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is ne ▁communes ▁articles ▁need ing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁bas in , ▁or ▁Cor inth ▁r ift , ▁is ▁an ▁active ▁ext ensional ▁marine ▁sed iment ary ▁bas in ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁started ▁de form ing ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Mi oc ene ▁– ▁Ple ist oc ene ▁epo ch . ▁The ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 5 km ▁long ▁and ▁ 3 0 km ▁wide ▁with ▁a ▁bas ement ▁depth ▁of ▁ 3 km ▁at ▁its ▁center . ▁This ▁half - gra ben ▁bas in ▁is ▁formed ▁by ▁a ▁N 1 0 0 ° E - orient ed ▁r ift ▁which ▁separ ates ▁the ▁Pel op onn ese ▁pen ins ula ▁from ▁the ▁contin ental ▁main land ▁of ▁Greece . ▁Currently ▁the ▁Cor inth ▁r ift ▁is ▁opening ▁at ▁rate ▁of ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 mm / yr , ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁E uras ia ▁Pl ate . ▁ ▁The ▁bas in ▁is ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁Pel op onn ese ▁high lands ▁to ▁the ▁south ▁and ▁the ▁west ward - mov ing ▁An atol ian ▁F ault ▁to ▁the ▁north . ▁Major ▁and ▁minor ▁fault ▁plan es ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁marg ins , ▁and ▁its ▁north - s outh ▁extension ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁activity ▁along ▁an ▁E - W ▁to ▁N W - SE ▁orient ed ▁coast al ▁southern ▁margin . ▁The ▁bas in ' s |
▁active ▁and ▁in active ▁fault s ▁create ▁associated ▁syn - rift ▁sed iment ▁fill . ▁These ▁aspects ▁provide ▁a ▁unique ▁opportunity ▁for ▁scient ists ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁t ect onic ▁and ▁strat ig raph ic ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁r ift , ▁while ▁further ▁understanding ▁how ▁a ▁bas in ▁is ▁actually ▁made . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁post ulated ▁that ▁cr ust al ▁extension ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁factors : ▁west ward ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁An atol ian ▁F ault , ▁gravit ational ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁thick ened ▁H ellen ide ▁or ogen ic ▁cr ust , ▁sub du ction , ▁and ▁sl ab ▁roll ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁African ▁Pl ate ▁at ▁the ▁H ellen ic ▁tren ch . ▁As ▁Africa ▁sub duct s ▁beneath ▁the ▁A ege an ▁Sea ▁Pl ate ▁the ▁sl ab ▁essentially ▁pull s ▁the ▁over - rid ing ▁plate ▁with ▁it , ▁indu cing ▁extension . ▁R ifting ▁occurs ▁as ▁the ▁plate ▁st ret ches ▁weak ening ▁the ▁thick ened ▁cr ust ▁causing ▁its ▁collapse ▁upon ▁itself , ▁creating ▁the ▁bas in . ▁ ▁Str at ig raph y / sed iment ation ▁ ▁De position ▁in ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁occurred ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁phases , ▁separated ▁by ▁a ▁w ides p read ▁un con form ity . ▁De position ▁before ▁ 4 0 0 ▁ka ▁marks ▁the ▁first ▁phase , ▁likely ▁open ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁was ▁filled ▁with ▁contin ental ▁and ▁shall ow - water ▁depos its ▁with ▁subs idence ▁rates |
▁slightly ▁exceed ing ▁sed iment ation ▁rates . ▁A verage ▁u pl ift ▁rates ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁Qu atern ary ▁are ▁estimated ▁between ▁ 1 – 1 . 5 mm / yr ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁margin ▁increasing ▁during ▁the ▁Hol oc ene ▁at ▁ 1 . 3 – 2 . 2 mm / yr . ▁The ▁high ▁u pl ift ▁rates ▁expose ▁many ▁marine ▁terra ces ▁and ▁other ▁contin ental ▁to ▁marine ▁depos its . ▁In fill ing ▁of ▁the ▁bas in ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁P li oc ene , ▁depos iting ▁contin ental ▁and ▁shall ow - water ▁lac ustr ine ▁fa cies ▁followed ▁by ▁marine ▁sed iments ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁P li oc ene . ▁This ▁phase ▁can ▁be ▁called ▁proto - G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁different ▁size ▁and ▁fill ▁than ▁the ▁present ▁day ▁bas in ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁different ▁ 2 0 – 5 0 km ▁wide ▁dep oc ent ers . ▁These ▁dep oc ent ers , ▁controlled ▁by ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁di pping ▁fault s , ▁c rop ▁out ▁near ▁the ▁south ▁margin ▁on ▁the ▁Pel op onn ese ▁in land . ▁Sub s idence ▁is ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁fault ▁systems ▁border ing ▁the ▁dep oc ent ers , ▁which ▁have ▁quickly ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁bas ins ▁relatively ▁short ▁ 1 – 2 ▁Ma ▁existence . ▁ ▁Sed iment ation ▁can ▁be ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁trans gress ive ▁and ▁re gress ive ▁tr ends . ▁The ▁lower ▁trans gress |
ive ▁sed iments ▁are ▁based ▁with ▁all uv ial ▁f ang l omer ates ▁followed ▁by ▁all uv ial ▁plain ▁con gl omer ate ▁rocks . ▁On ▁top ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁season ally ▁flo oded ▁forest ▁depos its ▁indicated ▁by ▁organ ic ▁rich ▁mud st ones ▁containing ▁leaves ▁of ▁A cer ▁c f . ▁v im inal is ▁and ▁Pl atan us ▁s . ▁Tab ular ▁bod ied ▁trans gress ive ▁beach ▁depos its ▁are ▁inter bed ded ▁with ▁fine - gra ined ▁sed iments ▁and ▁l ign ite , ▁all ud ing ▁to ▁fresh - water ▁lac ustr ine ▁like ▁environment . ▁Animal ▁life ▁foss il ized ▁in ▁lac ustr ine ▁mar ls ▁consist ▁of ▁few ▁O lig oc ene ▁ost rac ods ▁and ▁m oll us ks ▁– ▁indic ative ▁of ▁fresh ▁or ▁shall ow ▁bra ck ish ▁water ▁– ▁suggesting ▁the ▁bas in ▁had ▁very ▁shall ow ▁waters ▁even ▁in ▁its ▁most ▁open ▁condition . ▁Over lying ▁these ▁are ▁re gress ive ▁beach ▁type ▁depos its , ▁displaying ▁large - scale ▁for es ets ▁and ▁a ▁co ars ening ▁up ward ▁sequence . ▁Pass ing ▁from ▁open - water ▁the ▁fa cies ▁change ▁to ▁near sh ore ▁and ▁all uv ial ▁depos its . ▁A ▁ 1 0 0 0 m ▁bas in wide ▁f ang l omer atic ▁unit ▁over lies ▁these ▁depos its . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁sed iment ary ▁phase ▁is ▁marked ▁by ▁a ▁dram atic ▁increase ▁in ▁subs is d ence , ▁un match ed |
▁by ▁sed iment ation . ▁This ▁phase ▁has ▁a ▁complex ▁history ▁and ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁deep ▁sea ▁depos its ▁and ▁Gilbert - type ▁del t as ▁sitting ▁un con form ably ▁on ▁the ▁f ang l omer atic ▁unit . ▁A ▁fault ▁group ▁with ▁a ▁disp lacement ▁of ▁~ ▁ 6 0 0 ▁m ▁created ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁deep water ▁Gilbert - type ▁depos its . ▁These ▁older ▁Ev rost ini ▁Gilbert - type ▁delta ▁depos its ▁were ▁then ▁u pl ift ed ▁to ▁ 8 0 0 – 6 0 0 ▁m ▁above ▁sea ▁level , ▁and ▁the ▁younger ▁I lias ▁Gilbert - type ▁delta ▁formed . ▁This ▁fan ▁delta ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 4 0 0 – 3 0 0 ▁m ▁above ▁sea ▁level , ▁putting ▁the ▁Ev rost ini ▁depos its ▁ 1 2 0 0 – 6 0 0 m ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁Pres ent ▁day ▁Gilbert - type ▁del t as ▁form ▁on ▁the ▁bas in ▁margin ▁as ▁the ▁result ▁of ▁transfer ▁fault s ▁per pend icular ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁extension . ▁The ▁present ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁delta ▁depos its ▁c rop ▁out ▁along ▁the ▁rim ▁supp lying ▁tur bid ite ▁depos its ▁which ▁are ▁the ▁bas ins ▁current ▁main ▁fill . ▁ ▁Active ▁fault s ▁ ▁Western ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁( A ig ion ▁to ▁Ak r ata ) ▁The ▁north ▁and ▁south ▁Er at ini ▁fault s ▁off sh ore ▁the ▁western ▁g ulf ▁are ▁ 1 5 km |
▁in ▁length ▁over la pping ▁completely , ▁u pl ifting ▁a ▁notable ▁bas ement ▁hor st . ▁The ▁south ▁di pping ▁West ▁Channel ▁F ault ▁controls ▁the ▁western ▁dra ining ▁ax ial ▁channel ▁which ▁wid ens ▁east ward ▁as ▁the ▁northern ▁margin ▁becomes ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁south ▁di pping ▁East ▁Channel ▁F ault . ▁The ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁Eli ki ▁and ▁A ig ion ▁fault s ▁control ▁the ▁coast line ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁margin , ▁the ▁Ak r ata ▁fault ▁may ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Eli ki ▁fault . ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁south ▁coast ▁land ward ▁in active ▁fault s ▁( M am ouss ia ▁– ▁Pir g aki ▁to ▁Kal av rita ) ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁have ▁contributed ▁to ▁extension ▁in ▁an ▁earlier ▁phase ▁of ▁the ▁rif ts ▁evolution . ▁ ▁Central ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁( A kr ata ▁to ▁X y lo k astro ) ▁The ▁north ward ▁di pping ▁ 3 0 – 4 0 km ▁Cor inth ▁fault ▁lies ▁along ▁the ▁southern ▁margin ▁boundary ▁between ▁Ak r ata ▁and ▁X y lo k astro . ▁This ▁fault , ▁once ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁just ▁a ▁single ▁fault , ▁is ▁supported ▁as ▁being ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁segments , ▁the ▁western ▁segment ▁is ▁the ▁Der ven i ▁F ault ▁and ▁the ▁eastern ▁segment ▁is ▁the ▁L ik op oria ▁fault . ▁The ▁northern ▁margin ▁boundary ▁is ▁the ▁eastern ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Channel ▁fault ▁and ▁the ▁south ▁di pping ▁Western ▁Ant ik y ra ▁fault . ▁In ▁adj |
unct ▁with ▁these ▁active ▁fault s ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁few ▁in active ▁fault s , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁on sh ore ▁X y lo k astro ▁presently ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁foot wall ▁of ▁the ▁off sh ore ▁L ik op oria ▁fault . ▁ ▁Eastern ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth ▁( X y lo k astro ▁to ▁Per ach ora ▁pen ins ula ) ▁The ▁northern ▁bas in ▁margin ▁is ▁defined ▁by ▁minor ▁fault ▁segments ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁south ward ▁di pping ▁Eastern ▁Ant ik y ra ▁fault . ▁Several ▁in active ▁buried ▁fault s ▁( N . ▁and ▁S . ▁Cor inth ) ▁produce ▁local ized ▁subs idence . ▁The ▁eastern ▁southern ▁margin ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁two ▁ 1 2 - km - long ▁north west ward ▁di pping ▁Per ach ora ▁fault s ▁and ▁the ▁north ward ▁di pping ▁X y lo k astro ▁fault . ▁ ▁Al ky on ides ▁G ulf ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁fault s ▁are ▁the ▁off sh ore ▁north ▁di pping ▁West ▁and ▁East ▁Al ky on ides ▁fault ▁and ▁the ▁on sh ore ▁north ▁di pping ▁P is ia ▁and ▁sk inos ▁fault s . ▁Both ▁P is ia ▁and ▁sk inos ▁fault s ▁mentioned ▁are ▁major ▁structures ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁top ography . ▁The ▁West ▁and ▁East ▁Al ky on ides ▁are ▁not ▁connected ▁at ▁the ▁surface ▁and ▁they ▁seem ▁to ▁overlap . ▁These ▁fault s ▁control ▁the ▁u pl ift ed ▁Stra va ▁gra ben ▁and ▁u pl ift ed ▁Al ky |
on ides ▁islands . ▁On ▁the ▁northern ▁shore , ▁south ▁di pping ▁fault s ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁notable . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁earth qu akes ▁react iv ated ▁the ▁Kap arel li ▁fault ▁which ▁has ▁since ▁then ▁had ▁low ▁and ▁inf re quent ▁s lip ▁rates . ▁ ▁Earth qu akes ▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁north ▁Pel op onn ese , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 . 5 – 1 0 km ▁well ▁defined ▁se ism ogen ic ▁zone ▁that ▁deep ens ▁to ▁ 1 2 km ▁under ▁the ▁northern ▁shore ▁of ▁the ▁g ulf . ▁This ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁major ▁earth qu akes ▁like ▁the ▁M w ▁= ▁ 6 . 2 ▁June ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁event , ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁small ▁to ▁moder ate ▁earth qu akes . ▁For ▁instance , ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 2 3 2 ▁earth qu akes ▁were ▁recorded ▁Due ▁to ▁such ▁active ▁se ism icity , ▁many ▁earth qu akes ▁activ ate ▁new ▁fault ▁plan es . ▁It ▁is ▁hypoth es ized ▁that ▁ext ensional ▁s lip ▁on ▁E - W ▁striking , ▁ 2 0 ° - 4 0 ° ▁north - di pping ▁plan es ▁are ▁caused ▁by ▁earth qu akes ▁beneath ▁the ▁northern ▁shore . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁A ig ion ▁area , ▁fault ▁plan es ▁like ▁the ▁H eli ke ▁F ault ▁have ▁much ▁ste eper ▁di ps ▁of |
▁ 5 5 ° - 7 0 ° ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁observed . ▁This ▁difference ▁leaves ▁the ▁connection ▁between ▁out cro pping ▁fault s ▁and ▁the ▁se ism ogen ic ▁zone ▁open ▁for ▁debate . ▁Other ▁hypoth eses ▁include : ▁ste ep ly ▁di pping ▁fault s ▁ab ut ▁at ▁a ▁low - angle ▁se ism ically ▁active ▁det achment , ▁or ▁they ▁under go ▁a ▁progress ive ▁down - d ip ▁curv ature ▁and ▁merge ▁into ▁low - angle ▁det ach ments . ▁The ▁se ism ic ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁Cor inth ▁r ift ▁is ▁monitor ed ▁by ▁the ▁Cor inth ▁R ift ▁Labor atory , ▁an ▁international ▁observ atory ▁belonging ▁the ▁European ▁Pl ate ▁Ob ser ving ▁System ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ge ology ▁of ▁Greece ▁Category : Bas ins ▁Category : C en oz o ic ▁rif ts ▁and ▁grab ens ▁Category : G ulf ▁of ▁Cor inth <0x0A> </s> ▁C ram pton ▁is ▁a ▁surname ▁of ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁orig ination , ▁from ▁C rom pton ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire , ▁which ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁persons : ▁▁ ▁Albert ▁M . ▁C ram pton ▁( 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 5 3 ), ▁American ▁jur ist ▁ ▁Barbara ▁C ram pton ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 9 ), ▁American ▁actress ▁ ▁Bruce ▁C ram pton ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 5 ), ▁Australian ▁gol fer ▁ ▁Ger tr ude ▁C ram pton ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 5 |
), ▁American ▁author ▁ ▁Henry ▁C ram pton ▁( 1 8 7 5 – 1 9 5 6 ), ▁American ▁pale ont ologist ▁and ▁evolution ary ▁bi ologist ▁ ▁Howard ▁C ram pton ▁( 1 8 6 5 – 1 9 2 2 ), ▁American ▁actor ▁ ▁Sir ▁John ▁C ram pton , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 8 0 5 – 1 8 8 6 ), ▁British ▁diplom at ▁ ▁John ▁C ram pton ▁( 1 9 2 1 – 2 0 1 0 ) ▁English ▁av i ator ▁ ▁Mark ▁C ram pton , ▁English ▁journalist ▁and ▁historian ▁ ▁Matthew ▁C ram pton ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁English ▁cycl ist ▁ ▁Peter ▁C ram pton ▁( polit ician ) ▁( 1 9 3 2 – 2 0 1 1 ), ▁English ▁politician ▁ ▁Peter ▁C ram pton ▁( ath lete ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁British ▁spr inter ▁ ▁Robert ▁C ram pton ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁English ▁journalist ▁ ▁Thomas ▁Russell ▁C ram pton ▁( 1 8 1 6 – 1 8 8 8 ), ▁English ▁engineer ▁ ▁William ▁C ram pton , ▁British ▁v ex ill ologist ▁ ▁William ▁C ram pton ▁Library ▁ ▁See ▁also : ▁ ▁Barbara ▁Mary ▁C ram pton ▁P ym , ▁novel ist ▁ ▁C ram pton ▁H od net , ▁a ▁novel ▁by ▁Barbara ▁P ym ▁ ▁Dun can ▁Stuart ▁C ram pton ▁Bell ▁ ▁Philip ▁C ram pton |
▁S my ly ▁ ▁William ▁C ram pton ▁G ore ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁locations : ▁ ▁C ram pton ' s ▁G ap ▁ ▁Battle ▁of ▁C ram pton ' s ▁G ap ▁ ▁C ram pton ▁Island ▁ ▁Other : ▁ ▁C ram pton ▁locomot ive ▁▁ 6 - 2 - 0 ▁locomot ive ▁( American ▁usage ) ▁ ▁Category : S urn ames ▁Category : S urn ames ▁of ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁origin ▁Category : English ▁to pon ym ic ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hol mes ▁C ott age ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁at ▁ 5 2 1 ▁Main ▁Street ▁in ▁Cal ais , ▁Maine . ▁ ▁Est im ated ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁built ▁about ▁ 1 8 2 0 , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁surv iving ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁town , ▁and ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁association ▁with ▁Dr . ▁Job ▁Hol mes , ▁a ▁leading ▁phys ician ▁during ▁the ▁community ' s ▁form ative ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁c ott age , ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁St . ▁Cro ix ▁Historical ▁Society ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁them ▁as ▁the ▁Dr . ▁Job ▁Hol mes ▁C ott age ▁& ▁Museum , ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁The ▁Hol mes ▁C ott age ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁Main ▁Street ▁( Un ited ▁States ▁Route ▁ 1 ), ▁a ▁short ▁way ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁dow nt own ▁area . ▁ |
▁Just ▁to ▁its ▁east ▁stands ▁the ▁Dr . ▁Job ▁Hol mes ▁House , ▁also ▁a ▁property ▁of ▁the ▁St . ▁Cro ix ▁Historical ▁Society . ▁ ▁The ▁c ott age ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 - 1 / 2 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁structure , ▁five ▁b ays ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁side ▁g able ▁roof , ▁central ▁chim ney , ▁and ▁cla p board ▁s iding . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁fac ade ▁is ▁symmet rical , ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁entrance ▁in ▁a ▁two - story ▁project ing ▁g abled ▁section , ▁which ▁is ▁fl ank ed ▁on ▁the ▁roof ▁by ▁g abled ▁d orm ers . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁follows ▁a ▁typical ▁center - ch im ney ▁plan , ▁with ▁a ▁narrow ▁w inding ▁st air case ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁chim ney , ▁the ▁par lor ▁to ▁the ▁left , ▁kitchen ▁to ▁the ▁right , ▁and ▁a ▁long ▁narrow ▁room ▁behind . ▁ ▁The ▁par lor ▁exhib its ▁particularly ▁well - pres erved ▁original ▁Federal ▁period ▁wood work ▁and ▁hardware . ▁ ▁The ▁construction ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁is ▁unknown , ▁with ▁local ▁tradition ▁placing ▁it ▁before ▁ 1 8 0 5 . ▁ ▁Its ▁first ▁documented ▁owner ▁was ▁Ar tem us ▁Ward , ▁a ▁Boston ▁land ▁spec ulator , ▁who ▁bought ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁later ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Job ▁Hol mes , ▁who ▁lived ▁there ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁until ▁the ▁house ▁next ▁door ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s |
. ▁ ▁It ▁remained ▁the ▁Hol mes ▁family ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁St . ▁Cro ix ▁Historical ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁list ings ▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maine ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Dr . ▁Job ▁Hol mes ▁C ott age ▁& ▁Museum ▁- ▁St . ▁Cro ix ▁Historical ▁Society ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Maine ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 0 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maine ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Cal ais , ▁Maine ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maine ▁Category : H istor ic ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁Maine ▁Category : S cience ▁museum s ▁in ▁Maine ▁Category : Med ical ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Maine <0x0A> </s> ▁Re eling ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁is ▁Paul ine ▁K ael ' s ▁fifth ▁collection ▁of ▁movie ▁reviews , ▁covering ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁through ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁largely ▁composed ▁of ▁movie ▁reviews , ▁r anging ▁from ▁her ▁famous ▁review ▁of ▁Last ▁T ango ▁in ▁Paris ▁to ▁her ▁review ▁of ▁A ▁Woman ▁Under ▁the ▁In flu ence , ▁but ▁it ▁also ▁contains ▁a ▁longer ▁ess ay ▁entitled ▁" On ▁the ▁Future ▁of ▁Mov ies " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁book |
▁review ▁of ▁The ▁Fred ▁A sta ire ▁& ▁G inger ▁Rog ers ▁Book , ▁by ▁fellow ▁The ▁New ▁York er ▁dance ▁critic ▁Ar l ene ▁Cro ce . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁four ▁film ▁critics ▁pol led ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Film ▁Institute ▁listed ▁Re eling ▁among ▁their ▁favorite ▁books ▁related ▁to ▁cinema . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁out - of - print ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁but ▁is ▁still ▁published ▁by ▁Mar ion ▁Boy ars ▁Publish ers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : Book s ▁of ▁film ▁criticism ▁Category : Book s ▁about ▁film ▁Category : Book s ▁by ▁Paul ine ▁K ael ▁Category : American ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : L ittle , ▁Brown ▁and ▁Company ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Johannes ▁Guillaume ▁Christian us ▁Andreas ▁" Jan " ▁Mar ijn issen ▁() ▁( born ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁Dutch ▁politician ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( SP ). ▁ ▁Mar ijn issen , ▁a ▁wel der ▁by ▁occupation , ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Da an ▁Mon j é ▁on ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁became ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁For ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Mar ijn issen ▁was ▁the ▁L ijst tre |
k ker ▁( top ▁candidate ) ▁and ▁won ▁two ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁won ▁representation ▁in ▁the ▁States ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁Mar ijn issen ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁Parliament ary ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁For ▁the ▁elections ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Mar ijn issen ▁again ▁as ▁L ijst tre k ker ▁won ▁three ▁and ▁four ▁seats ▁respectively . ▁For ▁the ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Mar ijn issen ▁for ▁the ▁fifth ▁time ▁as ▁L ijst tre k ker ▁won ▁six teen ▁seats ▁and ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁became ▁the ▁third - larg est ▁party ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Mar ijn issen ▁announced ▁his ▁ret irement ▁as ▁Le ader ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁and ▁Parliament ary ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁cit ing ▁health ▁reasons . ▁Mar ijn issen ▁remained ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁general ▁election . ▁Mar ijn issen ▁stood ▁down ▁as ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁L ilian ▁Mar ijn issen , ▁the ▁current ▁Le ader |
▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Johannes ▁Guillaume ▁Christian us ▁Andreas ▁Mar ijn issen ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁in ▁O ss ▁in ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Province ▁of ▁North ▁B rab ant ▁in ▁a ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁family . ▁After ▁leaving ▁secondary ▁school ▁shortly ▁before ▁the ▁ex ams , ▁he ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁fact ories ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁O ss . ▁He ▁then ▁trained ▁as ▁a ▁wel der , ▁working ▁for ▁ten ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁metal ▁industry . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁Local ▁politics ▁Meanwhile , ▁he ▁helped ▁found ing ▁the ▁SP ▁in ▁O ss ▁and , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁became ▁the ▁Netherlands ' ▁young est ▁coun c ill or ▁ever . ▁He ▁remained ▁a ▁coun c ill or ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁playing ▁a ▁leading ▁role ▁in ▁many ▁campaign s , ▁such ▁as ▁against ▁poll uting ▁dis charg es . ▁The ▁SP ' s ▁council ▁representation ▁in ▁O ss ▁has ▁grown ▁at ▁every ▁local ▁election ▁and ▁is , ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁biggest ▁strong hold ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁Nick named ▁" The ▁W izard ▁of ▁O ss ", ▁after ▁his ▁h omet own , ▁he ▁became ▁famous ▁when ▁he ▁turned ▁out ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁vote ▁that ▁rejected ▁the ▁European ▁Constitution ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Mar ijn |
issen ▁became ▁the ▁party ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁provincial ▁assembly ▁member , ▁in ▁North ▁B rab ant . ▁A ▁year ▁later ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁SP ' s ▁national ▁president . ▁Under ▁his ▁leadership ▁the ▁party ▁was ▁transformed ▁from ▁" a ▁feder ation ▁of ▁local ▁branches " ▁into ▁a ▁party ▁with ▁a ▁clear ▁national ▁programme , ▁nation ally - organ ised ▁activities ▁and ▁a ▁national ▁profile . ▁ ▁National ▁politics ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁SP ▁made ▁the ▁break through ▁which ▁brought ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives , ▁Mar ijn issen ▁was ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁party ' s ▁parliament ary ▁group . ▁After ▁gain ing ▁two ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 ▁parliament ary ▁seats ▁during ▁this ▁first ▁break through , ▁support ▁for ▁him ▁and ▁his ▁party ▁rose ▁slowly ▁but ▁continu ously . ▁After ▁four ▁years ▁in ▁parliament , ▁his ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁went ▁under ▁his ▁lead ▁from ▁two ▁to ▁five ▁seats ▁during ▁the ▁national ▁elections ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁growth ▁towards ▁nine ▁seats ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁after ▁the ▁ 8 7 - day ▁term ▁of ▁Bal ken ende ▁I , ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁didn ' t ▁manage ▁to ▁gain ▁more ▁seats ▁than ▁the ▁year ▁before ▁and ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁level ▁with ▁again ▁ 9 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁seats . ▁Although ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁slight ▁rise ▁in ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁who |
▁voted ▁for ▁the ▁SP ▁compared ▁to ▁a ▁year ▁before , ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁elections ▁the ▁pol ls ▁suggested ▁the ▁SP ▁might ▁double . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁elections ▁a ▁conflict ▁arose ▁between ▁Jan ▁Mar ijn issen ▁and ▁Ali ▁Laz rak , ▁when ▁the ▁latter ▁refused ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁an ▁agreement ▁that ▁required ▁all ▁SP ▁polit icians ▁to ▁don ate ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁w ages . ▁Laz rak ▁accused ▁Mar ijn issen ▁of ▁dict atorial ▁behavior ; ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁sett le ▁the ▁argument ▁failed ▁and ▁Laz rak ▁left ▁the ▁fraction ▁on ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁party ▁was ▁pol led ▁on ▁ 9 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁elect or ate ▁in ▁the ▁municipal ▁elections . ▁After ▁the ▁un tim ely ▁end ▁of ▁Bal ken ende ▁II ▁and ▁the ▁minor ity ▁government ▁of ▁Bal ken ende ▁III , ▁the ▁SP ▁won ▁ 1 6 ▁more ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁elections ▁to ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 5 , ▁becoming ▁the ▁third ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁So on ▁after , ▁the ▁party ▁membership ▁passed ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁parliament ▁voted ▁for ▁his ▁idea ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Museum ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture ▁decided ▁the ▁city ▁Arn hem ▁would ▁be ▁its ▁residence . ▁ |
▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Mar ijn issen ▁announced ▁his ▁res ignation ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁SP ▁group ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁because ▁of ▁health ▁reasons . ▁However , ▁he ▁remains ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party . ▁ ▁Mar ijn issen ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁' common ▁man ' ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁use ▁of ▁simple ▁language . ▁His ▁appeal ▁is ▁also ▁explained ▁by ▁some ▁obser vers ▁by ▁his ▁capacity ▁of ▁present ing ▁himself ▁as ▁a ▁valid , ▁more ▁social ▁alternative ▁to ▁the ▁P vd A , ▁which ▁moved ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁cent rist ▁third ▁way ▁direction ▁by ▁advoc ating ▁w elf are ▁re forms ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁W im ▁K ok ▁and ▁his ▁so - called ▁Pur ple ▁Cab in ets ▁( 1 9 9 4 – 2 0 0 2 ). ▁ ▁Crit ics ▁of ▁Mar ijn issen ▁call ▁his ▁leadership ▁style ▁author itar ian , ▁because ▁he ▁is ▁pres umed ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁tight ▁g rip ▁on ▁his ▁party . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁Sam en le ven ▁kan ▁je ▁niet ▁alle en ▁( You ▁can ' t ▁live ▁together ▁alone ), ▁SP , ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁() ▁T egen st em men , ▁een ▁ro od ▁ant woord ▁op ▁Pa ars ▁( V oting ▁against , ▁a ▁red ▁answer ▁to ▁Pur ple ), ▁( Am sterdam / Ant werp : ▁L . J . ▁Ve en , ▁ |
1 9 9 6 ). ▁( ). ▁This ▁book ▁is ▁also ▁available ▁in ▁English ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁En ough ! ▁A ▁social ist ▁bit es ▁back . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁three ▁new ▁English ▁chap ters ▁were ▁added ▁with ▁summar ies ▁of ▁conclusion ▁in ▁his ▁latter ▁books . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁the ▁book ▁became ▁available ▁in ▁Greece ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁ Α ρ κ ε τ ά !. ▁( A th ens : ▁An til og os , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁() ▁E ffe ▁Dim men ! ▁Een ▁re bel ▁in ▁Den ▁Ha ag . ▁( Am sterdam / Ant werp : ▁L . J . ▁Ve en , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ). ▁( ). ▁De ▁laat ste ▁o or log : ▁Ges pre k ken ▁over ▁de ▁nieuwe ▁wereld orde ▁( The ▁last ▁war ), ▁( Am sterdam / Ant werp : ▁L . J . ▁Ve en , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁( ). ▁Co - author ed ▁with ▁K arel ▁G last ra ▁van ▁Lo on . ▁A ▁series ▁of ▁inter views ▁with ▁exper ts ▁as ▁Lord ▁Car r ington , ▁Sir ▁Michael ▁Rose , ▁Hans ▁van ▁den ▁Bro ek , ▁No am ▁Ch om sky , ▁Rob ▁de ▁W ijk ▁en ▁Georg i ▁Ar bat ov ▁on ▁international ▁conflicts ▁with ▁special ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁in ▁these ▁conflicts . ▁Sch rale ▁R ijk dom : ▁De ▁er fen is ▁van ▁acht ▁jaar ▁Pa ars |
▁( Po or ▁Rich ness ), ▁( K etch - up ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ). ▁( ). ▁Nie uw ▁Opt im isme ▁( New ▁Opt im ism ), ▁( As pe kt , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁H oe ▁dan , ▁Jan ▁( But ▁how , ▁Jan ? ), ▁( Am sterdam / Ant werp : ▁L . J . ▁Ve en , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Two ▁Dutch ▁journalist ▁wrote ▁a ▁question / ▁answer ▁style ▁book ▁about ▁how ▁Mar ijn issen ' s ▁ideas ▁could ▁become ▁reality . ▁W aar ▁histor ie ▁h uis ▁h oud t ▁( Where ▁history ▁lives ), ▁( R ap , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁ple a ▁for ▁a ▁National ▁Historic ▁Museum ▁for ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Jan ▁Mar ijn issen ▁reve als ▁his ▁interest ▁in ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁history ▁to ▁a ▁land ▁and ▁its ▁culture . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁▁▁ ▁J . G . Ch . A . ▁( Jan ) ▁Mar ijn issen ▁Par lement ▁& ▁Polit iek ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ant i - global ization ▁writers ▁Category : Ant i - global ization ▁activ ists ▁Category : D utch ▁ag nost ics ▁Category : D utch ▁blog gers ▁Category : D utch ▁column ists ▁Category : D utch ▁political ▁writers ▁Category : D utch ▁political ▁activ ists ▁Category : D utch ▁republic ans |
▁Category : Form er ▁Roman ▁C athol ics ▁Category : Mar x ist ▁writers ▁Category : Met al work ers ▁Category : M old m akers ▁Category : Found ry men ▁Category : Sm el ters ▁( occupation ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁( N ether lands ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Provin cial - C oun cil ▁of ▁North ▁B rab ant ▁Category : M unicip al ▁coun c ill ors ▁in ▁North ▁B rab ant ▁Category : Ch air men ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( N ether lands ) ▁Category : L ead ers ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁( N ether lands ) ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁O ss ▁Category : So cial ist ▁Party ▁( N ether lands ) ▁polit icians ▁Category : W rit ers ▁about ▁global ization ▁Category : W rit ers ▁about ▁commun ism ▁Category : W rit ers ▁about ▁activ ism ▁and ▁social ▁change ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁Dutch ▁polit icians ▁Category : W eld ers <0x0A> </s> ▁May ap on era ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁an ts ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Pon er inae . ▁It ▁contains ▁the ▁single ▁species ▁May ap on era ▁con str ict a , ▁found ▁in ▁Central ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁Work ers ▁are ▁sl ender ▁and ▁medium ▁in ▁size ▁( 6 – 7 . 5 mm ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : P on er inae ▁Category : Mon ot yp ic ▁ant ▁gener a |
▁Category : H ymen optera ▁of ▁North ▁America ▁Category : H ymen optera ▁of ▁South ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁( ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Brig ada ▁L ister , ▁was ▁a ▁mixed ▁brig ade ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Republican ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War . ▁It ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁ 1 9 3 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁established ▁from ▁the ▁Fif th ▁Regiment ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁in ▁Al cal á ▁de ▁Hen ares ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Republican ▁Ar med ▁forces . ▁It ▁was ▁put ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Commun ist ▁commander ▁En rique ▁L ister . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁combat ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁S ese ña . ▁It ▁would ▁suffer ▁many ▁losses ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Brun ete , ▁including ▁its ▁Cub an ▁brig ade ▁commander ▁Alberto ▁S ánchez , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁officers ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁Major ▁Em ilio ▁C one jo . ▁Later ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁would ▁see ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁Arag on ▁Off ensive , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁E bro ▁and ▁the ▁Catal onia ▁Off ensive . ▁ ▁Central ▁Front ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Madrid ▁it ▁was ▁posted ▁in ▁Valle cas , ▁where , ▁with ▁great ▁losses , ▁it ▁helped ▁rep ulse ▁the ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁Africa ▁against ▁the ▁capital |
. ▁Following ▁this ▁combat ▁it ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁left ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁Man zan ares ▁River . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁its ▁size ▁grew ▁to ▁eight ▁batt al ions , ▁being ▁then ▁split ▁when ▁the ▁ 1 . ª ▁Brig ada ▁Bis ▁was ▁established . ▁The ▁ 1 . ª ▁Brig ada ▁Bis ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁M ixed ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Cer ro ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles ▁where ▁the ▁reb els ▁had ▁established ▁its ▁positions ▁and ▁were ▁firing ▁upon ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area , ▁but ▁although ▁it ▁managed ▁to ▁gain ▁some ▁terrain ▁the ▁attack ▁failed . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁February ▁it ▁attacked ▁the ▁re bel ▁positions ▁in ▁Villa ver de ▁B ajo , ▁but ▁it ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁capital ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Jar ama . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁February ▁it ▁was ▁near ▁Va ci am ad rid ▁where ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁it ▁began ▁an ▁assault ▁at ▁El ▁P ing arr ón ▁hill ; ▁there ▁it ▁occupied ▁the ▁enemy ▁tren ches ▁on ▁four ▁occasions , ▁being ▁finally ▁rep uls ed ▁in ▁all ▁attacks . ▁During ▁the ▁Jar ama ▁comb ats ▁many ▁officers ▁— including ▁all ▁batt alion ▁command ers — ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁soldiers ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁the ▁unit ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁reconst it uted ▁in ▁the ▁re arg u ard . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 3 7 |
▁the ▁brig ade ▁took ▁part ▁with ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Gu adal aj ara ▁and ▁in ▁April ▁it ▁was ▁sent ▁again ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Cer ro ▁de ▁los ▁Áng eles , ▁ending ▁again ▁in ▁failure . ▁In ▁May ▁it ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁off ensive ▁operation ▁south ▁of ▁To led o . ▁ ▁On ▁ 5 ▁July ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁in fil tr ated ▁the ▁re bel ▁lines ▁near ▁Brun ete . ▁Two ▁days ▁later ▁it ▁occupied ▁Vill an ue va ▁de ▁la ▁C añ ada ▁and ▁continued ▁the ▁advance . ▁But ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁month ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁retre at , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁remain ders ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Division . ▁ ▁Arag on ▁Front ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁short ▁period ▁of ▁rest ▁the ▁brig ade ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Arag ón ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁V ▁Army ▁Corps . ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁it ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Zar ago za ▁Off ensive ▁attack ing ▁the ▁Fu entes ▁de ▁E bro ▁sector ▁in ▁success ive ▁assault s ▁without ▁being ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁significant ▁progress . ▁The ▁" J os é ▁Dí az ▁Battalion " ▁commander ▁and ▁his ▁comm iss ar ▁died ▁during ▁these ▁comb ats . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ter uel ▁where ▁it ▁repeated ▁the ▁same ▁man eu ver ▁as ▁in ▁Brun ete , ▁in fil tr ating ▁enemy ▁lines ▁following ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁and ▁ 1 0 0 |
th ▁mixed ▁brig ades ▁with ▁the ▁mission ▁to ▁take ▁Conc ud ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁Franco ist ▁re arg u ard . ▁But ▁the ▁brig ade ▁lost ▁its ▁way ▁and ▁instead ▁of ▁cir cling ▁the ▁village , ▁it ▁ended ▁up ▁attack ing ▁it ▁front ally , ▁being ▁immediately ▁rep uls ed ▁and ▁suffering ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties . ▁Even ▁so , ▁by ▁the ▁afternoon ▁it ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁occup y ▁the ▁place . ▁After ▁conqu ering ▁Ter uel , ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁a ▁re arg u ard ▁position ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁Division ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁recover ▁following ▁the ▁heavy ▁losses ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁inf lic ted ▁on ▁these ▁units . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁the ▁First ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Arag ón ▁Camp aign , ▁but ▁with ▁limited ▁success . ▁Even ▁though ▁it ▁tried ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁enemy ▁advance ▁in ▁the ▁sector ▁between ▁Cal anda ▁and ▁the ▁ ▁Val de alg orf a ▁road ▁j unction , ▁the ▁collapse ▁of ▁the ▁whole ▁front ▁forced ▁it ▁to ▁retre at . ▁ ▁Last ▁actions ▁in ▁Catal onia ▁▁ ▁By ▁April , ▁although ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁stuck ▁in ▁Catal onia ▁together ▁with ▁other ▁republic an ▁forces , ▁it ▁had ▁managed ▁not ▁to ▁become ▁cut ▁off ▁from ▁its ▁division ▁after ▁the ▁hast y ▁retre at . ▁In ▁May ▁it ▁was ▁sent ▁as ▁strateg ic ▁reserve ▁for ▁the ▁failed ▁Bal ag uer ▁Off |
ensive , ▁seeing ▁no ▁combat ▁action . ▁By ▁then ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁brig ade ▁had ▁been ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁the ▁unit ▁had ▁been ▁re - equ ipped . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁the ▁unit ▁crossed ▁the ▁E bro , ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁that ▁would ▁last ▁the ▁following ▁four ▁months . ▁After ▁conqu ering ▁M ó ra ▁d ' E bre , ▁it ▁arrived ▁to ▁the ▁P à nd ols ▁Range ▁def ensive ▁line ▁and ▁later ▁it ▁reached ▁the ▁Bar ran co ▁de ▁Santa ▁Mag dal ena . ▁But ▁by ▁ 1 5 ▁August ▁it ▁lost ▁that ▁out post ▁retre ating ▁again ▁to ▁the ▁P à nd ols ▁Range , ▁where ▁it ▁held ▁its ▁position ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁battle . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁November ▁it ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁E bro , ▁having ▁suffered ▁great ▁losses ▁in ▁man power ▁and ▁equipment . ▁The ▁command ment ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁was ▁changed ▁again , ▁being ▁entr usted ▁to ▁major ▁José ▁Mont al vo . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Franco ist ▁off ensive ▁against ▁Catal onia ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁G arr ig ues ▁area ▁waiting ▁to ▁be ▁re organ ized , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Seg re ▁front ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁plug ▁a ▁bre ach ▁in ▁the ▁republic an ▁lines . ▁For ▁a ▁while ▁it ▁managed ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁off ensive |
▁of ▁the ▁F asc ist ▁Italian ▁Cor po ▁Tru ppe ▁Vol ont arie ▁near ▁Les ▁Borg es ▁Blan ques , ▁but ▁by ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁retre at ▁towards ▁the ▁north . ▁By ▁ 3 ▁February ▁it ▁reached ▁Gir ona , ▁and ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁it ▁still ▁held ▁fast ▁against ▁the ▁Franco ist ▁pressure ▁by ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ter ▁River . ▁Nevertheless , ▁on ▁ 9 ▁February ▁in ▁the ▁evening ▁it ▁crossed ▁the ▁French ▁border ▁at ▁Port b ou ▁and ▁became ▁dis band ed . ▁ ▁Command ers ▁ ▁Command ers ▁in ▁Chief ▁ ▁En rique ▁L í ster ▁ ▁Manuel ▁López ▁Ig les ias ▁ ▁Alberto ▁S ánchez ▁ ▁Francisco ▁del ▁C ach o ▁Vill ar ro ig ▁ ▁Dom ingo ▁H ort el ano ▁H ort el ano ▁ ▁Edu ardo ▁Zam ora ▁Con de ▁ ▁José ▁Ar é val o ▁ ▁José ▁Mont al vo ▁Comm iss ars . ▁All ▁the ▁comm iss ars ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Spain ▁( P CE ) ▁ ▁Miguel ▁Pu ente ▁ ▁Santiago ▁Ál vare z ▁Gó mez ▁ ▁José ▁Se vil ▁Se vil ▁ ▁Áng el ▁Bar cia ▁G ale ote ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Fif th ▁Regiment ▁M ixed ▁Brig ades ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁S B H AC ▁- ▁Brig adas ▁Mi xt as ▁del ▁Ej ército ▁Popular , ▁ 1 ª ▁Brig ada ▁Mi xt a ▁ ▁Category : |
Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Category : M ixed ▁Brig ades ▁( Sp ain ) <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁tom ah awk ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁single - hand ed ▁ax e ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁many ▁Ind igen ous ▁pe op les ▁and ▁nations ▁of ▁North ▁America , ▁tradition ally ▁res emb ling ▁a ▁h atch et ▁with ▁a ▁straight ▁sh aft . ▁The ▁name ▁came ▁into ▁the ▁English ▁language ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁as ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Pow hat an ▁( V ir gin ian ▁Alg on qu ian ) ▁word . ▁ ▁Tom ah aw ks ▁were ▁general - pur pose ▁tools ▁used ▁by ▁Native ▁Americans ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁European ▁colonial s ▁with ▁whom ▁they ▁trad ed , ▁and ▁often ▁employed ▁as ▁a ▁hand - to - hand ▁weapon . ▁The ▁metal ▁tom ah awk ▁heads ▁were ▁originally ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁board ing ▁ax e ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁trade - item ▁with ▁Native ▁Americans ▁for ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁prov isions . ▁ ▁Et ym ology ▁The ▁name ▁comes ▁from ▁Pow hat an ▁tam aha ac , ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Pro to - Alg on qu ian ▁root ▁* tem ah - ▁" to ▁cut ▁off ▁by ▁tool ". ▁Alg on qu ian ▁cogn ates ▁include ▁L ena pe ▁t ə ma h ikan , ▁Male cite - |
Pass ama qu od dy ▁tom h ikon , ▁and ▁A ben aki ▁de ma h igan , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁mean ▁" ax ". ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Alg on qu ians ▁in ▁early ▁America ▁created ▁the ▁tom ah awk . ▁Before ▁Europe ans ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁continent , ▁Native ▁Americans ▁would ▁use ▁stones ▁attached ▁to ▁wooden ▁handles , ▁secured ▁with ▁stri ps ▁of ▁ra wh ide . ▁The ▁tom ah awk ▁quickly ▁spread ▁from ▁the ▁Alg on qu ian ▁culture ▁to ▁the ▁tribes ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁and ▁the ▁Great ▁Pla ins . ▁ ▁When ▁Europe ans ▁arrived , ▁they ▁introduced ▁the ▁metal ▁bla de ▁to ▁the ▁n atives , ▁which ▁improved ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁the ▁tool . ▁Metal ▁did ▁not ▁break ▁as ▁readily ▁as ▁stone ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁fashion ed ▁for ▁additional ▁uses . ▁Native ▁Americans ▁created ▁a ▁tom ah awk ’ s ▁poll , ▁the ▁side ▁opposite ▁the ▁bla de , ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁ham mer , ▁sp ike ▁or ▁a ▁pipe . ▁These ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁pipe ▁tom ah aw ks , ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁a ▁bow l ▁on ▁the ▁poll ▁and ▁a ▁h ollow ed ▁out ▁sh aft . ▁These ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁European ▁and ▁American ▁art is ans ▁for ▁trade ▁and ▁diplom atic ▁g ifts ▁for ▁the ▁tribes . ▁ ▁Com position ▁ ▁Pre - contact ▁Native ▁Americans ▁lack ed ▁the ▁technology ▁for ▁the ▁hot - f org ing ▁of ▁metal , ▁so ▁tom ah aw ks ▁were ▁not ▁fitted ▁with ▁metal ▁ax ▁heads ▁until |
▁they ▁were ▁obtained ▁from ▁trade ▁with ▁Europe ans . ▁The ▁tom ah awk ' s ▁original ▁designs ▁were ▁fitted ▁with ▁heads ▁of ▁bl aded ▁or ▁rounded ▁stone ▁or ▁de er ▁ant ler . ▁ ▁The ▁modern ▁tom ah awk ▁sh aft ▁is ▁usually ▁less ▁than ▁ ▁in ▁length , ▁tradition ally ▁made ▁of ▁h ick ory , ▁ash , ▁or ▁map le . ▁The ▁heads ▁we igh ▁anywhere ▁from ▁, ▁with ▁a ▁cutting ▁edge ▁usually ▁not ▁much ▁longer ▁than ▁ ▁from ▁toe ▁to ▁he el . ▁The ▁poll ▁can ▁feature ▁a ▁ham mer , ▁sp ike , ▁or ▁may ▁simply ▁be ▁rounded ▁off , ▁and ▁they ▁usually ▁do ▁not ▁have ▁lug s . ▁These ▁sometimes ▁had ▁a ▁pipe - bow l ▁car ved ▁into ▁the ▁poll , ▁and ▁a ▁hole ▁d ril led ▁down ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁sh aft ▁for ▁sm oking ▁to b acco ▁through ▁the ▁tom ah awk . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁metal - head ed ▁versions ▁of ▁this ▁unusual ▁pipe . ▁Pi pe ▁tom ah aw ks ▁are ▁artifact s ▁unique ▁to ▁North ▁America : ▁created ▁by ▁Europe ans ▁as ▁trade ▁objects ▁but ▁often ▁ex changed ▁as ▁diplom atic ▁g ifts . ▁They ▁were ▁symbols ▁of ▁the ▁choice ▁Europe ans ▁and ▁Native ▁Americans ▁faced ▁whenever ▁they ▁met : ▁one ▁end ▁was ▁the ▁pipe ▁of ▁peace , ▁the ▁other ▁an ▁ax ▁of ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁colonial ▁French ▁territory , ▁a ▁different ▁tom ah awk ▁design , ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁ancient ▁European ▁fran cis ca , ▁was ▁in ▁use ▁by |
▁French ▁sett lers ▁and ▁ind igen ous ▁pe op les . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁issued ▁tom ah aw ks ▁to ▁their ▁colonial ▁regular s ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁as ▁a ▁weapon ▁and ▁tool . ▁ ▁Modern ▁use ▁Tom ah aw ks ▁are ▁useful ▁in ▁camp ing ▁and ▁bush craft ▁scenarios . ▁They ▁are ▁mostly ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁a ▁h atch et , ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁generally ▁l ighter ▁and ▁sl immer ▁than ▁h atch ets . ▁They ▁often ▁contain ▁other ▁tools ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁ax ▁head , ▁such ▁as ▁sp ikes ▁or ▁h amm ers . ▁ ▁Modern ▁tom ah aw ks ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁select ▁US ▁forces ▁during ▁the ▁Vietnam ▁War ▁and ▁are ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" V ietnam ▁tom ah aw ks ". ▁These ▁modern ▁tom ah aw ks ▁have ▁gained ▁popular ity ▁with ▁their ▁re emer gence ▁by ▁American ▁Tom ah awk ▁Company ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁a ▁collaboration ▁with ▁custom ▁kn ife - maker ▁Ernest ▁Em erson ▁of ▁Em erson ▁Kn ives , ▁Inc . ▁A ▁similar ▁wood ▁handle ▁Vietnam ▁tom ah awk ▁is ▁produced ▁today ▁by ▁Cold ▁Ste el . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁modern ▁tom ah aw ks ▁are ▁made ▁of ▁drop ▁for ged , ▁differential ly ▁heat ▁treated , ▁al loy ▁steel . ▁The ▁differential ▁heat ▁treatment ▁allows ▁for ▁the ▁cho pping ▁portion ▁and ▁the ▁sp ike ▁to ▁be ▁harder ▁than ▁the ▁middle ▁section , ▁allowing |
▁for ▁a ▁shock - res istant ▁body ▁with ▁a ▁dur able ▁temper . ▁ ▁Tom ah awk ▁throwing ▁compet itions ▁Tom ah awk ▁throwing ▁is ▁a ▁popular ▁sport ▁among ▁American ▁and ▁Canadian ▁historical ▁re en act ment ▁groups , ▁and ▁new ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁such ▁as ▁Ok ich it aw ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁rev ive ▁tom ah awk ▁fighting ▁techniques ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁colonial ▁era . ▁Tom ah aw ks ▁are ▁a ▁category ▁within ▁compet itive ▁kn ife ▁throwing . ▁Today ' s ▁hand - f org ed ▁tom ah aw ks ▁are ▁being ▁made ▁by ▁master ▁craft s men ▁throughout ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Today , ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁events ▁that ▁host ▁tom ah awk ▁throwing ▁compet itions . ▁These ▁events ▁typically ▁require ▁mountain ▁man ▁style ▁dress . ▁ ▁The ▁tom ah awk ▁compet itions ▁have ▁reg ulations ▁concerning ▁the ▁type ▁and ▁style ▁of ▁tom ah awk ▁used ▁for ▁throwing . ▁There ▁are ▁special ▁throwing ▁tom ah aw ks ▁made ▁for ▁these ▁kinds ▁of ▁compet itions . ▁Re quire ments ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁minimum ▁handle ▁length ▁and ▁a ▁maximum ▁bla de ▁edge ▁( us ually ▁) ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁tom ah awk ▁throwing ▁competition ▁rules . ▁ ▁Military ▁application ▁ ▁Tom ah aw ks ▁were ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁S try ker ▁Brigade ▁in ▁Afghan istan , ▁the ▁ 1 7 2 nd ▁S try ker ▁Brigade ▁Com bat ▁Team ▁based ▁at ▁Graf en w ö hr ▁( G erm any ), ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Brigade , ▁ |
2 nd ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁out ▁of ▁Fort ▁Lewis , ▁a ▁reconna issance ▁pl ato on ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 d ▁Squadron ▁ 1 8 3 d ▁Caval ry ▁( 1 1 6 th ▁Infantry ▁Brigade ▁Com bat ▁Team ) ▁( O IF ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8 ) ▁and ▁numerous ▁other ▁soldiers . ▁The ▁tom ah awk ▁was ▁issued ▁a ▁NAT O ▁stock ▁number ▁( 4 2 1 0 - 0 1 - 5 1 8 - 7 2 4 4 ) ▁and ▁class ified ▁as ▁a ▁" Class ▁ 9 ▁rescue ▁k it " ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁a ▁program ▁called ▁the ▁Rap id ▁Field ing ▁In iti ative ; ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁included ▁within ▁every ▁S try ker ▁vehicle ▁as ▁the ▁" mod ular ▁entry ▁tool ▁set ". ▁This ▁design ▁enjoyed ▁something ▁of ▁a ▁r ena issance ▁with ▁US ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Ira q ▁and ▁Afghan istan ▁as ▁a ▁tool ▁and ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁hand - to - hand ▁combat . ▁ ▁Law ▁enfor cement ▁The ▁tom ah awk ▁has ▁gained ▁some ▁respect ▁from ▁members ▁of ▁various ▁law ▁enfor cement ▁tact ical ▁( i . e . ▁" SW AT ") ▁teams . ▁Some ▁companies ▁have ▁seized ▁upon ▁this ▁new ▁popular ity ▁and ▁are ▁producing ▁" t act ical ▁tom ah aw ks ". ▁ ▁These ▁SW AT - orient ed ▁tools ▁are ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁both ▁useful ▁and ▁relatively ▁light . ▁Some ▁examples ▁of ▁" t act ical ▁tom ah aw ks " ▁include ▁models ▁where |
in ▁the ▁sh aft ▁is ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁pr y bar . ▁There ▁are ▁models ▁with ▁line / ro pe ▁cutting ▁not ches , ▁cut s ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁allowing ▁its ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁w rench , ▁and ▁models ▁with ▁broad , ▁heavy ▁heads ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁bre aching ▁doors . ▁ ▁Modern ▁tom ah awk ▁fighting ▁There ▁are ▁not ▁many ▁systems ▁world wide ▁which ▁teach ▁fighting ▁skills ▁with ▁the ▁ax ▁or ▁a ▁tom ah awk ▁to ▁civ ili ans . ▁However ▁one ▁mart ial ▁art ▁known ▁as ▁Ok ich it aw ▁teach es ▁tom ah awk ▁fighting ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁other ▁ind igen ous ▁weapons ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁pla ins ▁d agger , ▁lance ▁and ▁g unst ock ▁war ▁club , ▁mostly ▁based ▁on ▁Pla ins ▁Indian ▁combat ▁principles . ▁Since ▁the ▁ax ▁is ▁becoming ▁more ▁popular ▁again ▁in ▁mov ies ▁and ▁video ▁games ▁( e . g .: ▁The ▁Patri ot ; ▁Abraham ▁Lincoln : ▁V amp ire ▁Hunter ; ▁Bul let ▁to ▁the ▁Head ; ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁Cre ed ▁III ) ▁the ▁interest ▁in ▁tom ah awk ▁and ▁ax ▁training ▁within ▁the ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁has ▁grown . ▁E scr ima ▁pract ition ers ▁use ▁tom ah aw ks . ▁ ▁Man ufact ur ers ▁Modern ▁tom ah awk ▁manufact ur ers ▁include : ▁▁ ▁American ▁Tom ah awk ▁Company ▁ ▁Ben ch made ▁Kn ife ▁Company ▁ ▁SO G ▁Special ty ▁Kn ives ▁▁ ▁Ger ber ▁Leg end ary ▁Bl ades ▁ ▁Cold ▁Ste el |
▁ ▁W ink ler ▁Kn ives ▁ ▁L . C . ▁Hans en ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Fo am ▁tom ah awk ▁ ▁H url bat ▁ ▁Native ▁American ▁weapon ry ▁ ▁She ph erd ' s ▁ax e ▁ ▁Tom ah awk ▁ch op ▁ ▁Mam be le / H ung a ▁M ung a ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Art icles ▁with ▁incons istent ▁c itation ▁formats ▁Category : B lade ▁weapons ▁Category : A xes ▁Category : An cient ▁weapons ▁Category : Throw ing ▁axes ▁Category : American ▁invent ions ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁invent ions ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁equipment ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ind igen ous ▁weapons ▁of ▁the ▁Amer icas <0x0A> </s> ▁Lud ov ico ▁( or ▁L od ov ico ) ▁Car rac ci ▁ ▁( 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 5 5 5 ▁– ▁ 1 3 ▁November ▁ 1 6 1 9 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Italian , ▁early - Bar o que ▁painter , ▁et cher , ▁and ▁print maker ▁born ▁in ▁Bolog na . ▁His ▁works ▁are ▁character ized ▁by ▁a ▁strong ▁m ood ▁invoked ▁by ▁broad ▁gest ures ▁and ▁f lick ering ▁light ▁that ▁create ▁spiritual ▁em otion ▁and ▁are ▁cred ited ▁with ▁re inv ig or ating ▁Italian ▁art , ▁especially ▁fres co ▁art , ▁which ▁was ▁sub sum ed ▁with ▁formal istic ▁M anner ism . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Bolog na ▁in ▁ 1 6 1 9 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁▁ ▁Lud ov ico ▁app r |
entic ed ▁under ▁Pro s per o ▁Font ana ▁in ▁Bolog na ▁and ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁Florence , ▁Par ma , ▁and ▁Ven ice , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁his ▁h omet own . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁his ▁c ous ins ▁Ann ib ale ▁and ▁Ag ost ino ▁Car rac ci , ▁Lud ov ico ▁worked ▁in ▁Bolog na ▁on ▁the ▁fres co ▁cycles ▁dep ict ing ▁Histor ies ▁of ▁Jason ▁and ▁M ede a ▁( 1 5 8 4 ) ▁in ▁Pal azzo ▁F ava , ▁and ▁the ▁Histor ies ▁of ▁Rom ulus ▁and ▁Rem us ▁( 1 5 9 0 - 1 5 9 2 ) ▁for ▁the ▁Pal azzo ▁Magn ani . ▁Their ▁individual ▁contributions ▁to ▁these ▁works ▁are ▁unclear , ▁although ▁Ann ib ale , ▁the ▁younger ▁than ▁Lud ov ico ▁by ▁ 5 ▁years ▁had ▁gained ▁fame ▁as ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁the ▁three . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁Ann ib ale ' s ▁f amed ▁commission ▁of ▁the ▁Lov es ▁of ▁the ▁God s ▁in ▁the ▁Pal azzo ▁F arn ese ▁in ▁Rome . ▁Ag ost ino ▁joined ▁Ann ib ale ▁there ▁briefly . ▁ ▁While ▁Lud ov ico ▁remained ▁in ▁Bolog na , ▁this ▁does ▁not ▁mean ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁any ▁less ▁influ ential , ▁the ▁bi ography ▁of ▁Lan zi ▁states ▁that ▁around ▁ 1 5 8 5 , ▁Lud ov ico ▁and ▁his ▁c ous ins ▁had ▁founded ▁the ▁so - called ▁E c lect ic ▁Academy ▁of ▁painting ▁( also ▁called ▁the ▁Acc adem |
ia ▁degli ▁Inc am min ati . ▁More ▁recent ▁conject ures ▁are ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁established ▁Academy ▁with ▁curr icul um , ▁but ▁that ▁Lud ov ico ▁t utor ed ▁many ▁in ▁his ▁studio . ▁ ▁This ▁studio ▁however ▁prop elled ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Em ilian ▁artists ▁to ▁pre - em in ence ▁in ▁Rome ▁and ▁elsewhere , ▁and ▁singular ly ▁helped ▁encou rage ▁the ▁so - called ▁Bolog n ese ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁which ▁included ▁Alban i , ▁Gu erc ino , ▁Sac chi , ▁Ren i , ▁Lan fran co ▁and ▁D omen ich ino . ▁The ▁Car rac ci ▁had ▁their ▁app rent ices ▁draw ▁studies ▁focused ▁on ▁observation ▁of ▁nature ▁and ▁natural ▁pos es , ▁and ▁use ▁a ▁bold ▁scale ▁in ▁drawing ▁figures . ▁One ▁of ▁Lud ov ico ' s ▁main ▁pup ils ▁was ▁Gia como ▁C aved one ▁and ▁Francesco ▁Cam ul lo . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Bab ette ▁B ohn , ▁Lud ov ico ▁Car rac ci ▁and ▁the ▁Art ▁of ▁Draw ing ▁B rep ols ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁All ess andro ▁Bro gi , ▁Lud ov ico ▁Car rac ci ▁Bolog na ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Andrea ▁Emil iani ▁( ed .), ▁ ▁Lud ov ico ▁Car rac ci ▁ex h . ▁cat . ▁Bolog na - F ort W orth ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁( with ▁Ess ay ▁and ▁catalog ue ▁by ▁G ail ▁Fe igen baum |
) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁O raz io ▁and ▁Ar tem is ia ▁Gent il esch i , ▁a ▁fully ▁digit ized ▁exhibition ▁catalog ▁from ▁The ▁Metropolitan ▁Museum ▁of ▁Art ▁L ibr aries , ▁which ▁contains ▁material ▁on ▁Lud ov ico ▁Car rac ci ▁( see ▁index ) ▁Whit field ▁Fine ▁Art ▁ ▁Catholic ▁Encyclopedia : ▁Car rac ci ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁Bolog na ▁Category : Ital ian ▁et ch ers ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Italian ▁pain ters ▁Category : Ital ian ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Italian ▁pain ters ▁Category : B olog n ese ▁pain ters ▁Category : Ital ian ▁Bar o que ▁pain ters ▁Category : Ital ian ▁M anner ist ▁pain ters <0x0A> </s> ▁Tob ias ▁Tre yer ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁cur ler . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁national ▁level , ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Swiss ▁men ' s ▁champion ▁cur ler . ▁ ▁Teams ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw iss ▁male ▁curl ers ▁Category : Sw iss ▁cur ling ▁champions ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁W . ▁S inger ▁( born ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Republican ▁Party ▁politician , |
▁who ▁has ▁been ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁State ▁Senate ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁where ▁he ▁represents ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁Legisl ative ▁District . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Lake wood ▁Township , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁fifth - most ▁senior ▁sen ator ▁behind ▁Ron ald ▁R ice , ▁Raymond ▁Les nia k , ▁Ger ald ▁Card inale , ▁and ▁Richard ▁Code y . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁S inger ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁He ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁att ending ▁public ▁schools ▁there . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁he ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Res erves . ▁He ▁married ▁the ▁former ▁C ary l ▁Lyn n ▁Rus so ▁and ▁has ▁four ▁children . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁Lake wood ▁Township . ▁ ▁Robert ▁S inger ▁is ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁Corpor ate ▁Rel ations , ▁Community / K im ball ▁Medical ▁Center . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁Before ▁entering ▁New ▁Jersey ' s ▁Senate , ▁S inger ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁lower ▁house ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Legisl ature , ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁for ▁two ▁st ints , ▁once ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁serving ▁the ▁Ocean ▁County - based ▁ 1 0 th ▁district , ▁and ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁through ▁ |
1 9 9 3 ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁district ▁which ▁now ▁stretch ed ▁from ▁Bur ling ton ▁County ▁through ▁Mon mouth ▁and ▁Ocean ▁count ies . ▁He ▁sought ▁re - e lection ▁to ▁his ▁Assembly ▁seat ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁inc umb ent ▁Dem ocrat ▁John ▁Paul ▁Do yle ▁and ▁former ▁Democratic ▁Assembly w oman ▁Mar l ene ▁Lyn ch ▁Ford ▁( the ▁latter ▁of ▁whom ▁S inger ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁elections ). ▁In ▁The ▁Assembly , ▁S inger ▁was ▁the ▁Major ity ▁Wh ip ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Senator ▁S inger ▁had ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁Lake wood ▁Township ▁Committee ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁and ▁was ▁its ▁mayor ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁until ▁ret iring ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁Mon mouth - O cean ▁Development ▁Council ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁the ▁Lake wood ▁Municipal ▁Util ity ▁Author ity ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁as ▁Chair . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁on ▁the ▁Ocean ▁County ▁Board ▁of ▁Health ▁as |
▁its ▁Vice ▁Chair . ▁S inger ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trust ees ▁of ▁Georg ian ▁Court ▁University ▁in ▁Lake wood ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁the ▁Mon mouth - O cean ▁Development ▁Council . ▁ ▁Inc umb ent ▁ 3 0 th ▁district ▁State ▁Senator ▁John ▁E . ▁Dim on ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁seek ▁re - e lection ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁due ▁to ▁poor ▁health . ▁S inger ▁ran ▁in ▁the ▁primary ▁uno pp osed ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁Republican ▁nom ine e ▁for ▁the ▁November ▁general ▁election . ▁S inger ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁Republican ▁committee ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁district ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁un exp ired ▁Senate ▁term ▁of ▁the ▁late ▁John ▁E . ▁Dim on ▁and ▁was ▁sw orn ▁into ▁office ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁He ▁had ▁simultaneously ▁held ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Senate ▁and ▁as ▁Mayor ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁when ▁he ▁chose ▁to ▁not ▁seek ▁re - e lection ▁to ▁the ▁Lake wood ▁Township ▁Committee . ▁ ▁S inger ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Township ▁Committee ▁for ▁nearly ▁thirty ▁years . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ret iring ▁from ▁the ▁Lake wood ▁Township ▁Committee , ▁dual ▁office ▁holding ▁was ▁allowed ▁under ▁a ▁grand father ▁clause ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁law ▁en act ed ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Legisl ature ▁and ▁signed ▁into ▁law ▁by ▁Governor ▁of ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Jon ▁Cor z ine ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 7 |
▁that ▁prevents ▁dual - office - hold ing ▁but ▁allows ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁held ▁both ▁positions ▁as ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁to ▁retain ▁both ▁posts . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Senate , ▁S inger ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Co - Rep ublic an ▁Major ity ▁Le ader ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁Ass istant ▁Major ity ▁Le ader ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁S inger ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Services ▁Commission , ▁the ▁Com merce ▁Committee ▁and ▁the ▁Health , ▁Human ▁Services ▁and ▁Senior ▁Cit iz ens ▁Committee . ▁S inger ▁currently ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Commission ▁on ▁A ging , ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Commission ▁on ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Asian ▁American ▁Commission . ▁S inger ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁spons or ▁of ▁various ▁economic ▁development ▁measures , ▁including ▁b ills ▁to ▁assist ▁bi ote chn ology ▁and ▁computer ▁software ▁fir ms , ▁and ▁to ▁author ize ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁Urban ▁Enter prise ▁Z ones ▁in ▁the ▁district . ▁ ▁District ▁ 3 0 ▁Each ▁of ▁the ▁forty ▁districts ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Legisl ature ▁has ▁one ▁representative ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Senate ▁and ▁two ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly . ▁The ▁other ▁represent atives ▁from ▁the ▁ 3 0 th ▁district ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 5 ▁Legisl ative ▁Session ▁are : ▁Assembly man ▁Se an ▁T |
. ▁Ke an ▁Assembly man ▁Ned ▁Thom son ▁ ▁E lection ▁history ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Senator ▁Robert ▁S inger ' s ▁Official ▁Site ▁Senator ▁S inger ' s ▁legisl ative ▁web ▁page , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Legisl ature ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Legisl ature ▁financial ▁dis closure ▁forms ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁Lake wood ▁Township , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Jersey ▁General ▁Assembly ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : New ▁Jersey ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁personnel ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁res erv ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Ra úl ▁River o ▁Cast añ eda ▁is ▁a ▁Cub an ▁poet , ▁journalist , ▁and ▁diss ident . ▁River o ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁in ▁Mor ón , ▁Cam ag ü ey , ▁in ▁central ▁Cuba . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁youth , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁ar dent ▁follow er ▁of ▁F idel ▁Castro ▁and ▁the ▁Cub an ▁Revolution . ▁He ▁was ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁generation ▁of ▁journal ists ▁to ▁gradu ate ▁after ▁the ▁triumph ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution . ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 |
3 - 1 9 7 6 ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁correspond ent ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁Cub an ▁press ▁in ▁Moscow . ▁He ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁pro - reg ime ▁National ▁Union ▁of ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Art ists ▁( UN E AC ). ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁" the ▁Po et ▁of ▁the ▁Revolution ", ▁and ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁major ▁cultural ▁figures ▁of ▁commun ist ▁Cuba . ▁ ▁D iss ident ▁Work ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁National ▁Union ▁of ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁he ▁signed ▁the ▁so - called ▁" letter ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 ▁intellect uals ", ▁a ▁pet ition ▁calling ▁for ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁political ▁prisoners ▁and ▁the ▁holding ▁of ▁dem ocr atic ▁elections . ▁Since ▁then , ▁River o ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁out cast ▁in ▁Cub an ▁society . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁he ▁founded ▁Cuba ▁Press , ▁and ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Cub an ▁independent ▁journal ism ▁movement , ▁publishing ▁his ▁works ▁in ▁newsp apers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁other ▁countries . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁River o ▁was ▁awarded ▁Columbia ▁University ' s ▁Maria ▁Mo ors ▁Cab ot ▁prize ▁for ▁International ▁Journal ism . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Press ▁Institute ' s ▁ 5 0 ▁World ▁Press ▁Fre edom ▁Hero es ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁ 5 0 ▁years . ▁ |
▁During ▁the ▁Cub an ▁government ' s ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁" Black ▁Spring " ▁crack down ▁on ▁diss idents , ▁River o ▁was ▁charged ▁with ▁" act ing ▁against ▁Cub an ▁independence ▁and ▁attempting ▁to ▁divide ▁Cub an ▁territorial ▁unity ", ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁with ▁writing ▁" ag ain st ▁the ▁government ", ▁organ izing ▁" sub vers ive ▁meet ings " ▁at ▁his ▁home , ▁and ▁collabor ating ▁with ▁US ▁diplom at ▁James ▁C ason . ▁River o ▁was ▁conv icted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁twenty ▁years ' ▁imprison ment . ▁He ▁spent ▁his ▁first ▁ 1 1 ▁months ▁in ▁a ▁tiny ▁one - man ▁cell ▁with ▁no ▁windows ▁or ▁any ▁contact ▁to ▁the ▁outside ▁world . ▁The ▁arrest ▁and ▁imprison ment ▁of ▁River o ▁was ▁later ▁def ended ▁by ▁Cub an ▁writer ▁and ▁culture ▁minister ▁Ab el ▁Pri eto ▁who ▁argued ▁that ▁River o ▁" was ▁not ▁arrested ▁for ▁his ▁views , ▁but ▁for ▁receiving ▁US ▁fund ing ▁for ▁his ▁collaboration ▁with ▁a ▁country ▁that ▁has ▁bes ie ged ▁our ▁island ." ▁ ▁River o ▁has ▁assert ed , ▁in ▁prison ▁inter rog ations ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁public , ▁that ▁all ▁funds ▁received ▁consisted ▁of ▁fe es ▁for ▁his ▁articles , ▁paid ▁by ▁the ▁publishing ▁media , ▁not ▁by ▁govern ments ▁or ▁political ▁organizations . ▁His ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁life ▁and ▁his ▁treatment ▁by ▁the ▁Cub an ▁government ▁is ▁given ▁in ▁his ▁book ▁" Proof ▁of ▁Contact ". ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁he ▁was |
▁released ▁following ▁international ▁pressure ▁on ▁Cuba ▁and ▁subsequently ▁re located ▁to ▁Spain , ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁UN ES CO / Gu ill ermo ▁C ano ▁World ▁Press ▁Fre edom ▁Prize . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Human ▁rights ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Cub an ▁diss ident ▁movement ▁V are la ▁Project ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Head line ▁articles ▁Ja iled ▁Cub an ▁journalist ▁Ra úl ▁River o ▁wins ▁UN ES CO ▁World ▁Press ▁Fre edom ▁Prize ▁Information ▁on ▁River o ' s ▁release ▁Biography ▁at ▁W ords ▁Without ▁B orders . ▁S late ▁article ▁- ▁Article ▁on ▁The ▁Motor cycle ▁Di aries ▁which ▁also ▁per tain s ▁to ▁Ra úl . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : C ub an ▁diss idents ▁Category : C ub an ▁journal ists ▁Category : M ale ▁journal ists ▁Category : C ub an ▁po ets ▁Category : C ub an ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : M ale ▁po ets ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M aria ▁Mo ors ▁Cab ot ▁Prize ▁w inners ▁Category : O pp osition ▁to ▁F idel ▁Castro <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Prim rose ▁Ring ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁American ▁drama ▁silent ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Z . ▁Leonard ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Mar ion ▁Fair f ax ▁and ▁Ruth ▁S aw yer . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Ma e ▁Murray , ▁Tom ▁Moore , ▁Winter ▁Hall , ▁Billy ▁Jacob s , ▁May me ▁Kel so ▁and ▁Lor etta ▁Young . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May |
▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁by ▁Param ount ▁Pictures . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁now ▁lost . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Ma e ▁Murray ▁as ▁Margaret ▁Mac Le an ▁Tom ▁Moore ▁as ▁Bob ▁Mac Le an ▁Winter ▁Hall ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Ralph ▁Mac Le an ▁Billy ▁Jacob s ▁as ▁Sand y ▁ ▁May me ▁Kel so ▁as ▁Miss ▁Fo ote ▁Lor etta ▁Young ▁as ▁Fair y ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : American ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Robert ▁Z . ▁Leonard ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : American ▁silent ▁feature ▁films ▁Category : L ost ▁American ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁lost ▁films ▁Category : L ost ▁drama ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁( , ▁), ▁according ▁to ▁an ▁un named ▁source ▁interview ed ▁by ▁the ▁London - based ▁online ▁news ▁out let ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ▁following ▁the ▁assass ination ▁of ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁and ▁a ▁BBC ▁source ▁inside ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁who ▁has ▁a ▁relative ▁in ▁the ▁squad , ▁is ▁a ▁Sa udi ▁team ▁that ▁consists ▁of ▁approximately ▁fifty ▁Sa udi ▁officers . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ▁source , ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁is ▁a |
▁death ▁squad ▁of ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁intelligence ▁ag encies ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁mand ate ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁cover t ▁operations ▁and ▁execution s , ▁killing ▁Sa udi ▁diss idents ▁inside ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁and ▁abroad ▁in ▁a ▁way ▁that ▁" go es ▁un not iced ▁by ▁the ▁media , ▁the ▁international ▁community ". ▁Sa ' ad ▁Al - Fa q ih , ▁who ▁claims ▁he ▁knows ▁about ▁this ▁squad , ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁squad ▁was ▁to ▁target ▁and ▁kill ▁Sa udi ▁oppon ents . ▁ ▁History ▁and ▁composition ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁E yes ▁source , ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁, ▁consists ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁secret ▁service ▁and ▁military ▁personnel . ▁The ▁group ▁members ▁are ▁rec ru ited ▁from ▁different ▁branches ▁of ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁forces , ▁direct ing ▁several ▁areas ▁of ▁expert ise . ▁The ▁source ▁was ▁independently ▁verified ▁by ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye , ▁though ▁it ▁could ▁not ▁confirm ▁his ▁information . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁BBC ▁News night ▁reported ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁fifty ▁Sa udi ▁officers ▁to ▁target ▁Sa udi ▁critics ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁David ▁Ign ati us , ▁United ▁States ▁intelligence ▁became ▁aware ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁of ▁a ▁" t iger ▁team " ▁to ▁be ▁created ▁by ▁A si ri ▁for ▁cover t ▁operations ▁against ▁unknown ▁targets . ▁ ▁The ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ▁source |
▁said ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁assass in ates ▁diss idents ▁using ▁varying ▁methods ▁such ▁as ▁planned ▁car ▁acc idents , ▁house ▁fires , ▁or ▁inject ing ▁to xic ▁subst ances ▁into ▁advers aries ▁during ▁regular ▁health ▁check ups . ▁Sa udi ▁Crown ▁prince ▁Moh amm ad ▁bin ▁Sal man ▁had ▁selected ▁five ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁personal ▁security ▁team ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁T iger ▁squad . ▁ ▁Al leg ed ▁operations ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ▁source , ▁the ▁five ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁selected ▁by ▁Moh amm ad ▁bin ▁Sal man ▁alleg edly ▁spe ar head ed ▁the ▁ 1 5 - member ▁death ▁squad ▁responsible ▁for ▁murder ing ▁and ▁dis member ing ▁Washington ▁Post ▁column ist ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi ▁inside ▁the ▁Sa udi ▁cons ulate ▁in ▁Ist an bul . ▁In ▁a ▁later ▁report , ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ▁stated ▁seven ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 - member ▁death ▁squad ▁were ▁Moh ammed ▁bin ▁Sal man ' s ▁personal ▁body gu ards . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁BBC ▁source , ▁the ▁whole ▁ 1 5 - member ▁death ▁squad ▁killing ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁( T iger ▁Team ). ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reported ▁that ▁according ▁to ▁US ▁officials ▁who ▁had ▁access ▁to ▁class ified ▁intelligence ▁reports , ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁involved ▁in ▁killing ▁K hash og gi ▁were ▁also ▁involved ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁operations ▁since ▁ 2 0 1 |
7 . ▁The ▁US ▁officials ▁referred ▁to ▁this ▁team ▁as ▁" Sa udi ▁Rap id ▁Inter vention ▁Group ". ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ▁had ▁reported ▁cit ing ▁anonymous ▁intelligence ▁officials ▁that ▁some ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁team ▁had ▁received ▁special ▁operations ▁training ▁by ▁a ▁company ▁operating ▁in ▁Ark ansas ▁under ▁the ▁lic ence ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁State ▁Department ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁US - Sa udi ▁co operation . ▁ ▁The ▁T iger ▁Squad ▁also ▁reported ly ▁killed ▁S ule iman ▁Abd ul ▁Rah man ▁al - Th uni yan , ▁a ▁Sa udi ▁court ▁judge ▁who ▁was ▁murder ed ▁by ▁injection ▁of ▁dead ly ▁virus ▁into ▁his ▁body ▁when ▁he ▁had ▁visited ▁a ▁hospital ▁for ▁a ▁regular ▁health ▁check up . ▁" One ▁of ▁the ▁techniques ▁the ▁t iger ▁squad ▁uses ▁to ▁silence ▁diss idents ▁or ▁oppon ents ▁of ▁the ▁government ▁is ▁to ▁' kill ▁them ▁with ▁H IV , ▁or ▁other ▁sorts ▁of ▁dead ly ▁vir uses ' ". ▁However , ▁some ▁sources ▁have ▁stated ▁that ▁al - Th uni yan ▁died ▁after ▁he ▁suffered ▁from ▁a ▁chron ic ▁disease . ▁ ▁Middle ▁East ▁E ye ''' s ▁source ▁said , ▁" I ▁know ▁of ▁another ▁attempt , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁l ure ▁Sa udi ▁diss ident ▁O mar ▁Abd ul az iz ▁in ▁Canada ▁to ▁the ▁cons ulate ▁and ▁kill ▁him , ▁but ▁Abd ul az iz ▁refused ▁to ▁go ▁and ▁the ▁mission ▁failed . ▁K hash og gi ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁[ success ful ] ▁operation ." ▁Abd ul az iz , |
▁who ▁had ▁made ▁a ▁YouTube ▁video ▁s ati riz ing ▁the ▁kingdom , ▁said ▁he ▁was ▁approached ▁earlier ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁Sa udi ▁officials ▁who ▁ur ged ▁him ▁to ▁visit ▁their ▁emb ass y ▁with ▁them ▁to ▁collect ▁a ▁new ▁pass port . ▁He ▁said ▁they ▁said ▁" it ▁will ▁only ▁take ▁one ▁hour , ▁just ▁come ▁with ▁us ▁to ▁the ▁emb ass y ." ▁After ▁he ▁refused , ▁Sa udi ▁authorities ▁arrested ▁two ▁of ▁his ▁brothers ▁and ▁several ▁of ▁his ▁friends ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia . ▁He ▁secret ly ▁recorded ▁his ▁convers ations ▁with ▁those ▁officials , ▁which ▁were ▁several ▁hours ▁long , ▁and ▁provided ▁them ▁to ▁The ▁Washington ▁Post ' '. ▁Ne ither ▁he ▁nor ▁the ▁newspaper ▁al lege ▁these ▁officials ▁wanted ▁to ▁kill ▁him . ▁ ▁Al leg ed ▁vict ims ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi ▁She ikh ▁S ule iman ▁bin ▁Abd ul ▁Rah man ▁al - Th uni yan ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Human ▁rights ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Sh abi ha ▁General ▁Int elligence ▁Pres iden cy ▁ 2 0 1 7 – 1 9 ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁pur ge ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Jam al ▁K hash og gi : ▁What ▁more ▁can ▁we ▁learn ▁from ▁his ▁death ?, ▁Sa udi ▁diss ident ▁Sa ' ad ▁Al - Fa q ih , ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁London - based ▁Mov ement ▁for ▁Islam ic ▁Reform ▁in ▁Arab ia ▁( MI RA ), ▁interview ed ▁by ▁BBC ▁News night |
▁about ▁the ▁T iger ▁Squad , ▁published ▁on ▁Nov ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Category : Sa udi ▁Arab ian ▁assass ins ▁Category : Ext raj ud icial ▁kill ings ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : L aw ▁enfor cement ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : Foreign ▁relations ▁of ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : Par amil it ary ▁organis ations ▁based ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia ▁Category : A rab ▁Winter <0x0A> </s> ▁Ela e oc arp us ▁hol op etal us ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁rain for est ▁tree ▁of ▁eastern ▁Australia . ▁It ▁grows ▁from ▁near ▁the ▁Snow y ▁River ▁( 3 7 ° S ) ▁to ▁Ch ael und i ▁National ▁Park ▁( 2 9 ° S ) ▁in ▁northern ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁It ▁grows ▁at ▁high ▁alt itude ▁in ▁g ul lies . ▁ ▁Ela e oc arp us ▁hol op etal us ▁is ▁often ▁seen ▁with ▁the ▁southern ▁s assa fr as , ▁such ▁as ▁at ▁Er rin und ra ▁National ▁Park , ▁South ▁East ▁Forest ▁National ▁Park , ▁Blue ▁Mountains ▁National ▁Park , ▁and ▁Bar r ington ▁T ops ▁National ▁Park . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic ▁be ech ▁at ▁Bar r ington ▁T ops ▁National ▁Park ▁and ▁other ▁nor ther ly ▁sites ▁such ▁as ▁New ▁England ▁National ▁Park . ▁ ▁Common ▁names ▁include ▁black ▁o live ▁ber ry , ▁mountain ▁blue - |
berry , ▁and ▁mountain ▁quand ong . ▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁a ▁large ▁bush ▁or ▁a ▁small ▁tree . ▁However , ▁rare ▁spec im ens ▁are ▁most ▁impress ive ; ▁being ▁ 2 ▁m ▁wide ▁at ▁the ▁base , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁m ▁tall . ▁The ▁tr unk ▁is ▁straight ▁with ▁dark ▁grey ▁or ▁brown ▁outer ▁b ark , ▁relatively ▁smooth ▁with ▁some ▁f iss ures ▁and ▁wr ink les . ▁ ▁Le aves ▁are ▁particularly ▁ser r ated , ▁ 3 ▁to ▁ 7 cm ▁long , ▁mid ▁to ▁dark ▁green ▁above , ▁and ▁pal er ▁below . ▁They ▁show ▁prominent ▁ven ation , ▁particularly ▁on ▁the ▁unders ide . ▁Another ▁ident ifying ▁feature ▁of ▁this ▁and ▁other ▁Ela e oc arp us ▁trees ▁is ▁the ▁sen es cent ▁red ▁leaves . ▁ ▁White ▁flowers ▁appear ▁on ▁pa ired ▁rac emes ▁in ▁November ▁and ▁December . ▁The ▁fruit ▁is ▁a ▁black - ▁or ▁( imm ature ) ▁mar oon - col oured ▁dru pe , ▁ 9 mm ▁long , ▁m aturing ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁October . ▁Like ▁many ▁Australian ▁Ela e oc arp us ▁trees , ▁germ ination ▁is ▁slow ▁and ▁difficult . ▁However , ▁c utt ings ▁prove ▁more ▁successful . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁F loyd , ▁A . G ., ▁Rain for est ▁Tre es ▁of ▁Main land ▁South - e astern ▁Australia , ▁In k ata ▁Press ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁▁ ▁Category : O x al id ales |
▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Australia ▁hol op etal us ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁m ild ▁mar itime ▁climate <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ay char ▁Gla cier ▁( , ▁) ▁is ▁the ▁ 7 . 5 km ▁long ▁and ▁ 2 . 7 km ▁wide ▁gla cier ▁on ▁Nord ensk jö ld ▁Coast ▁in ▁Graham ▁Land , ▁Ant arct ica . ▁ ▁It ▁dra ins ▁the ▁sout heast ▁s lop es ▁of ▁Detroit ▁Pl ate au , ▁flow ing ▁east - s out heast wards ▁between ▁G riv its a ▁R idge ▁and ▁K ables h kov ▁R idge , ▁and ▁entering ▁Od rin ▁Bay ▁in ▁Wed d ell ▁Sea ▁ 5 km ▁north west ▁of ▁F other g ill ▁Point . ▁ ▁The ▁gla cier ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁Z ay char ▁in ▁S out he astern ▁Bulg aria . ▁ ▁Location ▁Z ay char ▁Gla cier ▁is ▁cent red ▁at ▁. ▁British ▁mapping ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Maps ▁ ▁British ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Territ ory . ▁ ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 2 0 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map . ▁ ▁D OS ▁ 6 1 0 ▁Series , ▁She et ▁W ▁ 6 4 ▁ 6 0 . ▁ ▁Director ate ▁of ▁O verse as ▁Sur ve ys , ▁UK , ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Ant |
ar ctic ▁Digital ▁Database ▁( ADD ). ▁Sc ale ▁ 1 : 2 5 0 0 0 0 ▁top ographic ▁map ▁of ▁Ant arct ica . ▁Scient ific ▁Committee ▁on ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Research ▁( SC AR ). ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁regularly ▁upgrad ed ▁and ▁updated . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Z ay char ▁Gla cier . ▁SC AR ▁Compos ite ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Gazette er . ▁ ▁Bulgar ian ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Gazette er . ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Place - names ▁Commission . ▁( details ▁in ▁Bulgar ian , ▁basic ▁data ▁in ▁English ) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Z ay char ▁Gla cier . ▁Cop ern ix ▁satellite ▁image ▁ ▁Category : G la ci ers ▁of ▁Nord ensk jö ld ▁Coast ▁Category : B ul g aria ▁and ▁the ▁Ant ar ctic <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁B ower ▁Daw es ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 0 7 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁far mer ▁in ▁the ▁col ony ▁of ▁South ▁Australia , ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁fully ▁elected ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁Daw es ▁was ▁a ▁far mer ▁in ▁the ▁N air ne ▁district , ▁then ▁partner ▁with ▁Samuel ▁Sto cks ▁j nr . ▁in ▁the ▁district ' s ▁first ▁fl our ▁mill . ▁He ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁Mount ▁B ark er ▁Agricult ural ▁Society , ▁and ▁their ▁president ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁year . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁coun c ill ors ▁when ▁the ▁District |
▁Council ▁of ▁N air ne ▁was ▁proc laimed ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁for ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁On kap aring a ▁in ▁association ▁with ▁( l ater ▁Sir ) ▁William ▁Mil ne ▁from ▁March ▁ 1 8 5 7 . ▁He ▁res igned ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁after ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁financial ▁revers es . ▁He ▁took ▁a ▁position ▁as ▁manager ▁of ▁a ▁mine ▁at ▁Kan m ant oo , ▁which ▁he ▁filled ▁cons cient iously , ▁then ▁tried ▁min ing ▁at ▁K ark ar illa , ▁near ▁Mo ont a ▁on ▁Y or ke ▁Pen ins ula . ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁an ▁active ▁tr ader ▁on ▁the ▁Stock ▁Exchange , ▁though ▁without ▁any ▁spect ac ular ▁success . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁fl our ▁mill ers ▁and ▁mer ch ants ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Australian ▁House ▁of ▁Assembly ▁Category : 1 8 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Australian ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁La ▁cor ne ▁de ▁r hin oc é ros , ▁written ▁and ▁drawn ▁by ▁Fran quin , ▁is ▁the ▁sixth ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁Sp ir ou ▁et ▁Fant as io ▁series . ▁The ▁material ▁was ▁first ▁serial ised ▁in ▁Sp ir ou ▁magazine ▁in ▁two ▁parts , ▁Sp ir ou ▁et ▁la ▁Tur bot raction ▁and ▁the ▁sequ el ▁La ▁cor ne ▁de ▁r |
hin oc é ros , ▁and ▁finally ▁merged ▁into ▁one ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁hard cover ▁album ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁Story ▁In ▁The ▁Rh ino ' s ▁Horn , ▁Sp ir ou ▁and ▁Fant as io ▁rescue ▁their ▁friend ▁the ▁race car ▁driver ▁Rou leb ille ▁( from ▁Sp ir ou ▁et ▁les ▁hé rit iers ) ▁who ▁has ▁been ▁wounded ▁by ▁murder ous ▁th ugs . ▁Rou leb ille ' s ▁employ ers , ▁Tur bot , ▁have ▁designed ▁a ▁car ▁so ▁spect ac ular ▁that ▁compet itors ▁will ▁stop ▁at ▁nothing ▁to ▁ste al ▁its ▁revolution ary ▁plans . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁find ▁Rou leb ille ' s ▁partner ▁Martin ▁and ▁retrieve ▁the ▁car ' s ▁blue print s , ▁the ▁two ▁rel uct antly ▁team ▁up ▁with ▁another ▁journalist , ▁an ▁initially ▁ir rit ating ▁but ▁ultimately ▁pr ic eless ▁young ▁woman ▁called ▁Se cc ot ine . ▁The ▁search ▁for ▁Martin ▁takes ▁them ▁to ▁several ▁regions ▁of ▁Africa ▁- ▁complete ▁with ▁rather ▁dated ▁port ray als ▁of ▁the ▁n atives . ▁After ▁retr ieving ▁the ▁missing ▁blue print s ▁from ▁the ▁tit ular ▁body ▁part , ▁Sp ir ou ▁and ▁Fant as io ▁are ▁given ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁prototype ▁of ▁the ▁car , ▁bapt ised ▁Tur bot - R h ino ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁their ▁advent ure . ▁ ▁Background ▁Publish er ▁Dup uis ▁had ▁Fran quin ▁ret ouch ▁an ▁early ▁sequence ▁when ▁th ugs ▁ch ase ▁Sp ir ou ▁and ▁Fant as |
io ▁in ▁the ▁department ▁store , ▁removing ▁their ▁guns . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁che ek y ▁and ▁quick - w itted ▁Se cc ot ine ▁into ▁the ▁Sp ir ou ▁universe ▁was ▁quite ▁ahead ▁of ▁its ▁time ▁for ▁Belg ian ▁com ic ▁books . ▁She ▁returns ▁in ▁several ▁other ▁stories . ▁ ▁The ▁fut ur istic - looking ▁Tur bot raction : T ur bot - R h ino ▁I ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁far - fetch ed ▁as ▁it ▁looked ▁at ▁the ▁time . ▁Fran quin ▁based ▁it ▁on ▁actual ▁pro tot ypes ▁dep icted ▁in ▁scientific ▁rev ues . ▁A ▁life - size ▁model ▁of ▁it ▁and ▁other ▁vehicles ▁created ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁created ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁of ▁Fran quin ▁exhibition ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁Br uss els ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Fran quin ▁publications ▁in ▁Sp ir ou ▁B D ou b li ées ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sp ir ou ▁official ▁site ▁album ▁index ▁▁ ▁Fran quin ▁site ▁album ▁index ▁▁ ▁Category : Com ics ▁by ▁André ▁Fran quin ▁Category : Sp ir ou ▁et ▁Fant as io ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁graph ic ▁nov els ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁in ▁com ics ▁Category : A frica ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : Work s ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁Sp ir ou ▁( mag azine ) ▁Category : Liter ature ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁serial ▁form <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Nau vo o ▁Br |
ass ▁Band ▁was ▁an ▁official ▁musical ▁organization ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter ▁Day ▁Sain ts ▁when ▁the ▁church ' s ▁headquarters ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁Nau vo o , ▁Illinois . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁later ▁rev ived ▁by ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter - day ▁Sain ts ▁( L DS ▁Church ) ▁in ▁the ▁Ut ah ▁Territ ory . ▁ ▁Nau vo o ▁era ▁Origin ally ▁called ▁Joseph ' s ▁City ▁Band , ▁the ▁Nau vo o ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁by ▁William ▁Pitt ▁to ▁accomp any ▁the ▁public ▁dr ills ▁of ▁the ▁Nau vo o ▁Leg ion , ▁and ▁became ▁nick named ▁Pitt ' s ▁Br ass ▁Band . ▁The ▁band ▁performed ▁public ▁concert s ▁and ▁at ▁various ▁other ▁special ▁events . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Joseph ▁Smith , ▁the ▁band ▁met ▁the ▁w agon ▁returning ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁Joseph ▁and ▁H yr um ▁to ▁Nau vo o , ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁process ion ▁of ▁m ourn ers ▁into ▁and ▁through ▁the ▁city , ▁playing ▁as ▁it ▁march ed ▁directly ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁w agon . ▁After ▁the ▁bodies ▁were ▁delivered ▁to ▁the ▁M ansion ▁House , ▁they ▁played ▁outside ▁the ▁building ▁for ▁those ▁that ▁came ▁to ▁pay ▁their ▁respect s ▁while ▁the ▁bodies ▁were ▁lying ▁in ▁rep ose . ▁ ▁Post - N au vo o ▁era ▁When ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁L atter ▁Day ▁Sain ts ▁were ▁leaving ▁Nau vo o ▁as ▁part |
▁of ▁the ▁M orm on ▁Ex od us ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 8 4 6 , ▁Br igh am ▁Young ▁gave ▁the ▁band ▁special ▁permission ▁to ▁travel ▁together ▁as ▁a ▁group . ▁They ▁po o led ▁their ▁individual ▁resources ▁to ▁help ▁each ▁other ▁migr ate , ▁and ▁performed ▁both ▁for ▁fellow ▁L DS ▁travel ers ▁as ▁well ▁for ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Iowa ▁settlement s ▁they ▁tra ve led ▁through . ▁The ▁band ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁stay ▁together ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁Garden ▁Gro ve , ▁Iowa , ▁but ▁fragment ed ▁after ▁that ▁point . ▁Br igh am ▁Young ▁tried ▁to ▁keep ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁players ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁together ▁by ▁having ▁them ▁travel ▁close ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁w ag ons ▁and ▁play ▁for ▁Young ' s ▁family ▁during ▁the ▁journey . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁only ▁three ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁where ▁accomp any ing ▁Young ▁when ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley ▁in ▁July ▁ 1 8 4 7 . ▁ ▁By ▁October ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁enough ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁members ▁had ▁completed ▁the ▁journey ▁to ▁allow ▁for ▁a ▁performance ▁at ▁General ▁Conference . ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 4 9 , ▁the ▁second ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁M orm on ▁pione ers ▁entering ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley , ▁the ▁band ▁lead ▁a ▁comm em oration ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁prec ursor ▁for ▁the ▁modern ▁P ione er ▁Day ▁celebr ations . ▁In ▁early ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁the ▁Nau vo o ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁was |
▁formally ▁re organ ized ▁and ▁provided ▁with ▁new ▁uniform s ▁through ▁a ▁don ation ▁from ▁Br igh am ▁Young . ▁ ▁Notable ▁appearances ▁in ▁Ut ah ▁include ▁performances ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁at ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Temple ▁site ▁dedic ation ▁ceremony ▁and ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁lay ing ▁of ▁the ▁corner st ones . ▁They ▁also ▁met ▁the ▁first ▁M orm on ▁hand cart ▁pione er ▁company , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁M orm on ▁pione er ▁groups ▁as ▁they ▁entered ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Modern ▁recre ation ▁The ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁was ▁re - created ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁by ▁the ▁L DS ▁Church ' s ▁Illinois ▁Nau vo o ▁Mission . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁young ▁performing ▁mission aries ▁who ▁go ▁to ▁Nau vo o ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁each ▁summer . ▁ ▁Their ▁purpose ▁now ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Nau vo o ▁Br ass ▁Band ; ▁to ▁entertain ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁live ▁in ▁Nau vo o , ▁and ▁those ▁who ▁come ▁to ▁Nau vo o . ▁ ▁They ▁perform ▁daily ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁on ▁a ▁horse - dra wn ▁Band ▁W agon ▁on ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁Nau vo o , ▁and ▁at ▁concert s ▁th ru - out ▁the ▁day , ▁including ▁" S un set ▁By ▁the ▁Mississippi ". ▁ ▁Notable ▁members ▁ ▁Robert ▁T . ▁Bur ton ▁( tr ump et ) ▁ ▁William ▁Clay ton ▁ ▁Edmund _ E ll sw orth |
▁ ▁Le vi ▁W . ▁Han cock ▁ ▁( f ife ) ▁ ▁James ▁Smith ies ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁M orm on ▁music ▁ ▁Music ▁of ▁Illinois ▁ ▁Music ▁of ▁Ut ah ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁L atter ▁Day ▁Saint ▁organizations ▁Category : L atter ▁Day ▁Saint ▁movement ▁in ▁Illinois ▁Category : L atter ▁Day ▁Saint ▁musical ▁groups ▁Category : Mus ical ▁groups ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁Br ass ▁Band ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁in ▁Christian ity <0x0A> </s> ▁K yle ▁Keith ▁Jacob s ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁former ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁Mans field ▁Town . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : l iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Old ham ▁Athlet ic ▁A . F . C . ▁players ▁Category : M ans field ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Mac cles field ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B ang or ▁City ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Wel sh pool ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁J . ▁Di P iet ro ▁( born ▁June ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Republican ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Assembly ▁representing ▁Assembly ▁District ▁ |
1 4 7 , ▁which ▁compr ises ▁the ▁southern ▁hal ves ▁of ▁Er ie ▁County , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Wy oming ▁County , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Di P iet ro ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Buff alo , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁His ▁parents ▁moved ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁East ▁Aur ora ▁where ▁he ▁subsequently ▁attended ▁Im mac ulate ▁Con ception ▁Element ary ▁and ▁East ▁Aur ora ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁He ▁earned ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁Business ▁Administration ▁from ▁W itten berg ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Di P iet ro ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁M & T ▁Bank ▁in ▁Buff alo ▁but ▁left ▁after ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁a ▁consult ant ▁to ▁small ▁business es . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁he ▁assumed ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁parents ' ▁dry ▁clean ing ▁business ▁in ▁Am her st , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁trust ee ▁of ▁the ▁Village ▁of ▁East ▁Aur ora ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁mayor ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁After ▁serving ▁as ▁mayor ▁for ▁six ▁years , ▁he ▁set ▁his ▁s ights ▁on ▁higher ▁office , ▁running ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁for ▁the ▁ 5 9 th ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Senate ▁District ▁against ▁inc umb ent ▁D ale ▁Vol ker ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁ch allen ger ▁Patrick ▁Gall ivan ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁ran ▁un success fully |
▁as ▁the ▁Te a ▁Party ▁candidate ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁general ▁election ▁for ▁the ▁sen ate ▁seat . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁won ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Assembly . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁introduced ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁repe al ▁the ▁NY ▁S AF E ▁Act . ▁ ▁Assembly man ▁David ▁Di P iet ro ▁has ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁conserv ative ▁st ance . ▁ ▁He ▁voted ▁against ▁proposed ▁medical ▁mar iju ana ▁legisl ation , ▁the ▁Com pass ion ate ▁Care ▁Act ▁( B ill ▁A 6 3 5 7 ), ▁and ▁mot ions ▁dated ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( 9 4 - 4 1 ) ▁and ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( 9 4 - 6 3 ). ▁Di P iet ro ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁n ay ▁votes ▁when ▁the ▁bill ▁passed ▁on ▁June ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( 1 1 7 - 1 3 ). ▁He ▁voted ▁against ▁emer gency ▁access ▁to ▁medical ▁mar iju ana ▁( B ill ▁A 0 7 0 6 0 ) ▁on ▁June ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ; ▁the ▁bill ▁passed , ▁ 1 3 0 - 1 8 . ▁However , ▁Di P iet ro ▁voted ▁for ▁adding ▁op io id - use ▁dis order ▁( add iction ) ▁to ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁conditions ▁treat able ▁by ▁medical |
▁mar iju ana ▁( B ill ▁A 0 9 0 1 6 ) ▁on ▁June ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( 1 0 8 - 2 8 ). ▁ ▁Di P iet ro ▁voted ▁against ▁key ▁votes ▁related ▁to ▁policies ▁concerning ▁aff irm ative ▁action , ▁paid ▁family ▁leave , ▁increasing ▁the ▁minimum ▁w age ▁and ▁prohib iting ▁work place ▁disc rim ination ▁based ▁on ▁re product ive ▁health ▁dec isions . ▁He ▁voted ▁against ▁state - fund ed ▁projects ▁address ing ▁climate ▁change ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁three - year ▁prohib ition ▁of ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁f ract uring . ▁Di P iet ro ▁has ▁been ▁described ▁as ▁a ▁politician ▁who ▁" can ▁be ▁counted ▁on ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁a ▁free ▁society : ▁Life , ▁Liber ty , ▁and ▁Property " ▁through ▁" the ▁wisdom ▁of ▁our ▁Found ing ▁F athers ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁New ▁York ▁Assembly ▁member ▁website ▁Camp aign ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁State ▁Assembly ▁Category : New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁East ▁Aur ora , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : W itten berg ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Buff alo , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁P to le my ▁XI ▁Alexander ▁II ▁( , ▁P to le ma ĩ os ▁Al |
é x and ros ) ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁P to le ma ic ▁dynast y ▁who ▁ruled ▁Egypt ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁in ▁ 8 0 BC . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁P to le my ▁X ▁Alexander ▁I ▁and ▁Cle op atra ▁Sel ene . ▁ ▁Biography ▁P to le my ▁XI ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁P to le my X ▁Alexander I ▁and ▁supposed ly ▁Cle op atra ▁Sel ene . ▁His ▁uncle ▁P to le my IX ▁L ath ry os ▁died ▁in ▁ 8 1 BC ▁or ▁ 8 0 BC , ▁leaving ▁only ▁his ▁sole ▁legit imate ▁daughter ▁as ▁his ▁he ir , ▁and ▁so ▁Cle op atra ▁Ber en ice ▁(= B eren ice III ) ▁ruled ▁alone ▁for ▁a ▁time . ▁ ▁However , ▁Rome ' s ▁Sul la ▁wanted ▁a ▁pro - R oman ▁r uler ▁on ▁the ▁throne , ▁and ▁sent ▁the ▁young ▁son ▁of ▁P to le my X ▁to ▁Egypt , ▁displaying ▁P to le my ▁Alexander ' s ▁will ▁in ▁Rome ▁as ▁supposed ▁just ification ▁for ▁this ▁obvious ▁inter ference . ▁ ▁The ▁will ▁also ▁apparently ▁required ▁P to le my X I ▁to ▁marry ▁Ber en ice ▁III , ▁who ▁was ▁his ▁ste pm other , ▁cousin , ▁and ▁possible ▁half - s ister . ▁ ▁However , ▁nin ete en ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁marriage , ▁P to le my ▁murder ed ▁his ▁b ride ▁for ▁unknown ▁reasons |
, ▁an ▁un wise ▁move ▁since ▁Ber en ice ▁was ▁very ▁popular ; ▁P to le my ▁was ▁soon ▁l yn ched ▁by ▁the ▁citizens ▁of ▁Alexand ria . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁cousin ▁P to le my X II , ▁an ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁P to le my ▁IX . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁Peter ▁Green , ▁Alexander ▁to ▁Act ium ▁( Univers ity ▁of ▁California ▁Press , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ), ▁pp . 5 5 3 – 5 5 4 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁P to le my ▁XI ▁Alexander ▁II ▁entry ▁in ▁historical ▁source book ▁by ▁M ahl on ▁H . ▁Smith ▁ ▁Category : 2 nd - century ▁BC ▁birth s ▁Category : 8 0 ▁BC ▁death s ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Ph ara oh s ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁murder ed ▁monarch s ▁Category : L yn ch ing ▁death s ▁Category : Ph ara oh s ▁of ▁the ▁P to le ma ic ▁dynast y ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁r ul ers ▁in ▁Africa ▁Category : 1 st - century ▁BC ▁Egypt ian ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Mag dal ena ▁T lac ote pec ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁town ▁and ▁municipality ▁in ▁O ax aca ▁in ▁south - western ▁Mexico . ▁The ▁municipality ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ 2 3 4 . 7 5 ▁km ². ▁▁ ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Te hu ante pec ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁of |
▁the ▁Ist mo ▁Region . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁municipality ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 1 6 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁of ▁O ax aca ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁O ax aca <0x0A> </s> ▁There ▁were ▁four ▁special ▁elections ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁fill ▁vac ant ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁ ▁Two ▁seat ▁switched ▁parties , ▁sw apping ▁from ▁Republican ▁to ▁Democratic , ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁seats ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁same ▁parties . ▁ ▁Sum mary ▁ ▁California ' s ▁ 3 6 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁▁ ▁The ▁election ▁filled ▁the ▁vac ancy ▁in ▁California ' s ▁ 3 6 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁res ignation ▁of ▁inc umb ent ▁Jane ▁Har man , ▁who ▁res igned ▁February ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁become ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁International ▁Center ▁for ▁Sch ol ars . ▁The ▁special ▁primary ▁election ▁occurred ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Dem ocrat ▁Jan ice ▁H ahn ▁received ▁the ▁highest ▁number ▁of ▁votes , ▁with ▁Republican ▁Craig ▁H ue y ▁taking ▁second ▁place . ▁Because ▁no ▁candidate ▁received ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁primary , ▁a ▁special ▁general ▁election ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁between ▁the ▁top ▁two ▁vote |
▁recip ients . ▁The ▁run off ▁election ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Jan ice ▁H ahn . ▁ ▁Nev ada ' s ▁ 2 nd ▁con gression al ▁district ▁ ▁New ▁York ' s ▁ 9 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁ ▁New ▁York ' s ▁ 2 6 th ▁con gression al ▁district ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁special ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁elections ▁▁▁▁ 2 0 1 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁O w l ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁, ▁laid ▁down ▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁by ▁the ▁Tod d ▁Sh ip building ▁Cor p ., ▁Brook lyn , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁, ▁originally ▁laid ▁down ▁as ▁L CI ( L )- 9 8 2 ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁by ▁Cons olid ated ▁Ste el ▁Cor p ., ▁Orange , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Navy ▁ship ▁names <0x0A> </s> ▁L una ▁ Đ og ani ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 6 ), ▁also ▁known ▁profession ally ▁as ▁L una ▁ Đ o , ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁television ▁person ality ▁and ▁singer . ▁The ▁daughter ▁of ▁An abel a ▁At ij as ▁and ▁Gaz men ▁ Đ og ani ▁from ▁the ▁n inet ies ▁dance ▁music ▁du o ▁F unk y ▁G , ▁she ▁rose ▁to ▁fame ▁in ▁the ▁reality ▁TV ▁show ▁Z |
ad ru ga ▁broadcast ▁on ▁R TV ▁P ink , ▁eventually ▁winning ▁the ▁second ▁series ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁Following ▁her ▁victory , ▁ Đ og ani ▁became ▁a ▁singer ▁by ▁re le asing ▁her ▁debut ▁single ▁" De vet i ▁k rug " ▁( N inth ▁Circle ) ▁in ▁August , ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁received ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁Break through ▁Act ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁Music ▁Awards ▁Cer em ony . ▁ ▁Despite ▁her ▁popular ity , ▁she ▁has ▁a ▁very ▁polar ized ▁reception ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁a ▁tab lo id ▁fi xture . ▁ ▁Television ▁appearances ▁▁ ▁Z ad ru ga ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 1 7 / 1 8 ) ▁- ▁runner - up ▁ ▁Z ad ru ga ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 1 8 / 1 9 ) ▁- ▁winner ▁ ▁Z ad ru ga ▁ 3 ▁( 2 0 1 9 / 2 0 ) ▁- ▁guest ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁De vet i ▁k rug ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁U ▁l jub avi ▁l uda ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Pu ca ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁fe at . ▁E ki ▁ ▁Gram ▁po ▁gram ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁fe at . ▁Sav o ▁Per ović ▁ ▁T elen ov ela ▁( 2 0 2 0 ) ▁fe at . ▁MC ▁Y ank oo ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ |
▁Music ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁sing ers ▁from ▁Ser bia ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁L una ▁ Đ o ▁on ▁Inst agram ▁ ▁L una ▁ Đ o ▁on ▁De e zer ▁ ▁L una ▁ Đ o ▁on ▁Disc g os ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T rel le borg ▁Category : Re ality ▁show ▁w inners ▁Category : Ser bian ▁female ▁sing ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁pop ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁women ▁sing ers <0x0A> </s> ▁H yd ract ini idae ▁is ▁a ▁c n id arian ▁family ▁of ▁at he c ate ▁hyd roid s . ▁ ▁Gener a ▁The ▁World ▁Register ▁of ▁Marine ▁Species ▁includes ▁the ▁following ▁gener a ▁in ▁the ▁family : ▁ ▁Bou illon act in ia ▁M igli etta , ▁Mc N ally ▁& ▁C unning ham , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Cla va ▁G mel in , ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁C lav act in ia ▁Th orn ely , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁C n id ost oma ▁Van h öff en , ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁Dist ich oz oon ▁C air ns , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁F i ord land ia ▁Sch uch ert , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁H yd ract in ia ▁Van ▁Ben eden , ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁H yd r issa ▁Ste ch ow , |
▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁H ydro cor ella ▁Ste ch ow , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Jan aria ▁Ste ch ow , ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁Par ah yd ract in ia ▁X u ▁& ▁Hu ang , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Pod oc ory na ▁M . ▁S ars , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁Sch uch ert in ia ▁M igli etta , ▁Mc N ally ▁& ▁C unning ham , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁St y la ct is ▁All man , ▁ 1 8 6 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : An th omed us ae <0x0A> </s> ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁j ac oby i ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁sea ▁ur chin ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Asp id odia dem at idae . ▁It ▁lives ▁in ▁tropical ▁se as ▁at ▁great ▁depth s . ▁ ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁j ac oby i ▁was ▁first ▁scientific ally ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁by ▁Alexander ▁E manuel ▁Ag ass iz , ▁an ▁American ▁scient ist . ▁ ▁Description ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁j ac oby i ▁has ▁a ▁glob ular ▁hard ▁test ▁or ▁shell ▁protect ing ▁the ▁inner ▁org ans . ▁The ▁mouth ▁has ▁ 1 0 ▁bu cc al ▁pl ates ▁and ▁small ▁rounded ▁bu cc al ▁not ches ▁and ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁or al ▁( bottom ) ▁surface ▁which ▁is ▁slightly ▁fl atten ed . ▁The ▁ab oral ▁( top ) ▁surface ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁cor onal ▁ring ▁of |
▁t uber cles ▁surrounding ▁the ▁an us . ▁The ▁test ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁ 5 ▁radial ▁amb ul ac ral ▁sets ▁of ▁ 3 ▁pl ates , ▁separated ▁by ▁ 5 ▁amb ul ac ral ▁gro ov es . ▁There ▁are ▁rows ▁of ▁pairs ▁of ▁por es ▁between ▁the ▁amb ul ac ral ▁areas ▁through ▁which ▁the ▁t ube ▁feet ▁pro tr ude . ▁Every ▁third ▁row ▁of ▁pl ates ▁is ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁other ▁ 2 ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁z ig - z ag ▁row ▁of ▁large ▁primary ▁t uber cles . ▁This ▁row ▁does ▁not ▁extend ▁quite ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁the ▁other ▁ 2 ▁rows ▁of ▁pl ates ▁which ▁have ▁similar ▁primary ▁t uber cles ▁set ▁serial ly ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line . ▁These ▁large ▁t uber cles ▁are ▁per for ate ▁and ▁c ren ulate . ▁There ▁are ▁smaller , ▁secondary ▁t uber cles ▁at ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁pl ates . ▁Sl ender , ▁flexible ▁sp ines ▁art ic ulate ▁with ▁all ▁these ▁t uber cles . ▁These ▁sp ines ▁are ▁h ollow ▁and ▁have ▁brid ging ▁structures ▁across ▁their ▁lum ina ▁with ▁minute ▁need le - like ▁pill ars . ▁The ▁test ▁has ▁green ▁t uber cles ▁with ▁pur ple ▁inter amb ul ac ral ▁areas . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁j ac oby i ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁bath yal ▁zone ▁at ▁depth s ▁of ▁over ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁Sea ▁and ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mexico . ▁Its ▁range ▁extends ▁from ▁the |
▁Bah am as ▁and ▁West ▁Ind ies ▁to ▁Colombia , ▁Nic ar agua ▁and ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁Little ▁was ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁re product ive ▁bi ology ▁of ▁deep - water ▁sea ▁ur ch ins , ▁therefore ▁a ▁study ▁was ▁undert aken ▁using ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁j ac oby i ▁as ▁a ▁model . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁dio e cious ▁with ▁individuals ▁being ▁either ▁male ▁or ▁female . ▁M ature ▁individuals ▁were ▁gathered ▁during ▁the ▁spring ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions ▁sp anning ▁several ▁years . ▁They ▁were ▁collected ▁in ▁the ▁Bah am as ▁by ▁su ction ▁at ▁depth s ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁were ▁kept ▁in ▁containers ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory . ▁Att empt s ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁initi ate ▁sp aw ning ▁but ▁these ▁were ▁successful ▁on ▁only ▁two ▁occasions . ▁The ▁eggs ▁measured ▁ 9 4 – 1 0 0 μ m ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁y olk ▁so ▁that ▁newly ▁h atch ed ▁lar va e ▁do ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁feed ▁at ▁first . ▁It ▁was ▁suggested ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁sea ▁this ▁would ▁allow ▁the ▁lar va e ▁to ▁dis per se ▁in ▁ocean ▁curr ents , ▁surv iving ▁in ▁cold ▁waters ▁where ▁little ▁food ▁is ▁available . ▁Alternatively , ▁another ▁study ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁eggs ▁are ▁surrounded ▁by ▁m uc ous ▁through ▁which ▁the ▁s perm , ▁which ▁have ▁unus ually ▁el ong ated ▁heads , ▁must ▁pen et rate . ▁The ▁eggs ▁cl ump ▁together ▁and ▁may ▁ad here ▁in ▁a ▁vis c ous |
▁mass ▁to ▁the ▁adult ' s ▁sp ines ▁and ▁be ▁bro oded ▁there . ▁The ▁s perm ▁also ▁form ▁a ▁m uc ous ▁mass , ▁and ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁that ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁pseudo - cop ulation ▁takes ▁place ▁with ▁the ▁pressing ▁together ▁of ▁the ▁gam ete ▁masses ▁of ▁adjacent ▁individuals . ▁In ▁the ▁labor atory , ▁emb ry os ▁developed ▁over ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁ 5 ▁months ▁into ▁e chin op l ute us ▁lar va e ▁meas uring ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 0 μ m ▁which ▁were ▁fed ▁on ▁un ic ell ular ▁alg ae . ▁During ▁their ▁early ▁stages ▁the ▁lar va e ▁developed ▁ 2 ▁and ▁then ▁ 4 ▁lar val ▁arms ▁before ▁the ▁mouth ▁developed ▁at ▁about ▁ 1 1 ▁days . ▁Three ▁further ▁pairs ▁of ▁long ▁arms ▁developed ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁ 3 0 ▁days , ▁after ▁which ▁a ▁posterior ▁process ▁and ▁a ▁c ili ated ▁ring ▁appeared ▁success ively . ▁At ▁ 7 5 ▁days ▁a ▁rud iment ary ▁e ch inus ▁appeared ▁and ▁at ▁ 1 1 6 ▁days , ▁pod ia ▁were ▁apparent . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁lar va e ▁completed ▁met am orph osis ▁into ▁a ▁ju ven ile ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁suggested ▁that ▁this ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁because ▁the ▁process ▁needed ▁to ▁be ▁initi ated ▁by ▁chemical ▁stim uli ▁that ▁were ▁absent ▁in ▁this ▁in ▁vit ro ▁experiment . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁ha w ai ien se ▁ ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁inter medium |
▁ ▁Asp id odia de ma ▁me ij erei ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁j ac oby i ▁Category : Anim als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 0 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sh it head ▁( also ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁Kar ma , ▁Palace , ▁Sh ed , ▁Th rees ) ▁is ▁a ▁card ▁game , ▁the ▁object ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁to ▁lose ▁all ▁of ▁one ' s ▁playing ▁cards , ▁with ▁the ▁final ▁player ▁being ▁the ▁" sh it head ". ▁The ▁game ▁became ▁popular ▁among ▁back pack ers ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Although ▁the ▁basic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁game ▁generally ▁remains ▁constant , ▁there ▁are ▁regional ▁variations ▁to ▁the ▁game ' s ▁original ▁rules . ▁ ▁Set up ▁From ▁a ▁standard , ▁sh uff led ▁deck ▁of ▁cards , ▁each ▁player ▁is ▁de alt ▁ 9 ▁cards ▁in ▁total : ▁ 3 ▁face - down ▁cards ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁( bl ind ▁cards ), ▁ 3 ▁face - up ▁cards ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁blind ▁cards ▁and ▁ 3 ▁hand ▁cards . ▁The ▁blind ▁cards ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁last ▁cards ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁and ▁players ▁are ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁see ▁or ▁change ▁these ▁cards ▁until ▁the ▁ending ▁turns ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁face - up ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁second ▁to ▁last ▁set ▁of ▁cards ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁( before ▁the ▁blind ▁cards ). ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁game , ▁players ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁switch ▁their ▁hand ▁cards ▁with ▁their ▁face - up ▁cards ▁in |
▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁produce ▁a ▁strong ▁set ▁of ▁face - up ▁cards ▁( poss ibly ▁all ▁perfect ▁wild cards ) ▁for ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁game . ▁C ards ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁numerical ▁value ▁can ▁be ▁stack ed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁each ▁other ▁if ▁needed . ▁ ▁Game play ▁The ▁beginning ▁player ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁to ▁put ▁a ▁ 3 ▁in ▁the ▁p ile ▁from ▁the ▁cards ▁in ▁their ▁hand . ▁If ▁no ▁player ▁has ▁a ▁ 3 ▁in ▁hand , ▁the ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁next ▁highest ▁card ▁number ▁begins ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁second ▁player ▁must ▁then ▁place ▁an ▁equal ▁or ▁higher ▁card ▁( in ▁numerical ▁value ) ▁than ▁the ▁card ▁played ▁previously , ▁this ▁card ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁put ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁p ile . ▁All ▁subsequent ▁players ▁are ▁then ▁to ▁follow ▁this ▁rule . ▁The ▁player ▁would ▁then ▁have ▁to ▁draw ▁cards ▁from ▁the ▁deck . ▁Each ▁player ▁should ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁ 3 ▁cards ▁in ▁their ▁hand ▁at ▁all ▁times , ▁unless ▁the ▁deck ▁has ▁run ▁out ▁of ▁cards . ▁The ▁game ▁continues ▁sequ entially ▁in ▁a ▁clock wise ▁direction ▁unless ▁certain ▁wild cards ▁are ▁played , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁J oker , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁rule ▁set . ▁▁ ▁Tw os ▁and ▁tens ▁are ▁wild cards , ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁played ▁on ▁any ▁card . ▁Any ▁card ▁can ▁be ▁played ▁to ▁follow ▁a ▁two . ▁When ▁a ▁ten ▁is ▁played , ▁the ▁disc ard ▁p ile ▁is ▁immediately ▁" burn ed " ▁( rem oved ▁from |
▁play ) ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁player ▁takes ▁another ▁turn , ▁playing ▁any ▁card ▁or ▁set ▁to ▁begin ▁a ▁new ▁disc ard ▁p ile . ▁▁ ▁If ▁a ▁player ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁place ▁four ▁cards ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁numerical ▁value ▁( e . g . ▁ ▁or ▁), ▁this ▁burn s ▁the ▁disc ards ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁manner ▁as ▁a ▁ten . ▁Burn ing ▁can ▁also ▁happen ▁across ▁multiple ▁players ' ▁turns : ▁for ▁example , ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁first ▁plays ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁next ▁player ▁in ▁turn ▁has ▁the ▁, ▁they ▁can ▁drop ▁that ▁card ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁set ▁and ▁burn ▁the ▁play ▁p ile . ▁The ▁player ▁who ▁burn s ▁the ▁p ile ▁must ▁then ▁play ▁another ▁card ▁after . ▁▁ ▁When ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁no ▁wild cards ▁and ▁no ▁single ▁card ▁that ▁is ▁equal ▁or ▁higher ▁in ▁value ▁than ▁the ▁card ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁p ile , ▁they ▁must ▁pick ▁up ▁all ▁the ▁cards ▁on ▁the ▁play ▁p ile ▁and ▁end ▁their ▁turn . ▁Pick ing ▁up ▁the ▁p ile ▁can ▁often ▁put ▁a ▁player ▁at ▁a ▁great ▁dis adv antage ▁when ▁many ▁cards ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁as ▁they ▁will ▁have ▁more ▁cards ▁to ▁shed ▁than ▁other ▁players . ▁Even ▁so , ▁it ▁is ▁still ▁possible ▁to ▁quickly ▁recover ▁from ▁this ▁hand ic ap ▁by ▁burning ▁the ▁p ile . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁no ▁more ▁cards ▁in ▁their ▁hand , ▁and ▁the ▁deck ▁is ▁empty , ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁play ▁from ▁their ▁three ▁face - up |
▁cards . ▁They ▁cannot ▁play ▁from ▁this ▁set ▁of ▁cards ▁until ▁they ▁have ▁finished ▁with ▁their ▁hand . ▁Following ▁the ▁rule : ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁face - up ▁card ▁must ▁be ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁card ▁on ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁p ile , ▁if ▁a ▁player ▁cannot ▁play ▁the ▁face - up ▁card , ▁then ▁they ▁must ▁pick ▁up ▁the ▁p ile . ▁Once ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁face - up ▁cards ▁have ▁been ▁played , ▁a ▁player ▁must ▁then ▁play ▁their ▁blind ▁cards . ▁These ▁cards ▁are ▁played ▁one ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁without ▁the ▁player ▁knowing ▁the ▁card ▁until ▁the ▁moment ▁it ▁is ▁played . ▁As ▁usual , ▁if ▁the ▁chosen ▁card ▁is ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁card ▁played , ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁pick ▁up ▁the ▁p ile , ▁and ▁are ▁required ▁to ▁play ▁their ▁entire ▁hand ▁again ▁before ▁progress ing ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁their ▁face - down ▁cards . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁player ▁has ▁no ▁cards ▁left , ▁they ▁are ▁out . ▁The ▁game ▁progress es ▁until ▁only ▁one ▁player ▁is ▁left . ▁The ▁final ▁player ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁game ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" sh it head ". ▁Under ▁most ▁rules , ▁the ▁sh it head ' s ▁only ▁role ▁is ▁to ▁deal ▁the ▁next ▁set ▁of ▁cards . ▁Play ers ▁must ▁determine ▁a ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁" sh it head ", ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sh it head ▁must ▁fetch ▁the ▁next ▁round ▁of ▁drink s ▁or ▁do ▁something ▁hum ili ating . |
▁ ▁Altern ative ▁rules ▁Two ▁J ok ers ▁can ▁be ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁deck ▁as ▁additional ▁wild cards . ▁This ▁expanded ▁deck ▁allows ▁the ▁game ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁by ▁six ▁players . ▁▁ ▁Many ▁rule ▁sets ▁and ▁house ▁rules ▁give ▁special ▁attributes ▁to ▁other ▁card ▁values , ▁such ▁as ▁revers ing ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁play , ▁need ing ▁the ▁next ▁play ▁to ▁be ▁lower ▁than ▁the ▁played ▁card , ▁or ▁having ▁one ▁rank ▁being ▁considered ▁" trans parent ", ▁the ▁next ▁card ▁played ▁having ▁to ▁beat ▁the ▁one ▁below ▁the ▁transparent ▁card . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ang lo - American ▁card ▁games ▁Category : Be ating ▁games ▁Category : Two - player ▁card ▁games ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁introduction ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Long ▁Beach ▁City ▁Council ▁is ▁the ▁gover ning ▁body ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California . ▁ ▁The ▁council ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁ 9 ▁members ▁elected ▁from ▁single - member ▁districts ▁for ▁four - year ▁terms . ▁The ▁Mayor ▁is ▁the ▁chief ▁legisl ative ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁and ▁has ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁v eto ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council , ▁pres ides ▁at ▁meet ings ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council , ▁and ▁has ▁no ▁vote , ▁but ▁may ▁particip ate ▁fully ▁in ▁the ▁deliber ations ▁and ▁proceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁Council . ▁ ▁Every ▁two ▁years , ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁that ▁Council ▁members ▁regularly ▁take ▁office ▁for ▁new ▁terms , ▁the ▁Council ▁selects ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁members ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁Vice - May or |
. ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁annual ▁sal aries ▁were ▁$ 3 6 , 1 7 0 ▁for ▁council ▁members ▁and ▁$ 1 4 4 , 6 5 5 ▁for ▁the ▁mayor . ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁council ▁meet ings ▁are ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Long ▁Beach ▁City ▁Hall ▁on ▁T ues days ▁at ▁ 5 pm ▁except ▁on ▁hol id ays ▁or ▁if ▁decided ▁by ▁special ▁resolution . ▁ ▁Current ▁members ▁ ▁Offic ers : ▁Mayor : ▁Robert ▁Gar cia ▁Vice - May or : ▁De e ▁Andrew s ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Cal iforn ia ▁city ▁coun c ils ▁Category : G overn ment ▁of ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁sign alling ▁system ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁rail ▁transport ▁in ▁Norway ▁is ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁the ▁Reg ulations ▁of ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁no . ▁ 1 3 3 6 ▁about ▁signals ▁and ▁signs ▁on ▁the ▁state ' s ▁railway ▁network ▁and ▁connected ▁private ▁tracks . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁sign alling ▁system ▁on ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁railway ▁system ▁was ▁a ▁mechan ically ▁operated ▁sem aph ore ▁system ▁introduced ▁at ▁D ram men ▁station ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁The ▁first ▁elect r ically ▁operated ▁light ▁signal ▁system ▁was ▁delivered ▁by ▁A EG ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁Today , ▁only ▁elect r ically ▁operated ▁light ▁signals ▁are ▁used . ▁ ▁Train ▁radio ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁N SB ▁rolled ▁out ▁the |
▁analog ▁train ▁radio ▁system ▁Sc an et . ▁Develop ed ▁by ▁As com ▁Radio com , ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁primary ▁railway ▁lines . ▁The ▁system ▁allows ▁radio ▁communication ▁between ▁a ▁train ▁dispatch er , ▁and ▁train ▁drivers ▁and ▁other ▁users ▁involved ▁in ▁railway ▁operations . ▁Sc an et ▁was ▁also ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁automatic ▁train ▁control ▁system . ▁However , ▁several ▁lines ▁lack ▁the ▁system , ▁including ▁the ▁Ar end al ▁Line , ▁the ▁Fl å m ▁Line , ▁the ▁Mer å ker ▁Line , ▁the ▁Nord land ▁Line , ▁the ▁Ra uma ▁Line , ▁the ▁R ø ros ▁Line , ▁the ▁Inner ▁ Ø st fold ▁Line , ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁G j ø vik ▁Line , ▁and ▁several ▁t unn els ▁along ▁the ▁Ber gen ▁Line ▁and ▁the ▁S ør land ▁Line . ▁The ▁Å sta ▁accident ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁sp ur red ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁give ▁all ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁coverage ▁with ▁train ▁radio . ▁On ▁these ▁lines , ▁the ▁dispatch er ▁and ▁drivers ▁had ▁to ▁communicate ▁using ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁Mobile ▁Tele phone ▁( N MT ▁ 4 5 0 ) ▁standard , ▁a ▁system ▁which ▁the ▁operator ▁T elen or ▁dis cont in ued ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Sc an et ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁Global ▁System ▁for ▁Mobile ▁Communic ation ▁– ▁Railway ▁( GS M - R ) ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁with ▁the ▁systems ▁first ▁being |
▁installed ▁on ▁the ▁lines ▁without ▁Sc an et . ▁The ▁system , ▁delivered ▁by ▁N ok ia ▁S iem ens ▁Network s , ▁was ▁on ▁time ▁and ▁on ▁budget , ▁and ▁made ▁Norway ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁countries ▁to ▁fully ▁implement ▁the ▁system ▁throughout ▁Europe . ▁After ▁G SM - R ▁was ▁fully ▁implemented ▁on ▁ 1 ▁November , ▁Sc an et ▁was ▁gradually ▁closed . ▁The ▁new ▁system ▁has ▁been ▁character ized ▁as ▁simpler ▁to ▁use ▁and ▁giving ▁better ▁audio ▁quality ▁than ▁Sc an et . ▁The ▁implementation ▁cost ▁ 1 . 8 ▁billion ▁Norwegian ▁kr one ▁and ▁covers ▁the ▁entire ▁network . ▁ ▁Me ans ▁of ▁sign alling ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁means ▁of ▁sign alling ▁are ▁used : ▁▁ ▁Sign al ▁flags ▁ ▁Hand - h eld ▁signal ▁l amps ▁ ▁Sign al ▁wh ist le ▁ ▁Arm ▁signals ▁ ▁F ixed ▁light ▁signals ▁ ▁F ixed ▁sound ▁signals ▁ ▁Sign al ▁signs ▁ ▁Ori entation ▁posts ▁ ▁Lo comot ive ▁wh ist le ▁ ▁Lo comot ive ▁and ▁train ▁signal ▁l amps ▁ ▁The ▁fundamental ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁signal ▁colors ▁▁ ▁Red ▁always ▁indicates ▁" stop ". ▁ ▁V io let ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁associated ▁level ▁crossing ▁signal ▁is ▁showing ▁" Stop ▁short ▁of ▁the ▁level ▁crossing ". ▁ ▁Y ellow ▁indicates ▁" ca ution ". ▁ ▁Green ▁indicates ▁" permission ▁to ▁run ". ▁ ▁White ▁indicates ▁" clear ▁line ". ▁ ▁Light ▁signals ▁ ▁Light ▁signals ▁show ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁aspects : ▁ ▁Main ▁signals ▁ ▁Fail ▁safe |
▁ ▁If ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁green ▁lights ▁in ▁signal ▁ 2 2 ▁fails , ▁the ▁indic ation ▁becomes ▁the ▁lower ▁speed ▁signal ▁ 2 1 ▁– ▁this ▁is ▁fail - safe . ▁ ▁Other ▁nearby ▁countries ▁reverse ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁single ▁green ▁aspect ▁and ▁double ▁green ▁aspect . ▁ ▁Dist ant ▁signals ▁ ▁W rong - side ▁failure ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁yellow ▁light ▁in ▁signal ▁ 2 4 ▁fails , ▁the ▁signal ▁displays ▁a ▁higher ▁speed ▁indic ation , ▁which ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁wrong - side ▁failure . ▁ ▁To ▁prevent ▁this , ▁a ▁current ▁transform er ▁in ▁the ▁lamp ▁circuit ▁mon itors ▁the ▁current ▁through ▁the ▁yellow ▁lamp . ▁If ▁the ▁yellow ▁lamp ▁fails , ▁a ▁relay ▁will ▁also ▁switch ▁off ▁the ▁green ▁light ▁and ▁the ▁signal ▁becomes ▁totally ▁dark . ▁A ▁capac itor ▁in ▁the ▁relay ▁circuit ▁ens ures ▁that ▁the ▁relay ▁operation ▁is ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁seconds ▁delayed , ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁relay ▁operating ▁for ▁every ▁bl ink . ▁Hence , ▁if ▁the ▁yellow ▁lamp ▁does ▁suddenly ▁fail , ▁the ▁green ▁light ▁will ▁bl ink ▁alone ▁ 1 - 2 ▁times ▁before ▁it ▁is ▁switched ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁relay . ▁Note : ▁The ▁animated ▁picture ▁of ▁signal ▁ 2 4 ▁is ▁wrong ly ▁giving ▁the ▁impression ▁that ▁the ▁yellow ▁light ▁is ▁shown ▁before ▁the ▁green ▁one . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁correct : ▁The ▁yellow ▁and ▁green ▁lights ▁are ▁always ▁switched ▁on ▁and ▁off ▁simultaneously , ▁for ▁every ▁bl ink / flash . ▁ ▁Warning ▁systems ▁ ▁Norway ▁uses ▁the |
▁Eric sson ▁ATP ▁warning ▁system , ▁also ▁used ▁on ▁Per th ' s ▁sub urban ▁railway ▁network . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Norwegian ▁sign alling ▁rule book <0x0A> </s> ▁T ael os illa ▁later alis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁be et le ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cer amb yc idae , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁T ael os illa . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Thom son ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Des mi ph or ini ▁Category : Be et les ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁Category : Mon ot yp ic ▁be et le ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁M uj ah id ▁Mis ki ▁( born ▁Muham med ▁Abd ulla hi ▁Hass an ) ▁is ▁a ▁Som ali ▁permanent ▁resident ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁wanted ▁by ▁the ▁F BI ▁for ▁providing ▁material ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁Som alia - based ▁terror ist ▁group ▁al - Sh aba ab . ▁ ▁Mis ki ▁reported ly ▁left ▁Minnesota ▁for ▁Som alia ▁as ▁a ▁te en ager ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁join ▁al - Sh aba ab . ▁Mis ki ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁active ▁propag and ist ▁and ▁rec ru iter ▁for ▁IS IS ▁and ▁al - Sh aba ab ▁on ▁Twitter , ▁leading ▁the ▁C ounter ▁Ext rem ism ▁Project ▁( CE P ) ▁to ▁call ▁on ▁Twitter ▁to ▁perman ently ▁block ▁his ▁accounts . ▁ ▁Mis ki ▁had ▁reported ly ▁been ▁in ▁contact ▁" for ▁months " ▁with ▁El |
ton ▁Sim pson , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁shoot ers ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁attack ▁on ▁the ▁American ▁Fre edom ▁Def ense ▁In iti ative ' s ▁" M u ham mad ▁Art ▁Ex hib it ▁and ▁Cart oon ▁Cont est " ▁in ▁Gar land , ▁Texas . ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁U . S . ▁State ▁Department ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁saying ▁that ▁Mis ki ▁had ▁" s urr ender ed ▁to ▁the ▁Federal ▁Government ▁of ▁Som alia ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁C ounter ▁Ext rem ism ▁Project ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : Al - Sh aba ab ▁( mil it ant ▁group ) ▁members ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jimmy ▁Con n ors ▁was ▁the ▁def ending ▁champion ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁singles ▁title ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Queen ' s ▁Club ▁Championships ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁defe ating ▁compat ri ot ▁John ▁Mc En roe ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 3 . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁ ▁Jimmy ▁Con n ors ▁( Ch ampion ) ▁▁ ▁John ▁Mc En roe ▁( Final ) ▁▁ ▁Ivan ▁L endl ▁( Sem if inals ) ▁▁ ▁V itas ▁Ger ul ait is ▁( Second ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Steve ▁D ent on ▁( |
Qu arter final s ) ▁▁ ▁Kevin ▁C urr en ▁( Sem if inals ) ▁▁ ▁Bill ▁Sc an lon ▁( Th ird ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Brian ▁Gott fried ▁( Qu arter final s ) ▁▁ ▁H ank ▁Pf ister ▁( Th ird ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Woj cie ch ▁F ib ak ▁( Th ird ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Brian ▁Te acher ▁( First ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Mark ▁Ed mond son ▁( First ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Tim ▁May otte ▁( Qu arter final s ) ▁▁ ▁John ▁Alexander ▁( First ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Paul ▁Mc Name e ▁( Th ird ▁Round ) ▁▁ ▁Mar cos ▁Ho ce var ▁( Th ird ▁Round ) ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Final s ▁ ▁Top ▁Half ▁ ▁Section ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Section ▁ 2 ▁ ▁B ottom ▁Half ▁ ▁Section ▁ 3 ▁ ▁Section ▁ 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁Queen ' s ▁Club ▁Championships ▁ATP ▁tournament ▁profile ▁ ▁Singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Hu h 7 ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁human ▁li ver ▁cell ▁line ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁grown ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory ▁for ▁research ▁purposes . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁web ▁site ▁h uh 7 . com , ▁it ▁is ▁" a ▁well ▁differenti ated ▁he pat ocy te - der ived ▁car cin oma ▁cell ▁line , ▁originally ▁taken ▁from ▁a ▁li ver ▁tum or ▁in ▁a ▁ 5 7 - year - old ▁Japanese ▁male ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ." ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁extens ively ▁in ▁he pat itis ▁C ▁and ▁den gue |
▁virus ▁research . ▁ ▁Hu h 7 ▁cells ▁have ▁been ▁instrument al ▁in ▁he pat itis ▁C ▁research . ▁Until ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁culture ▁he pat itis ▁C ▁in ▁the ▁labor atory . ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁Hu h 7 ▁cell ▁line ▁permitted ▁screen ing ▁of ▁drug ▁candidates ▁against ▁labor atory - c ult ured ▁he pat itis ▁C ▁virus ▁and ▁permitted ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁new ▁dru gs ▁against ▁he pat itis ▁C . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Cell osa urus ▁entry ▁for ▁Hu h 7 ▁ ▁Category : H uman ▁cell ▁lines <0x0A> </s> ▁Ernest ▁Sh eld on ▁Fri el ▁( 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 0 ), ▁was ▁an ▁Irish ▁dent ist ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁special ist ▁orth od ont ist ▁to ▁pract ise ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁in ▁Europe , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁Professor ▁of ▁Orth od ont ics ▁in ▁Europe . ▁His ▁ob itu ary ▁in ▁The ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁D ental ▁Association ▁described ▁him ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁distinguished ▁dent ist ▁that ▁Ireland ▁had ▁ever ▁produced . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁and ▁clin ical ▁career ▁Fri el ▁studied ▁at ▁Tr inity ▁College , ▁Dublin , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁and ▁receiving ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁dent al ▁science ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁he ▁also ▁under to ok |
▁special ist ▁orth od ont ic ▁studies ▁under ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁modern ▁orth od ont ics , ▁Edward ▁Ang le , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁he ▁established ▁an ▁orth od ont ic ▁practice ▁in ▁Dublin , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Is les . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁L ect urer ▁in ▁Orth od ont ics ▁at ▁Tr inity , ▁receiving ▁a ▁Doctor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁the ▁college ▁created ▁the ▁first ▁professor ship ▁in ▁orth od ont ics ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁appointed ▁Fri el ▁to ▁the ▁position . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁following ▁this ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁professor ▁of ▁orth od ont ics ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Is les . ▁ ▁Fri el ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁st ain less ▁steel , ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁previously ▁preferred ▁gold , ▁for ▁the ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁orth od ont ic ▁devices . ▁Other ▁research ▁interests ▁were ▁mus cle ▁testing ▁and ▁training , ▁the ▁relation ▁of ▁function ▁to ▁the ▁size ▁and ▁form ▁of ▁j aws , ▁the ▁migration ▁of ▁teeth ▁and ▁occ l usion . ▁ ▁Professional ▁soci eties ▁Fri el ▁was ▁a ▁founder ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Orth od ont ics ▁and ▁was ▁prominent ▁in ▁the ▁society ▁in ▁its ▁early ▁years , ▁acting ▁as ▁its ▁president ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁D ental |
▁Association ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Orth od ont ic ▁Society ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁Od ont ological ▁Section ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Medicine ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁Fri el ▁under to ok ▁a ▁campaign ▁in ▁the ▁profession ▁for ▁the ▁greater ▁special isation ▁of ▁orth od ont ics ▁in ▁Britain ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁much ▁treatment ▁was ▁undert aken ▁by ▁non - special ist ▁dent ists . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁fellow ships ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Fri el ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁Fellow ship ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Sur ge ons ▁of ▁England , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Sur ge ons ▁of ▁Edinburgh . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁Villa in ▁Prize ▁in ▁orth od ont ics ▁from ▁the ▁F édération ▁D ent aire ▁Intern ationale ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁he ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁outside ▁North ▁America ▁to ▁receive ▁the ▁K etch am ▁Award ▁from ▁the ▁American ▁Board ▁of ▁Orth od ont ics . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Three ▁years ▁after ▁Fri el ' s ▁death ▁his ▁family ▁provided ▁fund ing ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Orth od ont ic ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁annual ▁Sh eld on ▁Fri el ▁Memorial ▁L ect ure . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 |
7 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Tr inity ▁College ▁Dublin ▁Category : I r ish ▁dent ists ▁Category : I r ish ▁medical ▁research ers ▁Category : Med ical ▁academ ics ▁Category : Or th od ont ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Tam ás ▁N ánd or ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁born ▁Hung arian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁P usk ás ▁Ak adém ia ▁FC . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Tam ás ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁T âr gu ▁Sec u ies c , ▁Trans ylvan ia , ▁Roman ia . ▁He ▁started ▁playing ▁wrest ling , ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁his ▁h omet own , ▁but ▁later ▁he ▁started ▁playing ▁football . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁On ▁summer , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Tam ás ▁was ▁transferred ▁from ▁Cs í ks zer eda ▁to ▁P usk ás ▁Ak adém ia . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁P usk ás ▁loan ed ▁Tam ás ▁to ▁Cs ák v ár ▁until ▁december ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Cs ák v ár ▁in ▁Hung arian ▁Second ▁League ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁against ▁Mos on m agyar ó v ár . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁Hung arian ▁First ▁League ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁against ▁M OL ▁V idi ▁in ▁ 3 - 0 ▁home ▁win . ▁ ▁Club ▁statistics ▁ ▁International |
▁career ▁Tam ás ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁Roman ia ▁U - 1 8 ▁team ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁against ▁Norway . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁according ▁to ▁And rei ▁V och in ▁Tam ás ▁decided ▁to ▁represent ▁Hung ary ▁intern ation ally . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁M LS Z ▁ ▁Soccer way ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁T âr gu ▁Sec u ies c ▁Category : H ung arian ▁football ers ▁Category : H ung ary ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : C s ák vá ri ▁T K ▁players ▁Category : P usk ás ▁Ak adém ia ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : N em zeti ▁B ajn oks ág ▁I ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Empire ▁Ab bey ▁Empire ▁Ab bey ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 , 0 3 2 ▁G RT ▁re fr iger ated ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁by ▁Sh ip building ▁Corporation ▁Ltd , ▁New castle ▁upon ▁Ty ne ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁E lder ▁& ▁F y ff es ▁Ltd . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Royal ▁Mail ▁L ines ▁and ▁renamed ▁Te vi ot ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Sold ▁to ▁M ull ion ▁& ▁Co ., ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Ar d ell is . ▁Sold ▁to ▁H ai ▁An ▁Sh ipping ▁Co ., ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁renamed |
▁T ung ▁An ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁Sc ra pped ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Aber c orn ▁Empire ▁Aber c orn ▁was ▁an ▁ 8 , 5 6 3 ▁G RT ▁re fr iger ated ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁by ▁Har land ▁& ▁Wol ff , ▁B elf ast ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁the ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Sh ipping ▁Company ▁of ▁London . ▁Sold ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁Sh ipping ▁Co . ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁renamed ▁R aka ia . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Federal ▁Ste am ▁Navigation ▁Co . ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁Sc ra pped ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Ab ility ▁Empire ▁Ab ility ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 , 6 0 3 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁by ▁Deutsche ▁Schiff - ▁und ▁Mas ch inen bau ▁AG , ▁Bre men . ▁Origin ally ▁owned ▁by ▁Hans a ▁Line , ▁Bre men ▁and ▁named ▁U hen f els . ▁Capt ured ▁by ▁HMS ▁Here ward ▁off ▁Fre et own ▁ 5 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Ren amed ▁Empire ▁Ab ility , ▁managed ▁by ▁E lder ▁D emp ster ▁L ines . ▁S unk ▁by ▁U - 9 6 ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁at ▁. ▁ ▁Empire ▁A ce ▁Empire ▁A ce ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 7 6 ▁G RT ▁coast al ▁t ug |
▁built ▁by ▁C och rane ▁& ▁S ons , ▁Sel by . ▁La unch ed ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁Sent ▁to ▁Mal ta ▁where ▁she ▁was ▁s unk ▁in ▁an ▁air ▁ra id ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁Salv aged ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁and ▁rep a ired . ▁To ▁the ▁Admir alty ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁and ▁renamed ▁D il igent . ▁To ▁the ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Def ence ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Empire ▁A ce . ▁On ▁loan ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ▁. ▁To ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁Ran ▁a ground ▁at ▁Camp b elt own ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁and ▁abandoned . ▁Ref lo ated ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁but ▁a ▁construct ive ▁total ▁loss . ▁Sc ra pped ▁at ▁Camp b elt own ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Activity ▁( I ) ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 , 2 8 7 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁by ▁Sw an ▁Hunter ▁and ▁W igh am ▁Richard son ▁Ltd ., ▁W alls end . ▁Origin ally ▁named ▁Belg ian ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Frederick ▁Ley land ▁Line , ▁Liverpool . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁to ▁Ach ille ▁Lau ro , ▁Nap les |
▁and ▁renamed ▁Am elia ▁Lau ro . ▁Se ized ▁at ▁Im ming ham ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁Ren amed ▁Empire ▁Activity ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁managed ▁by ▁Gal bra ith , ▁P embro ke ▁& ▁Co . ▁W reck ed ▁off ▁New found land ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Activity ▁( II ) ▁▁ ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 4 , 2 5 0 ▁G RT ▁re fr iger ated ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 4 2 ▁by ▁C aled on ▁Sh ip y ards , ▁D und ee . ▁She ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁as ▁Te lem ach us ▁and ▁requ is ition ed ▁as ▁Empire ▁Activity . ▁Comple ted ▁as ▁esc ort ▁aircraft ▁car rier ▁HMS ▁Empire ▁Activity , ▁quickly ▁renamed ▁HMS ▁Activity . ▁Later ▁converted ▁to ▁merchant man ▁M V ▁Bre con shire , ▁scra pped ▁in ▁Mih ara , ▁Japan ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁ ▁Empire ▁Add ison ▁Empire ▁Add ison ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 , 0 1 0 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁by ▁Lith g ows ▁Ltd ., ▁Port ▁Glasgow . ▁Oper ated ▁by ▁T ▁& ▁J ▁Harrison , ▁Liverpool . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁to ▁T ▁& ▁J ▁Harrison ▁and ▁renamed ▁Phil os opher . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁to ▁Con cord ia ▁Sh ipping ▁Corporation , ▁Liber ia ▁and ▁renamed ▁A i ol |
os . ▁Sc ra pped ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁A den ▁Empire ▁A den ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 , 3 0 8 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁by ▁Bart ram ▁& ▁S ons ▁Ltd ., ▁S under land ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁H ▁Hog arth ▁& ▁S ons . ▁Management ▁passed ▁to ▁A ▁We ir ▁& ▁Co ., ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Sold ▁to ▁A ▁We ir ▁& ▁Co . ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Et ive bank . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Al cy one ▁Sh ipping ▁Co ., ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Al cy one ▁Fort une . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Pan ▁Nor se ▁Ste am ship ▁Co ., ▁Pan ama ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Northern ▁Vent ure . ▁Ran ▁a ground ▁off ▁Ok ina wa ▁ 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁declared ▁a ▁total ▁loss . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Admir al ▁Empire ▁Admir al ▁was ▁a ▁ 7 , 8 4 2 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁by ▁V ick ers - Arm strong s ▁Ltd , ▁Bar row ▁in ▁F urn ess ▁and ▁managed ▁by ▁Alfred ▁Hol t ▁& ▁Co . ▁Management ▁passed ▁to ▁Glen ▁Line ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁to ▁K aye , ▁Son ▁& ▁Co ., ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 |
7 ▁to ▁Dal h ous ie ▁Ste am ▁and ▁Motor ship ▁Co ▁and ▁renamed ▁Peter ▁Dal . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁Ben ▁Line ▁Ste am ers , ▁Edinburgh , ▁passing ▁to ▁E ▁G ▁Thom son ▁Ltd ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁to ▁And ros ▁Navigation ▁Co , ▁N ass au ▁and ▁renamed ▁And ros ▁Tom meno . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Frank ▁Sh ipping ▁Co ., ▁Liber ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Un ique ▁Mar itime ▁Corporation , ▁Liber ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Un ique ▁Car rier . ▁Sc ra pped ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁ ▁Empire ▁Ad ur ▁Empire ▁Ad ur ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 , 4 7 9 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁by ▁J . ▁F . ▁D uth ie ▁& ▁Company , ▁Seattle . ▁Origin ally ▁named ▁Griff du , ▁owned ▁by ▁Universal ▁Ste am ship ▁& ▁Bar ge ▁Co ., ▁Seattle . ▁Sold ▁to ▁The ▁Charles ▁Nelson ▁Co ., ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁Union ▁L umber ▁Co ., ▁San ▁Francisco ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁and ▁renamed ▁No yo . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁Th ia ▁Ni y om ▁Pan ich ▁Co ., ▁Bang k ok ▁and ▁renamed ▁N ang ▁Su ang ▁N awa . ▁To ▁Mo WT ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 |
▁and ▁renamed ▁Empire ▁Ad ur , ▁managed ▁by ▁Singapore ▁Stra its ▁Ste am ship ▁Co . ▁Sold ▁to ▁Th ai ▁Mar itime ▁Navigation ▁Co ., ▁Bang k ok ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁renamed ▁N ang ▁Su an ▁N awa . ▁Lost ▁at ▁sea ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁whilst ▁being ▁to wed ▁by ▁t ug ▁Alb ac ore ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁for ▁scra pping . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Advent ure ▁Empire ▁Advent ure ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 , 1 4 5 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁by ▁North umber land ▁Sh ip building ▁Co ▁Ltd , ▁S under land . ▁Origin ally ▁named ▁East ney , ▁owned ▁by ▁Rom ney ▁Ste am ship ▁Co . ▁Ltd ., ▁London . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁to ▁L ▁D rey f us ▁et ▁Comp ag nie , ▁France ▁and ▁renamed ▁Ger ma ine ▁L - D . ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁to ▁Soci età ▁An on ima ▁di ▁N avig azione ▁Cor rado , ▁Gen oa ▁and ▁renamed ▁Andrea . ▁Se ized ▁off ▁New castle ▁upon ▁Ty ne ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Empire ▁Advent ure . ▁S unk ▁by ▁U - 1 3 8 ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁off ▁Is lay . ▁ ▁Empire ▁Adv oc ate ▁Empire ▁Adv oc ate ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 , 7 8 7 ▁G RT ▁cargo ▁ship ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
1 3 ▁by ▁Joh . ▁C . ▁Te ck len borg ▁AG , ▁Wes erm ünd e . ▁Origin ally ▁named ▁S olf els , ▁owned ▁by ▁Hans a ▁Line , ▁Bre men . ▁T aken ▁as ▁a ▁War ▁prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁managed ▁by ▁H ▁Hog arth ▁& ▁S ons . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Sh ipping ▁Co . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁to ▁Ach ille ▁Lau ro ▁& ▁Co ., ▁Nap les ▁and ▁renamed ▁Angel ina ▁Lau ro . ▁Se ized ▁in ▁Liverpool ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁renamed ▁Empire ▁Adv oc ate , ▁managed ▁by ▁Gal bra ith , ▁P embro ke ▁& ▁Co ., ▁London . ▁Sc ra pped ▁at ▁Bo ' ness ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Empire ▁A id ▁Empire ▁A id ▁was ▁a ▁ 4 7 9 ▁G RT ▁o ce ango ing ▁t ug ▁built ▁by ▁Cle lands ▁( Success ors ) ▁Ltd , ▁W alls end . ▁La unch ed ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁Man aged ▁by ▁ ▁O verse as ▁Tow age ▁& ▁Salv age ▁Co ▁for ▁Mo WT . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁O verse as ▁Tow age ▁& ▁Salv age ▁Co ▁and ▁renamed ▁Mar in ia . ▁Sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁to ▁K uw ait ▁O |
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