler ▁had ▁bought ▁another ▁autom aker , ▁American ▁Mot ors ▁Corporation ▁( AM C ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁Ch rys ler ▁began ▁design ing ▁the ▁replacement ▁for ▁the ▁D odge ▁D ynast y ▁and ▁Ch rys ler ▁New ▁York er , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁potential ▁P ly mouth . ▁The ▁initial ▁design ▁of ▁D odge ' s ▁L H ▁bore ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁the ▁D ynast y , ▁and ▁this ▁design ▁was ▁scra pped ▁entirely ▁after ▁François ▁Cast a ing , ▁formerly ▁A MC ' s ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁product ▁engineering ▁and ▁development , ▁became ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁vehicle ▁engineering ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁new ▁design , ▁under ▁Cast a ing ' s ▁leadership , ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁E agle ▁Premier |
, ▁also ▁sold ▁later ▁as ▁the ▁D odge ▁Mon aco . ▁The ▁Premier ' s ▁longitud inal ▁engine ▁mount ing ▁layout ▁was ▁inherited , ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁front ▁susp ension ▁geometry , ▁and ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁bra king ▁system . ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁itself ▁became ▁a ▁flexible ▁architecture ▁capable ▁of ▁supporting ▁front ▁or ▁rear - w heel ▁drive ▁( design ated ▁" L H " ▁and ▁" L X " ▁respectively ). ▁The ▁transmission ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Premier ' s ▁A udi ▁and ▁Z F ▁automat ics . ▁Bor row ing ▁heavily ▁from ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁A 6 0 4 ▁( 4 1 TE ) ▁" U l trad rive " ▁trans vers ely ▁mounted ▁automatic , ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁A 6 0 6 ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁ 4 2 LE ). ▁The ▁ch ass is ▁design ▁was ▁contin ually ▁ref ined ▁throughout ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁as ▁it ▁under p inned ▁more ▁Ch rys ler ▁pro tot ypes : ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Ch rys ler ▁Mill en ni um ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁E agle ▁Opt ima . ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁techn olog ically ▁advanced ▁car ▁would ▁need ▁a ▁new ▁techn olog ically ▁advanced ▁engine ▁to ▁power ▁it . ▁Until ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁only ▁engine ▁confirmed ▁for ▁use ▁was ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁ 3 . 3 L ▁push rod ▁V 6 . ▁The ▁ 3 . 3 |
L ▁engine ' s ▁ 6 0 ° ▁block ▁was ▁b ored ▁out ▁to ▁ 3 . 5 L , ▁while ▁the ▁push rod - act u ated ▁val ves ▁were ▁replaced ▁with ▁SO HC ▁cyl inder ▁heads ▁with ▁four ▁val ves ▁per ▁cyl inder , ▁creating ▁an ▁advanced ▁ 3 . 5 L ▁V 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁appearance , ▁still ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁cab ▁forward ▁exterior ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Lamb org h ini ▁Port of ino ▁concept , ▁with ▁its ▁aer od ynamic ▁shape , ▁made ▁for ▁little ▁wind ▁noise ▁inside ▁this ▁large ▁car . ▁This ▁sle ek ▁sty ling ▁gives ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁a ▁low ▁drag ▁coefficient ▁which ▁was ▁ahead ▁of ▁its ▁time . ▁Although ▁American ▁Mot ors ' ▁E agle ▁Premier ▁( and ▁D odge ▁Mon aco ) ▁was ▁dis cont in ued ▁by ▁Ch rys ler ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁model ▁year , ▁the ▁new ▁Con cor de ' s ▁pack aging ▁was ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Premier , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁susp ension ▁and ▁driv et rain ▁development ▁m ules ▁were ▁Prem iers . ▁Other ▁design ▁features ▁found ▁their ▁way ▁into ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁L H ▁platform , ▁most ▁not ably ▁the ▁longitud inal ▁engine ▁layout , ▁a ▁hall mark ▁of ▁Ren ault ' s ▁front - w heel - drive ▁designs . ▁This ▁design ▁allowed ▁engine ers ▁to ▁lower ▁the ▁h ood line , ▁made ▁maintenance / serv icing ▁simpler , ▁and ▁tight ened |
▁the ▁car ' s ▁turning ▁diameter . ▁ ▁First ▁generation ▁( 1 9 9 3 – 1 9 9 7 ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁deb uted ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁North ▁American ▁International ▁Auto ▁Show ▁in ▁Detroit ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁model . ▁It ▁deb uted ▁as ▁a ▁single , ▁well - equ ipped ▁model ▁with ▁a ▁base ▁price ▁of ▁US $ 1 8 , 3 4 1 . ▁ ▁Out ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁L H ▁sed ans , ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁most ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁E agle ▁V ision . ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁more ▁traditional ▁image ▁than ▁the ▁V ision . ▁The ▁two ▁shared ▁nearly ▁all ▁sheet met al ▁in ▁common ▁with ▁the ▁main ▁differences ▁limited ▁to ▁their ▁gr illes , ▁rear ▁fas cias , ▁body ▁side ▁m old ings , ▁and ▁wheel ▁choices . ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁featured ▁a ▁modern ▁take ▁on ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁signature ▁water fall ▁gr ille . ▁It ▁was ▁split ▁into ▁six ▁sections ▁divided ▁by ▁body ▁colored ▁stri ps ▁with ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁Pent ast ar ▁logo ▁on ▁the ▁center ▁strip . ▁The ▁Con cor de ' s ▁rear ▁fas cia ▁was ▁highlight ed ▁by ▁a ▁full - width ▁and ▁full - height ▁light bar ▁between ▁the ▁ta ill ights , ▁giving ▁the ▁appearance ▁that ▁the ▁ta ill ights ▁stretch ed ▁across ▁the ▁entire ▁tr unk . ▁In ▁keeping ▁with ▁its ▁ups |
c ale ▁position , ▁Con cor de ' s ▁body ▁side ▁m old ings ▁incorpor ated ▁bright ▁chrome ▁( l ater ▁golden ▁colored ) ▁work ▁not ▁found ▁on ▁its ▁D odge ▁or ▁E agle ▁sib lings . ▁On ▁Con cord es ▁with ▁gray ▁lower ▁body ▁paint ▁color , ▁the ▁gray ▁came ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁chrome ▁bel t line ; ▁on ▁Vis ions ▁the ▁gray ▁lower ▁body ▁paint ▁area ▁was ▁smaller ▁and ▁much ▁more ▁subt le . ▁W heel ▁styles , ▁which ▁included ▁available ▁al umin um ▁whe els ▁with ▁a ▁Sp iral cast ▁design , ▁were ▁also ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁L H ▁sed ans ▁( Con cor de , ▁L HS , ▁New ▁York er ); ▁D odge ▁and ▁E agle ▁had ▁their ▁own ▁different ▁wheel ▁styles . ▁ ▁The ▁similar ▁E agle ▁V ision , ▁featured ▁a ▁smaller ▁split - gr ill ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁E agle ▁bad ge ▁in ▁the ▁center . ▁The ▁V ision ' s ▁ta ill ights , ▁although ▁the ▁same ▁shape ▁as ▁the ▁Con cor de ' s ▁were ▁cluster ed ▁differently ▁and ▁featured ▁European - in sp ired ▁am ber ▁turn ▁signals . ▁The ▁V ision ▁did ▁not ▁share ▁the ▁Con cor de ' s ▁light bar , ▁instead ▁using ▁the ▁area ▁as ▁space ▁for ▁a ▁tr unk - mount ed ▁license ▁plate ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁rear ▁b um per - mount ed ▁license ▁plate ▁on ▁the ▁Con cor de ). ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁In tre |
pid ▁incorpor ated ▁different ▁head light ▁and ▁ta ill ight ▁assemb lies , ▁and ▁had ▁no ▁gr ille ▁at ▁all . ▁The ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁also ▁nearly ▁identical ▁to ▁that ▁the ▁V ision , ▁the ▁main ▁difference ▁being ▁the ▁Con cor de ' s ▁f aux ▁wood ▁trim ▁and ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁em blem ; ▁the ▁In tre pid ' s ▁interior ▁was ▁substantial ly ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁and ▁V ision . ▁Con cord es ▁and ▁In tre p ids ▁could ▁be ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁a ▁front ▁ben ch ▁seat ▁and ▁column ▁sh if ter , ▁bringing ▁total ▁capacity ▁to ▁six . ▁The ▁V ision ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁front ▁bucket ▁seats . ▁Un like ▁its ▁D odge ▁and ▁E agle ▁sib lings , ▁Ch rys ler ▁Con cord es ▁never ▁had ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁aut ost ick ▁transmission ▁and ▁its ▁special ▁instrument ▁cluster . ▁It ▁was ▁only ▁available ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁transmission . ▁ ▁The ▁ups c ale ▁Con cor de ▁models ▁featured ▁le ather - trim med ▁seats , ▁ste ering ▁whe els , ▁shift ▁kn obs ▁and ▁door ▁inser ts . ▁Other ▁interior ▁options ▁included ▁rear ▁seat ▁v ents ▁( in ▁the ▁five - se ater ), ▁rear ▁center ▁rear ▁arm rest , ▁and ▁eight - way ▁power ▁seats ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁driver ▁and ▁passenger , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁personal ▁reading ▁l amps . ▁Power ▁windows ▁and ▁central ▁door ▁lo cks ▁were ▁standard ▁on ▁all ▁Con cord es , ▁as ▁were |
▁dual ▁air b ags . ▁Other ▁options ▁included ▁remote ▁key less ▁system ▁and ▁a ▁choice ▁of ▁several ▁In fin ity ▁sound ▁systems ▁with ▁CD , ▁c ass ette ▁with ▁up ▁to ▁eight ▁speak ers ▁and ▁an ▁equal izer . ▁ ▁The ▁ups c ale ▁L X i ▁model ▁was ▁distinguish able ▁as ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁ret ract able ▁anten na , ▁but ▁a ▁fixed ▁anten na ▁inside ▁the ▁rear ▁passenger - side ▁f ender . ▁Anti - lock ▁bra kes ▁( AB S ) ▁were ▁standard , ▁with ▁tra ction ▁control ▁optional . ▁ ▁D ual - way ▁power ▁sun ro of s ▁were ▁available ▁on ▁this ▁car . ▁They ▁were ▁designed ▁and ▁installed ▁by ▁American ▁Sun ro of ▁( now ▁American ▁Special ty ▁C ars ) ▁from ▁its ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio ▁plant , ▁not ▁by ▁M op ar ▁itself . ▁An ▁installed ▁sun ro of ▁elimin ated ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁front ▁overhead ▁console ▁that ▁featured ▁storage ▁b ins ▁for ▁a ▁gar age ▁door ▁op ener ▁and ▁s ung lass es . ▁However , ▁the ▁Over head ▁Tra vel ▁Information ▁System ▁( OT IS ), ▁or ▁on - board ▁computer ▁with ▁integrated ▁map ▁lights , ▁was ▁retained . ▁ ▁A ▁notable ▁achiev ement ▁included ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁Auto ▁Saf ety ▁ranking ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Con cor de ▁as ▁superior ▁in ▁crash worth iness ▁after ▁testing ▁it ▁at ▁ ▁into ▁a ▁wall . ▁ ▁Model ▁year ▁changes ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 9 3 : ▁Base ▁ 3 . 3 |
L ▁engine ▁had ▁ ▁and ▁standard ▁non - t our ing ▁susp ension . ▁A ▁six - dis c ▁tr unk - mount ed ▁M op ar ▁CD ▁chang er ▁with ▁wire ▁remote ▁and ▁an ▁alarm ▁system ▁were ▁deal er ▁installed ▁options . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁car , ▁along ▁with ▁In tre pid ▁and ▁V ision , ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁ 3 . 5 L ▁ 2 4 - val ve ▁SO HC ▁V 6 . ▁A ▁Pan ason ic ▁cell ▁phone ▁with ▁extern ally ▁mounted ▁anten na ▁could ▁be ▁ordered . ▁The ▁split ▁ben ch ▁seat ▁with ▁column ▁shift ▁lever ▁was ▁not ▁yet ▁available , ▁but ▁planned ▁from ▁the ▁beginning . ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 : ▁For ▁this ▁year , ▁the ▁tour ing ▁susp ension ▁became ▁standard . ▁Also , ▁base ▁engines ▁gained ▁. ▁A ▁front ▁split ▁ben ch ▁seat ▁with ▁two fold - down ▁arm ▁rest s ▁with ▁cup ▁hold ers ▁and ▁column ▁shift ▁became ▁available ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁a ▁six - se ater . ▁Power ▁ste ering ▁added ▁more ▁assist , ▁to ▁reduce ▁turning ▁effort ▁for ▁par king ▁but ▁delivered ▁greater ▁feel ▁at ▁higher ▁spe eds . ▁The ▁ 3 . 3 L ▁engine ▁had ▁ ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁remaining ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁generation . ▁Both ▁ 3 . 3 L ▁engines ▁were ▁r ated ▁at ▁ 1 8 / 2 1 / 2 6 ▁MP G . ▁Ch rys |
ler ' s ▁Vis orph one ▁is ▁offered ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁more ▁conventional ▁deal er ▁installed ▁Ch rys ler ▁car ▁phone ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁Pan ason ic ▁cell ▁phone ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁launch , ▁all ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁model ▁year ▁bro ch ure . ▁▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Im prov ements ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁trans ax le , ▁a ▁modification ▁to ▁the ▁optional ▁remote ▁key less ▁entry ▁system ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁' th umb - touch ' ▁acceleration ▁and ▁cancel ▁features , ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁ste ering ▁wheel ▁sp okes , ▁to ▁the ▁cru ise ▁control . ▁Later ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁models ▁were ▁produced ▁with ▁sheet ▁metal ▁front ▁f enders , ▁which ▁replaced ▁the ▁composite ▁f enders ▁on ▁earlier ▁models ▁to ▁improve ▁struct ural ▁integrity . ▁The ▁corpor ate ▁" P ent ast ar " ▁logo ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁w re ath ▁on ▁the ▁gr ille , ▁horn ▁pad , ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁places ▁( except ▁the ▁key less ▁entry ▁key ▁f ob ▁and ▁keys , ▁which ▁still ▁had ▁the ▁old ▁" P ent ast ar " ▁logo ). ▁Ch rys ler ▁waited ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁for ▁this ▁change ▁on ▁its ▁other ▁models ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁Cir rus ▁and ▁Seb ring , ▁with ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁brand ▁getting ▁a ▁related ▁new ▁logo ▁on ▁all ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁later ▁models . ▁D odge ▁had ▁already ▁begun ▁ph |
asing ▁out ▁the ▁Pent ast ar ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁gained ▁two ▁distinguished ▁trim ▁levels ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁lower - level ▁L X ▁and ▁higher - level ▁L X i . ▁Ext ra ▁sound ▁ins ulation ▁and ▁re vised ▁struct ural ▁engineering ▁promised ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁qui eter . ▁She et ▁metal ▁front ▁f enders ▁added ▁for ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁later ▁on ▁all ▁models ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁struct ural ▁upgrade . ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 : ▁The ▁only ▁major ▁change ▁for ▁this ▁year ▁was ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁L X ▁model , ▁the ▁ 3 . 3 L ▁V 6 ▁was ▁dropped ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁engine . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁first - gener ation ▁ 3 . 5 L ▁engines ▁were ▁r ated ▁at ▁ ▁with ▁ 1 6 / 2 4 ▁city / h wy ▁m pg ▁and ▁called ▁for ▁ 8 9 ▁oct ane ▁fuel . ▁ ▁Second ▁generation ▁( 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 4 ) ▁▁ ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁completely ▁red es igned ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁model ▁year . ▁The ▁" Second ▁Generation " ▁design ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁as ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁L H X ▁concept ▁car . ▁This ▁concept ▁vehicle ▁had ▁large , ▁ 2 0 - inch ▁whe els , ▁a ▁cent r ally |
▁located ▁instrument ▁cluster , ▁and ▁a ▁closed - circ uit ▁television ▁system ▁within ▁the ▁wind sh ield ▁pill ars ▁replacing ▁conventional ▁rear ▁view ▁mirror s . ▁The ▁wheel base ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁ ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁rear ▁passenger ▁supp lement ▁rest raint s , ▁rear ▁occup ant ▁entertain ment ▁center ▁and ▁storage ▁compart ment . ▁ ▁Despite ▁overall ▁length ▁increasing ▁by ▁, ▁the ▁second ▁generation ' s ▁weight ▁dropped ▁by ▁nearly ▁a ▁hundred ▁pounds . ▁This ▁was ▁achieved ▁by ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁al umin um ▁for ▁the ▁rear ▁susp ension , ▁h ood , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁new ▁engines . ▁In ▁addition ▁the ▁▁ 3 . 5 L ▁V 6 ▁engine , ▁there ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁new ▁▁ 2 . 7 - liter ▁V 6 ▁and ▁▁ 3 . 2 L ▁V 6 . ▁The ▁ 3 . 5 L ▁was ▁red one ▁and ▁output ▁upgrad ed ▁to ▁ ▁and ▁was ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ▁Con cor de ▁Limited ▁( former ly ▁L HS ). ▁ ▁Much ▁was ▁done ▁in ▁the ▁design ▁process ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁second ▁generation ▁L H ▁sed ans ▁look ▁more ▁distinct ▁from ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Con cor de ▁differ ed ▁far ▁greater ▁from ▁the ▁D odge ▁In tre pid ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Ch rys ler ▁ 3 0 0 M ▁( success or ▁to ▁the ▁E agle ▁V ision ), ▁than ▁did ▁the |
▁first ▁generation ▁models . ▁With ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁doors ▁and ▁roof , ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁shared ▁little ▁sheet met al ▁with ▁the ▁In tre pid ▁and ▁ 3 0 0 M . ▁The ▁new ▁Con cor de ' s ▁front ▁end ▁was ▁unders cor ed ▁by ▁a ▁striking ▁full - width ▁gr ille , ▁re located ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁b um per ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁impression ▁of ▁a ▁bottom ▁bre ather . ▁S we eping ▁curves ▁and ▁a ▁more ▁rounded ▁front ▁end ▁also ▁helped ▁set ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁In tre pid ▁and ▁ 3 0 0 M . ▁ ▁As ▁in ▁the ▁previous ▁generation , ▁six ▁passenger ▁se ating ▁with ▁a ▁front ▁ben ch ▁seat ▁and ▁column ▁sh if ter ▁was ▁optional . ▁Cl oth ▁se ating ▁was ▁standard ▁on ▁base ▁L X ▁with ▁le ather ▁se ating ▁optional . ▁Le ather ▁was ▁standard ▁on ▁ups c ale ▁L X i ▁and ▁later ▁Limited ▁models . ▁ ▁The ▁Con cor de , ▁ 3 0 0 M , ▁and ▁In tre pid ▁were ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁all - new , ▁rear - w heel - drive ▁Ch rys ler ▁ 3 0 0 ▁replaced ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁( and ▁ 3 0 0 M ) ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁model . ▁ ▁Model ▁year ▁changes ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁completely |
▁red es igned ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁model ▁year . ▁Body ▁shell s ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁stronger ▁and ▁st iffer , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁incorpor ating ▁double - she ar ▁susp ension ▁mount s ▁and ▁integrated ▁side ▁impact ▁protection . ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁The ▁Con cor de ' s ▁susp ension ▁system ▁was ▁soft ened ▁to ▁enh ance ▁ride ▁comfort ▁and ▁reduce ▁road ▁noise . ▁Th icker ▁car pet ing ▁was ▁installed ▁inside , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁standard ▁cargo ▁net ▁went ▁into ▁the ▁tr unk . ▁L X i ▁models ▁added ▁a ▁new ▁CD ▁player ▁and ▁Ch rys ler ' s ▁S entry ▁Key ▁the ft - d eter rent ▁system , ▁which ▁disabled ▁the ▁ign ition ▁unless ▁the ▁proper ▁key ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁engine . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁A ▁new ▁factory - installed ▁power ▁sun ro of ▁was ▁available ▁on ▁both ▁base ▁L X ▁and ▁ups c ale ▁L X i ▁models . ▁The ▁Con cor de ▁also ▁earned ▁additional ▁susp ension ▁changes ▁designed ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁qui eter , ▁sm o other ▁ride . ▁T ires ▁grew ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁inches ▁for ▁the ▁L X , ▁to ▁match ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁L X i . ▁The ▁L X i ▁edition ▁gained ▁standard ▁speed - sens itive , ▁variable - ass ist ▁ste ering , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁ 4 - dis c ▁in - dash ▁CD ▁chang er . ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 : ▁Optional |
▁front ▁side ▁air b ags ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 - point ▁safety ▁bel t ▁for ▁the ▁rear ▁seat ' s ▁middle ▁position ▁were ▁added . ▁The ▁L X ' s ▁ 2 2 D ▁option ▁package ▁now ▁included ▁al loy ▁whe els . ▁Also , ▁the ▁L X i ' s ▁optional ▁In fin ity ▁sound ▁system ▁gained ▁ste ering ▁wheel - mount ed ▁controls . ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 : ▁A do pt ing ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁dis cont in ued ▁L HS , ▁a ▁new ▁trim ▁level ▁was ▁added , ▁the ▁range - to pping ▁Limited , ▁which ▁featured ▁ 1 7 - inch ▁whe els ▁and ▁a ▁" high ▁output " ▁ 3 . 5 L ▁V 6 ▁with ▁. ▁With ▁the ▁former ▁L HS ' s ▁shorter ▁nose , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 0 4 ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁ ▁shorter ▁than ▁ 1 9 9 8 – 2 0 0 1 ▁models . ▁At ▁mid year , ▁Limited ▁models ▁got ▁an ▁optional ▁Pro - Am ▁Edition ▁Group ▁that ▁included ▁two - t one ▁le ather ▁u ph ol st ery , ▁unique ▁interior ▁trim , ▁matching ▁chrome - rim med ▁spare ▁t ire , ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁Taylor ▁Made ▁golf ▁clubs ▁( ir ons ▁only ), ▁a ▁special ▁le ather / su ede ▁Ch rys ler ▁golf ▁bag , ▁exterior ▁' Pro - Am ' ▁app li ques ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁rear ▁windows , ▁and ▁a ▁' Pro - Am |
' ▁tr unk ▁organ izer ▁for ▁holding ▁the ▁clubs ▁and ▁access ories . ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 : ▁No ▁major ▁changes ▁were ▁made ▁except ▁the ▁optional ▁ 4 - dis c ▁in - dash ▁CD ▁chang er ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁the ▁optional ▁ 6 - dis c ▁in - dash ▁CD ▁chang er . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁The ▁Con cor de ' s ▁last ▁year . ▁For ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Ch rys ler ▁ 3 0 0 . ▁The ▁last ▁Con cor de ▁was ▁produced ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Ch rys ler . com ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁Ch rys ler ▁Con cor de ▁home page , ▁cour tes y ▁of ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁ ▁Con cor de ▁Category : Front - w heel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : Full - size ▁vehicles ▁Category : S ed ans ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁cars ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁cars ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F ult on ▁County ▁Rail road ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁priv ately ▁held ▁short - line ▁rail road ▁that ▁runs ▁from ▁Ro chester ▁to ▁Arg os , ▁Indiana , ▁where ▁it ▁connect s ▁with ▁the ▁Nor folk ▁Southern ▁Railway . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁switching ▁rail road ▁that ▁provides ▁service ▁to ▁only ▁one ▁customer , ▁Wilson |
▁F ert il izer ▁and ▁Gra in ▁in ▁Ro chester , ▁and ▁oper ates ▁approximately ▁ 1 3 ▁miles ▁of ▁track . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁US ▁Rail road ▁Ret irement ▁Board ▁Det erm ination : ▁F ult on ▁County ▁Rail road ▁ ▁Category : Ind iana ▁rail ro ads ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁F ult on ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Marshall ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁operating ▁former ▁New ▁York , ▁Chicago ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Rail road ▁lines <0x0A> </s> ▁Iron bar ▁Bas sey ▁( born ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Niger ian ▁weight l if ter . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁super ▁heavy weight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N iger ian ▁male ▁weight l if ters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁weight l if ters ▁of ▁Niger ia ▁Category : Weight l if ters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁disc ography ▁for ▁American ▁jazz ▁music ian ▁H ank ▁Mo ble y . ▁ ▁As ▁leader ▁/ ▁co - le ader ▁ ▁As ▁side man ▁ ▁with ▁Art ▁Bla key ' s ▁Jazz ▁Mess engers ▁At ▁the ▁Ca fe ▁Boh emia , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁( Blue ▁Note |
, ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁At ▁the ▁Ca fe ▁Boh emia , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁The ▁Jazz ▁Mess engers ▁( Col umb ia , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Origin ally ▁( Col umb ia , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁[ 1 9 8 2 ]) ▁Just ▁C ool in ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁[ 2 0 2 0 ]) ▁At ▁the ▁Jazz ▁Cor ner ▁of ▁the ▁World ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁with ▁Ken ny ▁Bur rell ▁All ▁Night ▁Long ▁( Pr est ige , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁K . ▁B . ▁Blues ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁released ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁with ▁Donald ▁By rd ▁By rd ' s ▁E ye ▁View ▁( Trans ition , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁By rd ▁in ▁Fl ight ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁A ▁New ▁Pers pective ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁Must ang ! ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁Black jack ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁with ▁Son ny ▁Clark ▁D ial ▁" S " ▁for ▁Son ny ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁My ▁Con ception ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁with ▁John ▁Col |
tr ane , ▁Z oot ▁Sim s ▁& ▁Al ▁C ohn ▁as ▁Pr est ige ▁All ▁Stars ▁Ten or ▁Con cla ve ▁( Pr est ige , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁with ▁Mil es ▁Davis ▁Som ed ay ▁My ▁Prince ▁Will ▁Come ▁( Col umb ia , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁The ▁Complete ▁Black h awk ▁( Col umb ia , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁Mil es ▁Davis ▁at ▁Car neg ie ▁Hall ▁( Col umb ia , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁with ▁Ken ny ▁Dor ham ▁Af ro - C ub an ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁Wh ist le ▁Stop ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁with ▁Ken ny ▁D rew ▁ ▁This ▁Is ▁New ▁( R ivers ide , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁Under current ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁with ▁Art ▁Far mer ▁Far mer ' s ▁Market ▁( New ▁Jazz , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁with ▁Curt is ▁Full er ▁The ▁Op ener ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁Sl iding ▁E asy ▁( Un ited ▁Art ists , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁with ▁D iz zy ▁G illes pie ▁Af ro ▁( N or gr an , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁D iz zy ▁and ▁Str ings ▁( N or gr an , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁Jazz ▁Rec ital |
▁( N or gr an , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁with ▁Grant ▁Green ▁I ▁W ant ▁to ▁Hold ▁Your ▁Hand ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁with ▁Johnny ▁Griff in ▁A ▁B low in ' ▁Session ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁with ▁Her bie ▁Han cock ▁My ▁Point ▁of ▁View ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁with ▁El mo ▁Hope ▁Inform al ▁Jazz ▁( Pr est ige ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁( All - Star ▁Se xt ets ▁Mil estone ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁with ▁Fred die ▁Hub b ard Go in ' ▁Up ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 0 Blue ▁Sp ir its ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁with ▁J . ▁J . ▁Johnson The ▁E min ent ▁Jay ▁Jay ▁Johnson ▁Volume ▁ 2 ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁with ▁El vin ▁Jones T ogether ! ▁( At l antic , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ) ▁with ▁Phil ly ▁Joe ▁Jones M id night ▁Walk ▁( At l antic , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁With ▁T ete ▁Mont oli u I ▁W anna ▁T alk ▁About ▁You ▁( Ste e ple Ch ase , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁with ▁Lee ▁Morgan Int rodu cing ▁Lee ▁Morgan ▁( S av oy , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) Le e ▁Morgan ▁Se xt et ▁( Blue |
▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) C orn b read ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) Char is ma ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) The ▁Raj ah ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁with ▁D iz zy ▁Re e ce Star ▁Bright ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁with ▁R ita ▁Re ys The ▁C ool ▁Vo ice ▁of ▁R ita ▁Re ys ▁( Col omb ia , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁with ▁Fred die ▁Ro ach Good ▁Move ! ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁with ▁Max ▁Ro ach The ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁Quart et ▁featuring ▁H ank ▁Mo ble y ▁( Deb ut , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) Max ▁Ro ach ▁+ ▁ 4 ▁( Em Ar cy , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) The ▁Max ▁Ro ach ▁ 4 ▁Pl ays ▁Charlie ▁Parker ▁( Em Ar cy , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) MAX ▁( Ar go , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁with ▁Arch ie ▁She pp Y asm ina , ▁a ▁Black ▁Woman ▁( BY G ▁Act uel , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) Po em ▁for ▁Mal col m ▁( BY G , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁with ▁Hor ace ▁Silver Hor ace ▁Silver ▁and ▁the ▁Jazz ▁Mess engers ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) Sil ver ' s ▁Blue |
▁( E pic , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) 6 ▁Pie ces ▁of ▁Silver ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) The ▁St yl ings ▁of ▁Silver ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁Smith A ▁Date ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁Smith ▁Volume ▁One ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) A ▁Date ▁with ▁Jimmy ▁Smith ▁Volume ▁Two ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁ ▁with ▁Doug ▁Wat kins W at kins ▁at ▁Lar ge ▁( Trans ition ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁with ▁Julius ▁Wat kins Jul ius ▁Wat kins ▁Se xt et '' ▁( Blue ▁Note , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Dis c ograph ies ▁of ▁American ▁artists ▁Category : J azz ▁disc ograph ies <0x0A> </s> ▁Japanese ▁football ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁J . Le ague ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁ ▁J . Le ague ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Japan ▁Football ▁League ▁ ▁Japanese ▁Regional ▁Le agues ▁ ▁Emperor ' s ▁Cup ▁ ▁J . Le ague ▁Cup ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁( Men ) ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Play ers ▁statistics ▁ ▁National ▁team ▁( W omen ) ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Play ers ▁statistics ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Se asons ▁in ▁Japanese ▁football <0x0A> </s> ▁Krist ian ▁H uma idan ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Sv end borg , ▁Den mark ), ▁better ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁stage ▁name ▁U FO , |
▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁singer , ▁ra pper ▁and ▁hip ▁hop ▁artist . ▁He ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁rap ▁du o ▁U FO ▁& ▁Ye pha ▁before ▁splitting - up ▁and ▁going ▁solo . ▁With ▁the ▁split , ▁U FO ▁is ▁notice ably ▁branch ing ▁into ▁Dan ish ▁music ▁rather ▁than ▁hip ▁hop ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁days ▁with ▁Ye pha . ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 – 2 0 1 1 : As ▁U FO ▁and ▁Ye pha ▁ ▁Krist ian ▁H uma idan ▁( known ▁as ▁U FO ) ▁won ▁the ▁fre est yle ▁championship ▁MC ' s ▁Fight ▁Night ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁So on ▁he ▁started ▁collabor ating ▁as ▁a ▁du o ▁with ▁Je ppe ▁Bru un ▁Wahl str ø m ▁( known ▁as ▁Ye pha , ▁born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁through ▁Sv end borg , ▁and ▁later ▁from ▁A ar hus . ▁They ▁were ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Why you ▁( t aking ▁lead ▁from ▁first ▁letters ▁of ▁their ▁names ). ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁good ▁number ▁of ▁chart ▁success es ▁before ▁they ▁split - up ▁as ▁a ▁du o ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁They ▁had ▁three ▁albums ▁chart ing ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁Dan ish ▁Albums ▁Chart ▁as ▁follows : ▁U ▁vs . ▁Y ▁( 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁reached ▁# 2 8 ) ▁In gen ▁som ▁os ▁( 2 0 0 6 ▁– ▁reached ▁# 2 0 ) ▁K ig ▁mig ▁i ▁ ø j n ene ▁( 2 |
0 0 8 ▁– ▁reached ▁# 3 2 ) ▁ ▁They ▁released ▁many ▁singles ▁as ▁U FO ▁and ▁Ye pha ▁including ▁chart ing ▁singles : ▁" H ver ▁dag " ▁( 2 0 0 3 , ▁reached ▁# 1 ) ▁" N æ h ▁n æ h " ▁( U fo ▁Ye pha ▁fe at . ▁Anna ▁David ) ▁( 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁reached ▁# 2 0 ) ▁" St ille ▁og ▁ro ligt ▁kn ald ▁pa " ▁( 2 0 0 9 , ▁reached ▁# 2 7 ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 – ▁: ▁Solo ▁career ▁U FO ' s ▁debut ▁album ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist ▁is ▁H uma idan . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Universal ▁Music ▁Den mark ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Albums ▁( for ▁albums ▁as ▁U FO ▁& ▁Ye pha ▁details , ▁see ▁U FO ▁& ▁Ye pha ) ▁ ▁Solo ▁ ▁Singles ▁( Select ive ▁and ▁only ▁chart ing ▁singles ) ▁( for ▁singles ▁as ▁U FO ▁& ▁Ye pha ▁details , ▁see ▁U FO ▁& ▁Ye pha ) ▁ ▁U FO ▁( S olo ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Krist ian ▁H uma idan ▁U FO ▁Facebook ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : Dan ish ▁hip ▁hop ▁mus icians ▁Category : Dan ish ▁rapp ers ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sv end borg ▁Category : |
Date ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Wayne ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁historian ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁senior ▁fellow ▁at ▁University ▁College . ▁As ▁an ▁under grad uate , ▁Wayne ▁studied ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁and ▁Am her st ▁College . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁Ph D ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁studied ▁under ▁C . ▁V ann ▁Wood ward . ▁ ▁Wayne ▁writes ▁primarily ▁about ▁the ▁American ▁South ▁and ▁race ▁relations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁His ▁major ▁works ▁include ▁The ▁Res h aping ▁of ▁Plant ation ▁Society : ▁The ▁N atch ez ▁District , ▁ 1 8 6 0 - ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁ ▁dealing , ▁in ▁part , ▁with ▁impact ▁of ▁Share cro pping , ▁Death ▁of ▁an ▁O verse er : ▁Re open ing ▁a ▁Mur der ▁Investig ation ▁from ▁the ▁Plant ation ▁South , ▁and ▁Im ag ining ▁Black ▁America . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁sat ir ical ▁novel ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁fol lies ▁of ▁academ ia ▁and ▁the ▁peculiar ities ▁of ▁Canadian ▁and ▁American ▁ident ities ; ▁titled ▁Lincoln ' s ▁Br ief s , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁by ▁Canadian ▁Sch ol ars ' ▁Press . ▁ ▁Michael ▁Wayne ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Johnny ▁Wayne , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁legend ary ▁Canadian ▁comedy ▁du o ▁Wayne ▁and ▁Sh uster . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁N atch ez ▁Mississippi ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l |
iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁histor ians ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : H istor ians ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Toronto ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁on ▁the ▁An halt ▁Railway ▁south ▁of ▁Berlin ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁German ▁state ▁Brandenburg . ▁The ▁station ▁building , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁around ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁is ▁a ▁listed ▁building ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁building ▁in ▁the ▁town . ▁It ▁now ▁houses ▁a ▁museum . ▁Several ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁railway ▁station ▁area ▁are ▁also ▁listed ▁buildings . ▁ ▁Location ▁▁ ▁The ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁between ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Halle ▁( called ▁the ▁An hal ter ▁Bahn — An halt ▁Railway ) ▁south ▁of ▁Berlin . ▁It ▁ran ▁away ▁from ▁major ▁towns . ▁When ▁the ▁station ▁was ▁opened , ▁the ▁only ▁settlement s ▁near ▁it ▁were ▁two ▁small ▁local ities ▁called ▁D ams dorf ▁and ▁Ludwig sf elde , ▁which ▁were ▁a ▁few ▁hundred ▁metres ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁The ▁latter ▁settlement ▁gave ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁station . ▁The ▁present ▁town ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁and ▁its ▁centre ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁also ▁includes ▁Ludwig sf elde - Str |
u ves hof ▁station , ▁which ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Out er ▁Ring ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁It ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁replaced ▁G ens h ag ener ▁He ide ▁station , ▁which ▁was ▁isolated ▁on ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁an ▁industrial ▁area ▁at ▁the ▁extreme ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁urban ▁area . ▁Another ▁station , ▁B irk eng rund ▁is ▁north ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁An halt ▁line ▁within ▁the ▁town ▁limits . ▁Ear lier ▁this ▁station ▁was ▁called ▁B irk eng rund ▁Süd ▁( s outh ) ▁to ▁distinguish ▁it ▁from ▁B irk eng rund ▁Nord ▁( n orth ), ▁which ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁An halt ▁Railway ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁a ▁water ▁station ▁for ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁steam ▁locomot ives ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Groß be eren . ▁With ▁the ▁comm enc ement ▁of ▁fre ight ▁operations ▁on ▁the ▁line ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 4 1 , ▁a ▁fre ight ▁train ▁also ▁carrying ▁passengers ▁stopped ▁at ▁Groß be eren ▁and ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁stations . ▁It ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁Berlin ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁to ▁return ▁in ▁the ▁afternoon . ▁The ▁travel ▁time ▁between ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁and ▁Berlin ▁was ▁about ▁three ▁qu arters ▁of ▁an ▁hour . ▁▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁patron age ▁in ▁Ludwig sf |
elde ▁was ▁not ▁strong , ▁unlike ▁in ▁Groß be eren , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁small ▁population ▁nearby , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁railway ▁company ▁was ▁considering ▁closing ▁the ▁station ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 6 . ▁This ▁was ▁prevent ed ▁by ▁protest s ▁by ▁the ▁regional ▁and ▁district ▁coun c ils . ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁period , ▁passenger ▁numbers ▁increased , ▁so ▁that ▁Groß be eren ▁and ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁were ▁stops ▁for ▁all ▁scheduled ▁passenger ▁trains ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 9 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁following ▁years , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁passengers ▁increased ▁significantly . ▁ 5 , 3 6 0 ▁passengers ▁were ▁counted ▁at ▁the ▁station ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁ 3 1 , 7 6 7 ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁The ▁passenger ▁numbers ▁were ▁approximately ▁equivalent ▁to ▁those ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁Groß be eren , ▁although ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁had ▁only ▁ 1 2 2 ▁inhabitants ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁while ▁Groß be eren ▁still ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁times ▁as ▁many ▁people . ▁However , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁were ▁easily ▁accessible ▁from ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁station ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁excellent ▁road ▁connections . ▁Fre ight ▁traffic ▁also ▁developed ▁to ▁a ▁similar ▁extent : ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 , ▁ 4 2 . 4 3 0 ▁Zent ner ▁( c wt , ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁Zent ner ▁or ▁hundred weight ▁equ alled ▁ 5 1 . 4 5 |
kg ) ▁of ▁goods ▁were ▁sh ipped ▁and ▁ 6 8 , 1 7 5 ▁c wt ▁were ▁received ▁in ▁Ludwig sf elde . ▁▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁a ▁new ▁entrance ▁building ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁the ▁station , ▁which ▁still ▁exists ▁today . ▁This ▁was ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁station , ▁which ▁was ▁right ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁crossing ▁with ▁the ▁street ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁called ▁P ots d amer ▁Straße . ▁In ▁the ▁area ▁vac ated ▁by ▁the ▁re location ▁of ▁the ▁station , ▁several ▁resident ial ▁buildings ▁for ▁railway ▁officials ▁were ▁built . ▁ ▁Development ▁during ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁station ▁had ▁only ▁local ▁significance ▁for ▁several ▁dec ades , ▁traffic ▁levels ▁increased ▁significantly ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁With ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁Da im ler - B enz ▁car ▁factory ▁in ▁G ens hagen , ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁became ▁an ▁important ▁industrial ▁centre ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁inhabitants ▁multip lied . ▁G ens h ag ener ▁He ide ▁station ▁was ▁first ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁Mich endorf – G ro ß be eren ▁railway ▁for ▁factory ▁workers , ▁but ▁later ▁a ▁new ▁B irk eng rund ▁station ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁An halt ▁Railway . ▁During ▁working ▁hours , ▁the ▁trains ▁were ▁stored ▁at ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁station . ▁A ▁staff ▁station ▁for ▁the ▁car ▁factory ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁B irk eng rund ▁area ▁north ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁station . ▁ ▁It |
▁was ▁originally ▁planned ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁line ▁for ▁local ▁trains ▁separate ▁from ▁the ▁tracks ▁long - distance ▁passengers ▁trains ▁between ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Tre bb in , ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁only ▁completed ▁to ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁by ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁A ▁separate ▁terminal ▁platform ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁tracks ▁for ▁services ▁from ▁Berlin ▁that ▁terminated ▁in ▁Ludwig sf elde . ▁Because ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁sub urban ▁line ▁was ▁elect r ified ▁only ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁L ichter fel de ▁Süd , ▁so ▁comm uter ▁trains ▁to ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁switched ▁from ▁the ▁Berlin ▁S - B ahn ▁and ▁then ▁be ▁ha u led ▁by ▁steam ▁locomot ives . ▁The ▁S - B ahn ▁fare ▁zone ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁Ludwig sf elde . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁▁ ▁The ▁engine ▁plant ▁was ▁closed ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁car ▁factory ▁was ▁dis m ant led ▁to ▁provide ▁war ▁re par ations ▁to ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁The ▁V EB ▁Indust rie werke ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁it ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁car ▁factory . ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁thus ▁remained ▁an ▁important ▁industrial ▁centre . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁impact ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁of ▁Germany ▁and ▁division ▁of ▁Berlin , ▁through ▁traffic ▁on ▁the ▁An halt ▁Railway ▁to ▁Berlin ▁was ▁block aded ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁as ▁the ▁route ▁ran ▁through ▁West ▁Berlin . |
▁Until ▁the ▁building ▁of ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁only ▁S - B ahn ▁services ▁remained ▁in ▁operation ▁to ▁T elt ow ▁station , ▁where ▁passengers ▁could ▁change ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁Ludwig sf elde . ▁Other ▁passenger ▁operations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁fre ight ▁traffic ▁used ▁a ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Out er ▁Ring , ▁which ▁was ▁opened ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁built ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁Ludwig sf elde . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁work ▁began ▁on ▁the ▁elect r ification ▁of ▁the ▁line . ▁The ▁contact ▁wire ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁to ▁Ludwig sf elde ▁was ▁taken ▁into ▁operation ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁locomot ives ▁on ▁most ▁trains ▁were ▁changed ▁there . ▁The ▁stop ▁to ▁enable ▁the ▁exchange ▁of ▁locomot ives ▁was ▁also ▁shown ▁as ▁a ▁scheduled ▁stop ▁for ▁express ▁trains . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁elect r ically - h au led ▁fre ight ▁trains ▁could ▁continue ▁towards ▁Sed din . ▁The ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁sections ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁as ▁planned ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁transform er ▁capacity , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁commission ing ▁of ▁the ▁c aten ary ▁to ▁Berlin - Sch ö ne we ide ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁and ▁to ▁Berlin - L ichten berg ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 4 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.