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ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red uction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁participants ▁rated ▁ 8 0 ▁names ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁paintings ▁based ▁on ▁how ▁much ▁they ▁liked ▁the ▁names ▁and ▁paintings . ▁To ▁give ▁meaning ▁to ▁the ▁decisions , ▁the ▁participants ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁select ▁names ▁that ▁they ▁might ▁give ▁to ▁their ▁children . ▁For ▁rating ▁the ▁paintings , ▁the ▁participants ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁base ▁their ▁ratings ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁they ▁would ▁display ▁such ▁art ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁decision ▁is ▁meaningful ▁to ▁the ▁person ▁deciding ▁value , ▁the ▁likely ▁rating ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁attitudes ▁( pos itive , ▁neutral ▁or ▁negative ) ▁towards ▁the ▁name ▁and ▁towards ▁the ▁painting ▁in ▁question . ▁The ▁participants ▁also ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁rate ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁twice ▁and ▁believed ▁that , ▁at ▁session ' s ▁end , ▁they ▁would ▁receive ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁paintings ▁they ▁had ▁posit ively ▁rated . ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁a ▁great ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁positive ▁attitude ▁of ▁the ▁participant ▁towards ▁the ▁liked ▁pair ▁of ▁things , ▁whilst ▁also ▁increasing ▁the ▁negative ▁attitude ▁towards ▁the ▁dis lik ed ▁pair ▁of ▁things . ▁The ▁double - rat ings ▁of ▁pairs ▁of ▁things , ▁towards ▁which ▁the ▁rating ▁participant ▁had ▁a ▁neutral ▁attitude , ▁showed ▁no ▁changes ▁during ▁the ▁rating ▁period . ▁The ▁existing ▁attitudes ▁of ▁the ▁participant ▁were ▁rein forced ▁during ▁the ▁rating ▁period ▁and ▁the ▁participants ▁suffered ▁cognitive ▁dis
son ance ▁when ▁confront ed ▁by ▁a ▁liked - name ▁pa ired ▁with ▁a ▁dis lik ed - p ain ting . ▁ ▁Examples ▁ ▁Me at - e ating ▁Me at - e ating ▁can ▁involve ▁discre p ancies ▁between ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁eating ▁meat ▁and ▁various ▁ide als ▁that ▁the ▁person ▁holds . ▁Some ▁researchers ▁call ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁moral ▁conflict ▁the ▁meat ▁parad ox . ▁H ank ▁Roth ger ber ▁pos ited ▁that ▁meat ▁eat ers ▁may ▁encounter ▁a ▁conflict ▁between ▁their ▁eating ▁behavior ▁and ▁their ▁aff e ctions ▁toward ▁animals . ▁This ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁state ▁involves ▁recognition ▁of ▁one ' s ▁behavior ▁as ▁a ▁meat ▁e ater ▁and ▁a ▁belief , ▁attitude , ▁or ▁value ▁that ▁this ▁behavior ▁contrad icts . ▁The ▁person ▁with ▁this ▁state ▁may ▁attempt ▁to ▁employ ▁various ▁methods , ▁including ▁avoid ance , ▁will ful ▁ignorance , ▁diss oci ation , ▁perceived ▁behavior al ▁change , ▁and ▁do - good er ▁der og ation ▁to ▁prevent ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁from ▁occurring . ▁Once ▁occurred , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁may ▁reduce ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁motivated ▁cogn itions , ▁such ▁as ▁den igr ating ▁animals , ▁offering ▁pro - me at ▁just ifications , ▁or ▁den ying ▁responsibility ▁for ▁eating ▁meat . ▁ ▁Un ple asant ▁medical ▁screen ings ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁titled ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Att itudes ▁Tow ard ▁Un ple asant ▁Medical ▁Screen ings ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 6 ),
▁researchers ▁Michael ▁R . ▁Ent ▁and ▁Mary ▁A . ▁Ger end ▁informed ▁the ▁study ▁participants ▁about ▁a ▁dis comfort ing ▁test ▁for ▁a ▁specific ▁( f ict it ious ) ▁virus ▁called ▁the ▁" human ▁resp ir atory ▁virus - 2 7 ". ▁The ▁study ▁used ▁a ▁fake ▁virus ▁to ▁prevent ▁participants ▁from ▁having ▁thoughts , ▁opinions , ▁and ▁feeling ▁about ▁the ▁virus ▁that ▁would ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁the ▁experiment . ▁The ▁study ▁participants ▁were ▁in ▁two ▁groups ; ▁one ▁group ▁was ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁actual ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁virus - 2 7 ▁test , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁group ▁were ▁told ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁test . ▁The ▁researchers ▁reported , ▁" We ▁predicted ▁that ▁[ stud y ] ▁participants ▁who ▁thought ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁unple asant ▁test ▁would ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁associated ▁with ▁knowing ▁that ▁the ▁test ▁was ▁both ▁unple asant ▁and ▁in ▁their ▁best ▁interest — this ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁predicted ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁unf avor able ▁attitudes ▁toward ▁the ▁test ." ▁ ▁Related ▁phen omena ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁may ▁also ▁occur ▁when ▁people ▁seek ▁to : ▁ ▁Expl ain ▁in ex plic able ▁feelings : ▁When ▁an ▁earthqu ake ▁disaster ▁occurs ▁to ▁a ▁community , ▁irr ational ▁rum ors , ▁based ▁upon ▁fear , ▁quickly ▁reach ▁the ▁ad join ing ▁communities ▁una ffect ed ▁by ▁the ▁disaster ▁because ▁those ▁people , ▁not ▁in ▁physical ▁danger , ▁psych ologically ▁justify ▁their ▁anx ieties ▁about ▁the ▁earthqu ake .
▁ ▁Min im ize ▁regret ▁of ▁ir rev oc able ▁choices : ▁At ▁a ▁hip pod rome , ▁bet t ors ▁have ▁more ▁confidence ▁after ▁betting ▁on ▁horses ▁they ▁chose ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁post - time ▁because ▁this ▁confidence ▁prevents ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁heart ; ▁the ▁bet t ors ▁felt ▁post - dec ision ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁Expl ain ▁their ▁motiv ations ▁for ▁taking ▁some ▁action ▁that ▁had ▁an ▁extr insic ▁incent ive ▁attached ▁( known ▁as ▁motiv ational ▁" c row ding ▁out "). ▁ ▁Just ify ▁behavior ▁that ▁opposed ▁their ▁views : ▁After ▁being ▁induced ▁to ▁che at ▁in ▁an ▁academic ▁examination , ▁students ▁jud ged ▁che ating ▁less ▁harsh ly . ▁ ▁Al ign ▁one ' s ▁per ceptions ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁with ▁one ' s ▁behavior ▁toward ▁that ▁person : ▁The ▁Ben ▁Franklin ▁effect ▁refers ▁to ▁that ▁states man ' s ▁observation ▁that ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁performing ▁a ▁favor ▁for ▁a ▁rival ▁leads ▁to ▁increased ▁positive ▁feelings ▁toward ▁that ▁individual . ▁ ▁Re aff irm ▁held ▁beliefs : ▁The ▁confirmation ▁bias ▁ident ifies ▁how ▁people ▁readily ▁read ▁information ▁that ▁conf ir ms ▁their ▁established ▁opinions ▁and ▁readily ▁avoid ▁reading ▁information ▁that ▁contrad icts ▁their ▁opinions . ▁The ▁confirmation ▁bias ▁is ▁apparent ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁confront s ▁deeply ▁held ▁political ▁beliefs , ▁i . e . ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁greatly ▁committed ▁to ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁beliefs , ▁values , ▁and ▁ideas . ▁ ▁Ap plications ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁management ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁readily ▁influences
▁the ▁motivation ▁of ▁a ▁student ▁to ▁pursue ▁education . ▁The ▁study ▁Turn ing ▁Play ▁into ▁Work : ▁Effect s ▁of ▁Adult ▁Sur ve illance ▁and ▁Ex tr insic ▁R ew ards ▁on ▁Children ’ s ▁In tr insic ▁Mot iv ation ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁effort ▁just ification ▁parad ig m ▁increased ▁student ▁enthusiasm ▁for ▁education ▁with ▁the ▁offer ▁of ▁an ▁external ▁reward ▁for ▁studying ; ▁students ▁in ▁pre - school ▁who ▁completed ▁puzz les ▁based ▁upon ▁an ▁adult ▁promise ▁of ▁reward ▁were ▁later ▁less ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁puzz les ▁than ▁were ▁students ▁who ▁completed ▁the ▁puzzle - tasks ▁without ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁a ▁reward . ▁ ▁The ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁into ▁models ▁of ▁basic ▁learning - process es ▁to ▁foster ▁the ▁students ’ ▁self - aware ness ▁of ▁psychological ▁conflicts ▁among ▁their ▁personal ▁beliefs , ▁ide als , ▁and ▁values ▁and ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁contrad ict ory ▁facts ▁and ▁information , ▁requires ▁the ▁students ▁to ▁defend ▁their ▁personal ▁beliefs . ▁After wards , ▁the ▁ ▁students ▁are ▁trained ▁to ▁object ively ▁per ceive ▁new ▁facts ▁and ▁information ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁psychological ▁stress ▁of ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁reality ▁and ▁the ▁student ' s ▁value ▁system . ▁Moreover , ▁educational ▁software ▁that ▁applies ▁the ▁derived ▁principles ▁facil it ates ▁the ▁students ’ ▁ability ▁to ▁successfully ▁handle ▁the ▁questions ▁pos ed ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁subject . ▁Meta - analysis ▁of ▁studies ▁indicates ▁that ▁psychological ▁inter ventions ▁that ▁prov oke ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance
▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁directed ▁concept ual ▁change ▁do ▁increase ▁students ’ ▁learning ▁in ▁reading ▁skills ▁and ▁about ▁science . ▁ ▁Psych otherapy ▁ ▁The ▁general ▁effectiveness ▁of ▁psych otherapy ▁and ▁psychological ▁intervention ▁is ▁partly ▁explained ▁by ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁In ▁that ▁ve in , ▁social ▁psychology ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁mental ▁health ▁of ▁the ▁patient ▁is ▁posit ively ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁and ▁her ▁action ▁in ▁freely ▁choosing ▁a ▁specific ▁therapy ▁and ▁in ▁ex ert ing ▁the ▁required , ▁ther apeut ic ▁effort ▁to ▁overcome ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁That ▁effective ▁phenomenon ▁was ▁indicated ▁in ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁Effect s ▁of ▁Choice ▁on ▁Be havior al ▁Treat ment ▁of ▁Over weight ▁Children ▁( 1 9 8 3 ), ▁wherein ▁the ▁children ' s ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁freely ▁chose ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁therapy ▁received , ▁resulted ▁in ▁each ▁over weight ▁child ▁losing ▁a ▁greater ▁amount ▁of ▁excessive ▁body ▁weight . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁Red uc ing ▁F ears ▁and ▁Incre asing ▁Att ent iveness : ▁The ▁Role ▁of ▁D isson ance ▁Red uction ▁ ▁( 1 9 8 0 ), ▁people ▁aff lict ed ▁with ▁o ph idi oph ob ia ▁( f ear ▁of ▁sn akes ) ▁who ▁invested ▁much ▁effort ▁in ▁activities ▁of ▁little ▁ther apeut ic ▁value ▁for ▁them ▁( exper iment ally ▁represented ▁as ▁legitimate ▁and ▁relevant ) ▁showed ▁improved ▁al lev iation ▁of ▁the ▁symptoms ▁of ▁their ▁ph ob ia . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁C ogn itive
▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Psych otherapy : ▁The ▁Role ▁of ▁Eff ort ▁Just ification ▁in ▁Ind uc ing ▁Weight ▁Loss ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁patient ▁felt ▁better ▁in ▁just ifying ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁efforts ▁and ▁ther apeut ic ▁choices ▁towards ▁effectively ▁losing ▁weight . ▁That ▁the ▁therapy ▁of ▁effort ▁expend iture ▁can ▁predict ▁long - term ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁patient ' s ▁per ceptions . ▁ ▁Social ▁behavior ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁positive ▁social ▁behavi ours , ▁such ▁as ▁increased ▁cond om ▁use ; ▁other ▁studies ▁indicate ▁that ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁encourage ▁people ▁to ▁act ▁pro - soc ially , ▁such ▁as ▁campaigns ▁against ▁public ▁litter ing , ▁campaigns ▁against ▁racial ▁prejud ice , ▁and ▁compliance ▁with ▁anti - speed ing ▁campaigns . ▁The ▁theory ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁explain ▁reasons ▁for ▁don ating ▁to ▁charity . ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁in ▁social ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁racism ▁and ▁racial ▁hatred . ▁ ▁Ach ary a ▁of ▁Stanford , ▁Black well ▁and ▁Sen ▁of ▁Harvard ▁state ▁CD ▁increases ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁comm its ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁violence ▁toward ▁someone ▁from ▁a ▁different ▁ethnic ▁or ▁racial ▁group ▁and ▁decre ases ▁when ▁the ▁individual ▁does ▁not ▁commit ▁any ▁such ▁act ▁of ▁violence . ▁Research ▁from ▁Ach ary a , ▁Black well ▁and ▁Sen ▁shows ▁that ▁individuals ▁comm itting ▁violence ▁against ▁members ▁of ▁another ▁group ▁develop ▁hostile ▁attitudes ▁towards ▁their ▁victims ▁as ▁a ▁way
▁of ▁minim izing ▁CD . ▁Import antly , ▁the ▁hostile ▁attitudes ▁may ▁pers ist ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁violence ▁itself ▁decl ines ▁( A ch ary a , ▁Black well , ▁Sen ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁The ▁application ▁provides ▁a ▁social ▁psychological ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁construct iv ist ▁view point ▁that ▁ethnic ▁and ▁racial ▁divisions ▁can ▁be ▁soc ially ▁or ▁individually ▁constructed , ▁possibly ▁from ▁acts ▁of ▁violence ▁( F ear on ▁and ▁L ait in , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Their ▁framework ▁speaks ▁to ▁this ▁possibility ▁by ▁showing ▁how ▁violent ▁actions ▁by ▁individuals ▁can ▁affect ▁individual ▁attitudes , ▁either ▁ethnic ▁or ▁racial ▁anim osity ▁( A ch ary a , ▁Black well , ▁Sen ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Cons umer ▁behavior ▁ ▁Three ▁ ▁main ▁conditions ▁exist ▁for ▁prov oking ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁when ▁buying : ▁( i ) ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁purchase ▁must ▁be ▁important , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁spend ; ▁( ii ) ▁The ▁psychological ▁cost ; ▁and ▁( iii ) ▁ ▁The ▁purchase ▁is ▁personally ▁relevant ▁to ▁the ▁consumer . ▁The ▁consumer ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁select ▁from ▁the ▁alternatives ▁and ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁buy ▁is ▁irre vers ible . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁Beyond ▁Reference ▁P ric ing : ▁Under standing ▁Cons um ers ' ▁Enc ounters ▁with ▁Une xpected ▁Pr ices ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁indicated ▁that ▁when ▁consumers ▁experience ▁an ▁unexpected ▁price ▁encounter , ▁they ▁adopt ▁three ▁methods ▁to ▁reduce ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance
: ▁( i ) ▁Em ploy ▁a ▁strategy ▁of ▁contin ual ▁information ; ▁( ii ) ▁Em ploy ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁attitude ; ▁and ▁( iii ) ▁ ▁Eng age ▁in ▁minim isation . ▁Cons um ers ▁employ ▁the ▁strategy ▁of ▁contin ual ▁information ▁by ▁engaging ▁in ▁bias ▁and ▁searching ▁for ▁information ▁that ▁supports ▁prior ▁beliefs . ▁Cons um ers ▁might ▁search ▁for ▁information ▁about ▁other ▁retail ers ▁and ▁substitute ▁products ▁consistent ▁with ▁their ▁beliefs . ▁Altern atively , ▁consumers ▁might ▁change ▁attitude , ▁such ▁as ▁re - evalu ating ▁price ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁external ▁reference - pr ices ▁or ▁associ ating ▁high ▁prices ▁and ▁low ▁prices ▁with ▁quality . ▁Min im isation ▁reduces ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ance ; ▁consumers ▁tend ▁to ▁minim ise ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁money , ▁and ▁thus ▁of ▁shopping ▁around , ▁saving , ▁and ▁finding ▁a ▁better ▁deal . ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁theory ▁might ▁suggest ▁that ▁since ▁votes ▁are ▁an ▁expression ▁of ▁preference ▁or ▁beliefs , ▁even ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁voting ▁might ▁cause ▁someone ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ▁for ▁whom ▁they ▁voted , ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁close ▁then ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁should ▁be ▁greater . ▁ ▁This ▁effect ▁was ▁studied ▁over ▁the ▁ 6 ▁presidential ▁elections ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁between ▁the ▁candidates ▁changed ▁more ▁before ▁and
▁after ▁the ▁election ▁than ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁of ▁non - v ot ers . ▁In ▁addition , ▁elections ▁where ▁the ▁vot er ▁had ▁a ▁favor able ▁attitude ▁toward ▁both ▁candidates , ▁making ▁the ▁choice ▁more ▁difficult , ▁had ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁of ▁the ▁candidates ▁change ▁more ▁dramatically ▁than ▁those ▁who ▁only ▁had ▁a ▁favor able ▁opinion ▁of ▁one ▁candidate . ▁What ▁wasn ' t ▁studied ▁were ▁the ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁effects ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁person ▁had ▁unf avor able ▁attitudes ▁toward ▁both ▁candidates . ▁Since ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election ▁held ▁histor ically ▁high ▁unf avor able ▁ratings ▁for ▁both ▁candidates , ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁case ▁study ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁effects ▁in ▁these ▁instances . ▁ ▁Commun ication ▁▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁theory ▁of ▁communication ▁was ▁initially ▁advanced ▁by ▁American ▁psych ologist ▁Leon ▁Fest inger ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Fest inger ▁the or ized ▁that ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁usually ▁ar ises ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁holds ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁in compatible ▁beliefs ▁simultaneously . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁normal ▁occur rence ▁since ▁people ▁encounter ▁different ▁situations ▁that ▁invoke ▁conflic ting ▁thought ▁sequences . ▁This ▁conflict ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁psychological ▁dis comfort . ▁According ▁to ▁Fest inger , ▁people ▁experiencing ▁a ▁thought ▁conflict ▁try ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁psychological ▁dis comfort ▁by ▁attempting ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁emotional ▁equilibrium . ▁This ▁equilibrium ▁is ▁achieved ▁in ▁three ▁main ▁ways . ▁First , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁down
play ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought . ▁Second , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁attempt ▁to ▁out we igh ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought ▁with ▁cons on ant ▁thoughts . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁incorporate ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought ▁into ▁their ▁current ▁belief ▁system . ▁ ▁D isson ance ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁persu asion . ▁To ▁persu ade ▁people , ▁you ▁must ▁cause ▁them ▁to ▁experience ▁dis son ance , ▁and ▁then ▁offer ▁your ▁proposal ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁dis comfort . ▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁guarantee ▁your ▁audience ▁will ▁change ▁their ▁minds , ▁the ▁theory ▁maint ains ▁that ▁without ▁dis son ance , ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁no ▁persu asion . ▁ ▁Without ▁a ▁feeling ▁of ▁dis comfort , ▁people ▁are ▁not ▁motivated ▁to ▁change . ▁ ▁Art ificial ▁Intelligence ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁hypothes ized ▁that ▁introducing ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁into ▁machine ▁learning ▁may ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁long - term ▁aim ▁of ▁developing ▁' creat ive ▁aut onomy ' ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁agents , ▁including ▁in ▁multi - agent ▁systems ▁( such ▁as ▁games ), ▁and ▁ultimately ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁' strong ' ▁forms ▁of ▁artificial ▁intelligence , ▁including ▁artificial ▁general ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁parad ig ms ▁ ▁Self - per ception ▁theory ▁In ▁Self - per ception : ▁An ▁alternative ▁interpretation ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁phen omena ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁the ▁social ▁psych ologist ▁D ary l ▁B em ▁proposed ▁the
▁self - per ception ▁theory ▁where by ▁people ▁do ▁not ▁think ▁much ▁about ▁their ▁attitudes , ▁even ▁when ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁another ▁person . ▁The ▁Theory ▁of ▁Self - per ception ▁propos es ▁that ▁people ▁develop ▁attitudes ▁by ▁observ ing ▁their ▁own ▁behaviour , ▁and ▁concl udes ▁that ▁their ▁attitudes ▁caused ▁the ▁behaviour ▁observed ▁by ▁self - per ception ; ▁especially ▁true ▁when ▁internal ▁c ues ▁either ▁are ▁ambig uous ▁or ▁weak . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁person ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁as ▁an ▁observer ▁who ▁must ▁rely ▁upon ▁external ▁c ues ▁to ▁infer ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁inner ▁state ▁of ▁mind . ▁Self - per ception ▁theory ▁propos es ▁that ▁people ▁adopt ▁attitudes ▁without ▁access ▁to ▁their ▁states ▁of ▁mood ▁and ▁cogn ition . ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁the ▁experimental ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Carl smith ▁study ▁( C ogn itive ▁Con sequ ences ▁of ▁For ced ▁Com pl iance , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁in ferred ▁their ▁mental ▁attitudes ▁from ▁their ▁own ▁behaviour . ▁When ▁the ▁subject - part icip ants ▁were ▁asked : ▁" Did ▁you ▁find ▁the ▁task ▁interesting ? ", ▁the ▁participants ▁decided ▁that ▁they ▁must ▁have ▁found ▁the ▁task ▁interesting , ▁because ▁that ▁is ▁what ▁they ▁told ▁the ▁question er . ▁Their ▁repl ies ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁participants ▁who ▁were ▁paid ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁had ▁an ▁external ▁incent ive ▁to ▁adopt ▁that ▁positive ▁attitude , ▁and ▁likely ▁perceived ▁the ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁as ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁saying ▁the ▁task ▁was ▁interesting , ▁rather ▁than
▁saying ▁the ▁task ▁actually ▁was ▁interesting . ▁ ▁The ▁theory ▁of ▁self - per ception ▁( B em ) ▁and ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁( F est inger ) ▁make ▁identical ▁predictions , ▁but ▁only ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁predict s ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁unple asant ▁a rou sal , ▁of ▁psychological ▁distress , ▁which ▁were ▁verified ▁in ▁laboratory ▁experiments . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁Theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁A ▁Current ▁Pers pective ▁( Ar ons on , ▁Ber kow itz , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Ell iot ▁Ar ons on ▁linked ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁to ▁the ▁self - con cept : ▁That ▁mental ▁stress ▁ar ises ▁when ▁the ▁conflicts ▁among ▁cogn itions ▁threat ens ▁the ▁person ' s ▁positive ▁self - image . ▁This ▁re interpret ation ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Carl smith ▁study , ▁using ▁the ▁induced - com pl iance ▁parad ig m , ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁cogn itions ▁" I ▁am ▁an ▁honest ▁person ." ▁and ▁" I ▁lied ▁about ▁finding ▁the ▁task ▁interesting ." ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Private ▁R ati oc ination ▁or ▁Public ▁Spect acle ? ▁( T edes chi , ▁Sch len ker , ▁e ct . ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁reported ▁that ▁maintaining ▁cognitive ▁consistency , ▁rather ▁than ▁protecting ▁a ▁private ▁self - con cept , ▁is ▁how ▁a ▁person ▁protect s ▁his ▁or ▁her
▁public ▁self - image . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁I ’ m ▁No ▁Long er ▁T orn ▁After ▁Choice : ▁How ▁Ex plicit ▁Cho ices ▁Im plicit ly ▁Sh ape ▁Pre ferences ▁of ▁Od ors ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁contrad ict ▁such ▁an ▁explanation , ▁by ▁showing ▁the ▁occur rence ▁of ▁re val uation ▁of ▁material ▁items , ▁after ▁the ▁person ▁chose ▁and ▁decided , ▁even ▁after ▁having ▁forgotten ▁the ▁choice . ▁ ▁Bal ance ▁theory ▁ ▁F ritz ▁He ider ▁proposed ▁a ▁motiv ational ▁theory ▁of ▁att itud inal ▁change ▁that ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁humans ▁are ▁driven ▁to ▁establish ▁and ▁maintain ▁psychological ▁balance . ▁The ▁driving ▁force ▁for ▁this ▁balance ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁consistency ▁mot ive , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁urge ▁to ▁maintain ▁one ' s ▁values ▁and ▁beliefs ▁consistent ▁over ▁time . ▁ ▁He ider ' s ▁con ception ▁of ▁psychological ▁balance ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁theoretical ▁models ▁measuring ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁balance ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁interact ing ▁elements : ▁( 1 ) ▁the ▁self ▁( P ), ▁( 2 ) ▁another ▁person ▁( O ), ▁and ▁( 3 ) ▁an ▁element ▁( X ). ▁ ▁These ▁are ▁each ▁positioned ▁at ▁one ▁vertex ▁of ▁a ▁triangle ▁and ▁share ▁two ▁relations : ▁ ▁Unit ▁relations ▁– ▁things ▁and ▁people ▁that ▁belong ▁together ▁based ▁on ▁similar ity , ▁proxim ity , ▁fate , ▁etc . ▁S ent iment ▁relations ▁– ▁evalu ations ▁of ▁people ▁and ▁things
▁( lik ing , ▁dis lik ing ) ▁ ▁Under ▁balance ▁theory , ▁human ▁beings ▁seek ▁a ▁balanced ▁state ▁of ▁relations ▁among ▁the ▁three ▁positions . ▁This ▁can ▁take ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁three ▁posit ives ▁or ▁two ▁neg atives ▁and ▁one ▁positive : ▁ ▁P ▁= ▁you ▁O ▁= ▁your ▁child ▁X ▁= ▁picture ▁your ▁child ▁drew < p > ▁" I ▁love ▁my ▁child " ▁" She ▁drew ▁me ▁this ▁picture " ▁" I ▁love ▁this ▁picture " ▁ ▁People ▁also ▁avoid ▁un bal anced ▁states ▁of ▁relations , ▁such ▁as ▁three ▁neg atives ▁or ▁two ▁posit ives ▁and ▁one ▁negative : ▁ ▁P ▁= ▁you ▁O ▁= ▁John ▁X ▁= ▁John ' s ▁dog < p > ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁like ▁John " ▁" John ▁has ▁a ▁dog " ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁like ▁the ▁dog ▁either " ▁ ▁Cost – ben ef it ▁analysis ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁On ▁the ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁the ▁Ut ility ▁of ▁Public ▁Works ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁J ules ▁D up uit ▁reported ▁that ▁behaviors ▁and ▁cogn itions ▁can ▁be ▁understood ▁from ▁an ▁economic ▁perspective , ▁wherein ▁people ▁engage ▁in ▁the ▁systematic ▁processing ▁of ▁comparing ▁the ▁costs ▁and ▁benefits ▁of ▁a ▁decision . ▁The ▁psychological ▁process ▁of ▁cost - ben ef it ▁compar isons ▁helps ▁the ▁person ▁to ▁assess ▁and ▁justify ▁the ▁feas ibility ▁( sp ending ▁money ) ▁of ▁an ▁economic ▁decision , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁determining ▁if ▁the ▁benefit ▁out we igh s ▁the ▁cost
, ▁and ▁to ▁what ▁extent . ▁Moreover , ▁although ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁cost - ben ef it ▁analysis ▁functions ▁in ▁economic ▁circumstances , ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁remain ▁psych ologically ▁in efficient ▁at ▁comparing ▁the ▁costs ▁against ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁their ▁economic ▁decision . ▁ ▁Self - dis cre p ancy ▁theory ▁ ▁E . ▁T ory ▁Hig g ins ▁proposed ▁that ▁people ▁have ▁three ▁sel ves , ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁compare ▁themselves : ▁▁ ▁Act ual ▁self ▁– ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁believes ▁him - ▁or ▁herself ▁to ▁possess ▁( basic ▁self - con cept ) ▁ ▁Ide al ▁self ▁– ▁ideal ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁possess ▁( h opes , ▁asp iration , ▁motiv ations ▁to ▁change ) ▁ ▁O ug ht ▁self ▁– ▁ideal ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁believes ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁should ▁possess ▁( d ut ies , ▁obligations , ▁respons ibilities ) ▁ ▁When ▁these ▁self - gu ides ▁are ▁contrad ict ory ▁psychological ▁distress ▁( c ogn itive ▁dis son ance ) ▁results . ▁People ▁are ▁motivated ▁to ▁reduce ▁self - dis cre p ancy ▁( the ▁gap ▁between ▁two ▁self - gu ides ). ▁ ▁A verse ▁consequences ▁vs . ▁incons ist ency ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Cooper ▁and ▁F az io ▁argued ▁that ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁a vers ive ▁consequences , ▁rather ▁than ▁incons ist ency . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁interpretation , ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁lying ▁is ▁wrong ▁and ▁hurt ful , ▁not ▁the ▁incons
ist ency ▁between ▁cogn itions , ▁is ▁what ▁makes ▁people ▁feel ▁bad . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁research , ▁however , ▁found ▁that ▁people ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁even ▁when ▁they ▁feel ▁they ▁have ▁not ▁done ▁anything ▁wrong . ▁For ▁example , ▁Harm on - J ones ▁and ▁colleagues ▁showed ▁that ▁people ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁even ▁when ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁their ▁statements ▁are ▁beneficial — as ▁when ▁they ▁convince ▁sex ually ▁active ▁students ▁to ▁use ▁cond oms , ▁when ▁they , ▁themselves ▁are ▁not ▁using ▁cond oms . ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁of ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁How ▁Choice ▁A ffect s ▁and ▁Ref lect s ▁Pre ferences : ▁Rev is iting ▁the ▁Free - choice ▁Parad ig m ▁( C hen , ▁R isen , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁the ▁researchers ▁critic ized ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m ▁as ▁invalid , ▁because ▁the ▁rank - choice - rank ▁method ▁is ▁in accur ate ▁for ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁That ▁the ▁designing ▁of ▁research - models ▁rel ies ▁upon ▁the ▁assumption ▁that , ▁if ▁the ▁experimental ▁subject ▁rates ▁options ▁differently ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁survey , ▁then ▁the ▁attitudes ▁of ▁the ▁subject ▁towards ▁the ▁options ▁have ▁changed . ▁That ▁there ▁are ▁other ▁reasons ▁why ▁an ▁experimental ▁subject ▁might ▁achieve ▁different ▁rank ings ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁survey ; ▁perhaps ▁the ▁subjects ▁were ▁ind ifferent ▁between ▁choices . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁some ▁follow - up ▁studies ▁( e . g .
▁Do ▁Cho ices ▁A ffect ▁Pre ferences ? ▁Some ▁Dou b ts ▁and ▁New ▁Ev idence , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁presented ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁unre li ability ▁of ▁the ▁rank - choice - rank ▁method , ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁studies ▁such ▁as ▁Ne ural ▁Cor rel ates ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Choice - ind uced ▁Pre ference ▁Change ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁have ▁not ▁found ▁the ▁Choice - Rank - Choice ▁method ▁to ▁be ▁invalid , ▁and ▁indicate ▁that ▁making ▁a ▁choice ▁can ▁change ▁the ▁preferences ▁of ▁a ▁person . ▁ ▁Action – mot iv ation ▁model ▁Fest inger ' s ▁original ▁theory ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁to ▁explain ▁how ▁dis son ance ▁works . ▁ ▁Why ▁is ▁incons ist ency ▁so ▁a vers ive ? ▁▁ ▁The ▁action – mot iv ation ▁model ▁seeks ▁to ▁answer ▁this ▁question . ▁ ▁It ▁propos es ▁that ▁incons ist encies ▁in ▁a ▁person ' s ▁cogn ition ▁cause ▁mental ▁stress , ▁because ▁psychological ▁incons ist ency ▁inter fer es ▁with ▁the ▁person ' s ▁functioning ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁world . ▁Among ▁the ▁ways ▁for ▁cop ing , ▁the ▁person ▁can ▁choose ▁to ▁exercise ▁a ▁behavior ▁that ▁is ▁incons istent ▁with ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁current ▁attitude ▁( a ▁belief , ▁an ▁ideal , ▁a ▁value ▁system ), ▁but ▁later ▁try ▁to ▁alter ▁that ▁belief ▁to ▁be ▁cons on ant ▁with ▁a ▁current ▁behavior ; ▁the ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁person ' s ▁cogn ition ▁does
▁not ▁match ▁the ▁action ▁taken . ▁If ▁the ▁person ▁changes ▁the ▁current ▁attitude , ▁after ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁occurs , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁then ▁is ▁oblig ated ▁to ▁commit ▁to ▁that ▁course ▁of ▁behavior . ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁produces ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁negative ▁affect , ▁which ▁motiv ates ▁the ▁person ▁to ▁re cons ider ▁the ▁caus ative ▁behavior ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁psychological ▁incons ist ency ▁that ▁caused ▁the ▁mental ▁stress . ▁As ▁the ▁aff lict ed ▁person ▁works ▁towards ▁a ▁behavior al ▁commitment , ▁the ▁motiv ational ▁process ▁then ▁is ▁activated ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex ▁of ▁the ▁brain . ▁ ▁Pred ict ive ▁dis son ance ▁model ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁model ▁propos es ▁that ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁fundament ally ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁predict ive ▁coding ▁( or ▁predict ive ▁processing ) ▁model ▁of ▁cogn ition . ▁A ▁predict ive ▁processing ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁propos es ▁that ▁perception ▁actively ▁involves ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁Bay esian ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁acquired ▁prior ▁knowledge , ▁which ▁primarily ▁serves ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁predict ing ▁incoming ▁prop rio cept ive , ▁inter o cept ive ▁and ▁ex ter o cept ive ▁sens ory ▁inputs . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁brain ▁is ▁an ▁in ference ▁machine ▁that ▁attempts ▁to ▁actively ▁predict ▁and ▁explain ▁its ▁sens ations . ▁Cru cial ▁to ▁this ▁in ference ▁is ▁the ▁minim ization ▁of ▁prediction ▁error . ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁account ▁propos es ▁that ▁the ▁motivation ▁for ▁cognitive
▁dis son ance ▁reduction ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁an ▁organ ism ' s ▁active ▁drive ▁for ▁reducing ▁prediction ▁error . ▁Moreover , ▁it ▁propos es ▁that ▁human ▁( and ▁perhaps ▁other ▁animal ) ▁brains ▁have ▁evolved ▁to ▁select ively ▁ignore ▁contrad ict ory ▁information ▁( as ▁proposed ▁by ▁dis son ance ▁theory ) ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁over f itting ▁of ▁their ▁predict ive ▁cognitive ▁models ▁to ▁local ▁and ▁thus ▁non - general izing ▁conditions . ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁account ▁is ▁highly ▁compatible ▁with ▁the ▁action - mot iv ation ▁model ▁since , ▁in ▁practice , ▁prediction ▁error ▁can ▁arise ▁from ▁un successful ▁behavior . ▁ ▁Ne uro science ▁findings ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁advances ▁are ▁allowing ▁psych ologists ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁bi ome chan ics ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁Visual ization ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁Ne ural ▁Activity ▁Pred icts ▁Att itude ▁Change ▁in ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( V an ▁V een , ▁K rug , ▁e ct , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁identified ▁the ▁neural ▁bases ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁with ▁functional ▁magnetic ▁reson ance ▁imag ing ▁( f M RI ); ▁the ▁neural ▁sc ans ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁re plicated ▁the ▁basic ▁findings ▁of ▁the ▁induced - com pl iance ▁parad ig m . ▁When ▁in ▁the ▁f M RI ▁sc anner , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁participants ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁uncomfortable , ▁mechanical ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁M RI ▁machine ▁nevertheless ▁was ▁a ▁pleasant ▁experience ▁for ▁them ; ▁some ▁participants , ▁from
▁an ▁experimental ▁group , ▁said ▁they ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁mechanical ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁f M RI ▁sc anner ▁more ▁than ▁did ▁the ▁control - group ▁participants ▁( paid ▁actors ) ▁who ▁argued ▁about ▁the ▁uncomfortable ▁experimental ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁neural ▁scan ▁experiment ▁support ▁the ▁original ▁theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁proposed ▁by ▁Fest inger ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ; ▁and ▁also ▁support ▁the ▁psychological ▁conflict ▁theory , ▁where by ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁functions , ▁in ▁counter - att itud inal ▁response , ▁to ▁activate ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex ▁and ▁the ▁anterior ▁ins ular ▁cort ex ; ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁activation ▁of ▁said ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁is ▁predicted ▁by ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁psychological ▁attitude ▁of ▁the ▁person . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m , ▁the ▁study ▁How ▁Choice ▁Re ve als ▁and ▁Sh apes ▁Ex pected ▁H ed onic ▁Out come ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁indicates ▁that ▁after ▁making ▁a ▁choice , ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁stri at um ▁changes ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁person ' s ▁new ▁evaluation ▁of ▁the ▁choice - object ; ▁neural ▁activity ▁increased ▁if ▁the ▁object ▁was ▁chosen , ▁neural ▁activity ▁decre ased ▁if ▁the ▁object ▁was ▁rejected . ▁Moreover , ▁studies ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Ne ural ▁Bas is ▁of ▁R ational ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red uction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( 2 0 1
0 ) ▁and ▁How ▁Choice ▁Mod ifies ▁Pre ference : ▁Ne ural ▁Cor rel ates ▁of ▁Choice ▁Just ification ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁confirm ▁the ▁neural ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁psychology ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁The ▁Ne ural ▁Bas is ▁of ▁R ational ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red uction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( J arch o , ▁Ber k man , ▁Lie ber man , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁applied ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m ▁to ▁f M RI ▁examination ▁of ▁the ▁brain ' s ▁decision - making ▁process ▁whilst ▁the ▁study ▁participant ▁actively ▁tried ▁to ▁reduce ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁active ▁reduction ▁of ▁psychological ▁dis son ance ▁increased ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁right - in fer ior ▁front al ▁g yr us , ▁in ▁the ▁med ial ▁fr onto - par iet al ▁region , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁vent ral ▁stri at um , ▁and ▁that ▁neural ▁activity ▁decre ased ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁ins ula . ▁That ▁the ▁neural ▁activities ▁of ▁rational ization ▁occur ▁in ▁seconds , ▁without ▁conscious ▁deliber ation ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁person ; ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁brain ▁eng ages ▁in ▁emotional ▁responses ▁whilst ▁effect ing ▁decisions . ▁ ▁Em ot ional ▁correl ations ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁Contribut ions ▁from ▁Research ▁on ▁Ang er ▁and ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁to ▁Under standing ▁the ▁Mot iv ational ▁Fun ctions ▁of ▁As ym met rical ▁Front
al ▁Br ain ▁Activity ▁( H arm on - J ones , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁occur rence ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex , ▁a ▁brain ▁structure ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁emotion ▁of ▁anger ; ▁more over , ▁function ally , ▁anger ▁motiv ates ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex . ▁App lying ▁a ▁direction al ▁model ▁of ▁Appro ach ▁motivation , ▁the ▁study ▁Ang er ▁and ▁the ▁Be hav iour al ▁Appro ach ▁System ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁and ▁anger ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex ▁that ▁occurs ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁takes ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁situation ▁causing ▁the ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁Con vers ely , ▁if ▁the ▁person ▁cannot ▁control ▁or ▁cannot ▁change ▁the ▁psych ologically ▁stress ful ▁situation , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁without ▁a ▁motivation ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁circum stance , ▁then ▁there ▁arise ▁other , ▁negative ▁emotions ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance , ▁such ▁as ▁soc ially ▁in appropri ate ▁behavior . ▁ ▁The ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex ▁activity ▁increases ▁when ▁errors ▁occur ▁and ▁are ▁being ▁mon it ored ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁having ▁behavior al ▁conflicts ▁with ▁the ▁self - con cept ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁higher - level ▁thinking . ▁A ▁study ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁prediction ▁that ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort
ex ▁would ▁have ▁increased ▁activity . ▁University ▁students ▁had ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁paper ▁depending ▁on ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁high - choice ▁or ▁low - choice ▁condition . ▁The ▁low - choice ▁condition ▁required ▁students ▁to ▁write ▁about ▁supporting ▁a ▁ 1 0 % ▁increase ▁in ▁tu ition ▁at ▁their ▁university . ▁The ▁point ▁of ▁this ▁condition ▁was ▁to ▁see ▁how ▁significant ▁the ▁counter choice ▁may ▁affect ▁a ▁person ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁cope . ▁The ▁high - choice ▁condition ▁asked ▁students ▁to ▁write ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁tu ition ▁increase ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁their ▁completely ▁volunt ary ▁choice . ▁The ▁researchers ▁use ▁E E G ▁to ▁analyze ▁students ▁before ▁they ▁wrote ▁the ▁essay , ▁as ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁at ▁its ▁highest ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁( Be au vo is ▁and ▁J ou le , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ). ▁High - choice ▁condition ▁participants ▁showed ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex ▁than ▁the ▁low - choice ▁participants . ▁Results ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁experience ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁apparent ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex , ▁then ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cort ex ▁is ▁activated , ▁which ▁also ▁activ ates ▁the ▁approach ▁motiv ational ▁system ▁to ▁reduce ▁anger . ▁ ▁The ▁psychology ▁of ▁mental ▁stress ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁The ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Ev idence ▁from ▁Children ▁and ▁Mon keys ▁( E gan , ▁Sant os , ▁Bloom , ▁ 2
0 0 7 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁there ▁might ▁be ▁evolution ary ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁reduction ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁pre - school - age ▁children ▁and ▁Cap uch in ▁mon keys ▁when ▁offered ▁a ▁choice ▁between ▁two ▁like ▁options , ▁dec als ▁and ▁cand ies . ▁The ▁groups ▁then ▁were ▁offered ▁a ▁new ▁choice , ▁between ▁the ▁choice - object ▁not ▁chosen ▁and ▁a ▁novel ▁choice - object ▁that ▁was ▁as ▁attractive ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁object . ▁The ▁resulting ▁choices ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁and ▁sim ian ▁subjects ▁conc ord ed ▁with ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁when ▁the ▁children ▁and ▁the ▁mon keys ▁each ▁chose ▁the ▁novel ▁choice - object ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁choice - object ▁not ▁chosen ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁selection , ▁despite ▁every ▁object ▁having ▁the ▁same ▁value . ▁ ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁An ▁Action - based ▁Model ▁of ▁C ogn itive - d isson ance ▁Process es ▁( H arm on - J ones , ▁Lev y , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁proposed ▁that ▁psychological ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁consequ ent ▁to ▁the ▁stim ulation ▁of ▁thoughts ▁that ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁a ▁goal - driven ▁behavior . ▁Research ers ▁mapped ▁the ▁neural ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁participant ▁when ▁performing ▁tasks ▁that ▁prov oked ▁psychological ▁stress ▁when ▁engaged ▁in ▁contrad ict ory ▁behaviors . ▁A ▁participant ▁read ▁al oud ▁the ▁printed ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁color . ▁To ▁test ▁for ▁the ▁occur rence ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the
▁color ▁was ▁printed ▁in ▁a ▁color ▁different ▁than ▁the ▁word ▁read ▁al oud ▁by ▁the ▁participant . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁participants ▁experienced ▁increased ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex ▁when ▁the ▁experimental ▁exercises ▁prov oked ▁psychological ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁C ogn itive ▁Ne uro science ▁of ▁Social ▁Em ot ions ▁and ▁Im plications ▁for ▁Psych opath ology : ▁Ex am ining ▁Emb arr ass ment , ▁Gu ilt , ▁En vy , ▁and ▁Sch aden fre ude ▁( J ank owski , ▁Tak ah ashi , 2 0 1 4 ) ▁identified ▁neural ▁correl ations ▁to ▁specific ▁social ▁emotions ▁( e . g . ▁env y ▁and ▁embarrass ment ) ▁as ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance . ▁The ▁neural ▁activity ▁for ▁the ▁emotion ▁of ▁En vy ▁( the ▁feeling ▁of ▁dis ple asure ▁at ▁the ▁good ▁fortune ▁of ▁another ▁person ) ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁draw ▁neural ▁activity ▁from ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex . ▁That ▁such ▁increased ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cort ex ▁occurred ▁either ▁when ▁a ▁person ' s ▁self - con cept ▁was ▁threatened ▁or ▁when ▁the ▁person ▁suffered ▁embarrass ment ▁( social ▁pain ) ▁caused ▁by ▁sal ient , ▁upward ▁social - compar ison , ▁by ▁social - class ▁sn ob bery . ▁That ▁social ▁emotions , ▁such ▁as ▁embarrass ment , ▁guilt , ▁env y , ▁and ▁Sch aden fre ude ▁( joy ▁at ▁the ▁mis
fort une ▁of ▁another ▁person ) ▁are ▁cor related ▁to ▁reduced ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁ins ular ▁l obe , ▁and ▁with ▁increased ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁stri ate ▁nucle us ; ▁those ▁neural ▁activities ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁reduced ▁sense ▁of ▁em pathy ▁( social ▁responsibility ) ▁and ▁an ▁increased ▁prop ensity ▁towards ▁ant is ocial ▁behavior ▁( del in qu ency ). ▁ ▁Model ing ▁in ▁neural ▁networks ▁ ▁Art ificial ▁neural ▁network ▁models ▁of ▁cogn ition ▁provide ▁methods ▁for ▁integr ating ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁emp irical ▁research ▁about ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁and ▁attitudes ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁model ▁that ▁explains ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁psychological ▁attitudes ▁and ▁the ▁mechanisms ▁to ▁change ▁such ▁attitudes . ▁Among ▁the ▁artificial ▁neural - network ▁models ▁that ▁predict ▁how ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁might ▁influence ▁a ▁person ' s ▁attitudes ▁and ▁behavior , ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Par allel ▁constraint ▁satisfaction ▁processes ▁ ▁The ▁meta - c ogn itive ▁model ▁( MC M ) ▁of ▁attitudes ▁ ▁Ad apt ive ▁connection ist ▁model ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁ ▁Att itudes ▁as ▁constraint ▁satisfaction ▁model ▁ ▁Con tr ad ictions ▁to ▁the ▁theory ▁ ▁Because ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁new ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁some ▁that ▁are ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁the ▁idea . ▁Charles ▁G . ▁Lord ▁wrote ▁a ▁paper ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁not ▁tested ▁enough ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁mistake ▁to ▁accept ▁it ▁into ▁theory . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁the or ist ▁did
▁not ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁all ▁the ▁factors ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁conclusion ▁without ▁looking ▁at ▁all ▁the ▁angles . ▁However , ▁even ▁with ▁this ▁contrad iction , ▁cognitive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁still ▁accepted ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁theory ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁F ear on , ▁J . ▁D ., ▁& ▁Latin , ▁D . ▁D . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Vi olence ▁and ▁the ▁Social ▁Construction ▁of ▁Eth nic ▁Identity . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Press ▁Jour nals ▁Division . ▁ ▁G aw rons ki , ▁B ., ▁& ▁Str ack , ▁F . ▁( Ed s .). ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁C ogn itive ▁consistency : ▁A ▁fundamental ▁principle ▁in ▁social ▁cogn ition . ▁New ▁York : ▁Gu il ford ▁Press . ▁ ▁Harm on - J ones , ▁E ., ▁& ▁J . ▁M ills . ▁( Ed s .) ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Progress ▁on ▁a ▁P iv otal ▁Theory ▁in ▁Social ▁Psych ology . ▁Washington , ▁DC : ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Association . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁W agner , ▁D . ▁A . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁The ▁Marketing ▁of ▁Global ▁W arm ing : ▁A ▁Re peated ▁Me asures ▁Ex amination ▁of ▁the ▁Effect s ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance , ▁End orse ment , ▁and ▁Information ▁on ▁Bel iefs ▁in ▁a ▁Social ▁C ause . ▁Pro quest ▁Digital
▁Dis sert ations : ▁https :// p q d top en . pro quest . com / doc / 1 9 0 6 2 8 1 5 6 2 . html ? FMT = AB S ▁. ▁O sh ik awa , ▁S . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ). ▁The ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Some ▁Exper imental ▁Find ings . ▁Ret riev ed ▁from ▁https :// www . j st or . org / stable / 1 2 5 0 8 7 1 ? seq = 1 # page _ scan _ tab _ contents ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁entry ▁in ▁The ▁S ke ptic ' s ▁Dictionary ▁ ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Carl smith ' s ▁original ▁paper ▁ ▁Leon ▁Fest inger , ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Category : Att itude ▁change ▁Category : Bar riers ▁to ▁critical ▁thinking ▁Category : Bel ief ▁Category : C ogn ition ▁▁ ▁Category : C ogn itive ▁in ert ia ▁Category : Comm un ication ▁theory ▁Category : De ception ▁Category : H yp oc ris y ▁Category : Inter personal ▁communication ▁Category : M ot iv ational ▁theories <0x0A> </s> ▁V á cl av ▁Va š ko ▁( 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Czech ▁diplom at , ▁human ▁rights
▁activ ist , ▁author ▁of ▁books ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁during ▁the ▁Soviet ▁occupation ▁and ▁commun ist ▁dict ators hip , ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁political ▁prisoner ▁of ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Mer it ▁by ▁President ▁V á cl av ▁H avel ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁founding ▁sign atory ▁of ▁the ▁Pr ague ▁Decl aration ▁on ▁European ▁Con science ▁and ▁Commun ism . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁ ▁Ne um l čen á ▁( a ▁chron icle ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁in ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁during ▁the ▁commun ist ▁dict ators hip , ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁two ▁volumes ) ▁ ▁K ard in ál ▁Tom á š ek ▁( 1 9 9 4 , ▁co - auth ored ▁with ▁Jan ▁Hart mann , ▁Boh um il ▁Sv ob oda ▁et ▁al .) ▁ ▁Ne ▁v š ím ▁j sem ▁byl ▁r ád ▁( 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁D ů m ▁na ▁sk á le ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁z k ou š en á ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁bo j uj ící ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁v ě zn ě ná ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁L ik vid ace ▁ ře
ck okat ol ické ▁c ír k ve ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C zech os lov ak ▁democracy ▁activ ists ▁Category : C zech ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁Not re - D ame ▁de ▁l ′ Ass om ption ▁( Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Ass um ption ) ▁is ▁a ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Berg heim , ▁in ▁the ▁H aut - R hin ▁department ▁of ▁France . ▁It ▁is ▁classified ▁as ▁a ▁Mon ument ▁histor ique ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁Berg heim ▁church ▁building ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁earlier ▁one , ▁already ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Mary , ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 7 0 5 ▁and ▁visited ▁by ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cl air v aux ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 6 , ▁while ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁from ▁Bas el ▁to ▁W orm s , ▁to ▁rally ▁for ▁the ▁Second ▁Cr us ade . ▁That ▁previous ▁church ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 7 ▁during ▁the ▁great ▁fire ▁of ▁Berg heim , ▁which ▁was ▁started ▁by ▁the ▁troops ▁of ▁Rud olf ▁I ▁of ▁Germany . The ▁current ▁Berg heim ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 3 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 3 4 7 , ▁and ▁largely ▁modified ▁from ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 2 5 , ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it
▁presents ▁features ▁both ▁of ▁G oth ic ▁architecture ▁and ▁of ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture . ▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁remarkable ▁for ▁its ▁G oth ic ▁fres co es ▁( both ▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁and ▁the ▁inside ), ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁conce aled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁and ▁re dis covered ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁A ▁pair ▁of ▁G oth ic ▁stat ues ▁from ▁around ▁ 1 4 6 0 ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁the ▁workshop ▁of ▁Nik ol aus ▁Ger ha ert . ▁The ▁pipe ▁organ ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁instrument ▁in ▁a ▁Bar o que ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁organ ▁case . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Ch urches ▁in ▁H aut - R hin ▁Category : Mon uments ▁histor iques ▁of ▁H aut - R hin ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 7 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 5 ▁Category : G oth ic ▁architecture ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁tropical , ▁flower ing ▁li anas ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Trump et - c ree per ▁family . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁Ple on ot oma ▁al b if l ora ▁( Sal zm . ▁ex ▁DC .) ▁A . H . G entry <0x09> ▁▁ ▁Ple on ot oma
▁b ract e ate ▁A . H . G entry <0x09> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁cast el na ei ▁( B ureau ) ▁Sand with <0x09> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁cle mat is ▁( K un th ) ▁M iers ▁Ple on ot oma ▁d end ro tr ich a ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁dispar ▁K ra enz l . ▁Ple on ot oma ▁e ch it idea ▁Spr ague ▁& ▁Sand with <0x09> ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁ex ser ta ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁f iss ical y x ▁B . M . G omes ▁& ▁Pro en ça ▁Ple on ot oma ▁fl umin ensis ▁( V ell .) ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁f om os um ▁Bureau ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁j as min if olia ▁( K un th ) ▁M iers ▁Ple on ot oma ▁long if l ora ▁B . M . G omes ▁& ▁Pro en ça ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁mac rot is ▁K ra enz l . ▁Ple on ot oma ▁mel io ides ▁( S . Mo ore ) ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁orient alis ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁p av ett if l ora ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁st ich aden ia ▁K . Sch um . ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁st ich aden ium ▁K . ▁Sch um . ▁ ▁Ple on ot
oma ▁t et ra quet ra ▁( Ch am .) ▁Bureau ▁Ple on ot oma ▁t et ra quet rum ▁Bureau ▁Ple on ot oma ▁vari abil is ▁( J ac q .) ▁M iers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Category : B ign oni aceae ▁Category : V ines ▁Category : L am ial es ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Sarah ▁Louis a ▁Fort en ▁Pur vis ▁( 1 8 1 4 – 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁poet ▁and ▁abol ition ist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Pur vis ▁n ée ▁Fort en ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" The ▁Fort en ▁Sister s " ▁consisting ▁of ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁daughters ▁of ▁James ▁Fort en : ▁Sarah , ▁Har riet ▁Fort en ▁Pur vis ▁( 1 8 1 0 – 1 8 7 5 ), ▁and ▁Marg are tta ▁Fort en ▁( 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 7 5 ). ▁The ▁sisters , ▁along ▁with ▁their ▁mother , ▁Charlotte ▁V and ine ▁Fort en , ▁formed ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁Sarah ▁was ▁a ▁poet . ▁She ▁used ▁two ▁pen ▁names , ▁" A da " ▁and ▁" Mag aw is ca " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁own ▁name . ▁She ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁writing ▁" The ▁Gr ave ▁of ▁the ▁Sl ave " ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8
3 1 ▁in ▁the ▁abol ition ist ▁newspaper ▁the ▁Liber ator . ▁That ▁poem ▁was ▁subsequently ▁set ▁to ▁music ▁by ▁Frank ▁Johnson . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁an the m ▁at ▁ant is la very ▁gather ings . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁cred ited ▁with ▁writing ▁" An ▁Appe al ▁to ▁Woman ," ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Liber ator ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁Sarah ▁married ▁Joseph ▁Pur vis ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁eight ▁children . ▁Joseph ▁Pur vis ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Robert ▁Pur vis , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁husband ▁of ▁Sarah ' s ▁sister ▁Har riet . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁ ▁Mis att ribut ion ▁of ▁some ▁works ▁The ▁pen ▁name ▁" A da " ▁was ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁another ▁poet , ▁Eliz a ▁E ar le ▁H acker ▁( 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 4 6 ), ▁a ▁Qu aker ▁abol ition ist ▁from ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁A ▁case ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁po ets ▁have ▁been ▁confused ▁on ▁occasion ▁because , ▁although ▁of ▁different ▁races , ▁both ▁women ▁were ▁ar d ent ▁abol ition ists ▁writing ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁era , ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁topic . ▁Specific ally , ▁A da ' s ▁poem ▁ ▁" Lines : ▁S uggest ed ▁on ▁Reading ▁' An ▁Appe al ▁to ▁Christian ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁South ' ▁by ▁A . ▁E . ▁Gr im ké ," ▁was ▁most ▁likely ▁written
▁by ▁H acker ▁but ▁often ▁attributed ▁to ▁Fort en ▁and ▁included ▁in ▁African - American ▁writing ▁anth ologies . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁abol ition ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁African - American ▁activ ists ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁women ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁writers ▁Category : F ort en ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁P SA ▁Men ' s ▁Det jen ▁World ▁Open ▁S qu ash ▁Championship ▁is ▁the ▁men ' s ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁World ▁Open , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁individual ▁world ▁championship ▁for ▁squ ash ▁players . ▁The ▁event ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁from ▁ 6 ▁November ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁J ans her ▁Khan ▁won ▁his ▁seventh ▁World ▁Open ▁title , ▁defe ating ▁Del ▁Harris ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Draw ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁P SA ▁World ▁Open ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Open ▁S qu ash ▁Championship ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁World ▁S qu ash ▁History ▁ ▁Category : World ▁S qu ash ▁Championships ▁M ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁in ▁C yp ri ot ▁sport ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁Category : S qu ash
▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Cy pr us <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁in ▁Russia ▁( a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway ), ▁which ▁runs ▁across ▁Ir k ut sk ▁O bl ast , ▁Ch ita ▁O bl ast , ▁B ury at ia , ▁and ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁The ▁railway ▁administration ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ir k ut sk . ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁borders ▁with ▁the ▁K ras n oy ars k ▁Railway ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁Y ur ty ), ▁Trans - B a ik al ▁Railway ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁Pet rov sky ▁Z av od ), ▁and ▁Ba ik al ▁Am ur ▁Main line ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁L ena - V osto chn aya ). ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁runs ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Rus so - M ong ol ian ▁border ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁Na ush ki ). ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁total ▁working ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁; ▁number ▁of ▁employees ▁– ▁ 4 6 , 2 3 3 ▁( 6 1 , 4 1 8 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁net ▁weight ▁haul ed ▁– ▁ 7 6 ▁million ▁ton
nes ▁( 7 5 . 9 3 4 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁long - distance ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁– ▁ 3 . 6 ▁million ▁people ▁( 4 . 8 3 8 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁subur ban ▁traffic ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁million ▁people ▁( 2 6 . 2 2 5 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Annual ▁cargo ▁turn over ▁is ▁ 2 7 8 ▁million ▁ton nes . ▁ ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁divisions , ▁namely ▁the ▁Ir k ut sk ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁Sever oba ik als k ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁T ais het ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁and ▁U lan - U de ▁Railway ▁Division . ▁The ▁railway ▁connect s ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁East ▁S iber ia , ▁Trans ba ik al , ▁and ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁rail road ▁network ▁nation wide . ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁services ▁major ▁industrial ▁areas ▁of ▁iron ▁ore ▁and ▁coal ▁mining , ▁oil ▁ref ining , ▁logging ▁and ▁wood ▁processing , ▁companies ▁and ▁fact ories ▁in ▁energy , ▁chemical , ▁machine ▁building ▁and ▁machine - tool ▁industries , ▁non fer rous ▁metall ur gy , ▁etc . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁railway ▁services ▁agricultural ▁grain - produ cing ▁and ▁cattle - bre eding ▁regions . ▁The ▁biggest ▁points ▁of ▁cargo ▁departure ▁and ▁arrival ▁are ▁Cher em kh ovo , ▁K ors h un ik ha , ▁Kit oy - K omb in at
sk aya , ▁Su kh ov sk aya , ▁Ir k ut sk - Sort iro vo chn iy , ▁U lan - U de , ▁L ena , ▁and ▁Br at sk . ▁ ▁Construction ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁building ▁a ▁railway ▁across ▁sp ars ely ▁pop ulated ▁and ▁almost ▁une x pl ored ▁areas ▁of ▁East ▁S iber ia ▁was ▁first ▁expressed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s - 1 8 8 0 s . ▁The ▁need ▁for ▁construct ing ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁became ▁particularly ▁evident ▁after ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁U ral ▁Railway ▁from ▁Y ek ater in burg ▁to ▁Ty umen ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁three ▁exped itions ▁were ▁organ ised ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Construction ▁of ▁the ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁created . ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁launched ▁simultaneously ▁from ▁its ▁two ▁extrem ities , ▁namely ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁and ▁Che ly ab ins k . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁section ▁of ▁railway ▁from ▁Che ly ab ins k ▁to ▁the ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁Ob ▁near ▁the ▁small ▁settlement ▁of ▁Nov on ik ola ev sky ▁( t oday ' s ▁Nov os ib ir sk ) ▁was ▁complete . ▁On ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 1
8 9 5 ▁the ▁first ▁train ▁arrived ▁at ▁K ras n oy ars k , ▁which ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁towards ▁Ir k ut sk ▁and ▁through ▁N iz h ne ud ins k ▁( the ▁first ▁train ▁arrived ▁on ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 8 9 7 ) ▁towards ▁T ul un . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Ir k ut sk ▁- ▁Ba ik als ky ▁and ▁M ys ov aya ▁– ▁S ret ensk ▁sections ▁was ▁under ▁way . ▁Railway ▁stations ▁were ▁built ▁along ▁almost ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁T ul un - Ir k ut sk ▁section ▁was ▁finished . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁the ▁Trans ba ik al ▁sections ▁from ▁M ys ov aya ▁to ▁S ret ensk ▁and ▁from ▁Ir k ut sk ▁to ▁the ▁Ba ik al ▁railway ▁station ▁were ▁completed . ▁The ▁Circ um - B a ik al ▁section ▁( between ▁the ▁railway ▁stations ▁M ys ov aya ▁and ▁Ba ik al ) ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁under ▁construction ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁opening ▁non - stop ▁train ▁traffic ▁along ▁the ▁whole ▁railway ▁when ▁construction ▁ended . ▁▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁a ▁single - track ▁rail road . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁they ▁began ▁the
▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁track , ▁which ▁would ▁end ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁Administr atively , ▁the ▁main ▁line ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁rail ways : ▁the ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁( from ▁Che ly ab ins k ▁to ▁Inn ok enty ev sk aya ▁railway ▁station ▁with ▁a ▁line ▁towards ▁Tom sk ), ▁the ▁Trans ba ik al ▁Railway ▁( from ▁Inn ok enty ev sk aya ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁S ret ensk ▁with ▁a ▁line ▁towards ▁Man ch ur ia ▁railway ▁station ), ▁the ▁U ss uri ▁Railway ▁( from ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁to ▁K hab ar ov sk ), ▁and ▁the ▁Am ur ▁Railway ▁( from ▁K uy eng a ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁K hab ar ov sk ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁five ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁O ms k ▁Railway , ▁Tom sk ▁Railway , ▁Trans ba ik al ▁Railway , ▁Am ur ▁Railway , ▁and ▁U ss uri ▁Railway . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁administrative ▁and ▁economic ▁unit ▁extending ▁from ▁Mar i ins k ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁M ys ov aya ▁railway ▁station . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁K ras n oy ars k ▁Railway ▁was ▁excluded ▁from ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s - 1 9 3 0 s , ▁technical ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁railway
▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁and ▁its ▁loc omot ive ▁and ▁rolling ▁stock ▁were ▁up graded ▁. ▁Several ▁new ▁lines ▁were ▁also ▁built ▁over ▁the ▁rid ges ▁of ▁Say any , ▁Al ata u , ▁ta iga , ▁and ▁sw amps ▁towards ▁coal ▁and ▁iron ▁ore ▁depos its , ▁wood lands , ▁and ▁banks ▁of ▁large ▁rivers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 2 6 , ▁the ▁Ach ins k – Ab ak an ▁line ▁was ▁constructed , ▁which ▁connected ▁the ▁southern ▁areas ▁of ▁K ras n oy ars k ▁K rai , ▁Kh ak ass ia , ▁and ▁Tu va ▁with ▁other ▁economic ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁train ▁traffic ▁began ▁from ▁U lan - U de ▁to ▁Na ush ki , ▁significantly ▁improving ▁economic ▁relations ▁with ▁Mong olia ▁and ▁providing ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁G us ino o zy ors k ▁coal ▁depos its . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁Patri otic ▁War , ▁the ▁authorities ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁provided ▁volunteer ▁units ▁to ▁be ▁dis pat ched ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁( 2 0 ▁rail men ▁would ▁be ▁awarded ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ), ▁found ▁resources ▁for ▁repair ing ▁military ▁equipment , ▁prepared ▁rolling ▁stock , ▁and ▁gradually ▁increased ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁fre ight ▁from ▁S iber ia ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁post - war ▁years , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁traffic ▁carried ▁continued ▁its ▁increase ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁reconstruction ▁of
▁transportation ▁facilities ▁and ▁introduction ▁of ▁new ▁technology . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁reached ▁its ▁pre - war ▁loading ▁and ▁cargo - turn over ▁level . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁they ▁commissioned ▁the ▁new ▁T ais het - B rat sk - L ena ▁railway , ▁which ▁connected ▁the ▁bas ins ▁of ▁the ▁Ang ara ▁and ▁L ena ▁Rivers ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁S iber ian ▁rail road ▁network , ▁providing ▁immediate ▁access ▁to ▁mineral ▁depos its ▁in ▁the ▁Ang ara ▁bas in ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁K ors h un ov sk oy e ▁iron ▁ore ▁deposit ) ▁and ▁abund ant ▁logging ▁regions ▁and ▁ensuring ▁an ▁un inter rupted ▁supply ▁of ▁cargo ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁areas ▁of ▁Ir k ut sk ▁O bl ast ▁and ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁a ▁ ▁long ▁Ab ak an - T ais het ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁commissioned , ▁an ▁elect r ified ▁high - class ▁rail road ▁with ▁modern ▁means ▁of ▁communication , ▁electric ▁inter lock ing ▁of ▁rail road ▁sw itches , ▁and ▁a ▁remote ▁dispatch ing ▁system . ▁This ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁provided ▁a ▁new ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁K uz b ass , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia ▁from ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East ▁and ▁S iber ia . ▁The ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁saw
▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁north bound ▁line ▁from ▁the ▁Kh reb to v aya ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁U st - I lim sk ▁H ydro elect ric ▁Power plant ▁( ). ▁ ▁C argo ▁types ▁As ▁far ▁as ▁transit ▁cargo ▁is ▁concerned , ▁the ▁largest ▁components ▁of ▁this ▁are ▁fer rous ▁met als , ▁pet role um ▁products , ▁grain ▁ship ments , ▁and ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁light , ▁food , ▁chemical , ▁and ▁machine - building ▁industries . ▁Import ed ▁goods ▁usually ▁consist ▁of ▁met als , ▁construction ▁materials , ▁pet role um ▁products , ▁the ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁machine ▁building , ▁light ▁and ▁food ▁industries , ▁also ▁partially ▁of ▁grain ▁ship ments . ▁Ex ports ▁consist ▁of ▁tim ber , ▁oil , ▁iron ▁ore , ▁alumin ium ▁and ▁coal . ▁Loc ally , ▁the ▁railway ▁mostly ▁trans ports ▁construction ▁goods , ▁coal , ▁tim ber , ▁pet role um ▁and ▁agricultural ▁produce . ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁B anner ▁of ▁Labour ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁Engineering ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁several ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway , ▁various ▁scientific ▁and ▁technical ▁achievements ▁were ▁widely ▁used . ▁The ▁railway ▁essentially ▁became ▁a ▁test ▁site ▁for ▁altern ating ▁current ▁elect r ification . ▁They ▁tested ▁and ▁perfect ed ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁altern ating ▁current ▁loc omot ives , ▁overhead ▁cat en ary ▁system , ▁means ▁of ▁communication , ▁sign aling , ▁central ised ▁traffic
▁control ▁and ▁the ▁automatic ▁block ▁system , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁introduced ▁on ▁other ▁rail ways ▁in ▁one ▁way ▁or ▁another . ▁ 9 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁traffic ▁along ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁is ▁done ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁electric ▁tr action . ▁ ▁The ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁consists ▁of ▁several ▁sections , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Circ um - B a ik al ▁Railway ▁– ▁a ▁monument ▁to ▁industrial ▁architecture ▁of ▁federal ▁importance . ▁It ▁stret ches ▁for ▁over ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Ba ik al ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁the ▁K ult u ka ▁railway ▁station . ▁The ▁uniqu eness ▁of ▁this ▁wonder ▁of ▁engineering ▁is ▁that ▁no ▁other ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁has ▁as ▁many ▁man - made ▁objects , ▁namely ▁ 4 0 ▁tunn els , ▁ 1 6 ▁a val anche ▁g aller ies , ▁ 4 7 0 ▁over pass es , ▁br idges , ▁and ▁pipe ▁cul verts , ▁some ▁ 2 8 0 ▁protecting ▁walls , ▁let ▁alone ▁various ▁buildings ▁at ▁different ▁railway ▁stations . ▁The ▁Circ um - B a ik al ▁Railway ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" gold en ▁buck le ▁of ▁the ▁steel ▁belt " ▁( the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway ▁being ▁the ▁" ste el ▁belt ") ▁because ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁Russian ▁railway ▁was ▁finished ▁on ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ba ik al . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Sever om u ys ky ▁T
unnel ▁on ▁the ▁Ba ik al - Am ur ▁Main line ▁( a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ) ▁was ▁commissioned , ▁the ▁longest ▁tunnel ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁fifth ▁longest ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( ). ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁at ▁S ly ud y anka ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁S iber ian ▁Railway ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁made ▁completely ▁of ▁marble . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁S iber ia ▁Category : Ir k ut sk ▁O bl ast ▁Category : Ch ita ▁O bl ast ▁Category : B ury at ia ▁Category : S ak ha ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁Parliament ary ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Cuba ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁Partido ▁Aut é nt ico ▁emerged ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁party , ▁with ▁ 3 0 ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 6 ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : J une ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁Eye ▁on ▁Jul iet ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁drama ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁Kim ▁N gu y en ▁and ▁released ▁in ▁ 2
0 1 7 . ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁in ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁Days ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 4 th ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁its ▁North ▁American ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Joe ▁Cole ▁as ▁Gordon , ▁an ▁oil ▁pipeline ▁super visor ▁who ▁works ▁through ▁a ▁rob otic ▁hex ap od . ▁Gordon ' s ▁job ▁is ▁complicated ▁when ▁he ▁becomes ▁fasc inated ▁by ▁Ay ush a ▁( L ina ▁El ▁Arab i ), ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁he ▁gl im ps es ▁one ▁day ▁through ▁the ▁dr one ' s ▁camera . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Joe ▁Cole ▁as ▁Gordon , ▁an ▁oil ▁pipeline ▁super visor ▁in ▁Detroit , ▁who ▁works ▁through ▁a ▁rob otic ▁hex ap od . ▁Gordon ▁works ▁for ▁an ▁American ▁security ▁surveillance ▁company ▁monitoring ▁threats ▁to ▁their ▁client ' s ▁oil ▁facility ▁in ▁an ▁un named ▁North - A fr ican ▁country , ▁using ▁dozens ▁of ▁hex ap od s , ▁which ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁shoot , ▁to ▁cover ▁a ▁large ▁area ▁of ▁ar id ▁desert . ▁ ▁Gordon ▁has ▁recently ▁broken ▁up ▁with ▁his ▁girlfriend ▁and ▁is ▁res isting ▁his ▁colle ague ' s ▁attempts ▁to ▁persu ade ▁him ▁to ▁" play ▁the ▁field ". ▁One ▁day ▁at ▁work , ▁Gordon ▁sees ▁on ▁ ▁his ▁cameras ▁a ▁young ▁woman , ▁Ay ush a ▁( L ina ▁El ▁Arab i ), ▁who ▁re semb les ▁his ▁girlfriend
, ▁who ▁it ▁trans pires ▁is ▁trapped ▁in ▁an ▁arranged ▁marriage ▁and ▁unable ▁to ▁marry ▁her ▁true ▁love , ▁Kar im ▁( F ay cal ▁z eg lat ). ▁As ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁family ▁make ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁the ▁wedding , ▁Gordon ▁becomes ▁inf atu ated ▁by ▁the ▁ill icit ▁couple ' s ▁love , ▁and ▁Ay ush a ▁in ▁particular , ▁and ▁ste als ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁couple ▁and ▁their ▁movements ▁for ▁his ▁home . ▁He ▁observ es ▁Ay ush a ▁und ress ing ▁in ▁her ▁room ▁via ▁heat - seek ing ▁camera , ▁and ▁witnesses ▁them ▁discussing ▁the ▁log istics ▁of ▁el oping ▁together , ▁which ▁would ▁require ▁Kar im ▁to ▁join ▁a ▁potentially ▁ill icit ▁project ▁to ▁raise ▁funds . ▁Ign oring ▁the ▁warnings ▁of ▁his ▁super visor , ▁Peter , ▁Gordon ▁becomes ▁more ▁involved ▁in ▁their ▁lives , ▁dru gg ing ▁Peter ▁while ▁on ▁shift ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁operate ▁freely , ▁and ▁sending ▁the ▁couple ▁money ▁for ▁their ▁em igration . ▁ ▁Gordon ▁subsequently ▁observ es ▁Kar im ▁and ▁his ▁associate ▁tam per ing ▁with ▁the ▁pipeline . ▁In ▁the ▁en su ing ▁events ▁the ▁oil ▁cat ches ▁fire , ▁leading ▁to ▁Kar im ' s ▁death . ▁Gordon ▁inform s ▁Ay ush a ▁of ▁Kar im ' s ▁death ▁via ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁hex ap od s , ▁and ▁fict ional ises ▁the ▁final ▁moments ▁of ▁Kar im ' s ▁life ▁to ▁gain ▁her ▁trust . ▁He ▁inform s ▁her ▁of ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁sent ▁her
▁and ▁convin ces ▁her ▁to ▁collect ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁bank ▁and ▁escape ▁from ▁her ▁family . ▁Meanwhile ▁Peter ▁has ▁recovered ▁from ▁being ▁dru gged ▁and ▁confront s ▁Gordon ▁over ▁his ▁b izarre ▁actions . ▁Gordon ▁somehow ▁convin ces ▁Peter ▁to ▁je op ard ise ▁his ▁own ▁job ▁and ▁allow ▁Gordon ▁time ▁to ▁facilitate ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁escape . ▁However , ▁when ▁she ▁returns ▁home ▁her ▁family ▁have ▁been ▁informed ▁of ▁her ▁suspicious ▁behaviour ▁and ▁lock ▁her ▁in ▁her ▁room . ▁Gordon ▁sends ▁a ▁hex ap od ▁to ▁her ▁home ▁to ▁break ▁her ▁out ▁and ▁they ▁travel ▁together ▁to ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁point ▁of ▁collection . ▁Gordon ▁inform s ▁Ay ush a ▁that ▁she ▁may ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁soul mate , ▁and ▁that ▁observ ing ▁someone ▁like ▁her ▁who ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁really ▁loving ▁someone ▁has ▁made ▁him ▁happy . ▁He ▁also ▁predict s ▁that ▁she ▁might ▁find ▁another ▁man , ▁and ▁then ▁makes ▁her ▁promise ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁in ▁Paris ▁at ▁exactly ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁in ▁Paris , ▁they ▁meet ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁implied ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁emb ark ▁on ▁a ▁romance . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Kim ▁N gu y en ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Mor oc co <0x0A> </s> ▁Gor an ▁Jer kov ić ▁may ▁refer
▁to : ▁▁ ▁Gor an ▁Jer kov ić ▁( foot ball er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁retired ▁football ▁mid f iel der ▁from ▁Cro at ia ▁ ▁Gor an ▁Jer kov ić ▁( foot ball er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁French ▁football ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁T ía ▁Cand ela ▁(" A unt ▁Cand le ") ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Mexican ▁film . ▁It ▁stars ▁Sara ▁Garc ía . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁films ▁Category : M ex ican ▁films ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁films ▁ ▁Category : M ex ican ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : M ex ican ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁an ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁located ▁within ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁residents ▁share ▁a ▁zip ▁code ▁with ▁Mer ion , ▁Nar ber th , ▁or ▁W yn ne wood ▁because ▁the ▁town ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁its ▁own ▁post ▁office . ▁However , ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁a ▁distinct ▁community ▁with ▁a ▁civ ic ▁association ▁that ▁helps ▁local ▁residents ▁and ▁visitors ▁dem arc ate ▁the ▁town ' s ▁boundaries ▁with ▁an ▁icon ic ▁sign ▁( feat uring ▁William ▁Penn ▁before ▁a ▁farm house ▁and ▁sm ok est ack ▁in ▁blue ▁or ▁red ▁on ▁white ) ▁that ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁town ' s ▁incorpor ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 .
▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 2 ▁by ▁Wel sh ▁Qu akers ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 3 ▁became ▁a ▁town ship ▁with ▁about ▁fifty ▁residents . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁the ▁areas ▁known ▁as ▁" F air view ," ▁" C row ' s ▁Hill ," ▁and ▁" B ow ler ' s ▁Woods " ▁were ▁incorporated ▁to ▁become ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁was ▁formerly ▁a ▁farming ▁community . ▁It ▁became ▁more ▁residential ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁when ▁the ▁ 5 3 9 - acre ▁farm ▁and ▁m ansion ▁known ▁as ▁P ens h urst ▁Farm ▁was ▁demol ished . ▁Other ▁farms ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁included ▁" C row ' s ▁Hill ", ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ; ▁" The ▁Gro ve ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Par tr idges " ▁on ▁Old ▁G ul ph ▁Road ; ▁and ▁Charles ▁W . ▁L atch ' s ▁ 4 1 - acre ▁family ▁farm . ▁Today , ▁sil os ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁on ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁ ▁Pen h urst ▁Farm ▁ ▁Pen h urst ▁Farm ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 3 9 - acre ▁farm ▁and ▁m ansion ▁built ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Per c ival ▁Roberts , ▁sc ion ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁that ▁founded ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 2 . ▁It ▁that ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁H agy ' s ▁Ford ▁Road , ▁Con sh
oh ock en ▁State ▁Road , ▁and ▁the ▁Sch u yl kill ▁River . ▁The ▁m ansion ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 7 5 ▁rooms , ▁multiple ▁English ▁gardens , ▁and ▁a ▁rock ▁garden ▁with ▁or nament al ▁f ount ains , ▁a ▁fish ▁p ond , ▁and ▁a ▁terr aced ▁stair way , ▁elements ▁of ▁which ▁still ▁stand ▁as ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁that ▁was ▁subsequently ▁built ▁upon ▁the ▁property . ▁The ▁original ▁m ansion ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁private ▁electrical ▁unit ▁and ▁a ▁water - p ip ing ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁farm ▁on ▁the ▁Pen h urst ▁property ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁productive ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Pennsylvania . ▁It ▁had ▁ex quis ite ▁animals ▁including ▁a ▁pack ▁of ▁award - winning ▁A yr shire ▁cattle , ▁which ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁eating ▁al f alf a . ▁The ▁farm ▁also ▁had ▁top - not ch ▁Ber k shire ▁h ogs , ▁chick ens , ▁and ▁sheep . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁farm ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁pe ac ocks ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁farm ▁also ▁had ▁large ▁d airy ▁machines ▁and ▁barn s . ▁Their ▁milk ▁was ▁popular ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁paste ur ized , ▁which ▁went ▁against ▁government ▁recommendations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁the ▁m ansion ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁the ▁items ▁were ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁auction . ▁In ▁
1 9 4 3 ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Home ▁Life ▁Insurance ▁Company , ▁sub div ided , ▁and ▁built ▁upon . ▁The ▁farm ' s ▁water ▁storage ▁tower ▁pers isted ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁on ▁a ▁terr ace ▁above ▁the ▁ball ▁fields ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁Valley ▁Middle ▁School ▁and ▁gave ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Tower ▁Lane . ▁It , ▁too , ▁was ▁ultimately ▁demol ished ▁when ▁state ▁authorities ▁deemed ▁it ▁a ▁safety ▁haz ard . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁signs ▁of ▁the ▁m ansion ▁are ▁its ▁former ▁gates ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁off ▁of ▁Con sh oh ock en ▁State ▁Road . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁houses ▁the ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 – 1 8 2 8 ▁by ▁farmers ▁where ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁one - room ▁week day ▁school ▁and ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁Sunday ▁religious ▁gather ings . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁club ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁building , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁However , ▁that ▁building ▁was ▁torn ▁down , ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁but ▁its ▁remains ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁today . ▁Until ▁World ▁War ▁ 2 ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁hold ▁religious ▁services . ▁The ▁original ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁rep aired ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁and ▁now ▁houses ▁The ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁C iv ic ▁Association . ▁In ▁
1 9 7 8 ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁designated ▁a ▁historic ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Historical ▁and ▁Museum ▁Commission . ▁It ▁was ▁given ▁repairs ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ 2 0 0 ▁Fair view ▁Road ▁Another ▁historic ▁building ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Fair view ▁Road ▁and ▁Sum mit ▁Avenue ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁frame ▁house ▁with ▁a ▁Queen ▁Por ch ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Cent ennial . ▁ ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁house ▁had ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁Historical ▁status ▁the ▁town ship ' s ▁Historical ▁Committee ▁reached ▁a ▁compromise ▁allowing ▁the ▁house ▁to ▁be ▁demol ished ▁after ▁realizing ▁fire ▁damage ▁from ▁a ▁basement ▁fire ▁would ▁cost ▁an ▁extensive ▁amount ▁to ▁fix . ▁The ▁original ▁house ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁house ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁William ▁Penn ▁Mil est ones ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁the ▁Mut ual ▁Ass urance ▁Fire ▁Company ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁ere cted ▁mil est ones ▁to ▁honor ▁William ▁Penn ' s ▁family ▁for ▁a ▁land ▁don ation . ▁Mil est ones ▁ 9 – 1 3 ▁were ▁put ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁The ▁mil est ones ▁have ▁a ▁number ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁three ▁raised ▁can non ball s ▁on ▁a ▁bar ▁within ▁William ▁Penn ' s ▁family ' s ▁coat - of - arms . ▁ ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁Valley ▁Region ▁Part ▁of ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁goes ▁through ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁In ▁the ▁past , ▁ 2 4 ▁mill s
▁were ▁located ▁on ▁Mill ▁Creek , ▁which ▁used ▁its ▁water ▁to ▁power ▁their ▁wool , ▁paper , ▁and ▁powder ▁mill s ▁until ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century . ▁One ▁mill er , ▁John ▁Frederick ▁B icking , ▁owned ▁a ▁paper ▁mill ▁along ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁and ▁ten ▁acres ▁where ▁Sum mit ▁Road ▁meets ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁The ▁B ick ings ▁family ▁c emetery ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Census ▁found ▁that ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁has ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁R ac ially , ▁ 8 8 % ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁are ▁C au cas ian , ▁ 4 % ▁are ▁Asian , ▁ 2 . 4 % ▁are ▁His panic , ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁are ▁black ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁are ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races , ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁American ▁Indian ▁or ▁other ▁race . ▁Of ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁C au cas ian ▁residents , ▁ 1 4 . 7 % ▁ ▁have ▁Russian ▁ancest ry ▁and ▁ 4 . 0 % ▁have ▁eastern ▁European ▁ancest ry . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁median ▁income ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁family — a ▁higher ▁median ▁income ▁than ▁ 9 9 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁live ▁beneath ▁the ▁poverty ▁level . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of
▁The ▁Main ▁Line , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁subur ban ▁Philadelphia ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Rail road ' s ▁original ▁rail ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁The ▁rail road ▁runs ▁from ▁ 3 0 th ▁Street ▁Station ▁in ▁downtown ▁Philadelphia ▁due ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁communities ▁of ▁Over bro ok , ▁Mer ion , ▁Nar ber th / P enn ▁Valley , ▁W yn ne wood , ▁Ar d more , ▁Ha ver ford , ▁Bry n ▁M aw r , ▁Rose mont , ▁Vill an ova , ▁Wayne , ▁Stra ff ord , ▁Saint ▁Dav ids , ▁Dev on , ▁Ber w yn , ▁Day les ford , ▁and ▁Pa oli . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁residential , ▁except ▁for ▁parts ▁of ▁Mont gomery ▁Avenue , ▁which ▁touches ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁not ▁actually ▁a ▁valley , ▁but ▁H ollow ▁Road ▁does ▁lead ▁into ▁an ▁old ▁rav ine ▁that ▁goes ▁towards ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁elev ation ▁from ▁there ▁to ▁H ag ys ▁Ford ▁Road ▁is ▁ 3 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 8 0 ▁feet . ▁ ▁In frastructure ▁ ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township ▁maint ains ▁its ▁recycl ing ▁and ▁refuse ▁burning ▁center ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Wood b ine ▁Avenue ▁just ▁beyond ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁Bel mont ▁Hills , ▁the ▁eastern most ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁town ship ▁that ▁sl opes ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁Sch u yl kill ▁River ▁with ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Fair mount ▁Park ▁on ▁either ▁bank . ▁ ▁Police ▁and
▁public ▁works ▁are ▁managed ▁in ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township ▁Office ▁Building ▁at ▁ 7 5 ▁East ▁Mont gomery ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Ar d more . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁served ▁adm ir ably ▁by ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁School ▁District , ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁the ▁bend ▁of ▁Mont gomery ▁Avenue ▁at ▁Church ▁Road ▁in ▁Ar d more ▁across ▁from ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁High ▁School ' s ▁H ap ▁Arnold ▁Field . ▁ ▁Train ▁stations ▁ ▁Nar ber th ▁train ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁a ▁sc ant ▁mile ▁from ▁the ▁" business ▁district " ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁on ▁Mont gomery ▁Avenue ; ▁Mer ion ▁and ▁Ar d more ▁stations ▁are ▁roughly ▁three ▁miles ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁district , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁have ▁heated , ▁en closed ▁waiting ▁areas , ▁public ▁rest rooms , ▁and ▁pay ▁phones . ▁Tax i ▁service ▁can ▁be ▁summon ed ▁by ▁telephone . ▁Just ▁under ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁take ▁the ▁train ▁to ▁work . ▁ ▁Bus es ▁SE P TA ' s ▁ 1 2 1 ▁line ▁runs ▁through ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁between ▁Center ▁City ▁and ▁Glad wy ne , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁on ▁week days . ▁ ▁H osp itals ▁Both ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁and ▁L ank en au ▁Hospital ▁are ▁located ▁within ▁ 5 ▁miles ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁L ibraries ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁well ▁serv iced ▁by ▁the ▁large ▁and ▁well - end owed ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Library ▁System , ▁part ▁of
▁the ▁Mont gomery ▁County ▁Library ▁System ▁and ▁an ▁affiliate ▁of ▁the ▁numerous ▁excellent ▁academic ▁and ▁professional ▁libraries ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁its ▁subur bs . ▁The ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Library ▁System ▁just ▁renov ated ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁its ▁Nar ber th ▁Free ▁Library , ▁bord ering ▁Nar ber th ▁Field ▁on ▁Es sex ▁Avenue ; ▁its ▁Ar d more ▁Free ▁Library ▁on ▁Ar d more ▁Avenue ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Post ▁Office ▁( 2 0 1 3 ); ▁and ▁the ▁system ' s ▁central ▁L uding ton ▁Memorial ▁Library ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁and ▁Lanc aster ▁Avenue ▁( Route ▁ 3 0 ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁Other ▁libraries ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁a ▁short ▁drive ▁from ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁include ▁the ▁Glad wy ne ▁Free ▁Library , ▁the ▁B ala - C yn w yd ▁Library , ▁and ▁the ▁Penn ▁W yn ne ▁Library . ▁Res idents ▁of ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁have ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁libraries ▁in ▁the ▁system . ▁All ▁the ▁libraries ▁have ▁a ▁large ▁variety ▁of ▁books , ▁audio - vis ual ▁materials , ▁and ▁electronic ▁resources . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁has ▁its ▁own ▁Little ▁Free ▁Library , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁wooden ▁box ▁located ▁on ▁H ag ys ▁Ford ▁Road ▁between ▁M argo ▁Lane ▁and ▁R ighters ▁Mill ▁Road . ▁The ▁process ▁is ▁that ▁you ▁take ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁in ▁return ▁give ▁a ▁book . ▁ ▁Fire ▁stations ▁The ▁two ▁closest ▁Fire
▁Dep art ments ▁are ▁The ▁Glad wy ne ▁Fire ▁Station ▁and ▁The ▁Nar ber th ▁Fire ▁Station . ▁The ▁Glad wy ne ▁Fire ▁Station ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁a ▁dal mat ian , ▁Row dy . ▁ ▁Wild life ▁Before ▁Wel sh ▁development , ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁forest ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁bears , ▁cou g ars , ▁w olves , ▁r att les n akes , ▁ot ters , ▁be a vers , ▁we as els , ▁tur keys , ▁g rou ses , ▁wood land ▁b ison , ▁tr out , ▁and ▁bald ▁e agles . ▁However , ▁after ▁forest ▁destruction ▁by ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁and ▁event ual ▁home ▁building ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁ 2 ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁rare ▁animals ▁left . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁red ▁f ox es , ▁white - fo oted ▁m ice , ▁horn ed ▁o w ls , ▁red - t ailed ▁h aw ks , ▁sk unk s , ▁rac co ons , ▁rab bits , ▁chip m unk s , ▁p he as ants , ▁c ray fish , ▁song bird s , ▁butter fl ies , ▁and ▁white - t ailed ▁deer . ▁The ▁white - t ailed ▁deer ▁pose ▁an ▁occasional ▁problem ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁because ▁they ▁can ▁halt ▁traffic , ▁destroy ▁the ▁forest ▁under br ush , ▁dev our ▁expensive ▁or nament al ▁flowers , ▁and ▁spread ▁L yme ▁disease . ▁ ▁When ▁last ▁counted , ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁contained ▁ 4 4 ▁deer ▁per ▁square ▁mile
, ▁ 3 4 ▁more ▁deer ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁than ▁the ▁recommended ▁average . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁a ▁c oy ote ▁was ▁spotted ▁right ▁outside ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Language ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁primarily ▁speak ▁English . ▁However , ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁primarily ▁speak ▁French . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Schools ▁ ▁Near ly ▁all ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ' s ▁public ▁school ▁children ▁attend ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Element ary ▁School ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Valley ▁Middle ▁School , ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁School ▁District . ▁Children ▁and ▁their ▁parents ▁may ▁choose ▁between ▁attending ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁High ▁School ▁or ▁Har rit on ▁High ▁School . ▁Near by ▁private ▁schools ▁include ▁Nar ber th ' s ▁Catholic ▁St . ▁Margaret ▁School ; ▁the ▁all - m ale ▁Ha ver ford ▁School ; ▁the ▁all - fem ale ▁Bald win ▁School ▁and ▁Ag nes ▁Ir win ▁School ; ▁and ▁the ▁co - educ ational ▁Ship ley ▁School . ▁ ▁Col leg es ▁ ▁While ▁no ▁colleges ▁are ▁located ▁directly ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley , ▁many ▁camp uses ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁Saint ▁Joseph ' s ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁minutes ▁away , ▁with ▁parts ▁of ▁its ▁campus ▁located ▁in ▁Mer ion ▁and ▁B ala ▁C yn w yd , ▁and ▁Vill an ova ▁University , ▁with ▁its ▁main ▁campus ▁along ▁Lanc aster ▁Avenue . ▁Other ▁nearby ▁colleges ▁include ▁Rose mont ▁College ; ▁Ha ver ford ▁College ; ▁and ▁the
▁internation ally ▁renown ed ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁legisl ature , ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 8 th ▁District ▁and ▁currently ▁represented ▁by ▁Mary ▁Jo ▁Dale y ; ▁Day lin ▁Le ach ▁is ▁its ▁Pennsylvania ▁Senator . ▁In ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress , ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁Made le ine ▁Dean . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁E lection , ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁went ▁for ▁Hillary ▁Clinton ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 5 % ▁majority . ▁ ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁mayor ▁or ▁city ▁council . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Ward ▁of ▁Commission ers ▁by ▁either ▁Daniel ▁Bern heim ▁or ▁Joshua ▁Gr imes . ▁ ▁Press ▁Local ▁events ▁are ▁covered ▁by ▁The ▁Main ▁Line ▁Times , ▁Main ▁Line ▁Life , ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁In quir er , ▁ ▁K Y W ▁News radio , ▁K Y W - TV ▁( C BS ▁ 3 ), ▁W CA U ▁( Channel ▁ 1 0 ), ▁WP VI - TV ▁( 6 ▁ABC ), ▁W PH L - TV ▁( PH L 1 7 ) ▁and ▁W TX F - TV ▁( FO X ▁ 2 9 ) ▁ ▁We ather ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁tends ▁to ▁have ▁hot , ▁hum id ▁sum mers ▁and ▁cold , ▁snow y ▁win ters . ▁The ▁precip itation ▁rate ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁tends ▁to ▁be ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁national ▁average . ▁ ▁Natural ▁dis asters ▁No ▁recorded ▁major ▁natural ▁disaster ▁has
▁ever ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁However , ▁major ▁natural ▁dis asters ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁town . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁a ▁ 4 . 6 ▁ ▁earthqu ake ▁took ▁place ▁ 4 6 ▁miles ▁from ▁Penn ▁Valley , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁Mer call i ▁intensity ▁of ▁V ▁( Mod er ate ), ▁causing ▁some ▁damage ▁in ▁the ▁Reading ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁torn ado es ▁took ▁place ▁within ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁Comb ined , ▁the ▁torn ado es ▁resulted ▁in ▁ 4 ▁deaths ▁and ▁millions ▁of ▁dollars ▁in ▁damage . ▁ ▁Not able ▁residents ▁Hans ▁Jacob ▁H agy , ▁American ▁paper ▁manufacturer , ▁supplied ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin ▁paper ▁for ▁publishing ▁Poor ▁Richard ' s ▁Al man ac ▁and ▁other ▁tr acts ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁Const itutional ▁Convention ▁( 1 7 8 7 ) ▁for ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁Bill ▁of ▁Rights ▁from ▁his ▁mill ▁on ▁Mill ▁Creek , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 ▁George ▁Bro oke ▁Roberts , ▁American ▁industrial ist , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Rail road ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁P enc oy d ▁Farm ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Per c ival ▁Roberts , ▁Jr ., ▁American ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁farmer , ▁president ▁of ▁P enc oy d ▁Iron ▁Works , ▁later ▁part ▁of ▁US ▁Steel , ▁expanded ▁family ' s ▁P enc oy d ▁Farm ▁to ▁include ▁ 5 7 1 ▁acres ▁and ▁built ▁" P ens h
urst " ▁estate ▁on ▁Con sh oh ock en ▁State ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁ ▁Walter ▁De ane ▁Full er , ▁American ▁publisher , ▁president ▁and ▁board ▁chairman , ▁the ▁Curt is ▁Publishing ▁Company ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁built ▁his ▁estate , ▁a ▁working ▁farm ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century , ▁on ▁lower ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road , ▁which ▁still ▁stands ▁and ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁E co ▁Valley ▁Park , ▁extending ▁to ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁Vincent ▁K ling , ▁American ▁architect , ▁pione er ▁of ▁modern ism , ▁was ▁long ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁lower ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road ▁ ▁O . ▁Sp ur geon ▁English , ▁MD , ▁pione er ▁of ▁mind - body ▁medicine ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁psychiat ry ▁at ▁Temple ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine , ▁lived ▁on ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road ▁Joseph ▁R itter , ▁MD , ▁American ▁ped iat ric ian , ▁professor ▁of ▁ped iat rics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁chief ▁of ▁medicine ▁at ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁cl iff ▁over looking ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁above ▁G ully ▁Run ▁Creek ▁Ben ▁H ib bs , ▁American ▁journalist , ▁long time ▁editor ▁of ▁Country ▁Gent le man ▁and ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Saturday ▁Even ing ▁Post ▁and ▁Read er ' s ▁Dig est , ▁lived ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Eli as ▁Bur stein , ▁American ▁phys ic ist
, ▁the or ist ▁of ▁solid - state ▁optical ▁tele commun ications ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁physics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁lived ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Aaron ▁T . ▁Beck , ▁MD , ▁American ▁psychiat rist , ▁creator ▁of ▁cognitive ▁therapy ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁psychiat ry ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁W yn ne wood ▁section ▁of ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁Hon . ▁Judge ▁Ph yll is ▁W . ▁Beck , ▁American ▁jur ist , ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁law ▁at ▁Temple ▁University ▁Mel ▁Rich man , ▁American ▁advertising ▁executive , ▁long time ▁president ▁of ▁Philadelphia ' s ▁Poor ▁Richard ' s ▁Club , ▁built ▁the ▁pol ych rom atic ▁modern ist ▁ranch ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁and ▁Wood b ine ▁Avenue ▁D . ▁D ud ley ▁Bloom , ▁American ▁naval ▁officer ▁and ▁business man , ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ' s ▁youngest ▁ship ▁commander ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁rolling ▁travel ▁lug gage , ▁lived ▁on ▁Lem ar ▁Circle ▁ ▁Josh ▁K op el man , ▁an ▁American ▁entrepreneur , ▁venture ▁capital ist , ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Bobby ▁R yd ell , ▁American ▁rock ▁and ▁roll ▁singer , ▁famous ▁for ▁" W ild ▁One ", ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁M . ▁Night ▁Sh y am al an , ▁American ▁writer ▁and ▁director
▁of ▁Hollywood ▁films , ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Gar ry ▁M add ox , ▁American ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁and ▁television ▁comment ator , ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Aaron ▁McK ie , ▁American ▁National ▁Basket ball ▁Association ▁star ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁ 7 6 ers ▁and ▁current ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Temple ▁O w ls ▁college ▁basketball ▁team , ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁David ▁Cr ane ▁( produ cer ), ▁American ▁television ▁producer ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁sit com , ▁Friends , ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁Con sh oh ock en ▁State ▁Road ▁Lawrence ▁H . ▁Sum mers , ▁American ▁econom ist , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Tre asury , ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁former ▁chief ▁economic ▁adv iser ▁to ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Obama , ▁and ▁current ▁Charles ▁W . ▁Eli ot ▁Professor ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Road ▁Richard ▁L . ▁Fox , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁writer , ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley . ▁Joe ▁B anner , ▁American ▁television ▁executive ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁E agles ▁and ▁sports ▁analyst ▁with ▁ESP N , ▁lives ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁David ▁Sh ul kin , ▁American ▁civil ▁servant , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁Veter ans ▁Affairs ▁under ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁lived ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Richard ▁J . ▁Fox , ▁American ▁real ▁estate ▁executive ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁lived ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁Jennifer ▁Fox , ▁American ▁documentary ▁film ▁maker , ▁lived ▁in ▁Penn ▁Valley ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Lower ▁Mer
ion ▁Township , ▁Mont gomery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Mont gomery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Un inc or por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁bl ended ▁threat ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁bl ended ▁attack ) ▁is ▁a ▁software ▁explo it ▁that ▁involves ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁attacks ▁against ▁different ▁vulner abilities . ▁Bl ended ▁threats ▁can ▁be ▁any ▁software ▁that ▁explo its ▁multiple ▁techniques ▁to ▁attack ▁and ▁propag ate ▁threats , ▁for ▁example ▁worm s , ▁tro jan ▁horses , ▁or ▁computer ▁vir uses . ▁▁ ▁Complex ▁threats ▁consist ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁distinct ▁attacks ▁aimed ▁at ▁a ▁target , ▁such ▁as ▁multiple ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁kind . ▁Examples ▁of ▁complex ▁threats ▁might ▁include ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁coord inated ▁physical ▁host ilities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Paris ▁terrorist ▁attacks ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁or ▁could ▁involve ▁varying ▁methods ▁of ▁threat , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁cyber ▁attack ▁and ▁a ▁distinct ▁physical ▁attack , ▁which ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁coord inated . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁recent ▁years , ▁cyber ▁attacks ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁increased ▁ability ▁to ▁impact ▁physical ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁St ux net , ▁T rit on ▁or ▁Tr is is ▁mal ware , ▁and ▁have ▁caused ▁r ans om ware ▁outbreak s , ▁such ▁as ▁W anna C ry . ▁By ▁further ▁recogn izing ▁that ▁cyber ▁systems ▁threats ▁occur ▁from ▁potential ▁physical ▁haz ards , ▁the ▁term ▁bl ended ▁threat ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁natural
, ▁accident al , ▁or ▁purpose ful ▁physical ▁or ▁cyber ▁danger ▁that ▁has ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁c ros so ver ▁impacts ; ▁or ▁to ▁harm ▁life , ▁information , ▁operations , ▁environment , ▁or ▁property . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁based ▁on ▁termin ology ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ' s ▁R isk ▁Lex icon . ▁ ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁summar ized ▁that , ▁in ▁a ▁worst - case ▁scenario , ▁hack ers ▁could ▁potentially ▁carry ▁out ▁" cy ber - phys ical ▁attacks ▁by ▁turning ▁satellite ▁anten nas ▁into ▁weapons ▁that ▁can ▁operate , ▁essentially ▁like ▁mic row ave ▁o vens ." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Cy ber ▁Th reat ▁Alliance ▁( CT A ) ▁released ▁a ▁new ▁J oint ▁Analysis ▁product ▁titled , ▁“ The ▁Il lic it ▁C rypt ocur rency ▁Th reat .” ▁ ▁That ▁C TA ▁analysis ▁assess ed ▁ill icit ▁crypt ocur rency ▁mining ▁as ▁having ▁over t aken ▁r ans om ware ▁as ▁the ▁biggest ▁cyber ▁threat ▁to ▁businesses . ▁The ▁C TA ▁claimed ▁that ▁mining ▁attacks ▁had ▁gone ▁from ▁almost ▁non - ex istent ▁to ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁attacks ▁their ▁clients ▁encounter ▁now adays . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁bl ended ▁threats ▁have ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁compromise ▁the ▁healthcare ▁system . ▁H osp itals ▁and ▁health ▁care , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁medical ▁tools ▁and ▁devices , ▁all ▁rely ▁on ▁each ▁other . ▁Many ▁health ▁care
▁systems ▁need ▁an ▁Internet ▁connection ▁to ▁operate , ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁holds ▁with ▁numerous ▁other ▁medical ▁devices ▁such ▁as ▁pac em akers . ▁However , ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁‘ Intern et ▁of ▁Things ▁( Io T ) ’ ▁a ▁growing ▁network ▁of ▁connected ▁devices , ▁which ▁are ▁potentially ▁vulnerable ▁to ▁a ▁cyber ▁attack . ▁It ▁is ▁crucial ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁threats ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁reported ▁in ▁medical ▁devices . ▁Recently , ▁a ▁crucial ▁flaw ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁half ▁a ▁million ▁pac em akers ▁that ▁could ▁expose ▁users ▁to ▁an ▁attack . ▁Additionally , ▁security ▁researchers ▁recently ▁revealed ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁vulner abilities ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁pac em aker ▁brand ▁that ▁an ▁attack er ▁could ▁explo it ▁to ▁control ▁impl anted ▁pac em akers ▁remot ely ▁and ▁cause ▁physical ▁harm ▁to ▁patients . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁computer ▁vir uses ▁and ▁worm s ▁ ▁Compar ison ▁of ▁computer ▁vir uses ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tro jan ▁horses ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mc A fee ▁white paper ▁on ▁bl ended ▁threats ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁security ▁explo its ▁Category : Types ▁of ▁mal ware <0x0A> </s> ▁Ele uther eng on ides ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁mit es , ▁ranked ▁as ▁a ▁" super co h ort ", ▁between ▁the ▁tax onom ic ▁rank ▁of ▁order ▁and ▁family . ▁ ▁Super f amil ies ▁and ▁families ▁ ▁Par aty de idae ▁ ▁E ri oph yo idea ▁ ▁I ol ino idea ▁ ▁H eter
ost ig mat ina ▁ ▁A thy re ac ar idae ▁ ▁C rot al orph idae ▁ ▁Fem bid iac ar idae ▁ ▁Dol ich ocy bo idea ▁ ▁H eter oche yle to idea ▁ ▁Py em ato idea ▁ ▁Py g m ep hor o idea ▁ ▁Sc ut ac aro idea ▁ ▁T ars oche y lo idea ▁ ▁T ars on em o idea ▁ ▁Tro ch omet rid io idea ▁ ▁R aph ign ath ae ▁ ▁Che yle to idea ▁ ▁P omer ant z io idea ▁ ▁P ter yg os om ato idea ▁ ▁R aph ign ath o idea ▁ ▁T etr any cho idea ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T rom bid iform es <0x0A> </s> ▁Bar gh am ad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Bark ā mad ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Pir ak uh ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁J ow ay in ▁County , ▁R az avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 6 4 7 , ▁in ▁ 5 6 8 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁J ove yn ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ric ia ▁Marg ot ▁Mc Cl ain ▁( born ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine
' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁its ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁phot ograp hed ▁by ▁Ken ▁Marcus . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Mc Cl ain ' s ▁firing ▁from ▁her ▁office ▁manager ▁job ▁at ▁a ▁p est ▁ex termin ation ▁company ▁made ▁national ▁news . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁first ▁hired , ▁she ▁dis closed ▁her ▁play mate ▁past ▁to ▁her ▁employers ▁and ▁was ▁told ▁to ▁keep ▁quiet ▁about ▁it ▁to ▁her ▁co - workers ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁company ' s ▁sexual ▁harass ment ▁policy . ▁She ▁was ▁fired ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁Play boy ▁published ▁the ▁book , ▁Play boy ▁Magazine : ▁Five ▁Dec ades ▁of ▁Center f olds . ▁ ▁Her ▁lawsuit ▁gained ▁much ▁media ▁attention ▁including ▁segments ▁on ▁Dat eline ▁and ▁American ▁Journal , ▁and ▁the ▁lawsuit ▁was ▁settled ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁sum . ▁After ▁the ▁firing , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁Play boy ▁in ▁their ▁editing ▁department ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁occasional ▁modeling ▁gig . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁challenge ▁El ton ▁Gal leg ly ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁in ▁his ▁Vent ura ▁County ▁district ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁During ▁the ▁campaign , ▁she ▁was ▁quoted ▁about ▁her ▁Play boy ▁past , ▁" They ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁me ▁with ▁$ 1 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁That ' s ▁what ▁I ▁tell ▁the ▁femin ists . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁growing - up ▁thing , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁a
▁little ▁girl ' s ▁dream ." ▁Republican ▁activ ists ▁dis su aded ▁her , ▁and ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁explore ▁challenging ▁Democratic ▁Congress man ▁Bob ▁Fil ner ▁in ▁his ▁San ▁Diego ▁district ▁instead . ▁The ▁plan ▁fell ▁through ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁gau ged ▁lack ▁of ▁interest ▁and ▁log istics ▁of ▁her ▁having ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁her ▁Ox n ard ▁home ▁to ▁San ▁Diego ▁and ▁find ▁employment . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁Play boy ▁Play mates <0x0A> </s> ▁As lan oba ▁( also , ▁As lan oba - Se id ly ar ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Kh ach maz ▁Ray on ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Se y id lik ə nd yer i . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh ach maz ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Ref uge ▁des ▁B ans ▁is ▁a ▁refuge ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁h uts ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ain ▁h uts ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Line ▁S 1 ▁is ▁a ▁S - B ahn ▁line ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine - R u hr ▁network . ▁It ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁DB ▁Reg io . ▁It ▁runs ▁from ▁Dort mund ▁west ▁over ▁Ess en ▁to ▁Du is burg . ▁ ▁From ▁there ▁it ▁travels ▁south ▁to ▁D
üss eld orf ▁and ▁H ild en ▁before ▁continuing ▁to ▁Sol ingen . ▁It ▁is ▁operated ▁at ▁ 1 5 - minute ▁intervals ▁between ▁Dort mund ▁H bf ▁and ▁Ess en ▁H bf , ▁at ▁ 2 0 - minute ▁intervals ▁between ▁D üss eld orf ▁H bf ▁and ▁Sol ingen ▁and ▁at ▁ 3 0 - minute ▁intervals ▁between ▁D üss eld orf ▁and ▁Ess en , ▁using ▁coupled ▁sets ▁of ▁class ▁ 4 2 2 ▁four - car ▁electrical ▁multiple ▁units . ▁ ▁Line ▁S ▁ 1 ▁ ▁runs ▁over ▁lines ▁built ▁by ▁various ▁railway ▁companies : ▁ ▁from ▁Dort mund ▁Haupt bahn hof ▁to ▁Du is burg ▁over ▁the ▁W itten / D ort mund – O ber hausen / D uis burg ▁railway , ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Berg isch - M är k ische ▁Railway ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁ ▁from ▁Du is burg ▁to ▁D üss eld orf - O ber bil k ▁over ▁the ▁C olog ne – D uis burg ▁railway , ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁C olog ne - M inden ▁Railway ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁D üss eld orf - O ber bil k ▁to ▁Sol ingen ▁over ▁the ▁D üss eld orf – S ol ingen ▁railway ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Pr ussian ▁state ▁rail ways ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁S - B ahn ▁services ▁comm enced ▁between ▁Bo ch um ▁and ▁Du is burg
- G ro ßen ba um ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Services ▁were ▁extended ▁from ▁Gro ßen ba um ▁to ▁D üss eld orf ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁from ▁Bo ch um ▁to ▁Dort mund ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Services ▁ran ▁via ▁D üss eld orf ▁Airport ▁Term inal ▁station ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Services ▁were ▁extended ▁from ▁D üss eld orf ▁to ▁Sol ingen ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁replacing ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁line ▁S ▁ 7 ▁service . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S 0 1 ▁! ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁West ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁baseball ▁ground ▁located ▁in ▁Harrison , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁a ▁city ▁adjacent ▁to ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁The ▁ground ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁New ark ▁Pe pp ers ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁The ▁field ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁" Pe pp ers ▁Park " ▁or ▁" P eps ▁Park ". ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁ball park ▁was ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Harrison , ▁a ▁block ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Pass a ic ▁River . ▁Home ▁plate ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁corner . ▁The ▁ball park ▁was ▁bounded ▁by ▁M
idd les ex ▁Street ▁[ now ▁Ang elo ▁C if elli ▁Drive ] ▁( n orth , ▁third ▁base ); ▁South ▁ 3 rd ▁Street ▁( east , ▁left ▁field ); ▁Bur lington ▁Avenue ▁( s outh , ▁right ▁field ); ▁and ▁South ▁ 2 nd ▁Street ▁( west , ▁first ▁base ). ▁There ▁were ▁( and ▁are ) ▁rail road ▁yards ▁sk ir ting ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁property ; ▁oil ▁tanks ▁were ▁visible ▁behind ▁the ▁right - center ▁field ▁se ating , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁rail ▁yards . ▁An ▁Ot is ▁E lev ator ▁Company ▁factory ▁stood ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁near ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁Base ball ▁The ▁stadium ▁had ▁a ▁se ating ▁capacity ▁of ▁around ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁ball park , ▁with ▁dimensions ▁of ▁ 3 7 5 ▁feet ▁in ▁left , ▁ 4 5 0 ▁feet ▁to ▁center ▁and ▁ 3 7 5 ▁feet ▁in ▁right ; ▁these ▁dimensions , ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁baseball ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁its ▁" dead ▁ball " ▁era , ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁hit ▁for ▁power . ▁Just ▁six ▁home ▁runs ▁were ▁hit ▁in ▁Federal ▁League ▁play ▁in ▁Harrison , ▁and ▁only ▁one ▁left ▁the ▁ball park , ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁P eps ' ▁Em il ▁H uh n ▁( his ▁only ▁career ▁home ▁run ). ▁H uh n ▁would ▁be ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Fred ▁T oney ' s ▁catch er ▁in ▁the ▁" double ▁no - hit
" ▁game ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁where ▁both ▁T oney ▁and ▁H ip po ▁V augh n ▁tossed ▁no - hit ters ▁through ▁nine ▁inn ings . ▁A ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 0 3 2 ▁attended ▁the ▁op ener ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ; ▁subsequent ▁crowds ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁range . ▁ ▁Hal ▁Chase , ▁the ▁" Black ▁Prince ▁of ▁Base ball ", ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁alter c ation ▁just ▁outside ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁after ▁a ▁game ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁April ▁ 2 5 . ▁Chase , ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁team ▁in ▁Buffalo , ▁came ▁to ▁bl ows ▁with ▁New ark ▁fan ▁Billy ▁Quinn , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁he ck ling ▁Chase . ▁Sal oon ▁owner ▁( and ▁former ▁box er ) ▁Patrick ▁Mc Gu igan ▁joined ▁the ▁f ray ▁and ▁landed ▁a ▁few ▁bl ows ▁before ▁police ▁broke ▁up ▁the ▁b raw l . ▁Chase ▁was ▁un in j ured ▁and ▁played ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁days ▁in ▁New ark . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁dis band ed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁season , ▁the ▁ball park ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁minor ▁league ▁New ark ▁B ears ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁ ▁Soc cer ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁also ▁hosted ▁soccer ▁matches ▁in ▁its ▁day . ▁The ▁site ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁blocks ▁north
west ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Red ▁Bull ▁Arena ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁parking ▁lot ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Red ▁Bull s ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Soc cer . ▁ ▁The ▁L amar ▁Hunt ▁U . S . ▁Open ▁Cup ▁( then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁National ▁Challenge ▁Cup ) ▁twice ▁held ▁its ▁final ▁match ▁there , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁On ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁after ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁draw ▁between ▁the ▁Fall ▁River ▁Ro vers ▁and ▁Beth le hem ▁Steel ▁F . C . ▁in ▁Fall ▁River , ▁the ▁re play ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Harrison ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 ; ▁Beth le hem ▁Steel ▁won , ▁ 3 - 0 , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁local ▁side ▁Pat erson ▁F . C . ▁played ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Sc ull in ▁Steel ▁F . C . ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁draw ▁in ▁Harrison ▁with ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁attendance . ▁Sc ull in ▁declined ▁a ▁rem atch , ▁however , ▁as ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁ro ster ▁were ▁also ▁pro ▁baseball ▁players ▁who ▁had ▁joined ▁their ▁teams ; ▁Pat erson ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Cup ▁by ▁default . ▁ ▁F ate ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9
2 4 . ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁is ▁now ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁luxury ▁apartment ▁building . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁Marc ▁Ok kon en , ▁The ▁Federal ▁League ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 : ▁Base ball ' s ▁Third ▁Major ▁League , ▁S AB R , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Category : H arr ison , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Category : Def unct ▁sports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁baseball ▁ven ues ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Military ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁ceremon ial ▁band ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Ar med ▁Forces ' s ▁which ▁currently ▁serves ▁in ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Military ▁District . ▁The ▁band ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁military ▁bands ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Its ▁history ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁when ▁Emperor ▁Alexander ▁III ▁signed ▁a ▁dec ree ▁on ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁Br ass ▁Band . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁an ▁order ▁was ▁issued ▁to ▁dis band ▁the ▁band ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution . ▁It ▁was ▁rec reated ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁dis band ed ▁again ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1
. ▁The ▁Pet ro grad ▁city ▁government ▁attempted ▁to ▁rec reate ▁another ▁band ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁which ▁only ▁be ▁active ▁for ▁ 4 ▁years ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁when ▁a ▁g arr ison ▁band ▁was ▁created ▁with ▁A br am ▁G ens ha ft ▁becoming ▁its ▁first ▁leader . ▁During ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁L ening rad , ▁the ▁band ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁D mit ri ▁Sh ost akov ich ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁After ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁band ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁the ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁band ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁form ▁has ▁been ▁active ▁since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁and ▁Moscow ▁military ▁districts , ▁and ▁the ▁Northern ▁and ▁Balt ic ▁fle ets ▁were ▁merged . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁Service ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁of ▁Russia ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Fleet ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁Media ▁▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Document ary ▁T cha ik ov sky ▁" F estival ▁Cor on ation ▁March " ▁Con cert ▁of ▁Russian ▁Western
▁Military ▁District ▁Head quarters ▁Band , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁Dream ▁- ▁Western ▁Military ▁District ▁Head quarters ▁Band ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Band ▁and ▁H Q ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District ▁performing ▁H ands ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Sea ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ussian ▁military ▁bands ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁were ▁an ▁Ang l ian ▁tribe ▁who ▁either ▁took ▁their ▁name ▁from ▁a ▁ch ie ft ain ▁called ▁" S not " ▁or ▁" Sn od ", ▁or ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁S not t eng a , ▁meaning ▁" c aves ". ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁occupied ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁S not t eng ah am ▁or ▁Sn od eng ah am ▁( mod ern ▁Not ting ham ). ▁ ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁gave ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁settlement s ▁of ▁Not ting ham , ▁first ▁recorded ▁as ▁S not eng ah am , ▁and ▁nearby ▁S ne inton , ▁first ▁recorded ▁as ▁S not inton . ▁ ▁Not ting ham ' s ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁was ▁probably ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁min ster ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁late ▁ 7 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁its ▁min ster ▁parish ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁S not ing as . ▁Although ▁determining ▁this ▁area ▁is
▁complicated ▁by ▁the ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁held ▁by ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁granted ▁to ▁L ent on ▁Pri ory ▁after ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest , ▁it ▁certainly ▁included ▁Wh ist on ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁city , ▁and ▁probably ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁L ent on , ▁Rad ford , ▁Bas ford , ▁Arnold , ▁West ▁Br id g ford , ▁Wil ford , ▁Bart on ▁and ▁Cl if ton . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pe oples ▁of ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁Merc ia <0x0A> </s> ▁Tom ▁Crow son , ▁American ▁politician , ▁was ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives . ▁ ▁He ▁ran ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁in ▁the ▁Third ▁Congress ional ▁District ▁of ▁Washington ▁against ▁inc umb ent ▁Democrat ▁Brian ▁B air d . ▁He ▁is ▁from ▁Olymp ia , ▁Washington . ▁ ▁Crow son ▁won ▁the ▁primary ▁for ▁his ▁party ' s ▁nom ination ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁faced ▁B air d ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁losing ▁with ▁ 3 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁to ▁B air d ' s ▁ 6 2 %. ▁ ▁Crow son ▁is ▁running ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁campaign ▁website ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W ashington ▁( state ) ▁Republicans ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Olymp ia , ▁Washington ▁Category
: Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁for ▁Re con naissance ▁( , ▁H V ▁A ) ▁was ▁the ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security ▁( St asi ), ▁the ▁main ▁security ▁agency ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁( E ast ▁Germany ), ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁St asi , ▁responsible ▁for ▁operations ▁outside ▁of ▁East ▁Germany ▁such ▁as ▁esp ion age , ▁active ▁measures , ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁gathering , ▁and ▁counter int elligence ▁against ▁NAT O - aligned ▁countries ▁and ▁their ▁intelligence ▁agencies . ▁ ▁The ▁St asi ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁mode ▁of ▁operation ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁including ▁its ▁internal ▁structure , ▁methods , ▁and ▁employees . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁broad ▁interest ▁and ▁int ensive ▁research ▁under ▁the ▁respons ibilities ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Commission er ▁for ▁the ▁St asi ▁Records . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁is ▁regarded ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁service ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pre decess ors ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁the ▁Au ßen polit ischer ▁Nach richt end ienst ▁( Foreign ▁Intelligence ▁Service ) ▁( AP N ) ▁was ▁founded , ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Anton ▁A ck erm ann , ▁disgu ised
▁as ▁the ▁Institut ▁für ▁w irtschaft sw issenschaft liche ▁F orsch ung ▁( IP W ) ▁( Inst itute ▁for ▁Economic ▁Research ). ▁According ▁to ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁eight ▁Germans ▁and ▁four ▁Soviet ▁" ad vis ers " ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁founding ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁in ▁B ohn sd orf ▁in ▁the ▁b orough ▁of ▁Tre pt ow - K ö pen ick . ▁The ▁AP N ▁was ▁sub ord inated ▁to ▁the ▁G DR ▁Foreign ▁Ministry . ▁The ▁first ▁leader ▁was ▁A ck erm ann , ▁his ▁deputy ▁was ▁Richard ▁St ahl mann . ▁The ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁" ad vis ers " ▁was ▁the ▁K GB ▁officer ▁And rei ▁Gra uer , ▁who , ▁according ▁to ▁Wolf , ▁had ▁been ▁personally ▁assigned ▁by ▁Stalin ▁to ▁this ▁" re construction ▁aid ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁AP N ▁College ▁( the ▁later ▁H V ▁A ▁College ) ▁came ▁into ▁being , ▁where ▁agents ▁known ▁as ▁" sc outs ▁for ▁peace " ▁( K und sch after ▁des ▁Fried ens ) ▁in ▁St asi ▁j arg on ▁were ▁prepared ▁for ▁operations ▁in ▁Western ▁countries . ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁A ck erm ann ▁petition ed ▁the ▁ruling ▁party ' s ▁Polit b uro ▁to ▁replace ▁him , ▁and ▁Walter ▁Ul br icht ▁assumed ▁direct ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁AP N . ▁▁ 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 7 0 s ▁The ▁sp ies ▁formed ▁a
▁conspir ator ial ▁brother hood , ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁" Pr ussian ▁virt ues ," ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁" sc outs ," ▁G ün ter ▁Enter le in , ▁said ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁documentary ▁" In side ▁H VA ". ▁ ▁These ▁" virt ues " ▁combined ▁with ▁a ▁corps ▁spirit ▁and ▁un cond itional ▁ob ed ience ▁are ▁largely ▁cred ited ▁to ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁H VA ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁The ▁" man ▁without ▁a ▁face " ▁was ▁un mask ed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁sevent ies ▁by ▁Wer ner ▁St iller , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁agents , ▁who ▁then ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁B ND . ▁St iller ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁who ▁could ▁not ▁ignore ▁how ▁much ▁the ▁ideal ▁and ▁reality ▁in ▁the ▁S ED ▁dict ators hip ▁diver ged . ▁After wards ▁par ano ia ▁grew ▁and ▁" prevent ive ▁deter rence " ▁spread . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Wer ner ▁Tes ke , ▁who ▁had ▁prepared ▁himself ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁to ▁St iller , ▁was ▁un covered ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁an ▁" un expected ▁close ▁shot ", ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁death ▁sentence ▁of ▁the ▁G DR . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁mid - se vent ies , ▁the ▁H VA ▁was ▁active ▁worldwide ▁with ▁secrets ▁of ▁the ▁N SA ▁and ▁NAT O , ▁into ▁which ▁the ▁service ▁had ▁deep ▁insights . ▁In ▁spite
▁of ▁their ▁critical ▁world ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁G DR , ▁most ▁H VA ▁agents ▁remained ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁regime ▁until ▁the ▁end . ▁ ▁D ut ies ▁ ▁Focus ▁The ▁primary ▁mand ate ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁foreign ▁recon naissance ▁( esp ion age ), ▁which ▁included ▁political , ▁military , ▁economic ▁and ▁technological ▁intelligence - gather ing . ▁Among ▁its ▁other ▁duties ▁were ▁activities ▁against ▁western ▁intelligence ▁agencies ▁( by ▁means ▁of ▁in fil tr ating ▁their ▁operations ), ▁preparing ▁acts ▁of ▁sab ot age , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁so - called ▁" Active ▁Me asures " ▁( d istribut ing ▁false ▁intelligence ) ▁in ▁the ▁" Oper ational ▁S ector ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ", ▁including ▁West ▁Berlin . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁military ▁esp ion age ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁significance . ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁the ▁S ED - led ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic , ▁and ▁secretary ▁of ▁national ▁security ▁Er ich ▁M iel ke ▁expected ▁param ount ▁information ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁discovery ▁of ▁Western ▁war ▁prepar ations ▁from ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁rising ▁t ensions ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁Cold ▁War ▁super pow ers . ▁ ▁Co operation ▁with ▁the ▁K GB ▁Opt imal ▁conditions ▁allowed ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁to ▁provide ▁its ▁eastern ▁" s ister ▁services ", ▁especially ▁the ▁K GB , ▁the ▁greatest ▁amount ▁of ▁intelligence ▁flowing ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany , ▁which ▁was ▁the
▁most ▁significant ▁European ▁NAT O ▁member . ▁The ▁K GB ▁was ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Berlin - K arl sh or st , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁secret ▁service ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁P ots dam - B abel s berg , ▁and ▁in ▁addition , ▁l ia isons ▁were ▁present ▁to ▁each ▁district ▁administration . ▁Success ful ▁operations ▁against ▁NAT O ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Br uss els , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁some ▁other ▁Western ▁European ▁states , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁also ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁significance . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁on ▁the ▁contrary , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁never ▁able ▁to ▁break ▁any ▁ground , ▁as ▁the ▁K GB ▁operated ▁there ▁almost ▁exclusively . ▁( The ▁significant ▁in ro ads ▁in ▁the ▁G DR ' s ▁recon naissance ▁on , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁N SA ▁origin ated ▁from ▁personnel ▁station ed ▁in ▁West ▁Berlin .) ▁ ▁Organ isation ▁and ▁structure ▁ ▁Se ctions ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁ 2 1 ▁sections ▁( Ab teil ungen ) ▁and ▁five ▁task ▁forces ▁( Ar be its gru ppen ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁was ▁the ▁Head quarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( St ab ▁der ▁H V ▁A ) ▁and ▁the ▁S ector ▁for ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁( S ek tor ▁W issenschaft ▁und ▁Techn ik ) ▁( SW T ), ▁responsible ▁for ▁technological ▁esp ion age , ▁whose ▁respons ibilities ▁were ▁spread ▁across ▁sections
. ▁In ▁a ▁sense ▁the ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁was ▁a ▁secret ▁service ▁within ▁the ▁secret ▁service ▁with ▁an ▁aut onomy ▁within ▁the ▁St asi ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁enjoyed ▁by ▁the ▁First ▁Chief ▁Director ate ▁within ▁the ▁K GB ▁or ▁the ▁Director ate ▁of ▁Operations ▁within ▁the ▁CIA . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁budget ▁and ▁its ▁own ▁enter prises , ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁provided ▁cover ▁employment ▁for ▁its ▁oper atives , ▁but ▁also ▁contributed ▁fin ances ▁from ▁their ▁business ▁activities ▁to ▁the ▁up keep ▁of ▁the ▁service . ▁The ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁also ▁handled ▁its ▁own ▁counter int elligence . ▁This ▁was ▁an ▁exclusive ▁pr er og ative ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ▁within ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic , ▁but ▁while ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁I ▁handled ▁this ▁mission ▁within ▁the ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁B order ▁Tro ops , ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁VII ▁handled ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁and ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Police , ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁XX ▁handled ▁esp ion age ▁penetr ation ▁attempts ▁within ▁the ▁G DR ' s ▁state ▁appar atus ▁and ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁II ▁handled ▁counter int elligence ▁among ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁public ▁in ▁general , ▁counter esp ion age ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁handled ▁exclusively ▁by ▁its ▁organic ▁Division ▁A ▁IX . ▁ ▁Wer ner ▁Groß mann ▁– ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁General ober st ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Work ▁Group
▁S ▁( Ar be its g ruppe ▁S ) ▁– ▁internal ▁security ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁X ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁X ) ▁– ▁Active ▁measures ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁( including ▁West ▁Berlin ) ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VII ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁VII ) ▁– ▁analysis ▁and ▁Information ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁IX ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁IX ) ▁– ▁penetr ation ▁of ▁enemy ▁intelligence ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁and ▁counter int elligence ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁ ▁Hor st ▁V og el ▁– ▁First ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁S ector ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Department ▁ 5 ▁( Re fer at ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁SW T ) ▁– ▁the ▁work ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁ST S ▁Mat th ias ▁W arn ig ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 1 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its g ruppe ▁ 1 ▁/ ▁SW T ) ▁– ▁officer - res idents ▁abroad ▁working ▁in ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁ST S ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 3 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its g ruppe ▁ 3 ▁/ ▁SW T ) ▁– ▁operational ▁acquisition ▁of ▁defence ▁mater iel ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its g ruppe ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁SW T ) ▁–
▁explo itation ▁of ▁official ▁channels ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁V ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁V ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁analysis ▁for ▁the ▁ST S ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VIII ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁VIII ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁operational ▁technology , ▁signals ▁equipment ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIII ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XIII ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁fundamental ▁studies ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIV ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XIV ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁electronic , ▁opt ics , ▁digital ▁data ▁processing ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XV ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XV ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁military ▁technology , ▁mechanical ▁engineering ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XX ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XX ▁( SW T )) ▁– ▁data ▁processing ▁and ▁computing ▁center ▁ ▁He inz ▁G ey er ▁– ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁▁ ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( St ab ▁der ▁H V ▁A ) ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁XV ▁/ ▁B V ▁( Ar be its g ruppe ▁XV ▁/ ▁B V ) ▁– ▁coord ination ▁center ▁for ▁the ▁Div isions ▁XV ▁( the ▁district ▁departments ▁( Be z ir ks Ver walt ungen , ▁hence ▁B V ) ▁of
▁the ▁St asi ▁also ▁field ed ▁intelligence ▁departments . ▁They ▁carried ▁the ▁design ation ▁Division ▁XV ▁and ▁were ▁coord inated ▁by ▁this ▁work ▁group ). ▁Before ▁expanding ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁super - de part ment ▁ ▁( the ▁H V ▁A ▁as ▁a ▁whole ) ▁the ▁external ▁intelligence ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ▁was ▁called ▁Division ▁XV , ▁so ▁the ▁territor ial ▁units ▁have ▁retained ▁this ▁design ation . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVII ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XVII ) ▁– ▁border ▁closure ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XX I ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XX I ) ▁– ▁rear ▁services , ▁administration ▁and ▁fin ances ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VI ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁VI ) ▁– ▁operational ▁travel ▁movement ▁( move ment ▁of ▁intelligence ▁officers ▁under ▁the ▁gu ise ▁of ▁tour ism ) ▁ ▁Wer ner ▁Pro set z ky ▁– ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁III ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁III ) ▁– ▁legal ▁officer - res idents ▁in ▁Western ▁countries ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIX ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XIX ) ▁– ▁training ▁and ▁personnel ▁care ▁ ▁Heinrich ▁T auch ert ▁– ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁IV ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A
▁IV ) ▁– ▁military ▁intelligence ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany . ▁The ▁Ministry ▁of ▁National ▁Def ence ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁intelligence ▁service , ▁which ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁several ▁times . ▁In ▁its ▁final ▁re iter ation ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁East ▁Germany ▁its ▁official ▁name ▁was ▁the ▁Intelligence ▁S ector ▁( B ere ich ▁Auf kl är ung ). ▁The ▁Ministry ▁for ▁State ▁Sec ir ity ▁also ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁division ▁for ▁military ▁intelligence . ▁Natur ally ▁both ▁had ▁West ▁Germany ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁focus . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁mutual ▁interference ▁they ▁have ▁introduced ▁a ▁separation ▁of ▁their ▁areas ▁of ▁operations . ▁The ▁Intelligence ▁S ector ▁concentrated ▁on ▁the ▁operational ▁side ▁of ▁intel ▁– ▁data ▁about ▁operational ▁plans , ▁man power ▁and ▁day - to - day ▁operational ▁read iness ▁of ▁the ▁weapons ▁and ▁equipment ▁of ▁the ▁Bundes we hr . ▁The ▁St asi ' s ▁( and ▁more ▁precisely ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ) ▁Division ▁A ▁IV ▁concentrated ▁on ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁longer ▁term ▁side ▁of ▁intelligence ▁gathering . ▁It ▁operated ▁on ▁military ▁matters ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁political ▁parties , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence , ▁the ▁We apon ry ▁Technical ▁Administration ▁( W TD ), ▁the ▁administrative ▁departments ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁armed ▁services , ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁establish ments , ▁weapons ▁and ▁equipment ▁manufacturers ▁and ▁future ▁weapon ▁acquis itions . ▁Nevertheless ▁overl apping ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁was ▁not ▁un common . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XI ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XI ) ▁– ▁Intelligence ▁in
▁North ▁America ▁and ▁US ▁military ▁install ations ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XII ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XII ) ▁– ▁penetr ation ▁of ▁NAT O ▁and ▁the ▁E EC ▁institutions ▁ ▁R alf - P eter ▁Dev aux ▁– ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁Ober st ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁I ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁I ) ▁– ▁penetr ation ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁state ▁institutions ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁II ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁II ) ▁– ▁penetr ation ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁political ▁parties ▁and ▁public ▁organisations ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVI ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XVI ) ▁– ▁explo itation ▁of ▁official ▁channels , ▁coord ination ▁of ▁H V ▁A ▁business ▁enter prises ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVI ▁( Ab teil ung ▁A ▁XVIII ) ▁– ▁sab ot age ▁prepar ations ▁ ▁Hor st ▁Fel ber ▁– ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Un ity ▁Party ▁org ans ▁in ▁the ▁St asi ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Lead ership ▁Se ctions ▁VII , ▁IX , ▁X ▁and ▁task ▁force ▁S ▁were ▁directly ▁sub ord inated ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁Colonel ▁General ▁Wer ner ▁Groß mann . ▁ ▁His ▁predecess or ▁was ▁Colonel ▁General ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁over ▁ 3 4 ▁years ▁until
▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁high ▁professional ▁regard ▁in ▁the ▁intelligence ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁five ▁deput ies . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁case , ▁these ▁were ▁Major ▁Gener als ▁Hor st ▁V og el ▁( 1 . ▁Deputy ), ▁He inz ▁G ey er ▁( Ch ief ▁of ▁Staff ), ▁Heinrich ▁T auch ert ▁and ▁Wer ner ▁Pro set z ky ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Colonel ▁R alf - P eter ▁Dev aux . ▁ ▁Rec ruit ment ▁and ▁training ▁Init ially , ▁the ▁" H V ▁A ▁College ", ▁disgu ised ▁as ▁the ▁Z entr als ch ule ▁der ▁Ges ellschaft ▁für ▁Sport ▁und ▁Techn ik ▁Ed kar ▁André ▁(" Ed kar ▁André ▁Main ▁College ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Sports ▁and ▁V oc ational ▁Training "), ▁was ▁initially ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Bel zig . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁increment ally ▁absorbed ▁into ▁the ▁Jur ist ische ▁Hoch sch ule ▁des ▁M f S ▁( J HS ) ▁(" Grad uate ▁Law ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security "), ▁located ▁in ▁Gol m ▁( P ots dam ), ▁initially ▁as ▁a ▁voc ational ▁training ▁school . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁on , ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁" F ach richt ung ▁für ▁Auf kl är ung ▁der ▁J HS " ▁(" Col lege ▁of ▁Re con naissance ▁of ▁the ▁J HS "), ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁renamed ▁to ▁" S ekt ion ▁A "
▁(" Section ▁A "). ▁The ▁" F rem ds pr achen sch ule ▁des ▁M f S " ▁(" Col lege ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁for ▁State ▁Security "), ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" E duc ational ▁Department ▁F ", ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁College , ▁including ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages , ▁previously ▁located ▁in ▁Dam msm üh le ▁bei ▁M üh len beck , ▁moved ▁to ▁Lake ▁Sed d in ▁in ▁G osen ▁near ▁the ▁Berlin ▁city ▁limits , ▁approximately ▁ 4 . 5 ▁miles ▁( 3 ▁kilom eters ) ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Er k ner . ▁The ▁backup ▁bunk er ▁for ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁also ▁located ▁there . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁college ▁had ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 0 ▁employees ▁and ▁was ▁headed ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Ber nd ▁K auf mann . ▁It ▁worked ▁in ▁close ▁cooperation ▁with ▁" De pt . ▁A ▁XIX ", ▁and ▁was ▁structured ▁into ▁three ▁Educ ational ▁Dep art ments : ▁▁ ▁Educ ational ▁De pt . ▁A : ▁Training ▁for ▁political ▁oper atives . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Hel mut ▁E ck . ▁ 4 ▁courses ▁including ▁Marx ist – Len in ist ▁training , ▁politics , ▁and ▁history . ▁ ▁Educ ational ▁De pt . ▁B : ▁" Special ▁Operations " ▁and ▁method ology ▁of ▁service ▁work . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Hor st ▁Kl ug ow . ▁ 5
▁courses , ▁including ▁Oper ative ▁Psych ology , ▁Security ▁and ▁Law , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁foreign ▁resid ency ▁training . ▁ ▁Educ ational ▁De pt . ▁F : ▁College ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Man fred ▁Fr ö h lich . ▁Res pons ible ▁for ▁the ▁language ▁training ▁for ▁missions ▁abroad , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁inter preter - training . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Full ▁time ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 , 8 0 0 ▁full - time ▁employees ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Among ▁them ▁were , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁agency ' s ▁directory , ▁approximately ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁professional ▁agents ▁and ▁ 7 0 0 ▁deput ies , ▁ 7 0 0 ▁un off icial ▁employees , ▁and ▁ 6 7 0 ▁special ▁agents ▁( Off izi ere ▁im ▁bes onder en ▁Eins atz ). ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁self - dis est ablish ment , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁employees ▁rose ▁at ▁times ▁above ▁ 4 , 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁autumn ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁seven ▁super vis ors ▁had ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁" general ": ▁highest - rank ing ▁associate ▁was ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁Wer ner ▁Groß mann , ▁as ▁lieutenant ▁general . ▁Four ▁of ▁his ▁deput ies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Harry ▁Sch ü tt ▁( ch ief ▁of ▁counter - esp ion age ) ▁and ▁Otto ▁Led erm ann
▁( manager ▁of ▁the ▁S ED ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ) ▁were ▁Major ▁Gener als . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁associ ates ▁regarded ▁themselves ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁elite ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security . ▁A ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁personal ▁engagement , ▁flexibility , ▁performance , ▁and ▁primarily ▁absolute ▁loyalty ▁to ▁the ▁S ED ▁was ▁expected ▁of ▁them . ▁Qual ified ▁employees ▁of ▁other ▁St asi ▁departments , ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁with ▁secondary ▁educational ▁degrees , ▁knowledge ▁of ▁foreign ▁languages , ▁etc ., ▁could , ▁as ▁a ▁reward ▁for ▁" remark able ▁achievements ", ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁as ▁needed , ▁which ▁was ▁a kin ▁to ▁a ▁decor ation . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁H V ▁A ▁personnel ▁could , ▁due ▁to ▁in ade quate ▁performance ▁or ▁following ▁an ▁investigation , ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁other ▁departments ▁of ▁the ▁St asi , ▁practically ▁const itut ing ▁a ▁dem otion . ▁ ▁Un off icial ▁and ▁other ▁employees ▁The ▁full - time ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁were ▁complement ed ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁" un off icial ▁collabor ators " ▁or ▁" un off icial ▁employees ", ▁the ▁so - called ▁I Ms ▁( In off izi eller ▁M itar be iter ). ▁These ▁were ▁primarily ▁G DR ▁citizens ▁with ▁permission ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁( the ▁Re ise k ader ; ▁convers ely , ▁only ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁those ▁with ▁travel ▁permission ▁were ▁I Ms ), ▁residents ▁of
▁East ▁Germany ▁who ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁" function ally ▁interesting " ▁target ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁West , ▁cou riers ▁and ▁instruct ors , ▁but ▁also ▁thousands ▁of ▁residents ▁of ▁West ▁Germany ▁and ▁West ▁Berlin , ▁partly ▁in ▁exposed ▁positions ▁in ▁society . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁particularly ▁interested ▁in ▁recru iting ▁Western ▁students ▁who ▁were ▁visiting ▁the ▁G DR . ▁These ▁were ▁young ▁academ ics ▁who ▁were ▁suitable ▁for ▁leadership ▁roles ▁and ▁therefore ▁particularly ▁pre dest ined ▁for ▁confidential ▁information ; ▁they ▁were ▁developed ▁over ▁decades ▁at ▁a ▁high ▁financial ▁and ▁personnel ▁cost , ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁placing ▁them ▁in ▁high ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁economy , ▁through ▁which ▁they ▁gained ▁access ▁to ▁secret ▁information . ▁ ▁A ▁famous ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁recruit ment ▁operation ▁was ▁Gab ri ele ▁Gast , ▁who ▁committed ▁herself ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁as ▁a ▁student ▁and ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Reg ierung sd ire ktor in ▁( G overn ment ▁Director ) ▁in ▁the ▁Bundes n ach richt end ienst ▁( F ederal ▁Intelligence ▁Service ), ▁the ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁agency ▁of ▁West ▁Germany . ▁As ▁a ▁high - level ▁source , ▁she ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Mark us ▁Wolf ▁personally . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁sources ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁were ▁not ▁necessarily ▁registered ▁as ▁I Ms ▁with ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( or ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security ). ▁In ▁many ▁cases , ▁they ▁were ▁noted ▁as ▁Kont akt person en ▁( K P )
▁( contact ▁persons ), ▁which ▁reveals ▁little ▁about ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁cooperation ▁with ▁the ▁intelligence ▁service . ▁ ▁Head quarters ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁predecess or , ▁the ▁AP N ▁( A u ßen polit ischer ▁Nach richt end ienst : ▁Foreign ▁Intelligence ▁Service ) ▁res ided ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁first ▁in ▁P ank ow , ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁Roland u fer ▁in ▁Mit te . ▁ ▁The ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁situated ▁since ▁the ▁mid - ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁complex ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ' s ▁headquarters ▁in ▁the ▁Berlin ▁b orough ▁of ▁L ichten berg . ▁After ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁office ▁buildings ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Rus chestra ße ▁and ▁Frank fur ter ▁Al lee , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁established ▁its ▁base ▁of ▁operations ▁there . ▁( After ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁an ▁employment ▁agency ▁moved ▁into ▁a ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁Frank fur ter ▁Al lee ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁De utsche ▁Bahn . ▁A ▁De utsche ▁Bahn ▁company ▁logo ▁has ▁been ▁aff ixed ▁and ▁is ▁easily ▁notice able .) ▁The ▁Oper ativ - Te chn ische ▁S ek tor ▁( OT S ) ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ro ed ern straße ▁in ▁Ho hen sch ön hausen . ▁ ▁Bud get ▁Former ▁H V ▁A ▁director ▁Mark us ▁Wolf ▁assert ed ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁Bund est ag ▁committee ▁investig ating ▁the
▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Commercial ▁Coord ination ▁( B ere ich ▁Kom mer z ielle ▁Ko ord in ierung ▁or ▁Ko K o ) ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁ten ure ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁the ▁year ly ▁financial ▁resources ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁for ▁operational ▁purposes ▁stood ▁at ▁ 1 7 ▁million ▁East ▁German ▁mark ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 5 ▁million ▁De utsche ▁Mark . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁concl us ively ▁ref ute ▁or ▁verify ▁this ▁statement . ▁In ▁individual ▁H V ▁A ▁sections , ▁there ▁existed ▁" black ▁cash ▁boxes " ▁under ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁section ▁or ▁department ▁head . ▁Consider ably ▁greater ▁amounts ▁were ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁secret ▁proc ure ment ▁of ▁equipment ▁for ▁section ▁A ▁VIII ▁(" Oper ational ▁Technology ▁and ▁Radio ▁Communications ") ▁and ▁for ▁other ▁recip ients ▁in ▁the ▁St asi , ▁the ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁or ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁economy ; ▁this ▁money ▁generally ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Commercial ▁Coord ination . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Rosen hol z ▁files ▁Sus anne ▁Sch äd lich ▁about ▁BBC ▁radio ▁show ▁" B rief e ▁ohne ▁Un ters ch rift " ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Daniel ▁und ▁J ür gen ▁Ast . ▁Inside ▁H VA . ▁ 2 ▁part ▁documentary , ▁( G erman ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Category : St asi <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag alen ate a ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁ ▁orb - we aver ▁sp iders ▁first
▁described ▁by ▁All an ▁Fro st ▁Ar cher ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁ ▁it ▁contains ▁only ▁two ▁species . ▁ ▁it ▁contains ▁only ▁two ▁species : ▁A . ▁red ii ▁with ▁a ▁pal ear ctic ▁distribution ▁and ▁A . ▁l ir io pe , ▁found ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁and ▁Y emen . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ar ane idae ▁Category : Ar ane om or pha e ▁gener a ▁Category : Pal ear ctic ▁sp iders ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Men ' s ▁U 2 3 ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁South ▁America ' s ▁governing ▁vol ley ball ▁body , ▁the ▁Confeder ación ▁Sud american a ▁de ▁V ole ib ol ▁( CS V ). ▁ ▁Comp eting ▁nations ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁format ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Men ' s ▁U 2 3 ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championship ▁will ▁consist ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁Round - Rob in ▁pool ▁between ▁the ▁six ▁teams , ▁the ▁champion ▁will ▁be ▁determined ▁from ▁the ▁ranking ▁after ▁the ▁round . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁ ▁'' V enue : ▁▁▁▁ ▁\| } ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁\| } ▁ ▁Final ▁standing ▁ ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁ ▁Most ▁Val uable ▁Player ▁ ▁Best ▁Set ter ▁ ▁Best ▁Opp os ite ▁ ▁Best ▁Outside ▁Hit ters ▁▁▁▁ ▁Best ▁Middle ▁Block ers ▁ ▁Best ▁Liber
o ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁C SV ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Men ' s ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championships ▁S ▁Vol ley ball ▁V <0x0A> </s> ▁Norm ▁Mc D erm ott ▁( 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁football er ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Ess end on ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : E ss end on ▁Football ▁Club ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁bi ology ▁and ▁ec ology , ▁ab i otic ▁components ▁or ▁ab i otic ▁factors ▁are ▁non - l iving ▁chemical ▁and ▁physical ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁environment ▁that ▁affect ▁living ▁organ isms ▁and ▁the ▁functioning ▁of ▁ecosystem s . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁and ▁the ▁phen omena ▁associated ▁with ▁them ▁under pin ▁all ▁bi ology . ▁▁ ▁Ab i otic ▁components ▁include ▁physical ▁conditions ▁and ▁non - l iving ▁resources ▁that ▁affect ▁living ▁organ isms ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁growth , ▁maintenance , ▁and ▁reprodu ction . ▁ ▁Resources ▁are ▁distinguished ▁as ▁sub stances ▁or ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁environment ▁required ▁by ▁one ▁organ ism ▁and ▁consumed ▁or ▁otherwise ▁made ▁un available ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁other ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁Component ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁a ▁substance ▁occurs ▁by