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▁but ▁hope ▁for ▁the ▁future ." ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁split ▁of ▁National ▁Cham ps ▁Kn ier im ▁and ▁Kn ier im , ▁Cal al ang ▁and ▁Johnson ▁were ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁World ▁Team . ▁The ▁event ▁was ▁later ▁can ce led ▁due ▁to ▁COVID - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Program s ▁ ▁With ▁Cal al ang ▁ ▁With ▁Li u ▁ ▁With ▁Tak ai ▁ ▁Compet itive ▁highlight s ▁ ▁CS : ▁Ch allen ger ▁Series ; ▁J GP : ▁Junior ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁ ▁With ▁Cal al ang ▁ ▁With ▁Li u ▁ ▁With ▁Tak ai ▁ ▁With ▁Yu ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pair ▁sk aters ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Royal ▁Oak , ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁T win ▁L akes ▁State ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁state ▁park ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁shore ▁of ▁Lake ▁Roland ▁in ▁H ought on ▁County , ▁Michigan . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁El m ▁River ▁Township , ▁Michigan ▁along ▁M - 2 6 . ▁ ▁Activ ities ▁and ▁amen ities ▁The ▁park ▁offers ▁fish ing , ▁sw imming , ▁beach ▁house , ▁boat ▁launch , ▁camp ground ▁and ▁cab ins , ▁pic nick ing ▁and ▁play ground ▁areas , ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁tra ils ▁for ▁h ik ing , ▁snow m ob iling ▁and ▁cross - country ▁ski ing . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁T win ▁L akes ▁State ▁Park ▁Michigan ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁T
win ▁L akes ▁State ▁Park ▁Map ▁Michigan ▁Department ▁of ▁Natural ▁Resources ▁ ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁of ▁H ought on ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : State ▁par ks ▁of ▁Michigan ▁Category : Pro te cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Category : I U CN ▁Category ▁III <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁professional ▁Japanese ▁baseball ▁player . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁N P B . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kam ak ura ▁Category : Base ball ▁people ▁from ▁Kan ag awa ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : H ose i ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : J apan ese ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : N ipp on ▁Professional ▁Baseball ▁pitch ers ▁Category : Y ok oh ama ▁Bay St ars ▁players ▁Category : Y ok oh ama ▁De NA ▁Bay St ars ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁All an ▁" But ch " ▁Lee ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁in ▁Pi erson , ▁Man it oba , ▁Canada ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁def enc eman ▁who ▁played ▁ 2 8 ▁seasons ▁with ▁the ▁Pi erson ▁Bru ins . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁achiev ements ▁" H on oured ▁Member " ▁of ▁the ▁Man it oba ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁But ch ▁Lee ’ s ▁bi ography ▁at ▁Man it oba ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁
▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Man it oba ▁Category : 1 9 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁" W oo ▁H ah !! ▁Got ▁You ▁All ▁In ▁Check " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁American ▁hip ▁hop ▁artist ▁B usta ▁Rh ym es . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁his ▁debut ▁single ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁artist , ▁from ▁his ▁album ▁The ▁Com ing ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁ ▁A ▁critical ▁and ▁commercial ▁success , ▁the ▁song ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 8 ▁on ▁the ▁US ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁and ▁also ▁pe aked ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁A - side ▁single ▁with ▁" Every thing ▁Rem ains ▁Raw ". ▁The ▁single ▁received ▁a ▁nom ination ▁for ▁Best ▁Rap ▁Solo ▁Performance ▁at ▁the ▁ 3 9 th ▁Gram my ▁Awards , ▁losing ▁to ▁" H ey ▁L over " ▁by ▁LL ▁C ool ▁J . ▁In ▁addition , ▁its ▁music ▁video ▁received ▁a ▁nom ination ▁for ▁Best ▁Break through ▁Video ▁at ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Video ▁Music ▁Awards . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁it ▁was ▁ranked ▁number ▁ 5 6 ▁on ▁V H 1 ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Great est ▁Songs ▁of ▁H ip ▁Hop . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Rh ym es ▁was ▁su ed ▁by ▁the ▁Sug ar hill ▁Gang
▁for ▁copy right ▁in fr ing ement ▁for ▁an ▁alleg edly ▁un cred ited ▁interpolation ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁song ▁" 8 th ▁Wonder ". ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁The ▁official ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁H ype ▁Williams ▁and ▁designed ▁by ▁visual ▁artist ▁and ▁designer ▁Ron ▁N ors worth y , ▁it ▁features ▁came os ▁from ▁some ▁members ▁of ▁A ▁Tri be ▁Cal led ▁Qu est . ▁The ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁rem ix ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Michael ▁Luc ero ▁and ▁it ▁features ▁Ol ' ▁D irty ▁Bast ard . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁and ▁cert ifications ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁Sam ples ▁and ▁rem ix es ▁ ▁Sam ples ▁G alt ▁Mac der mot ' s ▁" Space " ▁( 1 9 6 9 ). ▁ ▁J ▁D illa ▁produced ▁two ▁rem ix es ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁R ash ad ▁Smith ▁produced ▁the ▁World ▁W ide ▁Rem ix , ▁Origin ▁Un known ▁a ▁rem ix ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁and ▁DJ ▁Sc r atch ▁the ▁Alb any ▁Project s ▁Rem ix ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁R apper ▁Ton ede ff ▁used ▁lyr ics ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁single ▁K ids ▁Can ' t ▁Flow ▁and ▁C ut ▁K iller ▁used ▁it ▁on ▁La ▁Ha ine . ▁Red man ▁used ▁vocals ▁of ▁the ▁song
▁for ▁his ▁release ▁Rock ▁Da ▁Sp ot , ▁later ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁M ud dy ▁W aters . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Sl um ▁Village ▁inserted ▁the ▁vocals ▁into ▁the ▁song ▁Once ▁Upon ▁a ▁Time ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁released ▁on ▁Fant astic , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Girl ▁T alk ▁sample d ▁vocals ▁on ▁his ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁album ▁Fe ed ▁the ▁Anim als ▁for ▁the ▁track ▁What ' s ▁It ▁All ▁About . ▁W B BL ▁released ▁B ust ▁a ▁Fu ze ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁which ▁contained ▁sample d ▁vocals ▁of ▁the ▁song . ▁ ▁S la ugh ter house ▁used ▁the ▁vocals ▁of ▁the ▁song ▁for ▁the ▁track ▁C off in ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁album ▁Welcome ▁to : ▁Our ▁House . ▁ ▁The ▁vocals ▁were ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁song ▁All ▁In ▁Check ▁by ▁DJ ▁But cher ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Lar ge ▁Professor ▁used ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁beat ▁as ▁an ▁intro ▁on ▁his ▁track ▁" The ▁Mad ▁Scient ist " ▁on ▁his ▁vin yl ▁album ▁" The ▁LP " ▁( o fficial ly ) ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁on ▁the ▁label ▁Paul ▁Sea ▁Produ ctions . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁The ▁Be ast ie ▁Boys ▁sample d ▁Sug ar ▁Hill ▁Gang ' s ▁ 8 th ▁Wonder , ▁most ▁not ably ▁in ▁the ▁ly ric ▁" got ▁them ▁all ▁in
▁check ." ▁ ▁In ▁her ▁feature ▁verse ▁in ▁K end rick ▁L amar ’ s ▁" Comple x ions ▁( A ▁Z ulu ▁Love )" ▁from ▁the ▁hit ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁album ▁To ▁P imp ▁a ▁But ter fly , ▁R aps ody ▁all ud ed ▁to ▁B usta ▁Rh yme ▁and ▁sample d ▁the ▁“ W oo - h ah !” ▁when ▁she ▁said , ▁“ And ▁frame ▁of ▁mind ▁for ▁them ▁b ust as , ▁ain ' t ▁talk in ' ▁‘ W o oh ah ! ’ ” ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁singles ▁Category : B ill board ▁Hot ▁Rap ▁Songs ▁number - one ▁singles ▁Category : B usta ▁Rh ym es ▁songs ▁Category : Deb ut ▁singles ▁Category : Music ▁videos ▁directed ▁by ▁Michael ▁Luc ero ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁R ash ad ▁Smith ▁Category : Music ▁videos ▁directed ▁by ▁H ype ▁Williams ▁Category : Com edy ▁rap ▁songs <0x0A> </s> ▁Ser r ata ▁proc era ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Mar gin ell idae , ▁the ▁margin ▁sn ails . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M argin ell idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ed el ino ▁Miguel ▁I é ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁B iss au - Gu ine
an ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁G ond om ar ▁S . C . ▁as ▁a ▁mid f iel der . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁Born ▁in ▁B iss au , ▁Guinea ▁B iss au , ▁I é ▁joined ▁Sport ing ▁CP ' s ▁youth ▁system ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁aged ▁ 1 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁B - team ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season , ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁division . ▁ ▁I é ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁coming ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁João ▁M ário ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁away ▁win ▁against ▁S . C . ▁Cov il h ã . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁two ▁appearances ▁during ▁the ▁campaign . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁I é ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁FK ▁Kru o ja ▁Pak ru oj is ▁in ▁the ▁Lith uan ian ▁A ▁Ly ga . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁senior ▁goal ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June , ▁to ▁equal ise ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 – 1 ▁home ▁draw ▁against ▁FC ▁St um bras . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁I é ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁CD ▁C inf ã es ▁from ▁the ▁Campeonato ▁de ▁Portugal ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁The ▁following ▁day , ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁his ▁new ▁team , ▁playing ▁
2 7 ▁minutes ▁and ▁con cluding ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁home ▁win ▁over ▁C . D . ▁Sob rado . ▁ ▁I é ▁joined ▁S . C . ▁B rag a ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season , ▁being ▁assigned ▁to ▁their ▁res erves ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁division . ▁He ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and , ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁signed ▁a ▁six - month ▁contract ▁with ▁P AS ▁Gian n ina ▁F . C . ▁which ▁could ▁be ▁extended ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁depending ▁on ▁performances ; ▁the ▁transfer ▁to ▁the ▁latter ▁club ▁was ▁however ▁cancel led , ▁for ▁personal ▁reasons . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁I é ▁returned ▁to ▁Portugal ' s ▁third ▁tier ▁and ▁C inf ã es , ▁and ▁four ▁months ▁later ▁he ▁moved ▁across ▁the ▁league ▁to ▁F . C . ▁Fel gue iras ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁He ▁signed ▁for ▁G ond om ar ▁S . C . ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁I é ' s ▁tw in ▁brother , ▁Ed gar , ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁footballer . ▁A ▁def ender , ▁he ▁too ▁was ▁trained ▁at ▁Sport ing . ▁ ▁Club ▁statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁B iss au ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁people ▁of ▁B
iss au - Gu ine an ▁descent ▁Category : Ident ical ▁tw ins ▁Category : T win ▁people ▁from ▁Portugal ▁Category : B iss au - Gu ine an ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Portugal ▁Category : T win ▁sports people ▁Category : B iss au - Gu ine an ▁football ers ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : L iga Pro ▁players ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁Second ▁Division ▁players ▁Category : S port ing ▁CP ▁B ▁players ▁Category : S . C . ▁B rag a ▁B ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁Fel gue iras ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁players ▁Category : G ond om ar ▁S . C . ▁players ▁Category : A ▁Ly ga ▁players ▁Category : Port ug uese ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Lith u ania <0x0A> </s> ▁C ath ar ine ▁Van ▁Val ken burg ▁Wa ite ▁( 3 0 ▁January ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁Dum f ries , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁– ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁author , ▁lawyer , ▁business w oman , ▁and ▁women ' s ▁suff rage ▁activ ist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Canada , ▁Van ▁Val ken burg ▁moved ▁with ▁her ▁family ▁to ▁Den mark , ▁Iowa ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁moved ▁to ▁Illinois ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 0
▁to ▁study ▁at ▁Kno x ▁College . ▁After ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁Ober lin ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁she ▁t utor ed ▁students ▁in ▁el oc ution ▁and ▁helped ▁found ▁a ▁literary ▁society . ▁She ▁graduated ▁with ▁hon ors ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁and ▁married ▁Charles ▁Bur ling ame ▁Wa ite ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁They ▁had ▁eight ▁children . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁College ▁of ▁Law ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Illinois ▁bar . ▁She ▁made ▁a ▁practice ▁of ▁don ating ▁legal ▁services ▁to ▁women ▁who ▁could ▁not ▁afford ▁law y ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 9 , ▁after ▁moving ▁to ▁Chicago ' s ▁Hy de ▁Park ▁neighborhood , ▁she ▁established ▁the ▁Hy de ▁Park ▁Sem inary ▁for ▁young ▁women . ▁The ▁Wa ite ▁family ▁re located ▁to ▁the ▁Great ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁after ▁her ▁husband ▁Charles ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁an ▁associate ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁Territ ory ▁by ▁President ▁Lincoln . ▁There , ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁threatened ▁by ▁M orm ons ▁with ▁violence ▁after ▁Congress ▁passed ▁laws ▁against ▁pol yg amy . ▁Wa ite ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁non - M orm on ▁in ▁town ▁and ▁learned ▁how ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁six - sh oot er . ▁After ▁finding ▁the ▁laws ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁enfor ced , ▁Charles ▁res igned ▁his ▁position ▁and ▁the ▁family ▁left ▁the ▁area . ▁They ▁were ▁living ▁in ▁Id aho ▁City ▁when ▁their ▁first
▁son ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁She ▁head ed ▁the ▁publishing ▁firm ▁of ▁C . ▁V . ▁Wa ite ▁and ▁Co ., ▁and ▁wrote ▁The ▁M orm on ▁Pro ph et ▁and ▁His ▁H are m , ▁based ▁on ▁what ▁she ▁had ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁cru elt ies ▁inf lic ted ▁upon ▁M orm on ▁women ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Br igh am ▁Young . ▁ ▁The ▁Wait es ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Chicago ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 6 . ▁Wa ite , ▁along ▁with ▁Mary ▁Liver more ▁and ▁others , ▁formed ▁Chicago ▁Sor osis ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁first ▁women ' s ▁clubs ▁to ▁promote ▁women ' s ▁w elf are . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Charles , ▁Wa ite ▁helped ▁found ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Woman ▁Su ff rage ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 . ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁effort ▁by ▁suff rag ists ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁newly ▁adopted ▁Fif teenth ▁Am end ment , ▁she ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁pol ls ▁to ▁vote ▁and ▁was ▁turned ▁away . ▁Charles , ▁a ▁lawyer , ▁tried ▁to ▁over turn ▁the ▁ref us al ▁to ▁permit ▁her ▁to ▁vote ▁with ▁a ▁court ▁action , ▁but ▁was ▁ultimately ▁denied . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁she ▁began ▁a ▁de cade ▁of ▁editing ▁the ▁Cr us ader , ▁a ▁temper ance ▁paper . ▁ ▁She ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Union ▁College ▁of ▁Law , ▁the ▁joint ▁law ▁department ▁of ▁the
▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁and ▁North western ▁University , ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 5 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁she ▁founded ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Law ▁Times , ▁a ▁quarter ly ▁magazine ▁which ▁she ▁edited . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁International ▁Council ▁of ▁Women ▁at ▁Washington , ▁she ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Woman ' s ▁International ▁Bar ▁Association , ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 8 8 8 . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁Chicago ▁women ▁leaders , ▁Wa ite ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁planning ▁of ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Columb ian ▁Ex position ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ▁Isabel la ▁Association . ▁ ▁Wa ite ▁lived ▁in ▁Colorado ▁during ▁her ▁later ▁years , ▁continu ing ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁practice ▁law . ▁She ▁died ▁of ▁heart ▁disease ▁of ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁while ▁visit ing ▁her ▁daughter ▁Lucy ' s ▁home ▁in ▁Park ▁R idge , ▁Illinois . ▁Her ▁cre m ated ▁remains ▁were ▁inter red ▁at ▁Chicago ' s ▁G rac eland ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁law y ers ▁Category : American ▁suff rag ists ▁Category : American ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : O ber lin ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁non
- f iction ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁women ▁law y ers ▁Category : American ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Via . com ▁formerly ▁known ▁as ▁Fl ight R aja . com ▁is ▁a ▁travel ▁portal ▁and ▁online ▁travel ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁Bang al ore , ▁India . ▁Via . com ▁networks ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁partners ▁across ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁glob ally . ▁ ▁Via ▁was ▁founded ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Background ▁Via ▁started ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁gar age ▁in ▁Jay an agar , ▁Bang al ore ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁Found ers , ▁Vin ay ▁Gu pta , ▁Am it ▁A gg ar wal , ▁Har sh ▁Az ad ▁and ▁R oh it ▁G add i ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁idea , ▁that ▁its ▁very ▁hard ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁company ▁to ▁come ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁websites ▁and ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁great ▁idea , ▁to ▁make ▁world ▁class ▁products ▁and ▁services , ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁common ▁Indian , ▁through ▁neighbourhood ▁stores . ▁In ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁imagine , ▁they ▁dream t ▁of ▁a ▁company ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁the ▁scale ▁of ▁Wal mart ▁but ▁a ▁distribution ▁of ▁FM CG . ▁So ▁the ▁avail ability ▁of ▁standard ised ▁services ▁to ▁everyone
, ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁where ▁they ▁bought ▁it ▁to . ▁The ▁model ▁became ▁a ▁huge ▁blue ▁ocean ▁and ▁it ▁spread ▁like ▁wild ▁fire . ▁More ▁people ▁wanted ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁distribution ▁success ▁of ▁Via ▁as , ▁new ▁entrepr ene urs ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁system ▁and ▁made ▁money . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁spread ▁to ▁few ▁hundred ▁cities ▁very ▁quickly ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁market ▁leader ▁for ▁several ▁air lines ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁short ▁span . ▁Then ▁they ▁looked ▁to ▁see ▁similar ▁mac ros ▁glob ally ▁and ▁vent ured ▁into ▁Philippines , ▁Indones ia ▁and ▁now ▁Via ▁oper ates ▁glob ally . ▁ ▁Fin ancing ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Via ▁received ▁a ▁fund ing ▁of ▁ 5 ▁million ▁dollars ▁from ▁NE A ▁Ind o US ▁Vent ures . ▁This ▁fund ing ▁assist ed ▁Via ▁in ▁expand ing ▁themselves ▁beyond ▁air line ▁services . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Se qu o ia ▁Capital ▁had ▁closed ▁a ▁$ 1 0 ▁US D ▁million ▁inf usion ▁of ▁funds ▁into ▁Via ’ s ▁holding ▁company ▁Fl ight R aja ▁Tra vel s . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁travel ▁websites ▁Category : Tra vel ▁ticket ▁search ▁engines ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Bang al ore ▁Category : On line ▁travel ▁ag encies ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁P avel ▁Gor bach ▁( ; ▁; ▁born ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bel arus
ian ▁footballer . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁plays ▁for ▁Min sk . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Bel arus ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : FC ▁Min sk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁X in long ▁East ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁J ing sh en ▁Pass enger ▁Railway ▁located ▁in ▁X ing long ▁County , ▁Heb ei , ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁China ▁Category : St ations ▁on ▁the ▁Be ij ing – Har bin ▁High - Speed ▁Railway <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁O ce ania ▁Athletics ▁Championships ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁Bar low ▁Park ▁in ▁C air ns , ▁Australia , ▁between ▁June ▁ 2 7 – 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Med als ▁are ▁awarded ▁in ▁the ▁two ▁regional ▁divisions ▁" E ast " ▁and ▁" West ". ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁events ▁were ▁cont ested , ▁ 2 0 ▁by ▁men ▁and ▁ 2 0 ▁by ▁women . ▁ ▁Moreover , ▁a ▁mixed ▁ 8 x 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁exhibition ▁events ▁for ▁local ▁athlet es ▁with ▁dis abilities , ▁master s ▁athlet es ▁and ▁school ▁age ▁athlet es ▁were ▁included . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁Athletics ▁North ▁Queensland ▁sent ▁a
▁Com b ined ▁" N orth ▁Australia " ▁Team ▁including ▁athlet es ▁who ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁chosen ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁Australian ▁Team . ▁ ▁The ▁status ▁of ▁these ▁athlet es ▁( e . g ., ▁el ig ibility ▁for ▁winning ▁med als ▁or ▁guest ▁status ) ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁determined . ▁ ▁However , ▁one ▁source ▁ver ifies ▁the ▁win ▁of ▁a ▁medal ▁for ▁an ▁ath lete ▁representing ▁Northern ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Complete ▁results ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁web pages ▁of ▁O ce ania ▁Athletics ▁Association ▁and ▁of ▁Queensland ▁Athletics . ▁ ▁Regional ▁Division ▁East ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Medal ▁Table ▁East ▁( uno fficial ) ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁East ▁( uno fficial ) ▁The ▁participation ▁of ▁athlet es ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁countries ▁could ▁be ▁determined . ▁Tu valu ▁sent ▁only ▁athlet es ▁for ▁the ▁U - 2 0 ▁champion ships . ▁East ▁regional ▁division : ▁ ▁Regional ▁Division ▁West ▁ ▁Medal ▁summary ▁ ▁Men ▁▁ 1 .): ▁The ▁high ▁jump ▁event ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Jason ▁Str ano ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 . 0 0 m ▁compet ing ▁as ▁a ▁guest . ▁ 2 .): ▁The ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁event ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁ ▁" B " ▁( An th ony ▁Alo zie , ▁Isaac ▁N ti amo ah , ▁Andrew ▁McC abe , ▁Josh ▁Ross ) ▁in ▁ 3 9 . 4 5 ▁running ▁as ▁guests . ▁ 3 .): ▁The ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 4 0 0
▁metres ▁relay ▁event ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁ ▁( Ke i ▁Tak ase , ▁Yu zo ▁Kan em aru , ▁Y oshi hi ro ▁Az uma , ▁H iro y uki ▁Nak ano ) ▁in ▁ 3 : 0 6 . 9 0 ▁running ▁as ▁guests . ▁▁ ▁" B " ▁( J ord an ▁G us man , ▁Harris ▁Sc ou ll er , ▁Nathan ▁Mc Con ch ie , ▁V aug hn ▁Har ber ) ▁came ▁in ▁ 4 th ▁in ▁ 3 : 2 4 . 6 9 ▁also ▁running ▁a ▁guests . ▁ ▁Women ▁▁ 1 .): ▁The ▁disc us ▁throw ▁event ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁D ani ▁Sam u els ▁from ▁ ▁in ▁ 5 6 . 7 0 m ▁compet ing ▁as ▁a ▁guest . ▁ 2 .): ▁The ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay ▁event ▁wa ▁won ▁by ▁ ▁( An na ▁Do i , ▁M om oko ▁Tak ah ashi , ▁Ch is ato ▁F uk ush ima , ▁Y ume ka ▁S ano ) ▁in ▁ 4 4 . 3 9 ▁compet ing ▁as ▁guests . ▁ ▁Medal ▁Table ▁West ▁( uno fficial ) ▁ ▁Part icip ation ▁West ▁( uno fficial ) ▁The ▁participation ▁of ▁athlet es ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁countries ▁could ▁be ▁determined . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁combined ▁Northern ▁Australia ▁team ▁including ▁athlet es ▁from ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁and ▁North ▁Queensland ▁participated . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁athlet es ▁from ▁Pal au . ▁ ▁/ ▁North ▁Australia
▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁O ce ania ▁Athletics ▁- ▁Results ▁ ▁Category : O ce ania ▁Athletics ▁Championships ▁Category : Intern ational ▁athlet ics ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Australia ▁Ocean ian ▁Championships ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁Australian ▁sport <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Swiss ▁Cup ▁Bas el ▁was ▁held ▁October ▁ 1 – 4 ▁in ▁Ar les heim , ▁Switzerland . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁events ▁held ▁during ▁Week ▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 ▁cur ling ▁season ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Cur ling ▁Tour , ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁overall ▁event ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁dub bed ▁European ▁Cur ling ▁Champions ▁Tour . ▁ ▁The ▁event ▁format ▁is ▁a ▁ 3 2 - team ▁triple ▁knock out ▁with ▁eight ▁teams ▁qual ifying ▁into ▁a ▁single - el im ination ▁play off ▁round . ▁The ▁total ▁pur se ▁for ▁the ▁event ▁is ▁ 4 5 , 9 0 0 ▁Swiss ▁fran cs ▁( CH F ). ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁Ben o ▁Arnold ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Att inger ▁ ▁Tom ▁B rew ster ▁ ▁Per ▁Car ls én ▁ ▁Giorg io ▁Da ▁R in ▁ ▁Peter ▁de ▁Cruz ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Due ▁ ▁Thomas ▁D uf our ▁ ▁Nik las ▁Ed in ▁ ▁Pascal ▁E icher ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁Erik sson ▁ ▁Al ly ▁F ras er ▁ ▁Kevin ▁Fro ide v aux ▁ ▁Pascal ▁H ess ▁ ▁Andy ▁K app ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Li ps ▁ ▁Jean - N ich olas ▁Long ch amp
▁ ▁Domin ic ▁Mär ki ▁ ▁David ▁Mur do ch ▁ ▁Gy ör gy ▁N agy ▁ ▁Mark ▁Ne ele man ▁ ▁Daniel ▁Ne un er ▁ ▁Cla udio ▁P es cia ▁ ▁Tom i ▁R ant am ä ki ▁ ▁Jo el ▁Ret orn az ▁ ▁Manuel ▁R uch ▁ ▁Christ of ▁Schw aller ▁ ▁David ▁S ik ▁ ▁Thomas ▁U ls r ud ▁ ▁Mich al ▁V oj t us ▁ ▁Patrick ▁V u ille ▁ ▁Bern hard ▁Wer th emann ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁A ▁Event ▁ ▁B ▁Event ▁ ▁C ▁Event ▁ ▁Play offs ▁ ▁Qu arter final s ▁Sunday , ▁October ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 5 : 4 5 ▁C ET ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁Monday , ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 0 8 : 1 5 ▁C ET ▁ ▁Final s ▁Monday , ▁October ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 2 : 1 5 ▁C ET ▁ ▁P ayout ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Event ▁Website ▁World ▁Cur ling ▁Tour ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁cur ling <0x0A> </s> ▁Ron ▁But lin ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁poet ▁and ▁novel ist ▁who ▁was ▁Edinburgh ▁Mak ar ▁ ▁( Po et ▁La ure ate ) ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 1 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁several ▁nov els , ▁collections ▁of ▁short ▁stories , ▁po ems ▁and ▁plays . ▁His ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁anth olog ised ▁in ▁Britain ▁and ▁abroad , ▁and ▁translated ▁into ▁over ▁a ▁dozen ▁languages . ▁His ▁debut ▁novel , ▁The
▁Sound ▁Of ▁My ▁Vo ice , ▁was ▁repub lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁with ▁an ▁introduction ▁by ▁Ir v ine ▁Wel sh ▁who ▁called ▁it ▁“ one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁pieces ▁of ▁fiction ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁of ▁Britain ▁in ▁the ▁E ight ies ”. ▁But lin ▁is ▁married ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish - Sw iss ▁novel ist ▁and ▁short ▁story ▁writer ▁Reg i ▁Cla ire . ▁ ▁Opera ▁Lib retto ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁seven ▁libre tt i ▁for ▁opera , ▁mostly ▁for ▁Scottish ▁Opera , ▁and ▁frequently ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁composer ▁Ly ell ▁C ress well . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Nov els ▁ ▁The ▁Sound ▁of ▁My ▁Vo ice ▁( 1 9 8 7 ) ▁ ▁Night ▁Vis its ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Bel ong ing ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Ghost ▁Moon ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Short ▁Story ▁Col lections ▁ ▁The ▁T il ting ▁Room ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁ ▁V ival di ▁and ▁the ▁Number ▁ 3 ▁and ▁Other ▁Im possible ▁St ories ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁No ▁More ▁Ang els ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Po etry ▁ ▁The ▁W on ner fu u ▁War ld ▁o ▁John ▁Mil ton ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁ ▁St retto ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ ▁Cre ature ▁T amed ▁by ▁Cru el ty ▁( 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Ex quis ite ▁Inst rument : ▁Im itations ▁from ▁the ▁Chinese
▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ ▁R ag time ▁in ▁Un for get table ▁B ars ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁ ▁Histor ies ▁of ▁Des ire ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Without ▁a ▁Back ward ▁Gl ance ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mag icians ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Mag icians ▁of ▁Scotland ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Here ▁Come ▁the ▁T roll s ! ▁( verse ▁for ▁children , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Of fer ing ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Opera ▁▁ ▁Mark heim ▁ ▁Dark ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Far away ▁Pictures ▁ ▁Good ▁Angel , ▁Bad ▁Angel ▁ ▁The ▁Per fect ▁Woman ▁ ▁The ▁M oney ▁Man ▁ ▁Wed lock ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁po ets ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁writers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁novel ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁science ▁fiction ▁writers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁short ▁story ▁writers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁opera ▁libre tt ists ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s <0x0A> </s> ▁Ed son ▁Walter ▁Shaw ▁( August ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁– ▁October ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁( N FL ) ▁with
▁the ▁Rock ▁Island ▁Independ ents , ▁C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁and ▁the ▁Ak ron ▁Pro s . ▁Shaw ▁won ▁an ▁NFL ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁with ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs . ▁He ▁finish ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁ ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Pro s . ▁Before ▁playing ▁profession ally , ▁Shaw ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska . ▁He ▁letter ed ▁in ▁football ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁full back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁half back s ▁Category : American ▁football ▁tack les ▁Category : A k ron ▁Pro s ▁players ▁Category : C anton ▁Bul ld ogs ▁players ▁Category : N eb r aska ▁Corn hus k ers ▁football ▁players ▁Category : R ock ▁Island ▁Independ ents ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T ec um seh , ▁Neb r aska ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Neb r aska <0x0A> </s> ▁Lé on ▁Des lin ières ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁ro wer . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁co x ed ▁four ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁death ▁missing ▁Category : F rench ▁male ▁row ers ▁Category : O
lymp ic ▁row ers ▁of ▁France ▁Category : Row ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁" N aked " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁British ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer ▁James ▁Arthur . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁digital ▁download ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁by ▁Sony ▁Music , ▁as ▁the ▁lead ▁single ▁from ▁his ▁third ▁studio ▁album , ▁You . ▁The ▁song ▁has ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁ 1 1 ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Max ▁Martin , ▁Sav an ▁K ote cha , ▁James ▁Arthur ▁and ▁Johan ▁Carl sson , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Carl sson . ▁ ▁Music ▁video ▁An ▁official ▁music ▁video ▁to ▁accomp any ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁" N aked " ▁was ▁first ▁released ▁onto ▁YouTube ▁on ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁at ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁four ▁minutes ▁and ▁one ▁second . ▁The ▁video ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Mario ▁Clement . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Week ly ▁charts ▁ ▁Year - end ▁charts ▁ ▁Cert ifications ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁number - one ▁songs ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( L eb anon ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁songs ▁Category : James ▁Arthur ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁James ▁Arthur ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Max ▁Martin
▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Sav an ▁K ote cha ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Johan ▁Carl sson ▁( mus ician ) ▁Category : S ony ▁Music ▁UK ▁singles ▁Category : Pop ▁ball ads <0x0A> </s> ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁To o ▁( former ly ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁ 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁pay ▁television ▁channel ▁that ▁broadcast s ▁sister ▁network ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁programming ▁at ▁other ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁La unch ed ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁To o ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Since ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁channel ▁has ▁occasionally ▁brand ed ▁itself ▁as ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁Pe ppa ▁for ▁short ▁periods , ▁usually ▁one ▁month , ▁where ▁the ▁channel ▁sole ly ▁screens ▁Pe ppa ▁P ig . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁channel ▁brand ed ▁itself ▁as ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁PA W ▁Pat rol , ▁which ▁like ▁with ▁the ▁above ▁brand ing , ▁the ▁channel ▁only ▁sole ly ▁broadcast s ▁PA W ▁Pat rol . ▁ ▁Current ▁programming ▁▁▁ 4 4 ▁C ats ▁ ▁D ora ▁the ▁Explorer ▁ ▁D ora ▁and ▁Fri ends : ▁In to ▁the ▁City ! ▁ ▁Ben ▁and ▁Hol ly ' s ▁Little ▁Kingdom ▁ ▁Max ▁& ▁Ruby ▁ ▁Po ppy ▁Cat ▁ ▁Pe ppa ▁P ig ▁ ▁Z ack ▁& ▁Qu ack ▁ ▁Team ▁Um izo omi ▁ ▁W ally kaz am ! ▁
▁PA W ▁Pat rol ▁ ▁Hum f ▁ ▁P uff in ▁Rock ▁ ▁P oco yo ▁ ▁O live ▁the ▁O str ich ▁ ▁Rob oc ar ▁Pol i '' '' ▁ ▁W iss per ▁W anda ▁and ▁the ▁Ali en ▁Bla ze ▁and ▁the ▁Mon ster ▁Mach ines ▁B ubble ▁Gu pp ies ▁Kid - E - C ats ▁K iva ▁Can ▁Do ▁Little ▁Ch arm ers ▁Flo og als ▁Pir ata ▁& ▁Capit ano '' ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Nick el ode on ▁( UK ▁and ▁Ireland ) ▁ ▁Nick to ons ▁( UK ▁and ▁Ireland ) ▁ ▁Nick ▁Jr . ▁( UK ▁and ▁Ireland ) ▁ ▁Nick ▁at ▁N ite ▁international ▁versions # UK ▁and ▁Ireland ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁To o ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Category : Children ' s ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : Children ' s ▁television ▁channels ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : S ky ▁television ▁channels ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁She h ary ar ▁Gh ani ▁( ; ▁born , ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁Kar achi ) ▁is ▁an ▁international ▁cr ick eter ▁from ▁Pakistan . ▁He ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bronze ▁medal ▁winning ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁China . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁In ▁November
, ▁Gh ani ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁Asian ▁Games ▁in ▁Gu ang z hou , ▁China ▁which ▁won ▁a ▁bronze ▁medal ▁by ▁be ating ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁place ▁play offs . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Kar achi ▁Category : P ak ist ani ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Kar achi ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁Pakistan ▁Category : C rick eters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁bronze ▁medal ists ▁for ▁Pakistan ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁medal ists ▁in ▁cr icket ▁Category : Kar achi ▁Z eb ras ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Kar achi ▁Blues ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Kar achi ▁Dol ph ins ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : P ak istan ▁International ▁Airlines ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Med al ists ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Asian ▁Games <0x0A> </s> ▁Lang don ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁settlement ▁in ▁K ern ▁County , ▁California . ▁It ▁was ▁located ▁ ▁sout heast ▁of ▁B akers field . ▁ ▁A ▁post ▁office ▁operated ▁at ▁Lang don ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Form er ▁settlement s ▁in ▁K ern ▁County , ▁California ▁Category : Form er ▁populated ▁places ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁econom ics ,
▁the ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁( ER P ) ▁is ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁the ▁total ▁effect ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁tar iff ▁structure ▁on ▁the ▁value ▁added ▁per ▁unit ▁of ▁output ▁in ▁each ▁industry , ▁when ▁both ▁intermediate ▁and ▁final ▁goods ▁are ▁imported . ▁This ▁stat istic ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁econom ists ▁to ▁measure ▁the ▁real ▁amount ▁of ▁protection ▁afford ed ▁to ▁a ▁particular ▁industry ▁by ▁import ▁duties , ▁tar iffs ▁or ▁other ▁trade ▁restrictions . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Early ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁concept ▁was ▁undert aken ▁by ▁Clar ence ▁Bar ber . ▁The ▁idea ▁was ▁developed ▁and ▁applied ▁to ▁policy ▁analysis ▁by ▁Max ▁C orden . ▁ ▁Ex plan ation ▁Consider ▁a ▁simple ▁case : ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁trad able ▁good ▁( sh o es ) ▁that ▁uses ▁one ▁trad able ▁input ▁to ▁produce ▁( le ather ). ▁Both ▁sho es ▁and ▁le ather ▁are ▁imported ▁into ▁the ▁home ▁country . ▁Suppose ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁any ▁tar iffs , ▁sho es ▁use ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁worth ▁of ▁le ather ▁to ▁make , ▁and ▁sho es ▁sell ▁for ▁$ 1 5 0 ▁in ▁the ▁international ▁mark ets . ▁Sho em akers ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁add ▁$ 5 0 ▁of ▁value . ▁If ▁the ▁home ▁country ▁impos es ▁a ▁ 2 0 % ▁tar iff ▁on ▁sho es , ▁but ▁no ▁tar iff ▁on ▁le ather , ▁sho es ▁would ▁sell ▁for ▁$ 1 8 0 ▁in ▁the ▁home ▁country , ▁and ▁the ▁value ▁added ▁for ▁the ▁domestic ▁sh oe ▁mak er
▁would ▁increase ▁by ▁$ 3 0 , ▁from ▁$ 5 0 ▁to ▁$ 8 0 . ▁The ▁domestic ▁sh oe ▁mak er ▁is ▁afford ed ▁a ▁ 6 0 % ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁per ▁doll ar ▁of ▁value ▁added . ▁ ▁This ▁equals ▁d / int ) ▁- ▁, ▁where : ▁▁ ▁V Ad ▁= ▁domestic ▁value ▁added ▁ ▁V A int ▁= ▁international ▁value ▁added ▁ ▁An ▁alternative ▁that ▁yields ▁an ▁identical ▁answer ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁equals ▁f ▁i ) int , ▁where : ▁▁ ▁T f ▁= ▁the ▁total ▁tar iff ▁theoret ically ▁or ▁actually ▁paid ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁product ▁ ▁Ti ▁= ▁the ▁total ▁tar iffs ▁paid , ▁theoret ically ▁or ▁actually , ▁on ▁the ▁import able ▁inputs ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁that ▁product . ▁ ▁The ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁estimate ▁the ▁protection ▁really ▁afford ed ▁to ▁domestic ▁produ cers ▁at ▁each ▁stage ▁of ▁production , ▁i . e ., ▁how ▁much ▁extra ▁they ▁can ▁charge ▁and ▁still ▁be ▁compet itive ▁with ▁imported ▁goods . ▁If ▁the ▁total ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁tar iffs ▁on ▁import able ▁inputs ▁exceed s ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁output , ▁the ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁is ▁negative , ▁i . e ., ▁the ▁industry ▁is ▁disc rimin ated ▁against ▁in ▁comparison ▁with ▁the ▁imported ▁product . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁context , ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁matter ▁whether ▁the ▁final ▁product ▁or ▁the ▁inputs ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁were ▁actually ▁imported ▁or ▁not . ▁What ▁is ▁important ▁is ▁that ▁they
▁are ▁import able . ▁If ▁so , ▁the ▁imp lied ▁tar iffs ▁should ▁be ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁above ▁formulas ▁because , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁item ▁was ▁not ▁actually ▁imported , ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁the ▁tar iff ▁should ▁have ▁raised ▁its ▁price ▁in ▁the ▁local ▁market ▁by ▁an ▁equivalent ▁value . ▁ ▁The ▁effective ▁rate ▁of ▁protection ▁reve als ▁the ▁extremely ▁ad verse ▁effect ▁of ▁tar iffs ▁that ▁es cal ate ▁from ▁low ▁rates ▁on ▁raw ▁materials ▁to ▁high ▁rates ▁on ▁intermediate ▁inputs ▁and ▁yet ▁higher ▁rates ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁product ▁as , ▁in ▁fact , ▁most ▁countries ' ▁tar iff ▁sched ules ▁do . ▁Less ▁developed ▁countries ▁comp lain ▁that ▁such ▁tar iff ▁sched ules ▁grav ely ▁imp ede ▁their ▁access ▁to ▁developed ▁countries ' ▁mark ets . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cons umer ▁support ▁estimate ▁( C SE ), ▁General ▁services ▁support ▁estimate ▁( GS SE ) ▁Total ▁support ▁estimate ▁( T SE ) ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁trade ▁theory ▁Category : Pro te ction ism ▁Category : The ory ▁of ▁tax ation ▁Prote ction <0x0A> </s> ▁Sue ▁P ride aux ▁is ▁an ▁Ang lo - N or weg ian ▁writer . ▁Her ▁grand m other ▁was ▁muse ▁to ▁the ▁expl orer ▁Ro ald ▁Am und sen ▁and ▁her ▁god m other ▁was ▁painted ▁by ▁Ed vard ▁M unch , ▁whose ▁bi ography ▁she ▁later ▁wrote ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁Ed vard ▁M unch : ▁Be hind ▁the ▁S cre am . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁dist in ctions ▁ 2 0 0 5
▁James ▁T ait ▁Black ▁Memorial ▁Prize ▁M unch ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Samuel ▁Johnson ▁Prize , ▁short list , ▁Str ind berg ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁D uff ▁Cooper ▁Prize ▁ ▁Str ind berg ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Haw th or nd en ▁Prize ▁N iet z sche ▁ ▁Works ▁R ude ▁mechanical s , ▁Ab ac us , ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Mag net ic ▁North , ▁Little , ▁Brown , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Ed vard ▁M unch : ▁Be hind ▁the ▁S cre am , ▁Y ale ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Th ore ▁Her amb , ▁Lab yr inth , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Str ind berg : ▁A ▁Life , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁I ▁Am ▁Dynam ite ! ▁A ▁Life ▁of ▁N iet z sche , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Sue ▁P ride aux ▁site ▁ ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Italy ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁France ▁Category : English ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : English ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : James ▁T ait ▁Black ▁Memorial ▁Prize ▁recip ients ▁Category : W omen ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : English ▁women ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A>
</s> ▁K usa al , ▁or ▁K us asi ▁( Q us asi ), ▁is ▁a ▁G ur ▁language ▁spoken ▁primarily ▁in ▁northern ▁Gh ana . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁spoken ▁by ▁roughly ▁ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁and ▁takes ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁K us asi ▁people , ▁who ▁form ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁far ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Gh ana , ▁between ▁the ▁G amb aga ▁esc arp ment , ▁the ▁Red ▁Vol ta , ▁and ▁the ▁national ▁borders ▁with ▁T ogo ▁and ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁villages ▁of ▁K usa asi ▁in ▁Bur k ina ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁few ▁speak ers ▁in ▁T ogo . ▁K usa al ▁is ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁Mam pr uli , ▁the ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁Mam pr us si , ▁who ▁live ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁to ▁D ag ban i . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁dialect ▁division ▁between ▁A go le , ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁Vol ta ▁river , ▁and ▁To ende , ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁A go le ▁has ▁more ▁speak ers , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁large ▁town ▁of ▁the ▁district , ▁B aw ku , ▁is ▁in ▁A go le . ▁The ▁New ▁Testament ▁translation ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁A go le ▁dialect . ▁ ▁Gram mar ▁The ▁language ▁is ▁a ▁fairly ▁typical ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁O ti – Vol ta ▁low - level ▁grouping ▁within ▁G ur , ▁which ▁includes ▁several ▁of ▁the
▁more ▁widely ▁spoken ▁languages ▁of ▁Northern ▁Gh ana , ▁and ▁also ▁Moore , ▁the ▁largest ▁African ▁language ▁of ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso ▁( and ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁all ▁G ur ▁languages , ▁with ▁millions ▁of ▁speak ers ). ▁ ▁N oun s ▁Like ▁most ▁other ▁Western ▁O ti – Vol ta ▁languages , ▁it ▁has ▁lost ▁the ▁complicated ▁n oun ▁class ▁agreement ▁system ▁still ▁found ▁in ▁e . g . ▁the ▁more ▁dist antly ▁related ▁G ur man che , ▁and ▁has ▁only ▁a ▁natural ▁gender ▁system , ▁human / non - human . ▁The ▁n oun ▁classes ▁are ▁still ▁distinguish able ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁n oun s ▁distinguish ▁singular ▁from ▁pl ural ▁by ▁pa ired ▁suffix es : ▁ ▁n id ( a ) ▁" person " ▁pl ural ▁n id ib ( a ) ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁bu ug ( a ) ▁" go at " ▁ ▁pl ural ▁bu us ( e ) ▁ ▁no bir ( e ) ▁" leg , ▁foot " ▁pl ural ▁no ba ( a ) ▁ ▁fu ug ( o ) ▁" item ▁of ▁cl othing " ▁pl ural ▁fu ud ( e ) ▁ ▁mol if ( o ) ▁" g az elle " ▁pl ural ▁m oli ( i ) ▁ ▁A ▁un pa ired ▁suffix ▁- m ( m ) ▁is ▁found ▁with ▁many ▁un count able ▁and ▁abstract ▁n oun s , ▁e . g . ▁k u ' om ( m ) ▁" water " ▁ ▁The ▁bra cket
ed ▁final ▁v ow els ▁in ▁the ▁examples ▁occur ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁feature ▁which ▁most ▁strik ingly ▁separ ates ▁K usa al ▁from ▁its ▁close ▁relatives : ▁the ▁underlying ▁forms ▁of ▁words , ▁such ▁as ▁bu uga ▁" go at " ▁are ▁found ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁word ▁in ▁question ▁is ▁the ▁last ▁word ▁in ▁a ▁question ▁or ▁a ▁neg ated ▁statement . ▁In ▁all ▁other ▁context s ▁an ▁underlying ▁final ▁short ▁v owel ▁is ▁dropped ▁and ▁a ▁final ▁long ▁v owel ▁is ▁short ened : ▁ ▁Fu ▁da a ▁n ye ▁bu ug ▁la . ▁" You ▁saw ▁the ▁go at ." ▁ ▁Fu ▁da a ▁n ye ▁bu ug . ▁▁▁ ▁" You ▁saw ▁a ▁go at ." ▁ ▁Fu ▁da a ▁pu ▁n ye ▁bu uga . ▁" You ▁didn ' t ▁see ▁a ▁go at ." ▁ ▁An o ' one ▁da a ▁n ye ▁bu uga ? ▁ ▁" Who ▁saw ▁a ▁go at ?" ▁ ▁Ad ject ives ▁K usa al ▁shows ▁the ▁typical ▁G ur ▁feature ▁where by ▁the ▁n oun ▁and ▁ad jective ▁st ems ▁are ▁comp ounded ▁in ▁that ▁order , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁singular / pl ural ▁end ings : ▁ ▁b up iel ig ( a ) ▁" white ▁go at " ▁ ▁[ ▁bu -( g ( a )) ▁+ ▁p iel - ▁+ ▁- g ( a ) ▁] ▁ ▁b up iel is ( e ) ▁" white ▁go ats " ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁traces ▁of ▁the ▁old
▁system ▁( as ▁in ▁G ur man che ) ▁where by ▁the ▁ad jective ▁took ▁the ▁singular / pl ural ▁end ings ▁appropriate ▁to ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁preceding ▁n oun , ▁but ▁the ▁system ▁is ▁completely ▁un product ive ▁in ▁K usa al ▁now . ▁ ▁Ver bs ▁Ver bal ▁flex ion ▁is ▁agree ably ▁simple , ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁Western ▁O ti – Vol ta ▁languages ▁and ▁unlike ▁less ▁closely ▁related ▁G ur ▁languages . ▁Most ▁ver bs ▁have ▁five ▁flex ional ▁forms ▁ ▁( a ) ▁no ▁ending , ▁used ▁for ▁perfect ive ▁aspect : ▁M ▁g os ▁bu ug ▁la . ▁" I ' ve ▁looked ▁at ▁the ▁go at ." ▁ ▁( b ) ▁- d ( a ) ▁ending , ▁for ▁imper fect ive : ▁M ▁g os id ▁bu ug ▁la . ▁" I ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁go at ." ▁ ▁( c ) ▁- m ( a ) ▁for ▁positive ▁imper ative : ▁G os im ▁bu ug ▁la ! ▁" Look ▁at ▁the ▁go at !" ▁ ▁( d ) ▁- in ▁sub j unct ive ▁for ▁irre alis ▁: ▁ ▁Fu ▁ya ' a ▁g os in ▁... ▁ ▁" If ▁you ▁were ▁to ▁look ▁( but ▁you ▁won ' t ) ▁... " ▁ ▁( e ) ▁- b ( o ), ▁- g ( o ), ▁- r ( e ) ▁ger und , ▁ver bal ▁n oun ▁: ▁ ▁o ▁g os ig ▁la ▁mor ▁d ab iem ▁" his
▁( the ▁ang el ' s ) ▁appearance ▁was ▁sc ary " ▁[ J ud ges ▁ 1 3 : 6 ▁draft ] ▁- ▁literally ▁' his ▁seeing ▁they ▁had ▁fear ' ▁ ▁Some ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁ver bs , ▁with ▁stat ive ▁mean ings , ▁have ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁form . ▁ ▁The ▁verb ▁is ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁invari able ▁particles ▁express ing ▁t ense , ▁polar ity ▁and ▁m ood . ▁Serial ▁verb ▁constru ctions ▁are ▁common ▁and ▁important , ▁as ▁in ▁many ▁West ▁African ▁languages . ▁ ▁Pr on oun s ▁Object ▁pron oun s ▁can ▁be ▁sever ely ▁reduced ▁in ▁form ▁by ▁the ▁K usa al ▁final - v owel - loss ▁rules , ▁sur f acing ▁as ▁single ▁con son ants , ▁or ▁even ▁zero ; ▁they ▁are ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁reduced ▁v owel ▁ending ▁the ▁previous ▁word , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁reduced ▁form ▁of ▁that ▁word ' s ▁own ▁underlying ▁final ▁v owel , ▁preserved ▁before ▁the ▁en cl it ic ▁pron oun : ▁ ▁M ▁bo odi ▁f . ▁▁▁ ▁" I ▁love ▁you ." ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁tradition ally ▁written ▁M ▁bo od ▁if . ▁ ▁M ▁bo odu . ▁▁ ▁" I ▁love ▁him / her ." ▁▁▁ ▁tradition ally ▁written ▁M ▁bo od ▁o . ▁ ▁Syntax ▁Word ▁order ▁is ▁strictly ▁SV O , ▁but ▁c left ing ▁is ▁common . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁n oun ▁phrase , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁typical ▁n oun - ad jective ▁G ur
▁comp ounding , ▁the ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁associ ative ▁mod ifier ▁( poss ess ive , ▁gen itive ) ▁preced es ▁the ▁head : ▁ ▁m ▁bu ug ▁" my ▁go at " ▁ ▁bu ug ▁la ▁no bir ▁" the ▁go at ' s ▁foot " ▁( la ▁" the ", ▁follows ▁its ▁n oun ) ▁ ▁N umer al ▁and ▁de ict ics ▁( dem on str ative , ▁article ) ▁follow , ▁with ▁the ▁quant itative ▁in ▁final ▁place : ▁ ▁m ▁bu us ▁at an ' ▁la ▁w usa ▁ ▁" all ▁my ▁three ▁go ats " ▁ ▁Ph on ology ▁The ▁sound ▁system ▁of ▁K usa al ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁its ▁relatives ; ▁con son ant ▁clusters ▁( except ▁between ▁adjacent ▁words ) ▁occur ▁only ▁word - intern ally ▁at ▁morph eme - j unct ures , ▁and ▁are ▁determined ▁by ▁the ▁limited ▁range ▁of ▁con son ants ▁which ▁can ▁appear ▁in ▁sy ll able - final ▁position . ▁Cl ust ers ▁ar ising ▁from ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁suffix es ▁in ▁deriv ation ▁and ▁flex ion ▁are ▁either ▁simplified ▁or ▁broken ▁up ▁by ▁inserted ▁(" s var ab h ak ti ") ▁v ow els . ▁ ▁The ▁ro ster ▁of ▁con son ants ▁includes ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁West ▁African ▁lab i ov el ar ▁double - closure ▁stops ▁k p , ▁g b , ▁but ▁the ▁pal atal ▁series ▁of ▁the ▁related ▁languages ▁( written ▁ch / j ▁in ▁D ag ban i
▁and ▁H anga ▁and ▁k y / gy ▁in ▁Mam pr uli ) ▁fall ▁in ▁with ▁the ▁simple ▁vel ars , ▁as ▁in ▁neighbour ing ▁F are fare ▁( F raf ra , ▁G ur ene ) ▁and ▁Moore . ▁The ▁ref lex es ▁of ▁the ▁pal atal ▁and ▁lab i ov el ar ▁double - closure ▁nas als ▁of ▁the ▁related ▁languages , ▁[ n ] ▁written ▁ny ▁and ▁[ ŋ m ] ▁ ŋ m ▁- ▁are ▁probably ▁best ▁anal ys ed ▁as ▁a ▁nas al ised ▁y ▁and ▁w ▁respectively , ▁but ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁the ▁nas al isation ▁and ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁its ▁on set ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁sem iv owel ▁is ▁variable . ▁ ▁The ▁v owel ▁system ▁is ▁not ▁yet ▁fully ▁understood , ▁complicated ▁by ▁differences ▁between ▁the ▁A go le ▁and ▁To ende ▁dialect s ▁and ▁the ▁system ▁of ▁di ph th ongs ▁in ▁A go le , ▁which ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁most - f av oured ▁analysis , ▁enables ▁A go le ▁with ▁seven ▁contrast ive ▁v owel ▁segments ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁contrast s ▁represented ▁in ▁To ende ▁with ▁nine ▁pure ▁v ow els . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁length ened ▁or ▁strength ened ▁v ow els ▁' bro ken ' ▁with ▁a ▁gl ott al ▁stop ▁▁ ▁bu ' ud ▁" be ating " ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁gl ott al ▁as ▁a ▁con son ant , ▁usually ▁in ▁ ▁k u ' om ▁" water ". ▁Gl ott al ▁also ▁marks ▁some ▁mon
os yll ab ic ▁ver bs ▁ ▁bu ' ▁" be at ". ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁some ▁v ow els ▁are ▁contrast ively ▁nas al ised ▁and ▁others ▁nas al ised ▁through ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁nas al ▁con son ants . ▁In ▁the ▁orth ography ▁a ▁letter ▁n ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁v owel ▁or ▁gl ott al ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁preceding ▁v owel ▁is ▁contrast ively ▁nas al ised , ▁unless ▁in ▁word - final ▁position ▁when ▁nas al isation ▁is ▁indicated ▁by ▁a ▁double ▁n n ▁and ▁a ▁single ▁n ▁is ▁a ▁final ▁con son ant . ▁ ▁The ▁language ▁is ▁t onal , ▁with ▁t onal ▁differences ▁distingu ishing ▁lex ical ▁items ▁( with ▁few ▁minimal ▁pairs ) ▁and ▁s ynt actic ▁constru ctions . ▁The ▁intr insic ▁t ones ▁of ▁individual ▁words ▁are ▁often ▁overrid den ▁with ▁a ▁different ▁pattern ▁in ▁particular ▁s ynt actic ▁constru ctions , ▁e . g . ▁main ▁ver bs ▁in ▁positive ▁main ▁cla uses ▁become ▁all - low - t one . ▁Many ▁words ▁also ▁cause ▁tone ▁changes ▁in ▁closely ▁connected ▁following ▁or ▁preceding ▁words ▁by ▁" t one ▁spread ing ". ▁ ▁The ▁t onal ▁system ▁is ▁a ▁ter rac ing ▁system ▁with ▁two ▁t ones ▁and ▁em ic ▁down steps , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁H ! ▁sequence ▁being ▁realized ▁as ▁extra - high ▁in ▁some ▁context s . ▁The ▁domain ▁of ▁tone ▁is ▁the ▁v owel ▁m ora , ▁but ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁constraints ▁on ▁the ▁possible ▁tone ▁patterns ▁with ▁a ▁word
; ▁un comp ounded ▁n oun s ▁show ▁only ▁ 4 ▁different ▁overall ▁possibilities ▁at ▁most ▁for ▁any ▁given ▁segment al ▁shape , ▁and ▁inf lect ing ▁ver bs ▁have ▁only ▁two ▁possible ▁intr insic ▁tone ▁patterns . ▁ ▁Orth ography ▁The ▁orth ography ▁used ▁above ▁is ▁basically ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁translation , ▁which ▁remained ▁the ▁only ▁substantial ▁written ▁work ▁available ▁in ▁K usa al ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time . ▁The ▁New ▁Testament ▁orth ography , ▁however , ▁sp ells ▁" go at " ▁bo og , ▁and ▁the ▁v owel ▁is ▁intermediate ▁between ▁u ▁and ▁o , ▁ph on etic ▁. ▁It ▁is ▁ade qu ate ▁for ▁mother - t ong ue ▁speak ers ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁suff ice ▁to ▁distinguish ▁the ▁seven ▁distinct ▁v owel ▁qual ities ▁of ▁A go le ▁K usa al , ▁does ▁not ▁mark ▁tone , ▁and ▁has ▁partly ▁incons istent ▁word - div ision ▁convent ions ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁comp lications ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁K usa al ▁final ▁v owel ▁loss / redu ction ▁phen omena . ▁S In ce ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁however , ▁a ▁un ified ▁orth ography ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁use ▁and ▁is ▁used ▁across ▁various ▁se ctors ▁including ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Education , ▁Win ne ba ▁( A j um ako ▁campus ) ▁and ▁by ▁transl ators ▁who ▁recently ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁succeeded ▁in ▁revis ing ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁transl ating ▁the ▁complete ▁Old ▁Testament ▁into
▁the ▁language ▁using ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁gu idel ines ▁provided ▁in ▁the ▁current ▁orth ography . ▁ ▁Study ▁Material s ▁on ▁K usa al ▁have ▁gradually ▁increased ▁over ▁the ▁last ▁few ▁years . ▁Some ▁a ids ▁for ▁learn ers ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁husband ▁and ▁wife ▁Spr att ▁team ▁who ▁pione ered ▁the ▁lingu istic ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁obtain able ▁from ▁G ILL B T ▁( G h ana ▁Institute ▁of ▁L ingu istics , ▁Liter acy ▁and ▁Bible ▁Trans lation ) ▁in ▁Tam ale , ▁Gh ana . ▁Liter acy ▁materials , ▁collections ▁of ▁folk ▁stories ▁and ▁so ▁forth ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁produced ▁by ▁G ILL B T . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁simple ▁dictionary ▁compiled ▁by ▁David ▁and ▁Nancy ▁Spr att ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁source . ▁Also ▁available ▁are ▁two ▁master ▁th eses ▁from ▁native ▁speaker ▁lingu ists ▁on ▁the ▁ph on ology ▁( Mus ah ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁and ▁the ▁syntax ▁( Ab ub ak ar ▁ 2 0 1 1 ). ▁A ▁draft ▁grammar ▁of ▁the ▁Bur k ina ▁F aso ▁dialect ▁( To ende ) ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁prepared ▁by ▁N igg li . ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁documents ▁including ▁the ▁Orth ography ▁of ▁the ▁language ▁are ▁also ▁available ▁from ▁G ILL B T . ▁An ▁account ▁of ▁Ag ol le ▁K usa al ▁( ext ens ively ▁re vised , ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁placed ▁online . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L anguages ▁of
▁Gh ana ▁Category : O ti – Vol ta ▁languages ▁Category : K us asi ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁H ino ▁Mot ors . ▁ ▁Hin op ak ▁Mot ors ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁tr uck ▁and ▁bus ▁manufact urer ▁based ▁in ▁Kar achi , ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁bus ▁and ▁tr uck ▁manufact urer ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁the ▁author ized ▁assemb ler ▁and ▁manufact urer ▁of ▁H ino ▁vehicles ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁at ▁its ▁assembly ▁plant ▁at ▁S . I . T . E ▁Indust rial ▁Area . ▁ ▁History ▁Hin op ak ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁by ▁H ino ▁Mot ors , ▁Toy ota ▁Ts us ho , ▁Al - F ut ta im ▁Group ▁and ▁P AC O . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁H ino ▁Mot ors , ▁and ▁Toy ota ▁Ts us ho ▁Corporation ▁obtained ▁majority ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁the ▁company ▁after ▁dis in vest ments ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁found ing ▁invest ors . ▁Hin op ak ▁Mot ors ▁has ▁gained ▁ 7 0 % ▁market ▁share ▁making ▁it ▁the ▁largest ▁manufact urer ▁in ▁the ▁medium ▁and ▁heavy - d ut y ▁tr uck ▁and ▁bus ▁industry ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁gained ▁its ▁highest - ever ▁after - tax ▁profit ▁in ▁F Y ~ 2 0 1 8 - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Product s ▁ ▁B uses ▁ ▁H ino ▁Sky lin er ▁ ▁H ino ▁Star lin er
▁ ▁H ino ▁Super lin er ▁ ▁H ino ▁Kaz ay ▁ ▁R N 8 JS K A ▁( Bus ▁ch ass is ) ▁ ▁A K 8 J ▁( Bus ▁ch ass is ) ▁ ▁Tru cks ▁▁ 3 0 0 ▁series / H ino ▁D ut ro ▁W U ▁ 6 4 0 ▁W U ▁ 7 2 0 ▁▁ 5 0 0 ▁series / H ino ▁R anger ▁ ▁H ino ▁F G 8 J ▁ 4 X 2 ▁▁ ▁H ino ▁F L 8 J ▁ 6 x 2 ▁▁ ▁H ino ▁FM 8 J ▁ 6 X 4 ▁ ▁Prime ▁mo vers ▁ ▁H ino ▁F G 8 J ▁ 4 X 2 ▁▁ ▁H ino ▁FM 8 J ▁ 6 X 4 ▁▁ ▁H ino ▁FM 2 P ▁ 6 x 4 ▁ ▁C SR ▁H ino P ak ▁Mot ors ▁man ages ▁a ▁school ▁under ▁the ▁Pakistan ▁Corpor ate ▁Social ▁Res p ons ibility ▁Program . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁H ino ▁Mot ors ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Hin op ak ▁Mot ors ▁Limited ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Bus ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Category : T ruck ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Kar achi ▁Category : V eh icle ▁manufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pakistan ▁Category : To y ota ▁br ands ▁and ▁mar ques ▁Category : P ak ist
ani ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁foreign ▁companies <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁ren owned ▁Japanese ▁photograph er . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁photograph ers ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Ch allen ger ▁Sal inas ▁Di ario ▁Ex pres o ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁out door ▁hard ▁courts . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ATP ▁Ch allen ger ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Sal inas , ▁E cuador ▁between ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁ATP ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁ ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁Other ▁En tr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁J ú lio ▁César ▁Cam po z ano ▁▁ ▁Carl ton ▁F ior ent ino ▁▁ ▁Jan - Michael ▁G amb ill ▁▁ ▁Em ilio ▁Gó mez ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Fac undo ▁B agn is ▁▁ ▁Pierre - L ud ov ic ▁Du clos ▁▁ ▁I ván ▁End ara ▁▁ ▁Lu ka ▁Greg or c ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁player ▁received ▁the ▁luck y ▁los er ▁spot : ▁▁ ▁Crist ó bal ▁Sa aved ra - Cor val án ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁Brian ▁D ab ul ▁def .
▁ ▁Nicol ás ▁Mass ú , ▁ 6 - 3 , ▁ 6 - 2 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁ ▁Jonathan ▁Mar ray ▁/ ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁Murray ▁def . ▁ ▁San ch ai ▁R ati w at ana ▁/ ▁ ▁Son chat ▁R ati w at ana , ▁ 6 - 3 , ▁ 6 - 4 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Ch allen ger ▁Sal inas ▁Di ario ▁Ex pres o ▁Category : T ennis ▁tournament s ▁in ▁E cuador ▁Category : Ch allen ger ▁ATP ▁de ▁Sal inas ▁Di ario ▁Ex pres o <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁A partment ▁H ouses ▁of ▁Ros ario ▁Cand ela ▁and ▁James ▁Car p enter ▁is ▁an ▁illustrated ▁book ▁by ▁American ▁architecture ▁historian ▁Andrew ▁Al per n . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁initially ▁published ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁by ▁A can th us ▁Press . ▁The ▁book ▁discuss es ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁prominent ▁New ▁York ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Ros ario ▁Cand ela ▁and ▁J . ▁E . ▁R . ▁Car p enter , ▁who ▁helped ▁shape ▁whole ▁blocks ▁in ▁Manh attan . ▁Their ▁buildings ▁are ▁now ▁the ▁standard ▁resident ial s ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ' s ▁el ite . ▁The ▁book ▁contains ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁photos ▁and ▁original ▁floor pl ans ▁of ▁the ▁discussed ▁buildings , ▁and ▁several ▁ess ays . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 7 4 0 ▁Park : ▁The
▁Story ▁of ▁the ▁World ' s ▁Rich est ▁A partment ▁Building ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁Architecture : ▁Design , ▁Dec oration ▁and ▁Det ail ▁from ▁the ▁Tw ent ies ▁and ▁Th irt ies ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Google ▁Books ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : American ▁art ▁Category : 2 0 0 2 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : History ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁New ▁York ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁Claude ▁As qu ith ▁She pp ard ▁( J une ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁– ▁October ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁politician ▁and ▁magistr ate . ▁He ▁represented ▁the ▁elect oral ▁district ▁of ▁Har bour ▁Grace ▁in ▁the ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁of ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador . ▁ ▁The ▁son ▁of ▁J . F . ▁She pp ard ▁and ▁Mary ▁V . ▁His cock , ▁he ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Sp ani ard ' s ▁Bay , ▁New found land ▁and ▁was ▁educated ▁there , ▁at ▁Bishop ▁Fe ild ▁College ▁and ▁at ▁Memorial ▁University . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁he ▁married ▁Florence ▁G os se ; ▁with ▁her , ▁he ▁had ▁ 2 ▁children . ▁She pp ard ▁served ▁over se as ▁as ▁a ▁major ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Art illery ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a
▁st ip endi ary ▁magistr ate ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁first ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁New found land ▁assembly ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁She pp ard ▁served ▁as ▁deput y ▁speaker ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁Later ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁manager ▁of ▁administrative ▁services ▁for ▁the ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁Power ▁Commission . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁death s ▁Category : L iber al ▁Party ▁of ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁M H As ▁Category : B ishop ▁Fe ild ▁School ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁N ann ine ▁is ▁a ▁g host ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁Mid ▁West ▁region ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁bank ▁of ▁Lake ▁Anne en , ▁approximately ▁ 3 5 ▁kilometres ▁south - s outh west ▁of ▁Me ek ath ar ra , ▁and ▁ 7 3 5 ▁kilometres ▁north - n ortheast ▁of ▁Per th . ▁ ▁N ann ine ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁gold ▁min ing ▁town , ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁discovery ▁on ▁the ▁M urch ison ▁Gold field . ▁ ▁John ▁Con nel ly ▁discovered ▁gold ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Anne an ▁Station ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁prompt ing ▁a ▁gold
▁r ush ▁to ▁the ▁area . ▁The ▁M urch ison ▁Gold field ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁given ▁its ▁own ▁elect oral ▁district . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁construction ▁began ▁on ▁a ▁railway ▁between ▁N ann ine ▁and ▁C ue , ▁Western ▁Australia , ▁which ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 .. ▁ ▁The ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁to ▁Me ek ath ar ra ▁was ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁N ann ine ▁is ▁an ▁Ab original ▁name , ▁" N ann ine ▁Well s " ▁being ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁a ▁survey or ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁The ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁' f at ', ▁used ▁of ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ind igen ous ▁landscape ▁where ▁the ▁prim ord ial ▁D ingo ▁of ▁the ▁dream ing ▁bit ▁off ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁E mu , ▁leaving ▁a ▁trace ▁of ▁the ▁act ▁in ▁a ▁local ▁cl iff - face , ▁which ▁the ▁ab orig ines ▁called ▁' ng an iny '. ▁The ▁earliest ▁days ▁of ▁gold ▁discovery ▁at ▁this ▁site ▁are ▁shr oud ed ▁in ▁controvers y , ▁but ▁according ▁to ▁one ▁source ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁first ▁susp ic ions ▁of ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁were
▁apparently ▁held ▁by ▁Ing pen ▁and ▁W att s , ▁station ▁hands ▁on ▁the ▁Anne an ▁past oral ▁station . ▁In ▁about ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁they ▁showed ▁the ▁site ▁to ▁J . ▁F . ▁Con n olly , ▁a ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁min ing ▁engineer , ▁who ▁found ▁gold ▁but ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁appear ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁too ▁im pressed . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Mc Ph erson ▁and ▁Peter kin ▁were ▁directed ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁site ▁and ▁found ▁significant ▁quantities ▁of ▁gold . ▁By ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁they ▁and ▁others ▁had ▁recovered ▁about ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁ oun ces ▁of ▁gold . ▁The ▁M urch ison ▁Gold field , ▁which ▁included ▁N ann ine ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁By ▁December ▁about ▁seven ▁hundred ▁men ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁settlement ▁was ▁down ▁in ▁a ▁g ul ly ▁area ▁between ▁the ▁later ▁town ▁and ▁the ▁mines ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁John ▁For rest , ▁the ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Crown ▁Land s ▁decided ▁to ▁have ▁lots ▁survey ed ▁and ▁a ▁town site ▁declared , ▁although ▁For rest ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁place ▁as ▁" An ne an ", ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁nearby ▁past oral ▁station . ▁When ▁the ▁local ▁min ers ▁heard ▁the ▁au ction ▁of ▁lots ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁Per th , ▁eight y ▁five ▁of ▁them ▁pet ition
ed ▁For rest ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁au ction ▁in ▁Ger ald ton . ▁The ▁lots ▁were ▁survey ed ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁town site ▁named ▁N ann ine , ▁as ▁" it ▁is ▁situated ▁ 1 0 ▁miles ▁from ▁Anne an ▁Station ▁and ▁ 3 ▁miles ▁from ▁N ann ine ▁Well s ", ▁and ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁proposed ▁elect oral ▁district ▁and ▁adjacent ▁gold ▁min ing ▁le ase . ▁The ▁town site ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁Following ▁the ▁survey ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁blocks ▁for ▁purchase , ▁many ▁if ▁not ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁existing ▁prem ises ▁including ▁the ▁business es ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁official ▁town site . ▁Ex actly ▁how ▁rapidly ▁this ▁migration ▁occurred ▁is ▁not ▁known , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁apparently ▁complete ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 . ▁This ▁may ▁have ▁resulted ▁in ▁some ▁business es ▁closing ▁down , ▁not ▁wish ing ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁move ▁to ▁r ated ▁land . ▁ ▁The ▁town ▁and ▁surrounding ▁area ▁was ▁in und ated ▁by ▁heavy ▁ra ins ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁N ann ine ▁receiving ▁ ▁in ▁a ▁day , ▁causing ▁the ▁railway ▁line ▁to ▁Me ek ath ar ra ▁to ▁be ▁flo oded ▁and ▁creating ▁a ▁was h way ▁a ▁few ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁the ▁town ▁was ▁in ▁deep ▁decl ine . ▁ ▁Util ities ▁ ▁In ▁November
▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁the ▁town ▁water ▁supply ▁was ▁opened . ▁ ▁Local ▁government ▁ ▁The ▁N ann ine ▁Road ▁District ▁was ▁established ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁The ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁N ann ine , ▁covering ▁the ▁town site ▁itself , ▁separated ▁from ▁the ▁road ▁district ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁road ▁district ▁was ▁abol ished ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 9 , ▁but ▁was ▁re - est ab lished ▁on ▁ 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁when ▁the ▁municipality ▁was ▁merged ▁into ▁a ▁reconst it uted , ▁smaller ▁road ▁district . ▁The ▁road ▁district ▁was ▁abol ished ▁again ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ ▁A . ▁C . ▁Tw ine ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Town ▁C ler k . ▁ ▁J . ▁L . ▁Master don ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁Mayor . ▁ ▁M ining ▁W arden ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁the ▁Ward ens ▁Court ▁was ▁still ▁a ▁tent ▁with ▁a ▁notice ▁board ▁at ▁the ▁front , ▁but ▁fort un ately ▁construction ▁began ▁on ▁a ▁stone ▁building ▁for ▁the ▁W arden ' s ▁Court ▁and ▁Reg istr ars ▁office ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁Wal ters , ▁W . ▁A . ▁G . ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁min ing ▁W arden ▁at ▁N ann ine . ▁He ▁arrived ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁
▁Police ▁and ▁courts ▁ ▁A ▁Police ▁Station ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁closed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁removed ▁to ▁Y al go o ▁som etime ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁B inn ings , ▁[ Const able ] ▁– ▁He ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁by ▁September ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁although ▁he ▁cannot ▁be ▁specifically ▁pin point ed ▁to ▁N ann ine ▁until ▁April ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁C emetery ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁there ▁were ▁about ▁six ▁gra ves ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁Jud ges ▁Hotel ▁in ▁Sim pson ▁Street , ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁they ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁be ▁moved . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁Gilbert ▁Hard ing ▁opened ▁a ▁school ▁alongside ▁his ▁residence ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁Transport ▁services ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Sp ald ing ▁began ▁a ▁coach ▁service ▁from ▁M ingen ew ▁to ▁Anne an ▁and ▁Marsh ▁ran ▁one ▁from ▁Ger ald ton ▁to ▁N ann ine ▁from ▁July ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁the ▁postal ▁directory ▁records ▁twice ▁week ly ▁G asc ard ▁coach es ▁from ▁Y al go o . ▁The ▁West ▁Australian ▁T ues day ▁ 6 ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁records ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁' ra il way ▁line ▁from ▁C ue ▁to ▁N ann ine '. ▁ ▁Post al ▁& ▁Communic ation ▁Services
▁ ▁A ▁te legraph ▁line ▁to ▁Ger ald ton ▁comm enced ▁service ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁Work ▁on ▁the ▁stone ▁post ▁and ▁te legraph ▁building ▁began ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Mar m ion ▁& ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Stre ets ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 . ▁ ▁Tw ine , ▁A . ▁C . ▁– ▁He ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁the ▁Post master ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁Hot els ▁and ▁accommod ation ▁ ▁Original ▁Town site ▁The ▁earliest ▁recorded ▁hotel ▁was ▁opened ▁by ▁Dan ▁D OW N IE ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁but ▁it ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁the ▁first ▁hotel ▁built . ▁It ▁is ▁probably ▁the ▁P ione er ▁hotel ▁recorded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁five ▁existing ▁hot els ▁in ▁March ▁that ▁year . ▁The ▁others ▁were ▁the ▁Royal , ▁the ▁Excel si or , ▁the ▁M urch ison ▁and ▁the ▁N ann ine . ▁Mrs ▁RA MS A Y , ▁host ess ▁of ▁the ▁M urch ison ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁at ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Gaz ett ed ▁Town site ▁H OT EL ▁– ▁Dow ney ▁& ▁Mur phy ▁were ▁listed ▁together ▁as ▁hotel ▁and ▁store keep ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁The ▁P ione er ▁ ▁Down ie ▁& ▁Mur phy ▁are ▁listed ▁as ▁hotel ▁and ▁Store keep ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁This
▁is ▁assumed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁P ione er ▁Hotel ▁as ▁D OW N IE ▁had ▁shift ed ▁his ▁earlier ▁hotel ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁town site ▁and ▁was ▁running ▁the ▁business ▁as ▁the ▁P ione er ▁hotel ▁on ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Street ▁in ▁the ▁gaz ett ed ▁town ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 . ▁He ▁had ▁pres umably ▁retained ▁the ▁business ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁previous ▁site . ▁David ▁D OW N IE ' s ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁links ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁P ione er ▁Hotel ▁and ▁store . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁whether ▁these ▁were ▁distinct ▁prem ises . ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁hot els ▁trad ing ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁Royal ▁ ▁John ▁D EN N IS ▁was ▁listed ▁there ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory , ▁but ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁the ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁Robert ▁J . ▁R ID LE Y . ▁The ▁hotel ▁was ▁still ▁trad ing ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Victoria ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁Mr ▁K E LL Y ' s ▁ref itted ▁brick ▁Victoria ▁Hotel , ▁was ▁refused ▁a ▁lic ence ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁there ▁being ▁ins u fficient ▁population , ▁although ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁lic ensed ▁in ▁earlier ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁Vict ory ▁ ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁Vict ory ▁Hotel ▁prior ▁to ▁it ▁being ▁le ased ▁as ▁a ▁board ing ▁house ▁in ▁
1 8 9 3 . ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁post ▁office ▁directory ▁listed ▁V . ▁B ARD EN . ▁T ▁Mac D ON AL D , ▁the ▁then ▁les see ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁apply ▁to ▁have ▁it ▁re - lic ensed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁E . ▁B . ▁SO UG HT ON ▁is ▁listed ▁at ▁the ▁hotel ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁Judge ' s ▁Hotel ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁this ▁hotel ▁on ▁Sim pson ▁Street ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁building ▁in ▁town . ▁ ▁The ▁N ann ine ▁ ▁List ed ▁' For ▁S ale ▁By ▁T ender ' ▁late ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁splendid ly ▁furn ished ▁throughout , ▁of ▁iron ▁construction ▁and ▁containing ▁a ▁large ▁bar , ▁three ▁parl ours , ▁a ▁drawing ▁room , ▁d ining ▁room ▁and ▁ 1 2 ▁bed rooms , ▁plus ▁app li ances . ▁It ▁bo asted ▁a ▁large ▁bill i ard ▁room ▁fitted ▁out ▁with ▁a ▁ren owned ▁' Al cock ' ▁table , ▁and ▁was ▁advert ised ▁to ▁include ▁st ables , ▁ou th ouses ▁and ▁a ▁but cher ' s ▁shop , ▁and ▁was ▁pur port ed ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁annual ▁turn over ▁of ▁three ▁thousand ▁Australian ▁pounds . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁explos ion ▁of ▁a ▁gas ometer ▁at ▁the ▁hotel , ▁which ▁ble w ▁the ▁roof ▁off ▁one
▁of ▁the ▁ou th ouses . ▁Mrs ▁Ele an or ▁W ILL O WS ▁( née ▁SP EN C ER ), ▁the ▁live ▁in ▁manager ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁un sc athed . ▁' M um ▁Will ows ', ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁known , ▁managed ▁the ▁hotel ▁on ▁her ▁own ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁Mr ▁William ▁S NE LL ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁until ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁Me ek ath ar ra ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁North ▁M urch ison ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁hot els ▁trad ing ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁town ' s ▁last ▁hotel ▁when ▁it ▁closed ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s . ▁ ▁Other ▁Business es ▁▁ ▁Original ▁town site ▁By ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁CR UI K SH AN KS ▁had ▁opened ▁a ▁small ▁shop ▁on ▁the ▁field . ▁This ▁was ▁pres umably ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁CR UI K SH AN K ' s ▁of ▁Anne an ▁station . ▁By ▁March ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁AL DER MAN , ▁U R CH , ▁BR AND , ▁FO GG ▁and ▁Mc IN N ES ▁had ▁all ▁started ▁gro c ery ▁story ▁stores ▁and ▁D UR ACK ▁was ▁operating ▁as ▁a ▁but cher . ▁D U FF ▁who ▁joined ▁the ▁line ▁up ▁of ▁general ▁stores ▁in ▁by ▁July ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁branch ▁in ▁C ue . ▁James
▁B RO WN ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁store ▁there . ▁ ▁Gaz ett ed ▁town site ▁ ▁B AK ER ▁– ▁James ▁B ON D ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁a ▁b aker ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁postal ▁directory , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁J ▁& ▁J ▁B ON D ' s ▁gal van ised ▁iron ▁shop ▁and ▁b ake house ▁were ▁described ▁as ▁being ▁on ▁Mar m ion ▁Street . ▁James ▁and ▁John ▁B ON D ▁were ▁also ▁advert ising ▁as ▁con fection ers ▁by ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁their ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁listing . ▁ ▁B L ACK SM ITH ▁ 1 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁C . ▁A . ▁B OST ON , ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁still ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁directory . ▁ ▁B L ACK SM ITH ▁ 2 ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁Mar m ion ▁Street ▁included ▁Mr ▁MA IN ' s ▁black sm ith ▁shop . ▁ ▁B L ACK SM ITH ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁P . ▁M . ▁D UN NE . ▁ ▁B L ACK SM ITH ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁C . ▁J AME S . ▁ ▁B UI L DER ▁& ▁CON T RA CT OR ▁– ▁John ▁DA W SON ▁and ▁Robert ▁BO Y NT ON ▁of ▁Daw son ▁& ▁Bo ynt on ▁are ▁listed
▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁B UT CH ER ▁ 1 ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁J ▁Me e han ▁& ▁Co ' s ▁but ch ers ▁shop ▁was ▁on ▁Mar m ion ▁Street , ▁and ▁John ▁& ▁James ▁M EE H AN ▁are ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁B UT CH ER ▁ 2 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁A . ▁J . ▁ED W AR DS ▁as ▁but cher ▁& ▁store . ▁ ▁B UT CH ER ▁ 3 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁H . ▁P . ▁Spr igg ▁& ▁Co ▁as ▁but ch ers ▁and ▁produce ▁mer ch ants . ▁ ▁CO OL ▁DR IN K ▁FA CT ORY ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁J . ▁C . ▁AND RE WS ▁& ▁S ons ▁min eral ▁water ▁factory ▁was ▁on ▁Mar m ion ▁Street . ▁ ▁H A IR D RESS ER ▁ 1 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁T . ▁Anthony ▁& ▁Co . ▁ ▁H A IR D RESS ER ▁ 2 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁A . ▁ST UR M . ▁ ▁MAR K ET ▁G ARD EN ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁J . ▁& J . ▁B ON D ▁had ▁a ▁market ▁garden ▁about ▁ 8 ▁kilometres ▁east
▁of ▁town . ▁ ▁M IN ING ▁AG ENT ▁ 1 ▁– ▁J . ▁C . ▁S HER R ING T ON ▁is ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁M IN ING ▁AG ENT [ S ] ▁ 2 ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁Mac Ph erson ▁Street ▁had ▁offices ▁for ▁T I MP ER LE Y - MA ST ERT ON ▁& ▁T W INE . ▁ ▁M ER CH ANT ▁ 1 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory ▁listed ▁John ▁U R CH . ▁ ▁NE WS AG ENT S ▁& ▁P H OT O GR AP HER S ▁– ▁A . ▁De ▁C ource y ▁& ▁Co ▁are ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁ST ONE MA SON ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁lists ▁both ▁James ▁Mc NA IR ▁and ▁S . ▁M ANG AN . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 1 ▁– ▁James ▁B RO WN ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁move ▁his ▁store ▁onto ▁the ▁newly ▁gaz ett ed ▁town site ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁it ▁is ▁recorded ▁on ▁Mar m ion ▁Street . ▁He ▁was ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 2 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory ▁listed ▁J . ▁F . ▁D uff ▁& ▁Co . ▁ ▁S
TO RE KE E PER ▁ 3 ▁– ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 6 / 7 ▁Mac Ph erson ▁Street ▁had ▁William ▁S MA LL ' s ▁general ▁store ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁with ▁Mar m ion ▁Street . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 4 ▁– ▁Down ie ▁& ▁Mur phy ▁are ▁listed ▁as ▁hotel ▁and ▁Store keep ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁This ▁would ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁David ▁D OW N IE ' s ▁entry ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁which ▁links ▁him ▁with ▁the ▁P ione er ▁Hotel ▁and ▁store . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁whether ▁these ▁were ▁distinct ▁prem ises . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 5 ▁– ▁E ves ▁& ▁Co ▁stayed ▁in ▁business ▁until ▁about ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 6 ▁– ▁The ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory ▁included ▁O . ▁P . ▁T I MP ER LE Y ▁and ▁J . ▁T . ▁F . ▁MA ST ERT ON ▁of ▁Tim per ley ▁& ▁Master ton ▁as ▁store keep ers , ▁and ▁min ing ▁and ▁commission ▁agents . ▁ ▁S TO RE KE E PER ▁ 7 ▁– ▁Ur ch ▁& ▁R id ley ▁are ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁UN K NO WN ▁– ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Marg olin ▁& ▁Co ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁closing ▁their ▁business
▁in ▁N ann ine . ▁ ▁V ET ER IN ARY ? ▁S UR GE ON ▁– ▁Robert ▁CON WA Y ▁was ▁listed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁postal ▁directory . ▁ ▁H alls ▁and ▁churches ▁ ▁A ▁tim ber ▁and ▁iron ▁Min ers ▁Institute ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁only ▁church ▁building ▁to ▁that ▁date ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁Roman ▁Catholic . ▁The ▁Min ers ▁Institute ▁hall ▁was ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Council ▁to ▁manage ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁Mason ic ▁Hall ▁ ▁Fre em ason ry ▁was ▁a ▁significant ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁fabric ▁of ▁many ▁rural ▁and ▁remote ▁towns ▁across ▁Australia ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁The ▁Mason ic ▁Hall ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁in ▁N ann ine ▁around ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁and ▁then ▁transport ed ▁to ▁Me ek ath ar ra ▁when ▁N ann ine ▁began ▁to ▁fade ▁some ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁later . ▁In ▁listing ▁the ▁building ▁on ▁its ▁Register , ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Council ▁of ▁W A ▁dep ict s ▁it ▁as ▁being ▁of ▁" F eder ation ▁Goth ic " ▁architect ural ▁style . ▁It ▁lists ▁the ▁building ' s ▁" H istor ic ▁Th emes " ▁as ▁being ▁" social ▁and ▁civ ic ▁activities , ▁sport , ▁recre ation ▁and ▁entertain ment ". ▁The ▁listing ▁goes ▁on ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁Hall ▁as ▁being ▁" a ▁large ▁tim ber ▁fr amed ▁cor rug ated
▁iron ▁cl ad ▁rect angular ▁building ▁with ▁a ▁red ▁iron ▁roof . ▁Tim ber ▁fr amed ▁windows ▁are ▁set ▁high ▁under ▁the ▁e aves , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁feature ▁g able ▁over ▁the ▁east ▁window . ▁The ▁roof ▁is ▁pun ctu ated ▁by ▁three ▁metal ▁v ents . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁cor rug ated ▁iron ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁building , ▁and ▁two ▁separate ▁to ile ts ." ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁Hall ▁stands ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Sav age ▁and ▁Dar lot ▁Stre ets , ▁Me ek ath ar ra , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁if ▁somewhat ▁for l orn ▁rem inder ▁of ▁times ▁now ▁long ▁past . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : G host ▁towns ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : M ining ▁towns ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 5 – 5 6 ▁San ▁Francisco ▁D ons ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco . ▁The ▁D ons ▁ended ▁the ▁season ▁und efe ated , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁NCAA ▁tournament ▁champion ▁to ▁record ▁a ▁perfect ▁season . ▁ ▁Season ▁Sum mary ▁San ▁Francisco ▁won ▁two ▁straight ▁NCAA ▁titles ▁behind ▁a ▁pun ishing ▁defense ▁led ▁by ▁Bill ▁Russell , ▁who ▁turned ▁shot ▁blocking ▁into ▁an ▁art ▁form . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁better ▁sc orer ▁than ▁history ▁gives ▁him ▁credit ▁for , ▁aver aging ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁points ▁in ▁both ▁championship ▁seasons . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁Russell
▁had ▁support ▁from ▁guard ▁K . C . ▁Jones ▁and ▁a ▁bal anced ▁line up ; ▁besides ▁Russell , ▁five ▁other ▁players ▁aver aged ▁between ▁ 7 . 1 ▁and ▁ 9 . 8 ▁points ▁per ▁game . ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁NCAA ▁basketball ▁tournament ▁Far ▁West ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 7 2 , ▁U CLA ▁ 6 1 ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 9 2 , ▁Ut ah ▁ 7 7 ▁Final ▁Four ▁ ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 8 6 , ▁Southern ▁Method ist ▁ 6 8 ▁ ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 8 3 , ▁Iowa ▁ 7 1 ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁Bill ▁Russell , ▁First ▁Team ▁All - America ▁selection ▁ ▁Team ▁players ▁draft ed ▁into ▁the ▁NBA ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : San ▁Francisco ▁D ons ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁seasons ▁Category : N CAA ▁Division ▁I ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁championship ▁seasons ▁Category : N CAA ▁Division ▁I ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁Final ▁Four ▁seasons ▁San ▁Francisco <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ref eree ▁is ▁the ▁person ▁responsible ▁for ▁enfor cing ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁( L OT G ) ▁during ▁an ▁association ▁football ▁ ▁match . ▁He ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁final ▁decision - making ▁authority ▁on ▁all ▁facts ▁connected ▁with ▁play , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁official ▁on ▁the ▁pitch ▁with ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁start ▁and ▁stop ▁play ▁and ▁imp ose ▁discipl inary ▁action ▁against ▁players ▁during ▁a ▁match . ▁At ▁most ▁levels ▁of ▁play ▁the ▁ref eree ▁is ▁assist ed ▁by ▁two ▁assistant ▁ref ere
es ▁( former ly ▁known ▁as ▁lines men ), ▁who ▁are ▁emp ower ed ▁to ▁advise ▁the ▁ref eree ▁in ▁certain ▁situations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁ball ▁leaving ▁play ▁or ▁in fr ing ements ▁of ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁occurr ing ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁ref eree ; ▁however , ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ' ▁dec isions ▁are ▁not ▁binding ▁and ▁the ▁ref eree ▁has ▁authority ▁to ▁over rule ▁an ▁assistant ▁ref eree . ▁At ▁higher ▁levels ▁of ▁play ▁the ▁ref eree ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁assist ed ▁by ▁a ▁fourth ▁official ▁who ▁super vis es ▁the ▁teams ' ▁technical ▁areas ▁and ▁ass ists ▁the ▁ref eree ▁with ▁administrative ▁tasks , ▁and , ▁at ▁the ▁very ▁highest ▁levels , ▁additional ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁and / or ▁video ▁assistant ▁ref ere es . ▁ ▁The ▁International ▁Football ▁Association ▁Board ▁( IF AB ) ▁determ ines ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game . ▁ ▁Ref ere es ▁and ▁other ▁game ▁officials ▁are ▁lic ensed ▁and ▁trained ▁by ▁its ▁member ▁national ▁organis ations . ▁▁ ▁Ref ere es ' ▁rem un er ation ▁for ▁their ▁services ▁var ies ▁between ▁le agues . ▁Many ▁are ▁wh olly ▁amateur , ▁some ▁may ▁be ▁paid ▁a ▁small ▁fee ▁or ▁re imb urs ed ▁for ▁exp enses , ▁and , ▁in ▁some ▁countries , ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁ref ere es ▁– ▁mainly ▁those ▁who ▁offici ate ▁in ▁their ▁country ' s ▁top ▁league ▁– ▁are ▁employed ▁full - time ▁by ▁their ▁national ▁associations ▁and ▁receive
▁a ▁retain er ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁every ▁season ▁plus ▁match ▁fe es . ▁ ▁Each ▁national ▁organisation ▁recomm ends ▁its ▁top ▁officials ▁to ▁FIFA ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁additional ▁honour ▁of ▁being ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁FIFA ▁International ▁Ref ere es ▁List . ▁International ▁games ▁between ▁national ▁teams ▁require ▁FIFA ▁officials . ▁Otherwise , ▁the ▁local ▁national ▁organisation ▁determ ines ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁training , ▁ranking ▁and ▁adv ancement ▁of ▁officials ▁from ▁the ▁young est ▁youth ▁games ▁through ▁professional ▁matches . ▁ ▁Pow ers ▁and ▁duties ▁ ▁The ▁ref eree ' s ▁powers ▁and ▁duties ▁are ▁described ▁by ▁Law ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game . ▁These ▁include : ▁ ▁Pow ers ▁ ▁stopping , ▁susp ending ▁or ▁termin ating ▁the ▁match ▁at ▁their ▁dis cret ion , ▁for ▁any ▁in fr ing ements ▁of ▁the ▁La ws ; ▁stopping , ▁susp ending ▁or ▁termin ating ▁the ▁match ▁because ▁of ▁outside ▁inter ference ▁of ▁any ▁kind ; ▁stopping ▁the ▁match ▁if , ▁in ▁their ▁opinion , ▁a ▁player ▁is ▁seriously ▁injured ▁and ▁ens uring ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play . ▁An ▁injured ▁player ▁may ▁only ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ▁after ▁the ▁match ▁has ▁restart ed ; ▁allowing ▁play ▁to ▁continue ▁until ▁the ▁ball ▁is ▁out ▁of ▁play ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁is , ▁in ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁opinion , ▁only ▁slightly ▁injured ; ▁allowing ▁play ▁to ▁continue ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁against ▁which ▁an ▁off ence ▁has ▁been ▁committed ▁will ▁benefit ▁from ▁such ▁an ▁advantage
▁and ▁pen alis ing ▁the ▁original ▁off ence ▁if ▁the ▁anticip ated ▁advantage ▁does ▁not ▁ens ue ; ▁taking ▁discipl inary ▁action ▁against ▁players ▁guilty ▁of ▁ca ution able ▁and ▁sending - off ▁off ences . ▁They ▁are ▁not ▁obliged ▁to ▁take ▁this ▁action ▁immediately ▁but ▁must ▁do ▁so , ▁with ▁narrow ▁exceptions , ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁next ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁play ; ▁taking ▁action ▁against ▁team ▁officials ▁who ▁fail ▁to ▁conduct ▁themselves ▁in ▁a ▁responsible ▁manner ▁and ▁may , ▁at ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁dis cret ion , ▁exp el ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ▁and ▁its ▁immediate ▁surr ounds . ▁ ▁D ut ies ▁ ▁enfor cing ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ; ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁match ▁in ▁co - operation ▁with ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁and , ▁where ▁applicable , ▁with ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁other ▁officials ; ▁ens uring ▁that ▁any ▁ball ▁used ▁meets ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁Law ▁ 2 ; ▁ens uring ▁that ▁the ▁players ' ▁equipment ▁meets ▁the ▁requirements ▁of ▁Law ▁ 4 ; ▁acting ▁as ▁time keeper ▁and ▁keeping ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁the ▁match ; ▁ens uring ▁that ▁any ▁player ▁ble eding ▁from ▁a ▁w ound ▁leaves ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play . ▁The ▁player ▁may ▁only ▁return ▁on ▁receiving ▁a ▁signal ▁from ▁the ▁ref eree , ▁who ▁must ▁be ▁satisfied ▁that ▁the ▁ble eding ▁has ▁stopped ; ▁pun ishing ▁the ▁more ▁serious ▁off ence ▁when ▁a ▁player ▁commits ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁off ence ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ; ▁acting ▁on ▁the ▁advice ▁of
▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁regarding ▁inc idents ▁that ▁the ▁ref eree ▁has ▁not ▁seen ; ▁ens uring ▁that ▁no ▁una ut hor ised ▁persons ▁enter ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ; ▁indicating ▁the ▁restart ▁of ▁the ▁match ▁after ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁stopped ; ▁providing ▁the ▁appropriate ▁authorities ▁with ▁a ▁match ▁report , ▁which ▁includes ▁information ▁on ▁any ▁discipl inary ▁action ▁taken ▁against ▁players ▁or ▁team ▁officials , ▁substitution s ▁and ▁any ▁other ▁inc idents ▁that ▁occurred ▁before , ▁during ▁or ▁after ▁the ▁match . ▁ ▁Un iform ▁and ▁equipment ▁ ▁Modern ▁day ▁ref ere es ▁and ▁their ▁assist ants ▁wear ▁a ▁uniform ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁j er sey , ▁bad ge , ▁short s ▁and ▁so cks : ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁it ▁was ▁more ▁common ▁for ▁a ▁ref eree ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁bla zer ▁than ▁a ▁j er sey . ▁Trad itionally ▁that ▁uniform ▁was ▁almost ▁always ▁all ▁black , ▁unless ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁teams ▁was ▁we aring ▁a ▁very ▁dark ▁j er sey ▁in ▁which ▁case ▁the ▁ref eree ▁would ▁wear ▁another ▁colour ▁of ▁j er sey ▁( us ually ▁red ) ▁to ▁distinguish ▁them self ▁from ▁both ▁teams . ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁World ▁Cup ▁final s , ▁new ▁j er se ys ▁were ▁introduced ▁that ▁gave ▁officials ▁a ▁choice ▁of ▁burg und y , ▁yellow ▁or ▁white , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁in ▁England ▁saw ▁ref ere es ▁wear ▁green ▁j er se ys :
▁both ▁changes ▁were ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁television ▁consider ations . ▁Since ▁then , ▁most ▁ref ere es ▁have ▁worn ▁either ▁yellow ▁or ▁black , ▁but ▁the ▁colours ▁and ▁styles ▁adopted ▁by ▁individual ▁associations ▁vary ▁greatly . ▁For ▁international ▁cont ests ▁under ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁FIFA , ▁Ad idas ▁uniform s ▁are ▁worn ▁because ▁Ad idas ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁spons or . ▁FIFA ▁allows ▁ref ere es ▁to ▁wear ▁five ▁colours : ▁black , ▁red , ▁yellow , ▁green ▁and ▁blue . ▁Al ong ▁with ▁the ▁j er sey , ▁ref ere es ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁wear ▁black ▁short s , ▁black ▁so cks ▁( with ▁white ▁stri pes ▁in ▁some ▁cases ), ▁and ▁black ▁sho es . ▁ ▁The ▁bad ge , ▁which ▁displays ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁license ▁level ▁and ▁year ▁of ▁valid ity , ▁is ▁often ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁ch est ▁pocket . ▁ ▁All ▁ref ere es ▁carry ▁a ▁wh ist le , ▁a ▁watch , ▁penalty ▁cards , ▁a ▁data ▁wal let ▁with ▁pen ▁and ▁paper , ▁and ▁a ▁coin ▁for ▁determ ining ▁which ▁team ▁has ▁the ▁choice ▁of ▁ends ▁or ▁kick - off . ▁Most ▁are ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁of ▁each ▁on ▁them ▁in ▁case ▁they ▁drop ▁a ▁wh ist le ▁or ▁a ▁pen ▁runs ▁out ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁O ften , ▁ref ere es ▁util ise ▁two ▁watch es ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁use ▁one ▁to ▁calculate ▁time ▁lost ▁for ▁sto pp ages ▁for ▁the ▁purposes ▁of ▁added
▁time . ▁At ▁the ▁highest ▁levels , ▁ref ere es ▁wear ▁a ▁full ▁du plex ▁radio ▁with ▁custom ised ▁head set ▁to ▁communicate ▁between ▁with ▁their ▁assist ants , ▁and ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁use ▁electronic ▁flags , ▁which ▁send ▁a ▁signal ▁to ▁the ▁ref eree ▁when ▁a ▁button ▁is ▁pushed . ▁In ▁matches ▁with ▁goal - line ▁technology , ▁ref ere es ▁will ▁have ▁on ▁their ▁person ▁a ▁device ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁system ' s ▁alert s . ▁ ▁Wh ist le ▁Ref ere es ▁use ▁a ▁wh ist le ▁to ▁ ▁help ▁in ▁match ▁control . ▁ ▁The ▁wh ist le ▁is ▁sometimes ▁needed ▁to ▁stop , ▁start ▁or ▁restart ▁play ▁but ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁all ▁sto pp ages , ▁starts ▁or ▁rest arts . ▁FIFA ' s ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁document ▁gives ▁guidance ▁as ▁to ▁when ▁the ▁wh ist le ▁should ▁and ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁used . ▁Over use ▁of ▁the ▁wh ist le ▁is ▁disc ou rag ed ▁since , ▁as ▁stated ▁in ▁the ▁La ws , ▁" A ▁wh ist le ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁too ▁frequently ▁unnecess arily ▁will ▁have ▁less ▁impact ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁needed ." ▁The ▁wh ist le ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁tool ▁for ▁the ▁ref eree ▁along ▁with ▁ver bal , ▁body ▁and ▁eye ▁communication . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁wh ist le , ▁ref ere es ▁indicated ▁their ▁dec isions ▁by ▁w aving ▁a ▁white ▁hand ker ch ief . ▁The ▁wh ist les ▁that ▁were ▁first ▁adopted
▁by ▁ref ere es ▁were ▁made ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Hudson ▁at ▁M ills ▁Mun itions ▁in ▁B irmingham , ▁England . ▁The ▁Ac me ▁Wh ist le ▁Company ▁( based ▁at ▁M ills ▁Mun itions ▁Factory ) ▁first ▁began ▁to ▁mass - produ ce ▁pe a ▁wh ist les ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁for ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Police ▁Force . ▁It ▁is ▁frequently ▁stated ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁wh ist le ▁was ▁first ▁used ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁between ▁Not ting ham ▁Forest ▁and ▁She ff ield ▁Nor folk ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 8 ; ▁however ▁the ▁last ▁such ▁fi xture ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁clubs ▁was ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 . ▁The ▁Not ting ham ▁Forest ▁account ▁book ▁of ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁apparently ▁recorded ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁an ▁" ump ire ' s ▁wh ist le " ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁an ▁article ▁by ▁R ▁M ▁R uck ▁about ▁his ▁playing ▁days ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 7 0 s ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁wh ist le ▁by ▁u mp ires ▁to ▁indicate ▁an ▁in fr ing ement . ▁ ▁The ▁wh ist le ▁was ▁not ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁when ▁an ▁IF AB ▁Dec ision ▁was ▁added ▁as ▁foot note ▁( b ) ▁to ▁Law ▁ 2 , ▁stating ▁" A ▁Ref eree ' s ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁players ▁for ▁mis con duct ▁or
▁un gent le man ly ▁behaviour ▁comm ences ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁enters ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play , ▁but ▁his ▁juris diction ▁in ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁comm ences ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁he ▁blow s ▁his ▁wh ist le ▁for ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁start ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁when ▁IF AB ▁greatly ▁expanded ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game , ▁an ▁Add itional ▁Inst ru ctions ▁section ▁became ▁available , ▁a ▁full ▁page ▁of ▁advice ▁on ▁how ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁wh ist le ▁should ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁communication ▁and ▁control ▁mechanism ▁by ▁the ▁ref eree . ▁ ▁History ▁Ref ere es ▁in ▁football ▁are ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Richard ▁Mul c aster ▁in ▁ 1 5 8 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁description ▁of ▁" f ot eb all " ▁he ▁advoc ates ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁" jud ge ▁over ▁the ▁parties ". ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁modern ▁era , ▁ref ere es ▁are ▁first ▁advoc ated ▁in ▁English ▁public ▁school ▁football ▁games , ▁not ably ▁E ton ▁football ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 . ▁ ▁A ▁match ▁report ▁from ▁Ro ch dale ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁shows ▁their ▁use ▁in ▁a ▁football ▁game ▁between ▁the ▁Body gu ards ▁Club ▁and ▁the ▁F ear n ought ▁Club . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁cod ified ▁sport ▁it ▁was ▁assumed ▁that ▁disput es ▁could ▁be ▁ade qu ately ▁settled ▁by ▁discussion ▁between ▁gentlemen ▁players ▁who ▁would ▁never ▁deliber ately ▁commit
▁a ▁f oul . ▁ ▁However , ▁as ▁play ▁became ▁more ▁compet itive , ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁officials ▁grew . ▁Initial ly ▁there ▁existed ▁two ▁u mp ires , ▁one ▁per ▁team , ▁who ▁could ▁be ▁appe aled ▁to ▁with ▁the ▁ref eree ▁( the ▁game ' s ▁time keeper ) ▁being ▁" re ferred " ▁to ▁if ▁the ▁u mp ires ▁couldn ' t ▁agree . ▁ ▁The ▁promotion ▁of ▁ref ere es ▁to ▁the ▁dominant ▁position ▁they ▁occup y ▁today , ▁and ▁the ▁re formation ▁of ▁u mp ires ▁into ▁the ▁lines men ▁role , ▁occurred ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁major ▁rest ruct uring ▁of ▁the ▁laws ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 . ▁ ▁Position ing ▁and ▁respons ib ilities ▁ ▁The ▁pre domin ant ▁system ▁of ▁position ing ▁and ▁division ▁of ▁responsibility ▁used ▁by ▁football ▁match ▁officials ▁throughout ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Di ag onal ▁system ▁of ▁control ▁( D SC ). ▁ ▁The ▁ref eree ▁has ▁final ▁decision - making ▁authority ▁on ▁all ▁matters . ▁The ▁ref eree ▁is ▁assist ed ▁by ▁two ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁who ▁advise ▁the ▁ref eree . ▁An ▁assistant ▁ref eree ' s ▁jud g ement ▁is ▁enfor ced ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁ref eree ▁accepts ▁that ▁jud g ement , ▁and ▁the ▁ref eree ▁has ▁the ▁authority ▁to ▁un il ater ally ▁over rule ▁an ▁assistant ▁ref eree . ▁The ▁ref eree ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁official ▁emp ower ed ▁with ▁starting ▁and ▁stopping ▁play , ▁and ▁met ing ▁out ▁discipl
inary ▁actions ▁such ▁as ▁ca utions ▁or ▁send - offs . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁are ▁instruct ed ▁by ▁the ▁ref eree ▁to ▁each ▁pat rol ▁half ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁touch line ▁on ▁opposite ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁For ▁example , ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁running ▁north – s outh , ▁one ▁assistant ▁ref eree ▁( AR ) ▁would ▁run ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁touch line ▁from ▁the ▁north ▁goal ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁half way ▁line , ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁assistant ▁ref eree ▁would ▁run ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁touch line ▁from ▁the ▁south ▁goal ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁half way ▁line . ▁In ▁general , ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ' ▁duties ▁would ▁be ▁to ▁indicate ▁( using ▁their ▁flags ) ▁when ▁an ▁off side ▁off ence ▁has ▁occurred ▁in ▁their ▁half , ▁when ▁a ▁ball ▁has ▁left ▁the ▁pitch , ▁and ▁if ▁a ▁f oul ▁has ▁been ▁executed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁ref eree ▁( typ ically ▁in ▁their ▁quadr ant ▁of ▁the ▁field ). ▁Gener ally , ▁the ▁AR s ▁will ▁position ▁themselves ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁either ▁the ▁second ▁to ▁last ▁oppon ent ▁or ▁the ▁ball ▁– ▁wh iche ver ▁is ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁goal ▁line ▁– ▁to ▁better ▁judge ▁off side ▁inf ra ctions . ▁However , ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref eree ▁will ▁have ▁specific ▁position ing ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁corner ▁k icks , ▁penalty ▁k icks , ▁and ▁throw - ins . ▁ ▁The ▁ref eree ▁pat rol s ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁to ▁cover ▁the
▁ground ▁not ▁covered ▁by ▁their ▁two ▁assist ants , ▁generally ▁running ▁in ▁a ▁diagonal ▁pattern ▁from ▁the ▁sout heast ▁quadr ant ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁towards ▁the ▁north west ▁quadr ant ; ▁hence ▁the ▁term ▁" di ag onal ▁system ▁of ▁control " ▁( D SC ). ▁Note ▁that ▁this ▁pattern ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁specific ▁route ▁but ▁a ▁general ▁guid eline ▁that ▁should ▁be ▁modified ▁to ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁play , ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁play ▁at ▁a ▁given ▁time , ▁etc . ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁the ▁ref eree ▁may ▁even ▁exit ▁the ▁field ▁if ▁it ▁a ids ▁in ▁their ▁decision - making ▁ability . ▁The ▁main ▁idea ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁ref eree ▁and ▁assist ants ▁using ▁the ▁D SC ▁should ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁position ▁themselves ▁quickly ▁and ▁easily ▁to ▁observe ▁the ▁important ▁aspects ▁of ▁play ▁( off side , ▁ball ▁in ▁or ▁out ▁of ▁play , ▁goal - sc oring ▁opportun ities , ▁challeng es ▁for ▁the ▁ball ) ▁from ▁multiple ▁angles ▁with ▁multiple ▁sets ▁of ▁eyes . ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁description ▁above ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁left ▁diagonal ▁system ▁of ▁control , ▁known ▁as ▁" running ▁a ▁left " ▁or ▁" standard ▁diagonal ". ▁If , ▁before ▁the ▁match , ▁the ▁centre ▁ref eree ▁on ▁this ▁field ▁dec ides ▁to ▁run ▁from ▁south west ▁to ▁n ortheast , ▁then ▁the ▁assist ants ▁must ▁position ▁themselves ▁accordingly ▁and ▁the ▁result ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁right ▁diagonal ▁system ▁of ▁control , ▁otherwise ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" running ▁a ▁right " ▁or
▁" reverse ▁diagonal ". ▁ ▁In ▁many ▁cases ▁in ▁England , ▁ref ere es ▁now ▁use ▁more ▁of ▁a ▁' cur ve ' ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁line ▁running ▁from ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 ▁yard ▁box , ▁and ▁when ▁near ▁the ▁centre ▁circle ▁they ▁then ▁curve ▁to ▁a ▁line ▁level ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁ 1 8 ▁yard ▁box ▁line . ▁This ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁diagonal ▁system , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁modern ▁football ▁it ▁is ▁easier ▁to ▁keep ▁up ▁with ▁play . ▁This ▁also ▁helps ▁the ▁ref eree ▁avoid ▁being ▁in ▁a ▁common ▁" pass ing ▁l ane " ▁through ▁the ▁centre ▁circle ▁itself . ▁ ▁In ▁international ▁matches ▁the ▁left - wing ▁diagonal ▁shown ▁above ▁has ▁been ▁universal ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁It ▁is ▁now ▁pre domin ant ▁across ▁the ▁world . ▁England ▁until ▁recently ▁was ▁an ▁exception ▁to ▁this ▁convention . ▁Until ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ref ere es ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁run ▁both ▁diag on als ▁during ▁a ▁match , ▁most ▁opt ing ▁to ▁run ▁from ▁right ▁wing ▁to ▁right ▁wing ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁before ▁switching ▁to ▁the ▁left - wing ▁diagonal ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁half . ▁The ▁chief ▁reason ▁for ▁this ▁altern ation ▁was ▁to ▁avoid ▁lines men ▁we aring ▁down ▁the ▁same ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁touch line ▁during ▁matches ▁– ▁this ▁was ▁important ▁given ▁the ▁generally ▁lower ▁quality ▁of ▁pitch es ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁However ▁switching ▁diagonal ▁was ▁also ▁just ified ▁in
▁terms ▁of ▁allowing ▁officials ▁to ▁pat rol ▁different ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁during ▁games . ▁From ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 4 – 7 5 ▁season ▁English ▁ref ere es ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁run ▁the ▁same ▁diagonal ▁throughout ▁the ▁same ▁match . ▁Most ▁initially ▁opt ed ▁for ▁the ▁right - wing ▁diagonal ▁although ▁over ▁the ▁years ▁the ▁left - wing ▁diagonal ▁became ▁increasing ly ▁popular ▁and ▁the ▁preferred ▁choice ▁of ▁most ▁ref ere es ▁by ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 0 s . ▁From ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁the ▁left - wing ▁diagonal ▁has ▁been ▁mand atory ▁in ▁English ▁professional ▁football ▁although ▁some ▁ref ere es ▁at ▁lower ▁levels ▁still ▁use ▁the ▁opposite ▁approach . ▁ ▁Its ▁implementation ▁as ▁a ▁standard ▁practice ▁for ▁ref ere es ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁Sir ▁Stanley ▁R ous , ▁former ▁ref eree ▁and ▁President ▁of ▁FIFA ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Other ▁systems ▁of ▁control ▁While ▁the ▁La ws ▁of ▁the ▁Game ▁mand ate ▁a ▁single ▁ref eree ▁with ▁assist ants ▁as ▁described ▁above , ▁other ▁systems ▁are ▁author ized ▁either ▁experiment ally ▁or ▁explicitly ▁by ▁some ▁gover ning ▁organizations . ▁ ▁D ual ▁system ▁( 2 ▁ref ere es ) ▁The ▁dual ▁system , ▁has ▁two ▁ref ere es ▁with ▁no ▁assist ants . ▁The ▁system ▁is ▁used ▁some ▁matches ▁played ▁under ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Federation ▁of ▁State ▁High ▁School ▁Associ ations ▁( NF HS ) ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ,
▁and ▁in ▁other ▁youth ▁or ▁amateur ▁matches . ▁Both ▁ref ere es ▁have ▁equal ▁authority , ▁and ▁the ▁decision ▁of ▁one ▁ref eree ▁is ▁binding ▁on ▁the ▁other . ▁Each ▁ref eree ▁is ▁primarily ▁responsible ▁for ▁a ▁specific ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁similar ▁to ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁in ▁the ▁diagonal ▁system , ▁except ▁that ▁the ▁ref ere es ▁are ▁allowed ▁and ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁move ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁touch ▁line ▁into ▁the ▁field , ▁particularly ▁as ▁play ▁approaches ▁the ▁goal ▁lines . ▁Like ▁the ▁assistant ▁ref ere es ▁in ▁the ▁diagonal ▁system , ▁each ▁ref eree ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁pat rolling ▁one ▁touch ▁line ▁and ▁one ▁goal ▁line ▁and ▁determ ining ▁possession ▁for ▁the ▁restart ▁if ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁play ▁on ▁either ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁boundaries . ▁ ▁Position ing ▁in ▁the ▁dual ▁system ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁used ▁by ▁officials ▁in ▁basketball : ▁each ▁ref eree ▁is ▁either ▁term ed ▁the ▁" le ad " ▁or ▁the ▁" tra il ", ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁attack . ▁If ▁the ▁attack ▁is ▁against ▁the ▁goal ▁to ▁the ▁ref eree ' s ▁right ▁( when ▁facing ▁the ▁field ▁from ▁their ▁assigned ▁touch ▁line ), ▁then ▁that ▁ref eree ▁is ▁the ▁lead , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁trail . ▁The ▁lead ▁is ▁position ed ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁play , ▁even ▁with ▁the ▁second - to - last ▁def ender ▁to ▁the ▁extent ▁possible , ▁while ▁the ▁trail ▁is ▁position ed ▁behind ▁the ▁play . ▁Both ▁are
▁responsible ▁for ▁calling ▁fou ls ▁and ▁mis con duct ▁and ▁determ ining ▁the ▁restart ▁when ▁the ▁ball ▁goes ▁out ▁of ▁play ▁on ▁one ▁of ▁their ▁assigned ▁boundary ▁lines . ▁Since ▁the ▁lead ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁better ▁position ▁to ▁determine ▁off side , ▁the ▁lead ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁calling ▁off side , ▁while ▁the ▁trail ▁provides ▁an ▁extra ▁monitor ▁for ▁fou ls ▁and ▁mis con duct ▁while ▁the ▁lead ' s ▁attention ▁is ▁focused ▁on ▁off side . ▁When ▁the ▁attack ▁changes ▁direction , ▁the ▁trail ▁becomes ▁the ▁lead ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁Double ▁dual ▁system ▁( 3 ▁ref ere es ) ▁The ▁double ▁dual ▁system ▁uses ▁three ▁ref ere es ▁all ▁with ▁wh ist les ▁position ed ▁much ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁traditional ▁diagonal ▁system ▁of ▁control ▁mand ated ▁by ▁IF AB . ▁ ▁Each ▁ref eree ▁has ▁the ▁same ▁authority ▁for ▁decision ▁making . ▁It ▁is ▁author ized ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁for ▁college ▁and ▁high ▁school ▁matches ▁although ▁it ▁is ▁rarely ▁used . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁FIFA ▁international ▁ref ere es ▁Ass istant ▁ref eree ▁( associ ation ▁football ) ▁Fou ls ▁and ▁mis con duct ▁( associ ation ▁football ) ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁ref ere es ▁FA ▁Cup ▁Final ▁ref ere es ▁Football ▁ref ere eing ▁in ▁England ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁in ▁Black : ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Football ▁Ref eree , ▁Gordon ▁Thom son , ▁Pr ion ▁Books ▁Ltd , ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁▁ ▁Category
: L aws ▁of ▁association ▁football ▁▁ ▁Category : Pos itions ▁of ▁authority ▁Category : S ports ▁offici ating ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁occup ations <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁William ▁Ru pert ▁Hay ▁ ▁( Dec ember ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁– ▁April ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁British ▁Indian ▁Army ▁officer ▁and ▁administrator ▁in ▁British ▁India . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁Chief ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Bal och istan ▁during ▁the ▁colonial ▁era . ▁ ▁Career ▁Hay ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Brad field ▁and ▁University ▁College , ▁Oxford . ▁He ▁was ▁commission ed ▁in ▁the ▁Dor set shire ▁Regiment ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁served ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁in ▁Mes op ot am ia . ▁He ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Indian ▁Army ▁and ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁P un j ab is , ▁being ▁appointed ▁Qu arter - Master ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁second ed ▁to ▁the ▁Foreign ▁and ▁Political ▁Department ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁and ▁was ▁confirmed ▁in ▁his ▁appointment ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁Political ▁Agent ▁in ▁South ▁W az ir istan ▁ 1 9 2 4 – 2 8 , ▁Ass istant ▁Commission er ▁in ▁M ard an ▁ 1 9 2 8 – 3 1 , ▁and ▁Political ▁Agent ▁in ▁Mal ak and ▁ 1
9 3 1 – 3 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁Res ident ▁in ▁W az ir istan ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 4 1 , ▁Res ident ▁in ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁ 1 9 4 1 – 4 2 , ▁Re venue ▁and ▁Jud icial ▁Commission er ▁in ▁Bal och istan ▁ 1 9 4 2 – 4 3 ▁and ▁Agent ▁to ▁the ▁Governor - General , ▁Res ident ▁and ▁Chief ▁Commission er ▁in ▁Bal och istan ▁ 1 9 4 3 – 4 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁again ▁Political ▁Res ident ▁in ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁when ▁he ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁service ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁England . ▁ ▁Publications ▁Two ▁Years ▁in ▁Kur dist an ▁: ▁Exper ien ces ▁of ▁a ▁Political ▁Officer , ▁ 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 0 , ▁Sid g wick ▁& ▁Jackson , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁The ▁Pers ian ▁G ulf ▁States , ▁Middle ▁East ▁Institute , ▁Washington ▁D . C ., ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁H A Y , ▁L t - Col ▁Sir ▁( Will iam ) ▁Ru pert , ▁Who ▁Was ▁Who , ▁A ▁& ▁C ▁Black , ▁ 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 1 5 ▁( online ▁edition , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Ob itu ary ▁– ▁Sir ▁Ru pert ▁Hay ▁– ▁The ▁Indian ▁Political ▁Service , ▁The ▁Times
, ▁London , ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁page ▁ 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁educated ▁at ▁Brad field ▁College ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁University ▁College , ▁Oxford ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Indian ▁Army ▁officers ▁Category : Admin istr ators ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁St ▁Michael ▁and ▁St ▁George ▁Category : K n ights ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Empire ▁Category : Comp an ions ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Star ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Ind ian ▁Political ▁Service ▁officers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁was ▁an ▁ab rupt ▁cold ▁and ▁wet ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁climate ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁E po ch ; ▁it ▁is ▁generally ▁dated ▁to ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁c . ▁ 3 2 0 0 - 2 8 0 0 . ▁Some ▁research ers ▁associate ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁with ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁climate ▁regime , ▁and ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Sub - B ore al , ▁in ▁the ▁B ly tt – S ern ander ▁sequence ▁of ▁Hol oc ene ▁clim ates . ▁ ▁The ▁spatial ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁change ▁is ▁unclear ; ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁show ▁up ▁as ▁a ▁major , ▁or ▁even ▁ident ifiable , ▁event ▁in ▁hem is pher ic ▁temperature ▁reconst ru ctions . ▁
▁First ▁detection ▁The ▁phenomen on ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Val ▁P ior a ▁or ▁P ior a ▁Valley ▁in ▁Switzerland , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁first ▁detected ; ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁dram atic ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps . ▁Gla ci ers ▁advanced ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps , ▁apparently ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁clim atic ▁optim um ; ▁the ▁Al pine ▁tree ▁line ▁dropped ▁by ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters . ▁In ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁Dead ▁Sea ▁rose ▁nearly ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁( 3 0 0 fe et ), ▁then ▁re ced ed ▁to ▁a ▁more ▁usual ▁level . ▁A ▁few ▁comment ators ▁have ▁associated ▁the ▁climate ▁changes ▁of ▁this ▁period ▁with ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁U ru k ▁period , ▁as ▁a ▁Dark ▁Age ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁flo ods ▁of ▁the ▁Gil g ames h ▁ep ic ▁and ▁No ah ' s ▁flo od ▁of ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Gen esis . ▁ ▁Link ▁to ▁horse ▁domestic ation ▁The ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁domestic ation ▁of ▁the ▁horse . ▁In ▁Central ▁Asia , ▁a ▁col der ▁climate ▁fav ored ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁horses : ▁" The ▁horse , ▁since ▁it ▁was ▁so ▁ade pt ▁at ▁for aging ▁with ▁snow ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁t ended ▁to ▁replace ▁cattle ▁and ▁sheep ." ▁The ▁P ior a ▁period ▁seems ▁associated
▁with ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁col der ▁d rier ▁air ▁over ▁the ▁Western ▁and ▁Eastern ▁Mediter rane an , ▁and ▁may ▁have ▁de pressed ▁ra inf alls ▁as ▁far ▁af ield ▁as ▁the ▁Middle ▁East . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁sudden ▁on set ▁of ▁d rier ▁weather ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁Sah ara . ▁ ▁C aus es ▁The ▁cause ▁or ▁causes ▁of ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁are ▁deb ated . ▁A ▁Green land ▁ice ▁core , ▁G IS P 2 , ▁shows ▁a ▁sul f ate ▁sp ike ▁and ▁m eth ane ▁tr ough ▁c . ▁ 3 2 5 0 ▁B CE , ▁suggesting ▁an ▁unusual ▁occurrence ▁— ▁either ▁a ▁vol can ic ▁er u ption ▁or ▁a ▁meteor ▁or ▁an ▁astero id ▁impact ▁event . ▁Other ▁authorities ▁associate ▁the ▁P ior a ▁O sc ill ation ▁with ▁other ▁compar able ▁events , ▁like ▁the ▁ 8 . 2 ▁kil o year ▁event , ▁that ▁rec ur ▁in ▁climate ▁history , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁ 1 5 0 0 - year ▁climate ▁cycle . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ 1 5 0 0 - year ▁climate ▁cycle ▁ 2 2 nd ▁century ▁BC ▁dr ought ▁B ø ll ing - All er ø d ▁Ne ol ith ic ▁Sub pl uv ial ▁Old er ▁Per on ▁African ▁hum id ▁period ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C lim ate ▁Category : C limat ology ▁Category : C lim ate ▁history ▁Category : H istor ical
▁er as <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Student ▁Global ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign ▁( SG AC ) ▁is ▁an ▁advoc acy ▁group ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 5 ▁chap ters ▁at ▁high ▁schools , ▁colleg es , ▁and ▁univers ities ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁bringing ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁H IV ▁and ▁A ID S ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁and ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁uses ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁tact ics ▁to ▁achieve ▁its ▁goals , ▁including ▁education ▁on ▁camp uses , ▁letter - writing ▁and ▁calling ▁campaign s ▁to ▁decision - m akers , ▁public ▁demonstr ations , ▁media ▁work , ▁and ▁other ▁activ ist ▁tact ics . ▁ ▁The ▁organization ▁often ▁describes ▁its ▁mission ▁in ▁the ▁sh orth and ▁' F und ▁the ▁Fight , ▁Tre at ▁the ▁People , ▁Drop ▁the ▁Deb t , ▁Stop ▁the ▁Sp read '. ▁ ▁The ▁full er ▁vision ▁statement ▁is : ▁" We ▁en vision ▁a ▁world ▁in ▁which ▁A ID S ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁a ▁death ▁sentence , ▁in ▁which ▁econom ics ▁and ▁ge ography ▁do ▁not ▁determine ▁access ▁to ▁life - s aving ▁dru gs , ▁and ▁where ▁every ▁woman , ▁man , ▁and ▁child ▁has ▁the ▁knowledge , ▁means , ▁and ▁rights ▁to ▁protect ▁her - ▁or ▁himself ▁from ▁in fection ." ▁The ▁campaign ▁has ▁therefore ▁pushed ▁for ▁access ▁to ▁ant ire t ro vir al ▁dru gs , ▁the ▁elim ination ▁of ▁third ▁world ▁deb t , ▁reform ▁of ▁global ▁trade ▁rules ,
▁and ▁access ▁to ▁cond oms . ▁ ▁Major ▁events ▁& ▁recent ▁success es ▁" K ick ▁Co ke ▁Off ▁Camp us ": ▁S G AC ▁joined ▁with ▁other ▁A ID S ▁activ ists ▁to ▁pressure ▁C oca - Col a ▁to ▁treat ▁its ▁H IV + ▁workers ▁in ▁its ▁African ▁bott ling ▁plants ▁B ake ▁S ale ▁for ▁the ▁Global ▁Fund : ▁where ▁S G AC ers ▁sold ▁brown ies ▁for ▁$ 1 ▁billion ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁represent atives ' ▁and ▁sen ators ' ▁offices ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁raise ▁the ▁money ▁Congress ▁wasn ’ t ▁giving ▁to ▁the ▁Global ▁Fund ▁ 0 4 . Stop . A ID S : ▁a ▁loose ▁network ▁of ▁H IV ▁and ▁A ID S ▁activ ists , ▁many ▁of ▁them ▁S G AC ers , ▁who ▁went ▁to ▁president ial ▁candidates ' ▁events ▁and ▁asked ▁pointed ▁questions ▁until ▁every ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁candidate ▁adopted ▁a ▁progress ive ▁platform ▁on ▁global ▁A ID S ▁( Pres ident ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ▁refused ▁to ▁talk ▁with ▁the ▁activ ists ▁or ▁allow ▁them ▁into ▁events ) ▁Student ▁March ▁Again st ▁A ID S : ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁S G AC ▁held ▁the ▁second ▁largest ▁H IV ▁and ▁A ID S ▁mobil ization ▁in ▁U . S . ▁history . ▁More ▁than ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁and ▁young ▁people ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁country ▁r al lied ▁together ▁in ▁DC ▁for ▁the ▁Student ▁March ▁Again st ▁A ID S . ▁G
ile ad ▁Sciences ▁Corpor ate ▁Camp aign : ▁in ▁spring ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁S G AC ▁took ▁on ▁its ▁second ▁corpor ate ▁campaign , ▁this ▁time ▁target ing ▁the ▁mark eters ▁of ▁second - line ▁A ID S ▁dru gs ▁who ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁make ▁those ▁medic ines ▁accessible ▁to ▁lower ▁and ▁middle ▁income ▁countries . ▁The ▁company ▁G ile ad ▁Sciences ▁eventually ▁made ▁major ▁con cess ions ▁to ▁make ▁its ▁drug ▁Ten of ov ir ▁more ▁available ▁and ▁allow ▁generic ▁competition . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁S G AC ▁began ▁an ▁expanded ▁campaign ▁focused ▁on ▁pushing ▁for ▁Universal ▁Access ▁to ▁A ID S ▁Tre at ment ▁by ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁& ▁found ing ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁the ▁Student ▁Global ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign ▁and ▁its ▁parent ▁organization , ▁Global ▁Justice , ▁were ▁founded ▁simultaneously ▁by ▁students ▁at ▁Harvard ▁and ▁the ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁of ▁Government ▁who ▁saw ▁the ▁un t apped ▁potential ▁of ▁students ▁to ▁advoc ate ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁change ▁on ▁global ▁H IV ▁and ▁A ID S ▁and ▁other ▁issues ▁of ▁global ▁justice . ▁Global ▁Justice ▁became ▁officially ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ▁( c )( 3 ) ▁organization , ▁with ▁the ▁Student ▁Global ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign ▁as ▁its ▁first ▁campaign . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁conference ▁was ▁a ▁New ▁England ▁regional ▁conference ▁hosted ▁by ▁Harvard ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1
. ▁That ▁spring ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁fall ▁regional ▁con ferences ▁were ▁also ▁held ▁at ▁Indiana ▁University , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison , ▁and ▁Williams ▁College . ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁S G AC ▁organized ▁its ▁first ▁national ▁conference ▁( host ed ▁by ▁George ▁Washington ▁University ), ▁which ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁students ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁As ▁S G AC ’ s ▁chapter ▁base ▁has ▁grown ▁so ▁has ▁its ▁capacity ▁for ▁effective ▁advoc acy . ▁S G AC ’ s ▁first ▁large ▁r ally ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Boston ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁demand ▁that ▁Senator ▁John ▁Ker ry ▁( who ▁had ▁declared ▁himself ▁the ▁Senate ▁A ID S ▁leader ) ▁significantly ▁increase ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁fund ing ▁for ▁the ▁Global ▁Fund ▁in ▁the ▁bill ▁he ▁was ▁then ▁writing . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁S G AC ▁is ▁a ▁youth - ▁and ▁student - led ▁organization ▁organized ▁into ▁chap ters ▁based ▁at ▁high ▁schools ▁or ▁univers ities . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁Ste ering ▁Committee ▁( SC ) ▁of ▁students ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁country . ▁Elect ed ▁by ▁S G AC ▁members ▁for ▁one - year ▁terms , ▁SC ▁members ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁day - to - day ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁and ▁fill ▁roles ▁r anging ▁from ▁media ▁coord ination ▁to ▁out re ach ▁work . ▁ ▁Dec isions ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁cons ensus . ▁ ▁Global ▁Justice ▁The ▁Student ▁Global ▁A
ID S ▁Camp aign ' s ▁parent ▁organization , ▁Global ▁Justice , ▁is ▁also ▁home ▁to ▁other ▁student - led ▁campaign s ▁on ▁global ▁trade ▁and ▁child ▁surv ival . ▁ ▁Global ▁Justice ▁also ▁emp lo ys ▁the ▁staff ▁that ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁Student ▁Global ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign , ▁including ▁a ▁full - time ▁national ▁organ izer , ▁a ▁shared ▁executive ▁director , ▁and ▁support / communic ations ▁staff . ▁Global ▁Justice ▁is ▁govern ed ▁by ▁a ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors ▁which ▁has ▁included ▁such ▁activ ists ▁and ▁intellect uals ▁as ▁Jeff rey ▁Sach s , ▁Paul ▁Far mer , ▁and ▁A CT ▁UP ▁co - found er ▁Eric ▁S aw yer , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁students ▁from ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁group ' s ▁campaign s . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁emer ging ▁al umn i ▁group ▁of ▁previous ▁leaders ▁who ▁have ▁now ▁graduated . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁The ▁Global ▁Fund ▁to ▁Fight ▁A ID S , ▁T uber cul osis ▁and ▁Mal aria ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Student ▁Global ▁A ID S ▁Camp aign ▁Global ▁Justice ▁ ▁Category : H IV / A ID S ▁activ ism ▁Category : C iv ic ▁and ▁political ▁organizations ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : H IV / A ID S ▁organizations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hamburg ▁oil ▁field ▁is ▁a ▁remote ▁area ▁in ▁north - western ▁Al berta , ▁Canada , ▁with ▁int ensive ▁expl oration ▁and ▁production ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁gas . ▁ ▁The ▁closest ▁town ▁is
▁Mann ing , ▁at ▁ 1 8 0 km ▁east . ▁ ▁Dr illing ▁activity ▁is ▁especially ▁int ensive ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁months , ▁when ▁the ▁otherwise ▁soft ▁mus k eg ▁can ▁be ▁crossed ▁on ▁winter ▁roads . ▁▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁companies ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁large ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁are ▁Dev on ▁Energy , ▁Apache ▁Corporation , ▁and ▁Occ ident al ▁Pet role um . ▁ ▁Access ▁West ▁on ▁the ▁Ch in h ch aga ▁Forest ry ▁Road ▁from ▁Highway ▁ 3 5 ▁Through ▁the ▁Hamburg ▁Aer od rome ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Canadian ▁oil ▁patch ▁ ▁Category : Clear ▁Hills ▁County ▁Category : O il ▁fields ▁of ▁Al berta <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁Har ro wer ▁( M arch ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 3 3 ▁– ▁December ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁was ▁a ▁far mer ▁and ▁political ▁figure ▁in ▁Man it oba . ▁He ▁represented ▁Sho al ▁Lake ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Man it oba ▁as ▁a ▁Liberal . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁North ▁Sher bro oke ▁Township , ▁Lan ark ▁County , ▁Upper ▁Canada , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁Scottish ▁imm igr ant . ▁Har ro wer ▁married ▁Mary ▁Ann ▁Smith ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁Lake ▁Super ior ▁co pper ▁mines ▁from ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁later ▁moving ▁to ▁Oregon ▁and ▁then
▁V ancouver ▁Island . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁he ▁settled ▁in ▁St . ▁Paul ▁parish ▁near ▁W inn ip eg . ▁Har ro wer ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁municipal ▁council ▁for ▁St . ▁Paul . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 4 , ▁ ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Str ath cla ir . ▁Har ro wer ▁died ▁in ▁W inn ip eg ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 5 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁death s ▁Category : Man it oba ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁ML As ▁Category : F arm ers ▁from ▁Man it oba ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Lan ark ▁County ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Daniel ▁D ione ys ▁Ge ere ▁( 1 8 1 4 ▁– ▁ 1 8 6 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter . ▁ ▁Ge ere ' s ▁batt ing ▁style ▁is ▁unknown . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Sto ke ▁P og es , ▁Buck ingham shire . ▁ ▁Ge ere ▁made ▁two ▁first - class ▁appearances ▁for ▁Sus sex ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 , ▁both ▁against ▁Not ting ham shire . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁match ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁New ▁Gr ound , ▁Bright on , ▁Ge ere ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁for ▁ 2 ▁runs ▁in ▁Sus sex ' s ▁inn ings ▁of ▁ 2 2 5 ▁by ▁Thomas ▁B ark er . ▁ ▁Not ting ham shire ▁were ▁dismiss ed
▁for ▁ 1 0 4 ▁in ▁response ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁follow - on , ▁making ▁just ▁ 6 2 ▁in ▁their ▁second - inn ings ▁to ▁give ▁Sus sex ▁an ▁inn ings ▁and ▁ 5 9 ▁run ▁victory . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁return ▁match ▁at ▁Tr ent ▁Bridge , ▁Sus sex ▁made ▁ 1 1 5 ▁in ▁their ▁first - inn ings , ▁with ▁Ge ere ▁being ▁dismiss ed ▁for ▁a ▁du ck ▁by ▁B ark er . ▁ ▁Not ting ham shire ▁made ▁ 8 5 ▁in ▁their ▁first - inn ings , ▁while ▁Sus sex ▁could ▁only ▁manage ▁to ▁make ▁ 7 3 ▁in ▁their ▁second - inn ings , ▁with ▁Ge ere ▁ending ▁the ▁inn ings ▁not ▁out ▁on ▁ 3 . ▁ ▁Not ting ham shire ' s ▁target ▁in ▁their ▁second - inn ings ▁was ▁ 1 0 4 , ▁but ▁they ▁could ▁only ▁make ▁ 8 9 ▁to ▁hand ▁Sus sex ▁a ▁ 1 4 ▁run ▁victory . ▁ ▁His ▁death ▁was ▁registered ▁at ▁Lew es ▁in ▁Sus sex ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁quarter ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁with ▁stated ▁age ▁being ▁ 5 3 . ▁His ▁second ▁name ▁is ▁sp elled ▁as ▁" D iones " ▁on ▁the ▁certificate . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Daniel ▁Ge ere ▁at ▁ESP N c ric info ▁Daniel ▁Ge ere ▁at ▁Cr icket Arch ive ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople
▁from ▁South ▁Buck s ▁District ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S us sex ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁Perry ▁Bay ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁open ▁ice - filled ▁bay ▁about ▁ 1 2 ▁na ut ical ▁miles ▁( 2 2 km ) ▁wide , ▁indent ing ▁the ▁coast ▁between ▁Fre eman ▁Point ▁and ▁a ▁stub by ▁pen ins ula ▁termin ating ▁in ▁Cape ▁K elt ie . ▁Del ine ated ▁from ▁air ▁photos ▁taken ▁by ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁Operation ▁High j ump ▁( 1 9 4 6 – 4 7 ). ▁N amed ▁by ▁Ad vis ory ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Names ▁( US - AC AN ) ▁for ▁Lieutenant ▁O . H . ▁Perry ▁on ▁the ▁s loop ▁Pe ac ock ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Ex pl oring ▁Ex ped ition ▁( 1 8 3 8 – 4 2 ) ▁under ▁Wil kes . ▁ ▁Category : B ays ▁of ▁Wil kes ▁Land <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Dan h ires , ▁from ▁Kent , ▁Ohio , ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁sculpt or ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁He ▁has ▁received ▁comm issions ▁from ▁private ▁and ▁public ▁organizations . ▁He ▁has ▁made ▁sculpt ures ▁hon oring ▁veter ans ▁in ▁several ▁states . ▁Education , ▁human ity , ▁and ▁freedom ▁are ▁other ▁them es ▁of ▁his ▁work . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁oil - based ▁paint ▁artist . ▁Dan h ires ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁the ▁My ers ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁at ▁the
▁University ▁of ▁Ak ron , ▁Kent ▁State ▁University , ▁and ▁East ▁Carolina ▁University . ▁ ▁Education ▁Dan h ires ▁attended ▁gradu ate ▁school ▁at ▁Ohio ▁University ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Military ▁Dan h ires ▁joined ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁( US MC ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁and ▁served ▁for ▁four ▁years , ▁without ▁seeing ▁combat . ▁His ▁brothers ▁served ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁and ▁Korean ▁conflict . ▁He ▁bel ieves ▁in ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁public ▁monuments ▁to ▁recognize ▁veter ans . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Art ist ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁he ▁completed ▁the ▁bronze ▁Vietnam ▁Memorial ▁sculpt ure ▁for ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁Dan h ires ▁was ▁the ▁architect ▁on ▁the ▁project ▁and ▁Ron ▁Ben nett ▁was ▁the ▁artist . ▁Other ▁states ▁have ▁mem orial s ▁to ▁soldiers ▁made ▁by ▁Dan h ires . ▁The ▁Ohio ▁State house ▁has ▁his ▁works ▁in ▁its ▁collection , ▁including ▁representations ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁yesterday ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁of ▁today ▁in ▁the ▁Map ▁Room . ▁ ▁A ▁statue ▁of ▁James ▁Brad ley , ▁a ▁former ▁slave , ▁was ▁ere cted ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁by ▁Dan h ires , ▁who ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁C inc inn ati ▁B ic ent enn ial ▁Commission . ▁The ▁statue ▁shows ▁Brad ley ▁sitting ▁on ▁a ▁river front ▁ben ch , ▁facing ▁north ▁across ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River ▁to ▁C inc inn ati , ▁while ▁reading ▁a ▁book . ▁Loc ated
▁in ▁Cov ington , ▁Kentucky , ▁it ▁represents ▁the ▁journey ▁of ▁slaves ▁along ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road . ▁Brad ley ▁was ▁a ▁slave ▁and ▁free ▁man ▁who ▁taught ▁himself ▁to ▁read . ▁The ▁statue ▁was ▁restored ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁He ▁created ▁the ▁J our ney ▁to ▁Learning ▁sculpt ure ▁in ▁Franklin ▁County , ▁Ohio , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁dep ict s ▁children ▁and ▁two ▁teachers . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁s its ▁on ▁a ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁alphabet ▁letters ▁and ▁numbers . ▁He ▁created ▁Claud ia ▁in ▁St rip ed ▁D ress . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁fellow ▁Ohio ▁University ▁al umn ists ▁Robert ▁Pe ppers ▁and ▁T yr one ▁G eter ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁Trans itions : ▁The ▁Culture ▁from ▁Within ▁exhib it ▁for ▁the ▁school ' s ▁Mult icult ural ▁Center . ▁The ▁exhib it ▁included ▁their ▁mixed ▁media ▁works , ▁sculpt ures , ▁paint ings , ▁and ▁ass embl ages ▁with ▁spiritual ity ▁and ▁human ity ▁as ▁the ▁theme . ▁ ▁He ▁installed ▁relief ▁sculpt ures ▁on ▁Franklin ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Kent , ▁Ohio , ▁for ▁its ▁b ic ent enn ial . ▁Dan h ires ▁was ▁commission ed ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁- t all ▁sculpt ure ▁with ▁three ▁pan els ▁at ▁the ▁V eter ans ' ▁Memorial ▁at ▁the ▁Kent ▁Central ▁Gate way ▁trans it ▁center , ▁for ▁a ▁V eter ans ▁Day ▁installation ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0
1 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁h ired ▁by ▁the ▁Port age ▁Area ▁Regional ▁Transport ation ▁Author ity . ▁The ▁sculpt ure , ▁created ▁using ▁the ▁lost - w ax ▁casting ▁method , ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁honor ▁all ▁former ▁soldiers , ▁whether ▁they ▁died ▁during ▁war ▁or ▁are ▁veter ans . ▁Each ▁panel ▁has ▁the ▁phrase ▁" To ▁honor ▁all ▁the ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁who ▁serve " ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁work . ▁C ut outs ▁in ▁the ▁pan els ▁represent ▁soldiers ▁who ▁have ▁died . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁relief ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁veter ans , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁woman ▁ste pping ▁forward ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁increasing ▁role ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁military . ▁A ▁man ▁in ▁a ▁wheel ch air ▁represents ▁disabled ▁veter ans . ▁ ▁Also ▁in ▁Kent , ▁Ohio , ▁is ▁Dan hire ' s ▁Fire fig h ter ▁Memorial ▁# 4 ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁Edu c ator ▁He ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ak ron ' s ▁My ers ▁School ▁of ▁Art . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁his ▁works ▁and ▁those ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁others ▁were ▁shown ▁in ▁an ▁exhibition ▁of ▁emer it us ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁the ▁My ers ▁School ▁of ▁Art ▁entitled ▁" Cont inu ity : ▁Rec ent ▁Works ▁by ▁Emer it us ▁Fac ulty ." ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁taught ▁art ▁at ▁Kent ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁East ▁Carolina ▁University . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people )
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kent , ▁Ohio ▁Category : American ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ak ron ▁fac ulty ▁Category : K ent ▁State ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : E ast ▁Carolina ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Oh io ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁pain ters ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Mar ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Pennsylvania ▁Route ▁ 2 4 7 ▁( PA ▁ 2 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁state ▁highway ▁located ▁in ▁L ack aw anna , ▁Sus que h anna , ▁and ▁Wayne ▁Count ies ▁in ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁The ▁southern ▁termin us ▁is ▁at ▁Inter state ▁ 8 4 ▁( I - 8 4 ) ▁in ▁Mount ▁C obb . ▁ ▁The ▁northern ▁termin us ▁is ▁at ▁PA ▁ 3 7 0 ▁in ▁Pr eston ▁Park . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁north ▁from ▁I - 8 4 ▁in ▁L ack aw anna ▁County ▁and ▁cross es ▁the ▁Mo os ic ▁Mountains ▁before ▁it ▁heads ▁into ▁sub urban ▁areas ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Sc r anton , ▁serving ▁Jess up , ▁Bla k ely , ▁and ▁Arch b ald . ▁In ▁this ▁area , ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁has ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 6 ▁( US ▁ 6 ) ▁fre ew ay ▁in ▁Jess up ▁and ▁intersect s ▁US ▁ 6 ▁Business ▁( US ▁ 6 ▁Bus .) ▁in ▁Arch b ald . ▁Past ▁here , ▁the ▁route ▁continues ▁north ▁into ▁rural ▁areas
▁in ▁northern ▁L ack aw anna ▁County . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁into ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁Sus que h anna ▁County ▁and ▁passes ▁through ▁Forest ▁City , ▁where ▁it ▁forms ▁a ▁short ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁PA ▁ 1 7 1 . ▁The ▁route ▁continues ▁into ▁Wayne ▁County ▁and ▁heads ▁east ▁before ▁cur ving ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁continu ing ▁to ▁its ▁termin us ▁at ▁PA ▁ 3 7 0 . ▁ ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁was ▁designated ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁between ▁US ▁ 6 ▁at ▁Main ▁Street ▁in ▁Bla k ely ▁and ▁an ▁un number ed ▁road ▁north ▁of ▁Rock ▁Lake . ▁The ▁route ▁followed ▁its ▁current ▁alignment ▁except ▁between ▁Mont dale ▁and ▁D und aff , ▁where ▁it ▁ran ▁further ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁along ▁current ▁PA ▁ 4 3 8 , ▁Jordan ▁H ollow ▁Road , ▁PA ▁ 1 0 7 , ▁W orth ▁Church ▁Road , ▁C ream ery ▁Road , ▁and ▁Airport ▁Road . ▁PA ▁ 1 4 7 ▁was ▁designated ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁between ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 / PA ▁ 3 4 7 ▁in ▁Mont dale ▁and ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁in ▁D und aff . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 8 ▁was ▁designated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁to ▁run ▁between ▁PA ▁ 3 4 8 ▁in ▁Mount ▁C obb ▁and ▁US ▁ 6 ▁at ▁Main ▁Street ▁in ▁W inton . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁was ▁extended ▁north ▁to ▁PA
▁ 5 7 0 ▁( now ▁PA ▁ 3 7 0 ) ▁in ▁Pr eston ▁Park ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁was ▁real igned ▁between ▁Mont dale ▁and ▁D und aff ▁to ▁replace ▁PA ▁ 1 4 7 ▁and ▁was ▁extended ▁south ▁to ▁PA ▁ 3 4 8 ▁in ▁Mount ▁C obb , ▁replacing ▁PA ▁ 2 4 8 . ▁The ▁route ▁was ▁extended ▁south ▁to ▁I - 8 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁ ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁begins ▁at ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁I - 8 4 ▁in ▁Jefferson ▁Township , ▁L ack aw anna ▁County , ▁heading ▁north ▁on ▁a ▁two - lane ▁und iv ided ▁road . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁west ▁of ▁a ▁park ▁and ▁ride ▁lot ▁and ▁passes ▁business es , ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁PA ▁ 3 4 8 . ▁Following ▁this , ▁the ▁road way ▁continues ▁into ▁for ested ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁homes . ▁The ▁road ▁turns ▁north west ▁and ▁passes ▁through ▁Jefferson ▁He ights ▁before ▁heading ▁across ▁the ▁for ested ▁Mo os ic ▁Mountains . ▁Al ong ▁this ▁stretch , ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁cross es ▁into ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Jess up , ▁briefly ▁heading ▁through ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁O lyph ant ▁before ▁crossing ▁back ▁into ▁Jess up . ▁The ▁road ▁heads ▁north ▁and ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁inter change ▁with ▁the ▁US ▁
6 ▁fre ew ay , ▁becoming ▁Mo os ic ▁Lake ▁Road ▁and ▁passing ▁west ▁of ▁a ▁park ▁and ▁ride ▁lot . ▁The ▁name ▁changes ▁to ▁Hill ▁Street ▁and ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁north west ▁past ▁business es . ▁The ▁route ▁turns ▁south west ▁onto ▁Gr ass y ▁Island ▁Avenue ▁and ▁continues ▁into ▁resident ial ▁areas , ▁turning ▁north west ▁onto ▁Church ▁Street . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁briefly ▁heads ▁south west ▁on ▁Front ▁Street ▁before ▁res uming ▁north west ▁on ▁Church ▁Street , ▁passing ▁more ▁homes . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁through ▁the ▁commercial ▁dow nt own ▁of ▁Jess up ▁and ▁cross es ▁a ▁Del aware – L ack aw anna ▁Rail road ▁line , ▁turning ▁south west ▁onto ▁Constitution ▁Avenue ▁for ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁before ▁continu ing ▁north west ▁onto ▁Bridge ▁Street . ▁The ▁road ▁passes ▁more ▁homes ▁prior ▁to ▁crossing ▁the ▁L ack aw anna ▁River ▁into ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Bla k ely ▁and ▁becoming ▁Dep ot ▁Street . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁turns ▁west ▁onto ▁River ▁Street ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁more ▁resident ial ▁areas , ▁turning ▁north ▁onto ▁Ke yst one ▁Avenue . ▁The ▁route ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁north west ▁before ▁turning ▁n ortheast ▁onto ▁G ino ▁Mer il ▁Drive . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁north ▁onto ▁Wild cat ▁Road ▁and ▁passes ▁near ▁homes ▁with ▁some ▁business es , ▁crossing ▁into ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Arch b ald . ▁The ▁road ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁US ▁ 6 ▁Business ▁and ▁heads ▁into ▁dense
▁for ests , ▁turning ▁north west ▁and ▁entering ▁Scott ▁Township . ▁ ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁west ▁through ▁for ested ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁homes ▁as ▁an ▁un named ▁road , ▁intersect ing ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁PA ▁ 6 3 2 ▁and ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁north west . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁through ▁more ▁rural ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁resid ences , ▁turning ▁north ▁onto ▁Lak eland ▁Drive ▁and ▁intersect ing ▁the ▁eastern ▁termin us ▁of ▁PA ▁ 4 3 8 ▁in ▁Mont dale . ▁The ▁road ▁heads ▁through ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁far ml and ▁and ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁homes , ▁cur ving ▁to ▁the ▁north - n ortheast ▁and ▁becoming ▁an ▁un named ▁road . ▁The ▁route ▁intersect s ▁PA ▁ 1 0 7 ▁before ▁crossing ▁into ▁Green field ▁Township ▁and ▁passing ▁through ▁more ▁rural ▁areas . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁through ▁more ▁agricult ural ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁woods ▁and ▁resid ences , ▁passing ▁through ▁Sp enc ers ▁Corn ers ▁before ▁crossing ▁PA ▁ 1 0 6 ▁in ▁Fin ch ▁Hill . ▁North ▁of ▁here , ▁the ▁road ▁turns ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁heads ▁through ▁more ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁with ▁some ▁homes ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁Newton ▁Lake . ▁The ▁route ▁heads ▁into ▁Cl iff ord ▁Township ▁in ▁Sus que h anna ▁County ▁and ▁continues ▁through ▁more ▁wood land ▁with ▁some ▁fields ▁and ▁resid ences , ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁in ▁D und aff . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁through ▁more ▁rural ▁areas , ▁passing
▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁Cry stal ▁Lake . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁the ▁route ▁cross es ▁into ▁F ell ▁Township ▁in ▁L ack aw anna ▁County ▁and ▁heads ▁through ▁wood ed ▁areas ▁of ▁homes , ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁heads ▁back ▁into ▁Cl iff ord ▁Township , ▁Sus que h anna ▁County ▁and ▁runs ▁through ▁far ml and ▁with ▁some ▁homes , ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁into ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁far ms ▁and ▁woods ▁with ▁some ▁resid ences . ▁The ▁road ▁curves ▁to ▁the ▁east - n ortheast ▁and ▁heads ▁through ▁for ested ▁areas ▁with ▁a ▁few ▁homes , ▁becoming ▁D und aff ▁Street . ▁The ▁road ▁enters ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Forest ▁City ▁and ▁passes ▁through ▁resident ial ▁areas , ▁coming ▁to ▁an ▁intersection ▁with ▁PA ▁ 1 7 1 . ▁Here , ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁turns ▁south ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁conc urrency ▁with ▁PA ▁ 1 7 1 ▁on ▁Main ▁Street , ▁passing ▁through ▁the ▁commercial ▁dow nt own . ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁spl its ▁from ▁PA ▁ 1 7 1 ▁by ▁turning ▁n ortheast ▁onto ▁Mar ion ▁Street , ▁heading ▁into ▁wood ed ▁areas . ▁ ▁PA ▁ 2 4 7 ▁enters ▁Cl inton ▁Township ▁in ▁Wayne ▁County ▁and ▁becomes ▁White ▁Rock ▁Drive , ▁heading ▁into ▁the ▁resident ial ▁community ▁of ▁Brow nd ale ▁and ▁turning ▁to ▁the ▁north - n ortheast . ▁The ▁road ▁continues ▁through ▁for ested ▁areas ▁with ▁occas ional ▁homes . ▁The ▁route

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