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▁Division ▁ 2 ▁premiers ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁for ▁the ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁wooden - sp oon ers ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁season , ▁giving ▁a ▁fair ▁opportunity ▁for ▁promotion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁based ▁on ▁on - field ▁performance ; ▁but , ▁the ▁automatic ▁nature ▁of ▁this ▁promotion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁meant ▁that ▁no ▁consideration ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁off - field ▁strength ▁of ▁the ▁club , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁critical ▁factor ▁in ▁determ ining ▁a ▁club ' s ▁vi ability . ▁By ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁growing ▁off - field ▁gap ▁between ▁the ▁strong est ▁and ▁weak est ▁clubs , ▁and ▁the ▁fick le ▁correlation ▁between ▁off - field ▁strength ▁and ▁on - field ▁finishing ▁positions ▁meant ▁that ▁some ▁strong ▁clubs ▁were ▁stuck ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁and ▁some ▁weak ▁clubs ▁were ▁holding ▁their ▁places ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 . ▁This ▁had ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁consequences ▁det r iment al ▁to ▁the ▁Association ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁ ▁The ▁conclusion ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁Association ▁would ▁be ▁more ▁vi able ▁if ▁the ▁clubs ▁which ▁made ▁up ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁were ▁selected ▁based ▁on ▁off - field ▁mer it ▁and ▁vi ability , ▁rather ▁than ▁on - field ▁results . ▁A ▁new ▁structure , ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁proposed ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁under ▁Alex ▁G illon ' s ▁presiden cy , ▁was ▁rat ified ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁under ▁Alan ▁W ick es ' ▁presiden
cy ▁by ▁a ▁margin ▁of ▁ 1 9 – 4 , ▁well ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁the ▁three - quarters ▁majority ▁required . ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁structure : ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁was ▁expanded ▁from ▁ten ▁to ▁twelve ▁clubs . ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁could ▁be ▁expanded ▁to ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁twelve ▁clubs , ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁number ▁depending ▁upon ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁suitable ▁applic ants . ▁The ▁clubs ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁were ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁Association ▁executive ▁committee ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁following ▁criteria , ▁in ▁order ▁of ▁importance : ▁quality ▁of ▁administration ; ▁financial ▁position ; ▁quality ▁of ▁facilities ; ▁long - term ▁potential ▁of ▁the ▁club ; ▁on - field ▁performance ; ▁on - field ▁and ▁off - field ▁reputation ; ▁development ▁programs ▁for ▁junior ▁players ; ▁local ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁Sunday ▁football . ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁between ▁the ▁divisions ▁was ▁decided ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁at ▁the ▁dis cret ion ▁of ▁the ▁executive ▁committee , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁criteria . ▁Autom atic ▁promotion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁for ▁the ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁premiers ▁and ▁the ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁wooden ▁sp oon er ▁was ▁abol ished . ▁This ▁last ed ▁only ▁for ▁two ▁seasons , ▁and ▁was ▁re inst ated ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁season . ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁also ▁encourag ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁its ▁we aker ▁clubs ▁to ▁consider ▁am alg am ating ▁with ▁neighbour ing ▁clubs ▁to ▁improve ▁long - term ▁vi ability , ▁although ▁it ▁stopped ▁short ▁of ▁forcing ▁am
alg am ations . ▁As ▁many ▁as ▁four teen ▁of ▁the ▁Association ' s ▁twenty ▁clubs ▁were ▁sent ▁letters ▁on ▁the ▁matter ▁of ▁am alg am ation ▁during ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁– ▁Pra h ran ▁and ▁Ca ul field , ▁Box ▁Hill ▁and ▁Cam ber well , ▁and ▁Oak le igh ▁and ▁W aver ley ▁were ▁amongst ▁the ▁pairs ▁of ▁clubs ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁approached ▁– ▁but ▁no ▁am alg am ations ▁resulted . ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁and ▁re leg ation ▁for ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁The ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁Grand ▁Final . ▁Four ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁clubs ▁were ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁expanded ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁Cam ber well ▁( pre mi ers ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ), ▁which ▁was ▁enjo ying ▁good ▁local ▁support ▁after ▁two ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁premiers hips ▁in ▁three ▁years , ▁and ▁had ▁been ▁secure ▁off - field ▁during ▁its ▁one ▁season ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁The ▁club ▁rep a id ▁the ▁Association ' s ▁faith ▁by ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁strong est ▁crowd - draw ing ▁clubs ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁W aver ley ▁( run ners - up ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ). ▁W aver ley ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁surprise ▁promotion ▁by ▁noted
▁Association ▁sport sw riter ▁Marc ▁F idd ian , ▁because ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lowest - draw ing ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Association , ▁while ▁its ▁nearest ▁neighbour ▁Oak le igh ▁had ▁been ▁one ▁of ▁Division ▁ 1 ' s ▁highest ▁draw cards ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁re leg ated ; ▁but , ▁Oak le igh ▁had ▁an ▁increasing ▁Greek ▁migr ant ▁population , ▁so ▁its ▁long - term ▁potential ▁was ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁seriously ▁threatened ▁by ▁s occer , ▁giving ▁W aver ley ▁an ▁off - field ▁edge . ▁Wer ri be e ▁( four th ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ). ▁Once ▁described ▁as ▁" the ▁l ones ome ▁batt ler " ▁of ▁the ▁Association , ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁the ▁outer ▁western ▁sub urban ▁club ▁had ▁strugg led ▁through ▁its ▁six teen ▁seasons ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁for ▁one ▁final s ▁appearance ▁and ▁four ▁wooden ▁spo ons . ▁However , ▁it ▁was ▁almost ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁an ▁am bit ious ▁five - year ▁plan ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁club ▁build ▁its ▁fin ances , ▁improve ▁its ▁on - field ▁performance ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁final s ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁and ▁open ▁a ▁$ 2 0 0 k ▁social ▁club ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁This ▁off - field ▁strength ▁and ▁potential ▁saw ▁the ▁club ▁promoted ▁to ▁Division ▁ 1 , ▁and ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁disappoint , ▁attract ing ▁a ▁huge ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 1
0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁a ▁home ▁game ▁against ▁Port ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁May , ▁and ▁continu ing ▁to ▁draw ▁strongly ▁through ▁the ▁year . ▁William st own ▁( se vent h ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ). ▁Despite ▁fair - to - m idd ling ▁performances ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁since ▁being ▁re leg ated ▁after ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁season , ▁William st own ▁( the ▁longest - ser ving ▁club ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁Association ) ▁was ▁still ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁finan cially ▁stable ▁and ▁well ▁supported ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁division . ▁The ▁changes ▁also ▁helped ▁to ▁spread ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁more ▁even ly ▁across ▁Melbourne : ▁Wer ri be e ▁and ▁William st own ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁western ▁sub urban ▁clubs ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁since ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁and ▁W aver ley ' s ▁inclusion ▁provided ▁more ▁representation ▁to ▁the ▁spraw ling ▁south - e astern ▁sub ur bs . ▁ ▁Two ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁clubs ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁for ▁ 1 9 8 2 : ▁Brun sw ick ▁( t enth ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ). ▁It ▁had ▁been ▁widely ▁recogn ised ▁over ▁previous ▁years ▁that ▁Brun sw ick ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁clubs ▁worst - aff ected ▁by ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁migr ant ▁population ▁in ▁its ▁local ity , ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁in ability ▁to ▁comp ete ▁with ▁s occer ; ▁and ▁therefore ▁its ▁long - term ▁potential ▁was ▁not ▁considered ▁strong ▁enough ▁for
▁the ▁rest ruct ured ▁Division ▁ 1 . ▁Ca ul field ▁( n inth ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ). ▁Ca ul field ' s ▁case ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁was ▁most ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁small , ▁poor ▁quality ▁facilities ▁at ▁its ▁home ▁ground ▁at ▁Prin ces ▁Park . ▁Two ▁other ▁clubs ▁who ▁were ▁considered ▁for ▁re leg ation ▁but ▁held ▁their ▁places ▁were : ▁Ge el ong ▁West , ▁who ▁had ▁gone ▁through ▁but ▁recovered ▁from ▁a ▁severe ▁financial ▁crisis ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 - 8 1 ; ▁and ▁Cob urg , ▁who , ▁like ▁Brun sw ick , ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁a ▁low ▁fan base ▁due ▁to ▁dem ographic ▁sh ifts ▁in ▁its ▁local ity . ▁ ▁Association ▁membership ▁Two ▁new ▁clubs ▁joined ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁season . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁new ▁adm issions ▁to ▁the ▁Association ▁since ▁Frank ston ▁joined ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁The ▁new ▁clubs ▁were : ▁Spring v ale ▁– ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ' s ▁strong est ▁clubs , ▁Spring v ale ▁had ▁long ▁been ▁considered ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁Association ▁membership . ▁The ▁club ▁had ▁turned ▁down ▁an ▁offer ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁and ▁had ▁applied ▁to ▁join ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁but ▁been ▁turned ▁down ▁because ▁the ▁Association ▁was ▁not ▁interested ▁in ▁expand ing ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Spring v ale ▁was ▁accepted ▁as ▁the ▁nin th ▁club ▁on
▁ 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁K ils yth ▁– ▁A ▁small ▁club ▁from ▁the ▁outer ▁eastern ▁sub ur bs , ▁the ▁K ils yth ▁C oug ars ▁had ▁finished ▁last ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁District ▁Football ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁K ils yth ▁was ▁admitted ▁as ▁the ▁t enth ▁club ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁K ils yth ▁is ▁histor ically ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁surprise ▁ad mission , ▁given ▁its ▁small ▁size ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁local ▁success . ▁The ▁Association ▁had ▁har b oured ▁strateg ic ▁interests ▁in ▁expand ing ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁eastern ▁sub ur bs ▁since ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 6 0 s , ▁but ▁the ▁larger ▁Ring wood ▁Football ▁Club ▁was ▁usually ▁considered ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁club ▁to ▁gain ▁ad mission . ▁K ils yth ▁hoped ▁that ▁despite ▁being ▁a ▁small ▁club , ▁it ▁would ▁still ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁attract ▁E DF L ▁players ▁from ▁the ▁wider ▁Ring wood ▁and ▁Cro yd on ▁area ▁who ▁asp ired ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁V FA . ▁Alt ogether , ▁seven ▁clubs ▁applied ▁to ▁join , ▁although ▁the ▁ident ities ▁of ▁the ▁un success ful ▁candidates ▁were ▁never ▁formally ▁revealed . ▁North ▁Ball ar at , ▁Ring wood ▁and ▁Gre ens borough ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁clubs ▁spec ulated ▁to ▁have ▁applied . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁new ▁clubs ▁brought ▁the ▁total ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁to ▁twenty - two ▁clubs , ▁a ▁new ▁record
. ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁was ▁expanded ▁to ▁twelve ▁clubs , ▁and ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁remained ▁constant ▁at ▁ten ▁clubs . ▁ ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁Although ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁expanded ▁from ▁ten ▁clubs ▁to ▁twelve ▁clubs , ▁the ▁home - and - away ▁season ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁over ▁ 1 8 ▁r ounds , ▁rather ▁than ▁being ▁expanded ▁to ▁ 2 2 ▁r ounds . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁not ▁all ▁pairs ▁of ▁teams ▁played ▁both ▁home ▁and ▁away ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁The ▁top ▁four ▁then ▁cont ested ▁the ▁final s ▁under ▁the ▁Page – Mc Int y re ▁system . ▁The ▁final s ▁were ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁J unction ▁O val . ▁ ▁Lad der ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁leading ▁go alk icker ▁for ▁the ▁season ▁was ▁Fred ▁Cook ▁( Port ▁Melbourne ), ▁who ▁k icked ▁ 1 2 7 ▁goals ▁during ▁the ▁home - and - away ▁season ▁and ▁ 1 4 0 ▁goals ▁overall . ▁The ▁J . ▁J . ▁List on ▁Tro phy ▁was ▁originally ▁decided ▁by ▁a ▁count back , ▁after ▁three ▁players ▁finished ▁level ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁votes . ▁Geoff ▁Aust en ▁( Pr eston ) ▁originally ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁out right , ▁with ▁five ▁first ▁prefer ences ; ▁Bill ▁Sw an ▁( Port ▁Melbourne ) ▁was ▁second , ▁with ▁four ▁first ▁prefer ences ▁and ▁four ▁second ▁prefer ences ; ▁and ▁David ▁W enn ▁( D anden ong ), ▁was ▁third ▁with ▁four ▁first ▁prefer ences ▁and ▁three ▁second ▁prefer ences . ▁Following ▁a
▁decision ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁count back ▁was ▁ret ros pect ively ▁elimin ated , ▁and ▁all ▁three ▁players ▁are ▁now ▁recognized ▁as ▁joint ▁List on ▁Tro phy ▁w inners . ▁Sand ring ham ▁won ▁the ▁seconds ▁premi ership . ▁Sand ring ham ▁ 1 8 . 1 0 ▁( 1 1 8 ) ▁defeated ▁Pr eston ▁ 1 2 . 1 5 ▁( 8 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Final , ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁cur tain - ra iser ▁to ▁the ▁sen iors ▁Grand ▁Final ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September . ▁ ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁The ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁home - and - away ▁season ▁was ▁played ▁over ▁eigh teen ▁r ounds ; ▁the ▁top ▁four ▁then ▁cont ested ▁the ▁final s ▁under ▁the ▁Page – Mc Int y re ▁system ; ▁all ▁final s ▁were ▁played ▁on ▁Sund ays ▁at ▁To or ak ▁Park . ▁ ▁Lad der ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Awards ▁The ▁leading ▁go alk icker ▁for ▁the ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁was ▁Ted ▁Car roll ▁( Spring v ale ), ▁who ▁k icked ▁ 1 1 8 ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁home - and - away ▁season ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁particip ate ▁in ▁final s . ▁The ▁J . ▁Field ▁Medal ▁was ▁originally ▁won ▁out right ▁by ▁Mark ▁Williams ▁( S un sh ine ), ▁who ▁pol led ▁ 2 5 ▁votes ; ▁Russ ▁H od ges ▁( K ils yth ) ▁was ▁originally ▁second , ▁after ▁also ▁pol ling ▁ 2 5 ▁votes ▁but
▁finishing ▁behind ▁Williams ▁on ▁count back . ▁Following ▁a ▁decision ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁the ▁count back ▁was ▁ret ros pect ively ▁elimin ated , ▁and ▁both ▁players ▁are ▁now ▁recognized ▁as ▁joint ▁Field ▁Med all ists . ▁Ted ▁Car roll ▁( Spring v ale ) ▁finished ▁third ▁with ▁ 1 4 ▁votes . ▁Spring v ale ▁won ▁the ▁Second s ▁premi ership ▁in ▁its ▁first ▁season . ▁Spring v ale ▁ 1 6 . 8 ▁( 1 0 4 ) ▁defeated ▁North c ote ▁ 1 5 . 1 1 ▁( 1 0 1 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Final , ▁played ▁as ▁a ▁cur tain - ra iser ▁to ▁the ▁senior ▁Grand ▁Final ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September . ▁ ▁Notable ▁events ▁ ▁Inter le ague ▁matches ▁The ▁Association ' s ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁and ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁teams ▁each ▁played ▁two ▁inter le ague ▁matches ▁during ▁the ▁season , ▁including ▁the ▁Association ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁matches ▁against ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Am ateur ▁Football ▁Association . ▁Fred ▁Cook ▁( Port ▁Melbourne ) ▁capt ained ▁the ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁team ▁and ▁Gary ▁Br ice ▁( Port ▁Melbourne ) ▁was ▁coach ; ▁Jim ▁Christ ou ▁( N orth c ote ) ▁capt ained ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁against ▁the ▁S . A . F . A ., ▁and ▁Russ ▁H od ges ▁( K ils yth ) ▁capt ained ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁against ▁the ▁V . A . F . A . ▁after ▁Christ ou ▁was ▁un available ▁through ▁injury
. ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁events ▁Network ▁Ten ▁did ▁not ▁renew ▁its ▁agreement ▁to ▁te lev ise ▁Association ▁games ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁The ▁network ▁had ▁shown ▁live ▁tele cast s ▁of ▁Association ▁games ▁over ▁fifteen ▁years ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁but ▁opt ed ▁not ▁to ▁continue . ▁One ▁stick ing ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁negoti ations ▁surrounded ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁central ▁ground : ▁Network ▁Ten ▁had ▁been ▁keen ▁for ▁the ▁tele vised ▁game ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁ven ue ▁each ▁week ; ▁the ▁Association ▁arranged ▁for ▁the ▁J unction ▁O val ▁to ▁be ▁available ▁in ▁this ▁capacity , ▁but ▁Ten ▁wor ried ▁that ▁the ▁small ▁Association ▁crow ds ▁would ▁give ▁a ▁poor ▁atmosphere ▁in ▁such ▁a ▁large ▁ven ue . ▁Some ▁clubs , ▁including ▁Pra h ran ▁and ▁D anden ong , ▁strugg led ▁to ▁find ▁strong ▁spons or ship ▁after ▁the ▁television ▁deal ▁ended . ▁Two ▁field ▁u mp ires ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁all ▁matches ▁across ▁both ▁the ▁home - and - away ▁season ▁and ▁final s ▁in ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁starting ▁from ▁this ▁season . ▁This ▁change ▁had ▁been ▁made ▁in ▁Division ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁To ▁co inci de ▁with ▁the ▁change ▁in ▁u mp ires , ▁the ▁voting ▁system ▁for ▁the ▁J . ▁J . ▁List on ▁Tro phy ▁and ▁the ▁J . ▁Field ▁Medal ▁were ▁both ▁changed ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Under ▁the ▁new ▁system ,
▁the ▁two ▁field ▁u mp ires ▁con ferred ▁after ▁the ▁game , ▁and ▁awarded ▁one ▁set ▁of ▁votes ▁to ▁the ▁best ▁three ▁players ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁on ▁a ▁ 3 – 2 – 1 ▁basis . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁April , ▁Spring v ale ▁scored ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁points ▁in ▁only ▁its ▁second ▁Association ▁game : ▁Spring v ale ▁ 3 5 . 1 5 ▁( 2 2 5 ) ▁d . ▁Sun sh ine ▁ 1 8 . 1 7 ▁( 1 2 5 ). ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁April , ▁Chris ▁R our ke ▁k icked ▁a ▁goal ▁after ▁the ▁final ▁sir en ▁to ▁secure ▁victory ▁for ▁Cam ber well ▁against ▁Pr eston ; ▁Cam ber well ▁ 1 8 . 1 3 ▁( 1 2 1 ) ▁d . ▁Pr eston ▁ 1 7 . 1 7 ▁( 1 1 9 ). ▁In ▁the ▁match ▁between ▁Frank ston ▁and ▁Ge el ong ▁West ▁at ▁Frank ston ▁Park ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June , ▁Simon ▁Taylor ▁( Ge el ong ▁West ) ▁k icked ▁a ▁very ▁late ▁goal ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁five - point ▁victory ; ▁Ge el ong ▁West ▁ 2 0 . 1 0 ▁( 1 3 0 ) ▁d . ▁Frank ston ▁ 1 7 . 2 3 ▁( 1 2 5 ). ▁Frank ston ▁argued ▁that ▁Taylor ' s ▁goal ▁was ▁k icked ▁slightly ▁after ▁the ▁final ▁sir en ▁had ▁sound ed ▁and ▁lod ged ▁an ▁official ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁result . ▁Frank ston
▁cont ended ▁that ▁cont rolling ▁u mp ire ▁Neil ▁Griff ith ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁sir en , ▁but ▁non - cont rolling ▁u mp ire ▁Frank ▁Ver g ona ▁had ▁heard ▁the ▁sir en ▁and ▁sign alled ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁play ▁before ▁the ▁goal ▁was ▁k icked ; ▁the ▁two ▁u mp ires ▁had ▁con ferred ▁before ▁award ing ▁the ▁goal . ▁The ▁Association ▁rejected ▁Frank ston ' s ▁protest ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁the ▁u mp ires ▁acted ▁within ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁by ▁award ing ▁the ▁goal ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁jud g ement ▁of ▁when ▁the ▁sir en ▁had ▁sound ed , ▁but ▁it ▁did ▁conced e ▁that ▁the ▁goal ▁was ▁probably ▁scored ▁after ▁time ▁had ▁exp ired , ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁time keep ers ▁should ▁have ▁sound ed ▁the ▁sir en ▁for ▁longer , ▁and ▁sent ▁a ▁memor and um ▁to ▁all ▁clubs ▁to ▁check ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁their ▁sir ens . ▁Y ar ra ville ▁captain - co ach ▁John ▁Sh arp ▁was ▁reported ▁in ▁five ▁separate ▁matches ▁during ▁the ▁season . ▁On ▁the ▁fourth ▁occasion , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁against ▁M ord ial loc , ▁he ▁was ▁susp ended ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁six teen ▁weeks ▁for ▁kick ing ▁and ▁striking ▁an ▁oppon ent , ▁and ▁for ▁attempting ▁to ▁knock ▁the ▁goal ▁u mp ire ' s ▁hat ▁off ; ▁and , ▁he ▁was ▁found ▁not ▁guilty ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁serious ▁off ences ▁of ▁striking ▁a ▁goal ▁u mp ire ▁and ▁tri pping
▁a ▁field ▁u mp ire . ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later , ▁while ▁co aching ▁from ▁the ▁boundary ▁line , ▁he ▁was ▁reported ▁again ▁on ▁four ▁charges ▁of ▁using ▁ab us ive ▁language , ▁and ▁was ▁susp ended ▁in def initely ▁from ▁serving ▁in ▁any ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Association , ▁ending ▁his ▁career . ▁Sh arp ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁history ▁of ▁reports ▁and ▁susp ensions , ▁and ▁under ▁his ▁leadership ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁fifteen ▁Y ar ra ville ▁players ▁were ▁reported ▁during ▁the ▁season . ▁In ▁the ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁pre lim inary ▁final , ▁Ca ul field ▁tra iled ▁Oak le igh ▁by ▁as ▁much ▁as ▁eight ▁goals ▁during ▁the ▁third ▁quarter , ▁but ▁recovered ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁match ▁by ▁ 2 6 ▁points . ▁At ▁the ▁Division ▁ 2 ▁Grand ▁Final , ▁$ 5 0 0 0 ▁in ▁c ash ▁– ▁amount ing ▁to ▁nearly ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁$ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁gate ▁– ▁was ▁st olen ▁from ▁the ▁To or ak ▁Park ▁rooms . ▁It ▁was ▁never ▁recovered . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁V FA / V FL ▁Prem iers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ict or ian ▁Football ▁League ▁seasons ▁V FL <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁organ ic ▁chem istry , ▁bil ane ▁is ▁a ▁comp ound ▁with ▁the ▁formula ▁ ▁or ▁. ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁t etra py r role , ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁comp ounds ▁with ▁four ▁independent ▁p yr role ▁rings . ▁Specifically , ▁the ▁mole c ule ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁as ▁four
▁p yr role ▁mole cules ▁ ▁connected ▁in ▁an ▁open ▁chain ▁by ▁three ▁m eth yl ene ▁brid ges ▁ ▁at ▁car b ons ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁nit rog ens , ▁replacing ▁the ▁respective ▁hyd rog ens . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁comp ounds ▁formally ▁derived ▁from ▁bil ane ▁proper ▁by ▁replacement ▁of ▁some ▁additional ▁hydro gen ▁atoms ▁by ▁various ▁functional ▁groups . ▁ ▁Natural ▁bil anes ▁usually ▁have ▁side ▁ch ains ▁subst it uted ▁on ▁the ▁two ▁car b ons ▁in ▁each ▁p yr role ▁ring ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁nit rog ens . ▁ ▁Art ific ial ▁bil anes ▁may ▁be ▁subst it uted ▁on ▁the ▁brid ging ▁car b ons ▁( called ▁mes o ▁positions ). ▁ ▁The ▁parent ▁( un subst it uted ) ▁bil ane ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁prepare ▁and ▁un stable , ▁but ▁subst it uted ▁derivatives ▁are ▁synth es ized ▁by ▁most ▁living ▁organ isms ▁as ▁inter medi ates ▁in ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁natural ▁por ph yr ins . ▁Sub st it uted ▁bil anes ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁the ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁synth esis ▁of ▁artificial ▁por ph yr ins . ▁ ▁Re actions ▁Upon ▁treatment ▁with ▁al de hy des , ▁bil anes ▁may ▁cycl ize ▁to ▁give ▁por ph yr in og ens ▁and ▁various ▁open ▁or ▁closed ▁o lig om ers ▁and ▁polym ers . ▁▁ ▁In ▁living ▁organ isms , ▁the ▁b ios yn thesis ▁of ▁all ▁natural ▁por ph yr ins
▁proceed s ▁through ▁the ▁bil ane ▁pre urop orph yr in ogen , ▁which ▁is ▁produced ▁from ▁four ▁mole cules ▁of ▁the ▁mon omer ▁por ph obil in ogen , ▁and ▁then ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁closed ▁t etra py r role ▁u rop orph yr in ogen ▁III ▁( or , ▁in ▁certain ▁met abol ic ▁dis orders , ▁into ▁u rop orph yr in ogen ▁I ). ▁Also , ▁the ▁cat abol ism ▁of ▁hem og lo bin ▁in ▁humans ▁produces ▁bil ir ub in , ▁another ▁linear ▁t etra py r role ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁partially ▁ox id ized ▁bil ane . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T etra py r ro les <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁C az in ▁re bell ion ▁() ▁was ▁an ▁armed ▁anti - state ▁re bell ion ▁of ▁pe as ants ▁that ▁occurred ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁C az in ▁and ▁Vel ika ▁K lad u š a ▁in ▁the ▁Bos anska ▁K raj ina ▁region , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Sl un j ▁in ▁Cro atia , ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁part ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁The ▁pe as ants ▁revol ted ▁against ▁the ▁forced ▁collect iv ization ▁and ▁collect ive ▁far ms ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁government ▁following ▁a ▁dr ought ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁after ▁which ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁pun ished ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁in ability ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁quot as . ▁The ▁ring le aders ▁were ▁per
sec uted ▁and ▁some ▁killed , ▁including ▁many ▁innoc ent ▁civ ili ans . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁pe asant ▁re bell ion ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Cold ▁War ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁re bell ion ▁is ▁various ly ▁called ▁C az in ▁re bell ion , ▁C az in ▁u pr ising , ▁C az in ▁revol t ▁and ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁pe as ants ' ▁revol t . ▁ ▁Background ▁Pe as ants ▁made ▁up ▁three - quarters ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ' s ▁population . ▁The ▁coun tr ys ide ▁had ▁contributed ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁rec ruits ▁to ▁Y ug oslav ▁Part is ans , ▁U sta še ▁and ▁Ch et nik s ▁al ike ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁They ▁suffered ▁much ▁more ▁than ▁their ▁counter parts ▁in ▁the ▁cities . ▁When ▁the ▁war ▁ended ▁and ▁commun ist ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁was ▁established , ▁the ▁new ▁commun ist ▁leadership ▁forced ▁pe as ants ▁to ▁produce ▁enough ▁food ▁to ▁satisfy ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁country ▁and ▁exports . ▁This ▁rule ▁applied ▁throughout ▁the ▁commun ist ▁B alk ans , ▁and ▁polit icians ▁were ▁quick ▁to ▁cur b ▁independent ▁political ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide . ▁ ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁began ▁collect iv ization ▁and ▁forcing ▁the ▁pe as ants ▁to ▁start ▁collect ive ▁far ms ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁appe ase ▁its ▁commun ist ▁al ly ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union
, ▁when ▁Joseph ▁St alin ▁accused ▁Y ug oslav ▁leader ▁Jos ip ▁Bro z ▁T ito ▁of ▁devi ating ▁from ▁Social ism ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁capital ism . ▁Then , ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁was ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁Com in form . ▁To ▁dis pro ve ▁the ▁claim ▁of ▁revision ism , ▁the ▁leadership ▁in ▁Bel grade ▁decided ▁instead ▁to ▁speed ▁up ▁collect iv ization , ▁demonstr ating ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁but ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁and ▁its ▁al lies ▁that ▁had ▁st rayed ▁from ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁St alin ism . ▁ ▁Agricult ural ▁production ▁was ▁down ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁over ▁pre - war ▁figures . ▁In ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁city ▁of ▁C az in , ▁for ▁example , ▁there ▁was ▁far ▁less ▁liv est ock ▁and ▁her ds ▁were ▁exha usted , ▁und ern our ished , ▁ill . ▁Despite ▁its ▁significant ▁potential , ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁feed ▁itself ▁in ▁the ▁immediate ▁post war ▁period . ▁The ▁state ▁had ▁to ▁interven e ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁necessary ▁invest ment ▁and ▁in cent ives ▁to ▁stim ulate ▁production . ▁It ▁forced ▁pe as ants ▁to ▁hand ▁over ▁their ▁hold ings ▁to ▁unw ield y ▁agricult ural ▁con gl omer ates , ▁the ▁collect ive ▁far ms . ▁Those ▁who ▁refused ▁to ▁join ▁were ▁subject ▁to ▁a ▁har sh ▁regime ▁of ▁requ is ition . ▁ ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁collect ive ▁far ms ▁rose
▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁from ▁ 1 , 3 1 8 ▁to ▁almost ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁Party ▁increased ▁the ▁requ is itions ▁to ▁un real istic ▁levels , ▁often ▁demand ing ▁more ▁from ▁pe as ants ▁than ▁they ▁could ▁produce ▁in ▁a ▁year . ▁Pe as ants ▁unable ▁to ▁ful fill ▁their ▁quot as ▁risk ed ▁losing ▁everything ▁( the ▁so - called ▁' total ▁conf is cation ' ▁regime ). ▁Fail ure ▁could ▁also ▁result ▁in ▁a ▁spell ▁at ▁a ▁work ▁camp , ▁where ▁they ▁would ▁join ▁political ▁prisoners ▁and ▁students ▁on ▁construction ▁or ▁min ing ▁projects . ▁Some ▁ho arded ▁their ▁produce ▁and ▁sla ugh tered ▁their ▁liv est ock ▁rather ▁than ▁hand ▁it ▁over ▁to ▁inspect ors . ▁In ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁some ▁communities ▁began ▁to ▁go ▁hun gry . ▁Many ▁small ▁protest s ▁occurred ▁but , ▁by ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁others ▁were ▁considering ▁more ▁radical ▁forms ▁of ▁resistance . ▁ ▁Revol t ▁To ▁further ▁comp licate ▁matters , ▁a ▁dr ought ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁had ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁sharp ▁drop ▁in ▁production ▁and ▁by ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁the ▁C az in ▁district ▁inspect ors ▁had ▁collected ▁ 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁kil os ▁less ▁than ▁their ▁annual ▁qu ota . ▁The ▁figures ▁were ▁worse ▁for ▁cattle ▁and ▁sw ine . ▁In ▁response , ▁the ▁commun ists ▁mounted ▁a ▁renew ed ▁conf is cation ▁to ▁drive . ▁This
▁was ▁too ▁much ▁for ▁Milan ▁Bo ž ić , ▁a ▁Ser b ▁from ▁the ▁village ▁Cr na ja , ▁and ▁his ▁friend , ▁M ile ▁Dev r nja , ▁a ▁Ser b ▁who ▁lived ▁over ▁the ▁Kor ana ▁river ▁in ▁the ▁Sl un j ▁district ▁of ▁Cro atia . ▁They ▁met ▁secret ly ▁at ▁Bo ž ić ' s ▁home ▁in ▁mid - M arch ▁to ▁lay ▁down ▁ground work ▁for ▁an ▁armed ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁state . ▁For ▁this ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁prospect ▁of ▁success ▁in ▁C az in , ▁the ▁Ser bs ▁would ▁have ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁Bos nia k ▁pe asant ry ▁to ▁join ▁in . ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁six ▁weeks , ▁the ▁pe asant ▁army ▁attract ed ▁hundreds ▁of ▁rec ruits ▁from ▁their ▁friends ▁and ▁extended ▁families ▁in ▁both ▁C az in ▁and ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁Cro at ▁districts . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁leaders ▁were ▁so - called ▁prv ob or ci ▁( found ing ▁f igh ters ▁or , ▁more ▁literally , ▁first ▁f igh ters ) ▁of ▁the ▁Part is ans ▁who ▁recognized ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁inst ill ▁discipline ▁and ▁organization . ▁ ▁Bo ž ić , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁set ▁out ▁from ▁his ▁ham let ▁in ▁north western ▁Bos nia ▁to ▁visit ▁his ▁old ▁com rade , ▁Ale ▁Č ović , ▁a ▁Bos nia k ▁who ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁L isk ov ac ▁village ▁ 5 ▁kilom eters ▁away .
▁The ▁two ▁had ▁met ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁fighting ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁Y ug oslav ▁Part isan ▁unit ▁around ▁Bi ha ć . ▁Both ▁men ▁were ▁pe asant ▁far mers . ▁Through out ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁well ▁before ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁Wars ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁eth nic ▁t ensions ▁sim mer ed ▁throughout ▁the ▁country , ▁so ▁a ▁friendship ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁one ▁between ▁Bo ž ić ▁and ▁Č ović ▁was ▁rare . ▁Six ▁years ▁after ▁T ito ▁had ▁taken ▁power ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia , ▁Bo ž ić ▁called ▁on ▁his ▁old ▁com rade , ▁Č ović , ▁to ▁persu ade ▁him ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁arms ▁once ▁more . ▁▁ ▁Reb el ▁leaders ▁Milan ▁Bo ž ić ▁and ▁M ile ▁Dev r nja , ▁also ▁promised ▁the ▁citizens ▁that ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁would ▁be ▁restored ▁under ▁King ▁Peter ▁II ▁and ▁that ▁comp uls ory ▁deliver ies ▁of ▁gra ins ▁and ▁produce , ▁collect ive ▁far ms , ▁and ▁tax es ▁would ▁all ▁be ▁abol ished . ▁ ▁On ▁Saint ▁George ' s ▁Day , ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁which ▁in ▁B alk an ▁pe asant ▁tradition ▁sign alled ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁ha j du k ▁( out law ) ▁actions ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁about ▁ 7 2 0 ▁Bos n ian ▁pe as ants , ▁pre domin ately ▁of ▁Bos nia k ▁eth nic
ity , ▁st aged ▁anti - g overn ment ▁ri ots . ▁The ▁reb els ▁attempted ▁to ▁se ize ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁C az in ▁and ▁also ▁march ed ▁to ▁Bi ha ć ▁and ▁Vel ika ▁K lad u š a . ▁They ▁burn ed ▁the ▁arch ives ▁of ▁local ▁authorities , ▁pill aged ▁food ▁dep ots , ▁and ▁cut ▁tele phone ▁w ires . ▁In ▁another ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁mut iny , ▁Com in form ists ▁r oused ▁the ▁army ▁units ▁in ▁C az in ▁with ▁the ▁intention ▁of ▁using ▁the ▁tank ▁units ▁to ▁extend ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁in ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Ban ja ▁Lu ka , ▁the ▁administrative ▁center ▁of ▁this ▁part ▁of ▁Bos nia , ▁and ▁nearby ▁Mount ▁K oz ara , ▁a ▁Part isan ▁base ▁area ▁during ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁re bell ion ▁was ▁quickly ▁sub du ed ▁and ▁eight ▁participants ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁m op - up ▁action . ▁The ▁authorities ▁arrested ▁ 7 1 4 ▁persons ; ▁ 2 8 8 ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁tried ▁by ▁a ▁military ▁trib unal , ▁which ▁met ed ▁out ▁st iff ▁pun ish ments , ▁including ▁ 1 7 ▁death ▁sentences . ▁The ▁ 4 2 6 ▁other ▁participants ▁were ▁given ▁administrative ▁pun ish ments . ▁About ▁ 7 7 7 ▁members ▁of ▁ 1 1 5 ▁families ▁were ▁sent enced ▁to ▁a ▁" collect ive ▁pun ishment ▁of ▁ev iction " ▁and ▁re located ▁to ▁the ▁town ▁S rb ac ▁in ▁northern ▁Bos nia . ▁The ▁ev
iction ▁was ▁an ▁un he ard - of ▁penalty ▁for ▁the ▁entire ▁rule ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁Y ug oslav ia . ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 2 0 ▁participants , ▁ 1 5 ▁were ▁eth nic ▁Ser bs ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁were ▁Bos nia ks . ▁The ▁" collect ive ▁re location " ▁of ▁nearly ▁ 8 0 0 ▁Bos nia ks ▁from ▁a ▁town ▁where ▁the ▁population ▁consisted ▁of ▁ 9 0 % ▁Bos nia ks , ▁to ▁a ▁town ▁with ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁over ▁ 9 0 % ▁Ser bs , ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁political ▁pun ishment ▁by ▁many . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁same ▁period , ▁in ▁coord ination ▁with ▁the ▁develop ments ▁in ▁the ▁C az in ▁area , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Ser bs ▁from ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁K ord un , ▁in ▁Cro atia , ▁attacked ▁and ▁held ▁La đ ev ac ▁and ▁R akov ica . ▁They ▁were ▁dispers ed ▁and ▁purs ued ▁for ▁a ▁month ▁over ▁the ▁high lands ▁of ▁the ▁Kap ela ▁Range . ▁ ▁Tw enty - five ▁of ▁the ▁reb els ▁were ▁killed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁government ' s ▁violent ▁reaction ▁to ▁the ▁u pr ising . ▁Tw elve ▁reb els ▁were ▁killed ▁during ▁the ▁revol t ▁in ▁a ▁sk irm ish ▁with ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁( J NA ) ▁and ▁local ▁police . ▁The ▁Y ug oslav ▁government ▁also ▁issued ▁ 1 7 ▁ver dict s ▁of ▁death ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁which ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁in
▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁their ▁execution , ▁Ale ▁Č ović ▁and ▁Milan ▁Bo ž ić ▁were ▁asked ▁if ▁they ▁had ▁any ▁final ▁wishes ; ▁they ▁both ▁had ▁the ▁same ▁wish : ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁grave . ▁ ▁Vict ims ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁people ▁were ▁killed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁govern ments ▁violent ▁reaction ▁to ▁the ▁u pr ising . ▁At ▁least ▁twelve ▁reb els ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁a ▁sk irm ish ▁with ▁the ▁J NA ▁and ▁local ▁police . ▁The ▁following ▁eight ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁as ▁cas ual ties : ▁Ag an ▁Beg an ović , ▁Ar if ▁Dur mi ć , ▁Has an ▁Č av ić , ▁Mah mut ▁Beg an ović , ▁Me h med ▁Me h ul ji ć , ▁Mus o ▁K ova če vić , ▁Š ah in ▁Se fer ag ić , ▁Sel im ▁Š ari ć . ▁ ▁The ▁Y ug oslav ▁government ▁also ▁issued ▁ 1 7 ▁ver dict s ▁of ▁death ▁by ▁firing ▁squad ▁which ▁were ▁carried ▁out ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 5 0 : ▁Ag an ▁ Ć or ali ć , ▁Ale ▁Č ović , ▁D edo ▁Č ović , ▁ Đ ul aga ▁Š umar , ▁Has an ▁K ek ić , ▁Has ib ▁Beg an ović , ▁H use in ▁Z ek an ović , ▁H use in ▁K api ć , ▁Me h med ▁Tab ak ović , ▁Milan ▁Bo ž ić , ▁M ile ▁Mil
jk ović , ▁Mu h are m ▁Der vi še vić , ▁Ne z ir ▁B aj ra kt are vić , ▁Nik ola ▁Bo ž ić , ▁Ram o ▁Kar aj ić , ▁S mail ▁A j ki ć , ▁Sto jan ▁Star če vić . ▁ ▁After math ▁Ale ▁Č ović ' s ▁wid ow , ▁Be j za , ▁later ▁remembered ▁in ▁an ▁interview : ▁" Pop ular ▁diss atisf action ▁with ▁the ▁requ is itions ▁was ▁rising ▁everywhere ▁and ▁more ▁and ▁more ▁were ▁hun gry . ▁My ▁husband ▁couldn ' t ▁sleep ▁at ▁night ▁for ▁worry ▁and ▁he ▁became ▁ever ▁more ▁with dra wn ... ▁There ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁terrible ▁dr ought ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁the ▁short ages ▁meant ▁the ▁cattle ▁were ▁weak ▁and ▁scra wn y ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁of ▁May ▁was ▁declared ▁the ▁Day ▁of ▁Rem emb rance ▁of ▁the ▁C az in ▁U pr ising ▁Vict ims ▁and ▁two ▁years ▁later , ▁R TV ▁C az in ▁of ▁the ▁Una - S ana ▁C anton ▁produced ▁a ▁document ary ▁film ▁called ▁C az in ska ▁b una ▁- ▁ne isp ri č ana ▁pri č a ▁( C az in ▁Revol t ▁- ▁The ▁U nt old ▁Story .) ▁ ▁In ▁late ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Islam ic ▁Community ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁rendered ▁a ▁decision ▁to ▁perform ▁a ▁joint ▁fun eral ▁for ▁vict ims ▁of ▁the ▁u pr
ising , ▁whose ▁remains ▁had ▁never ▁been ▁properly ▁buried . ▁The ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁murder ed ▁civ ili ans ▁were ▁buried ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 5 9 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁u pr ising . ▁▁ ▁Today ▁not ▁much ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁u pr ising ; ▁even ▁close ▁family ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁involved ▁in ▁this ▁historical ▁event ▁do ▁not ▁know ▁clearly ▁what ▁their ▁grand par ents ▁and ▁great - grand par ents ▁roles ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁revol t , ▁why ▁they ▁were ▁killed , ▁whether ▁they ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁good , ▁bad , ▁or ▁just ▁vict ims ▁of ▁ignor ance . ▁This ▁is ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁the ▁revol t ▁had ▁been ▁somewhat ▁of ▁a ▁tab oo ▁subject ▁for ▁over ▁four ▁dec ades ▁until ▁the ▁book ▁" C az in ska ▁b una : ▁ 1 9 5 0 " ▁( C az in ▁Revol t : ▁ 1 9 5 0 ), ▁written ▁by ▁doctor ▁and ▁professor ▁V era ▁Kr ž iš nik - Bu ki ć , ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁as ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁fell ▁apart . ▁Until ▁then ▁few ▁d ared ▁to ▁speak ▁about ▁the ▁event ▁due ▁to ▁fear ▁of ▁pro sec ution ▁for ▁their ▁invol vement . ▁The ▁mur ders ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁were ▁never ▁officially ▁investig ated . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Hus ino ▁u pr ising ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁un rest ▁in ▁Bos
nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Reb ell ions ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁re bell ions ▁Category : Pe asant ▁revol ts ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : R eb ell ions ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : Conf lic ts ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Category : R i ots ▁and ▁civil ▁dis order ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : R i ots ▁and ▁civil ▁dis order ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁controvers ies ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Pol it ical ▁controvers ies ▁in ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁Category : May ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁artist ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Japan ' s ▁most ▁prominent ▁ill ust rat ors ▁of ▁female ▁characters . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁m anga ▁debut ▁with ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁m anga ▁anth ology ▁Week ly ▁Sh ō nen ▁J ump ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 . ▁Other ▁notable ▁works ▁include ▁ ▁( ada pt ed ▁into ▁an ▁an ime ▁television ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁g ag ▁series ▁. ▁Eg uch i ▁married ▁id ol ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 .
▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁His ashi ▁began ▁drawing ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age , ▁fasc in ated ▁by ▁the ▁then - start ing ▁Japanese ▁TV ▁broadcast ing . ▁He ▁got ▁to ▁know ▁m anga ▁through ▁Os am u ▁Te zu ka ' s ▁Ast ro ▁Boy . ▁During ▁his ▁child hood , ▁other ▁super h ero es ▁like ▁Ul tr aman ▁and ▁Ult ra ▁Seven ▁also ▁g ri pped ▁him . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Young ▁J ump ▁award ▁( ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁for ▁. ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁his ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁final ist ▁at ▁Ak ats uka . ▁The ▁publication ▁of ▁His ashi ' s ▁baseball ▁m anga ▁Sus ume !! ▁Pir ates ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁as ▁a ▁reward ▁for ▁winning ▁the ▁Young ▁J ump ▁contest . ▁ ▁After ▁dec iding ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁professional ▁m anga ▁artist , ▁Eg uch i ▁began ▁drawing ▁female ▁characters : ▁" I ▁thought ▁it ▁was ▁strange ▁not ▁to ▁have ▁girls . ▁Also , ▁I ▁knew ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁popular ▁if ▁the ▁girls ▁were ▁c ute ." ▁In ▁the ▁animation ▁field , ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁character ▁designer ▁for ▁Rou jin ▁Z ▁and ▁Spr ig gan . ▁Eg uch i ▁used ▁his ▁now ▁current ▁wife ▁as ▁a ▁model ▁for ▁Rou jin ▁Z ▁Har uk o . ▁Per fect ▁Blue ▁characters ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁His ashi ' s ▁designs . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁the ▁short ▁story ▁m anga
▁collection ▁ ▁was ▁adapted ▁into ▁an ▁O VA , ▁which ▁mixed ▁an ime , ▁live ▁action ▁and ▁pu ppet ry . ▁Eg uch i ▁( on ▁his ▁favorite ▁scene ) “ [ N ant oka ▁Nar udes ho ] ▁was ▁a ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁blind ▁girl , ▁and ▁it ’ s ▁dark ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁through . ▁The ▁dark ▁scene ▁continues ▁for ▁a ▁long ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁I ▁heard ▁that ▁anim ator ▁had ▁a ▁hard ▁time . ▁It ▁was ▁all ▁black ▁and ▁he ▁used ▁various ▁ideas ▁for ▁that ." ▁ ▁Eg uch i ▁stated ▁that ▁American ▁pop ▁art ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁influence ▁on ▁his ▁work , ▁cit ing ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Roy ▁L ichten stein ▁and ▁Andy ▁War hol . ▁His ashi ▁describes ▁his ▁style ▁as ▁simple : ▁" I ▁like ▁to ▁use ▁organized ▁lines . ▁The ▁less ▁lines ▁the ▁better ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁Eg uch i ▁founded ▁Com ic ▁C ue , ▁an ▁alternative ▁year ly ▁m anga ▁magazine : ▁" I ▁wanted ▁to ▁make ▁something ▁like ▁the ▁all - star ▁game ▁in ▁baseball . ▁Or ▁Aven gers . ▁All - h ero , ▁I ▁wanted ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁festival ▁of ▁Aven gers . ▁All ▁the ▁hero es ! ▁ ▁With ▁all ▁my ▁favorite ▁artists ". ▁K ats u hi ro ▁Ot omo ▁was ▁a ▁contrib utor ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁issue . ▁ ▁Ad vert ising ▁ ▁Eg uch i ' s ▁eye ▁on ▁beauty ▁and ▁fashion ▁has ▁granted ▁him ▁several ▁jobs ▁on ▁advert ising
: ▁▁ ▁covers . ▁ ▁Fly ers ▁to ▁promote ▁his ▁home ▁town , ▁Min am ata . ▁ ▁His ashi ▁Eg uch i ▁x ▁at ré ▁" My ▁F avor ite ▁Town . ▁K ich ij ō ji ". ▁ ▁CD ▁Jack ets : ▁" Sh it ▁H app ening ", ▁mini ▁album ▁" L odge "; ▁" G ing ▁N ang ▁Bo yz ", ▁album ▁" you ng ▁alive ▁in ▁love ". ▁ ▁Den on ▁D - F 0 7 ▁manual ▁cover . ▁ ▁Den ny ' s ▁Japan . ▁ ▁Kan eb o ▁Ltd . ▁X an ax . ▁ ▁A cer ▁Inc . ▁Intel ▁Core ▁i 5 . ▁▁ ▁Play Station ▁game . ▁ ▁Several ▁Tele phone ▁card ▁designs . ▁ ▁Notes ▁and ▁references ▁Japanese ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁His ashi ▁Eg uch i ▁at ▁Media ▁Arts ▁Database ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Min am ata , ▁K um am oto ▁Category : M anga ▁artists ▁Category : M anga ▁artists ▁from ▁K um am oto ▁Pref ect ure ▁Category : J apan ese ▁ill ust rat ors <0x0A> </s> ▁N aria ▁mil iar is , ▁common ▁name ▁the ▁mil let ▁cow ry ▁or ▁the ▁in oc ell ate ▁cow ry ▁or ▁the ▁military ▁cow ry , ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁a ▁cow ry , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C yp
ra e idae , ▁the ▁cow ries . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁shell s ▁of ▁these ▁very ▁common ▁cow ries ▁reach ▁on ▁average ▁ ▁of ▁length , ▁with ▁a ▁minimum ▁size ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁size ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁d ors um ▁surface ▁of ▁these ▁smooth ▁and ▁sh iny ▁shell s ▁is ▁generally ▁pale ▁brown ▁or ▁yellow ish , ▁with ▁several ▁small ▁white ▁sp ots . ▁The ▁base ▁is ▁white ▁or ▁p ink , ▁with ▁several ▁fine ▁teeth . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁living ▁cow ries ▁the ▁mant le ▁is ▁pale ▁brown ▁and ▁grey ish , ▁with ▁long ▁tree - sh aped ▁sens orial ▁pap illa e . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁quite ▁similar ▁to ▁N aria ▁l amar ck ii , ▁but ▁in ▁N aria ▁mil iar is ▁the ▁edges ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁are ▁white , ▁without ▁any ▁sp ots . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁distributed ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁Ocean ▁along ▁Mad agas car ▁and ▁T anz ania ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Pacific ▁Ocean ▁to ▁Australia , ▁along ▁Japan , ▁East ▁China , ▁Taiwan , ▁Vietnam , ▁East ▁Th ailand , ▁East ▁Malays ia , ▁Fl ores , ▁North ▁Bor neo , ▁Java , ▁Philippines ▁and ▁north western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Burg ess , ▁C . M . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁The ▁Living ▁Cow ries . ▁AS ▁Bar nes ▁and ▁Co , ▁Ltd . ▁C ran bury , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁D aut zen berg , ▁Ph . ▁( 1 9 2 9 ). ▁M oll us
ques ▁test aces ▁mar ins ▁de ▁Mad agas car . ▁Fa une ▁des ▁Col on ies ▁Fran ca ises , ▁T ome ▁III ▁ ▁Ver dc ourt , ▁B . ▁( 1 9 6 0 ). ▁The ▁cow ries ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁African ▁Coast : ▁Supp lement ▁III . ▁J E AN HS ▁XX III ▁( 1 0 4 ): ▁ 2 8 1 - 2 8 5 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Bi ol ib ▁ ▁Fl mn h ▁ ▁Category : C yp ra e idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁mathematics , ▁an ▁identity ▁is ▁an ▁equality ▁rel ating ▁one ▁mathematical ▁expression ▁A to ▁another ▁mathematical ▁expression B , ▁such ▁that ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁( which ▁might ▁contain ▁some ▁variables ) ▁produce ▁the ▁same ▁value ▁for ▁all ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁variables ▁within ▁a ▁certain ▁range ▁of ▁valid ity . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁A = B ▁is ▁an ▁identity ▁if ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁define ▁the ▁same ▁functions , ▁and ▁an ▁identity ▁is ▁an ▁equality ▁between ▁functions ▁that ▁are ▁differently ▁defined . ▁For ▁example , ▁▁ ▁and ▁ ▁are ▁ident ities . ▁Ident ities ▁are ▁sometimes ▁indicated ▁by ▁the ▁triple ▁bar ▁symbol ▁ ▁instead ▁of ▁, ▁the ▁equals ▁sign . ▁ ▁Common ▁ident ities ▁ ▁Al gebra ic ▁ident ities ▁ ▁C ertain ▁ident ities , ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁form ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁algebra , ▁while ▁other ▁ident ities , ▁such ▁as ▁ ▁and
▁, ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁in ▁simpl ifying ▁algebraic ▁expressions ▁and ▁expand ing ▁them . ▁ ▁Tr ig on ometric ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁Ge omet r ically , ▁trig on ometric ▁ident ities ▁are ▁ident ities ▁involving ▁certain ▁functions ▁of ▁one ▁or ▁more ▁angles . ▁They ▁are ▁distinct ▁from ▁triangle ▁ident ities , ▁which ▁are ▁ident ities ▁involving ▁both ▁angles ▁and ▁side ▁lengths ▁of ▁a ▁triangle . ▁Only ▁the ▁former ▁are ▁covered ▁in ▁this ▁article . ▁ ▁These ▁ident ities ▁are ▁useful ▁whenever ▁expressions ▁involving ▁trig on ometric ▁functions ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁simplified . ▁Another ▁important ▁application ▁is ▁the ▁integration ▁of ▁non - tr ig on ometric ▁functions : ▁a ▁common ▁technique ▁which ▁involves ▁first ▁using ▁the ▁substitution ▁rule ▁with ▁a ▁trig on ometric ▁function , ▁and ▁then ▁simpl ifying ▁the ▁resulting ▁integral ▁with ▁a ▁trig on ometric ▁identity . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁prominent ▁examples ▁of ▁trig on ometric ▁ident ities ▁involves ▁the ▁equation ▁ ▁which ▁is ▁true ▁for ▁all ▁complex ▁values ▁of ▁ ▁( since ▁the ▁complex ▁numbers ▁ ▁form ▁the ▁domain ▁of ▁s ine ▁and ▁cos ine ). ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁the ▁equation ▁ ▁is ▁only ▁true ▁for ▁certain ▁values ▁of ▁, ▁not ▁all ▁( nor ▁for ▁all ▁values ▁in ▁a ▁neighborhood ). ▁For ▁example , ▁this ▁equation ▁is ▁true ▁when ▁ ▁but ▁false ▁when ▁. ▁ ▁Another ▁group ▁of ▁trig on ometric ▁ident ities ▁concerns ▁the ▁so - called ▁addition / sub tra ction ▁formulas ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁double - angle ▁identity ▁, ▁the
▁addition ▁formula ▁for ▁), ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁break ▁down ▁expressions ▁of ▁larger ▁angles ▁into ▁those ▁with ▁smaller ▁constitu ents . ▁ ▁Ex pon ential ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁The ▁following ▁ident ities ▁hold ▁for ▁all ▁integer ▁ex ponents , ▁provided ▁that ▁the ▁base ▁is ▁non - zero : ▁ ▁Un like ▁addition ▁and ▁multiplication , ▁exponent iation ▁is ▁not ▁commut ative . ▁For ▁example , ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁but ▁, ▁whereas ▁. ▁ ▁And ▁unlike ▁addition ▁and ▁multiplication , ▁exponent iation ▁is ▁not ▁associ ative ▁either . ▁For ▁example , ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁but ▁ 2 3 ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 ▁is ▁ 8 4 ▁( or ▁ 4 , 0 9 6 ), ▁whereas ▁ 2 ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 4 ▁is ▁ 2 8 1 ▁( or ▁ 2 , 4 1 7 , 8 5 1 , 6 3 9 , 2 2 9 , 2 5 8 , 3 4 9 , 4 1 2 , 3 5 2 ). ▁Without ▁parentheses ▁to ▁modify ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁calculation , ▁by ▁convention ▁the ▁order ▁is ▁top - down , ▁not ▁bottom - up : ▁ ▁Log arith mic ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁Several ▁important ▁formulas , ▁sometimes ▁called ▁log arith mic ▁ident ities ▁or ▁log ▁laws , ▁relate ▁log arith ms ▁to ▁one ▁another . ▁ ▁Product , ▁quot ient , ▁power ▁and ▁root ▁ ▁The ▁log arith m ▁of ▁a ▁product ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁log arith ms ▁of ▁the ▁numbers ▁being ▁multip lied ; ▁the ▁log arith
m ▁of ▁the ▁ratio ▁of ▁two ▁numbers ▁is ▁the ▁difference ▁of ▁the ▁log arith ms . ▁The ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁power ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁is ▁p ▁times ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁itself ; ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁a ▁ ▁root ▁is ▁the ▁log arith m ▁of ▁the ▁number ▁divided ▁by ▁p . ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁lists ▁these ▁ident ities ▁with ▁examples . ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁ident ities ▁can ▁be ▁derived ▁after ▁substitution ▁of ▁the ▁log arith m ▁definitions ▁ ▁x ▁= ▁blog b ( x ), ▁and / or ▁y ▁= ▁blog b ( y ), ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁hand ▁sides . ▁ ▁Change ▁of ▁base ▁ ▁The ▁log arith m ▁log b ( x ) ▁can ▁be ▁computed ▁from ▁the ▁log arith ms ▁of ▁x ▁and ▁b ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁an ▁arbitrary ▁base ▁k ▁using ▁the ▁following ▁formula : ▁▁ ▁Typ ical ▁scientific ▁calcul ators ▁calculate ▁the ▁log arith ms ▁to ▁bases ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁e . ▁Log arith ms ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁any ▁base ▁b ▁can ▁be ▁determined ▁using ▁either ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁log arith ms ▁by ▁the ▁previous ▁formula : ▁ ▁Given ▁a ▁number ▁x ▁and ▁its ▁log arith m ▁log b ( x ) ▁to ▁an ▁unknown ▁base ▁b , ▁the ▁base ▁is ▁given ▁by : ▁ ▁Hyper bol ic ▁function ▁ident ities ▁▁ ▁The ▁hyper bol ic ▁functions ▁satisfy ▁many ▁ident ities , ▁all ▁of ▁them ▁similar ▁in ▁form ▁to ▁the ▁trig on ometric ▁ident ities . ▁In ▁fact ,
▁Os born ' s ▁rule ▁states ▁that ▁one ▁can ▁convert ▁any ▁trig on ometric ▁identity ▁into ▁a ▁hyper bol ic ▁identity ▁by ▁expand ing ▁it ▁completely ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁integral ▁powers ▁of ▁s ines ▁and ▁cos ines , ▁changing ▁s ine ▁to ▁sin h ▁and ▁cos ine ▁to ▁cos h , ▁and ▁switching ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁every ▁term ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁ 2 , ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 4 , ▁... ▁sin hs . ▁ ▁The ▁G ud ermann ian ▁function ▁gives ▁a ▁direct ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁circular ▁functions ▁and ▁the ▁hyper bol ic ▁ones ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁involve ▁complex ▁numbers . ▁ ▁Log ic ▁and ▁universal ▁algebra ▁ ▁In ▁mathematical ▁logic ▁and ▁in ▁universal ▁algebra , ▁an ▁identity ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁formula ▁of ▁the ▁form ▁" ∀ x 1 ,..., x n . ▁s ▁= ▁t ", ▁where ▁s ▁and ▁t ▁are ▁terms ▁with ▁no ▁other ▁free ▁variables ▁than ▁x 1 ,..., x n . ▁The ▁quant ifier ▁prefix ▁(" ∀ x 1 ,..., x n .") ▁is ▁often ▁left ▁implicit , ▁in ▁particular ▁in ▁universal ▁algebra . ▁For ▁example , ▁the ▁ax i oms ▁of ▁a ▁mon oid ▁are ▁often ▁given ▁as ▁the ▁identity ▁set ▁ ▁{ ▁ ▁ ▁ ▁, ▁ ▁ ▁ ▁, ▁ ▁ ▁ ▁}, ▁or , ▁in ▁short ▁notation , ▁as ▁▁ ▁{ ▁ ▁ ▁▁ ▁ ▁, ▁ ▁ ▁▁ ▁ ▁, ▁ ▁ ▁▁ ▁ ▁} . ▁Some ▁authors ▁use ▁the ▁name ▁" equation " ▁rather
▁than ▁" identity ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Account ing ▁identity ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁mathematical ▁ident ities ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁Encyclopedia ▁of ▁Equ ation ▁▁ ▁Online ▁en cyc lopedia ▁of ▁mathematical ▁ident ities ▁( arch ived ) ▁A ▁Collection ▁of ▁Al gebra ic ▁Ident ities ▁ ▁Category : Element ary ▁algebra ▁▁ ▁Category : Equ ival ence ▁( math emat ics ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag ios ▁Konst ant inos ▁( ▁meaning ▁Saint ▁Const antine , ▁before ▁ 1 9 5 4 : ▁ Κ α μ ά ρ ι ζ α ▁- ▁K amar iza ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁community ▁in ▁East ▁Att ica , ▁Greece . ▁Since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁local ▁government ▁reform ▁it ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁Lav re ot iki , ▁of ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁municipal ▁unit . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁Const antine . ▁ ▁Geography ▁ ▁Ag ios ▁Konst ant inos ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁hills ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Att ica ▁pen ins ula , ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 6 0 ▁m ▁elev ation . ▁It ▁is ▁ 4 km ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁A ege an ▁Sea ▁coast ▁at ▁Lav rio ▁and ▁ 3 8 km ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Ath ens ▁city ▁centre . ▁The ▁municipal ▁unit ▁has ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 4 5 0 ▁km 2 . ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁mines ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Ag ios ▁Konst ant inos ▁and ▁neighbor ing
▁Lav rio . ▁In ▁anti qu ity ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁silver ▁mines , ▁currently ▁min er als ▁including ▁az ur ite , ▁ch al co al um ite , ▁cal cite , ▁aust in ite ▁and ▁ad am ite ▁are ▁found . ▁ ▁The ▁community ▁Ag ios ▁Konst ant inos ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁village ▁Es per í des ▁( pop . ▁ 6 9 ). ▁ ▁Historical ▁population ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Att ica ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁G TP ▁Tra vel ▁P ages ▁( Comm unity ) ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁East ▁Att ica <0x0A> </s> ▁Hung arian ▁Sw imming ▁Association ▁( , ▁M Ú S Z ) ▁is ▁the ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁sw imming ▁in ▁Hung ary . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁non - pro fit ▁organization ▁that ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁on ▁a ▁meeting ▁at ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Olympic ▁Committee . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁affili ated ▁to : ▁ ▁F IN A , ▁the ▁International ▁Sw imming ▁Federation ▁L EN , ▁the ▁European ▁Sw imming ▁League ▁M OB , ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁ ▁International ▁events ▁hosted ▁World ▁Championships : ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Budapest , ▁ 1 4 – 3 0 ▁July ▁ ▁European ▁Championships : ▁▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁European ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Budapest , ▁ 1 8 – 2 2 ▁August ▁▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁European ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Budapest
, ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁– ▁ 6 ▁September ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁European ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁– ▁Budapest , ▁ 2 6 ▁July ▁– ▁ 6 ▁August ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁European ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁( Sw imming ) ▁– ▁Deb rec en , ▁ 2 1 – 2 7 ▁May ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁European ▁Short ▁Cour se ▁Sw imming ▁Championships ▁– ▁Deb rec en , ▁ 1 0 – 1 3 ▁December ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁European ▁Youth ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Festival ▁– ▁Gy ő r ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁European ▁Junior ▁Sw imming ▁Championships ▁– ▁Budapest , ▁ 1 4 – 1 7 ▁July ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁European ▁Junior ▁Sw imming ▁Championships ▁– ▁H ód me ző v ás ár hely , ▁ 6 – 1 0 ▁July ▁ ▁International ▁achiev ements ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁ ▁World ▁Championships ▁ ▁including ▁Hung arian ▁national ▁water ▁pol o ▁teams ▁results ▁ ▁European ▁Championships ▁ ▁including ▁Hung arian ▁national ▁water ▁pol o ▁teams ▁results ▁ ▁Pres idents ▁ ▁National ▁records ▁ ▁M Ú S Z ▁maintain s ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁records ▁in ▁sw imming . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Hung arian ▁Sw imming ▁National ▁Championships ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Magyar ▁Ú sz ó ▁Sz öv ets ég ▁( o fficial ▁website ) ▁ ▁Hung ary ▁Sw imming ▁Category : Sw imming ▁in ▁Hung ary ▁Category : Sw imming ▁organizations ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Hung ary
▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ros am und ▁Gre aves , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁D ys art ▁( 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish ▁peer . ▁ ▁Ros am und ▁was ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁three ▁daughters ▁of ▁W en ef ry de ▁Ag ath a ▁Gre aves ▁( 1 8 8 9 – 1 9 7 5 ), ▁ 1 0 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁D ys art ▁and ▁Major ▁O w ain ▁Edward ▁White head ▁Gre aves . ▁On ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁Lady ▁Ros am und ▁became ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁D ys art . ▁ ▁Ros am und ▁never ▁married ▁or ▁had ▁issue ▁therefore ▁on ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁her ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Lady ▁K atherine , ▁succeeded ▁to ▁the ▁titles ▁of ▁Count ess ▁of ▁D ys art ▁and ▁Lady ▁Hun ting t ower . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁death s ▁Category : E ar ls ▁of ▁D ys art ▁Ros am und ▁Gre aves , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Count ess ▁of ▁D ys art ▁Category : Her edit ary ▁women ▁pe ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁British ▁women ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Ye on -
wo o ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Korean ▁un is ex ▁given ▁name . ▁Its ▁meaning ▁diff ers ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁han ja ▁used ▁to ▁write ▁each ▁sy ll able ▁of ▁the ▁name . ▁There ▁are ▁ 3 9 ▁han ja ▁with ▁the ▁reading ▁" ye on " ▁and ▁ 4 1 ▁han ja ▁with ▁the ▁reading ▁" wo o " ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Korean ▁government ' s ▁official ▁list ▁of ▁han ja ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁registered ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁given ▁names . ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁this ▁name ▁include : ▁Go ▁Ye on - u ▁( d ied ▁ 2 2 7 ), ▁post hum ous ▁name ▁Sans ang ▁of ▁G og ury e o , ▁t enth ▁r uler ▁of ▁G og ury e o ▁Cho ▁Ye on - wo o ▁( born ▁Cho ▁J ong - wo ok , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁actor ▁Kim ▁Ye on - wo o ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁male ▁singer ▁▁ ▁Nam ▁Ye on - wo o ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁actor ▁J hi ▁Ye on - wo o ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁South ▁Korean ▁female ▁body builder ▁Ye on ▁W oo , ▁South ▁Korean ▁female ▁pop ▁singer ▁▁ ▁F ict ional ▁characters ▁with ▁this ▁name ▁include ▁Kim / K won ▁Ye on - wo o , ▁in ▁K ang ▁Full ' s ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁web com ic ▁Love ▁Story ▁( and ▁ 2
0 0 8 ▁South ▁Korean ▁film ▁adaptation ▁Hello , ▁School g irl ) ▁He o ▁Ye on - wo o , ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁South ▁Korean ▁television ▁series ▁Moon ▁Emb rac ing ▁the ▁Sun ▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁novel ▁by ▁Jung ▁E un - g wol ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Korean ▁given ▁names ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : K ore an ▁un is ex ▁given ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁Say ed ▁Sh ub bar ▁A la wi ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Al - R iff a ▁and ▁Bah rain ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁as ▁a ▁goal keeper . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁A la wi ▁made ▁his ▁senior ▁international ▁debut ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 – 2 ▁friendly ▁victory ▁over ▁Z imb ab we . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁A la wi ▁was ▁included ▁in ▁Bah rain ' s ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Say ed ▁Sh ub bar ▁A la wi ▁at ▁the ▁National - Foot ball - Te ams ▁ ▁Say ed ▁Sh ub bar ▁A la wi ▁at ▁the ▁Bah rain ▁Football ▁Association ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ah ra ini ▁football ers ▁Category : B ah rain ▁international ▁football
ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁goal keep ers ▁Category : S ah am ▁SC ▁players ▁Category : R iff a ▁SC ▁players ▁Category : Al - N aj ma ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 9 ▁A FC ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Reg ulations ▁on ▁television ▁programming ▁in ▁Australia ▁are ▁enfor ced ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Communic ations ▁and ▁Media ▁Author ity ▁to ▁promote ▁programming ▁which ▁reflect s ▁Australian ▁identity ▁and ▁cultural ▁divers ity . ▁Com mer cial ▁networks ▁must ▁ad here ▁to ▁content ▁quot as ▁of ▁Australian ▁programming , ▁in ▁the ▁categories ▁of ▁Australian ▁content ▁quot as , ▁children ' s ▁content ▁quot as , ▁commercial ▁broadcast ing ▁quot as , ▁community ▁broadcast ing ▁quot as , ▁public ▁broadcast ing ▁quot as ▁and ▁subscription ▁television ▁quot as . ▁Reg ulations ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Broadcast ing ▁Services ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁content ▁quot as ▁ ▁Australian ▁content ▁quot as ▁The ▁Broadcast ing ▁Services ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁requires ▁all ▁commercial ▁free - to - air ▁television ▁license es ▁to ▁broadcast ▁an ▁annual ▁minimum ▁transmission ▁qu ota ▁of ▁ 5 5 % ▁Australian ▁programming ▁between ▁ 6 : 0 0 am ▁and ▁mid night ▁( 1 2 : 0 0 am ) ▁on ▁their ▁primary ▁channel . ▁Com mer cial ▁networks ▁must ▁also ▁broadcast ▁ 1 4 6 0 ▁hours ▁of ▁Australian ▁programming ▁year ly ▁on ▁their ▁non - primary ▁channels . ▁ ▁Children ' s ▁content ▁quot as ▁The ▁Children ' s ▁Television
▁Stand ards ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁were ▁published ▁as ▁an ▁am end ment ▁to ▁the ▁Broadcast ing ▁Services ▁Act ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁and ▁enfor ced ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁standards ▁were ▁implemented ▁for ▁Australian ▁commercial ▁television ▁stations ▁to ▁broadcast ▁a ▁specified ▁minimum ▁amount ▁of ▁children ' s ▁programming ▁ann ually . ▁Program s ▁must ▁be ▁class ified ▁as ▁either ▁C ▁or ▁P ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Communic ations ▁and ▁Media ▁Author ity ▁( AC MA ) ▁before ▁broadcast ; ▁de em ing ▁them ▁as ▁specifically ▁appropriate ▁for ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁children ▁at ▁different ▁ages . ▁These ▁programs ▁differ ▁to ▁series ▁with ▁a ▁G ▁classification , ▁which ▁are ▁aim ed ▁at ▁families , ▁but ▁not ▁specifically ▁intended ▁for ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁children . ▁Class ifications ▁for ▁C ▁and ▁P ▁programs ▁last ▁for ▁five ▁years , ▁and ▁any ▁one ▁episode ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁broadcast ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁times ▁throughout ▁this ▁period . ▁Each ▁ 3 0 ▁minute ▁broadcast ▁of ▁a ▁C - class ified ▁program ▁may ▁not ▁contain ▁more ▁than ▁seven ▁minutes ▁of ▁appropriate ▁advert ising , ▁and ▁P - class ified ▁programs ▁must ▁be ▁broadcast ▁without ▁any ▁advert is ements . ▁Program s ▁must ▁not ▁contain ▁pri zes ▁or ▁end ors ements ▁for ▁commercial ▁products . ▁ ▁Response ▁to ▁reg ulations ▁ ▁Response ▁to ▁Australian ▁quot as ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁Environment ▁and ▁Communic ations ▁References ▁Committee ▁of ▁Australia ▁began ▁an ▁inqu iry ▁into ▁the ▁vi ability ▁of ▁Australia
' s ▁screen ▁and ▁television ▁industry . ▁The ▁" Make ▁it ▁Australian " ▁campaign ▁argued ▁for ▁no ▁cut s ▁to ▁the ▁content ▁quot as ▁to ▁be ▁made , ▁tax ▁in cent ives ▁for ▁local ▁produ ctions ▁to ▁be ▁raised , ▁and ▁proposed ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁reg ulation ▁for ▁Sub scription ▁Video ▁on ▁Dem and ▁( SV OD ) ▁prov iders ▁such ▁as ▁Net fli x ▁and ▁Stan ▁to ▁be ▁implemented . ▁Com mer cial ▁free - to - air ▁networks ▁Seven ▁Network , ▁N ine ▁Network ▁and ▁Network ▁Ten ▁opposed ▁the ▁campaign ▁and ▁proposed ▁replacing ▁the ▁ 5 5 % ▁qu ota ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁" points " ▁scheme , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁uns ust ain able ▁cost ▁of ▁local ▁produ ctions . ▁Den is ▁M ull er ▁of ▁The ▁Con vers ation ▁noted ▁how ▁invest ment ▁in ▁local ▁content ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation ▁and ▁other ▁networks ▁had ▁decre ased , ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁fund ing ▁and ▁the ▁rise ▁in ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁digital ▁platforms . ▁ ▁The ▁oblig ations ▁to ▁produce ▁Australian ▁drama ▁and ▁document ary ▁programs ▁were ▁susp ended ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic , ▁to ▁offer ▁short ▁term ▁financial ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁networks . ▁Network s ▁respond ed ▁by ▁highlight ing ▁the ▁ur gent ▁need ▁for ▁consult ation ▁on ▁the ▁long - term ▁reform ▁for ▁content ▁quot as . ▁ ▁In qu iry ▁into ▁children ' s
▁content ▁quot as ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁commercial ▁free - to - air ▁networks ▁Seven ▁Network , ▁N ine ▁Network ▁and ▁Network ▁Ten ▁argued ▁that ▁children ▁were ▁no ▁longer ▁watching ▁the ▁C ▁and ▁P - class ified ▁programs ▁produced ▁under ▁the ▁Australian ▁content ▁quot as . ▁The ▁execut ives ▁of ▁the ▁networks ▁requested ▁to ▁be ▁rel ieved ▁of ▁the ▁quot as ▁which ▁they ▁described ▁as ▁" he avy ▁and ▁restrict ive " ▁and ▁" no ▁longer ▁sust ain able ", ▁while ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁oblig ation ▁to ▁produce ▁children ' s ▁content ▁was ▁a ▁waste ▁of ▁money ▁and ▁resources . ▁Exec ut ives ▁noted ▁the ▁change ▁in ▁view ing ▁patterns ▁of ▁children ▁to ▁alternative ▁television ▁services , ▁and ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁quot as ▁be ▁abol ished ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁public ▁broad c aster s ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Australian ▁Broadcast ing ▁Corporation , ▁who ▁were ▁still ▁experien cing ▁success ▁with ▁their ▁children ' s ▁programs . ▁The ▁Australian ▁Children ' s ▁Television ▁Foundation ▁( ACT F ) ▁supported ▁the ▁proposal ▁of ▁applying ▁children ' s ▁quot as ▁to ▁the ▁ABC , ▁complement ed ▁with ▁ade qu ate ▁fund ing ▁to ▁produce ▁quality ▁programming . ▁▁ ▁The ▁In qu iry ▁into ▁Film ▁and ▁TV ▁found ▁that ▁networks ▁were ▁ful fill ing ▁their ▁oblig ations ▁for ▁children ' s ▁drama ▁by ▁mainly ▁broadcast ing ▁animated ▁series ▁rather ▁than ▁live ▁action ▁programs . ▁The ▁A CT F ▁expressed ▁concern ▁that ▁the ▁animated ▁series ▁were ▁being ▁produced ▁with ▁intent ions ▁of ▁world wide ▁broadcast s
, ▁rather ▁than ▁contrib uting ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁Australian ▁identity ▁for ▁its ▁local ▁aud ien ces . ▁They ▁noted ▁how ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁Australian ▁drama ▁for ▁children ▁was ▁decl ining ▁compared ▁to ▁earlier ▁years . ▁Research ers ▁argued ▁that ▁" intern ational - style " ▁anim ations ▁went ▁against ▁the ▁original ▁intent ▁of ▁the ▁quot as ▁to ▁support ▁content ▁which ▁was ▁" ident ifi ably ▁Australian ". ▁The ▁In qu iry ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁sub - quot as ▁be ▁ref ined ▁with ▁a ▁larger ▁focus ▁on ▁live - action ▁drama . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁Seven ▁Network ▁cancel led ▁production ▁on ▁two ▁of ▁its ▁local ▁children ' s ▁programs , ▁Get ▁Ar ty ▁and ▁Get ▁Cle ver , ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁AC MA ▁and ▁Screen ▁Australia ▁re le asing ▁their ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁industry ▁inqu iry . ▁It ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Seven ▁had ▁threatened ▁to ▁dis continue ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁all ▁children ' s ▁content ▁in ▁protest ▁against ▁the ▁local ▁content ▁quot as . ▁ ▁Network ▁execut ives ▁ple aded ▁for ▁" im mediate ▁action " ▁from ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁regards ▁to ▁abandon ing ▁the ▁quot as , ▁cit ing ▁$ 8 ▁million ▁spent ▁on ▁children ' s ▁programming ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁calendar ▁year ▁and ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁view ers ▁for ▁the ▁programs . ▁Screen ▁Produ cers ▁Australia ▁was ▁not ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁network ' s ▁view point , ▁while ▁the ▁A CT F ▁c ited ▁programs
▁such ▁as ▁Blue y ▁as ▁examples ▁of ▁quality ▁Australian ▁programming . ▁Despite ▁the ▁halt ▁in ▁production , ▁it ▁was ▁stated ▁that ▁Seven ▁would ▁still ▁meet ▁its ▁content ▁quot as ▁for ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 – 2 0 ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic , ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁local ▁content ▁quot as ▁for ▁all ▁Australian ▁programming ▁were ▁susp ended ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁susp ension , ▁the ▁Seven ▁Network ▁removed ▁their ▁children ' s ▁programming ▁from ▁ 7 TW O . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B road cast ▁law ▁Category : C ensor ship ▁in ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G rap hex ▁National ▁Design ▁Awards ▁is ▁a ▁bien n ial ▁competition ▁in ▁Canada ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁and ▁show case ▁the ▁best ▁examples ▁of ▁visual ▁communication ▁design . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Graph ic ▁Design ers ▁of ▁Canada . ▁Awards ▁are ▁given ▁to ▁cre ative ▁profession als ▁from ▁various ▁design ▁discipl ines ▁in ▁following ▁categories : ▁ ▁G rap hex ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁is ▁coordin ated ▁by ▁the ▁BC ▁Chapter ▁of ▁G DC ▁in ▁V ancouver , ▁BC , ▁and ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Canadian ▁Graph ic ▁Design ers ▁Mark ▁Bus se ▁and ▁C ory ▁Ri ple y . ▁G rap hex ▁is ▁also ▁end ors ed ▁by ▁I c og r ada ▁( Intern ational ▁Congress ▁of ▁Graph
ic ▁Design ▁Associ ations ), ▁the ▁world ▁body ▁for ▁professional ▁graph ic ▁design ▁and ▁visual ▁communication . ▁F ounded ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁it ▁now ▁bases ▁its ▁secret ariat ▁in ▁Montr éal , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁supported ▁by ▁its ▁sister ▁design ▁associations ▁SD G Q ▁and ▁R G D ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁Th eme ▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁for ▁G rap hex ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁is ▁the ▁theory , ▁structure , ▁and ▁visual ▁language ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁lad der ▁and ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁zeit ge ist . ▁ ▁The ▁theme ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁is ▁" a ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁bring ▁ideas ▁to ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁community ▁where ▁they ▁exist ▁in ." ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁ ▁The ▁competition ▁has ▁a ▁j ury ▁of ▁international ▁jud ges , ▁selected ▁from ▁experienced ▁design ers , ▁writers , ▁mark eters , ▁and ▁clients . ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁for ▁G rap hex ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁are ▁ ▁Julia ▁Hoff man , ▁Creative ▁Director ▁of ▁Ad vert ising ▁and ▁Graph ic ▁Design ▁at ▁Mo MA ▁The ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁New ▁York ▁ ▁Louise ▁F ill , ▁principal ▁of ▁Louise ▁Fil i ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Mark ▁Rand all , ▁ ▁principal ▁of ▁World studio , ▁a ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁market ing ▁and ▁design ▁ag ency ▁ ▁Matt ▁War bur ton , ▁founder ▁and ▁co - pr inci ple ▁of ▁Em double y u ▁Design , ▁in ▁ ▁V ancouver ▁ ▁Rol ando
▁Die p , ▁ ▁cre ative ▁director ▁at ▁Land or ▁Associ ates ▁Latin ▁America . ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁for ▁G rap hex ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁were : ▁ ▁Ron ald ▁Kap az , ▁Head ▁Design er ▁and ▁partner , ▁O z ▁Design , ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁Brazil ▁ ▁Jam ie ▁K oval , ▁Part ner , ▁and ▁Creative ▁Director , ▁V SA ▁Part ners , ▁Chicago , ▁USA ▁ ▁Sam ▁Carter , ▁design ▁historian ▁and ▁educ ator , ▁Em ily ▁Car r ▁Institute , ▁V ancouver , ▁Canada ▁ ▁Peter ▁Ste iner , ▁graph ic ▁designer ▁and ▁interaction ▁designer , ▁formerly ▁of ▁Gott sch alk ▁+ ▁Ash ▁Int ’ l , ▁Montr éal , ▁Canada ▁ ▁Stanley ▁H ains worth , ▁V P , ▁Global ▁Brand ▁Director , ▁Star bu cks , ▁Seattle , ▁USA ▁ ▁Michael ▁J ager , ▁Creative ▁Director , ▁J DK ▁Design , ▁Bur ling ton , ▁USA ▁ ▁Marian ▁B ant jes , ▁designer , ▁typ ograph er , ▁writer , ▁B ant jes . com , ▁Bow en ▁Island , ▁Canada ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁for ▁G rap hex ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁were : ▁ ▁Rick ▁Po yn or , ▁founder ▁of ▁E ye ▁magazine , ▁London , ▁UK ▁ ▁Min ▁Wang , ▁Stand ing ▁Ex pert ▁on ▁Image ▁and ▁Identity ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Be ij ing ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁Be ij ing , ▁China ▁ ▁Deb bie ▁Mill man , ▁President ▁of ▁Design ▁at ▁Ster ling ▁Br ands ,
▁New ▁York , ▁USA ▁ ▁Tan ▁Le , ▁Creative ▁Director ▁of ▁Design ▁at ▁W ong Do ody , ▁Seattle , ▁USA ▁ ▁Robert ▁Sar ner , ▁of ▁Ro ots ▁Canada , ▁Toronto ▁ ▁Ex hib its ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁competition , ▁a ▁travel ing ▁exhib it ▁of ▁the ▁w inners ▁t ours ▁Canada . ▁ ▁R ules ▁ ▁G rap hex ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁awards ▁program ▁open ▁to ▁all ▁Canadian ▁professional ▁graph ic ▁design ers , ▁typ ograph ers , ▁photograph ers , ▁ill ust rat ors , ▁art ▁direct ors , ▁ad ▁ag encies , ▁printer s , ▁writers , ▁or ▁clients . ▁Student ▁work ▁is ▁not ▁permitted . ▁All ▁entries ▁must ▁be ▁accompanied ▁by ▁the ▁design ▁criteria ▁stating ▁the ▁challeng es ▁or ▁requirements ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁and ▁the ▁r ationale ▁for ▁the ▁design ▁solution . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁G DC ▁Society ▁of ▁Graph ic ▁Design ers ▁of ▁Canada ▁ ▁Category : Comm unic ation ▁design ▁Category : Comp et itions ▁Category : Des ign ▁awards ▁Graph ic ▁design ▁Category : 1 9 7 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Bayer ▁design ation ▁P si ▁P is ci um ▁( ψ ▁ ▁P sc , ▁ ψ ▁ ▁P is ci um ) ▁is ▁shared ▁by ▁three ▁star ▁systems ▁in ▁the ▁const ell ation ▁P is ces : ▁▁ ▁P si ¹ ▁P is ci um ▁( 7 4 ▁P is ci um ) ▁ ▁P si ² ▁P is ci um ▁(
7 9 ▁P is ci um ) ▁ ▁P si ³ ▁P is ci um ▁( 8 1 ▁P is ci um ) ▁ ▁P is ci um , ▁P si ▁Category : P is ces ▁( const ell ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁How ▁to ▁Make ▁an ▁American ▁Qu ilt ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁American ▁drama ▁film ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁novel ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁name ▁by ▁Whit ney ▁Otto . ▁Direct ed ▁by ▁J oc ely n ▁Mo or house , ▁the ▁film ▁stars ▁Win ona ▁Ry der , ▁Anne ▁B anc ro ft , ▁Ellen ▁Bur st yn , ▁Kate ▁N ellig an ▁and ▁Alf re ▁Wood ard . ▁It ▁also ▁marked ▁J ared ▁Let o ’ s ▁film ▁debut . ▁The ▁film ▁received ▁a ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Screen ▁Act ors ▁Gu ild ▁Award ▁for ▁Out standing ▁Performance ▁by ▁a ▁Cast ▁in ▁a ▁Mot ion ▁Picture . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁ ▁Finn ▁D odd ▁ ▁Main ▁character . ▁Following ▁a ▁proposal ▁of ▁marriage ▁from ▁her ▁boy friend ▁Sam ▁( D erm ot ▁Mul r oney ), ▁Finn ▁( Win ona ▁Ry der ) ▁dec ides ▁to ▁visit ▁her ▁great ▁a unt ▁and ▁grand m other ▁to ▁finish ▁her ▁th esis ▁and ▁think ▁over ▁the ▁proposal . ▁At ▁her ▁grand m other ' s ▁house , ▁a ▁qu il ting ▁group ▁con greg ates , ▁and ▁she ' s ▁shock ed ▁and ▁surprised ▁to ▁discover ▁that ▁the ▁current ▁qu ilt ▁that ▁they ' re
▁working ▁on ▁is ▁a ▁wed ding ▁gift ▁for ▁her ▁when ▁she ▁gets ▁married . ▁The ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁qu ilt ▁is ▁" where ▁love ▁res ides ". ▁As ▁Finn ▁is ▁uns ure ▁whether ▁she ' s ▁ready ▁for ▁marriage ▁or ▁whether ▁he ' s ▁" The ▁One ", ▁the ▁stories ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁qu il ting ▁group ▁open ▁her ▁eyes ▁to ▁the ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁love ▁that ▁exist . ▁During ▁her ▁time ▁at ▁her ▁grand m other ' s ▁house , ▁she ▁meets ▁Leon ▁( John athon ▁Sch ae ch ) ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁pool ▁and ▁emb arks ▁on ▁a ▁brief ▁affair ▁with ▁him . ▁Event ually , ▁wrapped ▁in ▁her ▁qu ilt ▁and ▁following ▁a ▁crow ▁( re min is cent ▁of ▁Anna ' s ▁tale ▁about ▁her ▁a unt ), ▁she ▁comes ▁across ▁Sam ▁and ▁cho oses ▁to ▁stay ▁with ▁him . ▁ ▁Soph ia ▁Dar ling ▁ ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁her ▁early ▁tw ent ies , ▁Soph ia ▁( Sam anth a ▁Math is / Lo is ▁Smith ) ▁was ▁a ▁tal ented ▁diver ▁with ▁dream s ▁of ▁esc aping ▁her ▁small ▁town ▁and ▁over b ear ing ▁mother . ▁One ▁day ▁she ▁meets ▁Pr eston ▁Rich ards ▁( L oren ▁Dean ) ▁while ▁div ing ▁at ▁the ▁local ▁pool ▁and ▁rom ance ▁ens ues . ▁He ' s ▁attract ed ▁by ▁her ▁fear less ness ▁and ▁she ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁can ▁take ▁her ▁away ▁from ▁her ▁current , ▁opp ress ive ▁way ▁of ▁life . ▁However
, ▁mother hood ▁turns ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁just ▁as , ▁if ▁not ▁more , ▁opp ress ive ▁and ▁married ▁life ▁soon ▁gr inds ▁her ▁down . ▁With ▁three ▁children ▁and ▁little ▁help ▁from ▁her ▁husband ▁who ▁is ▁frequently ▁away ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁job , ▁she ▁no ▁longer ▁has ▁time ▁to ▁d ive ▁and ▁eventually ▁forget s ▁the ▁feeling ▁of ▁freedom ▁and ▁escape ▁it ▁gives ▁her . ▁One ▁day ▁she ▁sn aps ▁at ▁her ▁husband ▁for ▁dig ging ▁a ▁p ond ▁in ▁the ▁back ▁garden . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁rem ind ▁her ▁of ▁the ▁girl ▁he ▁fell ▁in ▁love ▁with , ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁the ▁p ond ▁is ▁for ▁her ▁to ▁w ade ▁in . ▁ ▁After ▁she ▁reject s ▁his ▁efforts , ▁he ▁real izes ▁that ▁her ▁free ▁spirit ▁is ▁gone . ▁One ▁morning ▁he ▁leaves ▁for ▁work , ▁never ▁to ▁return . ▁Ab andon ed , ▁bitter , ▁and ▁tra pped ▁in ▁a ▁life ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁want , ▁Soph ia ▁ends ▁up ▁like ▁her ▁over b ear ing ▁mother , ▁particularly ▁in ▁her ▁relationship ▁with ▁Finn . ▁ ▁Years ▁later , ▁when ▁the ▁wind ▁blow s ▁part ▁of ▁Finn ' s ▁th esis ▁into ▁the ▁p ond , ▁she ▁w ades ▁in ▁to ▁get ▁it . ▁With ▁her ▁feet ▁in ▁the ▁pool , ▁she ▁rem embers ▁what ▁her ▁husband ▁tried ▁to ▁rem ind ▁her ▁of ▁all ▁those ▁years ▁ago , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁scenes ▁shows ▁her ▁div ing ▁off ▁the ▁high ▁d ive . ▁ ▁Em
▁Re ed ▁ ▁Em ▁( Jean ▁Sim m ons / Jo anna ▁Go ing ) ▁mar ries ▁young , ▁like ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁story . ▁ ▁Despite ▁the ▁prom is cu ity ▁of ▁her ▁art istic ▁husband ▁Dean ▁( D err ick ▁O ' Con nor / Tim ▁Gu ine e ), ▁she ▁stays ▁with ▁him ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁Event ually , ▁after ▁discover ing ▁yet ▁another ▁affair , ▁she ▁leaves ▁him ▁whilst ▁pre gn ant . ▁She ▁returns ▁to ▁her ▁parents ' ▁home , ▁but ▁it ▁still ▁takes ▁three ▁months ▁before ▁Dean ▁comes ▁to ▁find ▁her . ▁He ▁beg s ▁forg iveness ▁yet ▁again , ▁and ▁her ▁parents ▁pack ▁her ▁b ags , ▁loading ▁them ▁into ▁Dean ' s ▁car . ▁ ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁Em ▁has ▁no ▁choice ▁but ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁her ▁broken ▁life . ▁ ▁Years ▁later , ▁she ▁suspect s ▁Const ance ▁is ▁having ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Dean , ▁which ▁causes ▁fr iction ▁between ▁the ▁two . ▁ ▁Later , ▁she ▁real izes ▁that , ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁way , ▁Dean ▁does ▁truly ▁love ▁her ▁when ▁she ▁takes ▁shelter ▁in ▁his ▁studio ▁during ▁a ▁sudden ▁wind ▁storm ▁and ▁disco vers ▁numerous ▁paint ings ▁of ▁her ▁telling ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁their ▁life ▁together ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁ ▁Gl ady ▁Joe ▁Cle ary ▁and ▁Hy ▁D odd ▁ ▁Glad i ola ▁( G l ady ) ▁Joe ▁( Cla ire ▁Dan es / An ne ▁B anc ro ft ) ▁and ▁Hy
ac inth ▁( Hy ) ▁( A lic ia ▁Gor anson / E ll en ▁Bur st yn ) ▁are ▁Finn ’ s ▁great ▁a unt ▁and ▁grand m other ▁and ▁sister s ▁to ▁one ▁another . ▁At ▁one ▁point , ▁Hy ▁goes ▁to ▁visit ▁her ▁dying ▁husband ▁in ▁the ▁hospital . ▁ ▁Despite ▁her ▁deep ▁love ▁for ▁her ▁husband , ▁she ▁leaves ▁the ▁hospital ▁and ▁sle eps ▁with ▁Gl ady ’ s ▁husband ▁Arthur ▁( R ip ▁T orn ) ▁in ▁a ▁moment ▁of ▁weak ness ▁and ▁trag ic ▁em otion . ▁After ▁Gl ady ▁disco vers ▁the ▁truth , ▁she ▁sm ash es ▁every ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁por cel ain ▁figur ines ▁and ▁pl aster s ▁them ▁onto ▁the ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁la und ry ▁room ▁as ▁a ▁rem inder ▁of ▁her ▁anger . ▁Gl ady ▁never ▁really ▁forg ives ▁Arthur ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁forg ive ▁Hy ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁movie . ▁Their ▁recon c ili ation ▁is ▁symbol ized ▁by ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁the ▁pl aster ed ▁walls ▁in ▁the ▁la und ry ▁room ▁when ▁Gl ady ▁real izes ▁that ▁her ▁love ▁for ▁her ▁sister ▁over comes ▁her ▁feelings ▁of ▁bet ray al . ▁ ▁Const ance ▁Sau nd ers ▁ ▁Const ance ▁( K ate ▁N ellig an ) ▁had ▁a ▁happy ▁and ▁ful fill ing ▁marriage ▁until ▁her ▁husband , ▁How ell ▁( Rich ard ▁Jenkins ), ▁died , ▁leaving ▁her ▁a ▁young ▁wid ow . ▁While ▁he ▁was ▁alive , ▁How ell ▁gave ▁Const
ance ▁a ▁dog ▁to ▁keep ▁her ▁company . ▁Although ▁it ▁is ▁rum ored ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁having ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Dean , ▁she ▁knows ▁that ▁her ▁love ▁for ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁her ▁dog ▁are ▁her ▁true ▁compan ions . ▁Her ▁panel ▁for ▁Finn ' s ▁wed ding ▁qu ilt ▁dep ict s ▁a ▁yellow ▁rose ▁bush ▁under ▁which ▁she ▁and ▁How ell ▁buried ▁the ▁dog ▁after ▁it ▁died . ▁ ▁Anna ▁Ne ale ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁ma id , ▁Anna ▁( Mar ía ▁Ce led onio / M aya ▁Angel ou ) ▁starts ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁her ▁b oss ' s ▁son , ▁Beck ▁( J ared ▁Let o ), ▁who ' s ▁visit ing ▁from ▁Chicago . ▁She ▁becomes ▁pre gn ant ▁by ▁him , ▁and ▁when ▁her ▁great ▁a unt ▁finds ▁out ▁about ▁the ▁pre gn ancy ▁she ▁sends ▁Anna ▁away ▁with ▁their ▁family ▁story ▁qu ilt ▁( which ▁she ▁had ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁b oss ' s ▁wife ). ▁During ▁her ▁pre gn ancy , ▁Anna ▁met ▁Gl ady ▁and ▁Hy ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁taken ▁in ▁by ▁their ▁family . ▁She ▁becomes ▁particularly ▁close ▁with ▁Gl ady , ▁eventually ▁teaching ▁her ▁to ▁qu ilt . ▁During ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁qu il ting ▁less ons , ▁she ▁starts ▁labor , ▁eventually ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁Marian na ▁( Al fre ▁Wood ard ). ▁It ' s ▁only ▁then ▁that ▁Anna ▁real izes ▁that ▁her ▁fancy ▁notion ▁of ▁rom antic ▁love ▁was ▁nothing ▁in ▁comparison ▁to ▁the ▁mat ernal ▁love ▁she ▁feels
▁for ▁Marian na . ▁Anna ▁now ▁orch estr ates ▁the ▁qu il ting ▁group . ▁ ▁Marian na ▁Ne ale ▁ ▁Marian na ▁gives ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁being ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁her ▁prom is cu ous ▁freedom ▁until ▁a ▁moment ▁of ▁vulner ability ▁comes ▁in ▁a ▁conversation ▁with ▁Finn . ▁She ▁speak s ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁that ▁she ▁met ▁in ▁France . ▁They ▁had ▁met ▁and ▁spent ▁one ▁evening ▁together ▁during ▁which ▁they ▁connected ▁over ▁a ▁meeting ▁of ▁minds ▁before ▁she ▁discovered ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁married . ▁Although ▁she ▁has ▁taken ▁many ▁lo vers ▁since , ▁she ▁real izes ▁this ▁man ▁is ▁her ▁soul mate ▁and ▁she ▁doesn ' t ▁even ▁know ▁his ▁name . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Re ception ▁How ▁to ▁Make ▁an ▁American ▁Qu ilt ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁and ▁holds ▁a ▁ 6 1 % ▁rating ▁on ▁Rotten ▁Tomatoes ▁based ▁on ▁ 3 3 ▁reviews . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁review ▁for ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times , ▁C ary n ▁James ▁gave ▁pra ise ▁to ▁both ▁Mo or house ' s ▁" cut - to - the - quick " ▁direction ▁and ▁Anderson ' s ▁script ▁for ▁craft ing ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁a ▁" dec ided ly ▁un cin ematic ▁novel ." ▁She ▁added ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁man ages ▁to ▁give ▁off ▁the ▁impression ▁that ▁" we ▁are ▁not ▁watching ▁movie ▁women ▁but ▁real ▁women , ▁with ▁sh ak y ▁judgment ▁and ▁lif et imes ▁of ▁reasons ▁to ▁res ent ▁and ▁forg ive ▁one ▁another ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁all ▁the ▁men ▁in
▁their ▁lives ." ▁Roger ▁E bert ▁comm ended ▁the ▁stories ▁involving ▁Wood ard ▁and ▁Cap sh aw ' s ▁characters ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁heart f elt ▁but ▁found ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁them ▁de void ▁of ▁any ▁emot ional ▁reson ance ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁tales ▁told ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁adaptation ▁of ▁Amy ▁Tan ' s ▁The ▁Joy ▁L uck ▁Club , ▁saying ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁lives ▁" larg ely ▁rec yc led ▁from ▁sweet ▁mov ies ▁and ▁taste ful ▁rom antic ▁nov els ." ▁E ve ▁Z ib art ▁of ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁said ▁that ▁despite ▁B anc ro ft ' s ▁performance ▁being ▁" right ▁on ▁the ▁ce iling " ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁over ▁the ▁top ▁and ▁saying ▁that ▁Ry der ▁" se ems ▁for ▁once ▁to ▁be ▁acting , ▁and ▁not ▁entirely ▁comfort ably ", ▁she ▁pra ised ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁actress es ▁for ▁being ▁" the atr ical ▁indul gence ▁by ▁a ▁cast ▁of ▁st ah s ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁How ▁to ▁Make ▁an ▁American ▁Qu ilt ▁Category : Am b lin ▁Entertainment ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁coming - of - age ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Univers al ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : American ▁coming - of - age ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Thomas ▁New man ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁J oc ely n ▁Mo or house ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by
▁Jane ▁Anderson ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁country ▁houses ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁female ▁bud dy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁PK ID s , ▁ ▁which ▁stands ▁for ▁Par ents ▁of ▁K ids ▁with ▁In fect ious ▁D ise ases , ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁non pro fit ▁organization ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁that ▁serves ▁families ▁of ▁children ▁living ▁with ▁chron ic , ▁vir al ▁inf ect ious ▁dise ases ▁and ▁educ ates ▁the ▁public ▁on ▁various ▁methods ▁of ▁disease ▁prevent ion . ▁ ▁F ounded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁by ▁a ▁hand ful ▁of ▁parents , ▁the ▁group ▁became ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ▁( c ) ▁( 3 ) ▁non pro fit ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁thousands ▁of ▁families ▁have ▁been ▁helped ▁and ▁millions ▁of ▁individuals ▁around ▁the ▁country ▁have ▁received ▁PK ID s ’ ▁health ▁messages . ▁ ▁History ▁PK ID s ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁when ▁parents ▁adopt ing ▁intern ation ally ▁were ▁bringing ▁home ▁b ab ies ▁and ▁children ▁with ▁unexpected ▁in fe ctions . ▁ ▁Par ents , ▁wondering ▁what ▁their ▁families ▁were ▁facing , ▁searched ▁for ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁and , ▁while ▁doing ▁so , ▁found ▁each ▁other . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁non pro fit ▁was ▁officially ▁formed ▁and ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Washington . ▁ ▁In ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁families ▁served ▁grew ▁to ▁include ▁all ▁sorts ▁of ▁families ▁– ▁adopt
ive , ▁bi ological , ▁fost er ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁ ▁Mission ▁PK ID s ’ ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁educ ate ▁the ▁public ▁about ▁inf ect ious ▁dise ases , ▁the ▁methods ▁of ▁prevent ion ▁and ▁transmission , ▁and ▁the ▁latest ▁adv ances ▁in ▁medicine ; ▁to ▁eliminate ▁the ▁social ▁st igma ▁bor ne ▁by ▁the ▁inf ected ; ▁and ▁to ▁assist ▁the ▁families ▁of ▁children ▁living ▁with ▁H IV / A ID S , ▁he pat itis , ▁or ▁other ▁chron ic , ▁vir al ▁inf ect ious ▁dise ases ▁with ▁emot ional , ▁financial , ▁and ▁inform ational ▁support . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁PK ID s ▁ ▁Get V ax ed . org ▁ ▁Category : Organ izations ▁for ▁children ▁with ▁health ▁issues ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Category : He alth ▁char ities ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Med ical ▁and ▁health ▁organizations ▁based ▁in ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Blues ▁Et ude ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁album ▁by ▁Oscar ▁Pet erson . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁tri o ' s ▁last ▁recording ▁to ▁feature ▁bass ist ▁Ray ▁Brown . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" Bl ues ▁Et ude " ▁( O scar ▁Pet erson ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 3 ▁ ▁" Sh elle y ' s ▁World " ▁( B ill ▁Tra ut ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 2 0 ▁ ▁" Let ' s ▁Fall ▁in ▁Love " ▁( Har old
▁Ar len , ▁Ted ▁K oe h ler ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" The ▁Sh adow ▁of ▁Your ▁Sm ile " ▁( John ny ▁Mand el , ▁Paul ▁Francis ▁Web ster ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 3 9 ▁ ▁" If ▁I ▁W ere ▁a ▁Bell " ▁( Fran k ▁Lo esser ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 9 ▁ ▁" St ella ▁by ▁Star light " ▁( N ed ▁Washington , ▁Victor ▁Young ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 7 ▁ ▁" B ossa ▁Beg u ine " ▁( P et erson ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 9 ▁ ▁" L ' ▁Im possible " ▁( P et erson ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 0 ▁ ▁" I ▁Know ▁You ▁Oh ▁So ▁Well " ▁( P et erson ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 5 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Oscar ▁Pet erson ▁– ▁piano ▁ ▁Ray ▁Brown ▁– ▁double ▁bass ▁( tra cks ▁ 5 - 9 ) ▁ ▁Sam ▁Jones ▁– ▁double ▁bass ▁( tra cks ▁ 1 - 4 ) ▁ ▁Louis ▁Hay es ▁– ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁albums ▁Category : O scar ▁Pet erson ▁albums ▁Category : L im el ight ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁may ▁mean ▁any ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁educational ▁institutions . ▁ ▁J ama ica ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School , ▁J ama ica ▁— ▁Man dev ille , ▁J ama ica ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom : ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁for ▁Girls ▁—
▁Manchester , ▁England ▁ ▁United ▁States : ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( Connect icut ) ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁Connecticut ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( Ge org ia ) ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁Georgia ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( N orth ▁Manchester , ▁Indiana ) ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( Mich igan ) ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁Michigan ▁Manchester ▁Township ▁High ▁School ▁— ▁Manchester ▁Township , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( New ▁Franklin , ▁Ohio ) ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( Man chester , ▁Ohio ) ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁( V ir gin ia ) ▁— ▁Mid l oth ian , ▁Virginia ▁Manchester ▁Central ▁High ▁School ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Manchester - Es sex ▁Regional ▁Junior - S en ior ▁High ▁School ▁— ▁Manchester - by - the - Se a , ▁Massachusetts ▁Manchester ▁Memorial ▁High ▁School ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Manchester ▁Regional ▁Academy ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁Connecticut ▁Manchester ▁High ▁School ▁West ▁— ▁Manchester , ▁New ▁Ham pshire <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Edit ing ▁is ▁an ▁award ▁presented ▁ann ually ▁by ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Man ila ▁Development ▁Author ity ▁( M MD A ). ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁awarded ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ceremony , ▁held ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ; ▁Ed g ardo ▁Vin ara o ▁won ▁the ▁award ▁for ▁his ▁editing ▁in ▁D il igin ▁mo ▁ng ▁Ham og ▁ang ▁U h aw ▁na ▁L up a ▁and ▁it ▁gr ants ▁to ▁a ▁film ▁exhib iting ▁the ▁fin est ▁editing ▁for
▁work ▁in ▁a ▁motion ▁picture . ▁Currently , ▁nom ine es ▁and ▁w inners ▁are ▁determined ▁by ▁Executive ▁Comm itte es , ▁head ed ▁by ▁the ▁Metropolitan ▁Man ila ▁Development ▁Author ity ▁Chair man ▁and ▁key ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁industry . ▁ ▁W inners ▁and ▁nom ine es ▁▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁IM DB : ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ ▁Category : Fil m ▁editing ▁awards ▁Category : Met ro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁Category : Ph ili pp ine ▁film ▁awards <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁Sch mid ▁( born ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁World ▁Cup ▁al pine ▁ski ▁rac er , ▁and ▁special izes ▁in ▁giant ▁sl alom . ▁Born ▁in ▁Ober std orf , ▁Bav aria , ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁World ▁Championships . ▁ ▁World ▁Cup ▁results ▁ ▁Season ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Pod iums ▁▁▁ 1 ▁pod ium ▁- ▁( 1 ▁P G ) ▁ ▁World ▁Championship ▁results ▁ ▁Olympic ▁results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Sch mid ▁World ▁Cup ▁stand ings ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Ski ▁Federation ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Sch mid ▁at ▁German ▁Ski ▁Team ▁( D SV ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Sch mid ▁at
▁Head ▁Sk is ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al pine ▁ski ers ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁al pine ▁ski ers ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ober std orf <0x0A> </s> ▁Secret ▁Valent ine ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁guitar ist ▁Gordon ▁G ilt rap . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁music ▁by ▁Gordon ▁G ilt rap . ▁ ▁" M add ie ▁Go es ▁West " ▁" Under ▁This ▁Blue ▁Sky " ▁" K az " ▁" The ▁Pic nic " ▁" E leg y ▁( The ▁Death ▁of ▁Ch atter ton )" ▁" Down ▁The ▁River " ▁" By ▁Ang le ▁T arn " ▁" A ▁Christmas ▁Carol " ▁" The ▁Lord ' s ▁Se at " ▁" P ray er ▁for ▁Philipp a " ▁" Is abel la ' s ▁Wed ding " ▁" The ▁E cho ing ▁Green ▁/ ▁London " ▁" Secret ▁Valent ine " ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Gordon ▁G ilt rap ▁- ▁Gu it ars ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁"" ▁" [] " ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁albums ▁Category : G ordon ▁G ilt rap ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁S ara ▁Mont es ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Mexican ▁film ▁and ▁television ▁actress . ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁ ▁The ▁T iger ▁of
▁J alis co ▁( 1 9 4 7 ) ▁ ▁I ' m ▁Not ▁M ata ▁H ari ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Ang els ▁of ▁the ▁Ar rab al ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Cu atro ▁contra ▁el ▁mundo ▁( 1 9 5 0 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Life ▁of ▁Ag ust ín ▁L ara ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Rog el io ▁Agr as ánchez . ▁Gu ill ermo ▁Call es : ▁A ▁Biography ▁of ▁the ▁A ctor ▁and ▁Mexican ▁Cinema ▁P ione er . ▁Mc F ar land , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M ex ican ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : M ex ican ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : Act ress es ▁from ▁Mich o ac án ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Mor elia <0x0A> </s> ▁C K LD - FM ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁radio ▁station , ▁broadcast ing ▁a ▁soft ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁format ▁at ▁ 1 0 5 . 5 ▁FM ▁in ▁Th et ford ▁M ines , ▁Quebec . ▁It ▁shares ▁the ▁programming ▁of ▁Ré seau ▁des ▁App al aches ' s ▁Pass ion - R ock ▁network ▁with ▁sister ▁station ▁CF DA - FM ▁in ▁Victoria ville . ▁ ▁The ▁stations ▁air ▁the ▁same ▁programming ▁at ▁all ▁times , ▁although ▁both ▁stations ▁produce ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁shared ▁broadcast ▁schedule ▁from ▁separate ▁stud ios . ▁Their
▁contemporary ▁hit ▁radio ▁sister ▁station ▁CF J O - FM ▁also ▁produces ▁programming ▁in ▁both ▁cities , ▁although ▁it ▁serves ▁the ▁region ▁from ▁a ▁single ▁ 1 0 0 - kil ow att ▁transmit ter . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁station ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁by ▁Radio ▁M ég antic . ▁Broadcast ing ▁on ▁ 1 2 3 0 ▁AM , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁private ▁affili ate ▁of ▁the ▁Radio - Can ada ▁network . ▁François ▁L abb é ▁became ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁moved ▁to ▁ 1 3 3 0 ▁AM ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁dis aff ili ated ▁from ▁Radio - Can ada ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁The ▁station ▁moved ▁to ▁its ▁current ▁frequency ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Montreal - based ▁Att raction ▁Radio ▁announced ▁plans ▁to ▁ac quire ▁all ▁of ▁Ré seau ▁des ▁App al aches ' ▁stations , ▁including ▁C K LD - FM ▁and ▁C J LP - FM ; ▁the ▁decision ▁is ▁currently ▁await ing ▁CR TC ▁appro val . ▁ ▁Reb road c aster s ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Pass ion - R ock ▁▁▁ ▁K ld ▁K ld ▁K ld ▁Category : Th et ford ▁M ines ▁Category : Radio ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁establish ments ▁in
▁Quebec <0x0A> </s> ▁F aye ▁B ark er ▁Born ▁ 1 5 th ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁age ▁ 4 3 , ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁journalist ▁and ▁present er ▁employed ▁by ▁IT N . ▁ ▁Career ▁She ▁began ▁her ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁London - based ▁European ▁Business ▁News , ▁an ▁affili ate ▁of ▁C N BC , ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁ ▁After ▁becoming ▁a ▁production ▁journalist ▁for ▁IT N ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁she ▁later ▁made ▁her ▁on - screen ▁TV ▁debut ▁for ▁ 5 ▁News ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 5 , ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁present er ▁and ▁rep orter . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁she ▁land ed ▁a ▁present ing ▁job ▁for ▁the ▁regional ▁evening ▁news ▁magazine ▁Calendar ▁on ▁I TV ▁York shire . ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁working ▁at ▁I TV ▁York shire , ▁she ▁appeared ▁as ▁an ▁under cover ▁rep orter ▁on ▁three ▁series ▁of ▁Package ▁Hol iday ▁Under cover ▁on ▁I TV . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁she ▁narr ated ▁the ▁document ary ▁series ▁St ▁Jim mys . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁B ark er ▁became ▁a ▁fre el ancer ▁- ▁appearing ▁on ▁the ▁I TV ▁News ▁at ▁ 5 : 3 0 , ▁I TV ▁News ▁Channel , ▁I TV ▁News ▁London , ▁Set anta ▁Sports ▁News , ▁Sky ▁News ▁and ▁ 5 ▁News . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁she
▁and ▁O wen ▁Thomas ▁presented ▁the ▁final ▁broadcast ▁on ▁the ▁I TV ▁News ▁Channel . ▁ ▁In ▁Aut umn ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁came o ▁appearance ▁playing ▁a ▁journalist ▁in ▁episode ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁I TV ▁drama ▁Wh ist leb low ers . ▁Since ▁then ▁she ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁Sur viv or ▁( 2 0 1 5 ), ▁Week ender ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁and ▁H amp st ead ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁and ▁also ▁played ▁a ▁new sc aster ▁in ▁the ▁H ulu ▁series ▁Four ▁Wed d ings ▁and ▁a ▁Fun eral ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁she ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁main ▁new sc aster ▁of ▁the ▁I TV ▁News ▁at ▁ 5 : 3 0 ▁on ▁I TV . ▁▁ ▁Additionally ▁she ▁would ▁present ▁three ▁short ▁opts ▁which ▁air ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁G M TV ▁( now ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain ) ▁for ▁I TV ▁News ▁London ▁on ▁I TV ▁London ▁- ▁a ▁role ▁of ▁which ▁she ▁continues . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁when ▁the ▁I TV ▁News ▁at ▁ 5 : 3 0 ▁was ▁dropped , ▁she ▁became ▁a ▁Pres enter ▁and ▁Re porter ▁for ▁I TV ▁News ▁and ▁I TV ▁News ▁London , ▁with ▁regular ▁present ing ▁appearances ▁on ▁the ▁I TV ▁Week end ▁News ▁and ▁I TV ▁London , ▁including ▁the ▁regional ▁opts ▁in ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain . ▁Her ▁reports ▁also
▁regularly ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁I TV ▁L unch time ▁News . ▁ ▁Her ▁corpor ate ▁work ▁has ▁included ▁present ing ▁awards ▁shows ▁and ▁videos ▁for ▁R anst ad , ▁English ▁National ▁Bal let ▁School ▁and ▁M idd les ex ▁University ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁hosting ▁deb ates , ▁including ▁for ▁Total job s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁B ark er ▁joined ▁ 2 6 ▁other ▁cele brit ies ▁and ▁performed ▁an ▁original ▁Christmas ▁song ▁called ▁Rock ▁With ▁Rud olph . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁recorded ▁in ▁aid ▁of ▁Great ▁Or mond ▁Street ▁Hospital ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁digit ally ▁through ▁independent ▁record ▁label ▁S aga ▁Entertainment ▁on ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁music ▁video ▁deb uted ▁exclus ively ▁with ▁The ▁Sun ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁TV ▁showing ▁on ▁Good ▁Mor ning ▁Britain ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁song ▁pe aked ▁at ▁number ▁two ▁on ▁the ▁i T unes ▁pop ▁chart . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁B ark er ▁is ▁married ▁and ▁her ▁wed ding ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁B ick le igh ▁Castle , ▁Dev on , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁she ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁her ▁first ▁child , ▁a ▁daughter . ▁Her ▁second ▁child , ▁and ▁second ▁daughter , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Her ▁third ▁child , ▁a ▁son , ▁was ▁born ▁in
▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁keen ▁dan cer , ▁having ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁classes ▁and ▁shows ▁as ▁a ▁child , ▁and ▁continues ▁to ▁attend ▁classes ▁today . ▁ ▁B ark er ▁has ▁also ▁done ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁work ▁for ▁char ity ▁including ▁present ing ▁fashion ▁shows ▁for ▁cancer ▁char ities . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁on - screen ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Broadcast ing ▁Convention ▁in ▁Amsterdam ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁F aye ▁B ark er ▁on ▁Twitter : ▁@ F aye B ark er ▁ ▁https :// www . inst agram . com / fb ont v ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁television ▁news read ers ▁and ▁news ▁present ers ▁Category : English ▁television ▁journal ists ▁Category : English ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : English ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : IT N ▁news read ers ▁and ▁journal ists ▁Category : IT V ▁regional ▁news read ers ▁and ▁journal ists ▁Category : S ky ▁news read ers ▁and ▁journal ists ▁Category : 5 ▁News ▁present ers ▁and ▁rep or ters ▁Category : B rit ish ▁women ▁television ▁journal ists ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁survey ▁of ▁the ▁post age ▁st amps ▁and ▁postal ▁history ▁of ▁Ang ola . ▁ ▁Pre - st amp ▁era ▁ ▁A ▁col ony ▁of ▁Portugal ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁Ang
ola ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁mail ▁service . ▁ ▁First ▁st amps ▁▁ ▁Its ▁first ▁st amps ▁date ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁six ▁values ▁dep ict ing ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁crown ▁in ▁a ▁design ▁common ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁colon ies . ▁New ▁values ▁and ▁colors ▁appeared ▁period ically ▁through ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nine ▁featured ▁an ▁emb oss ed ▁sil hou ette ▁of ▁Lu ís ▁I , ▁followed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁by ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁Carlos ▁I . ▁ ▁Later ▁issues ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁Portuguese ▁colon ies , ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 0 s ▁were ▁phil atel ically ▁complex , ▁with ▁multiple ▁over print s ▁and ▁sur charg es ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁existing ▁stamp ▁stock s . ▁The ▁Cer es ▁series ▁on ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁out last ed ▁the ▁inst ability , ▁with ▁new ▁st amps ▁being ▁added ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁types . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁comm emor ative ▁st amps ▁were ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁three ▁showing ▁a ▁mar ble ▁column ▁sur mount ed ▁by ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁arms , ▁mark ing ▁the ▁visit ▁of ▁President ▁Ant ón io ▁Ó scar ▁Car m ona ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁A ▁set ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁comm emor ated ▁the ▁ 3 0 0
th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁recovery ▁of ▁Ang ola . ▁ ▁Two ▁definit ive ▁series , ▁one ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁consisting ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁designs ▁featuring ▁native ▁birds , ▁and ▁another ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁st amps ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁dep ict ing ▁native ▁animals , ▁are ▁notable ▁as ▁early ▁st amps ▁printed ▁in ▁full ▁color . ▁The ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁saw ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁additional ▁long ▁sets , ▁including ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms , ▁port ra its ▁of ▁n atives , ▁local ▁churches , ▁and ▁so ▁forth . ▁ ▁Portuguese ▁Congo ▁issues ▁ ▁St amps ▁were ▁issued ▁for ▁the ▁present - day ▁Cab inda ▁Province ▁as ▁Portuguese ▁Congo ▁from ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁Independent ▁Ang ola ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁stamp ▁of ▁independent ▁Ang ola ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 . 5 0 - esc udo ▁value ▁issued ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 5 ; ▁it ▁dep icted ▁a ▁hand ▁holding ▁a ▁rif le ▁al o ft , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁star . ▁Initial ly ▁the ▁stamp ▁program ▁was ▁conserv ative , ▁with ▁ 2 0 - 3 0 ▁st amps ▁per ▁year , ▁but ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 9 0 s , ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁designs ▁began ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁each ▁year , ▁eventually ▁joined ▁by ▁ad hes ive ▁labels ▁ins cribed ▁" Ang ola " ▁but ▁not ▁author
ized ▁by ▁postal ▁authorities ▁and ▁not ▁valid ▁for ▁post age . ▁Ang ola ▁is ▁a ▁client ▁of ▁the ▁Inter - G overn ment al ▁Phil atel ic ▁Corporation . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁de ▁S ous a , ▁Marco ▁Ant ón io . ▁Not as ▁de ▁Fil at él ia : ▁O ▁ano ▁fil at é lic o ▁de ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁em ▁Ang ola . ▁Lu anda : ▁M . A . ▁de ▁S ous a , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁ ▁Dir .- G eral ▁das ▁O bras ▁P úblic as ▁e ▁Comun ica ções . ▁Sel os ▁Post ais ▁de ▁Ang ola . ▁Lis bon : ▁Dir .- G eral ▁das ▁O bras ▁P úblic as ▁e ▁Comun ica ções , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁ 4 7 p . ▁ ▁Kü ch ler , ▁Rein hard . ▁Die ▁Br ief mark en ▁Ang olas ▁seit ▁der ▁Un abhäng igkeit ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁- ▁Phil atel ie ▁und ▁Post geschichte . ▁Düsseldorf : ▁Br ief mark en fre unde - D üsseld orf . ▁ ▁Kü ch ler , ▁Rein hard . ▁Erst tags brie fe ▁und ▁Son der st emp el ▁der ▁Volks rep ublik ▁Ang ola . ▁Düsseldorf : ▁Br ief mark en fre unde - D üsseld orf . ▁ ▁Mag al ha es , ▁Alexandre ▁Gu edes ▁de . ▁Mar cas ▁Post ais ▁de ▁Ang ola . ▁Lis bon : ▁Rev ista ▁" F N ▁-- Fil atel ia ▁Num
ism atica ", ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁ 1 1 5 p . ▁▁▁ ▁Mar inho , ▁Jo ao ▁August o . ▁Ap ont amentos ▁sobre ▁sel os ▁de ▁Ang ola ▁e ▁Congo . ▁Lu anda : ▁Com post o ▁e ▁impress o ▁na ▁NE A ▁- ▁Nova ▁Editor ial ▁Ang ol ana , ▁S . A . R . L ., ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁ 2 1 2 p . ▁▁ ▁Po ole , ▁B . W . H . ▁" First ▁St amps ▁of ▁Ang ola ." ▁Me ke el ' s ▁Week ly ▁St amp ▁News . ▁( 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 9 ). ▁ ▁Ross iter , ▁Stuart ▁& ▁John ▁F lower . ▁The ▁St amp ▁Atlas . ▁London : ▁Mac don ald , ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Cor re ios ▁de ▁Ang ola ▁official ▁website ▁( Port ug uese ) ▁ ▁Category : Ph il ately ▁of ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ph il ately ▁of ▁Ang ola <0x0A> </s> ▁E pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁are ▁b acter ia ▁which ▁live ▁non - par as it ically ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁plant ▁on ▁various ▁org ans ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁leaves , ▁roots , ▁flowers , ▁bud s , ▁se eds ▁and ▁fruit . ▁In ▁current ▁studies ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁determined ▁that ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁generally ▁don ’ t ▁harm ▁the ▁plant , ▁but ▁promote ▁the ▁formation ▁of
▁ice ▁cry st als . ▁Some ▁produce ▁an ▁aux in ▁h orm one ▁which ▁prom otes ▁plant ▁growth ▁and ▁plays ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁cycle ▁of ▁the ▁b acter ia . ▁▁ ▁D ifferent ▁b acter ia ▁prefer ▁different ▁plants ▁and ▁different ▁plant ▁org ans ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁organ ' s ▁nut r itional ▁content , ▁and ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁b acter ia ' s ▁colon ization ▁system ▁which ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁host ▁plant . ▁B acter ia ▁which ▁live ▁on ▁leaves ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁ph yl lob acter ia , ▁and ▁b acter ia ▁which ▁live ▁on ▁the ▁root ▁system ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁rh iz ab acter ia . ▁They ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁plant ▁surface ▁forms ▁as ▁ 1 - cluster ▁ 2 - ▁individual ▁b acter ial ▁cell ▁▁ 3 - ▁bio film ▁ ▁. ▁The ▁age ▁of ▁the ▁organ ▁also ▁affect s ▁the ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁population ▁and ▁characteristics ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁in hib ition ▁of ▁ph y top ath ogen ▁on ▁plant . ▁E pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁marine ▁environment ▁have ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁nit ro gen ▁cycle . ▁ ▁Species ▁There ▁are ▁diverse ▁species ▁of ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia . ▁An ▁incomplete ▁list : ▁Cit rob acter ▁young ae ▁Bac ill us ▁th uring i ensis ▁ ▁Enter ob acter ▁sol i ▁Bac ill us ▁te qu il ensis ▁Bac ill us ▁ar y
ab hat ta i ▁P anto ea ▁eu cal y pt i ▁Pseud omon as ▁p aller on iana ▁Ser rat ia ▁n emat odi ph ila ▁▁ ▁St en ot roph omon as ▁m alt oph ilia ▁Pseud omon as ▁m oss el ii ▁Pseud omon as ▁put ida ▁L ys in ib ac ill us ▁x yl an ily t icus ▁Enter ob acter ▁as bur iae ▁Ac inet ob acter ▁j ohn son ii ▁Pseud omon as ▁mac er ans ▁ ▁Classification ▁Many ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁are ▁rod - sh aped , ▁and ▁class ified ▁as ▁either ▁gram ▁negative ▁or ▁gram ▁positive , ▁p ig ment ed ▁or ▁non - p ig ment ed , ▁fer ment ative ▁or ▁non - fer ment ative ▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Non - p ig ment ed ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁have ▁high ▁a ▁GC ▁content ▁in ▁their ▁gen ome , ▁a ▁characteristic ▁which ▁protect s ▁the ▁b acter ia ▁from ▁the ▁ult rav io let ▁ray s ▁of ▁the ▁sun . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁these ▁b acter ia ▁have ▁special ▁nut r itional ▁requirements . ▁ ▁Current ▁studies ▁on ▁e pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁are ▁under way ▁for ▁bi ote chn ological ▁applications ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁promotion ▁of ▁plant ▁growth . ▁E pi ph yt ic ▁b acter ia ▁are ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁plant ▁surface ▁through ▁ult rav io let ▁radiation , ▁chemical ▁surface ▁dis in fection , ▁and
▁was hing ▁. ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ep il ith s , ▁organ isms ▁that ▁grow ▁on ▁rocks ▁ ▁Zo och ory , ▁seed ▁dispers al ▁by ▁animals ▁ ▁Ep ib ion t , ▁an ▁organ ism ▁that ▁grows ▁on ▁another ▁life ▁form ▁ ▁E pi phy te ▁ ▁End os ym b ion t ▁ ▁E pi ph yt ic ▁fung us ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁http :// www . p jo es . com / pdf / 1 2 . 1 / 8 3 - 9 3 . pdf ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : B acter ia ▁Category : B acter i ology ▁Category : B ot any <0x0A> </s> ▁Heart strings ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁British ▁animated ▁short ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Rh ian non ▁Evans ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wales ▁in ▁New port . ▁It ▁tells ▁us ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁two ▁stop - m otion ▁figures ▁made ▁from ▁string , ▁who ▁fall ▁in ▁love ; ▁their ▁love ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁red ▁string ▁that ▁connect s ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁heart . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁a ▁budget ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 ▁and ▁took ▁around ▁four ▁months ▁to ▁complete . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁it ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁the ▁Best ▁of ▁British ▁An imation ▁Awards ▁Vol . ▁ 8 ▁DVD . ▁ ▁Acc ol ades ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁Anim ated ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁New port ▁Gr adu ate ▁Show case ▁ 2 0 0 9 :
▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁Student ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Nor wich ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁Award ▁for ▁Second ▁placed ▁film ▁at ▁Can ter bury ▁An ifest ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁A udi ence ▁Selection ▁Award ▁at ▁Can ter bury ▁An ifest ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁Techn ical ▁Ach iev ement ▁Award ▁at ▁Can ter bury ▁An ifest ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁An imation ▁Award ▁at ▁Ex pos ures ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁won ▁the ▁Grand ▁j ury ▁Award ▁at ▁Ex pos ures ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁in ▁Show ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Sav ann ah ▁International ▁An imation ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁Student ▁Film ▁Award ▁at ▁the ▁Sav ann ah ▁International ▁An imation ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁An imation ▁Award ▁at ▁S cre ent est ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁won ▁the ▁A udi ence ▁Award ▁at ▁S cre ent est ▁Festival ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁Student : ▁Under grad uate ▁Ind ividual ▁Award ▁at ▁Sto ke ▁Your ▁F ires ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ 2 0 1 0 : ▁British ▁An imation ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Student ▁Film ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Heart strings ▁blog ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 0
s ▁animated ▁short ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁animated ▁short ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Jó z sef ▁K ell ermann ▁( born ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁wrest ler . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁fre est yle ▁fe ather weight ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : H ung arian ▁male ▁sport ▁wrest lers ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁wrest lers ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁Category : W rest lers ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B á cs - K isk un ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Vincent ▁Tan ▁Che e ▁Y i oun ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Malays ian ▁Chinese ▁business man ▁and ▁invest or . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Ber j aya ▁Corporation ▁Ber had , ▁a ▁divers ified ▁con gl omer ate ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁stock ▁exchange . ▁Besides ▁holding ▁st akes ▁through ▁the ▁Ber j aya ▁Corporation ▁group ▁of ▁companies , ▁Tan ' s ▁other ▁st akes ▁include ▁interest ▁in ▁internet – related ▁business es , ▁water ▁util ities , ▁media , ▁ret ail ▁and ▁tele communic ations . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁entered ▁the ▁For bes ▁billion aire ▁list ▁with ▁an ▁estimated ▁worth ▁of ▁US $ 1 . 3 ▁billion ▁( R M 4 .
2 ▁billion ). ▁Tan ' s ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁Malays ian ▁business ▁sector ▁has ▁been ▁attributed ▁in ▁part ▁to ▁his ▁close ▁association ▁with ▁prominent ▁Mal ay ▁political ▁figures . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Business ▁ ▁Ber j aya ▁Corporation ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Tan ▁received ▁a ▁g aming ▁license ▁ for ▁his ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary ▁As cot ▁Sports ▁S dn ▁B hd . ▁However ▁the ▁license ▁was ▁rev oked ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁as ▁of ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁government ▁said ▁it ▁had ▁no ▁plans ▁to ▁re issue ▁it . ▁ ▁Below ▁are ▁the ▁listed ▁subs idi aries ▁under ▁Ber j aya ▁Corporation ▁Ber had : ▁ ▁Ber j aya ▁Land ▁Ber had ▁ ▁Ber j aya ▁Sports ▁T oto ▁Ber had ▁ ▁Ber j aya ▁Food ▁Ber had ▁( including ▁P appa ▁Rich i ▁brand ) ▁ ▁R ED t one ▁International ▁Ber had ▁ ▁Ber j aya ▁Philippines ▁Inc . ▁ ▁Football ▁ ▁Card iff ▁City ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Tan ▁became ▁the ▁owner ▁of ▁Card iff ▁City ▁after ▁a ▁cons ort ium ▁of ▁Malays ian ▁invest ors ▁( led ▁by ▁D ato ▁Chan ▁T ien ▁G he e ) ▁bought ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁club ' s ▁shares . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁cons ort ium ▁said ▁they ▁would ▁invest ▁£ 1 0 0 ▁million ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁stad ium ' s ▁capacity
▁and ▁build ▁a ▁new ▁training ▁ground , ▁providing ▁they ▁were ▁given ▁permission ▁to ▁re brand ▁the ▁club ▁from ▁blue ▁to ▁red . ▁The ▁plans ▁spark ed ▁out rage ▁among ▁Card iff ▁supp or ters , ▁who ▁quickly ▁organ ised ▁an ▁emer gency ▁meeting ▁to ▁discuss ▁how ▁they ▁would ▁respond ▁to ▁the ▁proposal . ▁The ▁plans ▁were ▁subsequently ▁dropped . ▁ ▁One ▁month ▁later , ▁the ▁club ▁went ▁ahead ▁with ▁the ▁re brand ing , ▁to ▁expand ▁Card iff ' s ▁appeal ▁in ▁foreign ▁mark ets . ▁Card iff ' s ▁bad ge ▁was ▁red es igned ▁to ▁include ▁a ▁red ▁drag on , ▁while ▁their ▁home ▁k it ▁was ▁changed ▁from ▁blue ▁to ▁red . ▁The ▁club ' s ▁£ 3 0 ▁million ▁deb t ▁to ▁the ▁Lang ston ▁Corporation ▁was ▁also ▁cleared . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁following ▁Card iff ' s ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁League , ▁Tan ▁promised ▁to ▁spend ▁£ 2 5 ▁million ▁to ▁help ▁Card iff ▁establish ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight , ▁and ▁public ly ▁stated ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁listing ▁his ▁ 3 6 . 1 % ▁st ake ▁on ▁the ▁K ual a ▁L ump ur ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁( K L SE ). ▁An ▁Initial ▁Public ▁Of fer ing ▁( IP O ) ▁would ▁sell ▁shares ▁in ▁the ▁club ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁gain ▁capital ▁to ▁expand ▁the ▁business . ▁▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Tan ▁created ▁more ▁controvers
y ▁after ▁susp ending ▁I ain ▁Mo ody , ▁the ▁club ' s ▁head ▁of ▁rec ruit ment , ▁who ▁had ▁apparently ▁o vers pent ▁by ▁£ 1 5 ▁million ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁transfer ▁window . ▁Mo ody ▁was ▁initially ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁back room ▁staff ▁by ▁then ▁manager ▁M alk y ▁Mack ay , ▁and ▁helped ▁Card iff ▁sign ▁several ▁players ▁ahead ▁of ▁their ▁inaug ural ▁Premier ▁League ▁campaign . ▁He ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Al isher ▁A ps aly am ov by , ▁a ▁ 2 3 - year - old ▁Kaz akh ▁who ▁was ▁previously ▁on ▁work ▁experience ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Tan ' s ▁son . ▁A ▁few ▁months ▁later , ▁following ▁an ▁investigation ▁over ▁A ps aly am ov by ' s ▁vis a , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Despite ▁going ▁over ▁budget ▁during ▁the ▁summer , ▁Mack ay ▁public ly ▁stated ▁his ▁plans ▁to ▁boost ▁his ▁squad ▁during ▁the ▁January ▁transfer ▁window , ▁which ▁ups et ▁Tan , ▁who ▁said ▁that ▁no ▁money ▁would ▁be ▁made ▁available . ▁Mack ay ▁said ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁res ign ▁following ▁Tan ' s ▁criticism , ▁and ▁was ▁subsequently ▁back ed ▁by ▁Card iff ▁fans . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁December , ▁Tan ▁told ▁Mack ay ▁to ▁res ign ▁or ▁be ▁s ack ed . ▁He ▁managed ▁two ▁more ▁games ▁before ▁being ▁s ack ed . ▁After ▁his ▁s ack ing , ▁it ▁was ▁alleg ed ▁that ▁Mack ay ▁had ▁sent ▁texts
▁of ▁an ▁anti - Ch inese ▁nature , ▁which ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁Dave ▁Wh el an , ▁owner ▁of ▁his ▁subsequent ▁employ ers ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic . ▁Tan ▁respond ed ▁by ▁calling ▁both ▁of ▁them ▁rac ists , ▁and ▁saying ▁" I ▁hope ▁that ▁stops ▁at ▁two ▁rac ists ▁in ▁W igan , ▁not ▁snow ball ing ▁to ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁or ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁rac ists ▁in ▁W igan ." ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁former ▁Manchester ▁United ▁stri ker ▁Ole ▁G unn ar ▁Sol sk j ær ▁was ▁h ired ▁as ▁Mack ay ' s ▁replacement , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁save ▁Card iff ▁from ▁re leg ation . ▁Sol sk j ær ▁left ▁the ▁club ▁later ▁that ▁year ▁and ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Russell ▁S lade . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Tan ▁h ired ▁Neil ▁War no ck , ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁the ▁oldest ▁working ▁coach ▁in ▁Britain , ▁as ▁head ▁coach . ▁By ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Card iff ▁City ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁Premier ▁League ▁once ▁again . ▁In ▁their ▁one ▁season ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁Premier ▁League , ▁they ▁finished ▁ 1 8 th ▁and ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Championship . ▁ ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Tan ▁bought ▁Bos n ian ▁club ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo . ▁Under ▁the ▁deal , ▁Card iff ▁will ▁co
oper ate ▁with ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo , ▁ex ch anging ▁players ▁and ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁football ▁a cademy , ▁yet ▁to ▁be ▁established , ▁which ▁Tan ▁has ▁said ▁will ▁l ure ▁new ▁tal ents . ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo ▁have ▁since ▁brought ▁in ▁players ▁such ▁as ▁Mil o š ▁Sto j č ev , ▁D ž em al ▁Ber ber ović ▁and ▁N eman ja ▁Bil b ija , ▁who ▁helped ▁the ▁club ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁Bos n ian ▁Cup , ▁their ▁first ▁title ▁since ▁winning ▁the ▁domestic ▁Premier ▁League ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁Cup ▁triumph , ▁Robert ▁Jar ni ▁was ▁brought ▁in ▁as ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁by ▁Tan , ▁but ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁after ▁only ▁four ▁months ▁( on ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁while ▁the ▁team ▁were ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁Cup ) ▁because ▁the ▁club ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁ch ances ▁of ▁winning ▁the ▁premier ▁league ▁title ▁alive ▁during ▁the ▁later ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 - 1 4 ▁season . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo ▁played ▁a ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁Tan ' s ▁Card iff ▁City ▁FC ▁U 2 1 , ▁winning ▁ 4 – 1 . ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo ▁qualified ▁for ▁the ▁Play - off ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁
2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League , ▁where ▁they ▁lost ▁to ▁German ▁Bundes liga ▁side ▁Bor uss ia ▁M ön ch eng lad bach . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁heav iest ▁ra ins ▁and ▁flo ods ▁in ▁ 1 2 0 ▁years ▁hit ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁region . ▁The ▁worst ▁affected ▁areas ▁were ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Dob oj ▁and ▁Mag la j , ▁which ▁were ▁cut ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁when ▁all ▁major ▁roads ▁flo oded . ▁Dam age ▁from ▁land sl ides ▁and ▁flo ods ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁run ▁into ▁hundreds ▁of ▁millions ▁of ▁eu ros ▁and ▁twenty - four ▁people ▁were ▁killed . ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁the ▁dis aster , ▁officials ▁said , ▁could ▁exceed ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁War . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Tan ▁made ▁a ▁personal ▁don ation ▁of ▁€ 1 1 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁while ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁raised ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁€ 1 6 9 , 0 0 0 ▁toward ▁Bos nia ' s ▁flo od ▁relief ▁fund . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁during ▁the ▁hal ft ime ▁break ▁of ▁the ▁Europa ▁League ▁qual ifying ▁match ▁between ▁FK ▁Sar aje vo ▁and ▁Norwegian ▁club ▁FK ▁H au ges und ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Sar aje vo , ▁Tan ▁presented ▁p led ges ▁of ▁assistance ▁of ▁€ 2 5 5 , 0
0 0 ▁each ▁to ▁two ▁hosp it als ▁in ▁Dob oj ▁and ▁Mag la j , ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁medical ▁equipment . ▁He ▁said ▁in ▁a ▁pre - match ▁interview , ▁" B ecause ▁of ▁my ▁invol vement ▁with ▁Sar aje vo ▁Football ▁Club , ▁when ▁I ▁heard ▁about ▁the ▁flo ods , ▁I ▁ur ged ▁the ▁Sun ▁newspaper ▁to ▁run ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁raise ▁don ations ▁to ▁help ▁Bos nia ." ▁ ▁K V ▁K ort rijk ▁ ▁K V ▁K ort rijk ▁was ▁bought ▁for ▁ 5 ▁million ▁euro ▁by ▁Vincent ▁Tan ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁FC ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Tan ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁ownership ▁group ▁involved ▁with ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ▁club ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁FC , ▁who ▁joined ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Re ports ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁indicate ▁that ▁Tan ▁is ▁looking ▁to ▁sell ▁Card iff ▁City , ▁his ▁st ake ▁in ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer ’ s ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁FC , ▁and ▁his ▁professional ▁teams ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Belg ium . ▁ ▁Hor se ▁racing ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Tan ▁( through ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁represent atives ) ▁bought ▁a ▁two - year - old ▁col t ▁from ▁Don c aster ▁Blood stock ▁B ree ze - Up ▁Sales ▁for ▁£ 1 9 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁will ▁be ▁trained ▁by ▁Australian
▁Jer emy ▁G ask ▁in ▁W ilt shire . ▁E am onn ▁Wil m ott , ▁G ask ' s ▁business ▁partner , ▁said : ▁" We ▁are ▁very ▁excited , ▁and ▁pleased ▁to ▁have ▁Mr ▁Tan ▁involved . ▁The ▁horse ▁looks ▁exception al ▁and ▁domin ated ▁the ▁para de ▁rings ▁outside ▁the ▁sales ." ▁ ▁Phil anth ropy ▁ ▁Tan ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Better ▁Malays ia ▁Foundation , ▁which ▁provides ▁interest - free ▁lo ans ▁and ▁scholar ships ▁to ▁students ▁in ▁need . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁For bes ▁Asia ' s ▁list ▁of ▁Hero es ▁of ▁Phil anth ropy ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁p ledge ▁to ▁don ate ▁half ▁his ▁fortune ▁to ▁social ▁causes . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Vincent ▁Tan ▁don ated ▁R M 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁Mer cy ▁Malays ia ▁and ▁T zu ▁Chi ▁Malays ia , ▁bringing ▁the ▁total ▁sum ▁of ▁his ▁don ations ▁to ▁both ▁organizations ▁to ▁R M 7 . 6 ▁million . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁▁ ▁: ▁▁ ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Lo yal ty ▁to ▁the ▁Crown ▁of ▁Malays ia ▁( PS M ) ▁- ▁Tan ▁Sri ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁▁▁ ▁: ▁▁ ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Life ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁of ▁Kel ant an ▁( S J M K ) ▁- ▁D ato ' ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁▁▁ ▁: ▁▁ ▁Grand ▁Knight ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the
▁Crown ▁of ▁P ah ang ▁( SI MP ) ▁- ▁D ato ' ▁Ind era ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁▁ ▁: ▁▁ ▁Knight ▁Grand ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Crown ▁of ▁Ter eng gan u ▁( SP MT ) ▁- ▁D ato ' ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Member ▁Grand ▁Comp an ion ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Sultan ▁Mah m ud ▁I ▁of ▁Ter eng gan u ▁( SS MT ) ▁- ▁D ato ' ▁Ser i ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁chair men ▁and ▁invest ors ▁Category : Ber j aya ▁Group ▁Category : Card iff ▁City ▁F . C . ▁direct ors ▁and ▁chair men ▁Category : G iving ▁P led gers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁billion aires ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁business people ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁chair men ▁of ▁corpor ations ▁Category : Mal ays ian ▁people ▁of ▁Chinese ▁descent ▁Category : Mc Donald ' s ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B atu ▁P ah at ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Joh or ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Lo yal ty ▁to ▁the ▁Crown ▁of ▁Malays ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Pr ing le oph aga ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁moth s ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁T ine idae . ▁ ▁References ▁
▁Category : T ine idae <0x0A> </s> ▁Harold ▁Franklin ▁He ady ▁( 2 9 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁Bu hl , ▁Id aho ▁– ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁La ▁Grande , ▁Oregon ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁for ester , ▁botan ist , ▁pra irie ▁e colog ist , ▁and ▁expert ▁on ▁range ▁management . ▁ ▁He ady ▁received ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁a ▁B . S . ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Id aho ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁an ▁M . S . ▁from ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁College ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁in ▁Sy rac use . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁he ▁accepted ▁a ▁job ▁teaching ▁range ▁management ▁at ▁Mont ana ▁State ▁University . ▁He ady ▁earned ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁plant ▁e col ogy ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁under ▁the ▁pra irie ▁e colog ist ▁John ▁Ernest ▁We aver ▁and ▁was , ▁while ▁working ▁on ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation , ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty ▁of ▁Mont ana ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁then ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University . ▁ ▁He ady ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Range ▁Management ▁( SR M ) ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁SR M ' s ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁meeting ▁became ▁its ▁first ▁secretary – tre as urer ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁its ▁president ▁for ▁a ▁one - year ▁term .
▁He ▁res igned ▁from ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁and ▁became ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁in ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Forest ry ▁of ▁U . ▁C . ▁Ber keley , ▁where ▁Harold ▁H . ▁Bis well ▁( 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 9 2 ) ▁and ▁Arnold ▁M . ▁Sch ult z ▁( 1 9 2 0 – 2 0 1 3 ), ▁two ▁of ▁John ▁We aver ' s ▁former ▁doctor al ▁students , ▁were ▁also ▁on ▁the ▁fac ulty . ▁He ady ▁helped ▁to ▁develop ▁range ▁management ▁programs ▁at ▁both ▁the ▁Davis ▁campus ▁and ▁the ▁Ber keley ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁the ▁Inter de partment al ▁Gr adu ate ▁Group ▁in ▁Range ▁Management ▁at ▁Ber keley ▁was ▁established ; ▁He ady ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁chair ▁of ▁this ▁group , ▁and ▁remained ▁in ▁that ▁role ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁He ▁author ed ▁or ▁co - author ed ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁journal ▁articles , ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁e col ogy ▁and ▁management ▁of ▁California ▁grass lands ▁and ▁various ▁related ▁subjects . ▁He ▁spent ▁s abb at ical s ▁( supported ▁by ▁a ▁G ug gen heim ▁Fellow ship ▁for ▁ 1 9 5 8 / 5 9 ▁and ▁ 2 ▁Ful br ight ▁Fellow ships ) ▁in ▁Ken ya , ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁and ▁Australia . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁U . C . ▁Ber keley ▁in ▁ 1 9 8
3 ▁as ▁professor ▁emer it us . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁wife ▁Ele an or ▁He ady ▁n ée ▁Butler ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁his ▁second ▁wife ▁Ruth ▁He ady ▁n ée ▁At kin son ▁died ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Upon ▁his ▁death , ▁he ▁was ▁surv ived ▁by ▁a ▁daughter ▁and ▁a ▁son , ▁ 3 ▁grand children , ▁and ▁ 4 ▁great - grand children . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁e colog ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Id aho ▁al umn i ▁Category : State ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁College ▁of ▁Environment al ▁Science ▁and ▁Forest ry ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Neb r aska ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mont ana ▁State ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Tex as ▁A & M ▁University ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Ber keley ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T win ▁F alls ▁County , ▁Id aho ▁Category : S cient ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Sel b itz ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁in ▁the ▁ ▁district ▁of ▁Hof , ▁in ▁Bav aria , ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Other ▁places ▁named ▁Sel b itz ▁are : ▁ ▁Sel b itz , ▁a ▁community ▁in ▁W itten berg ▁district ▁in ▁Sax ony - An halt , ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Edu c ated ▁Mind : ▁How ▁C ogn itive
▁Tools ▁Sh ape ▁Our ▁Under standing ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁book ▁on ▁educational ▁theory ▁by ▁K ier an ▁E gan . ▁ ▁Main ▁arguments ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁previous ▁education ▁theories ▁ ▁E gan ▁arg ues ▁that ▁much ▁of ▁educational ▁the or izing ▁p iv ots ▁around ▁three ▁basic ▁ideas ▁of ▁what ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁education ▁should ▁be : ▁▁ ▁to ▁educ ate ▁people ▁in ▁content ▁that ▁would ▁give ▁them ▁a ▁" priv ile ged ▁and ▁rational ▁view ▁of ▁reality " ▁( Pl ato ). ▁Here ▁we ▁find ▁the ▁following ▁ideas : ▁reason ▁and ▁knowledge ▁can ▁provide ▁a ▁privile ged ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁world ; ▁knowledge ▁drives ▁the ▁student ▁mind ▁development ; ▁education ▁is ▁an ▁ep ist em ological ▁process . ▁ ▁to ▁realize ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁every ▁individual ▁to ▁purs ue ▁his ▁own ▁educational ▁curr icul um ▁through ▁self - dis cover y ▁( R ous seau ). ▁Here ▁we ▁also ▁find ▁the ▁ideas ▁that ▁student ▁development ▁drives ▁knowledge ▁and ▁that ▁education ▁is ▁a ▁psych ological ▁process . ▁ ▁to ▁Social ize ▁the ▁child ▁- ▁to ▁hom ogen ize ▁children ▁and ▁ensure ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁ful fill ▁a ▁useful ▁role ▁in ▁society , ▁according ▁to ▁its ▁values ▁and ▁belief s . ▁ ▁E gan ▁arg ues ▁in ▁Chapter ▁One ▁that ▁" th ese ▁three ▁ideas ▁are ▁mut ually ▁in compatible , ▁and ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁primary ▁cause ▁of ▁our ▁long - continu ing ▁educational ▁crisis "; ▁the ▁present ▁educational ▁program ▁in ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁attempts ▁to ▁integrate
▁all ▁three ▁of ▁these ▁in compatible ▁ideas , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁failure ▁to ▁effectively ▁achieve ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁three . ▁ ▁" C ult ural ▁rec ap it ulation " ▁theory ▁▁ ▁E gan ▁theory ▁on ▁how ▁knowledge ▁and ▁understanding ▁develop ▁in ▁the ▁mind ▁through ▁learning ▁is ▁five ▁categor ical ▁kinds ▁of ▁understanding . ▁This ▁individual ▁process ▁reflect s ▁" log ical ▁and ▁psych ological ▁press ures ." ▁ ▁E gan ▁differenti ates ▁his ▁theory ▁from ▁the ▁conception s ▁of ▁rec ap it ulation ▁common ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁▁ ▁People ▁can ▁learn ▁cogn itive ▁tools ▁that ▁are ▁grouped ▁and ▁class ified ▁into ▁five ▁kinds ▁of ▁understanding : ▁▁ ▁Som atic ▁- ▁som atic ▁understanding ▁is ▁the ▁inn ate ▁understanding ▁of ▁one ' s ▁physical ▁functions ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁emot ions . ▁This ▁understanding ▁pers ists ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁children ▁" model ▁their ▁overall ▁social ▁structure ▁in ▁play ". ▁ ▁This ▁understanding ▁comes ▁before ▁ ▁language ▁ac quisition ▁and ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁language ▁▁ ▁M yth ic ▁- ▁myth ic ▁understanding ▁is ▁understanding ▁of ▁" binary ▁oppos ites " ▁such ▁as ▁T all / Short ▁or ▁Good / E vil . ▁Tools ▁or ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁images , ▁met ap hor , ▁and ▁story - structure ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁pre - liter ate ▁sense - making . ▁▁ ▁Rom antic ▁- ▁rom antic ▁understanding ▁is ▁when ▁the ▁" limits ▁of ▁reality " ▁discovered . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁stage ▁when ▁there ▁is
▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁reality , ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁trans c endent ▁qual ities ▁of ▁things , ▁and ▁" eng agement ▁with ▁knowledge ▁represented ▁as ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁human ▁emot ions ▁and ▁intent ions " ▁( p . ▁ 2 5 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Philosoph ic ▁- ▁philosoph ic ▁understanding ▁is ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁principles ▁which ▁under lie ▁patterns ▁and ▁limits ▁found ▁in ▁data , ▁and ▁ordering ▁knowledge ▁into ▁coh er ent ▁general ▁schemes . ▁▁ ▁Iron ic ▁- ▁ir onic ▁understanding ▁is ▁the ▁" ment al ▁flex ibility ▁to ▁recognize ▁how ▁in ade qu ately ▁flexible ▁are ▁our ▁minds , ▁and ▁the ▁languages ▁we ▁use , ▁to ▁the ▁world ▁we ▁try ▁to ▁represent ▁in ▁them ". ▁This ▁includes ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁consider ▁alternative ▁philosoph ic ▁explan ations , ▁and ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁a ▁S ocr atic ▁st ance ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁" Drawing ▁from ▁an ▁extensive ▁study ▁of ▁cultural ▁history ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁psych ology ▁and ▁anth rop ology , ▁E gan ▁gives ▁a ▁detailed ▁account ▁of ▁how ▁these ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁understanding ▁have ▁been ▁created ▁and ▁distinguished ▁in ▁our ▁cultural ▁history ". ▁ ▁Each ▁stage ▁includes ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁" c ogn itive ▁tools ", ▁as ▁E gan ▁calls ▁them , ▁that ▁en rich ▁our ▁understanding ▁of ▁reality . ▁E gan ▁suggests ▁that ▁rec ap itul ating ▁these ▁stages ▁is ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁contradict ions ▁between ▁the ▁Plat onic , ▁R ous seau ian ▁and ▁social
ising ▁goals ▁of ▁education . ▁ ▁E gan ▁res ists ▁the ▁suggestion ▁that ▁religious ▁understanding ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁further ▁last ▁stage , ▁arg uing ▁instead ▁that ▁religious ▁explan ations ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁ir onic ▁understanding ▁pres erving ▁a ▁rich ly ▁developed ▁som atic ▁understanding . ▁ ▁Con ne ctions ▁with ▁other ▁authors ▁ ▁E gan ' s ▁main ▁influence ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Russian ▁psych ologist ▁Lev ▁V yg ot sky . ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁applying ▁theory ▁of ▁rec ap it ulation ▁to ▁education ▁came ▁from ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁phil os opher ▁Herbert ▁Sp encer , ▁although ▁E gan ▁uses ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁different ▁way . ▁E gan ▁also ▁uses ▁educational ▁ideas ▁from ▁William ▁Word sw orth ▁and ▁express es ▁regret ▁that ▁Word worth ' s ▁ideas , ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁expressed ▁in ▁poetry , ▁are ▁rarely ▁considered ▁today . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁the ▁ess ay ▁was ▁published ▁( 1 9 9 7 ), ▁Italian ▁com ed ian - s at ir ist ▁Dan iele ▁L utt az zi ▁used ▁E gan ' s ▁ideas ▁for ▁his ▁character ▁Prof . ▁F onte ced ro ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁TV ▁show ▁Mai ▁dire ▁Gol , ▁a ired ▁on ▁Italia ▁ 1 . ▁F onte ced ro ▁was ▁s ati riz ing ▁the ▁in ade qua cies ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁school ▁system , ▁and ▁the ▁re forms ▁proposed ▁by ▁Luigi ▁Ber ling uer , ▁ 1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 0 ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Education ▁of ▁Italy .
▁F onte ced ro ' s ▁sketch es ▁brought ▁E gan ' s ▁theory ▁to ▁extreme ▁levels ▁with ▁sur real ▁humor . ▁The ▁j okes ▁were ▁later ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁Cos m ico ! ▁( 1 9 9 8 , ▁Mond ador i , ▁), ▁where ▁the ▁five ▁stages ▁of ▁mind ▁development ▁are ▁also ▁c ited ▁at ▁pp . 4 5 – 4 7 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Mer lin ▁Donald ▁North rop ▁F ry e ' s ▁The ▁Edu c ated ▁Im ag ination ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁previous ▁works ▁on ▁ir onic ▁knowledge : ▁Bog el , ▁Fred ric ▁V . ▁" I ron y , ▁In ference , ▁and ▁Crit ical ▁Under standing ." ▁Y ale ▁Review ▁ 6 9 ▁( 1 9 8 0 ): ▁ 5 0 3 - 1 9 . ▁ ▁Ed itions ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Book ▁dedicated ▁section ▁in ▁E gan ▁official ▁website ▁Con ception s ▁of ▁Development ▁in ▁Education , ▁E gan ' s ▁ess ay ▁that ▁explain ▁the ▁main ▁ideas ▁of ▁the ▁book ▁From ▁the ▁Im agin ative ▁Education ▁Research ▁Group : ▁A ▁brief ▁guide ▁to ▁imag in ative ▁education , ▁Some ▁thoughts ▁on ▁" C ogn itive ▁tools ", ▁C ogn itive ▁tools ▁that ▁come ▁along ▁with ▁or al ▁language , ▁C ogn itive ▁tools ▁that ▁come ▁along ▁with ▁liter acy , ▁C ogn itive ▁tools ▁that ▁come ▁along ▁with ▁the or etic ▁thinking ▁Ex cer pts ▁from ▁google ▁books ▁Using ▁ent he og ens
▁as ▁cogn itive ▁tools ▁to ▁fost er ▁Som atic ▁and ▁M yth ic ▁types ▁of ▁understanding ▁ ▁Re views ▁reader 2 . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁education ▁Category : Ph il osoph y ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁ir ony ▁Category : P ed ag ogy ▁Category : Stage ▁theories <0x0A> </s> ▁Aut onom ous ▁School ▁Zur ich ▁( AS Z , ▁Aut on ome ▁Schule ▁Zürich ▁in ▁German ) ▁is ▁a ▁grass root ▁project ▁in ▁Switzerland . ▁This ▁school ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁imm igr ants ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Swiss ▁loc als . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁the ▁association ▁" B ild ung ▁für ▁Alle " ▁provides ▁education ▁for ▁all ▁under ▁the ▁shelter ▁of ▁the ▁Aut onom ous ▁School ▁Zur ich . ▁On ▁offer ▁are ▁diverse ▁educational ▁and ▁cultural ▁activities ▁for ▁everyone ▁both ▁for ▁und ocument ed ▁refuge es , ▁the ▁soci ally ▁ex cluded ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁interested ▁people . ▁AS Z ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Si hl qu ai ▁ 1 2 5 . ▁Before ▁that ▁its ▁facility ▁was ▁always ▁prec ari ous : ▁AS Z ▁moved ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 1 ▁times ▁in ▁C anton ▁Zur ich : ▁▁ ▁Man ess est ras se ▁ ▁In fol aden / K as ama ▁ ▁Kal ki ▁ ▁G Z ▁Wol lish of en ▁ ▁Bad ▁Allen mo os ▁ ▁G ess ener alle e / St all 6 ▁ ▁Bad ener str asse ▁ ▁Hub ert us ▁ ▁R
ote ▁Fab rik ▁ ▁P AN A MA ▁( G ü ter bahn hof ) ▁ ▁Bad ener str asse ▁ ▁Bach m att str asse ▁ ▁Si hl qu ai ▁ 1 2 5 ▁ ▁Aut onom ous ▁school ▁as ▁educational ▁and ▁cultural ▁hot spot ▁ ▁Aut onom ous ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁unique ▁meeting ▁point . ▁People ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world ▁play ▁an ▁active ▁role . ▁Among ▁the ▁courses ▁on ▁offer ▁are ▁German , ▁Spanish , ▁Arab ic , ▁Mathemat ics , ▁English , ▁Y oga ▁and ▁Comput ing ▁courses ▁like ▁Java ▁programming ▁and ▁G imp . ▁The ▁school ▁organ izes ▁d ances ▁like ▁cap oe ira . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁cultural ▁activities ▁( con cert s , ▁bar , ▁cinema , ▁etc .) ▁and ▁the ▁tri - week ly ▁community ▁dinner ▁aim ed ▁at ▁integr ating ▁rejected ▁as yl um ▁seek ers . ▁There ▁are ▁theatre ▁and ▁drama ▁performed ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁other ▁actors ▁from ▁other ▁institutions . ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁further ▁the ▁em an cip ation ▁process ▁of ▁the ▁sans - p ap ier ▁( und ocument ed ▁migr ant ) ▁groups ▁and ▁demand ▁legal ▁status . ▁AS Z ' s ▁fund ing ▁is ▁dependent ▁on ▁don ations . ▁ ▁Other ▁similar ▁autonom ous ▁school ▁projects ▁are ▁run ▁in ▁B iel / B ienne , ▁Bern , ▁St . ▁G allen , ▁Winter thur ▁and ▁Frauen feld ▁( all ▁in ▁Switzerland ) ▁and ▁But are ▁( R
w anda ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁" E ducation ▁for ▁All " ▁occupied ▁a ▁church ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁push ▁home ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁German ▁courses ▁for ▁the ▁sans - p api ers . ▁A ▁squ atted ▁house ▁at ▁Man ess est ras se ▁with ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁space ▁dedicated ▁to ▁work sh ops ▁called ▁itself ▁" Aut onom ous ▁School ▁Zürich " ▁and ▁hosted ▁" E ducation ▁for ▁All " ▁from ▁then ▁on . ▁After ▁the ▁ev iction ▁of ▁the ▁location ▁Bad ▁Allen mo os , ▁the ▁two ▁became ▁a ▁joint ▁project . ▁Start ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁AS Z ▁grew ▁continu ously ▁and ▁today ▁hosts ▁( M arch ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁up ▁to ▁seven ▁courses ▁simultaneously , ▁with ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 ▁week ly ▁participants , ▁ 1 5 ▁active ▁working - groups , ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁volunte er ▁activ ists ▁moder ating ▁courses ▁and ▁organ izing ▁the ▁school . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁AS Z - activ ists ▁has ▁been ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁platform ▁called ▁Open ki ▁that ▁helps ▁organ ize ▁the ▁courses , ▁reduces ▁bar riers ▁to ▁participation ▁and ▁inter connect s ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁like - mind ed ▁organizations . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁AS Z ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁year ly ▁print ▁newspaper ▁called ▁" P ap ier lose zeit ung ". ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 3 ,

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