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' s ▁feet ▁were ▁badly ▁bl ister ed ▁and ▁he ▁found ▁it ▁impossible ▁to ▁move . ▁Nor v ell ▁found ▁a ▁p ony ▁in ▁a ▁neighbor ing ▁field ▁and ▁caught ▁him . ▁C one ▁mounted ▁him ▁and ▁they ▁were ▁once ▁again ▁on ▁their ▁way . ▁Sto pping ▁at ▁the ▁White ▁House , ▁they ▁asked ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁servants ▁for ▁a ▁drink . ▁Thus ▁refresh ed , ▁they ▁crossed ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁and ▁proceeded ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁for ▁three ▁miles . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁so ▁exha usted ▁that ▁they ▁fell ▁ ▁as leep ▁even ▁before ▁they ▁had ▁finished ▁their ▁me ager ▁me al , ▁sleep ing ▁on ▁the ▁bag ▁of ▁clothes ▁spread ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁floor . ▁While ▁the ▁men ▁sle pt , ▁Am elia , ▁C one ' s ▁wife , ▁a wo ke ▁and ▁went ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁garden — in ▁the ▁distance ▁she ▁could ▁see ▁the ▁burning ▁White ▁House ▁and ▁Capit ol ▁building . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁Nor v ell ▁worked ▁at ▁various ▁newsp apers ▁in ▁several ▁cities , ▁including : ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Patri ot ▁ 1 8 1 5 - 1 7 . ▁Nor v ell ▁stayed ▁with ▁the ▁Patri ot ▁almost ▁two ▁years ▁before ▁ab rupt ly ▁moving ▁back ▁to ▁Kentucky , ▁possibly ▁with ▁the ▁encourag ement ▁of ▁Henry ▁Clay , ▁where ▁he ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁state ' s ▁oldest ▁newspaper , ▁the ▁Lex ington ▁Kentucky ▁Gazette ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 7 . ▁For ▁nearly ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁years , ▁he ▁maintained ▁Clay ' |
s ▁support ▁at ▁home , ▁which ▁earned ▁Nor v ell ▁apparently ▁no ▁great ▁pec uni ary ▁re wards . ▁By ▁early ▁in ▁that ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁again ▁applying ▁for ▁cl erk ships ▁in ▁Washington , ▁and ▁soon ▁moved ▁east ▁to ▁Philadelphia , ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁editor ▁of ▁an ▁Anti - F eder al ist ▁newspaper . ▁By ▁ 1 8 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Franklin ▁Gazette , ▁which ▁he ▁published ▁with ▁Richard ▁B ache ▁Jr . ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin ▁B ache , ▁and ▁grand son ▁of ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin . ▁The ▁Franklin ▁Gazette , ▁which ▁supported ▁Jefferson ▁polit ically , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁offices ▁" at ▁ 1 8 0 ▁the ▁first ▁door ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁hand ▁side ▁of ▁Car p enter ' s ▁l ane , ▁leading ▁from ▁the ▁Post ▁Office ▁to ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ." ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁Nor v ell ▁and ▁John ▁R . ▁Walker ▁co - f ounded ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁In qu ir er , ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁In qu ir er , ▁although ▁they ▁had ▁to ▁sell ▁the ▁paper ▁in ▁November ▁to ▁Jes per ▁Hard ing . ▁Nor v ell ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁in ▁newsp apers ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁the ▁Tre as ury ▁Department ▁by ▁his ▁friend ▁Alexander ▁J . ▁Dallas , ▁who ▁was ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁tre as ury ▁for ▁President ▁James ▁Mad ison . ▁ ▁In ▁Michigan ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 1 , ▁Nor |
v ell ▁moved ▁to ▁Michigan ▁Territ ory ▁after ▁being ▁appointed ▁post master ▁of ▁Detroit ▁by ▁Andrew ▁Jackson . ▁Nor v ell ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁post ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁support ▁of ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Andrew ▁Jackson , ▁as ▁were ▁many ▁other ▁printer s ▁who ▁had ▁supported ▁the ▁Republican ▁( dem ocr atic ) ▁party . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁post master ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 6 . ▁The ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁Michigan ▁Territ ory ▁had ▁approved ▁a ▁constitution ▁and ▁elected ▁state ▁officials ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁although ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁admitted ▁as ▁a ▁state ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁because ▁of ▁a ▁conflict ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁To led o ▁War ▁with ▁neighbor ing ▁Ohio . ▁Nor v ell ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁be ▁Senator ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁However , ▁because ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Michigan ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁recognized , ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁granted ▁" spect ator " ▁status . ▁ ▁Nor v ell ▁was ▁an ▁influ ential ▁and ▁active ▁particip ant ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁constitution al ▁convention ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Reg ents ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁from ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 9 . ▁ ▁Upon ▁the ▁ad mission ▁of ▁Michigan ▁as ▁a ▁State ▁into ▁the ▁Union , ▁Nor v ell ▁entered ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁with ▁the ▁Jackson ian ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic - Rep ublic an ▁Party . ▁He ▁served ▁one ▁term |
▁in ▁the ▁ 2 4 th , ▁ 2 5 th , ▁and ▁ 2 6 th ▁Congress es ▁from ▁January ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 8 3 7 , ▁to ▁March ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 4 1 . ▁He ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁re e lection ▁and ▁res umed ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁law ▁in ▁Detroit . ▁Nor v ell ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁sen ate ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 1 ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁house ▁of ▁represent atives ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁United ▁States ▁district ▁att orney ▁in ▁Michigan ▁from ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁to ▁ 1 8 4 9 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁Nor v ell ▁had ▁ten ▁sons ▁by ▁three ▁w ives . ▁His ▁third ▁wife , ▁Isabel la ▁H od g k iss ▁Fre eman ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 7 3 ) ▁was ▁the ▁adopted ▁daughter ▁of ▁Tr istr am ▁B . ▁Fre eman , ▁a ▁noted ▁Philadelphia ▁printer ▁and ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Fre eman ▁au ction ▁house . ▁Her ▁parents ▁were ▁Michael ▁H od g k iss ▁and ▁Sarah ▁De We ese . ▁With ▁Isabel la , ▁Nor v ell ▁father ed ▁two ▁daughters ▁and ▁eight ▁sons , ▁one ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican – American ▁War ▁and ▁six ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁They ▁all ▁surv ived ▁the ▁war . ▁Colonel ▁Fre eman ▁Nor v ell , ▁was ▁a ▁Marine ▁Lieutenant ▁who ▁fought ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Chap ul te pec |
▁in ▁September ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Civil ▁War ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁G ett ys burg ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁Fre eman ' s ▁younger ▁brother ▁L t . ▁Dallas ▁Nor v ell ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁staff ▁of ▁General ▁George ▁C uster . ▁Another ▁son , ▁Colonel ▁Stevens ▁Thompson ▁Nor v ell ▁was ▁an ▁officer ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Caval ry ▁Buff alo ▁Sold iers ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁San ▁Juan ▁Hill ▁with ▁The odore ▁Ro ose vel t ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁American ▁War . ▁Nor v ell ' s ▁older ▁daughter ▁Isabel la ▁Gib son ▁Nor v ell ▁married ▁Capt . ▁Ang us ▁Keith , ▁a ▁Great ▁L akes ▁boat ▁captain , ▁and ▁the ▁younger ▁daughter ▁Em ily ▁Virginia ▁Nor v ell ▁married ▁Henry ▁Nelson ▁Walker , ▁a ▁newspaper ▁owner , ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁att orney ▁general ▁of ▁Michigan . ▁ ▁Nor v ell ▁died ▁in ▁Detroit ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁the ▁day ▁that ▁news ▁came ▁from ▁Washington ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁appointed ▁U . S . ▁Cons ul ▁to ▁Turkey . ▁He ▁is ▁inter red ▁in ▁El m wood ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Detroit . ▁Nor v ell ▁Township ▁in ▁Jackson ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁him . ▁ ▁References ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Good win , ▁William ▁A ., ▁The ▁Record ▁of ▁Br ut on ▁Par ish ▁Church , ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia , ▁ 1 9 4 1 |
. ▁ ▁Hem ans , ▁Law ton ▁T ., ▁The ▁Life ▁and ▁Times ▁of ▁Stevens ▁Thompson ▁Mason , ▁L ans ing , ▁Michigan , ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁Stre eter , ▁F loyd ▁Benjamin , ▁Political ▁Part ies ▁in ▁Michigan ▁ 1 8 3 7 - 1 8 6 0 , ▁L ans ing , ▁Michigan , ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Pas ley , ▁Jeff rey , ▁The ▁Ty ran ny ▁of ▁Pr inter s : ▁New sp aper ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁the ▁Early ▁American ▁Republic . ▁Char l ott es ville : ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁Pas ley , ▁Jeff rey , ▁" The ▁' Ind is cre et ▁Ze al ' ▁of ▁John ▁Nor v ell : ▁New sp aper ▁Publishing ▁and ▁Polit ics ▁in ▁the ▁Early ▁Republic ." ▁P aper ▁read ▁at ▁the ▁annual ▁meeting ▁of ▁the ▁Organ ization ▁of ▁American ▁Histor ians , ▁Atlanta , ▁Ga ., ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Nor v ell , ▁Colonel ▁Fre eman , ▁" History ▁and ▁Times ▁of ▁the ▁Hon . ▁John ▁Nor v ell " ▁Michigan ▁P ione er ▁Col lections , ▁L ans ing ▁Michigan , ▁ 1 8 8 1 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁John ▁Nor v ell ▁fac sim ile ▁pages ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Bi ograph ies , ▁Michigan ▁Historical ▁Commission , ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁ ▁Jefferson ' s ▁letter ▁to ▁Nor v ell ▁ |
▁John ▁Nor v ell ▁entry ▁at ▁The ▁Political ▁Gra vey ard ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 7 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 0 ▁death s ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁sen ators ▁from ▁Michigan ▁Category : Mich igan ▁state ▁sen ators ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Michigan ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Att or ne ys ▁Category : American ▁post master s ▁Category : American ▁male ▁journal ists ▁Category : M ary land ▁law y ers ▁Category : Mich igan ▁law y ers ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁newspaper ▁edit ors ▁Category : Mich igan ▁Territ ory ▁officials ▁Category : The ▁Philadelphia ▁In qu ir er ▁people ▁Category : Reg ents ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan ▁Category : American ▁army ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 8 1 2 ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Dan ville , ▁Kentucky ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Detroit ▁Category : Mich igan ▁Democratic - Rep ublic ans ▁Category : D em ocr atic - Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁United ▁States ▁sen ators ▁Category : B ur ial s ▁at ▁El m wood ▁C emetery ▁( Det roit , ▁Michigan ) ▁John ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians <0x0A> </s> ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁is ▁an ▁independent ▁printing , ▁pack aging ▁and ▁direct ▁mail ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁C ram ling ton , ▁North umber land . ▁The ▁company ▁began ▁in ▁North ▁Sh ield s ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 |
5 , ▁and ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁expand ▁ever ▁since . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁East ▁success ▁story , ▁notable ▁by ▁its ▁ 1 3 6 - year ▁existence ▁( as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 ), ▁surv ival ▁of ▁two ▁world ▁wars ▁and ▁importance ▁as ▁a ▁significant ▁employ er ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁( 1 6 5 ▁people ). ▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁was ▁a ▁publish er ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁printer , ▁operating ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁W . ▁J . ▁Pot ts ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 0 . ▁Kn own ▁publications ▁include ▁Ber gen ' s ▁Marine ▁Engine er ▁( 1 8 8 4 ), ▁P ott ' s ▁M ining ▁Register ▁and ▁Directory ▁for ▁the ▁Co al ▁and ▁Iron stone ▁Tr ades ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland ▁( 1 8 9 3 ) ▁and ▁T yn em outh ▁Pri ory , ▁by ▁Can on ▁Herbert ▁S . ▁H icks ▁( 1 9 1 0 ). ▁ ▁Bey ond ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁the ▁company ▁released ▁occas ional ▁publications ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁J . ▁D . ▁Pot ts . ▁Kn own ▁publications ▁include ▁T yn es ide ▁Rec itations ▁& ▁Other ▁Po ems , ▁by ▁T . ▁Campbell ▁( 1 9 2 8 ). ▁ ▁Most ▁recently , ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁has ▁carbon ▁offset ▁its ▁entire ▁operation ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁cert ified ▁Car bon ▁Bal anced ▁Public ation ▁Print ing ▁Company |
▁( as ▁of ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ). ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁Car bon ▁Bal anced ▁printing ▁company ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁of ▁England . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁William ▁John ▁Pot ts ▁established ▁W . ▁J . ▁Pot ts ▁& ▁Son ▁and ▁began ▁trad ing ▁from ▁the ▁Atlas ▁Print ing ▁and ▁Publishing ▁Works ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Union ▁and ▁Cam den ▁Street , ▁North ▁Sh ield s . ▁John ▁D ry den ▁Pot ts ▁was ▁running ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁ren aming ▁it ▁John ▁D ▁Pot ts ▁and ▁moving ▁to ▁Little ▁Bed ford ▁Street , ▁North ▁Sh ield s . ▁His ▁son ▁George ▁joined ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁The ▁company ▁surv ived ▁both ▁world ▁wars , ▁although ▁it ▁ceased ▁trad ing ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁between ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁as ▁the ▁propriet or ▁and ▁staff ▁were ▁called ▁up ▁for ▁military ▁service . ▁The ▁business ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁as ▁Pot ts ▁Pr inter s ▁Limited ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁with ▁George ▁Pot ts ▁as ▁Man aging ▁Director . ▁Stuart ▁C ouch , ▁future ▁Chair man , ▁joined ▁as ▁an ▁app rent ice ▁compos itor ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁becoming ▁General ▁Manager ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁and ▁Works ▁Director ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Stuart ▁C ouch ▁was |
▁appointed ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁re located ▁to ▁Water ville ▁Road , ▁North ▁Sh ield s . ▁The ▁current ▁Chair man ▁and ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Michael ▁Sand ford - C ouch , ▁son ▁of ▁Stuart , ▁joined ▁the ▁company ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁took ▁control ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁the ▁company ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁ ▁H Q ▁and ▁print ▁facility ▁named ▁Atlas ▁House , ▁in ▁Nelson ▁Park , ▁C ram ling ton , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁currently ▁trad ing . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁re brand ed ▁as ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁Ltd . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁company ▁achieved ▁Car bon ▁Bal anced ▁Public ation ▁Print ing ▁Company ▁status . ▁ ▁Exp ansion ▁▁ ▁Since ▁becoming ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ), ▁the ▁company ▁has ▁continued ▁to ▁invest ▁in ▁equipment ▁and ▁human ▁resources . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁employees ▁grew ▁from ▁ 1 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 6 5 ▁people ▁between ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁During ▁that ▁time ▁the ▁company ▁inv ested ▁over ▁£ 1 . 3 mill ion ▁in ▁a ▁third ▁Roland ▁ 7 0 0 ▁B 1 ▁printing ▁press , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁X ero x ▁ 4 1 1 2 ▁digital ▁press ▁and ▁a ▁Bu hr s ▁BB 3 0 0 ▁en velope ▁en clos ing ▁machine ▁for ▁its ▁direct |
▁mail ▁division . ▁Turn over ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁was ▁£ 1 2 mill ion , ▁with ▁a ▁project ed ▁£ 1 5 mill ion ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁A war eness ▁▁ ▁The ▁printing ▁industry ▁has ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁environmental ▁standards ▁that ▁some ▁printing ▁companies ▁choose ▁to ▁comp ly ▁with . ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁is ▁acc red ited ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁standards : ▁ISO ▁ 1 4 0 0 1 ▁- ▁Environment al ▁Management ▁System , ▁F SC ▁- ▁Forest ▁Ste ward ship ▁Council , ▁P E FC ▁- ▁Program me ▁for ▁the ▁End ors ement ▁of ▁Forest ▁Cert ification ▁ ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁has ▁developed ▁its ▁own ▁environmental ▁brand ▁called ▁Pot ts ▁Green Print . ▁The ▁mark ▁represents ▁the ▁following ▁environmental ▁efforts ▁that ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁act ively ▁pract icing ▁and ▁encourag ing : ▁Water less ▁printing , ▁ ▁Al co hol - free ▁printing , ▁chemical - free ▁pl atem aking , ▁ ▁Veg et able - based ▁in ks , ▁using ▁paper ▁from ▁sust ain able ▁sources , ▁Rec y cling ▁of ▁was tes , ▁and ▁printing ▁its ▁internal ▁news letter ▁on ▁waste ▁material . ▁ ▁Acc red itations ▁& ▁M embers hips ▁▁ ▁Pot ts ▁Print ▁( UK ) ▁holds ▁ ▁acc red itations ▁from ▁ISO ▁ 9 0 0 1 ▁- ▁Qu ality ▁Management ▁System , ▁O HS AS ▁ 1 8 0 0 1 ▁- ▁Occ up ational ▁Health ▁& ▁Saf ety |
, ▁and ▁the ▁B RC ▁- ▁British ▁Ret ail ▁Cons ort ium ▁Appro ved ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁professional ▁organis ations : ▁ ▁NE CC ▁- ▁North ▁East ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Com merce , ▁NE PA ▁- ▁North ▁East ▁Public ity ▁Association , ▁I OM 3 ▁- ▁Institute ▁of ▁Pack aging . ▁▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁previously ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁D MA ▁- ▁Direct ▁Mark eting ▁Association , ▁but ▁despite ▁no ▁longer ▁being ▁a ▁member , ▁continues ▁to ▁advert ise ▁itself ▁as ▁a ▁member . ▁ ▁Social ▁Media ▁▁ ▁The ▁company ▁uses ▁social ▁networking ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁market ing ▁itself ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁se cur ing ▁new ▁business . ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁active ▁on ▁Twitter , ▁Facebook , ▁Linked In , ▁G ow alla , ▁Del icious ▁and ▁V ime o . ▁It ▁also ▁publish es ▁the ▁Atlas ▁View ▁blog . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Company ▁main page ▁ ▁Category : Print ing ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Pack aging ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : 1 8 7 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England ▁Category : Pub lish ing ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁Category : B rit ish ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁North umber land <0x0A> </s> ▁Leo ▁" The ▁Lion " ▁Math isen ▁( 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Dan |
ish ▁jazz ▁pian ist , ▁composer , ▁arr anger , ▁singer ▁and ▁band le ader . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁leading ▁figure ▁of ▁the ▁th riv ing ▁Dan ish ▁scene ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁around ▁World ▁War ▁II — a ▁period ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁label led ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁Jazz — and ▁he ▁is ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁and ▁original ▁jazz ▁mus icians ▁of ▁his ▁day . ▁ ▁Math isen ' s ▁main ▁source ▁of ▁insp iration ▁was ▁F ats ▁W aller , ▁both ▁his ▁piano ▁play ▁and ▁his ▁singing , ▁but ▁the ▁later ▁years ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁saw ▁some ▁be b op ▁influence . ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁tracks ▁are ▁" Take ▁It ▁E asy " ▁and ▁" To ▁Be ▁or ▁Not ▁to ▁Be ". ▁His ▁nick name ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁his ▁first ▁name ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁M GM ' s ▁mas cot ▁Leo ▁the ▁Lion . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁remembered ▁for ▁his ▁characteristic ▁appearance ▁with ▁his ▁flat , ▁cent r ally ▁part ed ▁hair , ▁his ▁thin ▁m oust ache ▁and , ▁most ▁not ably , ▁his ▁fond ness ▁of ▁large ▁cig ars . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁career ▁Leo ▁Math isen ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁C open hagen ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁He ▁worked ▁in ▁a ▁record ▁shop , ▁listened ▁to ▁records ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁copy ▁the ▁virt u os ic ▁piano ▁playing ▁that ▁he ▁heard . ▁After ▁comple ting ▁a ▁merchant ▁education , ▁he ▁started ▁working ▁profession ally ▁as ▁a |
▁pian ist ▁in ▁restaurant ▁Arena ▁and ▁with ▁K ai ▁E w ans ' ▁band ▁in ▁R estaur ant ▁Ad lon . ▁The ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁also ▁recorded ▁his ▁first ▁album , ▁The ▁More ▁We ▁Are ▁T ogether , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Victor ▁Corn el ius . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁he ▁was ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁tri o ▁with ▁Otto ▁L ington ▁and ▁An ker ▁Sk j old borg . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁through ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁he ▁performed ▁with ▁Ad rian ▁Rol lin i ' s ▁or chestra ▁Germany ▁and ▁Sweden ▁and ▁with ▁Max ▁Le f k os ' ▁band ▁in ▁Germany ▁and ▁Sweden . ▁ ▁With ▁own ▁bands ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Math isen ▁formed ▁his ▁own ▁band ▁and ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁he ▁led ▁various ▁acc laimed ▁orch est ras ▁which ▁performed ▁in ▁restaur ants ▁in ▁C open hagen ▁and ▁tou red ▁in ▁Sc and in avia ▁after ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁also ▁in ▁Germany . ▁They ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁backup ▁bands ▁for ▁various ▁popular ▁sing ers . ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁his ▁band ▁were ▁Erik ▁Parker , ▁Henry ▁H agem ann ▁and ▁John ▁Ste ff ensen ▁while ▁the ▁tr ump eter ▁J ør gen ▁R yg ▁joined ▁the ▁ensemble ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁During ▁the ▁war , ▁a ▁time ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁label led ▁as ▁the ▁Golden ▁Age ▁of ▁Dan ish ▁Jazz , ▁he ▁reached |
▁huge ▁popular ity , ▁particularly ▁at ▁the ▁München ▁establishment ▁where ▁he ▁performed ▁regularly ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁during ▁the ▁Occ up ation ▁of ▁Den mark . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁forb idden ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁English , ▁he ▁res orted ▁to ▁sc at ▁singing ▁with ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁C open hagen - English ▁sound . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁he ▁performed ▁as ▁a ▁solo ▁pian ist ▁around ▁Den mark ▁but ▁in ▁spring ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁he ▁retired ▁from ▁music ▁altogether ▁due ▁to ▁health ▁problems . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁is ▁inter red ▁on ▁the ▁Marie b jer g ▁C emetery ▁in ▁Gent of te ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁C open hagen . ▁ ▁Works ▁Math isen ▁recorded ▁numerous ▁albums ▁with ▁his ▁band , ▁often ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁compos itions . ▁His ▁main ▁source ▁of ▁insp iration ▁was ▁F ats ▁W aller , ▁both ▁in ▁his ▁piano ▁play ▁and ▁in ▁his ▁singing , ▁and ▁particularly ▁his ▁record ings ▁from ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁among ▁the ▁swing ▁music ' s ▁fin est . ▁His ▁most ▁famous ▁songs ▁are ▁" Take ▁It ▁E asy " ▁and ▁" To ▁Be ▁or ▁Not ▁to ▁Be ". ▁With ▁larger ▁orch est ras ▁he ▁recorded ▁tracks ▁such ▁as ▁" Long ▁Sh adows ", ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁typical ▁example ▁of ▁his ▁original ▁arrang ements . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁he ▁retired ▁from ▁music ▁due ▁to ▁health |
▁problems . ▁ ▁Math isen ▁also ▁recorded ▁popular ▁hits ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁such ▁as ▁Lion el ▁Ham pton ' s ▁" H ey ! ▁Ba - B a - Re - B op ", ▁" F ive ▁Min utes ▁More ", ▁" N ear ▁Y o " ▁and ▁" M ak in ' ▁Who ope e ". ▁With ▁Erik ▁Park erm ▁he ▁also ▁created ▁Dan ish ▁lyr ics ▁to ▁songs ▁such ▁as ▁De ▁ 2 4 ▁R ø vere ▁that ▁F ats ▁W aller ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁and ▁Jack ▁Mc V ea ' s ▁" The ▁Key ' s ▁in ▁the ▁Mail box ". ▁ ▁In ▁films ▁Leo ▁Math isen ▁appears ▁as ▁himself ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁ 5 ▁ras ke ▁p iger ▁( 1 9 3 3 ), ▁ 7 - 9 - 1 3 ▁( 1 9 3 4 ), ▁Mit ▁liv ▁er ▁mus ik ▁( 1 9 4 4 ) ▁and ▁Te at ert os set ▁( 1 9 4 4 ). ▁ ▁His ▁music ▁is ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁films ▁Der ▁var ▁eng ang ▁en ▁k rig ▁( 1 9 6 6 ), ▁Mid t ▁i ▁en ▁j az zt id ▁( 1 9 6 9 ) ▁and ▁in ▁I ▁T v illing ern es ▁t egn ▁( 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁the ▁bi ographical ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁film ▁Take ▁it ▁E asy , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁played ▁by ▁Edd ie ▁Sk ol ler . ▁ ▁He |
▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁series ▁Mat ador ▁episode ▁ 5 ▁as ▁an ▁up - and - coming ▁pian ist . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Dan ish ▁jazz ▁compos ers ▁Category : Dan ish ▁jazz ▁mus icians ▁Category : Dan ish ▁jazz ▁pian ists ▁Category : Dan ish ▁jazz ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁pian ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁compos ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dan ish ▁sing ers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Dan ish ▁mus icians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁Walk ▁of ▁Stars ▁is ▁a ▁walk ▁of ▁fame ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings , ▁California , ▁where ▁" G old en ▁Pal m ▁Stars ", ▁hon oring ▁various ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁greater ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁area , ▁are ▁embedded ▁in ▁the ▁side walk ▁pav ement . ▁The ▁walk ▁includes ▁port ions ▁of ▁Pal m ▁C any on ▁Drive , ▁T ah qu itz ▁C any on ▁Way , ▁La ▁Pla za ▁Court ▁and ▁Museum ▁Drive . ▁Among ▁those ▁hon ored ▁are ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁show ▁business ▁personal ities , ▁literary ▁figures ▁( auth ors , ▁play w right s , ▁screen writ ers ), ▁pione ers ▁and ▁civ ic ▁leaders ▁( ear ly ▁sett lers , ▁trib al ▁leaders , ▁civ ic ▁personal ities ), |
▁human it ari ans , ▁and ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ients . ▁This ▁listing ▁is ▁a ▁selection ▁of ▁notable ▁people ▁so ▁hon ored . ▁ ▁The ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁Walk ▁of ▁Stars ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁by ▁Ger hard ▁F ren zel ▁and ▁Barbara ▁F oster - H end erson . ▁The ▁first ▁induction ▁ceremony ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁and ▁included ▁Walk ▁of ▁Fame ▁chairman ▁Johnny ▁Grant . ▁The ▁first ▁five ▁Golden ▁Pal m ▁Stars ▁were ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Ear le ▁C . ▁Stre be , ▁William ▁Pow ell , ▁Ruby ▁Ke eler , ▁Charles ▁Far rell ▁and ▁Ralph ▁Bell amy . ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁the ▁Walk ▁of ▁Stars ▁spons or ▁and ▁City ▁of ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁announced ▁a ▁temporary ▁susp ension ▁of ▁installing ▁new ▁stars ▁while ▁they ▁review ed ▁the ▁selection ▁criteria . ▁ ▁Hon ore es ▁ ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ients ▁Five ▁Medal ▁of ▁Honor ▁recip ients ▁from ▁the ▁Co ach ella ▁Valley ▁were ▁hon ored ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁V eter ans ▁Day ▁hol iday . ▁ ▁Form er ▁Pres idents ▁These ▁former ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁area ▁after ▁their ▁ret irement . ▁ ▁Show ▁business ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁has ▁been ▁famous ▁as ▁a ▁winter ▁resort ▁and ▁second ▁home ▁community ▁for ▁personal ities ▁in ▁show ▁business . ▁These ▁hon ore es ▁include ▁actors , ▁perform ers , |
▁direct ors ▁and ▁cinemat ograph ers ▁of ▁stage , ▁radio , ▁film , ▁and ▁television . ▁ ▁P ione ers , ▁civ ic ▁leaders , ▁and ▁other ▁contrib utors ▁Early ▁pione ers ▁and ▁other ▁contrib utors ▁to ▁the ▁community ▁are ▁also ▁hon ored . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁These ▁hon ore es ▁include ▁authors , ▁play w right s , ▁screen writ ers , ▁sing ers , ▁compos ers ▁and ▁mus icians . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁people ▁from ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings , ▁California ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wal ks ▁of ▁fame ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁may ors ▁of ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings , ▁California ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings ▁Walk ▁of ▁Stars ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Com merce ▁– ▁official ▁website ▁for ▁Walk ▁of ▁Stars ▁ ▁Category : P alm ▁Spr ings , ▁California ▁Category : W al ks ▁of ▁fame ▁People ▁Category : H alls ▁of ▁fame ▁in ▁California ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁cele brit ies ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings , ▁California ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁people ▁from ▁California ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Pal m ▁Spr ings , ▁California ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar got ▁C ly ne ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁racing ▁cycl ist , ▁who ▁currently ▁r ides ▁for ▁U CI ▁Women ' s ▁Cont inental ▁Team ▁. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ |
▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁female ▁cycl ists ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁Govern ors ▁of ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁state ▁of ▁Amazon as . ▁ ▁Imperial ▁Period ▁Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁ ▁The ▁Republic ▁Period ▁Govern ors ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Amazon as ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Encyclop ædia ▁Britannica ▁do ▁Brasil , ▁volume ▁ 5 , ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁▁▁ ▁Amazon as ▁* G ov <0x0A> </s> ▁Famil ial ▁hem i ple g ic ▁mig raine ▁( F H M ) ▁is ▁an ▁aut os om al ▁dominant ▁type ▁of ▁hem i ple g ic ▁mig raine ▁that ▁typically ▁includes ▁weak ness ▁of ▁half ▁the ▁body ▁which ▁can ▁last ▁for ▁hours , ▁days , ▁or ▁weeks . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁accompanied ▁by ▁other ▁sympt oms , ▁such ▁as ▁at ax ia , ▁com a , ▁and ▁par al ysis . ▁Mig raine ▁attacks ▁may ▁be ▁prov oked ▁by ▁minor ▁head ▁tra uma . ▁Some ▁cases ▁of ▁minor ▁head ▁tra uma ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁hem i ple g ic ▁mig raine ▁can ▁develop ▁into ▁delayed ▁c ere br al ▁ed ema , ▁a ▁life - th re aten ing ▁medical ▁emer gency . ▁C lin ical ▁overlap ▁occurs ▁in ▁some ▁F H M ▁patients ▁with ▁epis od ic ▁at ax ia ▁type ▁ 2 ▁and ▁spin oc ere bell ar ▁at ax ia |
▁type ▁ 6 , ▁ben ign ▁famil ial ▁infant ile ▁ep ile ps y , ▁and ▁altern ating ▁hem i ple gia ▁of ▁child hood . ▁ ▁Three ▁gen etic ▁lo ci ▁for ▁F H M ▁ ▁are ▁known . ▁F H M 1 , ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁about ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁F H M ▁patients , ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁mut ations ▁in ▁a ▁gene ▁coding ▁for ▁the ▁P / Q - type ▁calci um ▁channel ▁α ▁sub unit , ▁C AC NA 1 A . ▁F H M 1 ▁is ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁c ere bell ar ▁deg ener ation . ▁F H M 2 , ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁cases , ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁/ - AT P ase ▁gene ▁ATP 1 A 2 . ▁F H M 3 ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁sub type ▁of ▁F H M ▁and ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁mut ations ▁in ▁a ▁sod ium ▁channel ▁α - sub unit ▁coding ▁gene , ▁SC N 1 A . ▁These ▁three ▁sub types ▁do ▁not ▁account ▁for ▁all ▁cases ▁of ▁F H M , ▁suggesting ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁other ▁loc us ▁( F H M 4 ). ▁ ▁Also , ▁non famil ial ▁cases ▁of ▁hem i ple g ic ▁mig raine ▁are ▁seen , ▁term ed ▁sp or adic ▁hem i ple g ic ▁mig raine . ▁These ▁cases ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁causes ▁as ▁the ▁famil ial ▁cases ▁and ▁represent ▁de |
▁nov o ▁mut ations . ▁Sp or adic ▁cases ▁are ▁also ▁clin ically ▁identical ▁to ▁famil ial ▁cases ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁known ▁family ▁history ▁of ▁attacks . ▁ ▁Sign s ▁and ▁sympt oms ▁F H M ▁signs ▁overlap ▁significantly ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁mig raine ▁with ▁a ura . ▁In ▁short , ▁F H M ▁is ▁typ ified ▁by ▁mig raine ▁with ▁a ura ▁associated ▁with ▁hem ip ares is , ▁and ▁in ▁F H M 1 , ▁c ere bell ar ▁deg ener ation , ▁which ▁can ▁result ▁in ▁epis od ic ▁or ▁progress ive ▁at ax ia . ▁F H M ▁can ▁also ▁present ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁signs ▁as ▁ben ign ▁famil ial ▁infant ile ▁conv uls ions ▁and ▁altern ating ▁hem i ple gia ▁of ▁child hood . ▁Other ▁sympt oms ▁are ▁alter ed ▁conscious ness ▁( in ▁fact , ▁some ▁cases ▁seem ▁related ▁to ▁head ▁tra uma ), ▁gaz e - ev oked ▁n yst ag mus , ▁and ▁com a . ▁A ura ▁sympt oms , ▁such ▁as ▁num b ness ▁and ▁bl urr ing ▁of ▁vision , ▁typically ▁persist ▁for ▁ 3 0 – 6 0 ▁minutes , ▁but ▁can ▁last ▁for ▁weeks ▁to ▁months . ▁An ▁attack ▁res emb les ▁a ▁stroke , ▁but ▁unlike ▁a ▁stroke , ▁it ▁resol ves ▁in ▁time . ▁These ▁signs ▁typically ▁first ▁manifest ▁themselves ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁or ▁second ▁de cade ▁of ▁life . ▁ ▁C aus es ▁See ▁the ▁equivalent ▁section ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁mig raine |
▁article . ▁ ▁F H M ▁mut ations ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁lead ▁to ▁mig raine ▁sus cept ibility ▁by ▁lower ing ▁the ▁threshold ▁for ▁cort ical - sp reading - de pression ▁generation . ▁The ▁F H M 1 ▁and ▁F H M 3 ▁mut ations ▁occur ▁in ▁ion ▁channels ▁expressed ▁in ▁neur ons . ▁These ▁mut ations ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁both ▁the ▁hyper - ▁and ▁hy po ex c itable ▁neur ons ▁that ▁might ▁under lie ▁cort ical - sp reading - de pression . ▁How ▁the ▁mut ations ▁seen ▁in ▁F H M 2 ▁patients ▁might ▁lead ▁to ▁F H M ▁sympt oms ▁is ▁even ▁less ▁clear , ▁as ▁the ▁gene ▁mut ated ▁in ▁F H M 2 ▁is ▁expressed ▁primarily ▁in ▁ast ro cy tes . ▁One ▁proposal ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁dep olar ization ▁of ▁ast ro cy tes ▁caused ▁by ▁ha p lo ins u ffic iency ▁of ▁the ▁ATP 1 A 2 ▁/ - AT P ase ▁causes ▁increased ▁release ▁of ▁comp ounds ▁such ▁as ▁ad en os ine ▁from ▁ast ro cy tes . ▁These ▁comp ounds ▁then ▁interact ▁with ▁neighbor ing ▁neur ons , ▁alter ing ▁their ▁exc it ability ▁and ▁leading ▁to ▁cort ical - sp reading - de pression ▁and ▁mig raine . ▁ ▁Path oph ys i ology ▁ ▁F H M 1 ▁( C AC NA 1 A ) ▁The ▁first ▁discovered ▁F H M ▁loc us ▁was ▁the ▁C AC NA 1 A ▁gene ▁( origin ally ▁named ▁C AC NL |
1 A 4 ), ▁which ▁enc odes ▁the ▁P / Q - type ▁calci um ▁channel ▁Ca V 2 . 1 . ▁Currently , ▁ 1 7 ▁ ▁mut ations ▁in ▁this ▁channel ▁are ▁known ▁( table ▁ 1 ), ▁and ▁these ▁mut ations ▁are ▁distributed ▁throughout ▁the ▁channel . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁mut ations ▁result ▁in ▁patients ▁with ▁notable ▁c ere bell ar ▁deg ener ation ▁or ▁other ▁d ys function , ▁including ▁one ▁mut ation ▁( S 2 1 8 L ), ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁related ▁to ▁severe ▁responses ▁to ▁m ild ▁conc uss ion , ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁including ▁delayed ▁c ere br al ▁ed ema , ▁com a , ▁and ▁death . ▁Fif te een ▁of ▁these ▁mut ants ▁have ▁received ▁at ▁least ▁some ▁further ▁analysis ▁at ▁the ▁electro phys i ological ▁level ▁to ▁attempt ▁to ▁determine ▁how ▁they ▁might ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁F H M 1 ▁phen ot ype . ▁Con trad iction ▁in ▁the ▁literature ▁is ▁increasing ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁mut ations ▁on ▁channel ▁k inet ics ▁and ▁neur onal ▁exc it ability . ▁ ▁A ▁good ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁contradiction ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁the ▁literature ▁regarding ▁the ▁R 1 9 2 Q ▁mut ation . ▁The ▁first ▁investigation ▁of ▁this ▁mut ation , ▁using ▁the ▁rabb it ▁is o form ▁of ▁the ▁channel ▁expressed ▁in ▁o ocy tes , ▁found ▁that ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁alter ▁any ▁measured ▁channel ▁properties . ▁A ▁subsequent ▁report , ▁using ▁human ▁channels ▁expressed ▁in ▁HE K |
2 9 3 ▁cells , ▁found ▁a ▁small , ▁hyper pol ar izing ▁shift ▁in ▁the ▁mid point ▁for ▁activation , ▁a ▁result ▁common ▁among ▁F H M 1 ▁mut ants . ▁This ▁shift ▁results ▁in ▁channels ▁that ▁open ▁at ▁more ▁negative ▁potential s , ▁thus ▁have ▁a ▁higher ▁open ▁probability ▁than ▁wild - type ▁channels ▁at ▁most ▁potential s . ▁This ▁report ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁R 1 9 2 Q ▁mut ant ▁produced ▁almost ▁twice ▁as ▁much ▁whole - cell ▁current ▁compared ▁to ▁wild - type ▁channels . ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁single ▁channel ▁conduct ance , ▁but ▁to ▁an ▁equivalent ▁increase ▁in ▁channel ▁density . ▁A ▁subsequent ▁group ▁noticed ▁that ▁this ▁mut ation ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁region ▁important ▁for ▁mod ulation ▁by ▁G ▁protein - cou ple d ▁re cept ors ▁( G PC R s ). ▁G PC R ▁activation ▁leads ▁to ▁in hib ition ▁of ▁wild - type ▁Ca V 2 . 1 ▁curr ents . ▁R 1 9 2 Q ▁mut ant ▁channel ▁curr ents ▁are ▁also ▁decre ased ▁by ▁G PC R ▁activation , ▁but ▁by ▁a ▁smaller ▁amount . ▁A ▁more ▁recent ▁group ▁has ▁confirmed ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁results ▁by ▁creating ▁a ▁R 1 9 2 Q ▁knock - in ▁mouse . ▁They ▁confirmed ▁that ▁the ▁R 1 9 2 Q ▁mut ant ▁activ ates ▁at ▁more ▁negative ▁potential s ▁and ▁that ▁neur ons ▁producing ▁these ▁channels ▁have ▁much ▁larger ▁whole - cell ▁current . ▁This ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁much ▁larger |
▁quant al ▁content ▁( the ▁number ▁of ▁ne uro trans mit ter ▁packets ▁released ▁per ▁action ▁potential ) ▁and ▁generally ▁en hanced ▁ne uro trans mit ter ▁release ▁in ▁R 1 9 2 Q - express ing ▁neur ons ▁versus ▁wild - type . ▁Con sequently , ▁these ▁mut ant ▁m ice ▁were ▁more ▁sus cept ible ▁to ▁cort ical - sp reading - de pression ▁than ▁their ▁wild - type ▁counter parts . ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁experiments ▁on ▁this ▁mut ant , ▁however , ▁have ▁contrad icted ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁results . ▁In ▁Ca V 2 . 1 ▁knock out ▁neur ons ▁trans fect ed ▁with ▁human ▁channels , ▁P / Q - type ▁curr ents ▁from ▁mut ant ▁channels ▁are ▁actually ▁smaller ▁than ▁their ▁wild - type ▁counter part . ▁They ▁also ▁found ▁a ▁significant ▁decrease ▁in ▁calci um ▁infl ux ▁during ▁dep olar ization , ▁leading ▁to ▁decre ased ▁quant al ▁content , ▁in ▁mut ant ▁versus ▁wild - type ▁express ing ▁neur ons . ▁Ne ur ons ▁express ing ▁mut ant ▁channels ▁were ▁also ▁less ▁able ▁to ▁medi ate ▁in hib itory ▁input ▁and ▁have ▁smaller ▁in hib itory ▁posts yn apt ic ▁curr ents ▁through ▁P / Q - type ▁channels . ▁Further ▁testing ▁with ▁this ▁and ▁other ▁mut ants ▁is ▁required ▁to ▁determine ▁their ▁end ▁effect ▁on ▁human ▁phys i ology . ▁ ▁F H M 2 ▁( AT P 1 A 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁sub type ▁of ▁famil ial ▁hem i ple g ic |
▁mig raine , ▁F H M 2 , ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁mut ations ▁in ▁the ▁gene ▁ATP 1 A 2 ▁that ▁enc odes ▁a ▁/ - AT P ase . ▁This ▁/ - AT P ase ▁is ▁heavily ▁expressed ▁in ▁ast ro cy tes ▁and ▁helps ▁to ▁set ▁and ▁maintain ▁their ▁revers al ▁potential . ▁Tw enty - n ine ▁known ▁mut ations ▁in ▁this ▁gene ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁F H M 2 ▁( table ▁ 2 ), ▁many ▁clust ering ▁in ▁the ▁large ▁int rac ell ular ▁loop ▁between ▁memb rane - sp anning ▁segments ▁ 4 ▁and ▁ 5 ▁( figure ▁ 1 ). ▁Tw elve ▁of ▁these ▁mut ations ▁have ▁been ▁studied ▁by ▁expression ▁in ▁model ▁cells . ▁All ▁but ▁one ▁have ▁shown ▁either ▁complete ▁loss ▁of ▁function ▁or ▁more ▁complex ▁decre ases ▁in ▁ATP ase ▁activity ▁or ▁pot ass ium ▁sens itivity . ▁Ast ro cy tes ▁express ing ▁these ▁mut ant ▁ion ▁p umps ▁will ▁have ▁much ▁higher ▁rest ing ▁potential s ▁and ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁lead ▁to ▁disease ▁through ▁a ▁poor ly ▁understood ▁mechanism . ▁ ▁F H M 3 ▁( SC N 1 A ) ▁The ▁final ▁known ▁loc us ▁F H M 3 ▁is ▁the ▁SC N 1 A ▁gene , ▁which ▁enc odes ▁a ▁sod ium ▁channel ▁α ▁sub unit . ▁The ▁only ▁study ▁so ▁far ▁that ▁has ▁found ▁mut ations ▁in ▁this ▁gene ▁discovered ▁the ▁same ▁Q 1 4 8 9 K ▁mut ation ▁in ▁three ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁families ▁( 1 |
5 %) ▁with ▁ 1 1 ▁other ▁kind red s ▁( 5 5 %) ▁already ▁having ▁mut ations ▁in ▁C AC NA 1 A ▁or ▁ATP 1 A 2 . ▁This ▁mut ation ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁a ▁highly ▁conser ved ▁region ▁of ▁an ▁int rac ell ular ▁loop ▁connecting ▁domains ▁three ▁and ▁four . ▁This ▁mut ation ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁greatly ▁hast ened ▁( two - ▁to ▁four - fold ) ▁recovery ▁from ▁in activ ation ▁compared ▁to ▁wild - type . ▁As ▁this ▁channel ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁action ▁potential ▁generation ▁in ▁neur ons , ▁ ▁the ▁Q 1 4 8 9 K ▁mut ant ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁hyp ere xc itable ▁neur ons . ▁ ▁F H M 4 ▁( 1 q 3 1 ) ▁The ▁final ▁loc us ▁for ▁F H M ▁maps ▁to ▁the ▁q - arm ▁of ▁chrom os ome ▁ 1 . ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁attract ive ▁candidate ▁gen es ▁occur ▁in ▁this ▁area , ▁though ▁no ▁mut ations ▁in ▁them ▁have ▁yet ▁been ▁linked ▁to ▁F H M 4 . ▁ ▁Other ▁gen etic ▁associations ▁A ▁fourth ▁gene ▁associated ▁with ▁this ▁condition ▁is ▁the ▁pro line - rich ▁transm emb rane ▁protein ▁ 2 ▁( PR RT 2 ▁gene ) ▁- ▁an ▁ax onal ▁protein ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁ex oc yt osis ▁complex . ▁ ▁A ▁fifth ▁gene ▁associated ▁with ▁this ▁condition ▁is ▁S LC 4 A 4 , ▁which ▁enc odes ▁the ▁electro gen ic ▁Na H CO 3 ▁cot r ans porter ▁N |
BC e 1 . ▁ ▁Di agn osis ▁Di agn osis ▁of ▁F H M ▁is ▁made ▁according ▁to ▁these ▁criteria : ▁Two ▁attacks ▁of ▁each ▁of : ▁A ura ▁with ▁motor ▁weak ness ▁accompanied ▁by ▁either ▁revers ible ▁visual ▁sympt oms ▁( f lick ering ▁lights , ▁sp ots , ▁lines , ▁etc .), ▁revers ible ▁sens ory ▁sympt oms ▁( p ins ▁and ▁need les , ▁num b ness , ▁etc .) ▁or ▁speech ▁sympt oms ▁At ▁least ▁two ▁occurr ences ▁of : ▁One ▁or ▁more ▁a ura ▁sympt oms ▁that ▁develop ▁over ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 ▁minutes ▁These ▁sympt oms ▁last ing ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 ▁minutes ▁and ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁Head ache ▁beginning ▁within ▁ 6 0 ▁minutes ▁of ▁a ura ▁on set : ▁These ▁head aches ▁can ▁last ▁ 4 – 7 2 ▁hours , ▁occur ▁on ▁only ▁one ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁head , ▁p uls ate , ▁be ▁of ▁moder ate ▁to ▁severe ▁intensity , ▁and ▁may ▁be ▁ag gra v ated ▁by ▁common ▁physical ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁walking . ▁These ▁head aches ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁accompanied ▁by ▁n ause a / v om iting , ▁ph on oph ob ia ▁( av oid ance ▁of ▁sound ▁due ▁to ▁hyp ers ens itivity ), ▁and / or ▁phot oph ob ia ▁( av oid ance ▁of ▁light ▁due ▁to ▁hyp ers ens itivity ). ▁At ▁least ▁one ▁close ▁( first - ▁or ▁second - deg ree ) ▁relative ▁with ▁F H M ▁No ▁other |
▁likely ▁cause ▁ ▁Sp or adic ▁forms ▁follow ▁the ▁same ▁di agnostic ▁criteria , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁family ▁history . ▁ ▁In ▁all ▁cases , ▁family ▁and ▁patient ▁histor ies ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁diagn osis . ▁Bra in - im aging ▁techniques , ▁such ▁as ▁M RI , ▁C AT ▁scan , ▁and ▁S PE CT , ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁signs ▁of ▁other ▁famil ial ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁C AD AS IL ▁or ▁mit och ond rial ▁disease , ▁and ▁for ▁evidence ▁of ▁c ere bell ar ▁deg ener ation . ▁With ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁caus ative ▁gen es , ▁gen etic ▁sequ encing ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁verify ▁diagn osis ▁( though ▁not ▁all ▁gen etic ▁lo ci ▁are ▁known ). ▁ ▁Screen ing ▁P ren atal ▁screen ing ▁is ▁not ▁typically ▁done ▁for ▁F H M , ▁but ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁performed ▁if ▁requested . ▁As ▁pen et rance ▁is ▁high , ▁individuals ▁found ▁to ▁carry ▁mut ations ▁should ▁be ▁expected ▁to ▁develop ▁signs ▁of ▁F H M ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁Management ▁See ▁the ▁equivalent ▁section ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁mig raine ▁article . ▁ ▁People ▁with ▁F H M ▁are ▁encourag ed ▁to ▁avoid ▁activities ▁that ▁may ▁trigger ▁their ▁attacks . ▁Minor ▁head ▁tra uma ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁attack ▁precip it ant , ▁so ▁F H M ▁suffer ers ▁should ▁avoid ▁contact ▁sports . ▁Ac et az ol am ide ▁or ▁standard ▁dru gs ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁to ▁treat ▁attacks , ▁though ▁those |
▁leading ▁to ▁v aso con str iction ▁should ▁be ▁avoided ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁stroke . ▁ ▁Ep ide mi ology ▁Mig raine ▁itself ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁common ▁dis order , ▁occurr ing ▁in ▁ 1 5 – 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁H emi ple g ic ▁mig raine , ▁be ▁it ▁famil ial ▁or ▁sp ont aneous , ▁is ▁less ▁pre val ent , ▁at ▁ 0 . 0 1 % ▁pre val ence ▁according ▁to ▁one ▁report . ▁Women ▁are ▁three ▁times ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁affected ▁than ▁males . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Channel op ath y ▁ ▁Also ▁caused ▁by ▁calci um ▁channel ▁mut ations : ▁Child hood ▁absence ▁ep ile ps y ▁Hyp ok alem ic ▁periodic ▁par al ysis ▁Ju ven ile ▁my oc l onic ▁ep ile ps y ▁M align ant ▁hyper ther m ia ▁Tim othy ▁synd rome ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Gene Re views / NC BI / NI H / U W ▁entry ▁on ▁Famil ial ▁H emi ple g ic ▁Mig raine ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Channel op ath ies ▁Category : Head aches ▁Category : R are ▁dise ases <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁F . ▁L . ▁Am es ▁Gard ener ' s ▁C ott age ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁resident ial ▁house ▁in ▁North ▁East on , ▁Massachusetts . ▁This ▁building ▁was ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 ▁by ▁noted ▁American ▁architect ▁Henry ▁Hob son ▁Richard son ▁and ▁built ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁This ▁building ▁s |
its ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁Am es ▁estate ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁neighbor ing ▁Am es ▁Gate ▁L odge ▁( also ▁a ▁Richard son ▁design ). ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es ▁also ▁commission ed ▁Richard son ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁nearby ▁Old ▁Col ony ▁Rail road ▁Station . ▁Two ▁other ▁notable ▁buildings ▁in ▁North ▁East on , ▁the ▁Am es ▁Free ▁Library ▁and ▁O akes ▁Am es ▁Memorial ▁Hall , ▁were ▁also ▁Richard son ▁designs ▁and ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Am es ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁exterior ▁of ▁the ▁Gard ener ' s ▁house ▁has ▁been ▁renov ated ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁easily ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁Richard son ▁building . ▁However ▁the ▁foot print ▁and ▁structure ▁remain ▁int act , ▁including ▁a ▁circular ▁tower ▁on ▁one ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁The ▁iv y - cover ed ▁walls , ▁long ▁associated ▁with ▁this ▁building , ▁were ▁removed ▁during ▁the ▁renov ation . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁H . ▁H . ▁Richard son ▁Historic ▁District ▁of ▁North ▁East on ▁North ▁East on ▁Historic ▁District ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁Category : Hen ry ▁Hob son ▁Richard son ▁buildings ▁Category : Rich ard son ian ▁Roman es que ▁architecture ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Br istol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H istor ic ▁district ▁contrib uting ▁properties ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : But ler – A mes ▁family ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Places ▁in ▁Br istol ▁County |
, ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Dia ph ore olis ▁flav ov ult a , ▁the ▁yellow - head ▁a e olid ▁or ▁yellow - head ▁c uth ona , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sl ug , ▁an ▁a e olid ▁n ud ib ranch , ▁a ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usc ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tr in ches i idae . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁species ▁was ▁described ▁from ▁inner ▁Mon ter ey ▁Bay , ▁California , ▁United ▁States . ▁Report ed ▁along ▁the ▁East ▁Pacific ▁coast line ▁of ▁America ▁from ▁Kay ost ia ▁Beach , ▁Cl all am ▁County , ▁Washington ▁State ▁to ▁Haz ard ▁C any on , ▁San ▁Luis ▁Ob is po ▁County , ▁California . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Tr in ches i idae ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁crypt ogram ▁is ▁a ▁short , ▁c oded ▁text . ▁ ▁C rypt ogram ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁The ▁C rypt ogram , ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁David ▁Mam et ▁ ▁C rypt og rams , ▁a ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁De er h unter ▁ ▁A ▁news letter ▁published ▁by ▁Bruce ▁Schne ier ▁ ▁A ▁journal ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁C rypt ogram ▁Association ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁C rypt og am , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁plant ▁ ▁C rypt ogram ma , ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁f ern s <0x0A> </s> ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁( ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 |
9 7 5 ▁Indian ▁T amil - language ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁film ▁written ▁and ▁directed ▁by ▁K . ▁Bal ach ander . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Kam al ▁Ha as an , ▁Sund ar ra jan , ▁S riv id ya ▁and ▁Jay as ud ha ▁while ▁N ages h ▁and ▁Raj in ikan th , ▁in ▁his ▁debut , ▁play ▁supporting ▁roles . ▁It ▁revol ves ▁around ▁Pr as anna ▁( Ha as an ) ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁the ▁much ▁older ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁( S riv id ya ) ▁while ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁daughter ▁Ran j ani ▁( J ay as ud ha ) ▁is ▁drawn ▁to ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁father ▁Mah end ran ▁( S und ar ra jan ). ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁four ▁characters ▁and ▁their ▁problems . ▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang als ▁theme ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁r iddle ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁fol kt ale ▁collection ▁B ait al ▁P ach isi ▁about ▁a ▁king ▁marry ing ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁marry ing ▁her ▁mother , ▁and ▁V et ala , ▁the ▁r idd ler ▁asking ▁Vik ram ad ity a ▁what ▁would ▁be ▁their ▁kin ship ▁relations ▁if ▁these ▁cou ples ▁were ▁to ▁be get ▁children . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁V . ▁G ov ind ar aj an ▁and ▁J . ▁Dur ais amy ▁under ▁Kal ak endra ▁Films , ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁B . ▁S |
. ▁Lok an ath ▁and ▁edited ▁by ▁N . ▁R . ▁K itt u ; ▁the ▁music ▁is ▁composed ▁by ▁M . ▁S . ▁Vis wan athan . ▁Un like ▁many ▁contempor aneous ▁T amil ▁films , ▁it ▁was ▁shot ▁entirely ▁in ▁real ▁houses ▁for ▁inter iors ▁without ▁building ▁sets , ▁as ▁Bal ach ander ▁wanted ▁a ▁more ▁authentic ▁narr ation ▁to ▁be ▁convey ed . ▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Despite ▁expl oring ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁relationships ▁between ▁people ▁with ▁wide ▁age ▁g aps , ▁which ▁challeng ed ▁Indian ▁social ▁m ores , ▁it ▁received ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁commercial ▁success , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁break through ▁for ▁S riv id ya ▁and ▁Ha as an . ▁The ▁film ▁won ▁three ▁National ▁Film ▁Awards , ▁including ▁Best ▁Fe ature ▁Film ▁in ▁T amil , ▁and ▁three ▁Film fare ▁Awards ▁South ▁in ▁the ▁T amil ▁branch : ▁Best ▁Fe ature ▁Film , ▁Best ▁Director ▁for ▁Bal ach ander ▁and ▁Best ▁A ctor ▁for ▁Ha as an . ▁It ▁was ▁re made ▁in ▁Tel ug u ▁as ▁Th oor pu ▁Pad am ara ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁where ▁S riv id ya ▁repr ised ▁her ▁role , ▁and ▁in ▁H indi ▁as ▁Ek ▁N ai ▁P ah eli ▁( 1 9 8 4 ) ▁where ▁Bal ach ander ▁and ▁Ha as an ▁repr ised ▁their ▁duties . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Pr as anna |
▁is ▁a ▁youth ▁who ▁indul ges ▁in ▁several ▁revolution ary ▁activities , ▁against ▁the ▁wishes ▁of ▁his ▁father , ▁wid ower ▁Mah end ran . ▁During ▁one ▁such ▁activity , ▁Mah end ran ▁helps ▁the ▁police ▁arrest ▁Pr as anna , ▁which ▁wid ens ▁the ▁already ▁existing ▁r ift ▁between ▁them . ▁After ▁his ▁release , ▁Pr as anna ▁opts ▁to ▁stay ▁away ▁from ▁his ▁h omet own ▁Bang al ore ▁and ▁reaches ▁Mad ras . ▁One ▁day , ▁Pr as anna ▁is ▁be aten ▁up ▁for ▁ab using ▁the ▁passengers ▁of ▁a ▁car ▁that ▁spl ashed ▁water ▁on ▁him . ▁Car n atic ▁singer ▁Bh ai ra vi , ▁returning ▁home ▁after ▁a ▁k atch eri , ▁not ices ▁him ▁lying ▁un cons cious ▁on ▁the ▁road side , ▁takes ▁him ▁home ▁and ▁gets ▁him ▁treated . ▁At ▁her ▁request , ▁Pr as anna ▁continues ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁her ▁house ▁even ▁after ▁recover ing ▁and ▁slowly ▁becomes ▁very ▁passion ate ▁about ▁her , ▁despite ▁her ▁being ▁much ▁older . ▁ ▁Before ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁arrival , ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁adopted ▁daughter ▁Ran j ani , ▁who ▁really ▁bel ieves ▁she ▁was ▁adopted ▁by ▁Bh ai ra vi , ▁lear ns ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁actually ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁bi ological ▁daughter ▁born ▁out ▁of ▁wed lock . ▁Unable ▁to ▁dig est ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁hyp oc ris y , ▁she ▁runs ▁away ▁from ▁home ▁and ▁meets ▁Mah end ran ▁in ▁Bang al ore ▁while |
▁trying ▁to ▁sell ▁some ▁items . ▁She ▁ends ▁up ▁stay ing ▁at ▁his ▁house ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁at ▁his ▁request . ▁Im pressed ▁by ▁his ▁love ▁for ▁his ▁dece ased ▁wife ▁and ▁long ing ▁for ▁his ▁son ▁Pr as anna ▁who ▁left ▁him , ▁and ▁his ▁commit ment ▁to ▁help ▁her , ▁she ▁express es ▁a ▁desire ▁to ▁marry ▁him , ▁despite ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁old ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁her ▁father . ▁ ▁Both ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁and ▁Mah end ran ▁reject ▁the ▁propos als ▁of ▁Pr as anna ▁and ▁Ran j ani , ▁cit ing ▁their ▁age ▁difference ▁and ▁other ▁situations , ▁but ▁with ▁per se ver ance , ▁Pr as anna ▁and ▁Ran j ani ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁conv ince ▁them ▁on ▁how ▁their ▁respective ▁mar ri ages ▁can ▁work . ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁accept ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁proposal ▁when ▁he ▁ends ▁his ▁revolution ary ▁activities ▁and ▁takes ▁up ▁music ▁for ▁her ▁sake , ▁becoming ▁a ▁m rid ang am ▁player . ▁When ▁Pr as anna ▁is ▁happy ▁at ▁getting ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁accept ance , ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁ex - lo ver ▁P and i yan , ▁father ▁of ▁Ran j ani , ▁turns ▁up ▁to ▁meet ▁her ▁and ▁apolog ise . ▁Pr as anna ▁does ▁not ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁meet ▁her ▁and , ▁as ▁P and i yan ▁is ▁dying ▁from ▁blood ▁cancer , ▁Pr as anna ▁takes ▁him ▁away ▁for ▁treatment ▁at |
▁his ▁place . ▁He ▁tells ▁P and i yan ▁of ▁his ▁plan ▁to ▁marry ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁and ▁see ks ▁his ▁co - operation ▁by ▁not ▁meeting ▁her , ▁to ▁which ▁P and i yan ▁agre es . ▁ ▁Mah end ran , ▁seeing ▁an ▁advert is ement ▁issued ▁by ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁about ▁her ▁missing ▁daughter , ▁comes ▁to ▁meet ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁at ▁her ▁house ▁and ▁sees ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁photograph ▁there . ▁He ▁real ises ▁they ▁are ▁in ▁love . ▁Mah end ran ▁advert ises ▁about ▁his ▁missing ▁son ▁which ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁sees , ▁so ▁she ▁tells ▁Pr as anna ▁to ▁get ▁his ▁father ' s ▁consent ▁before ▁marry ing ▁her . ▁They ▁both ▁meet ▁Mah end ran , ▁who ▁introdu ces ▁Ran j ani ▁as ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁future ▁mother ▁since ▁she ▁is ▁his ▁future ▁wife . ▁A ▁r iddle ▁is ▁explained : ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁wife ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁his ▁father ' s ▁wife , ▁meaning ▁Ran j ani ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁mother - in - law ▁of ▁her ▁own ▁mother ▁and ▁Mah end ran ▁will ▁be ▁the ▁son - in - law ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁son . ▁Mah end ran ▁asks ▁Pr as anna ▁how ▁this ▁r iddle ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁cleared ▁in ▁their ▁case . ▁ ▁During ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁next ▁k atch eri , ▁where ▁Pr as anna ▁is ▁a ▁m rid ang am ▁player , ▁Bh ai |
ra vi ▁s ings ▁" K el vi y in ▁N ay ag ane , ▁Ind ha ▁Kel vik ku ▁Bad h il ▁Ed h ay ya ?" ▁( Oh ▁hero ▁of ▁the ▁question , ▁what ▁is ▁the ▁answer ▁to ▁this ▁question ? ). ▁Ran j ani ▁changes ▁her ▁mind ▁course ▁and ▁joins ▁her ▁mother ▁by ▁singing ▁in ▁the ▁concert . ▁Ob ser ving ▁this , ▁Pr as anna ▁also ▁changes ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁joins ▁his ▁father . ▁When ▁all ▁these ▁issues ▁are ▁cleared , ▁P and i yan ▁sends ▁a ▁note ▁to ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁k atch eri . ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁searches ▁for ▁him ▁after ▁the ▁k atch eri ▁ends ▁and ▁finds ▁him ▁dead ▁with ▁a ▁note ▁in ▁his ▁hand , ▁wish ing ▁her ▁well ▁with ▁Pr as anna . ▁She ▁er ases ▁the ▁k um k uma ▁from ▁her ▁fore head ▁to ▁declare ▁herself ▁a ▁wid ow ▁and ▁leaves ▁with ▁Ran j ani , ▁while ▁Pr as anna ▁joins ▁Mah end ran . ▁ ▁Cast ▁▁▁ ▁Kam al ▁Ha as an ▁as ▁Pr as anna ▁ ▁Sund ar ra jan ▁as ▁Mah end ran ▁ ▁S riv id ya ▁as ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁ ▁Jay as ud ha ▁as ▁Ran j ani ▁ ▁N ages h ▁as ▁S uri ▁/ ▁H ari ▁ ▁Raj in ikan th ▁as ▁P and i yan ▁ ▁Additionally , ▁K ann adas an , ▁Ja ish ank ar ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Mad ras - based |
▁United ▁Am ateur ▁Art istes ▁make ▁" friend ly ▁appearances ". ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁The ▁Indian ▁fol kt ale ▁collection ▁B ait al ▁P ach isi ▁features ▁many ▁stories ▁where ▁the ▁g host - like ▁being ▁V et ala ▁pos es ▁many ▁r idd les ▁to ▁Vik ram ad ity a , ▁who ▁does ▁not ▁answer ▁V et ala ' s ▁final ▁r iddle ▁as ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁one : ▁a ▁king ▁mar ries ▁a ▁woman ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁mar ries ▁her ▁mother ; ▁V et ala ▁asks , ▁" If ▁these ▁cou ples ▁were ▁to ▁be get ▁children , ▁what ▁would ▁be ▁their ▁kin ship ▁relations ?" ▁This ▁r iddle ▁inspired ▁K . ▁Bal ach ander ▁to ▁write ▁the ▁script ▁of ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al , ▁which ▁he ▁would ▁also ▁direct . ▁V . ▁G ov ind ar aj an ▁and ▁J . ▁Dur ais amy ▁produced ▁the ▁film ▁under ▁their ▁production ▁b anner , ▁Kal ak endra ▁Films . ▁B . ▁S . ▁Lok an ath ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁cinemat ograph er ▁and ▁N . ▁R . ▁K itt u ▁as ▁the ▁editor , ▁while ▁Ram as amy ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁art ▁director . ▁ ▁W riter ▁N . ▁R . ▁Das an ▁accused ▁Bal ach ander ▁of ▁pl ag iar ising ▁Ver um ▁Mann , ▁a ▁story ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁former ▁for ▁the ▁magazine ▁K ann adas an . ▁The ▁matter ▁was ▁taken ▁to ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁High ▁Court , ▁and |
▁Das an ▁won ▁the ▁case ; ▁although ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁money ; ▁the ▁judge ▁ordered ▁Bal ach ander ▁to ▁pay ▁him ▁ ▁as ▁fine . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁▁ ▁Kam al ▁Ha as an ▁was ▁cast ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁Pr as anna . ▁He ▁spent ▁seven ▁months ▁learning ▁to ▁play ▁the ▁m rid ang am ▁as ▁required ▁for ▁the ▁role . ▁S riv id ya ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁play ▁Bh ai ra vi , ▁and ▁Jay as ud ha ▁as ▁her ▁daughter ▁Ran j ani , ▁while ▁Major ▁Sund ar ra jan ▁( cred ited ▁simply ▁as ▁Sund ar ra jan ) ▁port rayed ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁father ▁Mah end ran , ▁and ▁N ages h ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁doctor ▁S uri ▁who ▁lives ▁a ▁double ▁life ▁as ▁a ▁dr unk ard ▁named ▁H ari . ▁Po et ▁K ann adas an ▁and ▁actor ▁Ja ish ank ar ▁made ▁" friend ly ▁appearances " ▁as ▁themselves ▁alongside ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Mad ras - based ▁United ▁Am ateur ▁Art istes . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁the ▁debut ▁of ▁Sh iv aj i ▁R ao ▁Ga ek wad , ▁who ▁later ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁T amil ▁cinema ' s ▁biggest ▁stars , ▁Raj in ikan th . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁student ▁at ▁the ▁Mad ras ▁Film ▁Institute , ▁and ▁Bal ach ander , ▁who ▁came ▁to ▁the ▁inst itute , ▁met ▁Ga ek wad . ▁He ▁was ▁im pressed ▁by ▁his ▁appearance : ▁his ▁" f rag ile " ▁health , |
▁" power ful " ▁eyes , ▁" ch is elled " ▁face ▁and ▁dark ▁skin ▁without ▁seeing ▁them ▁as ▁neg atives , ▁and ▁wonder ed , ▁" Why ▁shouldn ' t ▁I ▁take ▁this ▁boy , ▁give ▁him ▁a ▁good ▁role , ▁and ▁see ▁what ▁can ▁be ▁drawn ▁out ▁of ▁him ? ". ▁The ▁script ▁of ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁had ▁been ▁read ied , ▁and ▁Bal ach ander ▁wanted ▁Ga ek wad ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁" small ▁but ▁interesting ▁part ", ▁which ▁he ▁agreed ▁to . ▁The ▁part ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁ex - lo ver ▁P and i yan . ▁ ▁As ▁Ga ek wad , ▁who ▁primarily ▁spoke ▁K ann ada ▁and ▁his ▁native ▁Mar ath i , ▁was ▁only ▁" t ang entially ▁familiar " ▁with ▁T amil , ▁Bal ach ander ▁ad vised ▁him ▁to ▁learn ▁the ▁language . ▁Ga ek wad ▁pract ised ▁by ▁speaking ▁only ▁in ▁T amil ▁with ▁his ▁friend ▁R aja ▁Bah add ur , ▁a ▁native ▁T amil ▁speaker ; ▁he ▁master ed ▁the ▁language ▁in ▁ 2 0 ▁days . ▁After ▁again ▁meeting ▁Bal ach ander ▁and ▁impress ing ▁him ▁with ▁his ▁T amil , ▁he ▁was ▁cast . ▁When ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁giving ▁Ga ek wad ▁a ▁screen ▁name , ▁Bal ach ander ▁had ▁three ▁options : ▁Raj in ikan th , ▁Ch and rak anth ▁and ▁S rik anth . ▁He ▁chose ▁Raj in ikan th , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁A |
. ▁V . ▁M . ▁Raj an ' s ▁character ▁from ▁his ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁film ▁Major ▁Ch and rak anth ; ▁the ▁name ▁means ▁" Col our ▁of ▁Night ", ▁which ▁refers ▁to ▁Ga ek wad ' s ▁skin ▁colour , ▁though ▁it ▁was ▁miss pel led ▁in ▁the ▁cred its ▁as ▁" ர <0xE0> <0xAE> <0x9C> ன ி க ா ந ் த ் " ▁( R aj an ikan th ). ▁ ▁Fil ming ▁ ▁Un like ▁many ▁contempor aneous ▁T amil ▁films , ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁was ▁shot ▁entirely ▁in ▁real ▁houses ▁for ▁inter iors ▁without ▁building ▁sets , ▁as ▁Bal ach ander ▁wanted ▁a ▁more ▁authentic ▁narr ation ▁to ▁be ▁convey ed . ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Lok an ath , ▁he ▁found ▁houses ▁which ▁belonged ▁to ▁A . ▁V . ▁Me iy app an ' s ▁family ▁members ; ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁was ▁Me iy app an ' s ▁own ▁house , ▁Ch ett iar ▁B ung al ow . ▁For ▁Pr as anna ' s ▁looks , ▁Ha as an ▁kept ▁his ▁m oust ache ▁thin ▁and ▁hair ▁long ▁while ▁sport ing ▁bell - bottom s ▁and ▁pol o ▁sh ir ts . ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁G . ▁D han an j ay an , ▁the ▁song ▁" A this aya ▁Ra ag am " ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁the ▁cas hew ▁far ms ▁of ▁V GP ▁Golden ▁Beach ; ▁however , ▁Ros h ne ▁Bal as ub |
ram an ian ▁of ▁The ▁Indian ▁Express ▁said ▁it ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁the ▁The osoph ical ▁Society ▁Ad yar . ▁The ▁camera ▁was ▁moved ▁manually ▁by ▁the ▁cam er aman ▁at ▁this ▁time , ▁without ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁t rol ley . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁interview ▁with ▁Red iff , ▁Jay as ud ha ▁re called ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁hard ▁port ray ing ▁a ▁girl ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁a ▁much ▁older ▁man : ▁" Bal ach ander ▁Sir ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁t ough ▁task master . ▁He ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁satisfied ▁unless ▁he ▁got ▁ 1 0 0 ▁per ▁cent ▁from ▁you . ▁He ▁used ▁to ▁repr im and ▁me ▁and ▁shout ▁at ▁me ▁if ▁I ▁mess ed ▁up ." ▁She ▁also ▁had ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁s ari , ▁and ▁needed ▁help ▁since ▁she ▁had ▁never ▁worn ▁one ▁before . ▁ ▁P and i yan ' s ▁introduction ▁scene ▁where ▁he ▁opens ▁the ▁gate ▁of ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁house ▁was ▁fil med ▁at ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 st ▁C res cent ▁Park ▁Road , ▁Gand hi ▁Nag ar ; ▁the ▁first ▁dialog ue ▁he ▁speak s ▁during ▁this ▁scene ▁is ▁" B hai ra vi ▁Ve edu ▁Id hu ▁Th a ana ?" ▁( Is ▁ ▁Bh ai ra vi ' s ▁house ? ). ▁The ▁scene ▁was ▁shot ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁when ▁Bal ach ander ▁gave ▁Raj in ikan th ▁his |
▁name ; ▁it ▁was ▁approved ▁only ▁after ▁five ▁or ▁six ▁takes . ▁For ▁the ▁character ' s ▁looks , ▁Raj in ikan th ▁sport ed ▁a ▁stub ble ▁and ▁wore ▁a ▁loose - f itting ▁suit , ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁dust - filled ▁coat , ▁lo os ely ▁worn ▁tie , ▁un t uck ed ▁sh irt ▁and ▁tr ous ers ; ▁his ▁make - up ▁was ▁done ▁by ▁R . ▁Sund ar amo orth y . ▁During ▁the ▁initial ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁principal ▁phot ography , ▁he ▁found ▁Bal ach ander ' s ▁direct ing ▁methods ▁very ▁difficult ▁to ▁follow . ▁N ages h , ▁who ▁observed ▁his ▁difficulty , ▁told ▁him , ▁" Don ' t ▁get ▁t ensed ▁up . ▁Just ▁im itate ▁whatever ▁Bal ach ander ▁is ▁doing . ▁That ' s ▁what ▁I ’ m ▁doing ▁as ▁well !" ▁After ▁listening ▁to ▁N ages h ' s ▁advice , ▁it ▁became ▁easier ▁for ▁Raj in ikan th ▁to ▁complete ▁his ▁port ions ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁final ▁re el ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁. ▁ ▁Th emes ▁▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁expl ores ▁the ▁concept ▁of ▁relationships ▁between ▁people ▁with ▁wide ▁age ▁g aps , ▁which ▁challeng ed ▁Indian ▁social ▁m ores . ▁Although ▁it ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁B ait al ▁P ach isi ▁r iddle , ▁it ▁has ▁frequently ▁been ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁film ▁ 4 0 ▁Car ats ▁( 1 9 7 3 ), ▁which ▁narr ated |
▁the ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁wid ow ▁who ▁falls ▁in ▁love ▁with ▁a ▁much ▁younger ▁man . ▁In ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al , ▁Ran j ani ▁often ▁pos es ▁the ▁r iddle ▁" En n ud aya ▁app a ▁y aar uk ku ▁ma aman aro , ▁av ar ud aya ▁mar um ag alin ▁app a ▁en ▁mag an uk ku ▁ma aman ar . ▁App a ▁av ar uk k um ▁en ak k um ▁en na ▁u rav u ?" ▁( My ▁father ▁is ▁father - in - law ▁to ▁someone ; ▁that ▁person ' s ▁daughter - in - law ' s ▁father ▁is ▁my ▁son ' s ▁father - in - law . ▁What ▁is ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁me ? ), ▁sum ming ▁up ▁the ▁film ' s ▁theme . ▁While ▁the ▁source ▁r iddle ▁in ▁B ait al ▁P ach isi ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁an ▁answer , ▁G . ▁D han an j ay an ▁cons iders ▁that ▁the ▁answer ▁to ▁the ▁film ' s ▁r iddle ▁is , ▁" for ▁a ▁husband , ▁the ▁relation ▁is ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁for ▁the ▁wife , ▁the ▁relation ▁is ▁her ▁husband ". ▁ ▁Because ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁lead ▁characters ▁is ▁a ▁Car n atic ▁singer , ▁the ▁film ▁uses ▁various ▁Car n atic ▁music ▁terms ▁as ▁place hold ers ▁to ▁carry ▁forward ▁the ▁narr ative . ▁The ▁first ▁is ▁" S ar ali ▁Var is ai ", ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁beginner ▁less ons ▁that |
▁Car n atic ▁music ▁students ▁learn ; ▁" M oh an am ", ▁meaning ▁en chant ment ▁or ▁inf atu ation , ▁appears ▁when ▁Pr as anna ▁falls ▁in ▁love ; ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁ends ▁with ▁" M ang al am ", ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁closing ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁k atch eri . ▁The ▁female ▁lead ▁characters ▁are ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Car n atic ▁rag as ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁and ▁Ran j ani . ▁During ▁P and i yan ' s ▁first ▁appearance , ▁" S r uth i ▁Bed ham " ▁( Change ▁of ▁Sr uth i ) ▁appears ; ▁historian ▁Moh an ▁Ram an ▁said ▁that ▁by ▁including ▁these ▁words , ▁Bal ach ander ▁" me ant ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁who ▁changed ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁would ▁also ▁the ▁change ▁the ▁industry ", ▁whereas ▁An and ▁K umar ▁R S ▁of ▁The ▁News ▁Min ute ▁says ▁the ▁term , ▁which ▁also ▁means ▁" p itch ▁dist ort ion ", ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁symbol ise ▁P and i yan ▁making ▁" an ▁entry ▁at ▁the ▁wrong ▁time ". ▁ ▁Bal ach ander ▁said ▁P and i yan ' s ▁first ▁shot ▁was ▁deliber ate ▁and ▁representative ▁of ▁Raj in ikan th ▁making ▁an ▁entry ▁into ▁cinema . ▁According ▁to ▁critic ▁Nam an ▁Ram ach and ran , ▁the ▁character ▁is ▁not ▁entirely ▁villa in ous ▁despite ▁popular ▁belief ; ▁he ▁commits ▁no ▁villa in ous ▁act ▁during ▁his ▁screen ▁time , ▁only ▁having ▁desert ed ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁after |
▁im pre gn ating ▁her ▁off screen , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁he ▁volunt arily ▁agre es ▁to ▁be ▁away ▁from ▁her ▁after ▁real ising ▁she ▁is ▁content ▁with ▁Pr as anna . ▁Ram ach and ran ▁said ▁three ▁things ▁happening ▁soon ▁after ▁P and i yan ' s ▁death ▁prove ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁villa in : ▁the ▁music ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁is ▁the ▁type ▁usually ▁played ▁when ▁a ▁sympath etic ▁character ▁dies ; ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁er ases ▁her ▁k um k uma , ▁like ▁any ▁Indian ▁woman ▁would ▁upon ▁becoming ▁a ▁wid ow ; ▁and ▁P and i yan ▁is ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁holding ▁a ▁note ▁saying ▁his ▁last ▁wish ▁is ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁ra ga ▁and ▁t ala ▁meet , ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁proposed ▁joint ▁performance ▁of ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁( a ▁singer ) ▁and ▁Pr as anna ▁( a ▁m rid ang am ▁player ). ▁ ▁Music ▁▁ ▁The ▁sound track ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁M . ▁S . ▁Vis wan athan ▁and ▁the ▁lyr ics ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁K ann adas an . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁as ▁LP ▁under ▁the ▁label ▁E MI ▁with ▁H M V ▁logo . ▁Two ▁songs ▁are ▁rag am al ik as , ▁i . e . ▁compos itions ▁having ▁different ▁vers es ▁set ▁to ▁different ▁rag as . ▁" Y ez hu ▁Sw ar ang al uk k ul " ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁Pan th u var ali , ▁K amb ho ji , ▁S ind hu ▁Bh ai |
ra vi ▁and ▁Ran j ani . ▁" A this aya ▁Ra ag am " ▁begins ▁in ▁Mah ati , ▁and ▁sh ifts ▁to ▁Bh ai ra vi ▁with ▁the ▁line ▁" O ru ▁Pur am ▁Pa ar tha al ". ▁" K el vi y in ▁N ay ag ane " ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁ra ga , ▁Dar b ari ▁Kan ada . ▁ ▁S inger ▁M . ▁Bal am ural ik r ish na ▁re called ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁interview , ▁" I ▁ran ▁into ▁[ M . ▁S . ▁Vis wan athan ] ▁in ▁A IR ▁who ▁was ▁setting ▁music ▁for ▁the ▁movie . ▁As ▁the ▁story ▁revol ved ▁around ▁strange ▁relationships , ▁the ▁music ▁director ▁wanted ▁to ▁introduce ▁new ▁rag as ▁to ▁go ▁with ▁the ▁ambient ▁theme . ▁I ▁offered ▁my ▁` M ah ati ' ▁scale ▁and ▁the ▁records ▁created ▁then ▁are ▁history ▁now ". ▁" Y ez hu ▁Sw ar ang al uk k ul " ▁became ▁a ▁ra ge ▁and ▁provided ▁a ▁major ▁break through ▁for ▁its ▁singer ▁V ani ▁J air am . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁When ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁Bang al ore ' s ▁Kap ali ▁theatre , ▁Raj in ikan th ▁and ▁R aja ▁Bah add ur ▁went ▁to ▁watch ▁it . ▁The ▁latter ▁re called , ▁" N ob ody ▁knew ▁that ▁he |
▁had ▁acted ▁in ▁a ▁film , ▁We ▁saw ▁the ▁film . ▁When ▁we ▁came ▁out , ▁he ▁started ▁cry ing . ▁I ▁asked ▁him , ▁" Why ▁are ▁you ▁cry ing ?" ▁He ▁said , ▁" I ' m ▁on ▁the ▁screen ▁finally , ▁I ' m ▁so ▁happy . ▁These ▁are ▁tears ▁of ▁joy ". ▁The ▁film ▁became ▁a ▁box ▁office ▁success , ▁comple ting ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 - day ▁the atr ical ▁run . ▁On ▁its ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁day , ▁Bal ach ander ▁held ▁a ▁ceremony ▁in ▁Mad ras ▁to ▁reward ▁the ▁cast ▁and ▁crew . ▁The ▁ceremony ▁was ▁attended ▁by ▁M . ▁Kar un an id hi , ▁then ▁the ▁chief ▁minister ▁of ▁T amil ▁N adu . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁received ▁critical ▁acc laim . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁The ▁H indu ▁said , ▁" K . ▁Bal ach ander ▁has ▁contributed ▁a ▁unique ▁story , ▁dialog ues ▁and ▁super b ▁direction ▁in ▁K ala ▁K endra ' s ▁[ A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ]. ▁A ▁film ▁with ▁a ▁revolution ary ▁off be at ▁theme ▁it ▁provides ▁po etic ▁experience ". ▁The ▁rev iewer ▁pra ised ▁the ▁performances ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁cast , ▁N ages h ' s ▁dual ▁role ▁performance ▁as ▁a ▁doctor ▁and ▁a ▁dr unk ard , ▁and ▁called ▁Raj in ikan th ▁" d ign ified ▁and ▁impress ive |
". ▁They ▁also ▁appreciated ▁the ▁music ▁and ▁V ani ▁J air am ' s ▁singing , ▁and ▁Lok an ath ' s ▁cinemat ography . ▁The ▁rev iewer ▁concluded , ▁" Some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁memor able ▁scenes ▁in ▁this ▁out standing ▁film ▁emer ge ▁from ▁the ▁cl ash ▁of ▁personal ities ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁odd ▁pairs . ▁The ▁end ▁should ▁satisfy ▁even ▁conserv ative ▁t ast es ▁and ▁car ries ▁a ▁subt le ▁message ▁about ▁lov ing ▁too ▁well ▁but ▁not ▁wis ely ." ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August , ▁M . ▁S . ▁U dh ay am ur thy , ▁writing ▁for ▁the ▁T amil ▁magazine ▁An anda ▁Vik atan , ▁appreciated ▁the ▁film ▁over wh el ming ly ▁for ▁its ▁quality , ▁calling ▁it ▁one ▁big ▁musical ▁concert ▁happening ▁before ▁his ▁eyes . ▁He ▁said ▁he ▁got ▁so ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁characters , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁forget ting ▁they ▁were ▁artist es ▁who ▁were ▁en act ing ▁their ▁roles ▁and ▁started ▁living ▁with ▁and ▁em path ising ▁with ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁end . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Rem akes ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁was ▁re made ▁by ▁Das ari ▁Nar ay ana ▁R ao ▁in ▁Tel ug u ▁as ▁Th oor pu ▁Pad am ara ; ▁S riv id ya ▁repr ised ▁her ▁role . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁re made ▁in ▁H indi ▁as ▁Ek ▁N ai ▁P ah eli ▁by |
▁Bal ach ander ▁himself , ▁with ▁Ha as an ▁repr ising ▁his ▁role . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁became ▁a ▁land mark ▁in ▁T amil ▁cinema , ▁and ▁a ▁major ▁break through ▁for ▁S riv id ya ▁and ▁Ha as an . ▁The ▁Times ▁of ▁India ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁" inn ov ative ▁for ▁the ▁way ▁it ▁brought ▁out ▁the ▁O ▁Henry ▁sort ▁of ▁tw ist ▁in ▁the ▁plot . ▁[ .. ] ▁It ▁was ▁experimental ▁in ▁bringing ▁out ▁complex ities ▁involved ▁in ▁relationships ▁and ▁how ▁certain ▁relationships , ▁no ▁matter ▁what , ▁do ▁not ▁leave ▁you ▁and ▁emer ge ▁ab rupt ly ▁to ▁create ▁new ▁equations ." ▁Ch it ra ▁Mah esh ▁of ▁The ▁H indu ▁wrote ▁that ▁it ▁" was ▁bold ▁and ▁un ap olog etic ▁about ▁love ▁trans c ending ▁age , ▁cas te ▁and ▁all ▁bar riers ▁one ▁can ▁think ▁of ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁after ▁Bal ach ander ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁the ▁D adas a heb ▁Ph al ke ▁Award , ▁Pav ith ra ▁S rin ivas an ▁of ▁Red iff ▁named ▁the ▁film ▁one ▁of ▁Bal ach ander ' s ▁best ▁and ▁wrote , ▁" Many ▁film m akers ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁would ▁have ▁hes itated ▁to ▁touch ▁a ▁subject ▁like ▁this , ▁particularly ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁relationships ▁were ▁still ▁being ▁g inger ly ▁tested ▁on ▁cell ul oid . ▁But ▁not ▁K ▁Bal ach ander ". ▁The ▁scene ▁where ▁a ▁dr unk |
▁H ari ▁tal ks ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁shadow ▁and ▁h urls ▁the ▁empty ▁glass ▁upon ▁it ▁while ▁saying ▁" Che ers " ▁led ▁to ▁film go ers ▁im it ating ▁him ▁and ▁throwing ▁cu ps ▁on ▁the ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁lo bb y ▁in ▁the at res . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Red iff ▁wrote , ▁" In ▁an ▁era ▁where ▁every ▁other ▁mov iem aker ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁come ▁up ▁with ▁a ▁d aring , ▁original , ▁prem ise , ▁this ▁ 2 8 - year - old ▁film ▁is ▁worth ▁remember ing . ▁A ▁tra dem ark ▁K ▁Bal ach ander ▁film , ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁show case ▁Kam al ' s ▁h istr ionic ▁ab ilities ". ▁T amil ▁Canadian ▁journalist ▁D . ▁B . ▁S . ▁J ey ar aj ▁wrote ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁" Th ough ▁N ages h ▁has ▁acted ▁in ▁many ▁different ▁roles ▁in ▁Bal ach ander ▁films , ▁one ▁sequence ▁that ▁is ▁perhaps ▁best ▁remembered ▁is ▁the ▁dr unk ard - do ctor ▁of ▁[ A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ] ." ▁Director ▁Man i ▁Rat nam ▁cred ited ▁Bal ach ander , ▁along ▁with ▁J . ▁Mah end ran ▁and ▁C . ▁V . ▁S rid har , ▁for ▁" we an ing ▁the ▁audience ▁away ▁from ▁the atr ical ity ", ▁cit ing ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ▁as ▁an ▁example : ▁" The |
▁shadow ▁of ▁the ▁woman ▁up st airs ▁dry ing ▁her ▁hair ▁falls ▁across ▁the ▁path ▁of ▁the ▁reb elli ous ▁young ▁man ▁s ne aking ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁It ▁is ▁enough ▁to ▁stop ▁him . ▁This ▁scene ▁could ▁have ▁been ▁dram atic , ▁with ▁lot ▁of ▁dialog ue . ▁Instead ▁you ▁get ▁a ▁silent ▁visual ." ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁novel ised ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁Vik atan ▁Pr as ur am . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁ ▁In ▁A this aya ▁P ira vi ▁( 1 9 9 0 ), ▁Y ama ▁( V inu ▁Ch ak ra var thy ) ▁has ▁to ▁restore ▁Ka al ai ▁( R aj in ikan th ) ▁to ▁life ▁by ▁putting ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁look ali ke . ▁He ▁shows ▁him ▁numerous ▁alternatives , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁P and i yan ▁from ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al ; ▁Ka al ai ▁ref uses ▁after ▁learning ▁that ▁P and i yan ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁die ▁of ▁blood ▁cancer . ▁In ▁Pet ta ▁( 2 0 1 9 ), ▁Ka ali ▁( R aj in ikan th ) ▁opens ▁the ▁gates ▁to ▁a ▁house ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁that ▁director ▁Kar th ik ▁Sub bar aj ▁confirmed ▁was ▁inspired ▁by ▁P and i yan ' s ▁first ▁scene ▁in ▁A po or va ▁Ra ag ang al . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁rom antic ▁drama |
▁films ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁T amil - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁films ▁Category : Best ▁T amil ▁Fe ature ▁Film ▁National ▁Film ▁Award ▁w inners ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁sing ers ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁K . ▁Bal ach ander ▁Category : Fil ms ▁involved ▁in ▁pl ag iar ism ▁controvers ies ▁Category : Fil ms ▁whose ▁cinemat ograph er ▁won ▁the ▁Best ▁Cin emat ography ▁National ▁Film ▁Award ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen plays ▁by ▁K . ▁Bal ach ander ▁Category : Ind ian ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁films ▁Category : Ind ian ▁rom antic ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : S ex ual ity ▁and ▁age ▁in ▁fiction ▁Category : T amil ▁films ▁re made ▁in ▁other ▁languages ▁Category : T amil ▁films ▁scored ▁by ▁M . ▁S . ▁Vis wan athan ▁Category : T amil - language ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Epis cop al ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁is ▁a ▁dioc ese ▁of ▁the ▁Epis cop al ▁Church ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁( EC USA ) ▁which ▁extends ▁from ▁Key ▁West , ▁Florida ▁on ▁the ▁south , ▁ ▁to ▁J ensen ▁Beach ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁ ▁and ▁in land ▁to ▁Cle w ist on ▁on ▁the ▁west . ▁ ▁Major ▁cities ▁in ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁are ▁Miami , ▁Fort ▁La ud erd ale ▁and ▁West ▁Pal m ▁Beach . ▁The ▁dioc ese ▁takes ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Miami - D |
ade ▁County , ▁Brow ard ▁County , ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁County , ▁and ▁Martin ▁County , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Florida ▁Ke ys ▁portion ▁of ▁Mon roe ▁County ▁and ▁the ▁eastern ▁part ▁of ▁Hend ry ▁County . ▁The ▁dioc ese ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Province ▁IV ▁of ▁the ▁Epis cop al ▁Church . ▁The ▁current ▁Dioc es an ▁Bishop ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁is ▁the ▁Right ▁Re ver end ▁Peter ▁E aton . ▁The ▁c athedral ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁is ▁Tr inity ▁Epis cop al ▁C athedral , ▁Miami . ▁The ▁dioc ese ▁currently ▁compr ises ▁ 8 3 ▁churches . ▁The ▁phil anth rop ic ▁out re ach ▁arm ▁of ▁the ▁Epis cop al ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁is ▁Epis cop al ▁Char ities ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁when ▁the ▁ ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁South ▁Florida ▁was ▁split ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁dioc eses ▁of ▁Central ▁Florida , ▁South west ▁Florida ▁and ▁S out heast ▁Florida . ▁ ▁B ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁The ▁B ish ops ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁are : ▁ 1 9 7 0 - 1 9 8 0 ▁James ▁L . ▁Dun can ; ▁was ▁Su ff rag an ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Epis cop al ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁South ▁Florida ▁ 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 9 ▁ 1 9 8 0 - 2 |
0 0 0 ▁Cal vin ▁Sch of ield ▁Jr . ▁ 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 6 ▁Leo ▁Fra de ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁- ▁to ▁date ▁Peter ▁E aton ; ▁was ▁co adj utor ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁NOT E : ▁For ▁earlier ▁b ish ops , ▁see ▁the ▁Epis cop al ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁South ▁Florida ▁ ▁Dean eries ▁In ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁usage ▁in ▁the ▁EC USA , ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁seven ▁de an eries ▁each ▁head ed ▁by ▁a ▁de an ▁and ▁named ▁as ▁follows : ▁▁▁ 1 . ▁The ▁Ke ys ▁( the ▁Florida ▁Ke ys ▁portion ▁of ▁Mon roe ▁County ); ▁▁ 2 . ▁South ▁D ade ▁( s ou thern ▁Miami - D ade ▁County ); ▁▁ 3 . ▁North ▁D ade ▁( nor thern ▁Miami - D ade ▁County ); ▁▁ 4 . ▁Brow ard ▁( B row ard ▁County ); ▁▁ 5 . ▁South ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁( s ou thern ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁County ); ▁and ▁▁ 6 . ▁North ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁( nor thern ▁Pal m ▁Beach ▁County , ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁eastern ▁Hend ry ▁County ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁Martin ▁County ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Epis cop al ▁Church ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁Christian ity ▁Ang lic an ▁Comm union ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁C ush man , ▁Joseph ▁D ., ▁Jr ., ▁A ▁Good ly ▁Heritage : ▁The ▁Epis cop al ▁Church ▁in ▁Florida , |
▁ 1 8 2 1 - 1 8 9 2 , ▁G aines ville : ▁University ▁of ▁Florida ▁Press ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁South west ▁Florida ▁ ▁S out heast ▁Florida ▁Category : E pis cop al ▁Church ▁in ▁Florida ▁Category : Christ ian ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁H ex cell s ▁is ▁a ▁puzz le ▁video ▁game ▁series ▁developed ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁British ▁designer ▁Matthew ▁Brown . ▁There ▁are ▁three ▁games ▁in ▁the ▁series : ▁H ex cell s , ▁H ex cell s ▁Plus , ▁and ▁H ex cell s ▁In finite . ▁ ▁Game play ▁ ▁The ▁game play ▁of ▁each ▁install ment ▁in ▁H ex cell s ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁M ines we eper . ▁Each ▁level ▁contains ▁a ▁grid ▁of ▁hex ag onal ▁orange ▁t iles . ▁Under ▁each ▁tile ▁h ides ▁a ▁shape ▁that ▁is ▁col oured ▁either ▁blue ▁or ▁black . ▁The ▁player ▁left - click s ▁a ▁tile ▁if ▁they ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁blue ▁and ▁right - click s ▁if ▁they ▁think ▁it ▁is ▁black . ▁Each ▁black ▁tile ▁and ▁some ▁blue ▁t iles ▁display ▁a ▁number ▁which ▁represents ▁how ▁many ▁blue ▁t iles ▁it ▁is ▁border ing . ▁The ▁objective ▁of ▁each ▁level ▁is ▁to ▁locate ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁blue ▁t iles ▁with ▁the ▁few est ▁mistakes . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁each ▁row , ▁column ▁and ▁diagonal ▁in ▁each ▁level ▁there ▁is |
▁a ▁number ▁which ▁displays ▁how ▁many ▁blue ▁t iles ▁there ▁are ▁in ▁that ▁section . ▁These ▁numbers , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁numbers ▁inside ▁the ▁blue ▁or ▁black ▁t iles , ▁may ▁have ▁symbols ▁surrounding ▁them : ▁cur ly ▁brackets ▁() ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁neighbour ing ▁blue ▁shapes ▁are ▁con jo ined , ▁and ▁hy ph ens ▁() ▁show ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁not . ▁ ▁Each ▁game ▁contains ▁six ▁" world s " ▁of ▁ 3 6 ▁levels , ▁and ▁H ex cell s ▁In finite ▁contains ▁an ▁extra ▁" in finite " ▁mode ▁with ▁proced ur ally ▁generated ▁levels . ▁ ▁The ▁art ▁style ▁is ▁minimal istic ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁contrast ▁between ▁the ▁orange ▁and ▁blue ▁t iles . ▁ ▁Development ▁ ▁H ex cell s ▁was ▁in ▁development ▁throughout ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁H ex cell s ▁and ▁H ex cell s ▁Plus ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁and ▁H ex cell s ▁In finite ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁The ▁games ▁have ▁been ▁commonly ▁compared ▁to ▁M ines we eper . ▁They ▁were ▁pra ised ▁for ▁their ▁simpl istic ▁art ▁style ▁and ▁contrast ive ▁colours . ▁One ▁stated ▁negative ▁was ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁making ▁mistakes . ▁ ▁H ex cell s ▁In finite ▁was ▁r ated ▁ 8 0 / 1 0 0 ▁by ▁New ▁Game ▁Network , ▁who ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁unique |
▁idea ▁based ▁around ▁the ▁age ▁old ▁concepts ▁of ▁logic ". ▁Rock ▁P aper ▁Sh ot gun ▁described ▁the ▁game ▁as ▁a ▁" l ud ic r ous ▁pleasure ▁to ▁play ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Square Cells ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁video ▁games ▁Category : IOS ▁games ▁Category : Linux ▁games ▁Category : Mac OS ▁games ▁Category : P uzz le ▁video ▁games ▁Category : Video ▁games ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Category : Windows ▁games <0x0A> </s> ▁F ols om ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁a ▁public ▁secondary ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁United ▁States , ▁located ▁in ▁F ols om , ▁California , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁east ▁of ▁Sac r amento . ▁Est ab lished ▁ ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁F ols om ▁Cord ova ▁Un ified ▁School ▁District . ▁ ▁With ▁an ▁approximate ▁student ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 , 8 0 0 ▁students ▁and ▁over ▁ 1 0 0 ▁fac ulty ▁members , ▁F HS ▁has ▁an ▁out standing ▁record ▁in ▁achiev ements , ▁being ▁named ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁News ▁best ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁News week ▁magazine ▁has ▁consist ently ▁ranked ▁F ols om ▁High ▁School ▁as ▁a ▁top ▁one ▁percent ▁high ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁nation . ▁ ▁Athletics ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁vars ity ▁cheer leading ▁squad ▁took ▁second ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Universal ▁Che er leading ▁Association |
' s ▁high ▁school ▁national ▁championship , ▁runner - up ▁to ▁Col ley ville ▁Heritage ▁of ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁Paul ▁Laur ence ▁Dun bar ▁of ▁Kentucky ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁defeated ▁Gard ena ▁ 4 8 - 2 0 ▁for ▁the ▁C IF ▁Division ▁II ▁state ▁championship . ▁The ▁team ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁future ▁NFL ▁safety ▁Jordan ▁Rich ards ▁and ▁star ▁quarter back ▁D ano ▁Gra ves . ▁Gra ves ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁Max Pre ps ▁National ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁F HS ▁quarter back ▁J ake ▁Brow ning ▁was ▁named ▁the ▁state ▁G ator ade ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁He ▁led ▁the ▁Bul ld ogs ▁to ▁another ▁section ▁championship ▁and ▁the ▁California ▁Inter sch ol astic ▁Federation ▁( C IF ) ▁Northern ▁California ▁regional ▁championship ▁game , ▁but ▁fell ▁to ▁De ▁La ▁S alle ▁of ▁Con cord . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁defeated ▁O ce ans ide ▁ 6 8 – 7 ▁for ▁the ▁C IF ▁Division ▁I ▁state ▁championship , ▁their ▁second ▁state ▁title ▁in ▁four ▁years . ▁The ▁Team ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁for ▁the ▁season ▁( 1 6 - 0 ). ▁The ▁Bul ld ogs ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁nation ▁on ▁the ▁X cell ent ▁ 2 5 , ▁presented ▁by ▁the ▁Army ▁National ▁Guard . ▁ |
▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁defeated ▁Hel ix ▁High ▁School ▁ 4 9 - 4 2 ▁for ▁the ▁C IF ▁Division ▁I ▁state ▁championship . ▁The ▁team ▁went ▁und efe ated ▁( 1 6 - 0 ) ▁for ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁football ▁team ▁defeated ▁C athedral ▁Catholic ▁High ▁School ▁ 2 1 - 1 4 ▁to ▁repeat ▁as ▁C IF ▁Division ▁I ▁state ▁champions , ▁the ▁fourth ▁state ▁title ▁in ▁ 9 ▁years . ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁ ▁John ▁Brig gs , ▁Form er ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁( Ch icago ▁C ubs , ▁Cleveland ▁Indians , ▁Kansas ▁City ▁Athletics ) ▁ ▁Mike ▁C ather , ▁Form er ▁professional ▁baseball ▁player ▁( At l anta ▁Bra ves ) ▁ ▁John ▁Jones ▁- ▁a ▁professional ▁s occer ▁player ▁ ▁Spider ▁J org ensen ▁- ▁former ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁player ▁( Bro ok lyn ▁D od gers , ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ) ▁ ▁Ryan ▁R au ▁ ▁- ▁Form er ▁Line back er ▁for ▁the ▁Miami ▁Dol ph ins ▁▁ ▁Vir g il ▁Carter ▁- ▁Form er ▁professional ▁Football ▁Qu arter back ▁( C leveland ▁Brow ns , ▁C inc inn ati ▁Beng als ) ▁ ▁Jordan ▁Rich ards ▁- ▁Saf ety ▁for ▁the ▁Baltimore ▁Rav ens ▁J ake ▁Brow ning ▁- ▁Qu arter back ▁for ▁the ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁Jon ah ▁Williams ▁- ▁Off ensive ▁T ack le ▁for ▁the ▁C inc inn ati ▁Beng als . ▁ |
▁Jos iah ▁D egu ara ▁- ▁T ight ▁End ▁for ▁the ▁Green ▁Bay ▁Pack ers . ▁ ▁Joseph ▁James ▁De Ang elo ▁- ▁Sus pected ▁Golden ▁State ▁K iller ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : F ols om , ▁California ▁Category : Public ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁California ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Sac r amento ▁County , ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁For ▁the ▁Love ▁of ▁Str ange ▁Medicine ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁solo ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Steve ▁Perry , ▁released ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁through ▁Columbia ▁Records . ▁The ▁came ▁after ▁a ▁length y ▁ 8 - year ▁hi atus ▁following ▁the ▁break up ▁of ▁J our ney . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁single ▁" You ▁Better ▁Wait " ▁received ▁radio ▁air play , ▁reaching ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Main stream ▁Rock ▁chart ▁and ▁pe aking ▁at ▁# 2 9 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁cert ified ▁gold ▁by ▁the ▁R I AA ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁tour ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁" You ng ▁He arts ▁Fore ver " ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Perry ▁as ▁a ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁late ▁friend , ▁Th in ▁L iz zy ▁front man ▁Phil ▁Lyn ott , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁J our ney ▁released ▁their ▁nin th ▁studio ▁album ▁R ais |
ed ▁on ▁Radio ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁which ▁was ▁Steve ▁Perry ' s ▁sixth ▁album ▁as ▁lead ▁singer . ▁The ▁band ▁subsequently ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁hi atus ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁After ▁the ▁split ▁Perry ▁" did n ' t ▁feel ▁the ▁passion " ▁for ▁writing ▁and ▁recording ▁music , ▁but ▁eventually ▁began ▁writing ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁album ▁with ▁mus icians ▁Lincoln ▁B rew ster , ▁Paul ▁Taylor , ▁and ▁Mo yes ▁Lucas . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁( 2 0 0 6 ▁re - release ) ▁" If ▁You ▁Need ▁Me , ▁Call ▁Me " ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁re - rec ording ▁of ▁a ▁song ▁of ▁Perry ' s ▁pre - J our ney ▁band , ▁Ali en ▁Project . ▁" One ▁More ▁Time " ▁is ▁an ▁un re leased ▁out ▁take ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁" Can ' t ▁Stop " ▁and ▁" Fri ends ▁of ▁Mine " ▁are ▁previously ▁un re leased ▁tracks ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁un re leased ▁Again st ▁the ▁Wall ▁album . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Steve ▁Perry ▁- ▁vocals ▁Lincoln ▁B rew ster ▁- ▁gu it ars , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Paul ▁Taylor ▁- ▁key boards , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Mo yes ▁Lucas ▁- ▁drums , ▁background ▁vocals ▁Larry ▁K imp el ▁- ▁bass ▁on ▁" You ▁Better ▁Wait ", ▁" You ng ▁He arts ▁Fore ver ", ▁" Stand ▁Up ", ▁" Some where ▁There ' s ▁Hope " ▁Mike |
▁Por car o ▁- ▁bass ▁on ▁" You ng ▁He arts ▁Fore ver ", ▁" I ▁Am ", ▁" For ▁the ▁Love ▁of ▁Str ange ▁Medicine ", ▁" Don na ▁Please ", ▁" List en ▁to ▁Your ▁Heart " ▁Phil ▁Brown ▁- ▁bass ▁on ▁" T ues day ▁Heart ache " ▁Jer emy ▁Lub bo ck , ▁James ▁Bart on , ▁Phil ▁Brown ▁- ▁string ▁arrangement ▁on ▁" I ▁Am " ▁Tim ▁Min er ▁- ▁bass , ▁piano , ▁key boards ▁& ▁background ▁vocals ▁on ▁" Miss ing ▁You ", ▁bass ▁& ▁piano ▁on ▁" Any way " ▁Larry ▁Dal ton ▁- ▁string ▁arrangement ▁& ▁conduct or ▁on ▁" Miss ing ▁You " ▁Dallas ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra ▁- ▁strings ▁on ▁" Miss ing ▁You " ▁Michael ▁Land au ▁- ▁gu it ars ▁on ▁" Any way " ▁Alexander ▁Brown , ▁Car men ▁Carter , ▁Jean ▁McC lain ▁- ▁backing ▁vocals ▁on ▁" Stand ▁Up " ▁and ▁" Some where ▁There ' s ▁Hope " ▁ ▁Production ▁Tra cks ▁ 1 - 4 , ▁ 7 , ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁Produ ced ▁and ▁Record ed ▁by ▁James ▁" J im bo " ▁Bart on ; ▁Production ▁Ass istant : ▁Phil ▁Brown ▁Tra cks ▁ 5 ▁& ▁ 6 ▁Produ ced ▁By ▁James ▁Bart on ▁& ▁Steve ▁Perry ▁▁ ▁Track ▁ 9 ▁Produ ced ▁By ▁Perry ▁& ▁Tim ▁Min er ▁All ▁Songs ▁Record ed ▁by ▁James ▁Bart on , ▁except ▁track ▁ 9 ▁( record ed ▁by ▁Tim |
▁Kim sey ) ▁Ass istant ▁and ▁Second ▁Rec ording ▁Engine ers : ▁De vin ▁F out z , ▁Mann y ▁Mar ro quin , ▁K yle ▁Ross , ▁Ulrich ▁Wild , ▁Rail ▁Jon ▁Rog ut ▁and ▁Bill ▁Cooper , ▁Christopher ▁C . ▁Mur phy ▁All ▁Songs ▁M ixed ▁By ▁Craig ▁Bur b idge ▁except ▁tracks ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 ▁& ▁ 6 , ▁which ▁were ▁mixed ▁by ▁N iko ▁Bol as ▁Digital ▁Edit ing : ▁Brian ▁Lee ▁Master ed ▁By ▁Bob ▁Ludwig ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁ ▁Album ▁ ▁Singles ▁The ▁following ▁singles ▁were ▁released ▁from ▁the ▁album , ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁chart ing ▁positions ▁listed . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁albums ▁Category : Ste ve ▁Perry ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁James ▁Bart on ▁( produ cer ) ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Alex x ▁Wood s ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁fict ional ▁character ▁on ▁the ▁CBS ▁crime ▁drama ▁C SI : ▁Miami , ▁port rayed ▁by ▁actress ▁K hand i ▁Alexander . ▁ ▁Character ' s ▁background ▁▁ ▁Alex x ▁Wood s , ▁originally ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California , ▁is ▁a ▁medical ▁exam iner ▁who ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Miami - D ade ▁Police ▁department ▁for ▁six ▁seasons ▁on ▁the ▁show . ▁She ▁is ▁married ▁with ▁two ▁children ▁and ▁is ▁always ▁up be at ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁good ▁bed side ▁manner ▁with ▁her ▁patients , ▁despite ▁being ▁a ▁coron er . ▁Alex x ▁has ▁a ▁t endency , ▁displayed ▁in |
▁many ▁episodes , ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁the ▁corps es ▁she ▁is ▁exam ining . ▁She ▁often ▁addresses ▁the ▁corps es ▁as ▁" s weet ie ", ▁" h oney ", ▁or ▁" b aby ▁boy / g irl " ▁in ▁a ▁mat ernal ▁way , ▁and ▁she ▁often ▁comments ▁that ▁the ▁vict ims ▁were ▁too ▁young ▁to ▁die . ▁It ▁is ▁nearly ▁her ▁mant ra . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁like ▁a ▁mat ernal ▁figure ▁to ▁her ▁colle agues , ▁especially ▁to ▁Ryan ▁and ▁Eric ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁injured . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁two ▁children , ▁a ▁son ▁Bry an ▁and ▁a ▁daughter ▁Jam ie . ▁She ' s ▁also ▁married , ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁name ▁is ▁Henry . ▁ ▁Major ▁events ▁leading ▁up ▁to ▁Alex x ▁leaving ▁C SI ▁▁ ▁As ▁mentioned ▁above , ▁Alex x ▁addresses ▁the ▁corps es ▁in ▁a ▁mat ernal ▁way . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁seen ▁address ing ▁her ▁own ▁children ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁natural ▁mat ernal ▁way ▁when ▁talking ▁about ▁" bad ▁people " ▁to ▁them ▁after ▁a ▁case ▁involving ▁a ▁child ▁( ep is ode ▁ 1 0 6 , ▁" Bro ken "). ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁E pisode ▁ 2 1 4 , ▁" S low ▁Burn ", ▁Alex x ▁has ▁a ▁near ▁death ▁encounter ▁when ▁she ▁is ▁collect ing ▁a ▁body ▁from ▁a ▁crime ▁scene ▁when ▁a ▁seem ingly ▁controlled ▁fire ▁in ▁the ▁Ever gl ades ▁becomes ▁out ▁of ▁hand ▁and ▁nearly ▁burn s ▁her ▁to ▁death . ▁C SI ▁Del ko |
▁pull s ▁out ▁a ▁fire ▁blank et ▁in ▁the ▁nick ▁of ▁time , ▁covering ▁and ▁protect ing ▁both ▁himself ▁and ▁Alex x ▁from ▁the ▁fire . ▁They ▁are ▁next ▁seen ▁being ▁taken ▁care ▁of ▁by ▁rescue . ▁Alex x ▁is ▁sh aken ▁up ▁and ▁tal ks ▁with ▁Hor atio ▁about ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁end ▁up ▁like ▁the ▁bodies ▁on ▁her ▁table . ▁ ▁Alex x ▁also ▁hosts ▁groups ▁from ▁alco hol ▁treatment ▁programs , ▁showing ▁them ▁the ▁consequences ▁( i . e ., ▁dead ▁bodies ) ▁of ▁dr unk ▁driving . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁participants , ▁a ▁young ▁former ▁Navy ▁corps man , ▁asks ▁her ▁for ▁a ▁job , ▁and ▁Alex x ▁agre es ▁to ▁a ▁one - week ▁trial . ▁When ▁a ▁flask ▁belonging ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁corps es ▁disapp ears , ▁she ▁suspect s ▁the ▁young ▁man ▁st ole ▁it . ▁However , ▁Alex x ▁later ▁disco vers ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁in ▁fact ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁fellow ▁medical ▁exam in ers , ▁Dr . ▁Glen ▁Mon roe , ▁who ▁pur lo ined ▁it , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁dead ▁man ▁wouldn ' t ▁miss ▁it . ▁Alex x ▁inform s ▁Dr . ▁Mon roe ▁that ▁if ▁he ▁does ▁not ▁report ▁himself ▁to ▁the ▁chief ▁medical ▁exam iner , ▁she ▁would . ▁Not ▁long ▁after , ▁Dr . ▁Mon roe ▁in ▁a ▁d run ken ▁stup or ▁k ills ▁himself ▁and ▁a ▁te en ager ▁when ▁he ▁gets ▁in ▁a ▁car ▁accident , ▁and ▁Alex x ▁shows ▁his ▁body ▁to ▁the ▁next |
▁group ▁of ▁alco hol ▁treatment ▁members , ▁bitter ly ▁rem inding ▁them ▁not ▁only ▁of ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁their ▁behavior ▁to ▁others ▁but ▁to ▁themselves , ▁as ▁well ▁( ep is ode ▁ 3 1 1 , ▁" Add iction "). ▁ ▁In ▁episode ▁ 3 1 6 , ▁" Nothing ▁To ▁L ose ," ▁Alex x ▁is ▁held ▁host age ▁by ▁serial ▁k iller , ▁K end rick , ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁dress ▁his ▁gun shot ▁w ound . ▁While ▁being ▁held ▁host age , ▁K end rick ▁made ▁repeated ▁thre ats ▁towards ▁her ▁children . ▁She ▁is ▁eventually ▁res cu ed ▁by ▁Hor atio ▁Ca ine . ▁K end rick ▁fle es ▁capture ▁into ▁an ▁Ever gl ades ▁wild fire . ▁His ▁body ▁is ▁later ▁identified ▁by ▁Alex x ▁when ▁she ▁recogn izes ▁her ▁own ▁hand i work ▁over ▁his ▁gun shot ▁w ound . ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁close ▁relationship ▁with ▁Hor atio ▁Ca ine ▁and ▁his ▁team ▁of ▁CS Is ▁from ▁the ▁lab , ▁and ▁cons iders ▁them ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁her ▁family . ▁This ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁fr iction ▁in ▁the ▁aut ops y ▁room ▁from ▁her ▁fellow ▁M Es ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁b oss , ▁who ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁tells ▁her ▁to ▁transfer ▁to ▁night ▁shift ▁if ▁she ▁wishes ▁to ▁have ▁any ▁future ▁prom ot ions . ▁Alex x ▁is ▁very ▁mat ernal ▁by ▁nature ▁and ▁looks ▁out ▁for ▁her ▁co - work ers ▁as ▁though ▁they ▁were ▁her ▁children . ▁This ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁season |
▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁show ▁when ▁she ▁continues ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁and ▁worry ▁about ▁Ryan ▁Wol fe ▁after ▁he ▁is ▁injured ▁by ▁a ▁n ail ▁gun . ▁She ▁gives ▁him ▁a ▁name ▁of ▁an ▁eye ▁doctor ▁after ▁she ▁bel ieves ▁his ▁experien cing ▁vision ▁troubles ▁may ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁in fection ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁tra uma ▁( ep is ode ▁ 4 1 0 , ▁" S hat tered "). ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁super f icial ly ▁injured ▁when ▁a ▁ro cket ▁is ▁launched ▁at ▁the ▁cour th ouse ▁where ▁she ▁is ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁give ▁testim ony . ▁Alex x ▁immediately ▁begins ▁to ▁treat ▁the ▁wounded ▁while ▁the ▁police ▁attempt ▁to ▁discover ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁the ▁attack ▁( ep is ode ▁ 5 1 4 , ▁" No ▁Man ' s ▁Land "). ▁When ▁Eric ▁Del ko ▁is ▁shot ▁in ▁the ▁head ▁not ▁long ▁afterwards , ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁colle agues ▁at ▁the ▁crime ▁lab ▁express ▁great ▁concern ▁over ▁his ▁well - be ing . ▁Alex x ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁injury , ▁Del ko , ▁if ▁he ▁should ▁recover , ▁might ▁not ▁be ▁the ▁same ▁person ▁they ▁knew ▁before ▁( ep is ode ▁ 5 1 5 , ▁" Man ▁Down "). ▁ ▁She ▁has ▁had ▁to ▁aut ops y ▁several ▁people ▁she ▁knew , ▁including ▁C SI ▁Tim ▁Speed le ▁( ep is ode ▁ 3 0 1 , ▁" L ost ▁Son ") ▁and ▁Officer ▁A aron ▁Jess op |
▁( ep is ode ▁ 4 2 5 , ▁" One ▁of ▁Our ▁O wn "). ▁Alex x ▁is ▁also ▁hor r ified ▁when ▁her ▁best ▁friend ' s ▁husband ▁ends ▁up ▁on ▁her ▁table . ▁And ▁far ▁from ▁his ▁being ▁the ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁random ▁shooting , ▁he ▁was ▁target ed ▁by ▁his ▁wife ' s ▁young ▁lo ver ▁at ▁her ▁instruction . ▁Despite ▁equ iv ocal ▁evidence ▁and ▁being ▁taken ▁off ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁Alex x ▁bel ieves ▁her ▁best ▁friend ▁guilty ▁of ▁setting ▁up ▁her ▁husband ' s ▁murder ▁( ep is ode ▁ 1 2 3 , ▁" Fre aks ▁and ▁Twe aks "). ▁A ▁coron er ' s ▁report ▁from ▁another ▁M . E . ▁also ▁g ains ▁her ▁attention ▁as ▁she ▁del ivers ▁it ▁to ▁Cal le igh , ▁but ▁gets ▁around ▁reading ▁it ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁she ▁can ▁read ▁ups ide ▁down . ▁ ▁After ▁much ▁cont empl ation , ▁Alex x ▁dec ides ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁going ▁to ▁leave ▁C SI . ▁In ▁the ▁episode ▁Go ing ▁Ball istic , ▁her ▁replacement , ▁Sh annon ▁H igg ins ▁( Al ison ▁Mc A te e ), ▁arriv es ▁at ▁a ▁crime ▁scene ▁and ▁was ▁murder ed ▁a ▁short ▁time ▁later . ▁Alex x ▁officially ▁res ign s ▁from ▁her ▁post ▁in ▁episode ▁ 6 1 9 , ▁" R ock ▁and ▁a ▁Hard ▁Place ." ▁Her ▁son ▁Brian ▁had ▁nearly ▁got ▁himself ▁into ▁deep ▁trouble ▁for ▁associ ating ▁with ▁ju ven ile ▁del in |
qu ents ▁and ▁she ▁realized ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁to ▁spend ▁more ▁time ▁with ▁him . ▁She ▁tells ▁Hor atio ▁that ▁" I ▁need ▁to ▁spend ▁more ▁of ▁my ▁time ▁taking ▁care ▁of ▁the ▁living ." ▁Hor atio ▁rep lies ▁saying ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁medical ▁exam iner ▁" will ▁always ▁be ▁open " ▁for ▁her . ▁Alex x ▁then ▁b ids ▁fare well ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁Gu est ▁re app ear ances ▁▁ ▁Wood s ▁is ▁seen ▁in ▁E pisode ▁ 7 1 4 , ▁" S mo ke ▁G ets ▁in ▁Your ▁C SI ' s ", ▁running ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁hospital ' s ▁emer gency ▁room ▁to ▁the ▁amb ul ance ▁where ▁an ▁un cons cious ▁C SI ▁Cal le igh ▁Du ques ne ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁st ret cher . ▁She ▁accompan ies ▁her ▁into ▁the ▁emer gency ▁room ▁and ▁is ▁seen ▁fighting ▁for ▁Cal le igh ' s ▁life . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁episode , ▁she ▁is ▁seen ▁talking ▁to ▁Hor atio ▁and ▁inv ites ▁him ▁to ▁family ▁night ▁at ▁her ▁house ▁with ▁her ▁family . ▁She ▁returned ▁for ▁the ▁e ighth - season ▁premi ere ▁of ▁the ▁show , ▁in ▁a ▁flash back ▁episode . ▁She ▁also ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁hospital ▁where ▁Eric ▁was ▁being ▁treated ▁and ▁returned ▁again ▁for ▁the ▁episode ▁" Bad ▁Se ed ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁C SI ▁Miami ▁T v . com ▁ ▁Category : C SI : ▁Miami ▁characters ▁Category : F ict ional |
▁phys icians ▁Category : F ict ional ▁medical ▁exam in ers ▁Category : F ict ional ▁African - American ▁people ▁Category : F ict ional ▁female ▁do ctors ▁Category : F ict ional ▁characters ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : T ele vision ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Category : S cient ists ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Inf obox ▁military ▁unit ▁| unit _ name = ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ▁| ▁image = B oe ing ▁NK C - 1 3 5 ▁" Big ▁Crow " ▁nose . J PE G ▁| ▁image _ size ▁= ▁ 2 9 0 ▁| caption = G reg ory ▁S . ▁Martin , ▁Commander , ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe ▁is ▁given ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁a ▁NK C - 1 3 5 ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ▁during ▁Operation ▁Ira qi ▁Fre edom ▁| dates = ▁ 1 9 4 3 – 1 9 4 5 ; ▁ 1 9 9 2 - 1 9 9 5 ; ▁ 2 0 0 3 ; ▁ 2 0 0 4 ; ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁| country = ▁| branch = ▁| type = ▁| role = Exp ed ition ary ▁operations ▁| size = ▁| command _ structure = ▁| current _ comm ander = ▁| g arrison = ▁| cer emon |
ial _ ch ief = ▁| col onel _ of _ the _ reg iment = ▁| nick name = ▁| pat ron = ▁| m otto = ▁| colors = ▁| m arch = ▁| m asc ot = ▁| b att les = ▁| ann ivers aries = ▁ ▁| ident ification _ symbol = ▁| ident ification _ symbol _ label = P atch ▁with ▁uno fficial ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group ▁em blem < ref > See ▁Ma urer , ▁Com bat ▁Units , ▁p . ▁ 2 8 4 ▁( no ▁approved ▁em blem ) </ ref > ▁| ident ification _ symbol _ 1 = Tri angle ▁W ▁| ident ification _ symbol _ 1 _ label = World ▁War ▁II ▁tail ▁mark ing ▁}} ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ▁is ▁a ▁prov is ional ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁unit ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe . ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 ▁A EG ▁may ▁be ▁activ ated ▁or ▁in activ ated ▁at ▁any ▁time . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁its ▁prede cess or ▁unit , ▁the ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group ▁( He avy ) ▁was ▁an ▁E ighth ▁Air ▁Force ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress ▁unit ▁in ▁England , ▁station ed ▁at ▁R AF ▁N uth amp st ead . ▁The ▁group ▁fle w ▁ 1 9 5 ▁combat ▁miss ions |
, ▁the ▁last ▁being ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁History ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁was ▁constit uted ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group ▁( He avy ) ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁and ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁the ▁B - 1 7 ▁F lying ▁Fort ress . ▁It ▁was ▁activ ated ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁at ▁E phr ata ▁Army ▁Air ▁Base , ▁W ash ., ▁with ▁the ▁ 6 0 0 th , ▁ 6 0 1 st , ▁ 6 0 2 d , ▁and ▁ 6 0 3 d ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Squad rons . ▁The ▁Group ▁assemble d ▁at ▁B ly the ▁Army ▁Air field , ▁California , ▁and ▁then ▁moved ▁to ▁Ge iger ▁Field , ▁Washington , ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁to ▁complete ▁training . ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁moved ▁to ▁Rap id ▁City ▁Army ▁Air ▁Base , ▁South ▁Dak ota , ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁Rep lacement ▁Training ▁Unit ▁duties . ▁Tra ined ▁ 3 2 6 ▁B - 1 7 ▁cre ws ▁from ▁August ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁but ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Year ▁revert ed ▁to ▁training ▁for ▁combat . ▁Gr ound ▁e ch el on ▁began ▁movement ▁over se as ▁on ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁unit ▁moved ▁to ▁Camp |
▁My les ▁Stand ish , ▁Massachusetts , ▁on ▁ 7 – 1 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁Person nel ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁USS ▁W ake field . ▁Sa iled ▁to ▁Boston ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁April , ▁and ▁arrived ▁in ▁Liverpool ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁ ▁M oved ▁to ▁England ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁assigned ▁to ▁E ighth ▁AF . ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁B G ▁entered ▁combat ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁and ▁until ▁V - E ▁Day ▁operated ▁primarily ▁against ▁strateg ic ▁object ives ▁in ▁Germany , ▁attack ing ▁targets ▁such ▁as ▁fact ories ▁in ▁Berlin , ▁w are h ouses ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁mar sh alling ▁yards ▁in ▁S aar br ücken , ▁sh ipping ▁facilities ▁in ▁K iel , ▁oil ▁ref iner ies ▁in ▁Mer se burg , ▁and ▁aircraft ▁plants ▁in ▁Mün ster . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁tempor arily ▁susp ended ▁strateg ic ▁miss ions ▁to ▁attack ▁coast al ▁def enses ▁and ▁enemy ▁troops ▁on ▁the ▁Cot entin ▁Pen ins ula ▁during ▁the ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Norm andy ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁group ▁struck ▁gun ▁positions ▁near ▁E ind h oven ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁air ▁attack ▁on ▁Holland ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁and ▁ra ided ▁power ▁stations , ▁rail ro ads , ▁and ▁brid ges ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Bul ge , ▁December ▁ 1 |
9 4 4 ▁– ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁group ▁fle w ▁miss ions ▁attack ing ▁air fields ▁to ▁aid ▁the ▁Al lied ▁assault ▁across ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁fle w ▁its ▁last ▁combat ▁mission , ▁attack ing ▁an ▁air field ▁in ▁P ils en , ▁Czech oslov ak ia , ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁V - E ▁Day ▁the ▁group ▁transport ed ▁liber ated ▁prisoners ▁from ▁Germany ▁to ▁France . ▁ ▁From ▁N uth amp st ead , ▁the ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ▁Group ▁fle w ▁ 1 9 5 ▁combat ▁miss ions . ▁Red ep loy ed ▁USA ▁in ▁May / J une ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁aircraft ▁left ▁on ▁ 2 1 – 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁The ▁Gr ound ▁unit ▁went ▁to ▁Green ock ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁sa iled ▁on ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁After ▁ 3 0 ▁days ▁R ▁& ▁R ▁some ▁personnel ▁assemble d ▁at ▁D rew ▁Field , ▁Florida , ▁where ▁the ▁Group ▁was ▁in activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Post ▁Cold ▁War ▁ ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁B G ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 |
9 8 th ▁Oper ations ▁Group ▁and ▁activ ated ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁React iv ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁as ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Oper ations ▁Group . ▁Ass igned ▁first ▁to ▁ 3 4 0 th ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Wing , ▁later ▁to ▁ 9 7 th ▁Air ▁M ob ility ▁Wing ▁as ▁a ▁K C - 1 3 5 ▁air ▁ref uel ing ▁group . ▁From ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁ 9 3 d ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Squadron ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁The ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁O G ▁was ▁in activ ated ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁During ▁Operation ▁Ira qi ▁Fre edom ▁the ▁title ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ▁was ▁given ▁to ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁units ▁and ▁personnel ▁operating ▁from ▁Naval ▁Support ▁Activity ▁Sou da ▁Bay , ▁Greece . ▁Colonel ▁Marc ely n ▁A . ▁At wood ▁commanded ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁unit ▁participated ▁in ▁Operation ▁Sh ining ▁Express ▁in ▁Liber ia , ▁a ▁rescue ▁operation ▁directed ▁by ▁United ▁States ▁European ▁Command ▁to ▁ev acu ate ▁civ ili ans ▁from ▁parts ▁of ▁Liber ia ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁Second ▁Liber ian ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Among ▁the ▁groups ▁contributions ▁was ▁deliver ing ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁security ▁forces ▁team |
. ▁ ▁Line age ▁ ▁Const it uted ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group ▁( He avy ) ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 3 < ref ▁name = M aur er 3 9 8 B G > M aur er , ▁Com bat ▁Squad rons , ▁p . ▁ 2 8 4 </ ref > ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Group , ▁He avy ▁c . ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Oper ations ▁Group ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Group ▁and ▁converted ▁to ▁prov is ional ▁status ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Red es ign ated ▁ 3 9 8 th ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Group ''' ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁in ▁c . ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Activ |
ated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Activ ated ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁In activ ated ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Service ▁with ▁J oint ▁Task ▁Force ▁Liber ia ▁ 2 0 0 3 ; ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁the ▁group ▁fle w ▁the ▁H H - 6 0 ▁hel ic opter , ▁and ▁Marine ▁units ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁operated ▁the ▁AV - 8 B ▁Har rier . ▁ ▁Ass ign ments ▁▁ ▁II ▁Bom ber ▁Command , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁▁ 1 st ▁Com bat ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Wing , ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁III ▁Bom ber ▁Command , ▁ 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 3 4 0 th ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Wing , ▁ 1 ▁June ▁- ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁ 9 7 th ▁Air ▁M ob ility ▁Wing , ▁ 1 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 |
2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Forces ▁in ▁Europe ▁to ▁activ ate ▁or ▁in activ ate ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁after ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁▁ 1 6 th ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Task ▁Force , ▁circa ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ 3 d ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Air ▁and ▁Space ▁Task ▁Force , ▁c . ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Att ached ▁to ▁Third ▁Air ▁Force , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Att ached ▁to ▁Air ▁Command ▁Europe , ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁- ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁▁ 3 2 3 d ▁Air ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Wing , ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁- ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Com ponents ▁▁ 5 6 th ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Res cue ▁Squadron , ▁c . ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ 9 3 d ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Squadron , ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁- ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁▁ 6 0 0 th ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Squadron , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 6 0 1 st ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Squadron |
, ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 6 0 2 d ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Squadron , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 6 0 3 d ▁Bomb ard ment ▁Squadron , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ 7 1 2 th ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Air ▁Ref uel ing ▁Squadron , ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ 7 7 2 d ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Air ▁Base ▁Squadron , ▁c . ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ 7 8 6 th ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Security ▁Forces ▁Squadron , ▁c . ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁St ations ▁▁ ▁E phr ata ▁Army ▁Air ▁Base , ▁Washington , ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁B ly the ▁Army ▁Air ▁Base , ▁California , ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁Ge iger ▁Field , ▁Washington , ▁ 2 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁ ▁Rap id ▁City ▁Army ▁Air ▁Base , ▁South ▁Dak ota , ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁ ▁R AF ▁N uth amp st ead ▁( A AF |
- 1 3 1 ), ▁England , ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁– ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁ ▁D rew ▁Field , ▁Florida , ▁ 3 ▁July ▁- ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁▁ ▁Alt us ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base , ▁Oklahoma , ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁ ▁Naval ▁Support ▁Activity ▁Sou da ▁Bay , ▁Greece , ▁circa ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁L ung i ▁International ▁Airport , ▁Sierra ▁Le one , ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁- ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁Dak ar , ▁Sen eg al ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁- ▁ 1 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ ▁Tun is , ▁Tun is ia , ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁- ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Budapest ▁Fer ih eng y ▁International ▁Airport , ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁- ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁ ▁Fre eman , ▁Roger ▁A . ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁The ▁M ight y ▁E ighth ▁The ▁Col our ▁Record . ▁Cass ell ▁& ▁Co . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁" US AF E ▁commander , ▁CC M ▁visit ▁deployed ▁troops ", ▁Maj . ▁Scott ▁V ad na is ▁Operation ▁Sh ining ▁Express ▁" |
R ain ▁presents ▁a ▁challenge ▁for ▁Air ▁Force ▁cre ws ▁in ▁Liber ia ", ▁Mar ni ▁Mc En te e , ▁Stars ▁and ▁St ri pes ▁European ▁edition , ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁" US AF E ▁forces ▁deliver ▁U . S . ▁Mar ines ▁to ▁Liber ia , ▁ev acu ate ▁ 2 3 ▁people ", ▁Capt . ▁Krist i ▁Beck man , ▁US AF E ▁News ▁" T ank ers ▁deploy ▁to ▁Hung ary , ▁Bulg aria ▁for ▁Operation ▁No ble ▁Ende avor ", ▁Te ch . ▁S gt . ▁Eric ▁Pet os ky , ▁ 1 0 0 ▁AR W ▁Public ▁Affairs ▁▁ 3 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁▁ ▁President : ▁Get ú lio ▁V arg as ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁Government ) ▁ ▁Vice ▁President : ▁none ▁ ▁Events ▁▁▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁– ▁The ▁Just i ça ▁Ele itor al ▁do ▁Brasil ▁is ▁created ▁by ▁Dec re to ▁n º ▁ 2 1 . 0 7 6 . ▁April ▁– ▁Peter ▁F lem ing ▁joins ▁the ▁expedition ▁to ▁find ▁missing ▁English man ▁Colonel ▁Per cy ▁F aw c ett ; ▁the ▁following ▁year ▁he ▁publish es ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁expedition , ▁entitled ▁Brazil ian ▁Advent ure . ▁ 2 3 ▁May ▁– ▁Four ▁protest ing ▁students ▁( Mart ins , ▁Mi rag a ia , ▁Dr á us io ▁and ▁Cam argo ) |
▁are ▁killed ▁by ▁government ▁troops , ▁spark ing ▁off ▁the ▁" Paul ista ▁War ". ▁June ▁– ▁Paul ista ▁reb els ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo . ▁ 9 ▁July ▁– ▁Constitution al ist ▁Revolution : ▁The ▁population ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁São ▁Paulo ▁revol t ▁against ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁coup ▁d ' état . ▁July – August ▁– ▁ 8 2 ▁athlet es ▁from ▁Brazil ▁travel ▁on ▁board ▁the ▁It aqu ic ê ▁to ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁for ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games , ▁s elling ▁coffee ▁along ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁fund ▁the ▁trip . ▁The ▁team ▁wins ▁no ▁med als . ▁ 2 ▁October ▁– ▁The ▁São ▁Paulo ▁reb els ▁are ▁defeated ▁by ▁government ▁forces . ▁October ▁– ▁Brazil ian ▁Integr al ism , ▁a ▁F asc ist ▁movement , ▁is ▁founded ▁by ▁Pl ín io ▁Sal g ado . ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁culture ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Af onso ▁Schmidt ▁– ▁Gar oa ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁A o ▁Red or ▁do ▁Brasil ▁An chi eta ▁Entre ▁o ▁Am or ▁e ▁a ▁Rel igi ão ▁O ▁P ec ado ▁da ▁Va idade ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ 2 6 ▁January ▁– ▁Kil za ▁S etti , ▁eth nom us ic ologist , ▁composer , ▁and ▁pian ist ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁– ▁Alberto ▁D ines , ▁journalist ▁and ▁writer ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁– ▁Ag ild o ▁R ibe iro , ▁actor ▁and ▁humor ist ▁( d ied ▁ |
2 0 1 8 ) ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁– ▁St ên io ▁Gar cia , ▁actor ▁ 6 ▁May ▁– ▁José ▁Maria ▁Mar in , ▁politician ▁and ▁sports ▁administrator ▁ 1 2 ▁May ▁– ▁Walter ▁W ander ley , ▁organ ist ▁and ▁pian ist , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁l oun ge ▁and ▁b ossa ▁nova ▁music . ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ 2 5 ▁May ▁– ▁Jo aqu im ▁Pedro ▁de ▁And rade , ▁film ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁– ▁Il ka ▁So ares , ▁actress ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁– ▁O sw al do ▁Lou re iro , ▁Brazil ian ▁actor ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ 2 8 ▁July ▁– ▁Carlos ▁Alberto ▁Br il h ante ▁U stra , ▁military ▁officer ▁and ▁politician ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 2 8 ▁August ▁– ▁Ra ul ▁Cor te z , ▁actor ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁– ▁Ant ô nio ▁Ab uj am ra , ▁theatre ▁and ▁television ▁director ▁and ▁actor ▁( d ied ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 1 4 ▁November ▁– ▁Cl á udio ▁Ul p iano , ▁phil os opher ▁( d ied ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ 2 ▁July ▁– ▁Rod ol fo ▁Te ó fil o , ▁writer , ▁poet ▁and ▁film - maker |
▁( born ▁ 1 8 6 3 ) ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁– ▁Alberto ▁Santos - D um ont , ▁Franco - B raz ilian ▁av iation ▁pione er ▁( born ▁ 1 8 7 3 ; ▁apparent ▁suic ide ▁by ▁h anging ) ▁date ▁unknown ▁– ▁E var isto ▁Con rado ▁Engel berg , ▁mechanical ▁engineer ▁and ▁invent or ▁( born ▁ 1 8 5 3 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁in ▁Brazil ian ▁football ▁List ▁of ▁Brazil ian ▁films ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁in ▁Brazil ▁▁ ▁Category : Year s ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁Brazil ▁Brazil ▁Brazil <0x0A> </s> ▁Pierre ▁P est ie au ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁in ▁F roid ch ap elle ) ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Belg ian ▁econom ist . ▁Since ▁receiving ▁his ▁B . A ▁and ▁M . A ▁degrees ▁in ▁econom ics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lou v ain ▁and ▁then ▁his ▁Ph D ▁from ▁Y ale ▁University , ▁P est ie au ▁has ▁had ▁over ▁thirty - five ▁years ▁of ▁experience ▁teaching ▁and ▁conduct ing ▁research ▁in ▁public ▁econom ics ▁and ▁population ▁econom ics ▁first ▁at ▁Corn ell ▁University ▁and ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lie ge . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Lie ge . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁CO RE , ▁Lou v ain |
- la - Ne uve ▁and ▁associate ▁member ▁of ▁P SE , ▁Paris . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁I Z A ▁and ▁C ES I fo ▁Fellow . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁associate ▁editor ▁of ▁Public ▁Econom ic ▁Theory ▁and ▁C ES if o ▁Econom ic ▁Studies . ▁ ▁Professor ▁P est ie au ’ s ▁major ▁interests ▁are ▁p ension ▁econom ics , ▁social ▁ins urance , ▁inheritance ▁tax ation , ▁red ist rib utive ▁policies ▁and ▁tax ▁competition . ▁His ▁articles ▁have ▁been ▁published ▁in ▁leading ▁journ als ▁such ▁as ▁E con omet rica , ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ic ▁Theory , ▁Econom ica , ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Public ▁Econom ics , ▁the ▁Journal ▁of ▁Population ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁the ▁Sc and in av ian ▁Journal ▁of ▁Econom ics . ▁His ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁book ▁with ▁Math ieu ▁Le f è b vre , ▁L ’ E tat ▁prov idence . ▁Dé f ense ▁et ▁illustr ation , ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Press es ▁Univers it aires ▁de ▁France . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁published ▁at ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press ▁The ▁W elf are ▁State ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁Ear lier ▁books ▁were ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁public ▁enter pr ises , ▁inheritance , ▁social ▁security ▁and ▁the ▁under ground ▁economy . ▁▁ ▁P est ie au ▁has ▁held ▁visit ing ▁positions ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Corn ell , ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toul ouse , ▁Montreal , ▁Marse ille , ▁Paris ▁( 1 ▁and |
▁ 1 0 ), ▁Le ▁Mans ▁and ▁Lou v ain . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁consult ant ▁to ▁various ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁ag encies , ▁including ▁the ▁International ▁Mon et ary ▁Fund , ▁the ▁World ▁Bank , ▁the ▁O E CD ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁Commission . ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ ▁The ▁Performance ▁of ▁Public ▁Enter pr ises : ▁Con cept s ▁and ▁Me asure ment . ▁( with ▁M . ▁March and ▁and ▁H . ▁Tul kens ), ▁North - Hol land , ▁Amsterdam , ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁ 2 9 6 ▁p . ▁ ▁Public ▁Enter prise ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe ▁( with ▁H . ▁Par ris ▁and ▁P . ▁Say nor ), ▁C room ▁Hel m , ▁London , ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 ▁p . ▁ ▁L ' É conom ie ▁Inform elle , ▁( co ed . ▁with ▁V . ▁G ins burgh ), ▁Labor ▁Nathan , ▁Bru xelles , ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁ 1 8 8 ▁p . ▁ ▁L ' É conom ie ▁S outer raine , ▁Pl ur iel , ▁H ach ette , ▁Paris , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 3 2 0 ▁p . ▁ ▁H é rit age ▁et ▁Trans m issions ▁Inter g én ération n elles , ▁( co ed . ▁with ▁B . ▁Jur ion ), ▁De ▁Bo e ck , ▁Bru xelles , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 2 8 6 ▁p . |
▁ ▁Social ▁Security ▁and ▁Ret irement ▁( with ▁Robert ▁Fen ge ), ▁M IT ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁W elf are ▁State ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union : ▁Econom ic ▁and ▁Social ▁Pers pect ives , ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁P ensions ▁Str ateg ies ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁( ed ited ▁with ▁R . ▁Fen ge ▁and ▁G . ▁de ▁Men il ), ▁M IT ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 9 9 ▁p . ▁ ▁L ’ E tat - prov idence ▁en ▁Europe . ▁Performance ▁et ▁dump ing ▁social ▁( with ▁Math ieu ▁Le f eb vre ), ▁Ed itions ▁du ▁CE PRE MAP , ▁Paris , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 8 0 ▁p . ▁ ▁L ’ E tat ▁prov idence . ▁Dé f ense ▁et ▁illustr ation , ▁( with ▁M . ▁Le f eb vre ), ▁P U F , ▁Paris , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁The ▁W elf are ▁State ▁in ▁Europe , ▁( with ▁Math ieu ▁Le f eb vre ) ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁ 2 4 0 ▁p . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Pierre ▁P est ie au ▁( Univers ité ▁de ▁Li ège ) ▁ ▁Pierre ▁P est ie au ▁( U CL ) ▁ ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁scient ists ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁academ ics |
▁Category : W allo on ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 4 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : C orn ell ▁University ▁fac ulty <0x0A> </s> ▁Mi ri am ▁Bird ▁Green berg ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁poet . ▁She ▁is ▁author ▁of ▁four ▁poetry ▁collections : ▁In ▁the ▁Vol cano ' s ▁M outh , ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ag nes ▁Lyn ch ▁Star rett ▁Prize ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁Press , ▁the ▁chap books ▁All ▁night ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁country ▁( S ix teen ▁R ivers ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁and ▁P act - B lo od , ▁F ever ▁Gr ass ▁( R ico ch et ▁Ed itions , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ); ▁and ▁the ▁limited - ed ition ▁letter press ▁artist ▁book ▁The ▁Other ▁World , ▁which ▁won ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Center ▁for ▁Book ▁Arts ▁Chap book ▁Prize , ▁designed ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁Keith ▁Graham . ▁She ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁National ▁End ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Arts ▁Liter ature ▁Fellow ship ▁in ▁poetry , ▁a ▁Ste g ner ▁Fellow ship ▁from ▁Stan ford ▁University , ▁a ▁fellow ship ▁from ▁the ▁Prov inc et own ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁Work ▁Center , ▁and ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Ruth ▁L illy ▁Fellow ship ▁ ▁from ▁The ▁Po etry ▁Foundation . ▁Her ▁po ems ▁have ▁appeared ▁in ▁mag az ines ▁such ▁as ▁Gr anta , ▁Missouri ▁Review , ▁The ▁B aff |
ler , ▁and ▁Po etry . ▁ ▁R ais ed ▁on ▁a ▁farm ▁in ▁rural ▁n ortheast ▁Texas , ▁she ▁received ▁her ▁Bach elor ▁of ▁Arts ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁and ▁her ▁Master ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁from ▁the ▁Mich ener ▁Center ▁for ▁Writ ers ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Texas , ▁where ▁she ▁held ▁a ▁James ▁A . ▁Mich ener ▁fellow ship . ▁She ▁lives ▁in ▁Ber keley , ▁California . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Dob ie ▁P ais ano ▁Fellow ship ▁ 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 8 ▁Singapore ▁Creative ▁W riter ▁in ▁Res idence , ▁National ▁University ▁of ▁Singapore ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Ag nes ▁Lyn ch ▁Star rett ▁Prize ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁National ▁End ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Arts ▁Fellow ship ▁for ▁Po etry ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 ▁Prov inc et own ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁Work ▁Center ▁fellow ship ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 2 ▁Wal lace ▁Ste g ner ▁Fellow ship ▁for ▁Po etry ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Ruth ▁L illy ▁Fellow ship ▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Buck nell ▁Sem inar ▁for ▁Young er ▁Po ets ▁fellow ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Books ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 : ▁In ▁the ▁Vol cano ' s ▁M outh , ▁University ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁Press , ▁Pitts burgh ▁ ▁Chap books ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁The ▁Other ▁World , ▁Center ▁for ▁Book ▁Arts , ▁New ▁York ▁ 2 0 1 |
3 : ▁All ▁night ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁country , ▁Six teen ▁R ivers ▁Press , ▁San ▁Francisco ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁P act - B lo od , ▁F ever ▁Gr ass , ▁Rico ch et ▁Ed itions , ▁Gold ▁Line ▁Press , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁ ▁Po ems ▁Online ▁ ▁“ • ▁[ Who le ▁towns ▁like ▁• ▁horses ▁tur nt ▁loose ▁in ▁the ▁b ardo ▁of ▁• ▁… ] ”, ▁Po etry , ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁“ • ▁[ I , ▁in ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁long ▁ago ▁time ▁before ▁time ▁began ▁to ▁be … ] ” ▁and ▁“ • ▁[ In ▁the ▁other ▁world , ▁I ’ m ▁told , ▁I ▁was ▁born ▁/ ▁meant ▁/ … ] ”, ▁The ▁B aff ler , ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁“ • ▁[ In ▁the ▁other ▁world ▁we ▁use ▁other ▁words , ▁painting … ] ”, ▁Po etry , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁" Of ▁the ▁Bell ' s ▁T ong ue ", ▁All ▁the ▁Little ▁Wild ▁Things , ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁“ Of ▁Arc ad ia ” ▁and ▁“ Of ▁Le ather ”, ▁Gr anta , ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁" Of ▁In herit ance " ▁and ▁" Of ▁Names ▁to ▁Dis gu ise ▁the ▁Dead ", ▁Hung er ▁Mountain , ▁spring ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁“ S outh ▁from ▁Kun ming … ” ▁and ▁“ Down ▁the ▁mountain ▁to ▁Nan S ha … |
”, ▁Cha : ▁An ▁Asian ▁Liter ary ▁Journal , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁" In c ant ation ", ▁R ove ▁Po etry , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁" C ross ing ▁the ▁Bridge ", ▁L ambda ▁Liter ary ▁Sp ot light , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁" After ▁I ▁Die ", ▁The ▁B aff ler , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁" K illing ", ▁The ▁Colorado ▁Review , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁P ss ed ▁Three ▁Girls ▁K illing ▁A ▁Go at ", ▁Po etry , ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁" B raz ilian ▁Tele phone ", ▁Po etry , ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( Origin ally ▁appeared ▁in ▁" Ind iana ▁Review " ▁ 3 0 . 2 ) ▁ ▁" Rem ember ", ▁Sm art ish ▁P ace ▁ 1 7 ▁ ▁" The ▁Ar rival ", ▁K illing ▁the ▁Bud d ha , ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁" My ▁O wn ▁History ▁of ▁Pl agues ", ▁No ▁Tell ▁Mot el , ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁" Se asons ▁Ch anging ; ▁Un answer ed ▁Question s ", ▁Di agram ▁ 8 . 2 ▁ ▁F iction ▁Online ▁ ▁" Of ▁Hum ank ind ", ▁The ▁Fair y ▁T ale ▁Review , ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mich ener ▁Center ▁for |
▁Writ ers ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Pitts burgh ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁women ▁po ets ▁Category : National ▁End ow ment ▁for ▁the ▁Arts ▁F ell ows ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁Ber keley , ▁California ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Bay ▁Area ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁California ▁Category : Po ets ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁po ets ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar th ▁Mar iam ▁C athedral ▁is ▁the ▁c athedral ▁of ▁the ▁Chal de an ▁Sy rian ▁Church ▁of ▁India , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Ass y rian ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁East . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Th r iss ur ▁City ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Ker ala , ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁city ' s ▁first ▁Christian ▁church ▁inside ▁the ▁fort ▁gates ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁Th r iss ur ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁by ▁Ch ald aya ▁S uri y ani ▁( An cient ▁Indian ▁Christian ▁community ) ▁and ▁was ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Dol ours ▁Church . ▁Abraham ▁K athan ar ▁of ▁Pal ai ▁was ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Chal de an ▁Sy rian ▁fa ction ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁whose ▁headquarters ▁was ▁at ▁Th r iss ur . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁supporting ▁Chal de an ▁Catholic ▁bishop ▁E lias ▁M ell us ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁Our |
▁Lady ▁of ▁Dol ours . ▁They ▁eventually ▁broke ▁with ▁the ▁Catholic ▁hierarchy ▁and ▁formed ▁the ▁Chal de an ▁Sy rian ▁Church ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁universal ▁Ass y rian ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁East . ▁They ▁retained ▁the ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Dol ours ▁building , ▁but ▁renamed ▁it ( rev ived ▁the ▁old ▁name ) ▁Mart ▁Mar iam . ▁Mart ▁Mar iam ▁church , ▁Th r iss ur ▁now ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁c athedral ▁of ▁the ▁Chal de an ▁Sy rian ▁Church ▁of ▁India ▁which ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁universal ▁Ass y rian ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁East . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁c athed r als ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Ass y rian ▁Church ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁churches ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Th r iss ur ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Th r iss ur ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁British ▁India ▁Category : C athed r als ▁in ▁Ker ala <0x0A> </s> ▁Ward ▁No . ▁ 7 0 , ▁Kol k ata ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁division ▁of ▁Kol k ata ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁in ▁Bor ough ▁No . ▁ 8 , ▁covering ▁parts ▁of ▁B how an ip ore ▁( S ree p ally - J ad ub ab ur ▁B azar ) ▁neighbourhood ▁in ▁South ▁Kol k ata , ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁ ▁History ▁Att empt s ▁were ▁made ▁to ▁establish ▁a ▁municipal ▁corpor ation |
▁at ▁Kol k ata ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁The ▁elect oral ▁system ▁was ▁introduced ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁and ▁ 4 ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 ▁board ▁members ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁the ▁rate ▁pay ers . ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁the ▁board ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁one ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁a ▁new ▁body ▁was ▁formed . ▁As ▁per ▁old ▁records , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 5 ▁w ards ▁in ▁Kol k ata ▁( sp ell ings ▁as ▁in ▁use ▁at ▁that ▁time ) ▁– ▁ 1 . ▁Sh y amp uk ur , ▁ 2 . ▁K um art uli , ▁ 3 . ▁Bart ala , ▁ 4 . ▁Su ke a ▁Street , ▁ 5 . ▁J or ab agan , ▁ 6 . ▁J or as ank o , ▁ 7 . ▁Bar ab azar , ▁ 8 . ▁Kol ut ola , ▁ 9 . ▁Much ip ara , ▁ 1 0 . ▁Bou baz ar , ▁ 1 1 . ▁Pad map uk ur , ▁ 1 2 . ▁Water lo o ▁Street , ▁ 1 3 . ▁Fen wick ▁B azar , ▁ 1 4 . ▁T alt ala , ▁ 1 5 . ▁Kal ing a , ▁ 1 6 . ▁Park ▁Street , ▁ 1 7 . ▁Victoria ▁Terra ce , ▁ 1 8 . ▁H ast ings , |
▁ 1 9 . ▁Ent ali , ▁ 2 0 . ▁Ben ia p uk ur , ▁ 2 1 . ▁Bal igan j - T olly gan j , ▁ 2 2 . ▁B hab an ip ur , ▁ 2 3 . ▁A lip ur , ▁ 2 4 . E k bal pur ▁and ▁ 2 5 . ▁Wat gan j . ▁A ▁new ▁municipal ▁corpor ation ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 , ▁where in ▁ 4 8 ▁commission ers ▁were ▁elected ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁were ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁With ▁the ▁implementation ▁of ▁the ▁Municipal ▁Cons olid ation ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁the ▁area ▁under ▁the ▁juris diction ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ▁corpor ation ▁was ▁en larg ed . ▁C ertain ▁areas ▁were ▁already ▁there ▁but ▁more ▁parts ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁added ▁( current ▁spell ings ) ▁- ▁Ent ally , ▁Man ick t ala , ▁Bel i agh ata , ▁Ult ad anga , ▁Ch it pur , ▁C oss ip ore , ▁Ben ia p uk ur , ▁B ally g unge , ▁Wat gan j ▁and ▁Ek bal pur , ▁and ▁Garden ▁Re ach ▁and ▁Tol ly gun j . ▁The ▁Cal cut ta ▁Municipal ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁brought ▁about ▁important ▁changes . ▁It ▁liberal ised ▁the ▁constitution ▁along ▁dem ocr atic ▁lines . ▁ ▁The ▁state ▁government ▁su pers eded ▁the ▁Corporation ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁and ▁the ▁Cal cut ta ▁Municipal |
▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁came ▁into ▁force . ▁Ad ult ▁franch ise ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁municipal ▁elections ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 . ▁With ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁certain ▁areas ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁w ards ▁increased ▁from ▁ 7 5 ▁to ▁ 1 4 4 . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Ward ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁is ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁Ach ary a ▁Jag ad ish ▁Ch andra ▁B ose ▁Road ; ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁Sar at ▁B ose ▁Road ▁and ▁Ch ak ra ber ia ▁Road ▁( S outh ); ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁by ▁Ch ak ra ber ia ▁Road ▁( S outh ) ▁and ▁P add ap uk ur ▁Road ; ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁by ▁J aw ah ar l al ▁Ne h ru ▁Road ▁and ▁As ut osh ▁M uk her je e ▁Road . ▁ ▁The ▁w ard ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁B how an ip ore ▁police ▁station ▁of ▁Kol k ata ▁Police . ▁ ▁Tol ly g unge ▁W om ens ▁police ▁station ▁has ▁juris diction ▁over ▁all ▁the ▁police ▁districts ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁Division , ▁i . e . ▁Park ▁Street , ▁Shakespeare ▁Sar ani , ▁A lip ore , ▁H ast ings , ▁Ma idan , ▁B how an ip ore , ▁Kal igh at , ▁Tol ly g unge , ▁Char u ▁Market , ▁New ▁A lip ur ▁and ▁Ch et la . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁As ▁per ▁the ▁ |
2 0 1 1 ▁Census ▁of ▁India , ▁Ward ▁No . ▁ 7 0 , ▁Kol k ata ▁Municipal ▁Corporation , ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 8 , 6 1 8 , ▁of ▁which ▁ 9 , 7 5 0 ▁( 5 2 %) ▁were ▁males ▁and ▁ 8 , 8 6 8 ▁( 4 8 %) ▁were ▁females . ▁Population ▁below ▁ 6 ▁years ▁was ▁ 9 3 5 . ▁The ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁liter ates ▁in ▁Ward ▁No . ▁ 7 0 ▁was ▁ 1 6 , 6 5 7 ▁( 9 4 . 2 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁over ▁ 6 ▁years ). ▁ ▁Kol k ata ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁liter ate ▁district ▁in ▁West ▁Beng al . ▁The ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁Kol k ata ▁district ▁has ▁increased ▁from ▁ 5 3 . 0 % ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁to ▁ 8 6 . 3 % ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁– ▁List ▁of ▁West ▁Beng al ▁districts ▁ranked ▁by ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁ ▁Census ▁data ▁about ▁mother ▁tongue ▁and ▁religion ▁is ▁not ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁w ard ▁level . ▁For ▁district ▁level ▁information ▁see ▁Kol k ata ▁district . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁District ▁Census ▁Hand book ▁Kol k ata ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 1 4 1 ▁w ards ▁of ▁Kol k ata ▁Municipal ▁Corporation ▁formed ▁Kol k ata ▁district . ▁( 3 ▁w ards ▁were ▁added ▁later ). ▁ ▁E lection |
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