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▁chemical ▁or ▁physical ▁processes , ▁e . g . ▁hydro ly sis . ▁ ▁All ▁non - l iving ▁components ▁of ▁an ▁ecosystem , ▁such ▁as ▁atm ospher ic ▁conditions ▁and ▁water ▁resources , ▁are ▁called ▁ab i otic ▁components . ▁ ▁Examples ▁ ▁In ▁bi ology , ▁ab i otic ▁factors ▁can ▁include ▁water , ▁light , ▁radiation , ▁temperature , ▁hum idity , ▁atmosphere , ▁acid ity , ▁and ▁soil . ▁The ▁macro sc opic ▁climate ▁often ▁influences ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁above . ▁Press ure ▁and ▁sound ▁waves ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁considered ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁marine ▁or ▁sub - ter rest rial ▁environments . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁in ▁ocean ▁environments ▁also ▁include ▁a erial ▁exposure , ▁substr ate , ▁water ▁clarity , ▁solar ▁energy ▁and ▁t ides . ▁Consider ▁the ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁mechanics ▁of ▁C 3 , ▁C 4 , ▁and ▁C AM ▁plants ▁in ▁reg ulating ▁the ▁infl ux ▁of ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁to ▁the ▁Cal vin - B enson ▁Cy cle ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁their ▁ab i otic ▁stress ors . ▁C 3 ▁plants ▁have ▁no ▁mechanisms ▁to ▁manage ▁photo resp iration , ▁whereas ▁C 4 ▁and ▁C AM ▁plants ▁utilize ▁a ▁separate ▁P EP ▁Car box yl ase ▁en zym e ▁to ▁prevent ▁photo resp iration , ▁thus ▁increasing ▁the ▁yield ▁of ▁photos y nt hetic ▁processes ▁in ▁certain ▁high ▁energy ▁environments . ▁ ▁Many ▁Ar che a ▁require ▁very ▁high ▁temperatures , ▁press ures ▁or ▁unusual ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁chemical ▁sub stances ▁such
▁as ▁sul fur ; ▁this ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁special ization ▁into ▁extreme ▁conditions . ▁In ▁addition , ▁fun gi ▁have ▁also ▁evolved ▁to ▁survive ▁at ▁the ▁temperature , ▁the ▁hum idity , ▁and ▁stability ▁of ▁their ▁environment . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁difference ▁in ▁access ▁in ▁both ▁water ▁and ▁hum idity ▁between ▁temper ate ▁rain ▁forests ▁and ▁des erts . ▁This ▁difference ▁in ▁water ▁availability ▁causes ▁a ▁diversity ▁in ▁the ▁organ isms ▁that ▁survive ▁in ▁these ▁areas . ▁These ▁differences ▁in ▁ab i otic ▁components ▁alter ▁the ▁species ▁present ▁both ▁by ▁creating ▁boundaries ▁of ▁what ▁species ▁can ▁survive ▁within ▁the ▁environment , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁influ encing ▁competition ▁between ▁two ▁species . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁sal inity ▁can ▁give ▁one ▁species ▁a ▁competitive ▁advantage ▁over ▁another , ▁creating ▁press ures ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁spec iation ▁and ▁alter ation ▁of ▁a ▁species ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁general ist ▁and ▁specialist ▁competitors . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Bi otic ▁component , ▁a ▁living ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁ecosystem ▁that ▁affects ▁and ▁shapes ▁it . ▁ ▁Ab i ogen esis , ▁the ▁grad ual ▁process ▁of ▁increasing ▁complexity ▁of ▁non - l iving ▁into ▁living ▁matter . ▁ ▁N it rogen ▁cycle ▁ ▁Ph osph orus ▁cycle ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Environment al ▁science <0x0A> </s> ▁As if ▁Z ak aria ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁National ▁Congress . ▁Z ak aria ▁represents ▁the ▁Band ra ▁M umb ai ▁ ▁constitu ency ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a
▁three - term ▁Corpor ator . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁As if ▁Z ak aria ' s ▁uncle ▁Raf iq ▁Z ak aria ▁was ▁a ▁veteran ▁politician ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁National ▁Congress . ▁His ▁brother ▁Ar if ▁Z ak aria ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁entertainment ▁industry ▁and ▁cousin ▁F are ed ▁Z ak aria ▁is ▁a ▁journalist . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁National ▁Congress ▁politicians ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁M umb ai ▁Category : K on k ani ▁Muslims ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Dr am amine ▁is ▁a ▁brand ▁name ▁of ▁dim en hy dr inate . ▁ ▁Dr am amine ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Dr am amine ▁Less ▁D row sy ▁Form ulation , ▁also ▁called ▁Dr am amine ▁II , ▁a ▁brand ▁name ▁of ▁me cl iz ine ▁ ▁" D ram amine ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Mod est ▁Mouse ▁from ▁This ▁Is ▁a ▁Long ▁Drive ▁for ▁Someone ▁with ▁Nothing ▁to ▁Think ▁About ▁▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁notably ▁covered ▁by ▁Sun ▁Kil ▁Moon ▁on ▁T iny ▁C ities <0x0A> </s> ▁Start key ▁is ▁a ▁USB ▁flash ▁storage ▁device ▁developed ▁by ▁Microsoft ▁and ▁San Disk . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Start Key ▁began ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁Microsoft ▁and ▁San Disk ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁provide ▁un spec ified ▁software ▁to ▁replace ▁U 3 ▁that ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁San Disk ▁flash ▁devices . ▁ ▁Features ▁ ▁Start Key ▁will
▁turn ▁USB - based ▁flash ▁drives ▁into ▁a ▁“ Windows ▁companion ” ▁that ▁will ▁allow ▁users ▁to ▁carry ▁their ▁Windows ▁and ▁Windows ▁Live ▁settings ▁with ▁them . ▁It ▁will ▁work ▁with ▁other ▁formats , ▁including ▁SD ▁memory ▁cards . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Windows ▁To ▁Go ▁ ▁Port able ▁application ▁ ▁Port able ▁application ▁creat ors ▁ ▁Compar ison ▁of ▁application ▁launch ers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Start Key ▁– ▁Windows ▁on ▁a ▁USB ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Research ▁- ▁Key chain ▁ ▁Category : USB ▁Category : Comput er ▁storage ▁devices ▁Category : San Disk ▁products <0x0A> </s> ▁White ▁car rot ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁White ▁varieties ▁of ▁the ▁common ▁car rot ▁( D auc us ▁car ota ▁sub sp . ▁sat iv us ) ▁ ▁Da ik on , ▁the ▁large ▁East ▁Asian ▁white ▁rad ish ▁( R aph an us ▁sat iv us ▁var . ▁long ip inn atus ) ▁ ▁Pars n ip , ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁He brew ▁word ▁for ▁par sn ip ▁meaning ▁literally ▁" white ▁car rot " <0x0A> </s> ▁Portugal ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁in ▁Kaz an , ▁Russia ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁to ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Open ▁water ▁swimming ▁ ▁Portugal ▁field ed ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁three ▁sw imm ers ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁water ▁mar athon . ▁ ▁Sw im ming ▁ ▁Portuguese ▁sw imm ers ▁have ▁achieved ▁qual
ifying ▁standards ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁events ▁( up ▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 2 ▁sw imm ers ▁in ▁each ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁A - standard ▁entry ▁time , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁at ▁the ▁B - standard ): ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Portuguese ▁Sw im ming ▁Federation ▁▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁sport ▁Category : Port ug al ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Cape ▁la ▁H une ▁was ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or ▁Category : R oad - in access ible ▁communities ▁of ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab rad or <0x0A> </s> ▁G anga ▁Shar an ▁Singh ▁Award ▁( Dev n ag ari : ▁ ग ं ग ा श र ण ▁ स ि ं ह ▁ प ु र स ् क ा र ) ▁is ▁a ▁literary ▁honour ▁in ▁India ▁which ▁K end ri ya ▁Hind i ▁San st han , ▁( Cent ral ▁Hind i ▁Organization ), ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Human ▁Resource ▁Development , ▁annually ▁conf ers ▁on ▁writers ▁of ▁outstanding ▁works ▁in ▁Hind i ▁Liter ature . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁Hind i ▁Sev i ▁Sam man ▁and ▁is ▁given ▁to ▁number ▁of ▁Hind i ▁experts ▁for ▁playing ▁their ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁promoting ▁the ▁Hind i ▁language . ▁
▁History ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁K end ri ya ▁Hind i ▁San st han ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁on ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Hind i ▁L ingu ist ▁& ▁Freedom ▁F ighter ▁G anga ▁Shar an ▁Singh . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁awarded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁literary ▁awards ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter - day ▁S aints ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁reported ▁ 2 , 8 0 5 ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Also ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁are ▁four ▁congreg ations ▁( three ▁w ards ▁and ▁one ▁branch ), ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁These ▁w ards ▁are ▁Che vy ▁Chase ▁( Parts ▁of ▁N W ▁DC ), ▁DC ▁ 2 nd ▁Ward ▁( N W , ▁NE ▁DC ▁+ ▁parts ▁of ▁MD ), ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁( Parts ▁of ▁N W ▁and ▁NE ▁DC ), ▁Capital ▁Hill ▁( Parts ▁of ▁SW ▁and ▁SE ▁DC ), ▁and ▁An ac ost ia ▁( Parts ▁of ▁SE ▁DC ). ▁The ▁M t . ▁Ple asant ▁Spanish - spe aking ▁ward ▁serves ▁all ▁four ▁quadr ants ▁of ▁DC . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁French - spe aking ▁group ▁that ▁meets ▁with ▁their ▁main ▁congreg ation . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 9
3 3 , ▁a ▁large ▁gran ite ▁chap el ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁L DS ▁Church ▁cancel ed ▁services ▁and ▁other ▁public ▁gather ings ▁in def initely ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁the ▁coron avirus ▁pandemic . ▁ ▁Members hip ▁history ▁ ▁Cong reg ations ▁Cong reg ations ▁that ▁meet ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁Cap itol ▁Hill ▁Ward ▁Mount ▁Ple asant ▁Branch ▁( Span ish ) ▁Washington ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁ ▁Other ▁congreg ations ▁that ▁serve ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁An ac ost ia ▁Ward ▁Che vy ▁Chase ▁Ward ▁Glen n ▁Dale ▁Ward ▁( You ng ▁Single ▁Adult ) ▁ ▁Mont gomery ▁( Ch inese ) ▁Branch ▁Tak oma ▁Park ▁( F rench ) ▁Branch ▁Washington ▁DC ▁( De af ) ▁Branch ▁Washington ▁DC ▁ 2 nd ▁Ward ▁( You ng ▁Single ▁Adult ) ▁ ▁T empl es ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁Temple ▁was ▁dedicated ▁by ▁church ▁president ▁Spencer ▁W . ▁Kim ball . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁the ▁temple ▁is ▁not ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ; ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁K ens ington , ▁Maryland , ▁approximately ▁three ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁limits . ▁ ▁\| } ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Washington ▁DC ▁L DS ▁St ake ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁an ▁earlier , ▁longer ▁article ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁published ▁as ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁
▁News room ▁( D istrict ▁of ▁Columbia ) ▁ ▁Come U nt o Christ . org ▁L atter - day ▁S aints ▁Vis itor ▁site ▁ ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter - day ▁S aints ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ity ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia <0x0A> </s> ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁U of F ) ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁library ▁of ▁fashion ▁design ▁video ▁lessons . ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Frances ca ▁Ster l acci ▁and ▁Jeff rey ▁Pur vin ▁and ▁features ▁how - to ▁video ▁lesson ▁tutorial s , ▁taught ▁by ▁fashion ▁school ▁profess ors ▁and ▁industry ▁professionals , ▁teaching ▁the ▁key ▁fashion ▁design ▁discipl ines , ▁e . g . ▁drap ing , ▁pattern making , ▁se wing , ▁fashion ▁art , ▁kn its , ▁children sw ear , ▁C AD , ▁fashion ▁business ▁and ▁fashion ▁product ▁development . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁a ▁gradu ation ▁degree ▁program . ▁Instead , ▁by ▁subscription , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁provides ▁video ▁lessons ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁can ' t ▁afford ▁or ▁who ▁can ' t ▁access ▁a ▁traditional ▁fashion ▁school ▁or ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁supplement ▁the ▁learning ▁they ' re ▁currently ▁receiving ▁from ▁a ▁fashion ▁school . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Ster l acci ▁felt ▁that ▁fashion ▁design ▁was ▁decl ining ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁due ▁to ▁companies ▁moving ▁off - shore ▁and ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁promote ▁fashion ▁design ▁education . ▁She ▁got ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁launch
ing ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁while ▁teaching ▁at ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁University ▁and ▁felt ▁that ▁students ▁" did n ' t ▁want ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁books ; ▁they ▁wanted ▁videos ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁launched ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁starting ▁the ▁website , ▁Ster l acci ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁and ▁chair ▁at ▁the ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁taught ▁graduate ▁level ▁fashion ▁design ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁University . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ster l acci ▁had ▁fil med ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁video ▁lessons ▁for ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁Website ▁ ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Frances ca ▁Ster l acci ▁and ▁Jeff rey ▁Pur vin , ▁who ▁funded ▁the ▁venture ▁priv ately . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁provides ▁monthly ▁and / or ▁year ly ▁sub scriptions ▁to ▁individuals , ▁fashion ▁schools , ▁libraries , ▁se wing ▁clubs , ▁fashion ▁businesses ▁and ▁retail ers . ▁ ▁The ▁website ▁features ▁video ▁lessons ▁on ▁drap ing , ▁pattern making , ▁se wing , ▁fashion ▁art , ▁kn its , ▁children sw ear , ▁C AD , ▁fashion ▁business , ▁product ▁development , ▁trend ▁forecast ing ▁and ▁colour ▁theory . ▁All ▁lessons ▁are ▁sub div ided ▁by ▁the ▁difficulty ▁levels : ▁begin ner , ▁intermediate ▁and ▁advanced . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁lessons ▁feature ▁profess ors ▁from ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁Pars ons ▁The ▁New ▁School
▁for ▁Design ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁educational ▁inst itutes , ▁or ▁industry ▁professionals . ▁As ide ▁from ▁its ▁how - to ▁video ▁lessons , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁website ▁also ▁provides ▁a ▁fashion ▁termin ology ▁dictionary , ▁fashion ▁design ▁tools ▁and ▁supplies , ▁lists ▁of ▁recommended ▁fashion ▁schools , ▁museum s , ▁magazines , ▁websites ▁and ▁blogs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁tours ▁of ▁fashion ▁museum s ▁and ▁features ▁on ▁other ▁fashion ▁ven ues . ▁ ▁Site ▁visitors ▁can ▁sign - up ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Member ▁and ▁watch ▁a ▁few ▁free ▁videos ▁or ▁purchase ▁a ▁monthly ▁or ▁year ly ▁subscription ▁to ▁gain ▁un limited ▁access ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁lessons ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁website . ▁The ▁monthly ▁subscription ▁costs ▁$ 1 9 . 9 5 ▁and ▁the ▁year ly ▁subscription ▁costs ▁$ 1 4 5 . ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁also ▁offers ▁group ▁sub scriptions ▁for ▁large ▁organisations , ▁e . g . ▁schools , ▁libraries ▁and ▁fashion ▁clubs . ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁of ▁S ew ing ▁and ▁Design ▁Prof ession als ▁( AS DP ) ▁and ▁several ▁fashion ▁schools ▁use ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁library ▁as ▁a ▁supplement al ▁resource ▁tool . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Frances ca ▁Ster l acci ▁ ▁Category : Intern et ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : Video ▁on ▁demand ▁services ▁Category : F ashion ▁websites <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Kin ley ▁( 2 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 )
▁was ▁a ▁Scotland - born ▁econom ist ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁economics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁and ▁later ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁University . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁econom ist , ▁he ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁school , ▁and ▁his ▁main ▁interest ▁was ▁in ▁money ▁and ▁banking . ▁ ▁Administration ▁gradually ▁took ▁up ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁his ▁career ▁progress ed . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Kin ley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D und ee , ▁Scotland . ▁He ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁early ▁education ▁at ▁Phillips ▁And over ▁Academy ▁in ▁And over , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁went ▁to ▁Yale ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁became ▁principal ▁of ▁North ▁And over ▁High ▁School ▁for ▁six ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁he ▁left ▁to ▁do ▁graduate ▁work ▁at ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University , ▁primarily ▁under ▁Richard ▁E ly . ▁He ▁accompanied ▁E ly ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁he ▁became ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁economics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁full ▁professor , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁economics ▁and ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁arts . ▁Later ▁he ▁became
▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁graduate ▁school . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁economics ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Along ▁with ▁his ▁respons ibilities ▁as ▁de an , ▁he ▁directed ▁the ▁" Tr aining ▁for ▁Business " ▁courses ▁which ▁he ▁organized ▁into ▁a ▁college ▁of ▁commerce ▁and ▁business ▁administration . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois , ▁then ▁acting ▁president , ▁and ▁finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁president . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Industrial ▁Insurance ▁Company ▁( 1 9 0 6 - 7 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Tax ▁Commission ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁env oy ▁on ▁the ▁governments ▁behalf ▁to ▁various ▁international ▁con ferences , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁numerous ▁commit te es . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁classical ▁econom ist , ▁in ▁his ▁presidential ▁address ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁before ▁the ▁American ▁Economic ▁Association ▁he ▁expressed ▁his ▁concern ▁that ▁once ▁government ▁involved ▁itself ▁in ▁attempting ▁to ▁control ▁economic ▁activity , ▁the ▁ruling ▁classes ▁would ▁move ▁to ▁other ▁spher es ▁of ▁human ▁ende avor , ▁religion ▁and ▁politics ▁for ▁example . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁His ▁publications ▁include ▁The ▁Independent ▁Tre asury ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation ▁( 1 8 9 3 ), ▁and ▁a ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁of ▁the ▁Cur rency ▁on ▁The ▁Use ▁of ▁Credit ▁Paper ▁in ▁Our ▁Cur rency ,
▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁he ▁wrote ▁" M oney ". ▁Following ▁the ▁Pan ic ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁with ▁two ▁mon ograph s ▁prepared ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁mon etary ▁commission : ▁ ▁" The ▁Independent ▁Tre asury ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Its ▁Rel ation ▁to ▁the ▁B anks ▁of ▁the ▁Country " ▁and ▁" The ▁Use ▁of ▁Credit ▁In str uments ▁in ▁Pay ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ." ▁ ▁Family ▁He ▁married ▁Kate ▁Ruth ▁Ne al ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁while ▁accompanying ▁Kin ley ▁on ▁a ▁professional ▁trip . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : Ph ill ips ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁econom ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin – Mad ison ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Illinois ▁faculty ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D und ee ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Economic ▁Association ▁Category : Lead ers ▁of ▁the ▁University
▁of ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁R ash ad ▁S adi q ov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁mid f iel der , ▁for ▁Ke ş la ▁and ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁Career ▁S adi q ov ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Kh azar ▁L ank aran ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁After ▁only ▁six - month s ▁with ▁Kh azar , ▁S adi q ov ▁term inated ▁his ▁contract , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁six - month ▁contract ▁with ▁Gab ala ▁F K ▁with ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁another ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁S adi q ov ▁left ▁Gab ala , ▁signing ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Z ira ▁F K . ▁ ▁S adi q ov ▁was ▁dismissed ▁by ▁Z ira ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁for ▁discipl inary ▁reasons , ▁re join ing ▁Ne ft chi ▁B aku ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁Statistics ▁accurate ▁as ▁of ▁match ▁played ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Profile ▁on ▁official ▁club ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani
▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁Sh ia ▁Muslims ▁Category : Q ar aba ğ ▁F K ▁players ▁Category : MO I K ▁B aku ▁players ▁Category : G ab ala ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Ne ft ç i ▁P F K ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁My rm ox en us ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁an ts ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁My rm ic ina e . ▁The ▁genus ▁was ▁syn onym ized ▁under ▁Tem n oth or ax ▁by ▁Ward ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ), ▁but ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁not ▁accepted ▁by ▁Hein ze ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁due ▁to ▁ins ufficient ▁available ▁data . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁My rm ox en us ▁ad ler zi ▁( D ouw es , ▁Jess en ▁& ▁Bus ch inger , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁a fr ican a ▁( B ern ard , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁al ger iana ▁( C ag ni ant , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us
▁b ern ardi ▁( Esp ad aler , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁b ir g ita e ▁( Sch ul z , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁c ors ica ▁( E mer y , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁g ord i ag ini ▁R uz sky , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁My rm ox en us ▁k ra us se i ▁( E mer y , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁rav ou xi ▁( And ré , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁Rav oux ' s ▁slave maker ▁ant ▁My rm ox en us ▁st umper i ▁( K utter , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁tam ara e ▁( Ar n ol ' di , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁z ales ky i ▁( S ad il , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : My rm ic ina e ▁Category : Ant ▁gener a ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N aught y ▁N inet ies ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁film ▁star ring ▁the ▁comedy ▁team ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁containing ▁a ▁fil med ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁du o ' s ▁"
Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine . ▁This ▁version ▁is ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Base ball ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁Museum ▁in ▁Cooper st own . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁time ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁Captain ▁Sam ▁( Hen ry ▁Tra vers ), ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁show boat ▁River ▁Queen , ▁travels ▁along ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁bringing ▁honest ▁entertainment ▁to ▁each ▁town . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁stop ▁in ▁Iron ville , ▁he ▁meets ▁Craw ford ▁( Al an ▁Curt is ), ▁Bon ita ▁( R ita ▁Johnson ), ▁and ▁Ba iley ▁( J oe ▁Saw yer ), ▁who ▁are ▁wanted ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁sh er iff . ▁ ▁Against ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁his ▁daughter ▁Caroline ▁( L ois ▁Coll ier ), ▁his ▁lead ▁actor ▁D ex ter ▁Broad h urst ▁( B ud ▁Abb ott ), ▁and ▁his ▁chief ▁rou st about ▁Sebastian ▁Din w iddle ▁( Lou ▁Cost ello ), ▁the ▁Captain ▁jo ins ▁them ▁for ▁a ▁card ▁game ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁gambling ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁Captain ▁is ▁pl ied ▁with ▁alcohol ▁until ▁he ▁is ▁into x icated ▁and ▁gets ▁involved ▁in ▁a ▁cro oked ▁card ▁game ▁where ▁he ▁los es ▁controlling ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁show ▁boat ▁to ▁Bon ita ▁and ▁Craw ford . ▁ ▁They ▁turn ▁the ▁show boat ▁into ▁a ▁floating ▁gambling ▁casino ▁with ▁every ▁game ▁rig ged ▁in ▁their ▁favor . ▁D ex ter ▁and ▁Sebastian ▁help ▁the ▁captain ▁reg ain ▁ownership ▁of ▁his ▁vessel ▁and ▁ou st ▁the ▁unw anted ▁crim inals
. ▁ ▁F amous ▁rout ines ▁ ▁Who ' s ▁on ▁First ? ▁The ▁line , ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ? ", ▁was ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 9 1 ▁on ▁American ▁Film ▁Institute ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Movie ▁Qu otes . ▁The ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁appear ▁much ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁Cost ello ▁begins ▁the ▁routine ▁by ▁saying , ▁" When ▁we ▁get ▁to ▁St . ▁Louis ... ", ▁but ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁they ▁are ▁already ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁The ▁camera ▁crew ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁laughing ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁during ▁the ▁routine . ▁ ▁Other ▁rout ines ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁contains ▁the ▁" Lower / H ig her " ▁routine , ▁where ▁Cost ello ▁aud itions ▁as ▁a ▁singer ▁while ▁Abb ott ▁sh outs ▁directions ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁crew ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁height ▁and ▁placement ▁of ▁the ▁back drop ▁cur tain . ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁believes ▁Abb ott ▁is ▁direct ing ▁him , ▁not ▁the ▁stage h ands , ▁and ▁follows ▁Abb ott ' s ▁instructions ▁by ▁singing ▁higher ▁or ▁lower , ▁or ▁even ▁on ▁one ▁foot . ▁ ▁Bon ita ▁sne aks ▁poison ▁into ▁Lou ' s ▁wine , ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁sw apping ▁of ▁glasses ▁routine ▁( pre viously ▁done ▁by ▁Abb ott ▁& ▁Cost ello ▁in ▁P ardon ▁My ▁Sar ong ). ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁accidentally ▁b akes ▁fe athers ▁into ▁a ▁cake , ▁which ▁is ▁served ▁to ▁everyone ▁in ▁the
▁sal oon . ▁ ▁The ▁pat rons ▁wind ▁up ▁cough ing ▁up ▁a ▁bl izz ard ▁of ▁fe athers . ▁This ▁g ag ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Three ▁Sto og es ▁short ▁Un c ivil ▁War riors ▁( 1 9 3 5 ). ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁and ▁Saw yer ▁perform ▁the ▁" Mir ror ▁Sc ene ," ▁copy ing ▁each ▁other ' s ▁actions . ▁Vari ations ▁of ▁this ▁old ▁v au dev ille ▁routine ▁were ▁done ▁by ▁several ▁movie ▁comed ians , ▁most ▁fam ously ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Marx ▁Brothers ▁film , ▁D uck ▁Sou p . ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁had ▁used ▁it ▁before , ▁too , ▁in ▁Lost ▁in ▁a ▁H are m . ▁ ▁To ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁cro oked ▁card ▁game ▁and ▁rescue ▁Captain ▁Sam , ▁Abb ott ▁con co ct s ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁dress ▁as ▁a ▁bear ▁and ▁sc are ▁everyone ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁casino . ▁Cost ello ▁ends ▁up ▁wrest ling ▁with ▁a ▁real ▁bear , ▁thinking ▁that ▁he ' s ▁wrest ling ▁Abb ott ▁in ▁a ▁bear ▁suit . ▁ ▁Production ▁Fil ming ▁occurred ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁through ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁during ▁film ing ▁of ▁their ▁next ▁film , ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁for ▁M GM ▁Pictures , ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁returned ▁to ▁Universal ▁for ▁re -
sh oot s ▁on ▁this ▁film . ▁The ▁river boat ▁used ▁was ▁originally ▁constructed ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Universal ▁musical ▁Show ▁Bo at . ▁ ▁R ere lease ▁It ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁along ▁with ▁One ▁Night ▁in ▁the ▁T rop ics , ▁which ▁also ▁contained ▁a ▁shorter ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁This ▁film ▁has ▁been ▁released ▁twice ▁on ▁DVD . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁time , ▁on ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁Volume ▁Two , ▁on ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁again ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello : ▁The ▁Complete ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁Collection . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁historical ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁historical ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : A bb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Y arb rough ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁on ▁ships ▁Category : G am bling ▁films ▁Category : Univers al ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Paul ▁D ess au <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Isabel ▁was ▁an
▁English ▁politician ▁who ▁was ▁MP ▁for ▁P ly m pton ▁Er le ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 7 . ▁Their ▁History ▁of ▁Parliament ▁Online ▁Biography ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁word : ▁" un ident ified ". ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 4 0 7 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁P ly m pton ▁Er le <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Stuart ▁Gott lie b ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁physician ▁and ▁imm un ologist ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁identification ▁of ▁acquired ▁immune ▁def iciency ▁syndrome ▁( A IDS ) ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁disease , ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁HIV / A IDS ▁research , ▁HIV / A IDS ▁activ ism , ▁and ▁phil anth ropic ▁efforts ▁associated ▁with ▁HIV / A IDS ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Biography ▁A ▁native ▁of ▁High land ▁Park , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁R ut gers ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁( 1 9 6 9 ). ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Roche ster ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁ ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁and ▁trained ▁in ▁internal ▁medicine ▁at ▁Strong ▁Memorial ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Roche ster , ▁New ▁York . ▁Following ▁a ▁fellow ship ▁in ▁imm un ology ▁at ▁Stanford ▁University ▁in ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California , ▁in ▁
1 9 8 0 ▁Gott lie b ▁ ▁accepted ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁medicine ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁U CL A ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁of ▁A IDS ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Gott lie b , ▁then ▁thirty - three , ▁and ▁several ▁colleagues ▁identified ▁an ▁apparent ▁novel ▁imm un olog ic ▁condition ▁in ▁homosexual ▁men ; ▁the ▁condition ▁had ▁common ▁features ▁of ▁c yt ome gal ov irus ▁infection , ▁p neum oc yst is ▁p neum onia , ▁m uc os al ▁candid ias is , ▁and ▁Kap osi ' s ▁sar com a , ▁all ▁conditions ▁found ▁rarely ▁outside ▁of ▁imm un os upp ressed ▁patients . ▁Gott lie b ▁reported ▁an ▁initial ▁five ▁patient ▁series ▁in ▁the ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Mor bid ity ▁and ▁Mort ality ▁Week ly ▁Report ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁more ▁detailed ▁report ▁in ▁December , ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Journal ▁of ▁Medicine . ▁The ▁New ▁England ▁Journal ▁paper ▁included ▁the ▁first ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁CD - 4 ▁T ▁cell ▁def iciency ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁imm un olog ic ▁hall mark ▁of ▁HIV ▁infection . ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Gott lie b ▁and ▁others ▁suggested ▁that ▁these ▁patients ▁had ▁an ▁acquired ▁ ▁imm un ode f iciency , ▁characterized ▁by ▁depressed ▁ ▁T - ly m ph ocy te ▁numbers ▁and ▁function , ▁allowing ▁for ▁potentially ▁fatal ▁opportun istic ▁in fections . ▁Init ially
, ▁the ▁researchers ▁term ed ▁the ▁disease ▁Gay - Rel ated ▁Imm une ▁Def iciency ▁( GR ID ); ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁this ▁syndrome ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁A IDS , ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁infection ▁by ▁Human ▁imm un ode f iciency ▁virus ▁( H IV ). ▁ ▁Phys ician ▁Joel ▁We is man ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Gott lie b ' s ▁early ▁collabor ators ▁in ▁the ▁identification ▁of ▁A IDS . ▁We is man ' s ▁practice ▁treated ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁gay ▁men , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁identified ▁A IDS ▁patients . ▁ ▁Gott lie b ▁was ▁Rock ▁Hudson ' s ▁doctor ▁following ▁the ▁actor ' s ▁A IDS ▁diagnosis ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁physician ▁to ▁the ▁late ▁Elizabeth ▁Gl aser , ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁Elizabeth ▁Gl aser ▁Ped iat ric ▁A IDS ▁Foundation ▁( E G PA F ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁he ▁resigned ▁from ▁the ▁full - time ▁U CL A ▁faculty , ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁private ▁practice ▁of ▁internal ▁medicine ▁and ▁clinical ▁imm un ology . ▁In ▁the ▁period ▁ 1 9 8 1 - 1 9 8 7 ▁he ▁published ▁ 5 0 + ▁papers ▁on ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁HIV ▁infection ▁and ▁treatment . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁investig ator ▁on ▁the ▁early ▁clinical ▁trials ▁of ▁A Z T ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁approval ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Food ▁and ▁Drug ▁Administration ▁( F DA )
▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁Gott lie b ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁investig ator ▁on ▁a ▁$ 1 0 . 3 mill ion ▁National ▁Inst itutes ▁of ▁Health ▁contract ▁for ▁an ▁A IDS ▁Clin ical ▁Tri als ▁Group ▁( ACT G ) ▁awarded ▁to ▁U CL A ▁to ▁test ▁potential ▁therap ies ▁for ▁HIV . ▁His ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁epid emic ▁is ▁chronic led ▁in ▁R andy ▁Sh il ts ' ▁book ▁ ▁And ▁the ▁Band ▁Play ed ▁On . ▁ ▁A IDS ▁research ▁phil anth ropy ▁Gott lie b , ▁Elizabeth ▁Taylor , ▁and ▁Math ilde ▁K rim ▁were ▁founding ▁chairs ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Foundation ▁for ▁A IDS ▁Research . ▁The ▁organization ▁was ▁established ▁with ▁a ▁$ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁gift ▁from ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Rock ▁Hudson . ▁He ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁boards ▁of ▁A IDS ▁Project ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( AP LA ), ▁the ▁Pas ad ena ▁A IDS ▁Services ▁Center ▁and ▁the ▁Global ▁A IDS ▁Inter fa ith ▁Alliance ▁( www . the ga ia . org ), ▁an ▁N GO ▁working ▁in ▁Mal awi , ▁Africa . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁Medical ▁Ad visor ▁to ▁GA IA ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁Elizabeth ▁Taylor ▁A IDS ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Clin ical ▁practice ▁Gott lie b ▁is ▁certified ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Board ▁of ▁Medical ▁Special ties ▁in ▁Internal ▁Medicine ▁and ▁All er gy ▁& ▁Im mun ology . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁affili ated ▁with ▁two ▁hospitals , ▁C ed ars - S ina i
▁Medical ▁Center ▁and ▁the ▁Olymp ia ▁Medical ▁Center ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁Committee ▁Chairman ▁of ▁Bio eth ics . ▁He ▁continues ▁on ▁the ▁faculty ▁of ▁the ▁David ▁Ge ffen ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁at ▁U CL A ▁with ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Associ ate ▁Clin ical ▁Professor ▁of ▁Medicine . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Gott lie b ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁phys icians ▁were ▁sent ▁letters ▁of ▁re prim and ▁by ▁the ▁Medical ▁Board ▁of ▁California ▁for ▁" al leg edly ▁over - pres c rib ing ▁controlled ▁sub stances " ▁to ▁actress ▁Elizabeth ▁Taylor . ▁He ▁attempted ▁to ▁dispute ▁the ▁Letter ▁of ▁Rep rim and ; ▁his ▁attorney ' s ▁request ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Board . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Gott lie b ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁Hall ▁of ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Al umn i , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Charles ▁Force ▁H utch ison ▁and ▁Mar jor ie ▁Smith ▁H utch ison ▁Medal ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Roche ster . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁A PL A ▁Health ▁medical ▁team . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : J ew ish ▁American ▁phil anth rop ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁High land ▁Park , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : American ▁imm un ologists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Category : Univers ity
▁of ▁Roche ster ▁al umn i ▁Category : H IV / A IDS ▁researchers ▁Category : Date ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Lisa ▁U re ch ▁( born ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swiss ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁ath lete ▁who ▁special ises ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁hur d les . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁record ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw iss ▁female ▁hur d lers ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁M . ▁Lee , ▁Jr . ▁( born ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁United ▁States ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁jazz ▁drum mer ▁and ▁composer . ▁ ▁Lee ▁played ▁professional ▁from ▁his ▁early ▁teens , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁bands ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁he ▁drum med ▁for ▁New ▁Orleans ▁soul ▁musician ▁Will ie ▁Te e , ▁and ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁D iz zy ▁G illes pie ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Jazz ▁and ▁Heritage ▁Festival ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁when ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁band ▁of ▁George ▁French ▁on ▁Bour bon ▁Street . ▁That ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Jazz ▁Work shop . ▁G illes pie ▁brought ▁Lee
▁into ▁his ▁band ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ; ▁soon ▁after ▁he ▁worked ▁with ▁Roy ▁A yers ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁and ▁Son ny ▁Roll ins ▁( 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 5 ). ▁Lee ▁subsequently ▁worked ▁with ▁Joe ▁Z aw in ul , ▁L on nie ▁List on ▁Smith , ▁Joe ▁Williams , ▁Charlie ▁R ouse , ▁Leon ▁Thomas , ▁C het ▁Baker , ▁Mike ▁Long o , ▁Gary ▁Bur ton , ▁Larry ▁C ory ell , ▁Gr ady ▁G aines , ▁Richard ▁Wy ands ▁and ▁Hugh ▁Law son . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁he ▁recorded ▁the ▁solo ▁album ▁Ev olution ▁( Super nal ), ▁with ▁Bob ▁Cr ans h aw ▁and ▁George ▁Davis ▁as ▁guest ▁musicians . ▁His ▁compos itions ▁are ▁influenced ▁by ▁Baby ▁Dod ds , ▁Paul ▁Bar bar in , ▁and ▁Max ▁Ro ach . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁among ▁others , ▁with ▁Germ aine ▁B azz le ▁and ▁Ell is ▁Mars alis . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : American ▁jazz ▁drum mers ▁Category : American ▁jazz ▁compos ers ▁Category : M ale ▁jazz ▁compos ers ▁Category : J azz ▁musicians ▁from ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁drum mers ▁Category : American ▁male ▁drum mers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁male ▁musicians <0x0A> </s> ▁Joseph ▁Cup itt ▁(
2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁— ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁played ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁for ▁Der by shire ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁ ▁Cup itt ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Bar row ▁Hill , ▁Der by shire , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Cup itt , ▁a ▁coal ▁miner , ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Sus ann ah . ▁Cup itt ▁himself ▁became ▁a ▁miner . ▁He ▁played ▁for ▁Der by shire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁season ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁season ▁when ▁the ▁club ▁was ▁outside ▁the ▁championship . ▁Tw elve ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁season ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut , ▁against ▁Es sex ▁in ▁May . ▁He ▁took ▁one ▁w icket ▁in ▁the ▁match , ▁that ▁of ▁future ▁Test ▁cr ick eter ▁Claude ▁Buck en ham , ▁though ▁Der by shire ▁lost ▁the ▁match ▁by ▁an ▁inn ings ▁margin , ▁in ▁part ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁first - class ▁best ▁ 2 7 7 ▁runs ▁from ▁Charlie ▁McG a he y . ▁His ▁second ▁and ▁final ▁first - class ▁appearance ▁came ▁the ▁following ▁month , ▁against ▁North ampton shire , ▁against ▁whom , ▁he ▁took ▁two ▁w ickets ▁but ▁scored ▁just ▁a ▁single ▁run ▁in ▁two ▁inn ings . ▁ ▁Cup itt ▁was ▁a ▁left - arm ▁medium - pace ▁bow ler ▁and ▁took ▁three ▁first - class ▁w ickets ▁at ▁an ▁average
▁of ▁ 4 8 . 3 3 ▁and ▁a ▁best ▁performance ▁of ▁ 2 ▁for ▁ 2 4 . ▁He ▁batt ed ▁in ▁four ▁inn ings ▁in ▁two ▁first - class ▁matches ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 9 . 5 ▁and ▁a ▁top ▁score ▁of ▁ 1 3 . ▁ ▁Cup itt ▁died ▁in ▁South ▁Kirk by , ▁York shire ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Der by shire ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Olympic ▁Park ▁( F rench : ▁Par c ▁olymp ique ) ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁Montreal , ▁Quebec , ▁Canada , ▁which ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁ven ues ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁bound ▁by ▁Sher bro oke ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁V ia u ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁Pierre ▁de ▁Cou bert in ▁Avenue ▁to ▁the ▁east , ▁and ▁P ie - IX ▁Bou lev ard ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁ ▁Struct ures ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁include ▁the : ▁ ▁Olympic ▁Stadium ▁B iod ome ▁( Origin ally ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Vel od rome ) ▁Olympic ▁Athlet es ' ▁Village ▁Maurice ▁Richard ▁Arena ▁( O lymp ic ▁host ▁of ▁box ing ▁and ▁wrest ling ▁events ) ▁Pierre ▁Char bon ne au ▁Centre ▁( O lymp ic ▁host ▁of ▁wrest ling ) ▁Olympic ▁Pool ▁( O lymp ic
▁host ▁of ▁swimming ▁events ) ▁Additionally : ▁S ap uto ▁Stadium , ▁F amous ▁Players ' ▁St arc ité ▁theater , ▁and ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Metro ▁stations ▁P ie - IX ▁and ▁V ia u ▁ ▁Ad j acent ▁to ▁the ▁park ▁across ▁Sher bro oke ▁Street ▁is ▁M aison ne uve ▁Park , ▁which ▁contains ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Bot an ical ▁Garden ▁( O lymp ic ▁host ▁of ▁Athlet ics ▁( 2 0 km ▁walk ) ▁and ▁Modern ▁pent ath lon ) ▁and ▁Montreal ▁In sect arium . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁park ▁that ▁was ▁once ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" The ▁Place ▁des ▁V ain que urs ," ▁was ▁renamed ▁" Place ▁Nad ia ▁Com an ec i " ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁gym n ast . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V en ues ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : M erc ier – H oc hel aga - M aison ne uve ▁Category : Ne igh bour hood s ▁in ▁Montreal ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁Park s <0x0A> </s> ▁Roche ster ▁High ▁School ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Roche ster ▁Hills , ▁Michigan , ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Roche ster ▁Community ▁Schools . ▁It ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 , ▁and ▁classes ▁have ▁been ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁current ▁facility ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁m asc ot ▁is ▁Fred
die ▁the ▁Fal con . ▁Most ▁students ▁attending ▁this ▁school ▁come ▁from ▁Re uther ▁Middle ▁School , ▁West ▁Middle ▁School , ▁or ▁Holy ▁Family ▁Regional ▁School . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁Roche ster ' s ▁first ▁high ▁school , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Ac adem y ▁on ▁the ▁Hill ", ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁Fourth ▁and ▁Wil co x ▁in ▁the ▁( then ) ▁Village ▁of ▁Roche ster ▁for ▁$ 8 , 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁first ▁class ▁graduated ▁from ▁Roche ster ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁The ▁historic ▁structure ▁still ▁exists , ▁long ▁since ▁adapted ▁and ▁widely ▁renov ated ▁for ▁Board ▁of ▁Education ▁offices ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁other ▁uses . ▁ ▁Roche ster ▁High ▁acc red itation ▁was ▁granted ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁ground breaking ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁at ▁the ▁current ▁location ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Liver no is ▁and ▁Wal ton ▁in ▁Roche ster ▁Hills ▁took ▁place ▁and ▁on ▁October ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁students ▁walked ▁from ▁the ▁" Ac adem y ▁on ▁the ▁Hill " ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁Roche ster ▁High ▁School , ▁many ▁carrying ▁their ▁books ▁along ▁with ▁them . ▁The ▁gym nas ium ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁The ▁two - story ▁wing ▁( f resh man ▁hallway ) ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁The ▁aud itor ium , ▁the ▁bridge
▁( a . k . a . ▁Fal con ▁Free way ), ▁and ▁the ▁swimming ▁pool ▁were ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 . ▁The ▁school ▁split ▁to ▁a ▁half - day ▁schedule ▁to ▁accommodate ▁the ▁growing ▁student ▁population ▁while ▁Roche ster ▁Adams ▁High ▁School ▁was ▁being ▁built ▁and ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁m all ▁en closure , ▁media ▁center , ▁caf eter ia , ▁and ▁aux iliary ▁gym ▁were ▁added . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁a ▁cour tyard ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁four ▁class rooms . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁metal ▁shop ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁two ▁class rooms . ▁ ▁A ▁complete ▁renov ation ▁of ▁Roche ster ▁High ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁which ▁included ▁up grades ▁to ▁the ▁main ▁office , ▁counsel ing ▁offices , ▁▁ ▁weight ▁room , ▁pool , ▁gym nas ium , ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁computer ▁l abs ▁and ▁photography ▁lab , ▁theater ▁and ▁vocal ▁area , ▁additional ▁science ▁l abs , ▁new ▁lock er ▁banks , ▁an ▁enhanced ▁cour tyard ▁with ▁green ▁house , ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁aud itor ium ▁and ▁theater ▁areas . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁school ▁organized ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁mur als ▁and ▁artwork ▁displays ▁within ▁the ▁building ' s ▁hall ways ▁to ▁show case ▁student ▁accomplish ments ▁and ▁school ▁spirit . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁began ▁a ▁new ▁round ▁of ▁renov ations ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of
▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁the ▁renew ing ▁of ▁the ▁funding ▁bond . ▁Ren ov ations ▁included ▁a ▁new ▁football ▁and ▁soccer ▁stadium ▁and ▁updates ▁to ▁the ▁athlet ic ▁wing ▁and ▁theater . ▁ ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁ ▁Por cel ain ▁Black , ▁n ée ▁Al ain a ▁Be aton , ▁pop ▁singer ▁▁ ▁Jim ▁Bur ton , ▁former ▁ML B ▁player ▁( B oston ▁Red ▁S ox ) ▁ ▁Paul ▁Davis , ▁former ▁NBA ▁player ▁( Los ▁Angeles ▁Cl ip pers ) ▁ ▁Andrew ▁Good , ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁pitch er ▁ ▁Robert ▁Hur st , ▁jazz ▁bass ist ▁ ▁Andrew ▁H utch inson , ▁National ▁Hockey ▁League ▁defense man ▁ ▁Brian ▁K es el owski , ▁NAS C AR ▁stock ▁car ▁driver ▁ ▁Walker ▁Russell , ▁Jr ., ▁NBA ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁Detroit ▁P ist ons ▁ ▁L . ▁J . ▁Shel ton , ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁offensive ▁tackle ▁ ▁James ▁Young , ▁Current ▁NBA ▁player ▁for ▁the ▁Mil w au kee ▁Buck s ▁▁ ▁Brad ▁K es el owski , ▁Mon ster ▁Energy ▁NAS C AR ▁Cup ▁Series ▁driver ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁http :// www . ro chester . k 1 2 . mi . us / index . as px ? item = 1 4 4 & name = About % 2 0 Us & school = 2 5 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Site ▁ ▁Category : Public ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9
5 5 ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Oak land ▁County , ▁Michigan ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Category : Sch ools ▁in ▁Roche ster ▁Hills , ▁Michigan <0x0A> </s> ▁N ang p ai ▁G os um ▁Gl ac ier ▁is ▁a ▁gl ac ier ▁located ▁ 2 5 km ▁west ▁north west ▁of ▁Mount ▁Ever est ▁in ▁the ▁H imal ay as ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁lat ▁ 2 8 ° 0 2 ′ N ., ▁long ▁ 8 6 ° 3 6 ′ E . ▁The ▁ice - core ▁dr illing ▁site ▁is ▁situated ▁at ▁ 5 , 7 0 0 ▁m ▁above ▁mean ▁sea ▁level . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁a ▁ 3 7 - m ▁ice ▁core ▁was ▁extracted ▁from ▁the ▁gl ac ier ▁by ▁Cameron ▁P . ▁W ake ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁and ▁transport ed ▁to ▁the ▁university ▁for ▁analysis . ▁At ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁the ▁US GS ▁study ▁team , ▁rad ion u cl ide ▁analys es ▁were ▁performed ▁for ▁ 3 6 Cl ▁and ▁ 1 3 7 C s ▁on ▁selected ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁ice ▁core ▁by ▁Hans - Ar no ▁Syn al ▁at ▁the ▁Paul ▁Sch err er ▁Institut ▁( P SI ) ▁in ▁Vill igen , ▁Switzerland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Gl ac iers ▁of ▁Nep al <0x0A> </s> ▁Nev o ▁Z is in ▁is ▁a ▁non - binary ▁Australian ▁writer ▁and ▁trans gender ▁rights
▁activ ist . ▁ ▁Ass igned ▁female ▁at ▁birth , ▁Z is in ▁initially ▁came ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁les bian ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 , ▁became ▁a ▁que er ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁documentary ▁about ▁gay ▁teens , ▁Love ▁in ▁Full ▁Col our . ▁Z is in ▁struggled ▁with ▁anxiety ▁and ▁depression ▁while ▁st riving ▁to ▁fit ▁in ▁at ▁school . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 7 , ▁Z is in ▁began ▁transition ing ▁to ▁male . ▁The ▁teachers ▁at ▁Z is in ' s ▁private ▁Jewish ▁school ▁were ▁supportive ▁of ▁the ▁transition . ▁Z is in ▁started ▁test oster one ▁therapy ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁during ▁a ▁gap ▁year ▁trip ▁to ▁Israel . ▁Later , ▁they ▁came ▁to ▁identify ▁as ▁non - binary , ▁and ▁prefer ▁gender - neut ral ▁singular ▁they ▁pron oun s . ▁ ▁Z is in ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁a ▁teaching ▁guide ▁produced ▁by ▁Safe ▁Schools ▁Coal ition ▁Australia . ▁They ▁were ▁targeted ▁for ▁this ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Christian ▁L obby , ▁and ▁fals ely ▁accused ▁of ▁promoting ▁sex ▁reass ignment ▁surgery ▁for ▁min ors ▁without ▁parent al ▁consent . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Z is in ▁published ▁a ▁book ▁about ▁their ▁gender ▁transition ▁and ▁other ▁life ▁experiences , ▁F inding ▁Nev o : ▁How ▁I ▁Conf used ▁Everyone . ▁The ▁Can ber ra ▁Times ▁described ▁the ▁book ▁as ▁" imp act ful " ▁and ▁" an ▁en rich ing , ▁worth
while ▁read ▁for ▁everyone ". ▁The ▁Br is b ane ▁Times ▁said ▁that ▁the ▁book ▁" le aves ▁the ▁reader ▁with ▁a ▁deeper ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁arbitr ar iness ▁of ▁binary ▁gender ▁divisions ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁box ▁us ▁all ▁in ." ▁ ▁Public ations ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Activ ists ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Non - binary ▁writers ▁Category : L GBT ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁from ▁Australia ▁Category : Trans gender ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : L GBT ▁writers ▁from ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁Johnson ▁Creek ▁is ▁a ▁c reek ▁and ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁Tr inity ▁River ▁waters hed ▁in ▁Dallas ▁County ▁and ▁T arr ant ▁County , ▁North ▁Texas . ▁ ▁The ▁c reek ▁may ▁be ▁named ▁after ▁M idd leton ▁T ate ▁Johnson , ▁who ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 4 0 s . ▁ ▁Course ▁Johnson ▁Creek ▁r ises ▁near ▁Inter state ▁ 2 0 ▁in ▁eastern ▁T arr ant ▁County ▁and ▁runs ▁nort he aster ly ▁for ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁F ork ▁of ▁the ▁Tr inity ▁River ▁in ▁Grand ▁Pra ir ie , ▁within ▁Dallas ▁County . ▁ ▁The ▁c reek ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Ar lington ▁and ▁Grand ▁Pra ir ie ▁and ▁is ▁generally ▁completely ▁bounded ▁by ▁development . ▁ ▁Not ably ▁it ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁Six ▁Fl ags ▁Over ▁Texas ▁theme ▁park ▁and ▁beside ▁Gl obe ▁Life ▁Park ▁( a ▁wide ▁spot ▁on
▁the ▁north ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁ball park ▁is ▁named ▁Mark ▁Hol tz ▁Lake ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁baseball ▁announ cer ), ▁while ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁flows ▁along ▁the ▁southern ▁edge ▁of ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Ar lington . ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁In ▁areas ▁where ▁development ▁has ▁not ▁been ▁substantial , ▁native ▁h one ys uck le ▁( L onic era ▁s pp .), ▁trump et ▁c ree per ▁( C amps is ▁rad icans ), ▁must ang ▁gr ape ▁( V itis ▁must ang ensis ), ▁American ▁El m ▁( U l mus ▁american a ), ▁hack berry ▁( C elt is ▁la ev ig ata ), ▁oak ▁( Qu erc us ▁s pp .), ▁pe can ▁( C ary a ▁ill ino in ensis ), ▁and ▁eastern ▁cotton wood ▁( Pop ulus ▁del to ides ) ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁growing ▁along ▁the ▁ri par ian ▁zone ▁of ▁the ▁c reek ' s ▁banks . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Texas ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Texas ▁Category : Tr inity ▁River ▁( Tex as ) ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Dallas ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁T arr ant ▁County , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Crown ▁of ▁Sh adows ▁is ▁a ▁fantasy ▁novel ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁C . S . ▁Fried man , ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Cold fire ▁Tr il ogy . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary
▁Dam ien ▁and ▁T arr ant ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁J agg on ath , ▁where ▁they ▁agree ▁to ▁work ▁together ▁long ▁enough ▁to ▁kill ▁Cal esta . ▁Dam ien ▁disco vers ▁that ▁the ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁who ▁is ▁firmly ▁against ▁sor cery , ▁is ▁actually ▁an ▁A de pt ▁himself . ▁T arr ant ▁further ▁str ains ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁Un named ▁by ▁revealing ▁this ▁fact ▁to ▁the ▁Patri arch , ▁and ▁is ▁dragged ▁off ▁to ▁Hell ▁for ▁his ▁p ains . ▁Dam ien ▁convin ces ▁another ▁I ez u , ▁K arr il , ▁to ▁lead ▁him ▁through ▁T arr ant ' s ▁personal ▁Hell ▁to ▁the ▁Un named , ▁where ▁he ▁barg ains ▁for ▁the ▁A de pt ' s ▁life . ▁The ▁Un named ▁agrees , ▁on ▁the ▁condition ▁that ▁its ▁contract ▁with ▁T arr ant ▁will ▁be ▁broken ▁in ▁thirty - one ▁days . ▁If ▁the ▁Hunter ▁has ▁not ▁found ▁another ▁way ▁to ▁sustain ▁his ▁imm ort al ▁life ▁by ▁then , ▁he ▁will ▁die . ▁The ▁Patri arch , ▁already ▁dis ple ased ▁at ▁Dam ien ' s ▁saving ▁T arr ant ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁R akh lands , ▁comes ▁extremely ▁close ▁to ▁casting ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁p ries th ood . ▁In ▁the ▁end , ▁however , ▁it ▁is ▁Dam ien ▁who ▁cho oses ▁to ▁no ▁longer ▁be ▁a ▁priest , ▁because ▁his ▁faith ▁has ▁been ▁questioned ▁too ▁much ▁by ▁the ▁Hunter , ▁by ▁himself , ▁even ▁by
▁the ▁Patri arch . ▁Ger ald ▁T arr ant , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁has ▁found ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁destroy ▁an ▁I ez u : ▁feed ▁it ▁with ▁the ▁opposite ▁emotion ▁it ▁normally ▁th riv es ▁on . ▁K arr il , ▁who ▁lives ▁off ▁Ple asure , ▁can ▁also ▁accept ▁Pain , ▁but ▁A pathy ▁will ▁destroy ▁him . ▁Cal esta , ▁who ▁embod ies ▁sad ism , ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁destroyed ▁by ▁Al tr u ism - ▁the ▁ultimate ▁sacrifice , ▁which ▁T arr ant , ▁amazing ly , ▁is ▁willing ▁to ▁pay . ▁▁ ▁The ▁pair ▁make ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁Mount ▁Sh ait an , ▁a ▁Vol c ano ▁ex uding ▁an ▁amazing ▁amount ▁of ▁earth ▁fa e . ▁T arr ant ▁force fully ▁bind s ▁Cal esta ▁by ▁showing ▁the ▁depth ▁of ▁his ▁sad ism , ▁then ▁sacrific ing ▁himself , ▁despite ▁his ▁belief ▁he ▁could ▁still ▁have ▁lived ▁forever , ▁killing ▁Cal esta ▁by ▁expos ing ▁him ▁to ▁pure ▁al tr u ism . ▁By ▁this ▁point , ▁however , ▁the ▁I ez u ' s ▁mother ▁has ▁been ▁introduced . ▁She ▁created ▁her ▁children ▁by ▁taking ▁emotions ▁from ▁human ▁beings - ▁in ▁K arr il ' s ▁father ' s ▁case , ▁pleasure , ▁in ▁Cal esta ' s , ▁sad ism . ▁She ▁takes ▁away ▁Ger ald ▁T arr ant ' s ▁Hunter , ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁him ▁that ▁lives ▁off ▁pain ▁and ▁fear , ▁creating ▁the ▁I ez u ▁R iven ▁For rest .
▁In ▁the ▁process , ▁she ▁sh ocks ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁life - ▁human ▁life . ▁The ▁Ne oc ount ▁of ▁Mer ent ha ▁has ▁been ▁given ▁a ▁second ▁chance . ▁However , ▁all ▁is ▁not ▁well ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁forest . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁book , ▁readers ▁learned ▁that ▁T arr ant ▁had ▁not ▁killed ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁children ▁when ▁he ▁made ▁the ▁sacrifice ▁to ▁the ▁Un named - ▁he ▁let ▁his ▁el dest ▁son ▁live . ▁▁ ▁Now , ▁after ▁many ▁generations , ▁And rys ▁T arr ant ▁has ▁joined ▁with ▁the ▁Patri arch ▁in ▁a ▁campaign ▁of ▁v enge ance . ▁Ger ald ▁and ▁Dam ien ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁Forest ▁secret ly , ▁but ▁are ▁acc ost ed ▁by ▁And rys ▁in ▁the ▁library , ▁where ▁they ▁are ▁trying ▁to ▁rescue ▁the ▁Hunter ' s ▁I ez u ▁notes ▁from ▁the ▁destruction . ▁Know ing ▁he ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁die ▁again , ▁Ger ald ▁sends ▁Dam ien ▁from ▁the ▁room . ▁And rys ▁emer ges ▁outside ▁minutes ▁later ▁with ▁the ▁Hunter ' s ▁sever ed ▁head . ▁Ger ald ▁T arr ant ' s ▁original ▁sacrifice , ▁however , ▁has ▁changed ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁fa e , ▁so ▁now ▁any ▁human ▁willing ▁to ▁work ▁it ▁must ▁also ▁be ▁willing ▁to ▁die . ▁The ▁Patri arch ▁sacrific es ▁himself , ▁in ▁a ▁moving ▁semi - final ▁chapter , ▁to ▁ensure ▁this ▁effect ▁will ▁be ▁permanent . ▁Dam ien ▁V ry ce ▁is ▁left ▁wondering ▁what ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of
▁his ▁life , ▁mour ning ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁T arr ant ▁when ▁he ▁is ▁approached ▁by ▁an ▁arrog ant ▁youth ▁who ▁suggests ▁that ▁if ▁T arr ant ▁had ▁been ▁willing ▁to ▁sacrifice ▁his ▁identity , ▁so ▁he ▁could ▁never ▁re claim ▁his ▁former ▁life , ▁he ▁could ▁have ▁created ▁the ▁illusion ▁of ▁his ▁death ▁and ▁survived . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : American ▁fantasy ▁novels ▁Category : Book s ▁with ▁cover ▁art ▁by ▁Michael ▁W hel an <0x0A> </s> ▁E rios pha eria ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁fun gi ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tr ich os pha eri aceae . ▁Spec ies ▁in ▁this ▁genus ▁are ▁plant ▁path og ens . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S ord ari omy c etes ▁gener a ▁Category : Tr ich os pha erial es <0x0A> </s> ▁Mak ▁So ▁N ing ▁" T ania " ▁( , ▁born ▁November ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ) ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁tri ath lete ▁who ▁competed ▁for ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁did ▁not ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁tri ath lon ▁event ▁after ▁being ▁l apped ▁on ▁the ▁cycl ing ▁course . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁profile ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : H ong ▁Kong ▁female ▁tri ath let es ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁tri
ath let es ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : Tri ath let es ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : Tri ath let es ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Asian ▁Games ▁Category : As ian ▁Games ▁competitors ▁for ▁Hong ▁Kong <0x0A> </s> ▁Pos y ol ok ▁san atori ya ▁im eni ▁Len ina ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rural ▁local ity ▁( a ▁settlement ) ▁in ▁Pen kins k oy e ▁R ural ▁S ett lement , ▁K ames h kov sky ▁District , ▁Vlad imir ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 3 ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁K ly az ma ▁River , ▁ 4 ▁km ▁south - west ▁from ▁Pen k ino , ▁ 3 1 ▁km ▁south - west ▁from ▁K ames h k ovo . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : R ural ▁local ities ▁in ▁Vlad imir ▁O bl ast <0x0A> </s> ▁Mary ▁B orden ▁( May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 8 6 , ▁Chicago ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁( mar ried ▁names : ▁Mary ▁Turner ; ▁Mary ▁Spe ars , ▁Lady ▁Spe ars ; ▁pseud . ▁Br idget ▁Mac lag an ) ▁was ▁an ▁Ang lo - American ▁novel ist ▁and ▁poet ▁whose ▁work ▁drew ▁on ▁her ▁experiences ▁as ▁a ▁war ▁nurse . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁children ▁of ▁William ▁B orden ▁(
d . ▁ 1 9 0 4 ), ▁who ▁had ▁made ▁a ▁fortune ▁in ▁Colorado ▁silver ▁mining ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Family ▁background ▁and ▁early ▁life ▁Mary ▁B orden — known ▁as ▁May ▁to ▁her ▁friends ▁and ▁family — was ▁born ▁into ▁a ▁wealthy ▁Chicago ▁family . ▁ ▁( Her ▁brother , ▁William ▁Wh iting ▁B orden , ▁became ▁well ▁known ▁in ▁conservative ▁Christian ▁circles ▁for ▁his ▁evangel istic ▁ze al ▁and ▁early ▁death ▁while ▁preparing ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁mission ary .) ▁Mary ▁attended ▁V ass ar ▁College , ▁gradu ating ▁with ▁a ▁BA ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁On ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁Far ▁East , ▁she ▁met ▁and ▁married ▁Scottish ▁mission ary ▁George ▁Douglas ▁Turner , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁three ▁daughters ; ▁Joy ce ▁( born ▁ 1 9 0 9 ), ▁Com fort ▁( born ▁ 1 9 1 0 ) ▁and ▁Mary ▁( born ▁ 1 9 1 4 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 3 , ▁she ▁and ▁Turner ▁moved ▁to ▁England ▁where ▁B orden ▁joined ▁the ▁S uff rag ette ▁movement . ▁She ▁was ▁arrested ▁during ▁a ▁demonstr ation ▁in ▁Parliament ▁Square ▁for ▁throwing ▁a ▁stone ▁through ▁the ▁window ▁of ▁His ▁Maj esty ' s ▁Tre asury . ▁She ▁spent ▁five ▁days ▁in ▁police ▁cells ▁until ▁b ailed ▁by ▁her ▁husband . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁nursing ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁she ▁used
▁her ▁own ▁considerable ▁money ▁to ▁equip ▁and ▁staff ▁a ▁field ▁hospital ▁for ▁French ▁soldiers ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Front ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁herself ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁nurse ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁see ▁Vol unt ary ▁A id ▁Det achment . ▁ ▁There ▁she ▁met ▁Brig ad ier ▁General ▁Edward ▁Louis ▁Spe ars , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁engaged ▁in ▁an ▁affair ▁at ▁the ▁Front . ▁ ▁Her ▁husband ▁separated ▁from ▁her ▁and ▁took ▁custody ▁of ▁their ▁children . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁her ▁marriage , ▁she ▁married ▁Spe ars ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Writing ▁During ▁her ▁war - time ▁experience ▁she ▁wrote ▁poetry ▁such ▁as ▁' The ▁Song ▁of ▁the ▁M ud ' ▁( 1 9 1 7 ). ▁Not ably , ▁her ▁work ▁includes ▁a ▁striking ▁set ▁of ▁sk et ches ▁and ▁short ▁stories , ▁The ▁For bidden ▁Zone ▁( 1 9 2 9 ), ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁as ▁A ▁F are well ▁to ▁Ar ms , ▁Good - By e ▁to ▁All ▁That ▁and ▁All ▁Qu iet ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁ ▁Even ▁in ▁this ▁context , ▁contemporary ▁readers ▁were ▁dist urbed ▁at ▁the ▁graphic ▁- ▁sometimes ▁hall uc in atory ▁- ▁quality ▁of ▁work ▁coming ▁from ▁a ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁first - hand ▁experience ▁of ▁life ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁line . ▁ ▁The ▁For bidden ▁Zone ▁contained ▁five ▁long ▁poems ▁that ▁describe ▁what ▁she ▁saw ▁and ▁did ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁military ▁hospital
, ▁and ▁are ▁full ▁of ▁passionate ▁energy ▁and ▁compassion . ▁Their ▁style ▁is ▁rem inis cent ▁of ▁Walt ▁Whit man ▁who ▁also ▁t ended ▁to ▁the ▁wounded ▁on ▁the ▁battle field , ▁in ▁his ▁case ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁She ▁wrote ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁poems ▁about ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁also ▁about ▁her ▁affair ▁with ▁Spe ars ▁which ▁were ▁not ▁published ▁in ▁book ▁form ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁one ▁hundred ▁years ▁after ▁they ▁were ▁written . ▁Mary ▁B orden , ▁Po ems ▁of ▁Love ▁and ▁War , ▁edited ▁by ▁Paul ▁O ' Pre y , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁London ▁by ▁D are - G ale ▁Press , ▁distributed ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Chicago ▁Press ▁in ▁the ▁US . ▁Her ▁war ▁poems ▁were ▁slow ▁to ▁be ▁recognised ▁but ▁now ▁feature ▁in ▁several ▁modern ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁poetry ▁anth ologies ▁ ▁Her ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁novel ▁Action ▁for ▁S land er ▁was ▁adapted ▁into ▁a ▁film ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Living ▁in ▁England ▁between ▁the ▁wars , ▁she ▁was ▁drawn ▁back ▁to ▁France ▁in ▁the ▁expectation ▁of ▁mount ing ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁aid ▁facility ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁war . ▁With ▁funds ▁don ated ▁by ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Had field ▁via ▁his ▁wife , ▁Lady ▁Had field , ▁she ▁set ▁up ▁the ▁Had field - Spe ars ▁Amb ul ance ▁Unit , ▁which ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁L orr aine ▁until ▁forced ▁by ▁the ▁German ▁Bl itz krieg ▁to ▁retreat
▁across ▁France ▁before ▁its ▁evac uation ▁from ▁Arc ach on ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁Britain , ▁the ▁unit ▁re - group ed ▁and ▁received ▁further ▁funding ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁War ▁Rel ief ▁Society ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁the ▁Had field - Spe ars ▁Amb ul ance ▁Unit ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Free ▁French ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁before ▁accompanying ▁their ▁forces ▁across ▁North ▁Africa , ▁Italy ▁and ▁France . ▁Jour ney ▁Down ▁a ▁Bl ind ▁Al ley , ▁published ▁on ▁her ▁return ▁to ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁records ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁unit ▁and ▁her ▁dis ill usion ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁failure ▁to ▁put ▁up ▁an ▁effective ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁German ▁invasion ▁and ▁occupation . ▁ ▁A ▁first ▁person ▁account ▁of ▁Lady ▁Spe ars ▁and ▁the ▁Had field - Spe ars ▁Amb ul ance ▁Unit ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁mem oirs ▁of ▁Herm ione , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Ran fur ly , ▁To ▁War ▁with ▁Whit aker . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁In ▁her ▁later ▁life , ▁she ▁often ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁assist ed ▁her ▁nep hew - in - law ▁Ad l ai ▁Stevens on ▁II ▁in ▁his ▁run ▁for ▁the ▁presid ency , ▁even ▁writing ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁spe e ches . ▁ ▁Cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁Arm ist ice ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁Tower ▁of ▁London ▁created ▁an ▁installation
▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁cent en ary ▁of ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁called ▁Beyond ▁the ▁Deep ening ▁Shadow : ▁The ▁Tower ▁Rem em bers . ▁This ▁saw ▁the ▁mo at ▁filled ▁with ▁thousands ▁of ▁tiny ▁flames ▁and ▁a ▁sound scape ▁composed ▁by ▁M ira ▁Cal ix ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁ch oral ▁setting ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁B orden ' s ▁love ▁son n ets ▁written ▁at ▁the ▁Som me ▁for ▁Louis ▁Spe ars . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁ ▁The ▁Mist ress ▁of ▁Kingdom s ; ▁or ▁Sm oking ▁Fl ax ▁ ▁by ▁Br idget ▁Mac L agan ▁( Pse ud onym ) ▁( 1 9 1 2 ) ▁▁ ▁Coll ision ▁by ▁Br idget ▁Mac L agan ▁( Pse ud onym ) ▁( play ) ▁( 1 9 1 3 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Rom antic ▁Woman ▁by ▁Br idget ▁Mac L agan ▁( Pse ud onym ) ▁( 1 9 1 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁T ort oise ▁( 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ ▁Jane ▁- ▁Our ▁Str anger ▁( 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ ▁Three ▁Pil gr ims ▁and ▁a ▁T ink er ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ ▁Four ▁O ' Clock ▁and ▁Other ▁Stories ▁( 1 9 2 6 ) ▁Fl aming o ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁Four ▁O ' clock ▁ ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁For bidden ▁Zone ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁O CL C : ▁ 1 8 5 2 7 5 6
▁ ▁Je h ov ah ' s ▁Day ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Woman ▁with ▁White ▁E yes ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁ ▁Sarah ▁Gay ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ ▁Action ▁for ▁S land er ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Woman ▁I ▁Love ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Jour ney ▁Down ▁a ▁Bl ind ▁Al ley ▁( 1 9 4 6 ) ▁ ▁You , ▁the ▁J ury ▁ ▁( 1 9 5 2 ) ▁ ▁Po ems ▁of ▁Love ▁and ▁War ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Ever ett ▁F . ▁B le ile , ▁The ▁Check list ▁of ▁Fant astic ▁Liter ature . ▁Chicago : ▁Sh asta ▁Publish ers , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ; ▁pg . ▁ 5 6 . w ▁ ▁Jane ▁Con way , ▁A ▁Woman ▁of ▁Two ▁Wars : ▁The ▁Life ▁of ▁Mary ▁B orden ▁M und ay ▁Books , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Haz el ▁H utch inson , ▁ ▁The ▁War ▁That ▁Used ▁Up ▁W ords : ▁American ▁Writ ers ▁and ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁New ▁Haven , ▁CT : ▁Yale ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Wy nd ham ▁Lewis , ▁Bl asting ▁and ▁Bomb ard ier ing . ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Paul ▁O ' Pre y ▁( ed .), ▁Mary ▁B orden , ▁Po ems ▁of ▁Love ▁and ▁War . ▁D are
- G ale ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Max ▁Wy nd ham , ▁Under ▁Two ▁Fl ags : ▁Life ▁of ▁Major ▁General ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Spe ars . ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Review ▁of ▁Mary ▁B orden , ▁Po ems ▁of ▁Love ▁and ▁War '' ▁http :// www . cent en ary news . com / article / book - review --- po ems - of - love - and - war ▁ ▁D are - G ale ▁Press ▁http :// www . d are g ale . com ▁ ▁https :// mary b orden . org / ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁women ▁novel ists ▁Category : F em ale ▁nurses ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Chicago ▁Category : V ass ar ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁women ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : N ov el ists ▁from ▁Illinois ▁Category : American ▁suff rag ists <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁Japanese ▁sam ur ai ▁of ▁the ▁S eng oku ▁period , ▁who ▁served ▁the ▁O da ▁clan . ▁ ▁Category : Sam ur ai ▁Category : D aim yo ▁Category : 1 5 2 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 8 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : O da ▁retain ers <0x0A> </s>
▁Leonard ▁George ▁K oen ec ke ▁( Jan uary ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁in ▁Bar ab oo , ▁Wisconsin , ▁USA ▁– ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁baseball ▁player ▁who ▁played ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁for ▁the ▁Brooklyn ▁Dod gers ▁and ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁blow ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁pilot ▁and ▁a ▁passenger ▁of ▁a ▁plane ▁of ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁seized ▁control . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁K oen ec ke ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁loc omot ive ▁engineer ▁and ▁had ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁fire man ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁& ▁North western ▁Rail road . ▁ ▁Minor ▁league ▁career ▁K oen ec ke ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁Mol ine ▁Pl ow boys ▁in ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁Valley ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁he ▁joined ▁Indian apolis ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Association . ▁ ▁Major ▁League ▁career ▁After ▁several ▁seasons ▁with ▁Indian apolis , ▁K oen ec ke ▁was ▁signed ▁to ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁in ▁a ▁deal ▁worth ▁$ 7 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁Manager ▁John ▁McG raw ▁predicted ▁he ▁would ▁" be ▁a ▁bright ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁League ". ▁He ▁played ▁just ▁the ▁one ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Gi ants . ▁K oen ec ke ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the
▁Gi ants , ▁going ▁hit less ▁against ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁International ▁League ▁Buffalo ▁B isons , ▁he ▁hit ▁. 3 3 4 ▁and ▁drove ▁in ▁ 1 0 0 ▁runs ▁batt ed ▁in ▁with ▁eight ▁home ▁runs . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁K oen ec ke ▁joined ▁the ▁Brooklyn ▁Dod gers , ▁where ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁season ▁he ▁hit ▁ 1 4 ▁home ▁runs , ▁ 7 3 ▁R B Is ▁and ▁set ▁a ▁National ▁League ▁field ing ▁record ▁with ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁. 9 9 4 . ▁His ▁second ▁season ▁saw ▁a ▁decline ▁in ▁his ▁on field ▁performance ▁and ▁his ▁drinking ▁became ▁a ▁problem ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁cut ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁during ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁a ▁road ▁trip ▁after ▁a ▁game ▁in ▁Chicago . ▁ ▁Just ▁one ▁day ▁later , ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁dead . ▁ ▁Death ▁After ▁being ▁sent ▁home ▁from ▁the ▁road ▁trip , ▁K oen ec ke ▁caught ▁a ▁commercial ▁flight ▁for ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁During ▁the ▁flight , ▁he ▁drank ▁a ▁quart ▁of ▁whis key ▁and ▁became ▁very ▁drunk . ▁After ▁K oen ec ke ▁had ▁harass ed ▁other ▁passengers ▁and ▁struck ▁a ▁st eward ess , ▁the ▁pilot ▁had ▁to ▁sit ▁on ▁him ▁to ▁restr ain ▁him ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁sh ack led ▁to ▁his ▁seat . ▁He
▁was ▁removed ▁unconscious ▁from ▁the ▁flight ▁in ▁Detroit . ▁After ▁sleeping ▁on ▁a ▁chair ▁in ▁the ▁airport , ▁he ▁char tered ▁a ▁flight ▁to ▁Toronto ▁in ▁the ▁hopes ▁of ▁re join ing ▁the ▁B isons . ▁While ▁flying ▁over ▁Canada , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁disag reement ▁with ▁the ▁pilot ▁and ▁a ▁passenger , ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁take ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁aircraft . ▁ ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁a ▁crash , ▁K oen ec ke ▁was ▁hit ▁over ▁the ▁head ▁with ▁a ▁fire ▁ex ting u isher ▁by ▁both ▁the ▁pilot , ▁who ▁had ▁left ▁his ▁controls , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁passenger . ▁After ▁an ▁emergency ▁landing ▁at ▁Long ▁Branch ▁R ac etr ack ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁K oen ec ke ▁had ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁cere br al ▁hem orr h age . ▁The ▁two ▁men ▁were ▁charged ▁with ▁m ans l aughter ▁but ▁were ▁found ▁not ▁li able ▁by ▁a ▁coron er ' s ▁jury ▁soon ▁after . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁Mount ▁Rep ose ▁C emetery ▁at ▁Friend ship , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁K oen ec ke ' s ▁death ▁was ▁refer enced ▁in ▁season ▁ 5 , ▁episode ▁ 7 ▁of ▁the ▁animated ▁TV ▁series ▁Ar cher , ▁" Sm ugg ler ' s ▁Blues ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁baseball ▁players ▁who ▁died ▁during ▁their ▁careers ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Story ▁and ▁ob it uary ▁from ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 9 3
5 ▁edition ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bar ab oo , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Bro ok lyn ▁Dod gers ▁players ▁Category : M ajor ▁League ▁Base ball ▁out field ers ▁Category : New ▁York ▁Gi ants ▁( NL ) ▁players ▁Category : Base ball ▁players ▁from ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : M ajor ▁League ▁Base ball ▁center ▁field ers ▁Category : De ath s ▁by ▁beating ▁Category : American ▁people ▁murdered ▁abroad ▁Category : M ur der ed ▁American ▁baseball ▁players ▁Category : People ▁murdered ▁in ▁Ontario ▁Category : B ur ials ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : M oline ▁Pl ow boys ▁players ▁Category : Ind ian apolis ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : Qu inc y ▁Indians ▁players ▁Category : Spring field ▁Sen ators ▁players ▁Category : Buff alo ▁B isons ▁( min or ▁league ) ▁players ▁Category : J er sey ▁City ▁S ke eters ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H ŏ ch ' ŏ n ▁Line ▁is ▁a ▁partially ▁elect r ified ▁standard - g auge ▁secondary ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁Korean ▁State ▁Railway ▁running ▁from ▁T anch ' ŏ n ▁on ▁the ▁P ' y ŏ ng ra ▁Line ▁to ▁Hong gun . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁The ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁Tan p ' ung ▁Railway ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁railway ▁from ▁T anch ' ŏ n ▁on ▁the ▁Ham gy ŏ ng ▁Line ▁of ▁the ▁Ch osen ▁Government ▁Railway ▁to ▁P ' ungs an ,
▁the ▁county ▁seat ▁of ▁P ' ungs an ▁County ; ▁it ▁was ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁characters ▁of ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁end points ▁that ▁the ▁railway , ▁and ▁the ▁main line , ▁got ▁its ▁name . ▁The ▁initial ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁main line , ▁ ▁from ▁T anch ' ŏ n ▁to ▁Hong gun , ▁was ▁opened ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 9 .. ▁A ▁branch line , ▁the ▁Mand ŏ k ▁Line , ▁from ▁Kos ŏ ng ▁( now ▁called ▁H ŏ ch ' ŏ n ) ▁to ▁Mand ŏ k ▁was ▁also ▁opened , ▁but ▁the ▁planned ▁continu ation ▁from ▁Hong gun ▁to ▁P ' ungs an ▁was ▁not ▁completed ▁before ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Japan ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Pacific ▁War . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁Korea , ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁the ▁Tan p ' ung ▁Railway ' s ▁network ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁zone ▁of ▁occupation . ▁The ▁Pro vis ional ▁People ’ s ▁Committee ▁for ▁North ▁Korea ▁national ised ▁all ▁rail ways ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁North ▁Korea , ▁the ▁Korean ▁State ▁Railway ▁was ▁created . ▁Dam age ▁sustained ▁by ▁the ▁line ▁during ▁the ▁Korean ▁War ▁was ▁rep aired ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁eventually ▁elect r ified , ▁but ▁the ▁extension ▁to ▁P ' ungs an ▁( ren amed ▁Kim hy ŏ ng g w ŏ n ▁in ▁ 1 9 9
0 ) ▁was ▁never ▁built . ▁ ▁Services ▁▁ ▁Two ▁pairs ▁of ▁passenger ▁trains ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁run ▁on ▁this ▁line : ▁▁ ▁Local ▁trains ▁ 5 5 1 / 5 5 6 , ▁operating ▁from ▁K ok ku ▁to ▁T ong da e , ▁run ▁on ▁this ▁line ▁on ▁the ▁segment ▁between ▁T anch ' ŏ n ▁Ch ' ŏ ng ny ŏ n ▁and ▁T ong da e ; ▁ ▁Local ▁trains ▁ 9 2 5 / 9 2 6 ▁operate ▁on ▁this ▁line ▁between ▁T anch ' ŏ n ▁Ch ' ŏ ng ny ŏ n ▁and ▁Hong gun . ▁ ▁Route ▁▁ ▁A ▁yellow ▁background ▁in ▁the ▁" Distance " ▁box ▁indicates ▁that ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁is ▁not ▁elect r ified . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁in ▁North ▁Korea ▁Category : Standard ▁gauge ▁rail ways ▁in ▁North ▁Korea <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁century , ▁discover ies ▁of ▁gold ▁at ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁locations ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁caused ▁large ▁infl ux es ▁of ▁prospect ors ▁from ▁overseas ▁and ▁inter state , ▁and ▁classic ▁gold ▁r ushes . ▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁finds ▁included : ▁▁ ▁H alls ▁Creek ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 , ▁found ▁by ▁Charles ▁Hall ▁and ▁Jack ▁Sl attery . ▁ ▁Tr igger ed ▁the ▁" K im ber ley ▁gold ▁rush ". ▁ ▁Near ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁found ▁by ▁the ▁party ▁of ▁Harry ▁Francis ▁An st ey
. ▁The ▁" Y il g arn ▁gold ▁rush ". ▁ ▁C ue ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁found ▁by ▁Michael ▁Fitz ger ald , ▁Edward ▁He ff ern an ▁and ▁Tom ▁C ue . ▁ ▁The ▁" M urch ison ▁gold ▁rush ". ▁ ▁Cool g ard ie ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 , ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Ba iley ▁and ▁William ▁Ford . ▁ ▁Kal go or lie ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁by ▁Patrick ▁" P addy " ▁Hann an , ▁Tom ▁Fl an agan ▁and ▁Dan ▁She a . ▁ ▁A ▁small ▁rush ▁at ▁N und am ur rah ▁Pool , ▁on ▁the ▁Green ough ▁River , ▁near ▁M ulle wa , ▁east ▁of ▁Ger ald ton ▁occurred ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁Kal go or lie ▁event ▁in ▁particular , ▁following ▁the ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁discovery ▁of ▁all uv ial ▁gold ▁at ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁Mount ▁Charlotte ▁by ▁Irish ▁prospect ors ▁P addy ▁Hann an , ▁Tom ▁Fl an agan ▁and ▁Dan ▁O ' She a , ▁saw ▁a ▁massive ▁population ▁increase ▁and ▁ultimately , ▁brought ▁great ▁wealth ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Capital ▁works , ▁including ▁roads ▁and ▁rail ways ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁ambitious ▁Gold fields ▁Water ▁Supp ly ▁Sche me , ▁came ▁about ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁gold ▁r ushes . ▁ ▁The ▁population ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁was ▁ 4
9 , 7 8 2 . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁it ▁had ▁dou bled ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 , 5 1 5 , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁was ▁ 1 8 4 , 1 2 4 . ▁ ▁These ▁previously ▁une x pl ored ▁eastern ▁districts ▁were ▁hot ▁and ▁bar ren ▁and ▁had ▁limited ▁natural ▁water ▁supplies ▁or ▁pre - existing ▁infrastructure ▁to ▁support ▁sudden ▁infl ux es ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁all ▁supplies ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁cart ed , ▁either ▁from ▁Per th ▁or ▁Es per ance . ▁ ▁Cart ed ▁water ▁was ▁sold ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 ▁sh ill ings ▁per ▁gall on . ▁ ▁Kim ber ley ▁Pro spector ▁Charles ▁Hall ▁and ▁others ▁found ▁all uv ial ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁Kim ber ly ▁region ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁find ▁created ▁the ▁first ▁gold ▁rush ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁In ▁terms ▁of ▁gold ▁yield , ▁the ▁rush ▁was ▁not ▁particularly ▁successful , ▁but ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁significant ▁find ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁and ▁western ▁parts ▁of ▁Australia . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁nearly ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Victorian ▁r ushes . ▁ ▁Y il g arn ▁The ▁" Y il g arn ▁gold ▁rush " ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁rush ▁which ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁after ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁discovery ▁of ▁gold ▁in ▁the ▁Y il g arn ▁Hills ▁area , ▁north ▁of ▁Southern ▁Cross
. ▁ ▁Y il g arn ▁is ▁an ▁Ab original ▁word ▁for ▁white ▁quart z , ▁a ▁common ▁indicator ▁of ▁gold . ▁ ▁M urch ison ▁Gold ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁though ▁there ▁is ▁uncertainty ▁as ▁to ▁who ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁find . ▁Michael ▁Fitz ger ald ▁and ▁Edward ▁He ff ern an ▁collected ▁ 2 6 0 ▁ oun ces ▁after ▁being ▁given ▁a ▁n ug get ▁by ▁an ▁Ab original ▁known ▁as ▁' G overn or '. ▁Tom ▁C ue ▁trav elled ▁to ▁N ann ine ▁to ▁register ▁their ▁claim . ▁The ▁town site ▁was ▁gaz ett ed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁and ▁named ▁after ▁Tom ▁C ue . ▁The ▁town ' s ▁first ▁water ▁supply ▁was ▁a ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁street ; ▁after ▁an ▁outbreak ▁of ▁ty ph oid ▁fever , ▁the ▁well ▁was ▁c apped ▁with ▁a ▁rot unda ▁built ▁over ▁the ▁top . ▁The ▁water ▁supply ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁another ▁well ▁dug ▁near ▁Lake ▁N all an ▁and ▁cart ed ▁ 2 0 km ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁town site . ▁The ▁town ▁of ▁Day ▁Da wn , ▁ ▁south , ▁was ▁established ▁within ▁a ▁year ; ▁by ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁a ▁hospital ▁and ▁c emetery ▁were ▁established ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁towns ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁three ▁newspapers ▁operating . ▁The ▁rival ry ▁between ▁the ▁towns ▁fu elled ▁a ▁diverse ▁sport ing ▁culture ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁Cycl ing ▁and ▁horse - r acing ▁groups ▁held ▁regular
▁events ▁attract ing ▁competitors ▁from ▁as ▁far ▁away ▁as ▁Per th ▁and ▁Kal go or lie . ▁ ▁Cool g ard ie ▁Gold ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁Arthur ▁Ba iley ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁The ▁Ba iley ' s ▁R eward ▁gold ▁mine ▁would ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁r iche st ▁mines ▁in ▁the ▁state . ▁ ▁Kal go or lie ▁ ▁Pro spect ors ▁P addy ▁Hann an , ▁Tom ▁Fl an agan ▁and ▁Dan ▁She a ▁found ▁ 1 0 0 ▁ oun ces ▁of ▁all uv ial ▁gold ▁at ▁Mount ▁Charlotte ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁Hann an ▁registered ▁the ▁reward ▁claim , ▁ 7 5 0 ▁men ▁were ▁prospect ing ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁within ▁three ▁days . ▁ ▁A ▁town ▁quickly ▁spr ang ▁up ▁which ▁was ▁initially ▁called ▁Hann ans ▁and ▁later ▁Kal go or lie . ▁ ▁Wh ilst ▁new ▁prospect ors ▁were ▁arriving ▁in ▁the ▁colony , ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁workers ▁were ▁also ▁moving ▁between ▁the ▁various ▁districts ▁as ▁new ▁discover ies ▁happened . ▁ ▁False ▁and ▁exagger ated ▁rum ours ▁were ▁also ▁ramp ant ▁and ▁many ▁died ▁from ▁th irst ▁and ▁disease . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Gold ▁mining ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia ▁History ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁gold ▁rush ▁Victorian ▁gold ▁rush ▁Western ▁Australian ▁Gold fields ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E conom ic ▁history ▁of ▁ ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Austral ian ▁gold ▁r ushes ▁Category : Gold ▁mining ▁in ▁Western ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁Main stream
▁media ▁is ▁a ▁term ▁and ▁ab bre vi ation ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁collect ively ▁to ▁the ▁various ▁large ▁mass ▁news ▁media ▁that ▁influence ▁many ▁people , ▁and ▁both ▁reflect ▁and ▁shape ▁prev ailing ▁current s ▁of ▁thought . ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁contrast ▁with ▁alternative ▁media ▁which ▁may ▁contain ▁content ▁with ▁more ▁diss ent ing ▁thought ▁at ▁variance ▁with ▁the ▁prev ailing ▁views ▁of ▁mainstream ▁sources . ▁▁ ▁The ▁term ▁is ▁often ▁used ▁for ▁large ▁news ▁con gl omer ates , ▁including ▁newspapers ▁and ▁broadcast ▁media , ▁that ▁under w ent ▁success ive ▁mer gers ▁in ▁many ▁countries . ▁The ▁concentration ▁of ▁media ▁ownership ▁has ▁raised ▁concerns ▁of ▁a ▁hom ogen ization ▁of ▁view points ▁presented ▁to ▁news ▁consumers . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁term ▁mainstream ▁media ▁has ▁been ▁widely ▁used ▁in ▁conversation ▁and ▁the ▁blog os phere , ▁sometimes ▁in ▁oppos itional , ▁pe jor ative ▁or ▁dismiss ive ▁senses , ▁in ▁discussion ▁of ▁the ▁mass ▁media ▁and ▁media ▁bias . ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁terms ▁ ▁The ▁advent ▁of ▁the ▁internet ▁allowed ▁the ▁expression ▁of ▁a ▁more ▁diverse ▁or ▁alternative ▁view point ▁which ▁may ▁contrast ▁to ▁mainstream ▁media , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁the ▁term ▁mainstream ▁media ▁is ▁seen ▁in ▁pe jor ative ▁terms . ▁ ▁Lam est ream ▁media ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁pe jor ative ▁alternative . ▁Sarah ▁Pal in ▁referred ▁to ▁" lam est ream ▁media ," ▁notably ▁around ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁during ▁her ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Te a ▁Party ▁Express , ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁what
▁she ▁perceived ▁as ▁media ▁mis rep resentation ▁of ▁the ▁Te a ▁Party ▁movement . ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁movie ▁production ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁dominated ▁by ▁major ▁stud ios ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ; ▁before ▁that , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁period ▁in ▁which ▁E dis on ' s ▁Trust ▁mon opol ized ▁the ▁industry . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁twenty - first ▁century ▁the ▁music ▁and ▁television ▁industries ▁was ▁subject ▁to ▁media ▁consolid ation , ▁with ▁Sony ▁Music ▁Entertainment ' s ▁parent ▁company ▁mer ging ▁their ▁music ▁division ▁with ▁Bert els mann ▁AG ' s ▁BM G ▁to ▁form ▁Sony ▁BM G , ▁and ▁Trib une ' s ▁The ▁W B ▁and ▁CBS ▁Cor p .' s ▁U PN ▁mer ging ▁to ▁form ▁The ▁C W . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Sony ▁BM G ▁there ▁existed ▁a ▁" Big ▁Five ", ▁later ▁" Big ▁Four ", ▁of ▁major ▁record ▁companies , ▁while ▁The ▁C W ' s ▁creation ▁was ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁consolid ate ▁ratings ▁and ▁stand ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁" Big ▁Four " ▁of ▁American ▁network ▁( ter rest rial ) ▁television ▁( although ▁the ▁C W ▁was ▁actually ▁partially ▁owned ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Big ▁Four ▁in ▁CBS ). ▁In ▁television , ▁the ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁broadcast ▁and ▁basic ▁cable ▁networks , ▁over ▁a ▁hundred ▁in ▁all , ▁are ▁controlled ▁by ▁eight ▁corporations : ▁News ▁Corporation ▁( the ▁Fox ▁family ▁of ▁channels ), ▁The ▁Walt ▁Disney ▁Company ▁( which ▁includes ▁the ▁ABC
, ▁ESP N ▁and ▁Disney ▁brands ), ▁National ▁Am use ments ▁( which ▁includes ▁CBS ▁Corporation ▁and ▁Vi acom ), ▁Com cast ▁( which ▁includes ▁the ▁NBC ▁brands ), ▁Time ▁Warner , ▁Dis covery ▁Communications , ▁E . ▁W . ▁S cri pp s ▁Company , ▁C able vision , ▁or ▁some ▁combination ▁there of . ▁ ▁There ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁some ▁large - scale ▁owners ▁in ▁an ▁industry ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁mon opol y ▁or ▁o lig opol y . ▁Clear ▁Channel ▁Communications , ▁especially ▁since ▁the ▁Tele commun ications ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁acquired ▁many ▁radio ▁stations ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁own ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 ▁stations . ▁However , ▁the ▁radio ▁broadcast ing ▁industry ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁elsewhere ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁o lig opol istic ▁regardless ▁of ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁player . ▁Because ▁radio ▁stations ▁are ▁local ▁in ▁reach , ▁each ▁licensed ▁a ▁specific ▁part ▁of ▁spectrum ▁by ▁the ▁F CC ▁in ▁a ▁specific ▁local ▁area , ▁any ▁local ▁market ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁stations . ▁In ▁most ▁countries , ▁this ▁system ▁of ▁lic ensing ▁makes ▁many ▁markets ▁local ▁o lig opol ies . ▁The ▁similar ▁market ▁structure ▁exists ▁for ▁television ▁broadcast ing , ▁cable ▁systems ▁and ▁newspaper ▁industries , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁large - scale ▁owners . ▁Con cent r ation ▁of ▁ownership ▁is ▁often ▁found ▁in ▁these ▁industries .
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁data ▁on ▁ownership ▁and ▁market ▁share ▁of ▁media ▁companies ▁is ▁not ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁public ▁domain . ▁ ▁Recent ▁media ▁mer gers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Over ▁time ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁media ▁mer gers ▁has ▁increased , ▁while ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁media ▁out lets ▁has ▁also ▁increased . ▁This ▁has ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁higher ▁concentration ▁of ▁ownership , ▁with ▁fewer ▁companies ▁own ing ▁more ▁media ▁out lets . ▁▁ 5 0 ▁different ▁companies ▁used ▁to ▁own ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁media ▁in ▁America ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . Now ▁only ▁five ▁media ▁con gl omer ates ▁own ▁that ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁media . The ▁kind ▁of ▁media ▁includes ▁books , ▁radio , ▁movies , ▁newspapers ▁and ▁magazines . D ue ▁to ▁the ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁media ▁ownership , ▁these ▁five ▁con gl omer ates ▁have ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁information ▁that ▁goes ▁out ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁" Big ▁five " ▁ ▁American ▁public ▁dist rust ▁in ▁the ▁media ▁A ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Gall up ▁poll ▁found ▁that ▁Americans ▁remain ▁largely ▁m istr ust ful ▁of ▁the ▁mass ▁media . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁ 4 1 % - 4 5 % ▁of ▁respond ents ▁have ▁had ▁" a ▁great ▁deal " ▁or ▁" f air ▁amount " ▁of ▁trust ▁in ▁newspapers , ▁television ▁and ▁radio ▁to ▁report ▁the ▁news ▁"
fully , ▁accurately ▁and ▁fairly ." ▁D istr ust ▁had ▁increased ▁since ▁the ▁mid ▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁when ▁Americans ▁were ▁already ▁more ▁negative ▁about ▁the ▁media ▁than ▁they ▁had ▁been ▁before ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Google ▁and ▁Facebook ▁had ▁been ▁targeted ▁to ▁dis per se ▁a ▁substantial ▁amount ▁of ▁fake ▁news , ▁with ▁the ▁aim , ▁it ▁was ▁claimed , ▁of ▁confusing ▁Americans ▁about ▁various ▁topics . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁victory ▁of ▁Donald ▁Trump ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁presidential ▁election ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁campaign , ▁Americans ▁who ▁supported ▁Hillary ▁Clinton ▁were ▁especially ▁en r aged ▁about ▁the ▁notice able ▁amount ▁of ▁fake ▁news ▁about ▁the ▁election ▁on ▁the ▁two ▁websites . ▁Facebook ▁was ▁targeted ▁to ▁some ▁degree ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁sway ▁the ▁American ▁people ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁agenda ▁during ▁the ▁elect oral ▁cycle , ▁although ▁the ▁chief ▁executive ▁of ▁Facebook , ▁Mark ▁Z ucker berg ▁stated ▁that ▁" Face book ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁recent ▁presidential ▁campaign ". ▁ ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁UK , ▁during ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁after ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁many ▁radio ▁stations , ▁the ▁British ▁Broad cast ing ▁Company ▁started ▁its ▁first ▁daily ▁radio ▁transmission ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁grow ▁an ▁audience . ▁Later ▁that ▁year ▁John ▁Re ith , ▁a ▁Scottish ▁engineer , ▁would ▁be ▁appointed ▁the ▁first ▁General ▁Manager ▁for ▁the ▁BBC . ▁Later ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁the
▁BBC ▁was ▁fully ▁established ▁by ▁Royal ▁Ch arter ▁and ▁renamed ▁the ▁British ▁Broad cast ing ▁Corporation ▁with ▁Re ith ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Director - General . ▁During ▁November ▁of ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁the ▁BBC ▁began ▁to ▁expand ▁into ▁television ▁broadcast ing ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁broad c aster ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁trend ▁of ▁a ▁regularly ▁scheduled ▁TV ▁service . ▁▁ ▁Today ▁the ▁BBC ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁char tered ▁public ▁broadcast ing ▁companies ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁The ▁second ▁is ▁IT V , ▁Independent ▁Television , ▁which ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁public ▁commercial ▁television ▁company ▁after ▁the ▁Television ▁act ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁in ▁an ▁effort ▁to ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁mon opol y ▁the ▁BBC ▁had ▁on ▁television ▁broadcast ing , ▁gaining ▁fifteen ▁regional ▁broadcast ing ▁licenses ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁twenty ▁years . ▁ ▁Today ▁the ▁BBC ▁and ▁IT V ▁are ▁the ▁two ▁free ▁to ▁air ▁digital ▁services ▁offered ▁to ▁everyone ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁each ▁others ▁biggest ▁competitors . ▁The ▁BBC ▁has ▁nine ▁national ▁television ▁channels , ▁BBC ▁three , ▁the ▁first ▁channel ▁to ▁switch ▁from ▁television ▁to ▁online , ▁an ▁interactive ▁channel , ▁ten ▁national ▁and ▁forty ▁local ▁radio ▁stations , ▁BBC ▁Online , ▁and ▁BBC ▁World wide . ▁IT V ▁currently ▁holds ▁thirteen ▁of ▁the ▁fifteen ▁regional ▁broadcast ing ▁licenses ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁that ▁carries ▁their ▁multiple ▁channels ▁including ▁IT V , ▁IT V hub , ▁IT V 2 , ▁IT V Be , ▁IT V
▁ 3 , ▁IT V 4 , ▁C IT V , ▁IT V ▁En core , ▁ ▁Brit box , ▁a ▁video - on - dem and ▁service ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁BBC ▁to ▁bring ▁British ▁television ▁content ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada , ▁and ▁C irk us , ▁their ▁own ▁video - on - dem and ▁service . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ag enda - setting ▁theory ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁media ▁ ▁Big ▁Three ▁television ▁networks ▁ ▁Con cent r ation ▁of ▁media ▁ownership ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁media ▁ ▁D ereg ulation ▁ ▁F ake ▁news ▁ ▁Freedom ▁of ▁speech ▁ ▁Freedom ▁of ▁the ▁press ▁ ▁L ists ▁of ▁corporate ▁assets ▁ ▁Local ▁News ▁Service ▁ ▁Main stream ▁ ▁Media ▁bias ▁ ▁Media ▁con gl omer ate ▁ ▁Media ▁cross - own ership ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Media ▁democracy ▁ ▁Media ▁imperial ism ▁ ▁Media ▁manip ulation ▁ ▁Media ▁propriet or ▁ ▁Media ▁trans parency ▁ ▁Mon opol ies ▁of ▁knowledge ▁ ▁Network ▁neutral ity ▁ ▁Old ▁media ▁ ▁Partido ▁da ▁Imp ren sa ▁Gol p ista ▁ ▁Polit ico - media ▁complex ▁ ▁Prom ethe us ▁Radio ▁Project ▁ ▁Prop ag anda ▁model ▁ ▁State ▁controlled ▁media ▁ ▁Tele commun ications ▁Act ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁ ▁Western ▁media ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Con cent r ation ▁of ▁media ▁ownership ▁Category : News ▁media <0x0A> </s> ▁Kal mat ▁( ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Gol mat ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sar b uk ▁R ural ▁District
, ▁Sar b uk ▁District , ▁Q as r - e ▁Q and ▁County , ▁S istan ▁and ▁B alu che stan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 8 2 , ▁in ▁ 1 0 5 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Q as r - e ▁Q and ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Pa ats a ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sa are ma a ▁Par ish , ▁Sa are ▁County ▁in ▁western ▁Est onia . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁administrative ▁reform ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁in ▁Must j ala ▁Par ish . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Sa are ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁Hollywood ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁artist ▁who ▁works ▁primarily ▁with ▁themes ▁of ▁surveillance . ▁She ▁uses ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁medium s ▁and ▁is ▁most ▁known ▁for ▁her ▁installation ▁art ▁and ▁performance ▁art ▁works . ▁Her ▁work ▁addresses ▁issues ▁of ▁control ▁and ▁sed uction . ▁ ▁Life ▁and ▁work ▁ ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁as ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁traveling ▁sales man ▁and ▁a ▁department ▁store ▁employee ▁and ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁Van ▁Nu ys , ▁San ▁Fernando ▁Valley . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁she ▁received ▁a ▁B . A . ▁in ▁Pain ting / S cul pt ure / Graph ic ▁Arts ▁from
▁U . C . L . A ., ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁M . F . A . ▁in ▁Studio ▁Arts , ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota . ▁The ▁title ▁of ▁her ▁thesis ▁was ▁American ▁Land scape . ▁Her ▁first ▁video ▁art ▁piece ▁about ▁women ▁in ▁security ▁was ▁Safe ▁& ▁Sec ure ▁in ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁While ▁her ▁studio ▁was ▁based ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁Beach ▁Sch er ' s ▁work ▁was ▁influenced ▁by ▁" light ▁and ▁space " ▁artists , ▁like ▁Larry ▁Bell ▁and ▁Chris ▁Bur den , ▁Robert ▁Graham , ▁Ly nd a ▁Beng l is . ▁She ▁did ▁several ▁sid eline ▁jobs ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁living ▁and ▁established ▁her ▁own ▁company ▁called ▁" Safe ▁and ▁Sec ure ▁Produ ctions ", ▁install ing ▁security ▁and ▁surveillance ▁equipment . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁Sch er ▁started ▁using ▁security ▁cameras ▁for ▁her ▁artwork . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁she ▁was ▁living ▁and ▁working ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁Boston . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁taught ▁the ▁first ▁Sur ve illance ▁Studies ▁class ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁College ▁of ▁Art , ▁Boston . ▁She ▁received ▁a ▁fellow ship ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University / Rad cl iffe ▁B unting ▁Institute ▁for ▁the ▁field ▁Sur ve illance ▁Studies ▁ 1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 7 ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁teaching ▁in ▁the ▁Visual ▁Arts ▁Program ▁at ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁from ▁ 1 9 9
7 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁lect ured ▁at ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁institutions ▁including ▁The ▁Cooper ▁Union ▁for ▁Art ▁and ▁Science , ▁Hart ford ▁University ▁Art ▁School , ▁U . C . L . A ., ▁U . S . C , ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁Columbia ▁University , ▁The ▁Institute ▁for ▁Advanced ▁Study ▁at ▁Pr inceton , ▁and ▁R ut gers ▁University . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁holds ▁the ▁profess orship ▁for ▁Mult imedia ▁and ▁Performance ▁/ ▁Sur ve ill ant ▁Architect ures ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Media ▁Arts ▁C olog ne ▁( K unst ho ch sch ule ▁fuer ▁Med ien ▁Ko eln ). ▁ ▁Art work ▁ ▁Insp ired ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁philos opher ▁Michel ▁Fou c ault ▁and ▁the ▁soci ologist ▁Gary ▁T . ▁Marx , ▁Julia ▁Sch er ' s ▁work ▁focuses ▁on ▁the ▁subjects ▁surveillance ▁and ▁cyber - s phere . ▁A im ing ▁at ▁the ▁exposure ▁of ▁d angers ▁and ▁ide ologies ▁of ▁monitoring ▁systems , ▁Sch er ▁creates ▁temporary ▁and ▁trans itory ▁web / install ation / per formance ▁works ▁that ▁explore ▁issues ▁of ▁power , ▁control ▁and ▁sed uction . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 0 ▁years , ▁her ▁research ▁has ▁explored ▁social ▁control ▁dynamics ▁in ▁public ▁space . ▁The ▁art ▁projects ▁have ▁taken ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁interactive ▁install ations , ▁reform ulated ▁surveillance , ▁site ▁tours , ▁inter ventions , ▁performances
, ▁photography , ▁writing , ▁net . art , ▁linear ▁video , ▁and ▁sound . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Sch er ▁has ▁produced ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁install ations ▁called ▁Security ▁by ▁Julia . ▁These ▁have ▁taken ▁different ▁forms ▁but ▁often ▁involve ▁a ▁person ▁wearing ▁a ▁security ▁uniform ▁and ▁an ▁invitation ▁to ▁the ▁view er ▁to ▁actively ▁participate ▁in ▁surveillance ▁culture . ▁Other ▁variations ▁of ▁the ▁install ations ▁have ▁included ▁so othing ▁voices ▁and ▁baby ▁blank ets . ▁ ▁Security land ▁and ▁Wonder land ▁are ▁elaborate ▁online ▁projects ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁has ▁created ▁with ▁ä da ▁‘ web , ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁respectively ; ▁they ▁were ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁intro duct ory ▁trailer ▁titled ▁D anger ▁D irty ▁Data ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁Sch er ▁offers ▁various ▁areas ▁for ▁user ▁exploration , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁raise ▁issues ▁of ▁control ▁and ▁personal ▁privacy . ▁All ▁manner ▁of ▁psych ologically ▁and ▁physically ▁invas ive ▁services ▁and ▁products ▁are ▁sed uct ively ▁pit ched ▁at ▁the ▁visitor , ▁promising ▁to ▁al lev iate ▁problems ▁caused ▁intern ally ▁and ▁extern ally . ▁Lo os ely ▁based ▁on ▁architect ural ▁and ▁clinical ▁models , ▁Security land ▁and ▁Wonder land ▁completely ▁dest abil ize ▁the ▁notion ▁of ▁neutral ▁or ▁straightforward ▁inter change , ▁using ▁inf lections ▁that ▁are ▁lib id inal , ▁g end ered , ▁quasi - inst itutional ▁and ▁sub t ly ▁threatening . ▁ ▁Exhib itions ▁ ▁Sch
er ’ s ▁work ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁in ▁several ▁solo ▁and ▁group ▁exhib itions ▁including ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁B ien n ale , ▁the ▁Whit ney ▁B ien n ial , ▁the ▁W ex ner ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Arts , ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio , ▁the ▁Walker ▁Art ▁Center , ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁T ap ias ▁Museum , ▁Barcelona , ▁Muse o ▁Nacional , ▁Cent ro ▁de ▁Ar te , ▁Re ina ▁Sof ia , ▁Madrid , ▁the ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Museum ▁of ▁Modern ▁Art , ▁the ▁Muse é ▁d ’ art ▁Mod erne , ▁Paris , ▁K ünst ler haus , ▁St utt gart , ▁Kö ln ischer ▁Kunst vere in , ▁Kö ln , ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Cont emporary ▁Arts , ▁London ▁and ▁the ▁Mo MA ▁PS 1 , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Brian ▁Wall is , ▁Andrew ▁H ult kr ans , ▁Av ital ▁Ron ell , ▁and ▁Bill ▁Hor r igan ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Always ▁There , ▁L uk as ▁& ▁S tern berg ▁Publish ers . ▁▁ ▁Sch er , ▁Julia ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁Tell ▁Me ▁When ▁You ' re ▁Read y , ▁Works ▁ 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 5 , ▁introduction ▁by ▁Anna ▁Ind ych , ▁P FM ▁publish ers . ▁. ▁ ▁Fro h ne , ▁Urs ula , ▁Lev in , ▁Tom , ▁We ib el , ▁Peter ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁C trl _ Space
. ▁R het or ics ▁of ▁Sur ve illance ▁from ▁Bent ham ▁to ▁Big ▁Brother . ▁Z K M ▁Karl s ru he , ▁Cambridge , ▁MA : ▁The ▁MIT ▁Press . ▁pp . 2 8 6 – 2 9 1 . ▁. ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Est her ▁Sch ipper ▁Gallery ▁Berlin ▁ ▁Artist ' s ▁website ▁ ▁Sch er ▁works ▁in ▁SF MO MA ▁collection ▁ ▁Website ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Media ▁Art ▁C olog ne ▁ ▁Med ien k unst net z : ▁Julia ▁Sch er ▁Biography ▁▁▁ ▁Wonder land ▁( partial ▁Text ▁by ▁Julia ▁Sch er ) ▁PA J , ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁MIT ▁Press ▁ ▁Category : American ▁contemporary ▁artists ▁Category : New ▁media ▁artists ▁Category : American ▁video ▁artists ▁Category : American ▁mult imedia ▁artists ▁Category : Post mod ern ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁women ▁artists ▁Category : American ▁performance ▁artists ▁Category : Net . art ists ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Tri is op rop an ol amine ▁is ▁an ▁am ine ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁industrial ▁applications ▁including ▁as ▁an ▁em uls ifier , ▁stabil izer , ▁and ▁chemical ▁intermediate . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁neutral ize ▁acid ic ▁components ▁of ▁some ▁her b ic ides . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 - A min o - 2 - pro pan ol ▁ ▁Di is op rop an ol amine ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : A
min es <0x0A> </s> ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 6 8 ▁season ▁H iber n ian , ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Edinburgh , ▁came ▁third ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁ ▁Final ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ ▁Group ▁ 1 ▁final ▁table ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁ ▁Inter - C ities ▁F airs ▁Cup ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁H iber n ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁H iber n ian ▁ 1 9 6 7 / 1 9 6 8 ▁results ▁and ▁fi xtures , ▁Soc cer base ▁ ▁Category : H iber n ian ▁F . C . ▁seasons ▁H iber n ian <0x0A> </s> ▁Stefan ▁Ol sson ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 / 1 9 4 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Swedish ▁billion aire ▁business man ▁and ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 5 % ▁owner ▁of ▁St ena ▁S phere . ▁ ▁Stefan ▁Ol sson ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁son ▁of ▁St en ▁All an ▁Ol sson , ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁St ena ▁S phere . ▁His ▁siblings ▁Dan ▁Ol sson ▁owns ▁ 5 1 % ▁and ▁Made le ine ▁Ol sson ▁Erik sson ▁owns ▁ 1 2 . 5 %. ▁ ▁Ol sson ▁is ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁and ▁lives ▁in ▁London , ▁England . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0
s ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sw edish ▁business people ▁Category : Sw edish ▁billion aires <0x0A> </s> ▁Da ū rd ā d ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Att ock ▁Te hs il ▁of ▁Att ock ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁Province ▁of ▁Pakistan . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁some ▁ 2 3 ▁kilometres ▁nort heast ▁of ▁Att ock ▁City . ▁ ▁Ak hor i ▁Dam , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁proposed ▁dam s ▁of ▁Northern ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁is ▁also ▁situated ▁here . ▁This ▁is ▁proposed ▁by ▁the ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( Q )' s ▁Government . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Att ock ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Shaw ne e , ▁New ▁York ▁is ▁a ▁ham let ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Whe at field ▁in ▁Ni ag ara ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) ▁Category : H am lets ▁in ▁Ni ag ara ▁County , ▁New ▁York <0x0A> </s> ▁Frank ▁Z appa ▁Me ets ▁the ▁M others ▁of ▁Pre vention ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁album ▁by ▁Frank ▁Z appa . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁originally ▁released ▁in ▁two ▁slightly ▁different ▁versions ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁Europe . ▁ ▁The ▁album ' s ▁title ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁ ▁the ▁lobby ▁group , ▁the ▁PM RC , ▁who ▁were ▁campaign ing ▁to ▁require ▁record ▁companies ▁to ▁put ▁warning ▁stick ers ▁on ▁albums ▁they ▁considered ▁offensive , ▁and ▁to
▁Z appa ' s ▁former ▁band , ▁the ▁M others ▁of ▁In vention . ▁ ▁Release ▁ ▁Following ▁distribution ▁problems ▁with ▁Z appa ' s ▁album ▁Th ing - F ish , ▁which ▁former ▁Bark ing ▁P ump kin ▁distribut or ▁M CA ▁Records ▁refused ▁to ▁distribute , ▁Z appa ▁made ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁E MI ▁Records , ▁which ▁would ▁allow ▁The m ▁or ▁Us ▁and ▁Th ing - F ish ▁to ▁be ▁distributed ▁by ▁Cap itol ▁Records ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Z appa ▁wrote ▁a ▁" warning " ▁which ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁inner ▁sle eves ▁of ▁these ▁albums , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Frank ▁Z appa ▁Me ets ▁the ▁M others ▁of ▁Pre vention , ▁which ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁albums ▁contained ▁content ▁" which ▁a ▁truly ▁free ▁society ▁would ▁neither ▁fear ▁nor ▁suppress ", ▁and ▁a ▁" gu arante e " ▁which ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁lyrics ▁would ▁not ▁" c ause ▁eternal ▁tor ment ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁the ▁guy ▁with ▁the ▁horn s ▁and ▁pointed ▁stick ▁conduct s ▁his ▁business ." ▁The ▁l iner ▁notes ▁also ▁contained ▁a ▁quote ▁from ▁Senator ▁Ernest ▁Holl ings , ▁who ▁test ified ▁during ▁the ▁PM RC ▁hear ings : ▁" … if ▁I ▁could ▁find ▁some ▁way ▁constitution ally ▁to ▁do ▁away ▁with ▁it ▁[ f oul ▁language ▁in ▁music ], ▁I ▁would ", ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Z appa ' s ▁of t - re peated ▁l iner ▁notes ▁request ▁for ▁his ▁fans ▁to ▁register ▁to ▁vote . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁US ▁version ▁of ▁the
▁album ▁contains ▁the ▁track ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁– ▁a ▁sound ▁coll age ▁featuring ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁PM RC ▁hear ings . ▁This ▁track ▁was ▁om itted ▁from ▁non - US ▁versions , ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁three ▁other ▁pieces : ▁" I ▁Don ' t ▁Even ▁Care ", ▁co - written ▁by ▁Z appa ▁and ▁Johnny ▁" G uit ar " ▁Watson , ▁and ▁two ▁instrumental ▁tracks ▁– ▁" One ▁Man , ▁One ▁V ote " ▁( a ▁Syn cl avier ▁composition ) ▁and ▁" H . R . ▁ 2 9 1 1 ", ▁which ▁coll ates ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁backing ▁music ▁from ▁" P orn ▁Wars ", ▁without ▁the ▁PM RC ▁hearing ▁ex cer pts ▁and ▁other ▁dialogue . ▁The ▁initial ▁E MI ▁CD s ▁only ▁included ▁the ▁European ▁Version . ▁The ▁original ▁Ry k od isc ▁CD s ▁added ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁European ▁tracks ▁and ▁sh uffled ▁around ▁the ▁running ▁order . ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Ry k od isc ▁rem aster ▁added ▁the ▁third ▁European ▁track ▁after ▁the ▁same ▁sh uffled ▁order . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁All ▁tracks ▁written ▁by ▁Frank ▁Z appa , ▁except ▁where ▁noted . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Frank ▁Z appa ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar , ▁Syn cl avier , ▁producer ▁Johnny ▁" G uit ar " ▁Watson ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁on ▁" I ▁Don ' t ▁Even ▁Care " ▁I ke ▁Will is ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Ray ▁White ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar ▁Bobby ▁Martin ▁– ▁vocals , ▁key
boards ▁Steve ▁V ai ▁– ▁guitar ▁Tommy ▁Mars ▁– ▁key boards ▁Scott ▁Th unes ▁– ▁bass ▁Ch ad ▁W ack erman ▁– ▁drums ▁Ed ▁Mann ▁– ▁per cussion ▁Moon ▁Z appa ▁– ▁vocals ▁D we ez il ▁Z appa ▁– ▁vocals ▁John ▁Dan for th ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Ernest ▁Holl ings ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Paul ▁S . ▁T rible , ▁Jr . ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Paul a ▁Haw kins ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁J . ▁James ▁Ex on ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Al ▁G ore ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Tip per ▁G ore ▁– ▁voice ▁ex cer pts ▁on ▁" P orn ▁Wars " ▁Bob ▁Stone ▁– ▁engineer ▁ ▁Ch arts ▁Album ▁- ▁Bill board ▁( Un ited ▁States ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Release ▁details ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Frank ▁Z appa ▁Category : B ark ing ▁P ump kin ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : C ens orship ▁of ▁music ▁Category : Fr ank ▁Z appa ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁R uf oc lan is ▁mac cle ery i ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁S ph ing idae . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁T anz ania ▁and ▁Kenya . ▁ ▁The ▁length ▁of
▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁ 3 2 mm . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁up pers ide ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁light ▁pink ish ▁c inn amon , ▁spr ink led ▁with ▁brown ▁scales ▁and ▁dark er ▁beyond ▁the ▁med ial ▁line . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁large , ▁ir regular ▁warm ▁sep ia ▁spot ▁at ▁the ▁base . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁up pers ide ▁of ▁the ▁hind w ings ▁is ▁more ▁redd ish ▁than ▁the ▁fore w ings , ▁with ▁a ▁large ▁terra ▁cot ta ▁area ▁at ▁the ▁base . ▁The ▁ground ▁colour ▁of ▁the ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁fore w ings ▁is ▁terra ▁cot ta ▁for ▁the ▁bas al ▁half , ▁while ▁the ▁remainder ▁is ▁c inn amon . ▁The ▁unders ide ▁of ▁the ▁hind w ings ▁is ▁light ▁pink ish ▁c inn amon ▁from ▁the ▁base ▁to ▁the ▁med ial ▁area , ▁which ▁is ▁straight ▁and ▁well ▁defined . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R uf oc lan is ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : In sect s ▁of ▁T anz ania ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Africa <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch ot yn ia - K ol onia ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁S ob ole w , ▁within ▁Gar w olin ▁County , ▁Mas ov ian ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁east - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ch ot yn ia - K
ol onia <0x0A> </s> ▁Ter ence ▁" T erry " ▁Mon ahan ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁police ▁officer ▁and ▁administr ator ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Chief ▁of ▁Department ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Police ▁Department . ▁In ▁this ▁position , ▁he ▁super vis es ▁uniform ed ▁police ▁command ers . ▁The ▁chief ▁is ▁the ▁Department ' s ▁highest ▁ranking ▁uniform ed ▁police ▁officer ▁and ▁the ▁lead ▁official ▁responsible ▁for ▁operations . ▁Chief ▁Mon ahan ▁has ▁been ▁married ▁to ▁his ▁wife , ▁D iane , ▁for ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁three ▁children . ▁ ▁Education ▁Mon ahan ▁holds ▁a ▁B . A . ▁in ▁Liberal ▁Arts ▁from ▁the ▁Ford ham ▁University . ▁ ▁Police ▁career ▁Mon ahan ▁joined ▁the ▁NY PD ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁patrol man ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 1 st ▁Prec inct ▁in ▁the ▁Bron x . ▁Later ▁he ▁became ▁ ▁the ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 4 th ▁Prec inct ▁and ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 4 th , ▁ 4 6 th ▁and ▁ 4 8 th ▁prec inct s ▁and ▁N arc ot ics ▁Bor ough ▁Manhattan ▁North . ▁Mon ahan ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁executive ▁officer ▁for ▁Pat rol ▁Bor ough ▁Bron x . ▁ ▁Mon ahan ▁is ▁an ▁expert ▁in ▁crowd ▁control ▁and ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁police ▁operations ▁at ▁major ▁events . ▁He ▁directed ▁police ▁operations ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁World ▁Economic ▁Forum , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0
4 ▁Republican ▁National ▁Convention , ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁World ▁Series ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁World ▁Series ▁at ▁Yan kee ▁Stadium , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Major ▁League ▁Base ball ▁All - Star ▁Game ▁at ▁C iti ▁Field . ▁During ▁his ▁ 3 5 ▁years ▁of ▁service ▁with ▁the ▁department , ▁Mon ahan ▁has ▁been ▁hon ored ▁ 2 8 ▁times ▁for ▁excellent ▁police ▁duty ▁and ▁eight ▁times ▁for ▁mer itor ious ▁police ▁duty . ▁ ▁Mon ahan ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁C ops _( TV _ program ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Prom otion ▁to ▁Chief ▁of ▁Pat rol ▁The ▁formal ▁promotion ▁to ▁Chief ▁of ▁Pat rol ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁D ates ▁of ▁Rank ▁Sw orn ▁in ▁as ▁a ▁Pat rol man ▁- ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Sergeant ▁- ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Lieutenant ▁- ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Captain ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Deputy ▁In spector ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁In spector ▁- ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁ ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Deputy ▁Chief ▁- ▁ 2 0 0 3 Prom oted ▁to ▁Assistant ▁Chief ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Prom oted ▁to ▁Chief ▁of ▁Pat rol ▁- ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Chief ▁of ▁Department ▁ 2
0 1 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : New ▁York ▁City ▁Police ▁Department ▁officers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F ord ham ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁police ▁officers ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Do ctrine ▁and ▁Training ▁Centre ▁( C AD TC ) ▁( F rench : ▁ ▁formerly ▁the ▁Land ▁Force ▁Do ctrine ▁and ▁Training ▁System ▁( L FD TS ), ▁is ▁a ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁Mc N aught on ▁Barr acks , ▁C FB ▁King ston , ▁Ontario . ▁C AD TC ▁is ▁the ▁organization ▁that ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁delivering ▁army ▁training ▁and ▁developing ▁army ▁doctrine . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 3 , 2 0 0 ▁officers ▁and ▁soldiers ▁are ▁assigned ▁to ▁C AD TC . ▁The ▁organization ▁was ▁renamed ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁re organ ization ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Do ctrine ▁and ▁Training ▁Centre ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁its ▁Head quarters ▁in ▁King ston ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁training ▁establish ments ▁across ▁Canada . ▁ ▁The ▁Peace ▁Support ▁Training ▁Centre , ▁located ▁at ▁C FB ▁King ston , ▁is ▁task ed ▁to ▁provide ▁training ▁to ▁Canadian ▁Army , ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Navy ▁and ▁Royal ▁Canadian ▁Air ▁Force ▁personnel . ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Man oe uv re ▁Training ▁Centre , ▁located ▁at ▁C FB ▁W ain wright ,
▁Alber ta , ▁is ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army ' s ▁national ▁training ▁centre . ▁The ▁Com bat ▁Training ▁Centre ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁ 5 ▁Canadian ▁Division ▁Support ▁Base ▁G ag et own , ▁New ▁Brun sw ick , ▁and ▁with ▁schools ▁at ▁G ag et own , ▁and ▁at ▁C FB ▁King ston , ▁ 8 ▁Wing ▁T rent on ▁and ▁C FB ▁B orden ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁individual ▁training ▁of ▁Army ▁soldiers ▁and ▁officers . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Forces ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Do ctrine ▁and ▁Training ▁Centre ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Command ▁and ▁Staff ▁College ▁Com bat ▁Training ▁Centre ▁G ag et own ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Less ons ▁Lear ned ▁Centre ▁Dis pat ches ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Less ons ▁Lear ned ▁Centre ▁Bul let in ▁ ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army ▁Category : Mil itary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁education ▁and ▁training ▁establish ments ▁Category : Mil itary ▁education ▁and ▁training ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁Ar med ▁Forces <0x0A> </s> ▁O lli - P ek ka ▁P elt ola ▁( born ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Finn ish ▁bi ath lete . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics .
▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F inn ish ▁male ▁bi ath let es ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁bi ath let es ▁of ▁Finland ▁Category : Bi ath let es ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : Bi ath let es ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁K yy jär vi <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Smith – P ur cell ▁effect ▁was ▁the ▁pre cursor ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁electron ▁laser ▁( F EL ). ▁It ▁was ▁studied ▁by ▁Steve ▁Smith , ▁a ▁graduate ▁student ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁Edward ▁Pur cell . ▁In ▁their ▁experiment , ▁they ▁sent ▁an ▁energet ic ▁beam ▁of ▁elect rons ▁very ▁closely ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁a ▁ruled ▁optical ▁diff raction ▁gr ating , ▁and ▁thereby ▁generated ▁visible ▁light . ▁Smith ▁showed ▁there ▁was ▁negl igible ▁effect ▁on ▁the ▁traject ory ▁of ▁the ▁indu cing ▁elect rons . ▁ ▁Ess entially , ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁Cher en kov ▁radiation ▁where ▁the ▁phase ▁velocity ▁of ▁the ▁light ▁has ▁been ▁altered ▁by ▁the ▁periodic ▁gr ating . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁S . ▁J . ▁Smith ▁and ▁E . ▁M . ▁Pur cell , ▁Vis ible ▁Light ▁from ▁Local ized ▁Sur face ▁Ch arg es ▁M oving ▁across ▁a ▁Gr ating , ▁Phys ▁Rev ▁ 9 2 , ▁ 1 0 6 9 ▁( 1 9 5 3 ), ▁ 1 0 .
1 1 0 3 / Phys Rev . 9 2 . 1 0 6 9 ▁▁ ▁Category : Quant um ▁opt ics <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁classical ▁K ui per ▁belt ▁object , ▁also ▁called ▁a ▁cub ew ano ▁( ▁" Q B 1 - o "), ▁is ▁a ▁low - e cc entric ity ▁K ui per ▁belt ▁object ▁( K BO ) ▁that ▁or bits ▁beyond ▁Ne pt une ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁controlled ▁by ▁an ▁orb ital ▁reson ance ▁with ▁Ne pt une . ▁Cub ew anos ▁have ▁or bits ▁with ▁semi - major ▁ax es ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 0 – 5 0 AU ▁range ▁and , ▁unlike ▁Pl uto , ▁do ▁not ▁cross ▁Ne pt une ' s ▁orbit . ▁That ▁is , ▁they ▁have ▁low - e cc entric ity ▁and ▁sometimes ▁low - incl ination ▁or bits ▁like ▁the ▁classical ▁planets . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" c ub ew ano " ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁first ▁trans - Ne pt un ian ▁object ▁( T NO ) ▁found ▁after ▁Pl uto ▁and ▁Char on , ▁ 1 5 7 6 0 ▁Alb ion , ▁which ▁until ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁had ▁only ▁had ▁the ▁prov is ional ▁design ation ▁. ▁Similar ▁objects ▁found ▁later ▁were ▁often ▁called ▁" Q B 1 - o ' s ", ▁or ▁" c ub ew anos ", ▁after ▁this ▁object , ▁though ▁the ▁term ▁" class ical " ▁is ▁much ▁more ▁frequently ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁scientific ▁literature . ▁
▁Object s ▁identified ▁as ▁cub ew anos ▁include : ▁▁ 1 5 7 6 0 ▁Alb ion ▁( aka ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Q B 1 ▁and ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁term ▁' C ub ew ano ') ▁▁ 1 3 6 4 7 2 ▁Mak em ake , ▁the ▁largest ▁known ▁cub ew ano ▁and ▁a ▁d warf ▁planet ▁▁▁ 5 0 0 0 0 ▁Qu ao ar ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 0 0 ▁Var una , ▁each ▁considered ▁the ▁largest ▁T NO ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁discovery ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 1 ▁Cha os , ▁ 5 8 5 3 4 ▁Log os , ▁ 5 3 3 1 1 ▁De u cal ion , ▁ 6 6 6 5 2 ▁Bor as isi , ▁ 8 8 6 1 1 ▁Te h aron h ia w ako ▁ ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁▁▁ 4 8 6 9 5 8 ▁Ar rok oth ▁▁ 1 3 6 1 0 8 ▁Ha ume a ▁was ▁provision ally ▁listed ▁as ▁a ▁cub ew ano ▁by ▁the ▁Minor ▁Plan et ▁Center ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁but ▁was ▁later ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁a ▁reson ant ▁orbit . ▁ ▁: ▁' hot ' ▁and ▁' c old ' ▁populations ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁basic ▁dynam ical ▁classes ▁of ▁classical ▁K ui per - b elt ▁bodies : ▁those ▁with ▁relatively ▁un pert urbed ▁(' c old ') ▁or bits , ▁and ▁those ▁with ▁marked ly ▁pert urbed ▁(' hot ') ▁or
bits . ▁ ▁Most ▁cub ew anos ▁are ▁found ▁between ▁the ▁ 2 : 3 ▁orb ital ▁reson ance ▁with ▁Ne pt une ▁( pop ulated ▁by ▁pl ut inos ) ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 : 2 ▁reson ance . ▁ 5 0 0 0 0 ▁Qu ao ar , ▁for ▁example , ▁has ▁a ▁near - circ ular ▁orbit ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁e cl ipt ic . ▁Pl ut inos , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁have ▁more ▁ecc entric ▁or bits ▁bringing ▁some ▁of ▁them ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁Sun ▁than ▁Ne pt une . ▁ ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁classical ▁objects , ▁the ▁so - called ▁cold ▁population , ▁have ▁low ▁incl inations ▁( < 5 ° ) ▁and ▁near - circ ular ▁or bits , ▁lying ▁between ▁ 4 2 ▁and ▁ 4 7 AU . ▁A ▁smaller ▁population ▁( the ▁hot ▁population ) ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁highly ▁inclined , ▁more ▁ecc entric ▁or bits . ▁The ▁terms ▁' hot ' ▁and ▁' c old ' ▁has ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁surface ▁or ▁internal ▁temperatures . ▁Instead , ▁the ▁terms ▁' hot ▁and ▁' c old ' ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁or bits ▁of ▁the ▁objects , ▁by ▁anal ogy ▁to ▁particles ▁in ▁a ▁gas , ▁which ▁increase ▁their ▁relative ▁velocity ▁as ▁they ▁become ▁heated ▁up . ▁ ▁The ▁Deep ▁E cl ipt ic ▁Survey ▁reports ▁the ▁distributions ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁populations ; ▁one ▁with ▁the ▁incl ination ▁centered ▁at ▁ 4 . 6 ° ▁( named ▁Core )
▁and ▁another ▁with ▁incl inations ▁extending ▁beyond ▁ 3 0 ° ▁( H alo ). ▁ ▁Distribution ▁ ▁The ▁vast ▁majority ▁of ▁K BO s ▁( more ▁than ▁two - third s ) ▁have ▁incl inations ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 ° ▁and ▁ecc entric ities ▁of ▁less ▁than ▁ 0 . 1 . ▁Their ▁semi - major ▁ax es ▁show ▁a ▁preference ▁for ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁belt ; ▁arg u ably , ▁smaller ▁objects ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁limiting ▁reson ances ▁have ▁been ▁either ▁captured ▁into ▁reson ance ▁or ▁have ▁their ▁or bits ▁modified ▁by ▁Ne pt une . ▁ ▁The ▁' hot ' ▁and ▁' c old ' ▁populations ▁are ▁stri k ingly ▁different : ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 % ▁of ▁all ▁cub ew anos ▁are ▁in ▁low ▁incl ination , ▁near - circ ular ▁or bits . ▁The ▁parameters ▁of ▁the ▁pl ut inos ’ ▁or bits ▁are ▁more ▁even ly ▁distributed , ▁with ▁a ▁local ▁maximum ▁in ▁moderate ▁ecc entric ities ▁in ▁ 0 . 1 5 – 0 . 2 ▁range , ▁and ▁low ▁incl inations ▁ 5 – 1 0 ° . ▁See ▁also ▁the ▁comparison ▁with ▁scattered ▁disk ▁objects . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁orb ital ▁ecc entric ities ▁of ▁cub ew anos ▁and ▁pl ut inos ▁are ▁compared , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁that ▁the ▁cub ew anos ▁form ▁a ▁clear ▁' b elt ' ▁outside ▁Ne pt une ' s ▁orbit , ▁whereas ▁the ▁pl ut inos ▁approach , ▁or ▁even ▁cross
▁Ne pt une ' s ▁orbit . ▁When ▁orb ital ▁incl inations ▁are ▁compared , ▁' hot ' ▁cub ew anos ▁can ▁be ▁easily ▁distinguished ▁by ▁their ▁higher ▁incl inations , ▁as ▁the ▁pl ut inos ▁typically ▁keep ▁or bits ▁below ▁ 2 0 ° . ▁( No ▁clear ▁explanation ▁currently ▁exists ▁for ▁the ▁incl inations ▁of ▁' hot ' ▁cub ew anos .) ▁ ▁Cold ▁and ▁hot ▁populations : ▁physical ▁characteristics ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁distinct ▁orb ital ▁characteristics , ▁the ▁two ▁populations ▁display ▁different ▁physical ▁characteristics . ▁ ▁The ▁difference ▁in ▁colour ▁between ▁the ▁red ▁cold ▁population , ▁such ▁as ▁ 4 8 6 9 5 8 ▁Ar rok oth , ▁and ▁more ▁heter ogeneous ▁hot ▁population ▁was ▁observed ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Recent ▁studies , ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁larger ▁data ▁set , ▁indicate ▁the ▁cut - off ▁incl ination ▁of ▁ 1 2 ° ▁( inst ead ▁of ▁ 5 ° ) ▁between ▁the ▁cold ▁and ▁hot ▁populations ▁and ▁confirm ▁the ▁distinction ▁between ▁the ▁hom ogen ous ▁red ▁cold ▁population ▁and ▁the ▁bl u ish ▁hot ▁population . ▁ ▁Another ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁low - incl ination ▁( c old ) ▁and ▁high - incl ination ▁( hot ) ▁classical ▁objects ▁is ▁the ▁observed ▁number ▁of ▁binary ▁objects . ▁Bin aries ▁are ▁quite ▁common ▁on ▁low - incl ination ▁or bits ▁and ▁are ▁typically ▁similar - b right ness ▁systems . ▁Bin aries ▁are ▁less ▁common ▁on ▁high - incl ination ▁or bits
▁and ▁their ▁components ▁typically ▁differ ▁in ▁bright ness . ▁This ▁correlation , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁differences ▁in ▁colour , ▁support ▁further ▁the ▁suggestion ▁that ▁the ▁currently ▁observed ▁classical ▁objects ▁belong ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁different ▁overl apping ▁populations , ▁with ▁different ▁physical ▁properties ▁and ▁orb ital ▁history . ▁ ▁Tow ard ▁a ▁formal ▁definition ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁official ▁definition ▁of ▁' c ub ew ano ' ▁or ▁' class ical ▁K BO '. ▁However , ▁the ▁terms ▁are ▁normally ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁objects ▁free ▁from ▁significant ▁perturb ation ▁from ▁Ne pt une , ▁thereby ▁excl uding ▁K BO s ▁in ▁orb ital ▁reson ance ▁with ▁Ne pt une ▁( res on ant ▁trans - Ne pt un ian ▁objects ). ▁The ▁Minor ▁Plan et ▁Center ▁( MP C ) ▁and ▁the ▁Deep ▁E cl ipt ic ▁Survey ▁( DE S ) ▁do ▁not ▁list ▁cub ew anos ▁( class ical ▁objects ) ▁using ▁the ▁same ▁criteria . ▁Many ▁T NO s ▁classified ▁as ▁cub ew anos ▁by ▁the ▁M PC ▁are ▁classified ▁as ▁Sc at N ear ▁( poss ibly ▁scattered ▁by ▁Ne pt une ) ▁by ▁the ▁DES . ▁D warf ▁planet ▁Mak em ake ▁is ▁such ▁a ▁border line ▁classical ▁cub ew ano / sc at ne ar ▁object . ▁ ▁may ▁be ▁an ▁inner ▁cub ew ano ▁near ▁the ▁pl ut inos . ▁Furthermore , ▁there ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁the ▁K ui per ▁belt ▁has ▁an ▁' edge ', ▁in ▁that ▁an ▁apparent ▁lack ▁of ▁low - incl
ination ▁objects ▁beyond ▁ 4 7 – 4 9 AU ▁was ▁suspected ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁shown ▁with ▁more ▁data ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Con sequently , ▁the ▁traditional ▁usage ▁of ▁the ▁terms ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁orbit ' s ▁semi - major ▁axis , ▁and ▁includes ▁objects ▁situated ▁between ▁the ▁ 2 : 3 ▁and ▁ 1 : 2 ▁reson ances , ▁that ▁is ▁between ▁ 3 9 . 4 ▁and ▁ 4 7 . 8 ▁AU ▁( with ▁excl usion ▁of ▁these ▁reson ances ▁and ▁the ▁minor ▁ones ▁in - between ). ▁ ▁These ▁definitions ▁lack ▁precision : ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁boundary ▁between ▁the ▁classical ▁objects ▁and ▁the ▁scattered ▁disk ▁remains ▁blur red . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁are ▁ 3 7 7 ▁objects ▁with ▁per i hel ion ▁( q ) ▁> ▁ 4 0 ▁AU ▁and ▁ap hel ion ▁( Q ) ▁< ▁ 4 7 ▁AU . ▁ ▁DES ▁classification ▁ ▁Int rodu ced ▁by ▁the ▁report ▁from ▁the ▁Deep ▁E cl ipt ic ▁Survey ▁by ▁J . ▁L . ▁Ell i ott ▁et ▁al . ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁uses ▁formal ▁criteria ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁mean ▁orb ital ▁parameters . ▁Put ▁inform ally , ▁the ▁definition ▁includes ▁the ▁objects ▁that ▁have ▁never ▁crossed ▁the ▁orbit ▁of ▁Ne pt une . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁definition , ▁an ▁object ▁qual ifies ▁as ▁a ▁classical ▁K BO ▁if : ▁ ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁reson
ant ▁ ▁its ▁average ▁T is ser and ' s ▁parameter ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁Ne pt une ▁exceed s ▁ 3 ▁ ▁its ▁average ▁ecc entric ity ▁is ▁less ▁than ▁ 0 . 2 . ▁ ▁SS BN 0 7 ▁classification ▁ ▁An ▁alternative ▁classification , ▁introduced ▁by ▁B . ▁Glad man , ▁B . ▁Mars den ▁and ▁C . ▁van ▁La er h oven ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁uses ▁a ▁ 1 0 - mill ion - year ▁orbit ▁integration ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁T is ser and ' s ▁parameter . ▁Class ical ▁objects ▁are ▁defined ▁as ▁not ▁reson ant ▁and ▁not ▁being ▁currently ▁scattered ▁by ▁Ne pt une . ▁ ▁Form ally , ▁this ▁definition ▁includes ▁as ▁classical ▁all ▁objects ▁with ▁their ▁current ▁or bits ▁that ▁are ▁non - res on ant ▁( see ▁the ▁definition ▁of ▁the ▁method ) ▁have ▁a ▁semi - major ▁axis ▁greater ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁Ne pt une ▁( 3 0 . 1 ▁AU ; ▁i . e . ▁excl uding ▁cent a urs ) ▁but ▁less ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁AU ▁( to ▁exclude ▁inner - O ort - cloud ▁objects ) ▁are ▁not ▁being ▁scattered ▁by ▁Ne pt une ▁have ▁their ▁ecc entric ity ▁ ▁( to ▁exclude ▁det ached ▁objects ) ▁Unlike ▁other ▁schemes , ▁this ▁definition ▁includes ▁the ▁objects ▁with ▁major ▁semi - axis ▁less ▁than ▁ 3 9 . 4 ▁AU ▁( 2 : 3 ▁reson ance ) — ter med ▁inner ▁classical ▁belt , ▁or
▁more ▁than ▁ 4 8 . 7 ▁( 1 : 2 ▁reson ance ) ▁– ▁term ed ▁outer ▁classical ▁belt , ▁and ▁reserves ▁the ▁term ▁main ▁classical ▁belt ▁for ▁the ▁or bits ▁between ▁these ▁two ▁reson ances . ▁ ▁Famil ies ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁known ▁coll is ional ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁classical ▁K ui per ▁belt — a ▁group ▁of ▁objects ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁rem n ants ▁from ▁the ▁break up ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁body — is ▁the ▁Ha ume a ▁family . ▁It ▁includes ▁Ha ume a , ▁its ▁mo ons , ▁ ▁and ▁seven ▁smaller ▁bodies . † ▁The ▁objects ▁not ▁only ▁follow ▁similar ▁or bits ▁but ▁also ▁share ▁similar ▁physical ▁characteristics . ▁Unlike ▁many ▁other ▁K BO ▁their ▁surface ▁contains ▁large ▁amounts ▁of ▁ice ▁( H 2 O ) ▁and ▁no ▁or ▁very ▁little ▁th ol ins . ▁The ▁surface ▁composition ▁is ▁in ferred ▁from ▁their ▁neutral ▁( as ▁opposed ▁to ▁red ) ▁colour ▁and ▁deep ▁absorption ▁at ▁ 1 . 5 ▁and ▁ 2 . ▁ μ m ▁in ▁in fr ared ▁spectrum . ▁Several ▁other ▁coll is ional ▁families ▁might ▁res ide ▁in ▁the ▁classical ▁K ui per ▁belt . ▁ ▁† As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁The ▁four ▁bright est ▁objects ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁are ▁situated ▁on ▁the ▁graphs ▁inside ▁the ▁circle ▁representing ▁Ha ume a . ▁ ▁Expl oration ▁▁ ▁As ▁of ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁only ▁one ▁classical ▁K ui per ▁belt ▁object ▁has ▁been ▁observed ▁up ▁close ▁by
▁space craft . ▁Both ▁V oy ager ▁space craft s ▁have ▁passed ▁through ▁the ▁region ▁before ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁K ui per ▁belt . ▁New ▁Hor iz ons ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁mission ▁to ▁visit ▁a ▁classical ▁K BO . ▁After ▁its ▁successful ▁exploration ▁of ▁the ▁Pl uto ▁system ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁NASA ▁space craft ▁has ▁visited ▁the ▁small ▁K BO ▁ 4 8 6 9 5 8 ▁Ar rok oth ▁at ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁ ▁on ▁ 1 Jan uary ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁List ▁▁ ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁generic ▁list ▁of ▁classical ▁K ui per ▁belt ▁objects . ▁, ▁there ▁are ▁about ▁ 5 7 9 objects ▁with ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁nine ▁African - Amer icans ▁met ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁unique ▁challenges ▁and ▁limited ▁opportunities ▁they ▁faced ▁in ▁the ▁accounting ▁profession . ▁In ▁that ▁year , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁ 1 3 6 ▁African - American ▁Cert ified ▁Public ▁Account ants ▁( CP A ' s ) ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁This ▁group ▁wanted ▁to ▁establish ▁an ▁organization ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁concerns ▁of ▁minor ities ▁entering ▁the ▁accounting ▁profession ▁and ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁commitment ▁to ▁professional ▁and ▁academic ▁excell ence . ▁The ▁following ▁nine ▁individuals ▁who ▁met ▁that ▁month ▁were ▁determined
▁to ▁" make ▁a ▁difference " ▁and ▁let ▁their ▁voices ▁be ▁heard . ▁The ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁Black ▁Account ants ▁( N AB A , ▁Inc .), ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁non profit ▁professional ▁association ▁that ▁represents ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁black ▁professionals ▁in ▁further ing ▁their ▁educational ▁and ▁professional ▁goals ▁in ▁accounting , ▁finance , ▁and ▁related ▁business ▁profess ions . ▁Student ▁members ▁are ▁served ▁throughout ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁ 2 0 0 ▁chapters ▁around ▁the ▁country . ▁N AB A ' s ▁membership ▁includes ▁entry ▁and ▁mid - level ▁account ants , ▁aud itors ▁and ▁financial ▁professional , ▁senior - level ▁managers ▁and ▁execut ives , ▁firm ▁partners , ▁as ▁well ▁accounting , ▁finance , ▁business , ▁and ▁IT ▁students . ▁About ▁half ▁of ▁N AB A ' s ▁members ▁work ▁in ▁corporate ▁America , ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁serving ▁in ▁non profit , ▁government , ▁academic , ▁and ▁international ▁aren as . ▁Fort y ▁percent ▁hold ▁advanced ▁degrees ▁and ▁ 4 5 % ▁hold ▁professional ▁cert ifications . ▁N AB A ▁is ▁also ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁corporate ▁members ▁who ▁represent ▁hundreds ▁of ▁African ▁American - owned ▁C PA ▁firms ▁around ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Mission ▁ ▁N AB A ' s ▁mot to ▁is ▁“ L ifting ▁As ▁We ▁Cl imb ,” ▁which ▁is ▁embod ied ▁in ▁its ▁official ▁logo ▁dep ict ing ▁two ▁inter locked ▁hands , ▁with ▁one ▁pulling ▁the ▁other ▁up . ▁The ▁image ▁denotes ▁both ▁the ▁political ▁struggle
▁the ▁organization ▁faced ▁at ▁its ▁founding ▁and ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁helping ▁future ▁generations ▁of ▁accounting ▁professionals . ▁The ▁organization ▁came ▁into ▁existence ▁during ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁in ▁which ▁blacks ▁and ▁other ▁minor ities ▁faced ▁obst acles ▁in ▁being ▁recognized ▁and ▁being ▁promoted ▁in ▁the ▁profession . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁vehicle ▁through ▁which ▁minority ▁professionals ▁could ▁be ▁assist ed ▁as ▁they ▁climbed ▁the ▁corporate ▁ladder , ▁obtained ▁the ▁Cert ified ▁Public ▁Account ant ▁( CP A ) ▁design ation , ▁and ▁prepared ▁for ▁partnership ▁in ▁top ▁firms . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁operating ▁model ▁encour ages ▁veteran ▁professionals ▁to ▁inc ub ate ▁and ▁ment or ▁students ▁entering ▁the ▁profession . ▁ ▁Through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁programs ▁and ▁partnership s ▁with ▁like - minded ▁organizations , ▁con ferences , ▁publications , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁advoc acy , ▁N AB A ▁aims ▁to : ▁ ▁Prom ote ▁and ▁develop ▁the ▁professional ▁skills ▁of ▁members ▁ ▁G room ▁college ▁students ▁entering ▁the ▁accounting ▁profession ▁and ▁attract ▁younger ▁students ▁to ▁the ▁profession ▁ ▁Prov ide ▁opportunities ▁for ▁members ▁to ▁fulfill ▁their ▁civ ic ▁respons ibilities ▁ ▁Prom ote ▁public ▁confidence ▁in ▁members , ▁their ▁credentials , ▁and ▁the ▁professional ▁services ▁they ▁provide ▁ ▁Represent ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁members ▁in ▁educational , ▁political , ▁and ▁social ▁domains ▁ ▁Ensure ▁long - term ▁financial ▁stability ▁and ▁provide ▁adequate ▁resources ▁for ▁chapter , ▁regional , ▁and ▁national ▁programs ▁ ▁Organ iz ational ▁structure ▁The ▁association ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 0 1 ( c )( 3 ) ▁non profit
▁membership ▁organization . ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁classes ▁of ▁membership : ▁student ▁and ▁professional . ▁Professional ▁members ▁may ▁also ▁opt ▁to ▁obtain ▁the ▁L if etime ▁Member ▁design ation . ▁The ▁ 1 6 0 ▁student ▁chapters ▁are ▁named ▁by ▁their ▁college ▁or ▁university ▁and ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁aus p ices ▁of ▁the ▁nearest ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 8 ▁professional ▁chapters . ▁A ▁National ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors , ▁which ▁includes ▁regional ▁leaders , ▁govern s ▁the ▁entire ▁organization . ▁The ▁headquarters ▁is ▁in ▁Green b elt , ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁N AB A ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁by ▁nine ▁African ▁American ▁account ants ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁and ▁for ▁forty ▁years ▁has ▁addressed ▁the ▁systematic ▁challenges ▁faced ▁by ▁minority ▁accounting ▁professionals . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁who ▁held ▁the ▁Cert ified ▁Public ▁Account ant ▁( CP A ) ▁design ation – only ▁ 1 5 0 ▁ ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁African ▁American . ▁That ▁same ▁year , ▁the ▁American ▁Institute ▁of ▁Cert ified ▁Public ▁Account ants — the ▁professional ▁body ▁that ▁awards ▁CP As — pass ed ▁a ▁resolution ▁on ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁diversity ▁in ▁the ▁accounting ▁profession ▁and ▁established ▁the ▁Minor ity ▁Init iative ▁Committee , ▁which ▁along ▁with ▁N AB A , ▁continues ▁to ▁study ▁and ▁provide ▁solutions ▁that ▁eliminate ▁the ▁barriers ▁to ▁success ▁in ▁the ▁profession ▁by ▁people ▁of ▁color . ▁ ▁Today , ▁through ▁the ▁efforts ▁of ▁N
AB A , ▁the ▁A IC PA , ▁and ▁other ▁interested ▁groups , ▁there ▁are ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁African ▁Americans ▁participating ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁accounting , ▁of ▁which ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁are ▁CP As . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁leader ▁in ▁the ▁business ▁community , ▁N AB A ▁continues ▁to ▁create ▁opportunities ▁to ▁en large ▁the ▁pipeline ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁into ▁every ▁level ▁of ▁accounting ▁and ▁finance , ▁as ▁it ▁recogn izes ▁that ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁blacks ▁in ▁the ▁profession ▁remains ▁a ▁significant ▁challenge . ▁Minor ities ▁make ▁up ▁slightly ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁en roll ments ▁in ▁b achelor ' s ▁degree ▁programs : ▁ 1 1 . 5 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 7 % ▁Asian , ▁ 6 % ▁His panic , ▁ 1 % ▁American ▁Indian / Al ask an ▁Native , ▁and ▁ 6 . 5 % ▁of ▁mixed ▁or ▁unknown ▁ethnic ity . ▁At ▁the ▁master ' s ▁level , ▁African ▁American ▁en rollment ▁falls ▁to ▁just ▁ 6 %. ▁ ▁Chall eng es ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁in ▁Ob t aining ▁the ▁C PA ▁ ▁Given ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁C PA ▁design ation ▁in ▁reaching ▁top ▁levels ▁of ▁the ▁profession , ▁N AB A ▁extends ▁significant ▁resources ▁to ▁help ▁its ▁members ▁achieve ▁this ▁mark ▁and ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁factors ▁that ▁imp ose ▁barriers ▁to ▁obtaining ▁it . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁N AB A , ▁along
▁with ▁Howard ▁University ' s ▁Center ▁for ▁Account ing ▁Education , ▁held ▁the ▁first ▁C PA ▁Ex amination ▁Sum mit ▁▁ ▁at ▁N AB A ' s ▁Annual ▁National ▁Convention . ▁The ▁conven ing ▁gathered ▁participants ▁from ▁public ▁accounting , ▁industry , ▁and ▁academ ia ▁to ▁explore ▁why — des pite ▁their ▁increasing ▁numbers ▁in ▁college ▁degree ▁programs — grow ing ▁numbers ▁of ▁African ▁Americans ▁were ▁not ▁sitting ▁for ▁or ▁passing ▁the ▁C PA ▁examination . ▁ ▁The ▁Sum mit ▁une art hed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁issues , ▁including ▁gener ational ▁challenges , ▁lack ▁of ▁black ▁C PA ▁role ▁models , ▁and ▁exam ▁mechanics . ▁A ▁second ▁Sum mit ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁several ▁programs ▁within ▁N AB A ▁and ▁other ▁organizations ▁to ▁resolve ▁these ▁issues , ▁with ▁financial ▁support ▁from ▁accounting ▁firms ▁Ernst ▁& ▁Young ▁and ▁Del o itte . ▁ ▁Program s ▁and ▁Init i atives ▁ ▁N AB A ' s ▁programs ▁consist ▁of ▁professional ▁development , ▁networking ▁opportunities , ▁job ▁placement , ▁continuing ▁education , ▁technical ▁training , ▁national ▁and ▁regional ▁con ferences , ▁and ▁public ▁service ▁initiatives . ▁▁ ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁Minor ity ▁Account ants ▁( CA MA ) ▁recru its , ▁develop s , ▁and ▁supports ▁talented ▁minor ities ▁interested ▁in ▁accounting , ▁finance , ▁and ▁related ▁business ▁fields ▁through ▁partnership s ▁among ▁N AB A ▁chapters , ▁corporations , ▁and ▁colleges ▁and ▁universities . ▁ ▁C PA ▁B ound ▁grew ▁out ▁of ▁N AB
A ' s ▁President ' s ▁Advis ory ▁Council ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁CP As . ▁In ▁concert ▁with ▁Howard ▁University ▁and ▁Be cker ▁C PA ▁Review , ▁the ▁program ▁offers ▁an ▁int ensive ▁seven - week ▁Boot ▁Camp ▁for ▁young ▁professionals ▁preparing ▁to ▁sit ▁for ▁the ▁C PA ▁exam . ▁C PA ▁B ound ▁also ▁hosts ▁the ▁annual ▁C PA ▁Ex amination ▁Sum mit ▁to ▁monitor ▁progress ▁of ▁efforts ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁minor ities ▁passing ▁the ▁exam . ▁ ▁N AB A ' s ▁Account ing ▁Career ▁A ware ness ▁Program ▁( AC AP ) ▁is ▁an ▁annual ▁one - week ▁resid ency ▁program ▁for ▁high ▁school ▁students ▁to ▁be ▁introduced ▁accounting , ▁finance , ▁and ▁general ▁business ▁concepts . ▁ ▁For ▁professional ▁members , ▁N AB A ▁provides ▁continuing ▁professional ▁education ▁credits ▁( C PE s ) ▁through ▁technical ▁sessions ▁held ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Annual ▁National ▁Convention . ▁N AB A ▁is ▁registered ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁Association ▁of ▁State ▁Bo ards ▁of ▁Account ancy ▁as ▁an ▁official ▁spons or ▁of ▁continuing ▁professional ▁education . ▁ ▁N AB A ▁hosts ▁a ▁three - t ier ed ▁Lead ership ▁Development ▁Institute ▁that ▁helps ▁participants ▁bridge ▁the ▁gap ▁from ▁mid - to - sen ior - to ▁executive ▁levels ▁of ▁business ▁leadership . ▁The ▁inst itutes ▁take ▁place ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁N AB A ' s ▁Annual ▁National ▁Convention . ▁ ▁Student ▁members ▁of ▁N AB A ▁have ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁National ▁Sch olar ship
▁Program , ▁which ▁has ▁offered ▁more ▁than ▁$ 7 . 1 ▁million ▁in ▁support ▁since ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁The ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Col leg ian ▁Award ▁is ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁highest ▁student ▁honor ▁and ▁recogn izes ▁N AB A ▁students ▁who ▁are ▁making ▁a ▁difference ▁in ▁their ▁chapters ▁and ▁communities . ▁The ▁Student ▁Case ▁Study ▁Compet ition ▁is ▁a ▁rig orous ▁challenge ▁between ▁student ▁teams ▁who ▁research , ▁develop , ▁and ▁prepare ▁oral ▁present ations ▁that ▁address ▁accounting ▁and ▁business ▁topics . ▁The ▁competition ▁takes ▁place ▁each ▁year ▁at ▁N AB A ' s ▁Annual ▁National ▁Convention . ▁ ▁Community ▁service ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁N AB A ▁membership . ▁Each ▁year , ▁members ▁take ▁time ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Annual ▁National ▁Convention ▁and ▁complete ▁an ▁out reach ▁mission ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁N AB A ' s ▁Day ▁of ▁Service . ▁It ▁began ▁when ▁N AB A ' s ▁convention ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁will ▁continue ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁in ▁Houston . ▁Moreover , ▁N AB A ▁professional ▁members ▁annually ▁cos pon sor ▁I RS ▁Vol unte er ▁In come ▁Tax ▁Ass istance ▁Program ▁sites ▁to ▁help ▁low - to - mod er ate ▁income ▁people ▁prepare ▁their ▁tax ▁returns . ▁ ▁N AB A ▁also ▁partners ▁with ▁the ▁A IC PA ▁to ▁bring ▁comprehensive ▁consumer ▁financial ▁liter acy ▁education ▁to ▁youth , ▁students , ▁and ▁low - to - mod er ate ▁income ▁families .