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▁that ▁of ▁the ▁letter ▁ Τ . ▁The ▁final ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁Tri als ▁in ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁V ow els , Δ ί κ η ▁ Φ ω ν η έ ν τ ω ν , ▁ 1 2 . 4 - 1 3 ▁found ▁among ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Luc ian , ▁also ▁identify ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ▁with ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁letter ▁ Τ . ▁And , ▁as ▁already ▁mentioned , ▁in ▁ ▁Prom ethe us ▁on ▁C au cas us ▁Luc ian ▁describes ▁Prom ethe us ▁as ▁cru c ified ▁" with ▁his ▁hands ▁out stret ched ". ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd - century ▁O des ▁of ▁Sol omon , ▁probably ▁by ▁a ▁heter odox ▁Christian , ▁includes ▁the ▁following : ▁" I ▁extended ▁my ▁hands ▁and ▁h allowed ▁my ▁Lord , ▁/ For ▁the ▁expansion ▁of ▁my ▁hands ▁is ▁His ▁sign . ▁/ And ▁my ▁extension ▁is ▁the ▁upright ▁cross ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ). " ▁ ▁Justin ▁Mart yr ▁( 1 0 0 – 1 6 5 ) ▁explicitly ▁says ▁the ▁cross ▁of ▁Christ ▁was ▁of ▁two - be am ▁shape : ▁" That ▁l amb ▁which ▁was ▁commanded ▁to ▁be ▁wh olly ▁ro asted ▁was ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁suffering ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁which ▁Christ ▁would ▁under go . ▁For ▁the ▁l amb , ▁which ▁is ▁ro asted , ▁is ▁ro asted ▁and ▁dressed ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁cross . ▁For ▁one
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▁sp it ▁is ▁trans fixed ▁right ▁through ▁from ▁the ▁lower ▁parts ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁head , ▁and ▁one ▁across ▁the ▁back , ▁to ▁which ▁are ▁attached ▁the ▁legs ▁of ▁the ▁l amb ." ▁ ▁Like ▁the ▁Ep ist le ▁of ▁Barn ab as , ▁Justin ▁saw ▁the ▁stretched - out ▁hands ▁of ▁Moses ▁in ▁the ▁battle ▁against ▁Am ale k ▁as ▁fo resh adow ing ▁the ▁cross ▁of ▁Jesus : ▁" If ▁he ▁gave ▁up ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁sign , ▁which ▁was ▁an ▁im itation ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ), ▁the ▁people ▁were ▁beaten , ▁as ▁is ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁Moses ; ▁but ▁if ▁he ▁remained ▁in ▁this ▁form , ▁Am ale k ▁was ▁proportion ally ▁defeated , ▁and ▁he ▁who ▁prev ailed ▁prev ailed ▁by ▁the ▁cross ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ). ▁For ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁because ▁Moses ▁so ▁pray ed ▁that ▁the ▁people ▁were ▁stronger , ▁but ▁because , ▁while ▁one ▁who ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Jesus ▁( J osh ua ) ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁fore front ▁of ▁the ▁battle , ▁he ▁himself ▁made ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ). " ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁First ▁Ap ology , ▁ 5 5 ▁Justin ▁refers ▁to ▁various ▁objects ▁as ▁shaped ▁like ▁the ▁cross ▁of ▁Christ : ▁" The ▁sea ▁is ▁not ▁travers ed ▁except ▁that ▁tro phy ▁which ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁sail ▁ab ide ▁safe ▁in ▁the ▁ship ▁… ▁And
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▁the ▁human ▁form ▁diff ers ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁irr ational ▁animals ▁in ▁nothing ▁else ▁than ▁in ▁its ▁being ▁ere ct ▁and ▁having ▁the ▁hands ▁extended , ▁and ▁having ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁extending ▁from ▁the ▁forehead ▁what ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁nose , ▁through ▁which ▁there ▁is ▁resp iration ▁for ▁the ▁living ▁creature ; ▁and ▁this ▁shows ▁no ▁other ▁form ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ). " ▁ ▁The ▁ap oc ry ph al ▁Act s ▁of ▁Peter , ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century , ▁att aches ▁symbol ic ▁significance ▁to ▁the ▁upright ▁and ▁the ▁cross be am ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁of ▁Jesus : ▁" What ▁else ▁is ▁Christ , ▁but ▁the ▁word , ▁the ▁sound ▁of ▁God ? ▁So ▁that ▁the ▁word ▁is ▁the ▁upright ▁beam ▁( to ▁or thon ▁x ul on ) ▁where on ▁I ▁am ▁cru c ified . ▁And ▁the ▁sound ▁is ▁that ▁which ▁c ros set h ▁it ▁( to ▁pl ag ion ), ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁man . ▁And ▁the ▁nail ▁which ▁hold eth ▁the ▁cross - tree ▁unt o ▁the ▁upright ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁there of ▁is ▁the ▁conversion ▁and ▁rep ent ance ▁of ▁man ." ▁ ▁I ren ae us , ▁who ▁died ▁around ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century , ▁speaks ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁as ▁having ▁" five ▁extrem ities , ▁two ▁in ▁length , ▁two ▁in ▁bread th , ▁and ▁one ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁on ▁which ▁[
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last ] ▁the ▁person ▁rest s ▁who ▁is ▁fixed ▁by ▁the ▁nails ." ▁ ▁H ip pol yt us ▁of ▁Rome ▁( 1 7 0 ▁– ▁ 2 3 5 ▁AD ), ▁writing ▁about ▁the ▁blessing ▁Jacob ▁obtained ▁from ▁his ▁father ▁Isaac ▁( ), ▁said : ▁" The ▁sk ins ▁which ▁were ▁put ▁upon ▁his ▁arms ▁are ▁the ▁s ins ▁of ▁both ▁peoples , ▁which ▁Christ , ▁when ▁His ▁hands ▁were ▁stretched ▁forth ▁on ▁the ▁cross , ▁fast ened ▁to ▁it ▁along ▁with ▁Him self ." ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁Oct av ius , ▁Marcus ▁Min u cius ▁Felix ▁( ? ▁— ▁c . ▁ 2 5 0 AD , ▁Rome ), ▁responding ▁to ▁the ▁pag an ▁j ibe ▁that ▁Christians ▁worship ▁wooden ▁cross es ▁– ▁an ▁indication ▁of ▁how ▁the ▁cross ▁symbol ▁was ▁already ▁associated ▁with ▁Christians ▁– ▁den ies ▁the ▁charge ▁and ▁then ▁ret orts ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁shape ▁( a ▁cross be am ▁placed ▁on ▁an ▁upright ) ▁is ▁hon oured ▁even ▁by ▁pag ans ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁their ▁standards ▁and ▁tro ph ies ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁found ▁in ▁nature : ▁" Cross es , ▁more over , ▁we ▁neither ▁worship ▁nor ▁wish ▁for . ▁You , ▁indeed , ▁who ▁con sec rate ▁gods ▁of ▁wood , ▁ad ore ▁wooden ▁cross es ▁perhaps ▁as ▁parts ▁of ▁your ▁gods . ▁For ▁your ▁very ▁standards , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁your ▁b anners ; ▁and ▁flags ▁of ▁your ▁camp , ▁what ▁else ▁are ▁they ▁but ▁cross es ▁g ild ed ▁and
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▁ad orn ed ? ▁Your ▁vict orious ▁tro ph ies ▁not ▁only ▁im itate ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁simple ▁cross , ▁but ▁also ▁that ▁of ▁a ▁man ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁it . ▁We ▁assured ly ▁see ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁a ▁cross , ▁naturally , ▁in ▁the ▁ship ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁carried ▁along ▁with ▁sw elling ▁s ails , ▁when ▁it ▁gl ides ▁forward ▁with ▁expanded ▁o ars ; ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁military ▁y oke ▁is ▁lifted ▁up , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁a ▁cross ; ▁and ▁when ▁a ▁man ▁ad ores ▁God ▁with ▁a ▁pure ▁mind , ▁with ▁hands ▁out stret ched . ▁Thus ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁either ▁is ▁sustained ▁by ▁a ▁natural ▁reason , ▁or ▁your ▁own ▁religion ▁is ▁formed ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁it ." ▁ ▁In ▁language ▁very ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁Min u cius ▁Felix , ▁T ert ull ian , ▁too , ▁who ▁distinguished ▁between ▁st ipes ▁( st ake ) ▁and ▁cru x ▁( cross ), ▁noted ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁cross ▁that ▁people ▁associated ▁with ▁Christianity . ▁And ▁he ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁is ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁letter ▁T : ▁" The ▁Greek ▁letter ▁T au ▁and ▁our ▁own ▁letter ▁T ▁is ▁the ▁very ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁which ▁( God ) ▁predicted ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁sign ▁on ▁our ▁forehead s ", ▁and ▁compared ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁a ▁bird ▁with ▁out stret ched ▁wings . ▁ ▁The ▁anti - Christ ian ▁arguments ▁thus ▁cited ▁in ▁the ▁Oct av
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ius ▁of ▁Min u cius ▁Felix , ▁chapters ▁IX ▁and ▁XX IX , ▁and ▁T ert ull ian ' s ▁Ap ology , ▁ 1 6 ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁symbol ▁was ▁already ▁associated ▁with ▁Christians ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century . ▁T ert ull ian ▁could ▁design ate ▁the ▁body ▁of ▁Christian ▁belie vers ▁as ▁cru c is ▁relig ios i , ▁i . e . ▁" dev ote es ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ". ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁De ▁Cor ona , ▁written ▁in ▁ 2 0 4 , ▁T ert ull ian ▁tells ▁how ▁it ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁tradition ▁for ▁Christians ▁to ▁trace ▁repeatedly ▁on ▁their ▁forehead s ▁the ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁cross . ▁ ▁So ▁closely ▁associated ▁with ▁Christ ▁was ▁the ▁cross ▁that ▁C lement ▁of ▁Alexand ria , ▁who ▁died ▁between ▁ 2 1 1 ▁and ▁ 2 1 6 , ▁could ▁without ▁fear ▁of ▁ambig uity ▁use ▁the ▁phrase ▁ τ ὸ ▁ κ υ ρ ι α κ ὸ ν ▁ σ η μ ε ῖ ο ν ▁( the ▁Lord ' s ▁sign ) ▁to ▁mean ▁the ▁cross , ▁when ▁he ▁repeated ▁the ▁idea , ▁current ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁Ep ist le ▁of ▁Barn ab as , ▁that ▁the ▁number ▁ 3 1 8 ▁( in ▁Greek ▁numer als , ▁ Τ Ι Η ) ▁in ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁fo resh adow ing ▁( a ▁" type ") ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁( T , ▁an ▁upright ▁with ▁cross bar , ▁standing ▁for ▁ 3 0
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0 ) ▁and ▁of ▁Jesus ▁( Ι Η , ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁letter ▁of ▁his ▁name ▁ Ι Η Σ Ο Υ Σ , ▁standing ▁for ▁ 1 8 ). ▁ ▁For ▁other ▁ 2 nd - century ▁instances ▁of ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁in ▁its ▁familiar ▁form , ▁as ▁a ▁Christian ▁symbol , ▁see ▁the ▁references ▁in ▁the ▁Jewish ▁En cycl op edia ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁cross : ▁The ▁cross ▁as ▁a ▁Christian ▁symbol ▁or ▁" se al " ▁came ▁into ▁use ▁at ▁least ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁century ▁( see ▁" A post . ▁Const ." ▁i ii . ▁ 1 7 ; ▁Ep ist le ▁of ▁Barn ab as , ▁x i .- x ii .; ▁Justin , ▁" Ap ologia ," ▁i . ▁ 5 5 - 6 0 ; ▁" D ial . ▁cum ▁Try ph ." ▁ 8 5 - 9 7 ); ▁and ▁the ▁mark ing ▁of ▁a ▁cross ▁upon ▁the ▁forehead ▁and ▁the ▁chest ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁tal is man ▁against ▁the ▁powers ▁of ▁dem ons ▁( T ert ull ian , ▁" De ▁Cor ona ," ▁i ii .; ▁C yp rian , ▁" Test im on ies ," ▁x i . ▁ 2 1 - 2 2 ; ▁L act ant ius , ▁" Div in æ ▁Institut iones ," ▁iv . ▁ 2 7 , ▁and ▁elsewhere ). ▁According ly , ▁the ▁Christian ▁F athers ▁had ▁to ▁defend ▁themselves , ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁ 2
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nd ▁century , ▁against ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁being ▁worship ers ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁as ▁may ▁be ▁learned ▁from ▁T ert ull ian , ▁" Ap ologia ," ▁x ii ., ▁x v ii ., ▁and ▁Min u cius ▁Felix , ▁" Oct av ius ," ▁x x ix . ▁Christians ▁used ▁to ▁swear ▁by ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁( see ▁Ap ocal yp se ▁of ▁Mary , ▁v iii ., ▁in ▁James , ▁" Text s ▁and ▁Studies ," ▁ ▁i ii . ▁ 1 1 8 ). ▁ ▁Arch ae ology ▁ ▁The ▁significance ▁of ▁the ▁remains ▁of ▁Je h oh an an , ▁a ▁man ▁cru c ified ▁in ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century , ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁in ▁different ▁ways , ▁and ▁in ▁any ▁case ▁does ▁not ▁prove ▁that ▁Jesus ▁was ▁executed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁way . ▁ ▁The ▁Alex amen os ▁gra ff ito , ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁earliest ▁surviving ▁pict orial ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁cru c if ix ion ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁mock ery ▁of ▁a ▁Christian , ▁shows ▁a ▁cross ▁as ▁an ▁instrument ▁of ▁execution . ▁Its ▁date ▁is ▁uncertain : ▁some ▁have ▁pos ited ▁for ▁it ▁a ▁date ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 8 5 , ▁but ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁as ▁late ▁as ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁century , ▁and ▁even ▁thus ▁prior ▁to ▁AD ▁ 3 0 0 . ▁ ▁What ▁now ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁most ▁ancient ▁surviving ▁image ▁of ▁a ▁Roman ▁cru c
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if ix ion ▁is ▁a ▁gra ff ito ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁tab erna ▁( an ▁inn ▁for ▁way far ers ) ▁in ▁P ute oli , ▁dating ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Tra jan ▁( 9 8 – 1 1 7 ) ▁or ▁Had rian ▁( 1 1 7 – 1 3 8 ). ▁The ▁cross ▁has ▁the ▁T ▁shape . ▁ ▁The ▁cross ▁in ▁Christian ▁art ▁history ▁ ▁In ▁Christian ▁art ▁Jesus ▁is ▁generally ▁depicted ▁as ▁carrying ▁a ▁whole ▁cross ▁- ▁pat ib ulum ▁and ▁st ipes . ▁ ▁Je h ov ah ' s ▁W itness es ▁Je h ov ah ' s ▁W itness es ▁assert ▁that ▁the ▁device ▁used ▁for ▁Jesus ' ▁execution ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁upright ▁stake , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁was ▁adopted ▁as ▁a ▁Christian ▁symbol ▁only ▁under ▁the ▁ 4 th - century ▁emperor ▁Constant ine ▁the ▁Great . ▁The ▁New ▁World ▁Trans lation ▁of ▁the ▁Bible ▁therefore ▁uses ▁the ▁phrase ▁" t ort ure ▁stake " ▁to ▁translate ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ▁( st au ros ) ▁at ▁ ▁Matthew ▁ 2 7 : 4 0 , ▁Mark ▁ 1 5 : 3 0 ▁and ▁Luke ▁ 2 3 : 2 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁reference ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁World ▁Trans lation ▁reprodu ces ▁an ▁illustr ation ▁from ▁a ▁work ▁by ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁phil ologist ▁Just us ▁L ips ius ▁showing ▁a ▁man ▁suspended ▁by ▁the ▁wr ists ▁on
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▁a ▁cru x ▁simple x ▁( ad ▁aff ix ion em ) ▁or ▁upright ▁pole . ▁However , ▁it ▁om its ▁L ips ius ' ▁other ▁illustr ations ▁of ▁such ▁execut ions ▁showing ▁a ▁traditional - style ▁cross ▁with ▁cross - bar , ▁in ▁particular ▁that ▁which ▁L ips ius ▁considered ▁to ▁correspond ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁James ▁Pent on , ▁a ▁former ▁Je h ov ah ' s ▁W itness ▁and ▁professor ▁emer it us ▁of ▁history ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁L eth bridge , ▁Canada , ▁comments : ▁" By ▁showing ▁but ▁one ▁illustr ation ▁from ▁Just us ▁L ips ius ' ▁De ▁cru ce ▁lib ri ▁tres ▁[...] ▁Watch ▁Tower ▁scholars ▁fals ely ▁leave ▁the ▁impression ▁that ▁L ips ius ▁thought ▁that ▁Jesus ▁was ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁that ▁way . ▁In ▁fact , ▁L ips ius ▁gives ▁sixteen ▁illustr ations ▁of ▁imp al ement , ▁thirteen ▁of ▁which ▁show ▁st akes ▁with ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁cross ▁member ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁in ▁Ant iqu ity ▁Web ▁site : ▁" ex e get ics . org " ▁ ▁Catholic ▁An sw ers ▁Web ▁site : ▁Cross ▁or ▁St ake ? ▁ ▁Ex pository ▁Times , ▁February ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁volume ▁I XX X IV ▁No . ▁ 6 , ▁An ▁Ar che ological ▁Note ▁on ▁Cru c if ix ion , ▁at ▁P BS ▁Web ▁site . ▁ ▁A wake ! , ▁Je h
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ov ah ' s ▁W itness es ' ▁magazine , ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁" The ▁Bible ' s ▁View point : ▁Did ▁Jesus ▁Really ▁Die ▁on ▁a ▁Cross ? ▁ ▁Watch ers ▁of ▁the ▁Watch ▁Tower ▁World ▁Web ▁site : ▁The ▁facts ▁on ▁cru c if ix ion , ▁st au ros ▁and ▁the ▁" t ort ure ▁stake " ▁ ▁Just us ▁L ips ius , ▁De ▁Cru ce , ▁Ant werp ▁ 1 5 9 4 , ▁showing ▁many ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion , ▁while ▁presenting ▁that ▁of ▁Jesus ▁as ▁being ▁on ▁a ▁two - be am ▁cross ▁ ▁Just us ▁L ips ius , ▁ ▁De ▁Cru ce , ▁Le iden ▁ 1 6 9 5 , ▁later ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁book ▁ ▁H erman ▁F ul da , ▁Das ▁Kre uz ▁und ▁die ▁Kre uz ung , ▁Eine ▁ant iqu ar ische ▁Un ters uch ung . ▁B res l au , ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁ ▁John ▁Den ham ▁Pars ons , ▁[ http :// www . g uten berg . org / dir s / et ext 0 5 / cross 1 0 h . ht m ▁The ▁Non - Christ ian ▁Cross ▁— An ▁En quiry ▁into ▁the ▁Origin ▁and ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Symbol ▁Eventually ▁Ad opt ed ▁as ▁that ▁of ▁Our ▁Relig ion , ▁London , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁download able ▁book ▁at ▁[ http :// www . g uten berg
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. org / ▁Project ▁G uten berg ▁ ▁G unn ar ▁Samuel sson , ▁[ http :// kh azar z ar . ske pt ik . net / books / c ru x 0 0 2 . pdf ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁in ▁Ant iqu ity . ▁Moh r ▁Sie beck , ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁His ▁conclusions ▁about ▁the ▁instrument ▁of ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁Jesus ▁are ▁on ▁pages ▁ 2 5 9 − 2 6 0 . ▁ ▁John ▁Gr anger ▁Cook , ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁in ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁World ' '. ▁Moh r ▁Sie beck . ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ity - related ▁controvers ies ▁Category : Bel iefs ▁and ▁practices ▁of ▁Je h ov ah ' s ▁W itness es ▁Category : C ru c if ix ion ▁of ▁Jesus <0x0A> </s> ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Bangl adesh ▁social ▁entrepreneur , ▁bank er , ▁econom ist , ▁and ▁civil ▁society ▁leader ▁who ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁for ▁founding ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁and ▁pione ering ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁micro c redit ▁and ▁micro fin ance . ▁These ▁loans ▁are ▁given ▁to ▁entrepre neurs ▁too ▁poor ▁to ▁qualify ▁for ▁traditional ▁bank ▁loans . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Y un us ▁and ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁were ▁joint ly ▁awarded ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁" for ▁their
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▁efforts ▁through ▁micro c redit ▁to ▁create ▁economic ▁and ▁social ▁development ▁from ▁below ". ▁The ▁Norweg ian ▁Nob el ▁Committee ▁said ▁that ▁" last ing ▁peace ▁cannot ▁be ▁achieved ▁unless ▁large ▁population ▁groups ▁find ▁ways ▁in ▁which ▁to ▁break ▁out ▁of ▁poverty " ▁and ▁that ▁" ac ross ▁cultures ▁and ▁civil izations , ▁Y un us ▁and ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁even ▁the ▁po orest ▁of ▁the ▁poor ▁can ▁work ▁to ▁bring ▁about ▁their ▁own ▁development ". ▁Y un us ▁has ▁received ▁several ▁other ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁hon ours . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁President ial ▁Medal ▁of ▁Freedom ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁the ▁Congress ional ▁Gold ▁Medal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁rated ▁number ▁ 2 ▁in ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁magazine ' s ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁' Top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Global ▁Think ers '. ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Y un us ▁together ▁with ▁S ask ia ▁Bru yst en , ▁Sophie ▁Eisen mann ▁and ▁Hans ▁Re itz ▁co - found ed ▁Y un us ▁Social ▁Business ▁– ▁Global ▁Init i atives ▁( Y SB ). ▁Y SB ▁creates ▁and ▁emp ow ers ▁social ▁businesses ▁to ▁address ▁and ▁solve ▁social ▁problems ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁As ▁the ▁international ▁implementation ▁arm ▁for ▁Y un us ' ▁vision ▁of ▁a ▁new , ▁hum ane ▁capitalism , ▁Y SB ▁man ages ▁inc ub ator ▁funds ▁for ▁social ▁businesses ▁in ▁developing ▁countries
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▁and ▁provides ▁advis ory ▁services ▁to ▁companies , ▁governments , ▁found ations ▁and ▁N GO s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁Ch ancell or ▁of ▁Glasgow ▁Cal ed on ian ▁University ▁in ▁Scotland , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Pre viously , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁economics ▁at ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁University ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁He ▁published ▁several ▁books ▁related ▁to ▁his ▁finance ▁work . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁founding ▁board ▁member ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁America ▁and ▁Gr ame en ▁Foundation , ▁which ▁support ▁micro c redit . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁also ▁serves ▁on ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Foundation , ▁a ▁public ▁charity ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by ▁American ▁phil anth rop ist ▁Ted ▁Turner ' s ▁$ 1 b illion ▁gift ▁to ▁support ▁UN ▁causes . ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁government ▁fired ▁Y un us ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁at ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank , ▁c iting ▁legal ▁viol ations ▁and ▁an ▁age ▁limit ▁on ▁his ▁position . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁of ▁nine ▁children , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁to ▁a ▁Beng ali ▁Muslim ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Bath ua , ▁by ▁the ▁Kap ta i ▁road ▁in ▁H ath az ari , ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁in ▁the ▁Beng al
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▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Raj , ▁present ▁Bangl adesh . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁H azi ▁D ula ▁M ia ▁Sh oud ag ar , ▁a ▁jew eler , ▁and ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁S uf ia ▁K hat un . ▁His ▁early ▁childhood ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁the ▁village . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁his ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Ch itt ag ong , ▁and ▁he ▁moved ▁from ▁his ▁village ▁school ▁to ▁Lam ab azar ▁Primary ▁School . ▁By ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁his ▁mother ▁was ▁aff lict ed ▁with ▁psychological ▁illness . ▁Later , ▁he ▁passed ▁the ▁mat ric ulation ▁examination ▁from ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁Col leg iate ▁School ▁ranking ▁ 1 6 th ▁of ▁ 3 9 , 0 0 0 ▁students ▁in ▁East ▁Pakistan . ▁During ▁his ▁school ▁years , ▁he ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁Boy ▁Sc out , ▁and ▁trav elled ▁to ▁West ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁India ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁and ▁to ▁Canada ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁attend ▁J amb ore es . ▁Later , ▁while ▁Y un us ▁was ▁studying ▁at ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁College , ▁he ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁cultural ▁activities ▁and ▁won ▁awards ▁for ▁drama . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 7 , ▁he ▁en rolled ▁in ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁at ▁D h aka ▁University ▁and ▁completed ▁his ▁BA ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁and ▁MA ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁ ▁After ▁gradu ation ▁After ▁his
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▁gradu ation , ▁Y un us ▁joined ▁the ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁assistant ▁to ▁the ▁economics ▁re se ar ches ▁of ▁Professor ▁Nur ul ▁Islam ▁and ▁Re h man ▁S ob han . ▁Later , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁lect urer ▁in ▁economics ▁in ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 . ▁During ▁that ▁time , ▁he ▁also ▁set ▁up ▁a ▁profitable ▁packaging ▁factory ▁on ▁the ▁side . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁F ul b right ▁scholarship ▁to ▁study ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁obtained ▁his ▁PhD ▁in ▁economics ▁from ▁the ▁V ander b ilt ▁University ▁Grad uate ▁Program ▁in ▁Economic ▁Development ▁( G PE D ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁economics ▁at ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁Mur f rees bor o . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁Liber ation ▁War ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Y un us ▁founded ▁a ▁citizen ' s ▁committee ▁and ▁ran ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁Information ▁Center , ▁with ▁other ▁Bangl ades his ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁to ▁raise ▁support ▁for ▁liber ation . ▁He ▁also ▁published ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁News letter ▁from ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Nash ville . ▁After ▁the ▁War , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Bangl adesh ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁government ' s ▁Planning ▁Commission ▁headed ▁by ▁Nur ul ▁Islam . ▁However , ▁he
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▁found ▁the ▁job ▁boring ▁and ▁resigned ▁to ▁join ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁University ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Econom ics ▁department . ▁ ▁After ▁observ ing ▁the ▁fam ine ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁he ▁became ▁involved ▁in ▁poverty ▁reduction ▁and ▁established ▁a ▁rural ▁economic ▁programme ▁as ▁a ▁research ▁project . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁he ▁developed ▁a ▁N ab aj ug ▁( New ▁Era ) ▁T eb h aga ▁K ham ar ▁( three ▁share ▁farm ) ▁which ▁the ▁government ▁adopted ▁as ▁the ▁Pack aged ▁Input ▁Program me . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁project ▁more ▁effective , ▁Y un us ▁and ▁his ▁associ ates ▁proposed ▁the ▁Gram ▁S ark ar ▁( the ▁village ▁government ) ▁programme . ▁Int rodu ced ▁by ▁president ▁Z ia ur ▁Rah man ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Government ▁formed ▁ 4 0 , 3 9 2 ▁village ▁governments ▁as ▁a ▁fourth ▁layer ▁of ▁government ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁petition ▁by ▁Bangl adesh ▁Legal ▁A ids ▁and ▁Services ▁Trust ▁( BL AST ), ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁declared ▁village ▁governments ▁illegal ▁and ▁un const itutional . ▁ ▁His ▁concept ▁of ▁micro c redit ▁for ▁supporting ▁innov ators ▁in ▁multiple ▁developing ▁countries ▁also ▁inspired ▁program mes ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Info ▁lady ▁Social ▁Entre pre neur ship ▁Program me . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁during ▁visits
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▁to ▁the ▁po orest ▁households ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Job ra ▁near ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁University , ▁Y un us ▁discovered ▁that ▁very ▁small ▁loans ▁could ▁make ▁a ▁dis pro port ion ate ▁difference ▁to ▁a ▁poor ▁person . ▁Village ▁women ▁who ▁made ▁bamb oo ▁furniture ▁had ▁to ▁take ▁us urious ▁loans ▁to ▁buy ▁bamb oo , ▁and ▁rep ay ▁their ▁profits ▁to ▁the ▁l enders . ▁Trad itional ▁banks ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁make ▁tiny ▁loans ▁at ▁reasonable ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁poor ▁due ▁to ▁high ▁risk ▁of ▁default . ▁But ▁Y un us ▁believed ▁that , ▁given ▁the ▁chance , ▁the ▁poor ▁will ▁rep ay ▁the ▁money ▁and ▁hence ▁micro c redit ▁was ▁a ▁viable ▁business ▁model . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁l ent ▁US $ 2 7 ▁of ▁his ▁money ▁to ▁ 4 2 ▁women ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁who ▁made ▁a ▁profit ▁of ▁B DT ▁ 0 . 5 0 ▁( US $ 0 . 0 2 ) ▁each ▁on ▁the ▁loan . ▁ ▁Thus , ▁Y un us ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁micro c redit . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Y un us ▁finally ▁secured ▁a ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁government ▁Jan ata ▁Bank ▁to ▁l end ▁to ▁the ▁poor ▁in ▁Job ra . ▁The ▁institution ▁continued ▁to ▁operate , ▁secur ing ▁loans ▁from ▁other ▁banks ▁for ▁its ▁projects . ▁By ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁it ▁had ▁ 2 8 , 0 0 0 ▁members . ▁On ▁ 1
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▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁pilot ▁project ▁began ▁operation ▁as ▁a ▁full - f led ged ▁bank ▁for ▁poor ▁Bangl ades his ▁and ▁was ▁renamed ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁(" V ill age ▁Bank "). By ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gr ame en ▁had ▁issued ▁US $ 6 . 3 8 b illion ▁to ▁ 7 . 4 mill ion ▁borrow ers . ▁To ▁ensure ▁rep ay ment , ▁the ▁bank ▁uses ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁" solid arity ▁groups ". ▁These ▁small ▁inform al ▁groups ▁apply ▁together ▁for ▁loans ▁and ▁its ▁members ▁act ▁as ▁co - gu ar ant ors ▁of ▁rep ay ment ▁and ▁support ▁one ▁another ' s ▁efforts ▁at ▁economic ▁self - adv ance ment . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Gr ame en ▁started ▁to ▁divers ify ▁by ▁attending ▁to ▁under util ized ▁fishing ▁p onds ▁and ▁irr igation ▁p umps ▁like ▁deep ▁tube ▁well s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁these ▁divers ified ▁interests ▁started ▁growing ▁into ▁separate ▁organisations . ▁The ▁fisher ies ▁project ▁became ▁Gr ame en ▁Mot sh o ▁(" Gr ame en ▁Fisher ies ▁Foundation ") ▁and ▁the ▁irr igation ▁project ▁became ▁Gr ame en ▁Kr ishi ▁(" Gr ame en ▁Agricult ure ▁Foundation "). ▁In ▁time , ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁initiative ▁grew ▁into ▁a ▁multi - fac eted ▁group ▁of ▁profitable ▁and ▁non - profit ▁vent ures , ▁including ▁major ▁projects ▁like ▁Gr ame en ▁Trust
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▁and ▁Gr ame en ▁Fund , ▁which ▁runs ▁equity ▁projects ▁like ▁Gr ame en ▁Software ▁Limited , ▁Gr ame en ▁Cy ber Net ▁Limited , ▁and ▁Gr ame en ▁Kn it wear ▁Limited , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Gr ame en ▁Tele com , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁stake ▁in ▁Gr ame en phone ▁( GP ), ▁the ▁biggest ▁private ▁phone ▁company ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁From ▁its ▁start ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁GP ' s ▁Village ▁Phone ▁( P oll i ▁Phone ) ▁project ▁had ▁brought ▁cell - phone ▁ownership ▁to ▁ 2 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁rural ▁poor ▁in ▁over ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁villages . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁micro fin ance ▁model ▁inspired ▁similar ▁efforts ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 0 0 ▁developing ▁countries ▁and ▁even ▁in ▁developed ▁countries ▁including ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁Many ▁micro c redit ▁projects ▁retain ▁Gr ame en ' s ▁emphasis ▁of ▁l ending ▁to ▁women . ▁More ▁than ▁ 9 4 % ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁loans ▁have ▁gone ▁to ▁women , ▁who ▁suffer ▁dis pro port ion ately ▁from ▁poverty ▁and ▁who ▁are ▁more ▁likely ▁than ▁men ▁to ▁dev ote ▁their ▁earnings ▁to ▁their ▁families . ▁ ▁For ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁Gr ame en , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁named ▁an ▁Ash oka : ▁Innov ators ▁for ▁the ▁Public ▁Global ▁Academy ▁Member ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁In ▁the ▁book ▁Gr ame en ▁Social
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▁Business ▁Model , ▁its ▁author ▁R ash id ul ▁B ari ▁said ▁that ▁Gr ame en ' s ▁social ▁business ▁model ▁( GS BM ) ▁has ▁gone ▁from ▁being ▁theory ▁to ▁an ▁insp iring ▁practice ▁adopted ▁by ▁leading ▁universities ▁( e . g ., ▁Glasgow ), ▁entrepre neurs ▁( e . g ., ▁Fran ck ▁R ib oud ) ▁and ▁corporations ▁( e . g ., ▁Dan one ) ▁across ▁the ▁globe . ▁Through ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank , ▁R ash id ul ▁B ari ▁claims ▁that ▁Y un us ▁demonstrated ▁how ▁Gr ame en ▁Social ▁Business ▁Model ▁can ▁h arness ▁the ▁entrepreneur ial ▁spirit ▁to ▁empower ▁poor ▁women ▁and ▁al lev iate ▁their ▁poverty . ▁One ▁conclusion ▁B ari ▁suggested ▁to ▁draw ▁from ▁Y un us ' ▁concepts ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁poor ▁are ▁like ▁a ▁" b ons ai ▁tree ", ▁and ▁they ▁can ▁do ▁big ▁things ▁if ▁they ▁get ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁social ▁business ▁that ▁holds ▁potential ▁to ▁empower ▁them ▁to ▁become ▁self - s ufficient . ▁ ▁Rec ogn ition ▁ ▁Y un us ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize , ▁along ▁with ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank , ▁for ▁their ▁efforts ▁to ▁create ▁economic ▁and ▁social ▁development . ▁In ▁the ▁prize ▁announcement ▁The ▁Norweg ian ▁Nob el ▁Committee ▁mentioned : ▁ ▁Y un us ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Bangl ades hi ▁to ▁ever ▁get ▁a ▁Nob el ▁Prize . ▁After ▁receiving ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁important ▁award , ▁Y un us ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would
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▁use ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁$ 1 . 4 mill ion ▁( equ ivalent ▁to ▁$ mill ion ▁in ▁) ▁award ▁money ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁company ▁to ▁make ▁low - cost , ▁high - nut rition ▁food ▁for ▁the ▁poor ; ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁would ▁go ▁toward ▁setting ▁up ▁an ▁eye ▁hospital ▁for ▁the ▁poor ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Former ▁US ▁president ▁Bill ▁Clinton ▁was ▁a ▁vocal ▁advocate ▁for ▁the ▁award ing ▁of ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁to ▁Y un us . ▁He ▁expressed ▁this ▁in ▁Roll ing ▁Stone ▁magazine ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁his ▁aut obi ography ▁My ▁Life . ▁In ▁a ▁speech ▁given ▁at ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁President ▁Clinton ▁described ▁Y un us ▁as ▁" a ▁man ▁who ▁long ▁ago ▁should ▁have ▁won ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁[ in ▁Econom ics ▁and ] ▁I ' ll ▁keep ▁saying ▁that ▁until ▁they ▁finally ▁give ▁it ▁to ▁him ." ▁Con vers ely , ▁The ▁Econom ist ▁stated ▁explicitly ▁that ▁while ▁Y un us ▁was ▁doing ▁excellent ▁work ▁to ▁fight ▁poverty , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁appropriate ▁to ▁award ▁him ▁the ▁Peace ▁Prize , ▁stating : ▁" ... the ▁Nob el ▁committee ▁could ▁have ▁made ▁a ▁bra ver , ▁more ▁difficult , ▁choice ▁by ▁decl aring ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁no ▁recipient ▁at ▁all ." ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁only ▁seven ▁persons ▁to ▁have ▁won ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize , ▁President ial ▁Medal ▁of ▁Freedom , ▁and ▁the
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▁Congress ional ▁Gold ▁Medal . ▁Other ▁notable ▁awards ▁include ▁the ▁Ram on ▁M ags ays ay ▁Award ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁World ▁Food ▁Prize , ▁the ▁International ▁Simon ▁Bol iv ar ▁Prize ▁( 1 9 9 6 ), ▁the ▁Prince ▁of ▁Ast ur ias ▁Award ▁for ▁Con cord ▁and ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Se oul ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Additionally , ▁Y un us ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁ 5 0 ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degrees ▁from ▁universities ▁across ▁ 2 0 ▁countries , ▁and ▁ 1 1 3 ▁international ▁awards ▁from ▁ 2 6 ▁different ▁countries ▁including ▁state ▁hon ours ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁countries . ▁Bangl adesh ▁government ▁brought ▁out ▁a ▁comm emor ative ▁stamp ▁to ▁honour ▁his ▁Nob el ▁Award . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁was ▁named ▁by ▁Fort une ▁Magazine ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁greatest ▁entrepre neurs ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁era . ▁In ▁its ▁c itation , ▁Fort une ▁Magazine ▁said ▁" Y un us ' ▁idea ▁inspired ▁countless ▁numbers ▁of ▁young ▁people ▁to ▁dev ote ▁themselves ▁to ▁social ▁causes ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁world ." ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Houston , ▁Texas ▁declared ▁ 1 4 ▁January ▁as ▁" Mu ham mad ▁Y un us ▁Day ". ▁ ▁Y un us ▁was ▁named ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁desired ▁think ers ▁the ▁world ▁should ▁listen ▁to ▁by ▁the ▁F
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P ▁ 1 0 0 ▁( world ' s ▁most ▁influential ▁elite ) ▁in ▁the ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁issue ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁magazine . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁The ▁British ▁Magazine ▁New ▁States man ▁listed ▁Y un us ▁at ▁ 4 0 th ▁in ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁" The ▁World ' s ▁ 5 0 ▁Most ▁In flu ential ▁Fig ures ▁ 2 0 1 0 ". ▁ ▁Y un us ▁received ▁ 5 0 ▁honor ary ▁doctor ate ▁degrees ▁from ▁universities ▁from ▁Argentina , ▁Australia , ▁Bangl adesh , ▁Belgium , ▁Canada , ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁India , ▁Italy , ▁Japan , ▁Korea , ▁Leb anon , ▁Malaysia , ▁Peru , ▁Russia , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁Spain , ▁Thailand , ▁Turkey , ▁the ▁UK , ▁and ▁the ▁US . ▁United ▁Nations ▁Secretary ▁General , ▁Ban ▁Ki - M oon , ▁invited ▁Y un us ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁an ▁MD G ▁Adv ocate . ▁Y un us ▁sits ▁on ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁United ▁Nations ▁Foundation , ▁Schw ab ▁Foundation , ▁Prince ▁Albert ▁II ▁of ▁Mon aco ▁Foundation , ▁Gr ame en ▁Credit ▁Agr ic ole ▁Micro c redit ▁Foundation . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁F ond ation ▁Ch ir ac ' s ▁honour ▁committee , ▁ever ▁since ▁the ▁foundation ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁former ▁French ▁president ▁Jacques ▁Ch ir ac ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁promote ▁world ▁peace . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁well - known ▁international
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▁figure . ▁He ▁has ▁delivered ▁numerous ▁lect ures ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁has ▁appeared ▁on ▁popular ▁television ▁shows , ▁including ▁The ▁Daily ▁Show ▁with ▁Jon ▁Stewart ▁and ▁The ▁Op rah ▁W inf rey ▁Show ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁The ▁Col bert ▁Report ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Real ▁Time ▁with ▁Bill ▁Ma her ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁The ▁Sim ps ons ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁On ▁Google + , ▁Y un us ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁followed ▁people ▁worldwide , ▁with ▁over ▁two ▁million ▁followers . ▁ ▁Political ▁activity ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Y un us , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁civil ▁society ▁including ▁Professor ▁Re h man ▁S ob han , ▁Justice ▁Muhammad ▁Hab ib ur ▁Rah man , ▁Dr ▁Kam al ▁H oss ain , ▁M ati ur ▁Rah man , ▁Mah f uz ▁An am ▁and ▁Deb ap ri ya ▁Bh attach ary a , ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁campaign ▁for ▁honest ▁and ▁clean ▁candidates ▁in ▁national ▁elections . ▁He ▁considered ▁entering ▁politics ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁part ▁of ▁that ▁year . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Y un us ▁wrote ▁an ▁open ▁letter , ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Bangl ades hi ▁newspaper ▁Daily ▁Star , ▁where ▁he ▁asked ▁citizens ▁for ▁views ▁on ▁his ▁plan ▁to ▁float ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁to ▁establish ▁political ▁good will , ▁proper ▁leadership ▁and ▁good ▁govern ance . ▁In ▁the ▁letter , ▁he
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▁called ▁on ▁everyone ▁to ▁briefly ▁outline ▁how ▁he ▁should ▁go ▁about ▁the ▁task ▁and ▁how ▁they ▁can ▁contribute ▁to ▁it . ▁Y un us ▁finally ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁willing ▁to ▁launch ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁tent atively ▁called ▁Cit iz ens ' ▁Power ▁( N ag or ik ▁Sh ak ti ) ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁There ▁was ▁spec ulation ▁that ▁the ▁army ▁supported ▁a ▁move ▁by ▁Y un us ▁into ▁politics . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁May , ▁however , ▁Y un us ▁declared ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁abandon ▁his ▁political ▁plans ▁following ▁a ▁meeting ▁with ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁inter im ▁government , ▁F akh ru dd in ▁Ah med . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁Johannes burg , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁Nelson ▁Mand ela , ▁Gra ça ▁M achel ▁and ▁Des mond ▁Tut u ▁conven ed ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁world ▁leaders ▁" to ▁contribute ▁their ▁wisdom , ▁independent ▁leadership ▁and ▁integrity ▁to ▁tackle ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁tou g hest ▁problems ." ▁Nelson ▁Mand ela ▁announced ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁this ▁new ▁group , ▁The ▁Eld ers , ▁in ▁a ▁speech ▁he ▁delivered ▁on ▁the ▁occasion ▁of ▁his ▁ 8 9 th ▁birthday . ▁Y un us ▁attended ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁and ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁founding ▁members . ▁He ▁stepped ▁down ▁as ▁an ▁Eld er ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁stating ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁do ▁justice ▁to ▁his ▁membership ▁due
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▁to ▁the ▁demands ▁of ▁his ▁work . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Africa ▁Progress ▁Panel ▁( APP ), ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁ten ▁distinguished ▁individuals ▁who ▁advocate ▁at ▁the ▁highest ▁levels ▁for ▁equ itable ▁and ▁sustainable ▁development ▁in ▁Africa . ▁Every ▁year , ▁the ▁Panel ▁releases ▁a ▁report , ▁the ▁ ▁Africa ▁Progress ▁Report , ▁that ▁out lines ▁an ▁issue ▁of ▁immediate ▁importance ▁to ▁the ▁continent ▁and ▁suggests ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁associated ▁policies . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Y un us ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁SN V ▁Netherlands ▁Development ▁Organ isation ▁International ▁Advis ory ▁Board ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁organisation ' s ▁poverty ▁reduction ▁work . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Y un us ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁Commission er ▁for ▁the ▁Broad band ▁Commission ▁for ▁Digital ▁Development , ▁a ▁UN ▁initiative ▁which ▁seeks ▁to ▁use ▁broad band ▁internet ▁services ▁to ▁acceler ate ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁development . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁United ▁Nations ▁Secretary - General ▁Ban ▁Ki - m oon ▁to ▁the ▁High - Level ▁Commission ▁on ▁Health ▁Em ployment ▁and ▁Economic ▁Grow th , ▁which ▁was ▁co - cha ired ▁by ▁pres idents ▁François ▁Holl ande ▁of ▁France ▁and ▁Jacob ▁Z uma ▁of ▁South ▁Africa . ▁Y un us ▁urged ▁My an mar ▁to ▁end ▁violence ▁against ▁Roh ing ya ▁Muslims . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁The ▁Government ▁announced ▁a ▁review ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁activities ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁January
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▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁which ▁is ▁ongoing . ▁In ▁February , ▁several ▁international ▁leaders , ▁such ▁as ▁Mary ▁Robinson , ▁stepped ▁up ▁their ▁defence ▁of ▁Y un us ▁through ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁efforts , ▁including ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁a ▁formal ▁network ▁of ▁supporters ▁known ▁as ▁" Friend s ▁of ▁Gr ame en ". ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Finance ▁Minister ▁of ▁Bangl adesh , ▁Ab ul ▁Ma al ▁Abd ul ▁M uh ith , ▁declared ▁that ▁Y un us ▁should ▁" st ay ▁away " ▁from ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁while ▁it ▁is ▁being ▁investigated . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁M uz amm el ▁Hu q ▁– ▁a ▁former ▁Bank ▁employee , ▁whom ▁the ▁government ▁had ▁appointed ▁Chairman ▁in ▁January ▁– ▁announced ▁that ▁Y un us ▁had ▁been ▁fired ▁as ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Bank . ▁However , ▁Bank ▁General ▁Manager ▁J ann at - E ▁Qu an ine ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁that ▁Y un us ▁was ▁" contin uing ▁in ▁his ▁office " ▁pending ▁review ▁of ▁the ▁legal ▁issues ▁surrounding ▁the ▁controversy ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Y un us ▁petition ed ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁High ▁Court ▁challenging ▁the ▁leg ality ▁of ▁the ▁decision ▁by ▁the ▁Bangl ades hi ▁Central ▁Bank ▁to ▁remove ▁him ▁as ▁Man aging ▁Director ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank . ▁The ▁same ▁day , ▁nine ▁elected ▁directors ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁filed ▁a ▁second ▁petition
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. ▁U . S . ▁Senator ▁John ▁K erry ▁expressed ▁his ▁support ▁to ▁Y un us ▁in ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁and ▁declared ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁" deep ly ▁concerned " ▁by ▁this ▁affair . ▁The ▁same ▁day ▁in ▁Bangl adesh , ▁thousands ▁of ▁people ▁protest ed ▁and ▁formed ▁human ▁chains ▁to ▁support ▁Y un us . ▁The ▁High ▁Court ▁hearing ▁on ▁the ▁pet itions , ▁was ▁planned ▁for ▁ 6 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁but ▁post pon ed . ▁On ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁Court ▁confirmed ▁Y un us ' s ▁dismiss al . ▁ ▁Acc us ation ▁of ▁' lo an ▁sh ark ing ' ▁and ▁effectiveness ▁of ▁micro fin ance ▁ ▁The ▁alleg ations ▁against ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁and ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁a ▁context ▁where ▁some ▁people ▁began ▁to ▁question ▁the ▁effectiveness ▁of ▁micro fin ance , ▁prompt ed ▁by ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁some ▁for - profit ▁micro fin ance ▁institutions ▁( MF Is ) ▁in ▁India ▁and ▁Mexico . ▁Co erc ion , ▁peer ▁pressure ▁and ▁physical ▁harass ment ▁were ▁reported ly ▁used ▁as ▁loan ▁rep ay ment ▁practices ▁in ▁some ▁specific ▁M F Is . ▁Commercial isation ▁of ▁micro c redit ▁prompt ed ▁Y un us ▁to ▁state ▁that ▁he ▁" never ▁imagined ▁that ▁one ▁day ▁micro c redit ▁would ▁give ▁rise ▁to ▁its ▁own ▁breed ▁of ▁loan ▁sh arks ." ▁ ▁The ▁l ure ▁of ▁profits ▁attracted
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▁some ▁for - profit ▁M F Is ▁to ▁hold ▁initial ▁public ▁offer ings ▁( IP Os ), ▁including ▁the ▁largest ▁Indian ▁M FI , ▁SK S ▁Micro fin ance , ▁which ▁held ▁an ▁I PO ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Y un us ▁critic ised ▁the ▁I PO ; ▁in ▁a ▁debate ▁with ▁SK S ▁founder ▁Vik ram ▁Ak ula ▁during ▁the ▁Clinton ▁Global ▁Init iative ▁meeting , ▁he ▁said , ▁" M icro c redit ▁is ▁not ▁about ▁exciting ▁people ▁to ▁make ▁money ▁off ▁the ▁poor . ▁That ' s ▁what ▁you ' re ▁doing . ▁That ' s ▁the ▁wrong ▁message ▁completely ." ▁Cal cul ations ▁of ▁actual ▁interest ▁rate ▁vary , ▁but ▁one ▁estimate ▁puts ▁average ▁Gr ame en ▁rates ▁at ▁about ▁a ▁ 2 3 % ▁interest ▁rate ▁( compar able ▁to ▁the ▁inflation ▁rate ). ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁the ▁organisation ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁tax - free ▁status ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁several ▁years ▁which ▁now ▁has ▁been ▁removed . ▁ ▁Sym path izers ▁of ▁Y un us ▁al lege ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁is ▁explo iting ▁this ▁" m oral ▁crisis ▁around ▁micro c redit " ▁to ▁ou st ▁Y un us . ▁ ▁Political ▁motiv ations ▁behind ▁the ▁alleg ations ▁Though ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁was ▁quickly ▁cleared ▁by ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁government ▁of ▁all ▁alleg ations ▁surrounding ▁mis used ▁or ▁mis appropri ated ▁funds ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in
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▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁Bangl ades hi ▁government ▁launched ▁a ▁three - month ▁investigation ▁of ▁all ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ' s ▁activities . ▁This ▁in quiry ▁prevented ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁from ▁participating ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Economic ▁Forum . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Y un us ▁appeared ▁in ▁court ▁in ▁a ▁def am ation ▁case ▁filed ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁politician ▁from ▁a ▁minor ▁left - lean ing ▁party ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁complaining ▁about ▁a ▁statement ▁that ▁Y un us ▁made ▁to ▁the ▁A FP ▁news ▁agency , ▁" Pol it icians ▁in ▁Bangl adesh ▁only ▁work ▁for ▁power . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁ide ology ▁here ". ▁At ▁the ▁hearing , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁granted ▁bail ▁and ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁personal ▁appearance ▁at ▁subsequent ▁hear ings . ▁ ▁These ▁investig ations ▁fuel ed ▁suspicion ▁that ▁many ▁attacks ▁might ▁be ▁polit ically ▁motivated , ▁due ▁to ▁difficult ▁relations ▁between ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁and ▁Y un us ▁since ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁when ▁Y un us ▁created ▁his ▁own ▁political ▁party , ▁an ▁effort ▁he ▁dropped ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Al leg ations ▁involving ▁partners : ▁the ▁food ▁case ▁and ▁the ▁phone ▁case ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Y un us ▁appeared ▁in ▁court ▁in ▁a ▁food - ad ul ter ation ▁case ▁filed ▁by ▁the ▁D h aka ▁City ▁Corporation ▁( D CC ) ▁Food
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▁Safety ▁Court , ▁acc using ▁him ▁of ▁producing ▁an ▁" ad ul ter ated " ▁y og urt ▁whose ▁fat ▁content ▁was ▁below ▁the ▁legal ▁minimum . ▁This ▁y og urt ▁is ▁produced ▁by ▁Gr ame en ▁Dan one , ▁a ▁social ▁business ▁joint ▁venture ▁between ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁and ▁Dan one ▁that ▁aims ▁to ▁provide ▁opportunities ▁for ▁street ▁vendors ▁who ▁sell ▁the ▁y og urt ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁child ▁nutrition ▁with ▁the ▁nut rient - fort ified ▁y og urt . ▁According ▁to ▁Y un us ' s ▁lawyer , ▁the ▁alleg ations ▁are ▁" false ▁and ▁bas eless ". ▁At ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁Y un us ' s ▁lawyers , ▁pointing ▁proced ural ▁ir regular ities ▁and ▁errors , ▁this ▁case ▁is ▁now ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁High ▁Court . ▁ ▁Invest igation ▁by ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁independent ▁public ▁commission ▁exam ining ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁assert ▁that ▁Y un us ▁mis rep resent ed ▁his ▁authority ▁and ▁ab used ▁his ▁powers ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁in ▁management . ▁ ▁The ▁report ▁estab l ishes ▁that ▁legal ▁challenges ▁exist ▁for ▁authority ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁to ▁have ▁acted ▁as ▁gu ar ant or ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁forward ed ▁credit ▁to ▁independent ▁private ▁enter prises ▁during ▁Dr . ▁Y un us ' s ▁ten ure . ▁The ▁report ▁raised ▁specific ▁questions ▁relating ▁to ▁a ) ▁establishment ▁and ▁financing ▁of ▁Gr ame en Phone , ▁a ▁for - profit ▁tele commun ications ▁entity ▁initially ▁established ▁as ▁a
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▁trust ▁for ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁borrow ers ▁together ▁with ▁Norweg ian ▁government ▁owned ▁mult in ational ▁T elen or ▁by ▁Dr ▁Y un us , ▁and ▁b ) ▁simultane ous ▁management ▁and ▁operational ▁financing ▁of ▁private ▁enter prises ▁established ▁by ▁Dr ▁Y un us ▁applying ▁resources ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank . ▁ ▁The ▁commission ▁also ▁examined ▁the ▁legal ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁and ▁concluded ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁de ▁j ure ▁public ▁i . e . ▁government ▁entity , ▁of ▁which ▁in compet ent ▁overs ight ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁( pot entially ▁unw itting ) ▁mis rep resentation ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Y un us ▁in ▁past ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁popular ▁perception ▁of ▁the ▁private ▁ownership . ▁ ▁The ▁commission ▁report ▁refers ▁to ▁obst ruction ▁of ▁commission ▁investig ations ▁by ▁current ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁management , ▁representatives ▁of ▁T elen or , ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Bangl adesh , ▁and ▁by ▁part is ans ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Y un us . ▁ ▁Full ▁implications ▁of ▁the ▁report ▁are ▁thus ▁far ▁not ▁closely ▁examined ▁in ▁either ▁state - cont rolled ▁elements ▁of ▁Bangl ades hi ▁media , ▁or ▁by ▁pro - Y un us ▁press ▁releases , ▁where ▁these ▁im plicate ▁Dr ▁Y un us ▁as ▁at ▁least ▁access ory ▁to ▁corruption ▁at ▁the ▁ne x us ▁of ▁the ▁Bangl ades hi ▁public - com mercial ▁establishment , ▁in ▁coll usion ▁with ▁other ▁parties . ▁ ▁Crit icism ▁of ▁ideas ▁ ▁Micro fin ance ▁has ▁been ▁critic ised
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▁in ▁the ▁foreign ▁media . ▁The ▁Guard ian ▁( UK ) ▁asked ▁whether ▁micro fin ance ▁was ▁a ▁' ne ol iber al ▁fair yt ale '. ▁The ▁article ▁pointed ▁out ▁critic isms ▁including ▁that ▁most ▁loans ▁are ▁not ▁used ▁to ▁create ▁small ▁businesses , ▁but ▁instead ▁' consum ption ▁sm o othing '. ▁ ▁Tri als ▁ ▁The ▁trial ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁is ▁the ▁series ▁of ▁trials ▁launched ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁against ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us . ▁The ▁former ▁put ▁the ▁latter ▁on ▁trial ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ultimately ▁removed ▁him ▁from ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank , ▁c iting ▁that ▁ ▁too ▁old ▁to ▁run ▁the ▁Bank ▁which ▁he ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁trial ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁time ▁because ▁he ▁had ▁supposed ly ▁received ▁earnings ▁without ▁the ▁necessary ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁government , ▁including ▁his ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁earnings ▁and ▁the ▁ro y alties ▁from ▁his ▁book ▁sales . ▁The ▁article ▁claims ▁that ▁this ▁series ▁of ▁trials ▁against ▁Y un us ▁has ▁puzz led ▁bill ions ▁of ▁people ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁from ▁the ▁ 8 . 3 mill ion ▁under priv ile ged ▁women ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁to ▁US ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Obama . ▁L ik ening ▁Has ina ' s ▁political ▁vend etta ▁against ▁Y un us ▁to ▁a ▁modern - day ▁re play ▁of ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁Arch
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im edes ▁and ▁General ▁Mar cell us , ▁the ▁article ▁predict s ▁that ▁the ▁" bank er ▁to ▁the ▁poor " ▁may ▁face ▁a ▁fate ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁mathemat ics ▁for ▁asking ▁Has ina ▁not ▁to ▁disturb ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank . ▁Vik as ▁B aj aj ▁wrote ▁in ▁the ▁Taking ▁Note ▁editorial ▁blog ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 : ▁ ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁has ▁played ▁its ▁trump ▁card ▁in ▁its ▁long - running ▁campaign ▁against ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁and ▁its ▁founder ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us . ▁Last ▁week , ▁legisl ators ▁passed ▁a ▁law ▁that ▁effectively ▁national izes ▁the ▁bank , ▁which ▁pione ered ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁making ▁small ▁loans ▁to ▁poor ▁women , ▁by ▁wrest ing ▁control ▁of ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁ 8 . 4 mill ion ▁rural ▁women ▁that ▁own ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁its ▁shares . ▁ ▁Background ▁For ▁many ▁years , ▁Y un us ▁remained ▁a ▁f oll ower ▁of ▁Has ina ' s ▁father , ▁She ikh ▁M uj ib , ▁the ▁founding ▁father ▁of ▁Bangl adesh . ▁While ▁teaching ▁at ▁Middle ▁Tennessee ▁State ▁University , ▁Y un us ▁founded ▁the ▁Bangl adesh ▁Cit izen ' s ▁Committee ▁( B CC ), ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁to ▁West ▁Pakistan ' s ▁aggress ion ▁against ▁Bangl adesh ▁and ▁its ▁leader ▁She ikh ▁M uj ib . ▁After ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁of ▁liber ation , ▁the ▁B CC ▁selected ▁Y un us ▁to
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▁become ▁editor ▁of ▁its ▁newly ▁published ▁Bangl adesh ▁News ▁Letter . ▁Insp ired ▁by ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Bangl adesh ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁Y un us ▁returned ▁home ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁to ▁help ▁M uj ib ▁re build ▁the ▁nation ▁sh attered ▁by ▁a ▁long ▁and ▁bloody ▁war . ▁The ▁relationship ▁did ▁not ▁end ▁after ▁M uj ib ' s ▁death . ▁Y un us ▁maintained ▁a ▁professional ▁relationship ▁with ▁M uj ib ' s ▁daughter , ▁Has ina . ▁Y un us ▁appointed ▁Has ina — al ong ▁with ▁US ▁first ▁lady ▁Hillary ▁Clinton — as ▁co - chair ▁of ▁a ▁micro c redit ▁summit ▁held ▁ 2 – 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁At ▁this ▁event , ▁ 5 0 ▁heads ▁of ▁state ▁and ▁high - level ▁officials ▁from ▁ 1 3 7 ▁nation - states ▁gathered ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁to ▁discuss ▁solutions ▁to ▁poverty . ▁At ▁this ▁macro event ▁for ▁micro c redit , ▁Has ina ▁had ▁nothing ▁but ▁praise ▁for ▁her ▁father ly ▁figure . ▁In ▁her ▁statement ▁she ▁praised ," the ▁outstanding ▁work ▁done ▁by ▁Professor ▁Y un us ▁and ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁he ▁founded .. ▁. ▁. ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁has ▁created ▁optim ism ▁about ▁the ▁vi ability ▁of ▁banks ▁engaged ▁in ▁extending ▁micro - c redit ▁to ▁the ▁poor . ▁The ▁inaug ural ▁ceremony ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Phone , ▁the ▁largest ▁telephone ▁service ▁in ▁Bangl adesh
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, ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁Has ina ' s ▁office ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁Using ▁Gr ame en ▁Phone , ▁Has ina ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁call ▁to ▁Th orb j orn ▁Jag land , ▁the ▁then - N or weg ian ▁prime ▁minister . ▁When ▁her ▁conversation ▁ended ▁with ▁Jag land , ▁she ▁received ▁another ▁call , ▁this ▁one ▁from ▁L aily ▁Beg um , ▁a ▁Gr ame en ▁telephone ▁employee . ▁However , ▁this ▁long ▁relationship ▁was ▁do omed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁after ▁Y un us ▁dis closed ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁political ▁party , ▁Nag or ik ▁Sh ak ti ▁ ▁From ▁friends ▁to ▁f oe ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁w aged ▁a ▁destruct ive ▁campaign ▁against ▁Gr ame en ▁and ▁its ▁founder , ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reports , ▁" ▁Her ▁actions ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁ret ali ation ▁for ▁Mr . ▁Y un us ' s ▁announcement ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁seek ▁public ▁office , ▁even ▁though ▁he ▁never ▁went ▁through ▁with ▁his ▁plans ". ▁According ▁to ▁Times ▁of ▁India , ▁one ▁other ▁factor ▁contributed ▁to ▁her ▁br ash ▁decision ▁against ▁Y un us : ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁▁ ▁Has ina ▁thought ▁that ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁Committee ▁would ▁give ▁her ▁the ▁prize ▁for ▁signing ▁a ▁peace ▁treat y , ▁the ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁Hill ▁T ract s ▁(
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CH T ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁March , ▁Attorney ▁General ▁Mah b ub ey ▁Al am ▁revealed ▁the ▁government ' s ▁attitude ▁when ▁he ▁said , ▁" Pr ime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁should ▁have ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize … " ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁challenge ▁the ▁wisdom ▁of ▁the ▁Nob el ▁committee ▁for ▁not ▁award ing ▁the ▁prize ▁to ▁his ▁master , ▁Has ina , ▁for ▁the ▁C HT ▁accord . ▁ ▁Historical ▁description ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Army ▁General ▁M oe en ▁U ▁Ah med ▁st aged ▁a ▁military ▁coup . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Y un us ▁turned ▁down ▁his ▁request ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁fourth ▁Chief ▁Ad visor ▁after ▁Kh aled a ▁Z ia ' s ▁term ▁ended . ▁Y un us , ▁however , ▁suggested ▁the ▁general ▁pick ▁F akh ru dd in ▁Ah med ▁for ▁the ▁job . ▁F akh ru dd in ▁took ▁office ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁and ▁made ▁it ▁clear ▁on ▁his ▁very ▁first ▁day ▁that ▁he ▁intended ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁arrange ▁a ▁free ▁and ▁fair ▁election ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁clean ▁up ▁corruption . ▁While ▁K hal ada ▁and ▁Has ina ▁critic ised ▁F ak ru dd in ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁his ▁job ▁to ▁clean ▁up ▁corruption , ▁Y un us ▁expressed ▁his ▁satisfaction . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁A FP ▁news ▁agency , ▁Y un
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us ▁remarked ▁that ▁politicians ▁in ▁Bangl adesh ▁only ▁work ▁for ▁money , ▁saying , ▁" There ▁is ▁no ▁ide ology ▁here ." ▁Has ina ▁had ▁a ▁harsh ▁reaction ▁to ▁Y un us ' ▁comments , ▁calling ▁him ▁a ▁" us urer ▁who ▁has ▁not ▁only ▁failed ▁to ▁er ad icate ▁poverty ▁but ▁has ▁also ▁n urt ured ▁poverty ." ▁This ▁was ▁Has ina ' s ▁first ▁public ▁statement ▁against ▁Y un us . ▁One ▁could ▁make ▁an ▁anal ogy ▁between ▁Y un us ' ▁involvement ▁as ▁a ▁non polit ician ▁and ▁the ▁role ▁that ▁Czech ▁writer ▁V á cl av ▁H avel ▁played ▁in ▁his ▁country ▁after ▁the ▁over throw ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁regime . ▁Later ▁Y un us ▁announced ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁this ▁prospect ive ▁political ▁party , ▁Nag or ik ▁Sh ak ti ▁( C it izen ' s ▁Power ), ▁saying ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁mission ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁political ▁arena ▁in ▁his ▁nation ▁in ▁hope ▁of ▁changing ▁its ▁identity ▁from ▁" bottom less ▁basket " ▁to ▁" r ising ▁t iger ." ▁However , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁May , ▁Y un us ▁published ▁a ▁third ▁open ▁letter ▁and ▁put ▁his ▁political ▁amb itions ▁to ▁rest . ▁ ▁Pro ceed ings ▁Bangl adesh ▁government ▁launched ▁the ▁first ▁trial ▁against ▁Y un us ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁C aught ▁in ▁Micro ▁Deb t , ▁a ▁documentary ▁by ▁Tom ▁Hein em ann . ▁Scre ened ▁on ▁Norweg ian ▁television ▁on ▁ 3 0
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▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁the ▁film ▁broadcast ▁the ▁alleg ation ▁that ▁Y un us ▁st ashed ▁approximately ▁$ 1 0 0 mill ion ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁into ▁Gr ame en ▁Kal yan , ▁a ▁sister ▁company ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank . ▁however , ▁Y un us ▁denied ▁the ▁alleg ations . ▁After ▁completing ▁a ▁full ▁investigation , ▁the ▁Norweg ian ▁government ▁found ▁Y un us ▁innocent . ▁However , ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁Has ina ▁used ▁the ▁situation ▁as ▁to ▁increase ▁sustained ▁attacks ▁on ▁Y un us : ▁these ▁included ▁claims ▁that ▁Y un us ' ▁age ▁means ▁he ▁is ▁too ▁old ▁to ▁run ▁the ▁bank , ▁Gr ame en ▁has ▁created ▁companies ▁un law fully , ▁and ▁the ▁bank ▁operates ▁as ▁an ▁organ ▁of ▁the ▁government . ▁The ▁bank ▁has ▁denied ▁all ▁illegal ities , ▁arguing , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁that ▁age ▁limits ▁do ▁not ▁apply ▁in ▁this ▁case ▁since ▁Gr ame en , ▁like ▁BR AC , ▁is ▁a ▁special ▁bank . ▁Y un us ▁has ▁also ▁become ▁subject ▁to ▁legal ▁harass ment ▁over ▁three ▁criminal ▁cases . ▁A ▁criminal ▁def am ation ▁case ▁was ▁filed ▁against ▁Y un us ▁for ▁critic ising ▁politicians ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁A ▁food ▁inspect or ▁filed ▁another ▁case ▁against ▁Y un us , ▁alleg ing ▁that ▁y og urt ▁manufactured ▁by ▁the ▁Gr ame en - Dan one ▁was ▁ad ul ter ated . ▁The ▁final ▁blow ▁came ▁on ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 2
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0 1 1 . ▁Bangl adesh ▁Bank ▁informed ▁Gr ame en ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁that ▁Y un us ▁had ▁been ▁removed ▁from ▁Gr ame en , ▁c iting ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁older ▁than ▁the ▁mandatory ▁retirement ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 0 , ▁even ▁though ▁nine ▁of ▁the ▁bank ' s ▁directors - who ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁ 8 . 3 mill ion ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁borrow ers - allowed ▁him ▁to ▁stay ▁on ▁the ▁job ▁after ▁he ▁had ▁crossed ▁that ▁threshold . ▁Back ed ▁by ▁nine ▁boards ▁of ▁directors , ▁ 2 2 th ous and ▁employees , ▁and ▁ 8 . 3 mill ion ▁Gr ame en ▁borrow ers , ▁Y un us ▁def ied ▁the ▁government ▁order , ▁returned ▁to ▁Gr ame en ' s ▁headquarters ▁in ▁D h aka , ▁and ▁lod ged ▁an ▁appeal ▁at ▁D h aka ▁High ▁Court ▁against ▁the ▁decision . ▁However , ▁Justice ▁Moh amm ad ▁Mom t az udd in ▁Ah med ▁and ▁Justice ▁G ob inda ▁Ch andra ▁Tag ore ▁delivered ▁the ▁ver dict ▁against ▁Y un us , ▁claiming ▁that ▁Y un us ' ▁posting ▁as ▁the ▁MD ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁was ▁illegal ▁as ▁he ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 6 0 ▁by ▁then . ▁However , ▁Y un us ▁still ▁did ▁not ▁lose ▁faith ▁in ▁the ▁justice ▁system . ▁Back ed ▁by ▁international ▁leaders ▁( e . g ., ▁Hillary ▁and ▁Bill ▁Clinton ), ▁national ▁leaders ▁( e .
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g ., ▁Sir ▁F az le ▁Has an ▁Ab ed ) ▁and ▁ 8 . 3 mill ion ▁Gr ame en ▁borrow ers , ▁Y un us ▁filed ▁an ▁appeal ▁in ▁Bangl adesh ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁against ▁the ▁High ▁Court ' s ▁ver dict . ▁The ▁full ▁bench ▁of ▁the ▁App ell ate ▁Division ▁headed ▁by ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁A BM ▁Kh air ul ▁Ha que ▁heard ▁the ▁appeal ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁March ▁and ▁delivered ▁the ▁ver dict ▁which ▁up held ▁Y un us ▁removal ▁by ▁government . ▁ ▁From ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁On ▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ' s ▁approved ▁a ▁draft ▁of ▁" Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁Ord in ance ▁ 2 0 1 2 " ▁to ▁increase ▁government ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁bank . ▁Currently , ▁that ▁power ▁res ides ▁with ▁the ▁bank ' s ▁directors — cons isting ▁of ▁nine ▁poor ▁women — who ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁ 8 . 3 mill ion ▁Gr ame en ▁borrow ers . ▁Has ina ▁also ▁ordered ▁a ▁fresh ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁activities ▁and ▁financial ▁transactions ▁of ▁Y un us ▁in ▁his ▁later ▁years ▁as ▁managing ▁director ▁of ▁Gr ame en , ▁but ▁people ▁see ▁the ▁move ▁as ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁destroy ▁his ▁image . ▁The ▁prime ▁minister ▁also ▁alleged ▁that ▁Y un us ▁had ▁received ▁his ▁earnings ▁without ▁the ▁necessary ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁government , ▁including ▁his ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁earnings ▁and ▁the ▁ro y alties ▁from
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▁his ▁books . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Bangl adesh ' s ▁cabinet ▁has ▁approved ▁the ▁draft ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁law ▁that ▁will ▁give ▁the ▁country ' s ▁central ▁bank ▁closer ▁control ▁over ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank , ▁raising ▁the ▁st akes ▁in ▁a ▁long - running ▁dispute ▁with ▁the ▁pione ering ▁mic rol ender . ▁The ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁Act ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁was ▁approved ▁at ▁a ▁cabinet ▁meeting ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁She ikh ▁Has ina ▁on ▁Thursday . ▁It ▁was ▁passed ▁by ▁parliament ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁replaced ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁Ord in ance , ▁the ▁law ▁that ▁under p inned ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁as ▁a ▁special ised ▁micro c redit ▁institution ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁The ▁government ▁new ▁plan ▁is ▁to ▁break ▁Gr ame en ▁into ▁ 1 9 ▁pieces . ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁reports : ▁ ▁Since ▁then , ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁started ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁the ▁bank ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁planning ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁Gr ame en ▁— ▁a ▁majority ▁of ▁whose ▁shares ▁are ▁owned ▁by ▁its ▁borrow ers ▁— ▁and ▁break ▁it ▁up ▁into ▁ 1 9 ▁regional ▁l enders . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁while ▁Y un us ▁attended ▁V ander b ilt ▁University , ▁he ▁met ▁V era ▁For osten ko , ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Russian ▁literature ▁at ▁V ander b ilt
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▁University ▁and ▁daughter ▁of ▁Russian ▁immigrants ▁to ▁T rent on , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁United ▁States . ▁They ▁were ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁Y un us ' s ▁marriage ▁with ▁V era ▁ended ▁within ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁their ▁baby ▁girl , ▁Mon ica ▁Y un us , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Ch itt ag ong , ▁as ▁V era ▁returned ▁to ▁New ▁Jersey ▁claiming ▁that ▁Bangl adesh ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁good ▁place ▁to ▁raise ▁a ▁baby . ▁Mon ica ▁became ▁an ▁oper atic ▁sop r ano ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Y un us ▁later ▁married ▁Af ro zi ▁Y un us , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁research er ▁in ▁physics ▁at ▁Manchester ▁University . ▁She ▁was ▁later ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁professor ▁of ▁physics ▁at ▁Jah ang ir n ag ar ▁University . ▁Their ▁daughter ▁De ena ▁Af roz ▁Y un us ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁Y un us ' s ▁brother ▁Muhammad ▁I bra him ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁professor ▁of ▁physics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁D h aka ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁The ▁Center ▁for ▁Mass ▁Education ▁in ▁Science ▁( C ME S ), ▁which ▁brings ▁science ▁education ▁to ▁adoles cent ▁girls ▁in ▁villages . ▁His ▁other ▁brother ▁Muhammad ▁Jah ang ir ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁television ▁present er ▁and ▁a ▁social ▁activ ist ▁in ▁Bangl adesh . ▁ ▁Y un us ▁Centre ▁The ▁Y un us ▁Centre , ▁in
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▁D h aka , ▁Bangl adesh , ▁is ▁a ▁think ▁tank ▁for ▁issues ▁related ▁to ▁social ▁business , ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁poverty ▁al lev iation ▁and ▁sustain ability . ▁It ▁is ▁' aimed ▁primarily ▁at ▁promoting ▁and ▁disse min ating ▁Professor ▁Y un us ' ▁philosophy , ▁with ▁a ▁special ▁focus ▁on ▁social ▁business ' ▁and ▁currently ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Prof . ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us . ▁ ▁Public ations ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁ ▁Y un us , ▁Muhammad , ▁Mo inge on , ▁Ber tr and ▁and ▁Lauren ce ▁Le h mann - Or te ga ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁" Build ing ▁Social ▁Business ▁Mod els : ▁Less ons ▁from ▁the ▁Gr ame en ▁Experience ", ▁April – J une , ▁vol ▁ 4 3 , ▁number ▁ 2 – 3 , ▁Long ▁Range ▁Planning , ▁pp . ▁ 3 0 8 – 3 2 5 ▁ ▁Document aries ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁- ▁To ▁C atch ▁a ▁D ollar ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁- ▁B ons ai ▁People ▁– ▁The ▁Vision ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁and ▁hon ours ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁awarded ▁Nob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁for ▁his ▁finance ▁work . ▁ ▁Ch osen ▁by ▁Wh art on ▁School ▁of ▁Business ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁The ▁ 2 5 ▁Most ▁In flu ential ▁Business ▁Pers ons ▁of ▁the ▁Past ▁ 2 5 ▁Years , ▁covered ▁in ▁a ▁P BS ▁documentary . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0
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0 6 , ▁Time ▁magazine ▁ranked ▁him ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 2 ▁business ▁leaders , ▁including ▁him ▁among ▁" 6 0 ▁years ▁of ▁Asian ▁Hero es ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁voted ▁ 2 nd ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁Top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Public ▁Intel lect uals ▁in ▁an ▁open ▁online ▁poll ▁conducted ▁by ▁Pro spect ▁Magazine ▁( UK ) ▁and ▁Foreign ▁Policy ▁( Un ited ▁States ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Y un us ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Golden ▁Bi ate c ▁Award , ▁the ▁highest ▁award ▁best owed ▁by ▁Slov ak ia ' s ▁In form al ▁Economic ▁Forum ▁Economic ▁Club , ▁for ▁individuals ▁who ▁exhibit ▁economic , ▁social , ▁scientific , ▁educational ▁and ▁cultural ▁accomplish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Republic . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁F az le ▁Has an ▁Ab ed ▁ ▁Islamic ▁banking ▁ ▁Y un us ▁Social ▁Business ▁- ▁Global ▁Init i atives ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Muhammad ▁Y un us ▁bi ography ▁at ▁Gr ame en ▁Bank ▁ ▁Bank er ▁to ▁the ▁Poor ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁lecture ▁at ▁Nob el P ri ze . org ▁ ▁Profile ▁and ▁Papers ▁at ▁Research ▁Papers ▁in ▁Econom ics / Re PE c ▁ ▁Ex clusive ▁Inter view ▁with ▁Educ ational ▁Technology ▁Magazine ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ang l ades hi
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▁econom ists ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁business people ▁Category : B eng ali ▁people ▁Category : B eng ali ▁Muslims ▁Category : D evel op ment ▁specialists ▁Category : People ▁in ▁international ▁development ▁Category : M icro fin ance ▁people ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Ind ira ▁Gand hi ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁Category : N ob el ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁la ure ates ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁Nob el ▁la ure ates ▁Category : B eng ali ▁Nob el ▁la ure ates ▁Category : F ul b right ▁Sch ol ars ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁D h aka ▁al umn i ▁Category : V ander b ilt ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : M iddle ▁Tennessee ▁State ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : Pres idential ▁Medal ▁of ▁Freedom ▁recip ients ▁Category : A sh oka ▁Bangl adesh ▁F ell ows ▁Category : F uk u oka ▁Asian ▁Culture ▁Prize ▁winners ▁Category : R amon ▁M ags ays ay ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁Category : H uff Post ▁writers ▁and ▁column ists ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Independ ence ▁Day ▁Award ▁Category : People ▁associated ▁with ▁Glasgow ▁Cal ed on ian ▁University ▁Category : B ang l ades hi ▁bank ers ▁Category : S ocial ▁entrepre neurs ▁Category : P fe ff er ▁Peace ▁Prize ▁la ure ates ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ch itt ag ong ▁faculty ▁Category : Ad vis ors ▁of ▁Care t aker ▁Government ▁of ▁Bangl adesh
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▁Category : Ch itt ag ong ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Four ▁F reed oms ▁Award ▁Category : Un ited ▁Nations ▁Foundation <0x0A> </s> ▁Body building ▁in ▁Bur ma ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁history , ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁Bur m ese ▁body build ers ▁were ▁competing ▁internation ally ▁for ▁the ▁country ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁My an mar ▁Body building ▁and ▁Phys ique ▁Sports ▁Federation ▁is ▁the ▁national ▁governing ▁body . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁country ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁weight l ifting ▁pred ates ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Berlin ▁where ▁Bur m ese ▁weight lif ter ▁named ▁Z aw ▁We ik ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Games , ▁where ▁for ▁ge opol it ical ▁reasons ▁he ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁the ▁Indian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁He ▁finished ▁fif teenth . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁A ung ▁S we ▁Na ing ▁was ▁the ▁country ' s ▁most ▁successful ▁body builder . ▁ ▁He ▁had ▁won ▁the ▁Mr . ▁My an mar ▁event ▁three ▁times , ▁and ▁the ▁national ▁fitness ▁competition ▁Mr . ▁Crusher ▁five ▁times . ▁Bur ma ▁is ▁scheduled ▁to ▁send ▁a ▁body building ▁team ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Sout heast ▁Asian ▁Games , ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁to ▁host ▁the ▁competition ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 9 . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁person ▁team ▁trains ▁at ▁the ▁Yang on ▁City ▁Development
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▁Committee ▁Sports ▁Centre ▁in ▁Yang on . ▁ ▁The ▁exception ▁is ▁A ung ▁S we ▁Na ing ▁who ▁trains ▁at ▁ ▁Real ▁F itness . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁ ▁My an mar ▁Body building ▁and ▁Phys ique ▁Sports ▁Federation ▁is ▁the ▁sport ' s ▁national ▁governing ▁body . ▁ ▁The ▁national ▁feder ation ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Asian ▁Body building ▁and ▁Phys ique ▁Sports ▁Federation . ▁ ▁The ▁president ▁is ▁H la ▁My int ▁S we , ▁an ▁artist ▁who ▁dis lik es ▁the ▁sport ▁of ▁body building . ▁ ▁The ▁national ▁training ▁center ▁is ▁the ▁Yang on ▁City ▁Development ▁Committee ▁Sports ▁Centre . ▁ ▁Re ferences <0x0A> </s> ▁Daniel a ▁Esc ob ar ▁Duncan ▁( born ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁in ▁São ▁Bor ja ) ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁actress ▁and ▁television ▁present er . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Daniel a ▁Esc ob ar ▁Duncan ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁São ▁Bor ja , ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁do ▁Sul . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ten , ▁she ▁moved ▁with ▁her ▁family ▁to ▁Port o ▁A leg re . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁sixteen , ▁she ▁began ▁to ▁attend ▁Social ▁Commun ication ▁( Ad vert ising ▁and ▁Prop ag anda ) ▁at ▁P U CR S . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ninete en ▁she ▁chose ▁Rio ▁de ▁Jane iro ▁as ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁she ▁really ▁wanted ▁to ▁live . ▁Finally ▁she ▁changed ▁Ad vert ising ▁for ▁classes ▁of ▁theater , ▁song ▁and ▁dance . ▁
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▁Career ▁▁ ▁In ▁film , ▁she ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁Di ário ▁de ▁um ▁Nov o ▁M undo . ▁Daniel a ▁Esc ob ar ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁actress es ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁generation . ▁Her ▁most ▁memorable ▁performance ▁remains ▁the ▁one ▁she ▁gave ▁in ▁O ▁Cl one ▁novel ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁where ▁she ▁played ▁a ▁mother ▁who ▁suffered ▁and ▁struggled ▁to ▁reg ain ▁the ▁trust ▁of ▁her ▁daughter , ▁a ▁drug ▁add ict . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁she ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Am érica ▁soap ▁opera . ▁ ▁Very ▁interested ▁not ▁only ▁in ▁acting , ▁but ▁in ▁various ▁aspects ▁of ▁film ▁production , ▁Daniel a ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁study ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁at ▁the ▁prest igious ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁around ▁of ▁Daniel a ▁in ▁North ▁America , ▁as ▁Daniel a ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁before ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁studying ▁theater , ▁at ▁John ▁Stars berg ▁Studios . ▁Back ▁to ▁Brazil ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁she ▁founded ▁ ▁a ▁production ▁company , ▁based ▁in ▁São ▁Paulo , ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁an ▁American ▁friend . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Daniel a ▁Esc ob ar ▁could ▁again ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁theater , ▁along ▁with ▁actor ▁Daniel ▁de ▁Ol ive ira ▁in ▁the ▁controversial ▁drama ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Con tra ▁ 1 ▁- ▁U ma ▁Hist ória ▁do ▁Crime ▁Organ izado
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, ▁a ▁story ▁about ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁criminal ▁organization ▁Comm ando ▁Verm el ho . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁directed ▁by ▁C aco ▁Sou za . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁actress ▁made ▁a ▁came o ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁chapters ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁Ti ▁Ti ▁Ti ▁D agu il ene ▁as ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁Ste f any ' s ▁character , ▁Sophie ▁Charlotte . ▁ ▁She ▁Can ▁currently ▁be ▁seen ▁on ▁TV ▁in ▁the ▁novel ▁ 1 8 h , ▁A ▁V ida ▁da ▁G ente , ▁where ▁she ▁plays ▁Suz ana , ▁foster ▁mother ▁of ▁the ▁character ▁Alice , ▁played ▁by ▁actress ▁St he f any ▁Brit o . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁will ▁novel ▁Flor ▁do ▁Car ibe , ▁playing ▁the ▁bi ologist ▁Nat ál ia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Daniel a ▁signs ▁with ▁Record TV ▁to ▁play ▁ Â ng ela ▁in ▁the ▁Ap ocal ip se . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁▁ ▁She ▁married ▁the ▁director ▁Jay me ▁Mon j ard im ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁his ▁only ▁son , ▁André ▁Mat ar azzo . ▁Sep ar ated ▁from ▁her ▁husband ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁She ▁rem ar ried ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁business man ▁Marcel o ▁Wo ell ner . ▁The ▁marriage ▁ended ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category :
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1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁t elen ov ela ▁actress es ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁film ▁actress es ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁stage ▁actress es ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁people ▁of ▁Spanish ▁descent ▁Category : P ont if ical ▁Catholic ▁University ▁of ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁do ▁Sul ▁al umn i ▁Category : B raz il ian ▁people ▁of ▁Scottish ▁descent ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Rio ▁Grande ▁do ▁Sul <0x0A> </s> ▁Qu etz al ▁is ▁a ▁standard ised ▁file ▁format ▁for ▁the ▁saved ▁state ▁of ▁Z - machine ▁games , ▁invented ▁by ▁Martin ▁Fro st . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁Qu etz al , ▁each ▁Z - machine ▁inter preter ▁saved ▁games ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁format ; ▁Qu etz al ▁enabled ▁players ▁to ▁save ▁a ▁game ▁using ▁one ▁inter preter ▁and ▁restore ▁it ▁with ▁another . ▁Use ▁of ▁the ▁format ▁is ▁strongly ▁recommended ▁in ▁Graham ▁Nelson ' s ▁Z - machine ▁standards ▁document , ▁but ▁not ▁oblig atory . ▁Most ▁modern ▁Z - machine ▁inter pre ters ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁save ▁Qu etz al ▁files . ▁ ▁The ▁files ▁are ▁I FF ▁files ▁with ▁a ▁FOR M ▁of ▁" IF Z S " ▁( pres um ably ▁standing ▁for ▁" Inter active ▁F iction ▁Z - machine ▁Save "), ▁although ▁the ▁saved ▁files ▁are ▁commonly ▁given ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁". s av ": ▁less ▁commonly ▁sight
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ed ▁are ▁" qu z " ▁and ▁" q tz ". ▁Despite ▁the ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁Z - machine ▁in ▁the ▁FOR M ▁code , ▁the ▁format ▁has ▁proved ▁flexible ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁adapted ▁for ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁alternative ▁architecture , ▁Gl ul x . ▁ ▁The ▁magic - number ▁reading ▁of ▁the ▁files ▁are ▁often ▁shown ▁as : ▁ ▁' I FF ▁data , ▁Z - machine ▁or ▁Gl ul x ▁saved ▁game ▁file ▁( Qu etz al )' ▁ ▁A ▁back ron ym ▁for ▁the ▁format ▁is ▁" Qu etz al ▁Un ifies ▁Eff icient ly ▁The ▁Z - Machine ▁Arch ive ▁Language ". ▁ ▁Version ▁ 1 . 3 b , ▁which ▁was ▁widely ▁available , ▁contained ▁a ▁bug ▁later ▁corrected ▁in ▁version ▁ 1 . 4 : ▁after ▁a ▁save ▁instruction , ▁the ▁Z - machine ▁requires ▁that ▁a ▁success ▁code ▁is ▁saved ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁place ▁( which ▁diff ers ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁version ). ▁Vers ions ▁of ▁the ▁Qu etz al ▁standard ▁before ▁ 1 . 4 ▁have ▁reference ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁instruction ▁after ▁the ▁save , ▁which ▁complic ates ▁finding ▁the ▁correct ▁place ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁success ▁code . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Version ▁ 1 . 4 ▁of ▁the ▁spec ification ▁ ▁Qu etz al ▁as ▁applied ▁to ▁Gl ul x ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁file ▁formats <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Crime ▁at ▁Bl oss oms ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁British ▁crime ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Mac lean ▁Rogers ▁and ▁star ring
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▁Hugh ▁W ake field ▁and ▁Joy ce ▁B land . ▁It ▁was ▁rem ade ▁by ▁Rogers ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁as ▁Dark ▁Secret . ▁ ▁After ▁moving ▁into ▁a ▁pictures que ▁country ▁cottage , ▁a ▁woman ▁becomes ▁increasingly ▁concerned ▁about ▁the ▁fate ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁owner ▁who ▁she ▁believes ▁was ▁murdered . ▁The ▁film ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁M ord a unt ▁Sh air p . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Hugh ▁W ake field ▁... ▁ ▁Chris ▁Mer ry man ▁ ▁Joy ce ▁B land ▁... ▁ ▁Val erie ▁Mer ry man ▁ ▁E ile en ▁Mun ro ▁... ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁Wood man ▁ ▁I vor ▁Barn ard ▁... ▁ ▁A ▁late ▁visitor ▁ ▁Frederick ▁Lloyd ▁... ▁ ▁George ▁Mer ry man ▁ ▁I ris ▁Baker ▁... ▁ ▁L ena ▁Den ny ▁ ▁Arthur ▁Str att on ▁... ▁ ▁Mr . ▁Wood man ▁ ▁M aud ▁Gill ▁... ▁ ▁Mrs . ▁Mer ry man ▁ ▁W ally ▁P atch ▁... ▁ ▁Pal mer ▁ ▁Barbara ▁Gott ▁... ▁ ▁Fat ▁Lady ▁ ▁Moore ▁Mar ri ott ▁... ▁ ▁Driver ▁ ▁George ▁R id g well ▁... ▁ ▁Process - Server ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁TV ▁Guide ▁called ▁it ▁an ▁" Okay ▁crime ▁melod r ama ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 3 ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 s ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Mac lean ▁Rogers ▁Category : B rit
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ish ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁and ▁Domin ions ▁Studios ▁films ▁Category : B rit ish ▁crime ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : M el od ram as <0x0A> </s> ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁dark ▁chocolate ▁en ro bed ▁p ep perm int ▁con fection ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁currently ▁produced ▁by ▁The ▁H ers he y ▁Company . ▁ ▁The ▁con fection ery ▁features ▁strongly ▁contrast ing ▁flav ors , ▁with ▁a ▁particularly ▁bitter ▁dark ▁chocolate ▁surrounding ▁a ▁sug ary ▁center ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁p ep perm int ▁flavor . ▁ ▁Although ▁chocolate - covered ▁p ep perm int s ▁already ▁existed ▁before ▁the ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁came ▁on ▁the ▁market , ▁the ▁York ▁differ ed ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁more ▁firm ▁and ▁cris p , ▁while ▁the ▁competition ▁was ▁so fter ▁and ▁go o ier . ▁A ▁former ▁employee ▁and ▁York ▁resident ▁Phil ▁K oll in ▁remembered ▁the ▁final ▁test ▁that ▁sample ▁p att ies ▁went ▁through ▁before ▁leaving ▁the ▁factory : ▁" It ▁was ▁a ▁snap ▁test . ▁If ▁the ▁candy ▁didn ' t ▁break ▁clean ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁second ." ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁was ▁first ▁produced ▁in ▁York , ▁Pennsylvania ▁by ▁Henry ▁K ess ler ▁at ▁his ▁York ▁C one ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁the ▁Nort he astern ▁United ▁States ,
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▁Ohio , ▁Indiana , ▁Illinois , ▁and ▁Florida . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁the ▁York ▁C one ▁Company ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Peter ▁Paul , ▁who ▁then ▁launched ▁the ▁con fection ery ▁nation ally ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Peter ▁Paul ▁launched ▁a ▁memorable ▁advertising ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁candy ▁with ▁the ▁tag line ▁" Get ▁the ▁S ens ation " ▁which ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁into ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁Peter ▁Paul ▁merged ▁with ▁Cad bury . ▁York ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁H ers he y ▁Food s ▁Corporation ▁when ▁it ▁acquired ▁the ▁US ▁operations ▁of ▁Cad bury ▁Schwe pp es ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁moved ▁from ▁Reading , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁to ▁Mexico . ▁ ▁Vari ations ▁ ▁Sugar ▁Free ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies – ▁a ▁sugar - free ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁traditional ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie . ▁ ▁Ch ocolate ▁Tru ff le ▁M int – ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁which ▁had ▁a ▁brown ▁filling . ▁ ▁Limited ▁Edition ▁Pink ▁P att ie – ▁introduced ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁with ▁pink ▁filling . ▁Sale ▁proceed s ▁are ▁don ated ▁to ▁breast ▁cancer ▁research ▁through ▁the
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▁Young ▁Sur v ival ▁Coal ition . ▁ ▁York ▁M int s – ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁a ▁tin ▁filled ▁with ▁bite - sized ▁mint s ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁mint ▁shell , ▁chocolate ▁on ▁the ▁inside , ▁and ▁more ▁mint ▁on ▁the ▁inside . ▁ ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁B ites – ▁Int rodu ced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁B ite ▁s ized , ▁round ▁shaped ▁candy . ▁Int rodu ced ▁with ▁other ▁H ers he y ▁flav ors . ▁ ▁P ep perm int ▁Batt ies – ▁Bat - shaped ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies ▁made ▁each ▁year ▁around ▁Halloween . ▁Re pl aced ▁with ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies ▁P ump kins ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies ▁P ump kins – ▁introduced ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁for ▁Halloween . ▁P ump kin - shaped ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies ▁with ▁orange ▁filling . ▁ ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies ▁Mini ature ▁He arts ▁Heart ▁Box – ▁introduced ▁for ▁Valentine ' s ▁Day . ▁Heart - shaped ▁p att ies ▁in ▁a ▁heart - shaped ▁box . ▁ ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁Snow fl akes – ▁for ▁Christmas , ▁snow fl ake - shaped ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ies . ▁ ▁E gg - Sh aped ▁P att ies – ▁for
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▁Easter . ▁York ▁Ch ocolate ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁Easter ▁Bun ny ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁K end al ▁M int ▁C ake ▁ ▁York ▁( expl orer ) ▁ ▁Pear son ' s ▁M int ▁P att ies ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁York ▁P ep perm int ▁P att ie ▁web ▁site ▁ ▁Category : The ▁H ers he y ▁Company ▁brands ▁Category : Ch ocolate ▁bars ▁Category : Y ork , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Product s ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Category : C andy ▁Category : K os her ▁food <0x0A> </s> ▁Great ▁Bass es ▁Re ef ▁L ighth ouse ▁is ▁an ▁off shore ▁l ighth ouse ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁operated ▁and ▁maintained ▁by ▁the ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Port s ▁Authority . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁a ▁re ef ▁ 1 3 km ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Y ala ▁National ▁Park , ▁near ▁Little ▁Bass es ▁Re ef ▁L ighth ouse . ▁It ▁is ▁accessible ▁only ▁by ▁boat . ▁The ▁two ▁Bass es ▁l ighth ouses , ▁' Great ' ▁and ▁' L ittle ', ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁off shore ▁l ighth ouses ▁of ▁Asia . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁necessity ▁of ▁a ▁l ighth ouse ▁was ▁acknowledged ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁a ▁design ▁of ▁an ▁iron ▁tower ▁on ▁a ▁gran ite ▁base ▁was ▁suggested ▁and ▁costs ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁in cur red ▁with ▁no ▁results . ▁ ▁A
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▁new ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁l ighth ouse ▁by ▁Alexander ▁Gordon ▁and ▁Sir ▁James ▁Nicholas ▁Dou glass ▁was ▁put ▁forward ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 7 ▁and ▁approved . ▁The ▁executive ▁engineer ▁in ▁charge ▁was ▁William ▁Dou glass , ▁brother ▁of ▁James . ▁Two ▁steam ▁vessels ▁were ▁used , ▁each ▁capable ▁of ▁carrying ▁ 1 2 0 ▁ton nes ▁of ▁stone ▁and ▁each ▁equipped ▁with ▁lifting ▁gear , ▁as ▁each ▁block ▁weigh s ▁ 2 ▁to ▁ 3 ▁tons . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁stone ▁was ▁laid ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 0 , ▁the ▁last ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁and ▁the ▁light ▁was ▁lit ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁The ▁cost ▁had ▁been ▁£ 6 3 , 0 0 0 , ▁of ▁which ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁had ▁been ▁expend ed ▁to ▁no ▁effect ▁before ▁Tr inity ▁House ▁and ▁William ▁Dou glass ▁were ▁involved . ▁ ▁It ▁with stood ▁the ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁ts un ami ▁with ▁only ▁modest ▁damage ; ▁it ▁was ▁rep aired ▁with ▁assistance ▁from ▁the ▁UK ▁l ighth ouse ▁authorities ▁Tr inity ▁House ▁and ▁The ▁Northern ▁L ighth ouse ▁Board . ▁ ▁The ▁re ef ▁is ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Bass es ▁wreck , ▁an ▁early ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁wreck ▁of ▁an ▁Indian ▁ship , ▁carrying ▁a ▁treasure ▁of ▁silver ▁ru pe es , ▁that ▁Arthur ▁C . ▁Clar ke ▁and ▁Mike ▁Wilson ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 .
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▁ ▁L ens ▁Great ▁Bass es ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁limited ▁number ▁of ▁l ighth ouses ▁that ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁house ▁the ▁large ▁Hy per rad iant ▁F res nel ▁l enses ▁that ▁became ▁available ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁Four ▁of ▁these ▁l enses ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁lights , ▁all ▁made ▁by ▁Ch ance ▁Brothers ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁l ighth ouses ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁Port s ▁Authority ▁▁ ▁L ighth ouses ▁of ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Category : L ighth ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁Category : L ighth ouses ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka <0x0A> </s> ▁Taiwan , ▁formally ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁( RO C ), ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁in ▁East ▁Asia ▁now ▁primarily ▁located ▁on ▁Taiwan ▁Island ▁( Form osa ). ▁The ▁state ▁is ▁also ▁often ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" Ch inese ▁Tai pe i " ▁in ▁international ▁events , ▁due ▁to ▁pressure ▁from ▁China ▁( form ally ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ). ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁or ▁Taiwan fu ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁( city ) ▁or ▁Taiwan fu , ▁a ▁former ▁name ▁of ▁T ain an , ▁a ▁major ▁city ▁in ▁south western ▁Taiwan ▁Island ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁P ref ect ure ▁or ▁Taiwan fu , ▁a ▁pre fect ure ▁of ▁the ▁Q ing ▁D yn asty ▁between ▁ 1 6 8 4
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▁and ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁present - day ▁T ain an ▁ ▁Taiwan fu ▁River , ▁a ▁former ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Z eng wen , ▁T ain an ' s ▁major ▁river ▁ ▁Historical ▁states ▁or ▁territor ies ▁primarily ▁based ▁on ▁Taiwan ▁Island : ▁ ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁T ung ning , ▁a ▁Southern ▁M ing ▁strong hold ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Q ing ▁D yn asty ▁ ▁Spanish ▁Form osa , ▁Spanish ▁colon ies ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁ ▁Dutch ▁Form osa , ▁a ▁Dutch ▁colony ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁present - day ▁T ain an ▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁Taiwan , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Form osa , ▁a ▁state ▁that ▁briefly ▁existed ▁in ▁Taiwan ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁Area , ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Free ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁RO C ▁not ▁lost ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁Commun ists ▁ ▁Var ious ▁present - day ▁design ations ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁as ▁Chinese ▁territory : ▁ ▁the ▁area ▁covered ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ' ▁Taiwan ▁Rel ations ▁Act ▁( the ▁island ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁the ▁Pen gh u ▁arch ip el ago , ▁but ▁not ▁the ▁outer ▁islands ) ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁Province , ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁a ▁nom inal ▁administrative ▁division ▁covering ▁much ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁and ▁the ▁Pen gh u ▁Islands ▁ ▁" T ai wan ▁Province , ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ", ▁a ▁political ▁design ation ▁reflect ing ▁that ▁state ' s ▁claim
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▁of ▁sovere ig nt y ▁ ▁" T ai wan , ▁China ", ▁a ▁controversial ▁term ▁often ▁encouraged ▁by ▁China ▁to ▁present ▁Taiwan ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁territor ies . ▁ ▁Tai ▁W an ▁(" big ▁bay ") ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁several ▁places ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁including : ▁ ▁Tai ▁W an , ▁Hung ▁Hom , ▁an ▁area ▁in ▁K ow lo on , ▁which ▁includes ▁Tai ▁W an ▁Road ▁ ▁Tai ▁W an , ▁a ▁beach ▁at ▁Tai ▁Long ▁W an , ▁S ai ▁K ung ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Terr itories ▁ ▁Tai ▁W an , ▁a ▁bay ▁and ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Po ▁To i ▁ ▁Other ▁▁▁ 2 1 6 9 ▁Taiwan , ▁a ▁main - b elt ▁aster oid ▁ ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 - 2 : T W , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁ISO ▁ 3 1 6 6 ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁Jones , ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁ ▁Taiwan ▁Jones ▁( line back er ), ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁line back er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁China ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁RO C ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁Republic ▁of ▁Taiwan ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Bo z kov ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁municip ality ▁in ▁Sem ily ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Lib ere c ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁The ▁largest ▁tourist ▁draw ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁are ▁dol om ite ▁ca ver ns ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁village . ▁ ▁Category : V ill
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ages ▁in ▁Sem ily ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Walter ▁William ▁By gr aves ▁ ▁( 1 6 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ), ▁best ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁stage ▁name ▁Max ▁By gr aves , ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁comed ian , ▁singer , ▁actor ▁and ▁variety ▁perform er . ▁He ▁appeared ▁on ▁his ▁own ▁television ▁shows , ▁sometimes ▁performing ▁comedy ▁sk et ches ▁between ▁songs . ▁He ▁made ▁twenty ▁Royal ▁Var iety ▁Performance ▁appearances ▁and ▁presented ▁numerous ▁program mes , ▁including ▁Family ▁Fort unes . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁By gr aves ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁Henry ▁and ▁L ill ian ▁( née ▁Mc Don nell ) ▁By gr aves ▁( who ▁wed ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁in ▁R other hit he ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁poverty ▁in ▁a ▁two - room ▁council ▁flat ▁with ▁his ▁five ▁siblings , ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁a ▁grand parent . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁fly weight ▁box er , ▁known ▁as ▁Batt ling ▁Tom ▁Smith , ▁and ▁a ▁casual ▁dock worker . ▁B rought ▁up ▁Catholic , ▁he ▁attended ▁St ▁Joseph ' s ▁School , ▁Parad ise ▁Street , ▁R other hit he , ▁and ▁sang ▁with ▁his ▁school ▁cho ir ▁at ▁West min ster ▁Cat hedral . ▁ ▁He ▁left ▁school ▁at ▁ 1 4 , ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Hotel ▁in ▁London ▁as ▁a ▁page boy , ▁but ▁was ▁s acked ▁for ▁being ▁too ▁tall . ▁He ▁later ▁
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▁put ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁success ▁as ▁a ▁variety ▁perform er ▁down ▁to ▁his ▁l ank y ▁phys ique . ▁He ▁was ▁ 6 ft ▁ 3 in ▁( 1 . 9 1 m ) ▁tall , ▁but ▁we ighed ▁only ▁ 1 3 ▁stone ▁( 8 3 kg ) ▁in ▁adult ▁life . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁became ▁a ▁mess enger ▁for ▁W ▁S ▁Craw f ords , ▁an ▁advertising ▁agency ▁at ▁ 2 3 3 ▁High ▁Hol born ▁before ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁fit ter ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁car p enter . ▁He ▁changed ▁his ▁name ▁to ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁comed ian ▁Max ▁Miller . ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁By gr aves ▁worked ▁on ▁building ▁sites , ▁while ▁entertaining ▁in ▁pub s ▁in ▁the ▁even ings . ▁ ▁He ▁tou red ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁show ▁with ▁Frank ie ▁H ower d , ▁who ▁in ▁turn ▁introduced ▁him ▁to ▁Eric ▁Sy kes , ▁and ▁they ▁began ▁writing ▁rout ines ▁together . ▁▁ ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁P all ad ium ▁supporting ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁Jud y ▁Gar land ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁perform ▁in ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁With ▁Sy kes , ▁he ▁also ▁developed ▁the ▁radio ▁show ▁Educ ating ▁Ar chie , ▁star ring ▁vent ril o qu ist ▁Peter ▁B rough ▁and ▁his ▁dummy ▁Ar chie
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▁Andrew s , ▁and ▁also ▁featuring ▁By gr aves ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Ar chie ' s ▁teacher . ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁for ▁the ▁programme ▁came ▁from ▁record ▁producer ▁W ally ▁R id ley , ▁who ▁also ▁produced ▁By gr aves ' ▁records ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁▁▁ ▁By gr aves ▁became ▁a ▁successful ▁recording ▁artist ▁with ▁seven ▁top ▁ten ▁hits ▁on ▁the ▁UK ▁Singles ▁Chart ▁between ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁▁ ▁Many ▁were ▁novel ty ▁songs . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁popular ▁record ng s , ▁" You ▁Need ▁H ands " ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁By gr aves ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Roy ▁Ir win ▁( or ▁Er win ), ▁a ▁name ▁picked ▁at ▁random ▁from ▁a ▁telephone ▁directory . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁wrote ▁its ▁follow - up , ▁" G otta ▁Have ▁Rain ". ▁▁ ▁His ▁producer ▁W ally ▁R id ley ▁said ▁of ▁By gr aves : ▁" Max ' s ▁great ▁talent ▁was ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁punch ▁lines , ▁which ▁was ▁absolutely ▁great ▁for ▁us . ▁We ' d ▁give ▁him ▁songs ▁with ▁very ▁short ▁lines ▁and ▁he ' d ▁punch ▁them ▁out ▁mar v ell ously . ▁Give ▁him ▁a ▁long ▁line ▁and ▁he ▁would ▁st umble ▁over ▁it , ▁although ▁I ▁just ▁fl ipped ▁when ▁I ▁was ▁given ▁' G illy ▁G illy ▁O ss en fe ff er ▁Kat zen ellen ▁B ogen ▁By ▁The
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▁Sea '. ▁I ▁thought , ▁' F ab ulous , ▁fab ulous , ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁major ▁hit ▁for ▁us .' ▁I ▁took ▁it ▁to ▁Max ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Bl oss om , ▁said , ▁' That ' s ▁no ▁good , ▁what ▁does ▁it ▁mean ?' ... ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁absolutely ▁perfect ▁for ▁Max ▁and ▁its ▁whole ▁secret ▁was ▁' What ▁the ▁hell ▁does ▁it ▁mean ?" ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁occasionally ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁actor , ▁appearing ▁in ▁British ▁films ▁including ▁B less ▁' Em ▁All ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁and ▁Tom ▁Brown ' s ▁Sch o old ays ▁( 1 9 5 1 ). ▁ ▁He ▁port rayed ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁film ▁Char ley ▁Moon ▁and ▁star red ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁drama ▁Sp are ▁the ▁Rod . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁By gr aves ▁bought ▁the ▁past ▁and ▁future ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁Lion el ▁Bart ▁musical ▁Oliver ! ▁for ▁£ 3 5 0 ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁Bart ▁was ▁experiencing ▁severe ▁financial ▁difficulties . ▁By gr aves ▁later ▁sold ▁them ▁for ▁£ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁By gr aves ▁appeared ▁as ▁a ▁guest ▁on ▁several ▁television ▁variety ▁program mes , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁and ▁United ▁States . ▁These ▁included ▁Ed ▁Sull ivan , ▁Jack ▁Ben ny ▁and ▁Jackie ▁Gle ason ,
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▁in ▁America . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁This ▁Is ▁Your ▁Life ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁surprised ▁by ▁E amon n ▁Andrew s ▁while ▁rehe ars ing ▁his ▁new ▁show , ▁Do ▁Re ▁Mi ▁at ▁London ’ s ▁Prince ▁of ▁Wales ▁Theatre . ▁▁ ▁He ▁appeared ▁in ▁several ▁TV ▁series ▁including ▁the ▁sit com ▁Ro amin ' ▁Hol iday ▁and ▁the ▁variety ▁shows ▁Max ▁and ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ty . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁By gr aves ▁hosted ▁Family ▁Fort unes , ▁taking ▁over ▁from ▁his ▁friend ▁and ▁fellow ▁comed ian ▁Bob ▁Mon k house . ▁He ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁succeeded ▁as ▁host ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁by ▁Les ▁Dennis . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 7 2 , ▁By gr aves ▁recorded ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁albums , ▁Sing ▁Along ▁With ▁Max ▁( l ater ▁Sing al ong am ax ), ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁sang ▁med le ys ▁of ▁familiar ▁songs ▁aimed ▁at ▁an ▁older ▁audience . ▁ ▁The ▁albums , ▁for ▁Py e ▁Records , ▁sold ▁millions ▁of ▁copies ▁and ▁led ▁to ▁spin off ▁shows ▁and ▁more ▁record ings . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 7 , ▁UK ▁publishing ▁house ▁W . ▁H . ▁Allen ▁published ▁By gr aves ' ▁comic ▁novel ▁The ▁Mil k man ' s ▁on ▁His ▁Way . ▁ ▁By gr aves ' ▁catch phrase ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be : ▁" I ▁wanna ▁tell ▁you
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▁a ▁story ". ▁It ▁was ▁actually ▁Mike ▁Y ar wood ▁who ▁made ▁up ▁that ▁phrase , ▁from ▁By gr aves ' ▁" I ▁want ▁to ▁tell ▁you ▁a ▁joke ", ▁though ▁By gr aves ▁adopted ▁Y ar wood ' s ▁version ▁as ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁mem oirs . ▁▁ ▁Another ▁well - known ▁phrase ▁of ▁his ▁was ▁" That ' s ▁a ▁good ▁idea , ▁son ! ". ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁an ▁Officer ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁( O BE ). ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁By gr aves ▁married ▁W AA F ▁ser ge ant ▁Glad ys ▁" Bl oss om " ▁Murray ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁Christ ine , ▁Anthony ▁and ▁Max ine . ▁By gr aves ▁also ▁had ▁three ▁other ▁children ▁from ▁extr amar ital ▁affairs : ▁John ▁Rice , ▁Bever ly ▁May hew - S ass ▁and ▁Stephen ▁Rose . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁By gr aves ▁became ▁stuck ▁on ▁a ▁cl iff ▁near ▁his ▁house ▁in ▁West bourne , ▁Bour nem outh , ▁when ▁a ▁k ite ▁fl own ▁by ▁his ▁grand son ▁Michael ▁became ▁trapped ▁beneath ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁cl iff . ▁He ▁suffered ▁fr iction ▁burn s ▁on ▁his ▁hands ▁and ▁was ▁in ▁shock ▁when ▁police ▁and ▁fire fig h ters ▁helped ▁him ▁to ▁safety . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁By gr
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aves ▁under w ent ▁treatment ▁for ▁an ▁ear ▁disorder , ▁having ▁cancelled ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁performances ▁on ▁his ▁doctor ' s ▁advice . ▁ ▁He ▁and ▁Bl oss om ▁By gr aves ▁moved ▁from ▁Bour nem outh ▁to ▁Queensland , ▁Australia , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁She ▁died ▁there ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁aged ▁ 8 8 . ▁ ▁Death ▁By gr aves ▁was ▁diagnosed ▁with ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁he ▁died ▁from ▁this ▁illness ▁at ▁his ▁daughter ' s ▁home ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Television ▁Wh ack - O ! ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁Jack ▁Me ets ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁The ▁Jack ▁Ben ny ▁Program ▁Season ▁ 1 3 ▁- ▁Episode ▁ 1 3 ▁The ▁Royal ▁Var iety ▁Performance ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁The ▁Jack ▁Ben ny ▁Program ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 3 ) ▁It ' s ▁Sad ▁About ▁Eddie ▁( 1 9 6 4 ) ▁Max ▁( 1 9 6 9 – 7 4 ) ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁S ays ▁" I ▁W anna ▁Tell ▁You ▁a ▁Story " ▁( 1 9 7 6 – 7 7 ) ▁Sing al ong am ax ▁( 1 9 7 8 – 8 0 ) ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁- ▁Side ▁by ▁Side ▁( 1 9 8 2 ) ▁Family ▁Fort
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unes ▁( 1 9 8 3 – 8 5 ) ▁The ▁Mind ▁of ▁David ▁Ber glas ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁Call ▁Up ▁the ▁Stars ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁Against ▁the ▁O dd s ▁R AF ▁Document ary ▁( 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Partial ▁film ography ▁ ▁B less ▁' Em ▁All ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁N it w its ▁on ▁Par ade ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Sk im py ▁in ▁the ▁Navy ▁( 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Tom ▁Brown ' s ▁Sch o old ays ▁( 1 9 5 1 ) ▁ ▁Char ley ▁Moon ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Cry ▁from ▁the ▁Stre ets ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Bob b ik ins ▁( 1 9 5 9 ) ▁ ▁Sp are ▁the ▁Rod ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Alf ▁G arn ett ▁S aga ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ ▁The ▁J igs aw ▁Man ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁Un cred ited ▁came o ▁appearance ; ▁( pol ic eman ) ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Chart ▁singles ▁ ▁Albums ▁ ▁Sing ▁Along ▁with ▁Max ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁No . ▁ 4 ▁ ▁Sing ▁Along ▁with ▁Max ▁Vol . ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 7 2 ) ▁No . ▁ 1 1 ▁ ▁Sing al ong am ax ▁Vol . ▁ 3 ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁No . ▁ 5 ▁
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▁Sing al ong am ax ▁Vol . ▁ 4 ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁ ▁Sing al ong ap art ys ong ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁No . ▁ 1 5 ▁ ▁You ▁Make ▁Me ▁Feel ▁Like ▁Sing ing ▁a ▁Song ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁No . ▁ 3 9 ▁ ▁Sing al ong ax mas ▁( 1 9 7 4 ) ▁No . ▁ 2 1 ▁▁ 1 0 0 ▁Golden ▁Great s ▁( 1 9 7 6 ) ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁ ▁L ing al ong am ax ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁No . ▁ 3 9 ▁ ▁The ▁Song ▁and ▁Dance ▁Men ▁( 1 9 7 8 ) ▁No . ▁ 6 7 ▁ ▁Sing al ong aw ary ears ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁No . ▁ 5 ▁ ▁Sing al ong aw ary ears ▁Volume ▁ 2 ▁( 1 9 8 9 ) ▁No . ▁ 3 3 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Max ▁By gr aves ' ▁official ▁website ▁- ▁dead ▁link ▁Max ▁By gr aves ▁appearance ▁on ▁This ▁Is ▁Your ▁Life ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁deaths ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁London ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁Al z heimer ' s ▁disease ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁deaths ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : English ▁comedy ▁musicians ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category
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: English ▁game ▁show ▁hosts ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁sing ers ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : Py e ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : Off ic ers ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁Category : Gr and ▁Order ▁of ▁Water ▁R ats ▁members ▁Category : People ▁from ▁D agen ham ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bour nem outh ▁Category : R oyal ▁Air ▁Force ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁London ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁English ▁comed ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁English ▁comed ians ▁Category : B rit ish ▁novel ty ▁song ▁perform ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Mary ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b , ▁M BE ▁( 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁– ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Jama ican ▁teacher , ▁social ▁reform er ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist . ▁ ▁She ▁founded ▁the ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁and ▁don ated ▁a ▁building ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Church ▁in ▁Jama ica ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁land ▁for ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁community ▁center . ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁was ▁a ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁elected ▁council w omen ▁in ▁Jama ica . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁vie ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁when ▁Universal ▁S uff rage ▁was ▁granted ▁to ▁all ▁Jama icans . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Mary ▁Len
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ora ▁Morris ▁" N ora " ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁in ▁Carm el , ▁West more land ▁Par ish , ▁Jama ica . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁Morris ▁began ▁teaching ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁teacher ▁at ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Day ▁School , ▁in ▁the ▁custom ary ▁pup il - te acher ▁system ▁of ▁recruit ment . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁Caribbean ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁most ▁promising ▁primary ▁students , ▁began ▁working ▁as ▁assistant ▁teachers ▁to ▁offset ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁their ▁further ▁education . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁they ▁became ▁full ▁teachers ▁upon ▁passing ▁an ▁examination ▁and ▁in ▁others ▁were ▁ ▁sent ▁after ▁their ▁pup il - te acher ▁contract ual ▁period ▁to ▁normal ▁schools ▁for ▁additional ▁training . ▁Morris , ▁followed ▁the ▁latter ▁path ▁and ▁attended ▁the ▁Short wood ▁Te achers ' ▁College . ▁While ▁attending ▁the ▁college , ▁Morris ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁Al umn i ▁Students ' ▁Association . ▁ ▁Career ▁Between ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁Morris ▁taught ▁at ▁the ▁St . ▁George ▁Girls ' ▁School ▁and ▁then ▁taught ▁for ▁almost ▁two ▁years ▁at ▁the ▁Central ▁Branch ▁School . ▁ ▁She ▁then ▁became ▁the ▁head m ist ress ▁of ▁the ▁Wes ley ▁School , ▁where ▁she ▁remained ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁the ▁now ▁married ▁Morris , ▁opened ▁her ▁own ▁school , ▁the
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▁Mary ▁Morris - K n ib b ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁in ▁King ston , ▁at ▁ 3 ▁H ector ▁Street , ▁Saint ▁Andrew ▁Par ish , ▁which ▁she ▁had ▁inherited ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁previously ▁upon ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Frances ▁Morris . ▁C ater ing ▁to ▁the ▁middle - class , ▁Morris - K n ib b ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁provide ▁an ▁excellent ▁education ▁and ▁stern ▁discipline . ▁Students ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁study ▁ge ography , ▁history , ▁Latin , ▁math , ▁reading , ▁sp elling , ▁and ▁writing , ▁earning ▁the ▁school ▁the ▁reputation ▁as ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁leading ▁prepar atory ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁nation ". ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁or ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁she ▁co - found ed , ▁along ▁with ▁Amy ▁Ba iley , ▁E ul alie ▁Dom ingo ▁and ▁Ed ith ▁Dal ton ▁James , ▁the ▁Jama ica ▁Women ’ s ▁Liberal ▁Club ▁( LC ). ▁The ▁organization ▁was ▁mostly ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁teachers ▁and ▁their ▁goal ▁was ▁to ▁ag itate ▁for ▁women ' s ▁inclusion ▁in ▁government ▁service , ▁including ▁such ▁posts ▁as ▁serving ▁on ▁the ▁school ▁board ▁and ▁civil ▁service . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁were ▁black ▁and ▁middle - class ▁women ▁who ▁wanted ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁women ▁in ▁society ▁on ▁both ▁soc io - econom ic ▁and ▁political ▁levels . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁prote ctions ▁for ▁which ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁advoc ated ▁was ▁marriage . ▁In ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁mor ality ▁concerns , ▁but ▁in
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▁part ▁because ▁common - law ▁arrangements ▁did ▁not ▁protect ▁children ▁ade qu ately , ▁she ▁fav ored ▁even ▁holding ▁mass ▁wed dings ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony ▁would ▁be ▁reduced ▁and ▁participation ▁greater . ▁When ▁black ▁women , ▁like ▁Morris - K n ib b ▁wanted ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁the ▁Child ▁W elfare ▁Association ▁of ▁Jama ica , ▁they ▁were ▁told ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁welcome . ▁The ▁upper class ▁women ▁of ▁the ▁Child ▁W elfare ▁Association ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁black ▁women ▁set ▁up ▁an ▁aux iliary ▁for ▁women ▁of ▁their ▁" sh ade ". ▁In ▁response , ▁Morris - K n ib b ▁joined ▁Amy ▁Ba iley , ▁May ▁Far qu h ars on , ▁Dr . ▁J ai ▁L al ▁Var ma , ▁and ▁Dr . ▁P eng el ley ▁and ▁others ▁in ▁founding ▁the ▁Save ▁the ▁Children ▁Fund ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁fight ▁for ▁Jama ican ▁suff rage ▁and ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁long - p ract iced ▁method ▁for ▁women ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁f ooth old ▁and ▁show ▁their ▁read iness ▁to ▁vote , ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁women ▁running ▁for ▁local ▁offices . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁the ▁L C ▁organized ▁women ▁and ▁ran ▁a ▁campaign ▁with ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁as ▁their ▁candidate ▁for ▁parish ▁council . ▁She ▁won ▁the ▁seat ▁for ▁the ▁King ston / Saint ▁Andrew ▁Par ish ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁council , ▁becoming
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▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁an ▁elected ▁official ▁in ▁Jama ica . ▁Her ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁council ▁focused ▁on ▁education ▁and ▁social ▁services . ▁She ▁advoc ated ▁for ▁creation ▁of ▁after ▁school ▁programs , ▁night ▁schools , ▁and ▁trade ▁education , ▁utilizing ▁existing ▁school ▁and ▁government ▁buildings ▁for ▁the ▁purpose . ▁She ▁don ated ▁property ▁located ▁at ▁ 1 5 ▁By r nes ▁Street ▁to ▁the ▁Lower ▁St . ▁Andrew s ▁Cit izen ' s ▁Association ▁to ▁facilitate ▁creation ▁of ▁a ▁community ▁centre ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁programs ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁the ▁poor ▁and ▁the ▁aged . ▁ ▁When ▁universal ▁franchise ▁was ▁granted ▁to ▁Jama icans ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁immediately ▁opened ▁a ▁campaign ▁to ▁run ▁for ▁a ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁House , ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁contest ▁a ▁general ▁election ▁in ▁Jama ica . ▁Though ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁win , ▁she ▁was ▁und a unted , ▁becoming ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁women ▁sw orn ▁in ▁as ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Peace ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁continuing ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁council woman ▁through ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁hon ored ▁with ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁for ▁her ▁years ▁of ▁social ▁service . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁she ▁continued ▁her ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Church ▁and ▁served ▁several ▁terms ▁as ▁the ▁vice - chair ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁board .
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▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁in ▁Wood ford ▁Park , ▁Saint ▁Andrew ▁Par ish , ▁Jama ica . ▁She ▁don ated ▁the ▁building ▁which ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Church , ▁ 3 ▁H ector ▁Street , ▁King ston , ▁Jama ica , ▁to ▁the ▁organization . ▁Gener ations ▁of ▁students ▁have ▁been ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁Pre par atory ▁School , ▁including ▁many ▁prominent ▁Jama icans . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁rel oc ated , ▁from ▁its ▁original ▁location ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Church , ▁to ▁ 1 ▁Mir af lo res ▁Drive ▁on ▁Mol yn es ▁Road ▁in ▁St . ▁Andrew ▁Par ish , ▁teaching ▁kind erg arten ▁to ▁grade ▁ 6 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mor av ian ▁Church ' s ▁ 2 5 0 th ▁anniversary , ▁the ▁church ▁worked ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁Post al ▁Corporation ▁of ▁Jama ica ▁issue ▁comm emor ative ▁st amps ▁of ▁important ▁leaders ▁in ▁their ▁organization . ▁Morris ▁Kn ib b ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁hon ore es ▁recognized ▁in ▁the ▁comm emor ative ▁stamp ▁series . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁and ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁West more land ▁Par ish ▁Category :
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J ama ican ▁people ▁of ▁African ▁descent ▁Category : J ama ican ▁educ ators ▁Category : S uff rag ists ▁Category : J ama ican ▁women ' s ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : Ind ep end ence ▁activ ists ▁Category : C ivil ▁rights ▁activ ists ▁Category : J ama ican ▁politicians ▁Category : S ocial ▁workers <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁group ▁is ▁a ▁group ing ▁of ▁around ▁ 4 0 ▁centre - right ▁Conservative ▁MP s . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁group ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁Greg ▁Bark er ▁and ▁George ▁Fre eman ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁Parliament ary ▁forum ▁for ▁Conservative ▁MP s ▁from ▁the ▁progressive ▁centre ▁ground . ▁Se eking ▁to ▁draw ▁on ▁the ▁career ▁experiences ▁and ▁insights ▁of ▁newly ▁elected ▁MP s , ▁and ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁longer - term ▁social ▁and ▁economic ▁changes ▁and ▁challenges ▁confront ing ▁the ▁int ake ▁- ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁traditional ▁' sil os ' ▁of ▁White hall ▁port fol ios ▁- ▁the ▁group ▁sought ▁to ▁develop ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁policy ▁' the mes ' ▁and ▁ideas . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁ideas ▁were ▁later ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Conservative ▁Man ifest o . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁mission ▁statement , ▁the ▁group ▁claims ▁that ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁urgent ▁problems ▁facing ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁- ▁the ▁need ▁to ▁" un le ash ▁more ▁enterprise ▁and ▁innovation " ▁across ▁the ▁economy , ▁and ▁to ▁tackle ▁" ent ren ched ▁w
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elf ar ism ▁and ▁social ▁inequality " ▁- ▁are ▁fundament ally ▁linked . ▁ ▁It ▁advoc ates ▁an ▁Enterprise ▁Econom y ▁in ▁partnership ▁with ▁greater ▁Social ▁M ob ility , ▁pra ising ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁technology ▁and ▁enterprise ▁in ▁creating ▁new ▁opportunities ▁to ▁tackle ▁these ▁issues ▁and ▁reject ing ▁" the ▁st ale ▁dog mas ▁of ▁both ▁old ▁left ▁and ▁right ▁in ▁the ▁search ▁for ▁solutions ▁for ▁our ▁generation ". ▁▁ ▁Re - e lected ▁with ▁a ▁Conservative ▁majority ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁group ▁continues ▁to ▁develop ▁themes ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁int ake ▁of ▁Conservative ▁MP s , ▁defining ▁what ▁its ▁calls ▁" a ▁One ▁Nation ▁Conserv at ism ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century ". ▁ ▁The ▁Group ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Michael ▁Cr ick ▁as ▁a ▁" C amer on ▁supporters ▁club " ▁when ▁David ▁Cameron ▁was ▁Prime ▁Minister . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁reported ▁as ▁planning ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁website ▁to ▁challenge ▁Conservative ▁Home . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Party ▁( UK ) ▁Category : Groups ▁of ▁British ▁MP s <0x0A> </s> ▁P eso chn its a ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Ber kov its a ▁Municip ality , ▁Mont ana ▁Province , ▁north - western ▁Bulgar ia . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁P eso chn ica ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁hills ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁a ▁c reek ▁called ▁the ▁P esc ait sa . ▁The ▁sum mers ▁are ▁cool ▁and ▁tr anqu il , ▁the ▁win ters ▁are ▁generally
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▁mild . ▁ ▁The ▁hills ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁are ▁covered ▁with ▁different ▁types ▁of ▁hard wood . ▁ ▁History ▁P eso chn ica ▁has ▁existed ▁since ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁invasion ▁and ▁occupation ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁four teenth ▁century , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁some ▁evidence ▁that ▁its ▁existence ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁Second ▁Bulgar ian ▁Empire ▁( 1 1 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 3 9 6 ). ▁Turkish ▁tax ▁documents ▁from ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁fif teenth ▁century ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁P eso chn ica ▁had ▁been ▁paying ▁taxes ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Mont ana ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁women ' s ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁Spain , ▁for ▁men ' s ▁football ▁clubs , ▁see ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁football ▁clubs ▁in ▁Spain . ▁ ▁By ▁ranking ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁tier ▁ ▁Starting ▁from ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁the ▁Super liga ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 0 2 ▁and ▁last ▁updated ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ▁season . ▁▁ ▁Athlet ic ▁Bil ba o ▁▁ ▁Lev ante ▁U D ▁▁ ▁R CD ▁Esp any ol ▁▁ ▁Ray o ▁Val le c ano ▁▁ ▁FC ▁Barcelona ▁▁ ▁Atl ético ▁Madrid ▁▁ ▁Real ▁Soc iedad ▁▁ ▁CD ▁Transport es ▁Al c aine ▁/ ▁Z ar ago za ▁C FF ▁▁ ▁Sport ing ▁H uel
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va ▁▁ ▁D SV ▁Cole gio ▁A lem án ▁/ ▁Val encia ▁CF ▁▁ ▁AD ▁Tor re j ón ▁▁ ▁C FF ▁P ue bl a ▁/ ▁Ext rem ad ura ▁F CF ▁/ ▁Ext rem ad ura ▁U D ▁▁ ▁O v ied o ▁Modern o ▁/ ▁Real ▁O v ied o ▁▁ ▁CD ▁H í sp alis ▁▁ ▁U D ▁Coll er ense ▁▁ ▁UE ▁L ' E start it ▁▁ ▁CE ▁Sant ▁Gabriel ▁▁ ▁Est ud iant es ▁H uel va ▁▁ ▁CE ▁Sab ad ell ▁▁ ▁Sev illa ▁FC ▁▁ ▁Santa ▁Ter esa ▁CD ▁▁ ▁Atl ético ▁M ál aga ▁/ ▁M ál aga ▁CF ▁▁ ▁U D ▁Gran ad illa ▁▁ ▁CF ▁Poz uel o ▁▁ ▁CD ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁de ▁Bel én ▁▁ ▁SP ▁Com ar ca ▁L lan os ▁de ▁Ol iven za ▁/ ▁C FF ▁Bad aj oz - O l iven za ▁/ ▁CD ▁Bad aj oz ▁▁ ▁Alb ac ete ▁Bal om pi é ▁▁ ▁Lev ante ▁Las ▁Plan as ▁▁ ▁U D ▁Las ▁Pal mas ▁▁ ▁SD ▁Re oc ín ▁▁ ▁O i art z un ▁K E ▁▁ ▁Real ▁Bet is ▁▁ ▁Gran ada ▁CF ▁▁ ▁Real ▁Vall ad olid ▁▁ ▁Pe ña ▁Nu estra ▁Se ñ ora ▁de ▁la ▁Ant igua ▁▁ ▁F V PR ▁El ▁Ol ivo ▁▁ ▁U D ▁T ac u ense ▁▁ ▁SD ▁E ib ar ▁ ▁Al phabet ically ▁▁▁▁ ▁Spain ▁women ▁Football ▁clubs ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁E lector al ▁Commission ▁of
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▁Gh ana ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁body ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁responsible ▁for ▁all ▁public ▁elections . ▁Made ▁up ▁of ▁seven ▁members , ▁its ▁independence ▁is ▁guaranteed ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Gh ana ▁constitution . ▁The ▁current ▁commission ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁E lector al ▁Commission ▁Act ▁( Act ▁ 4 5 1 ) ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁K w ad wo ▁Af ari - G yan ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁substant ive ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Commission ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 1 5 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 5 , 2 0 1 8 ▁the ▁E lector al ▁commission ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Jean ▁A du k wei ▁Mens ah ▁re verted ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁logo ▁E agles ▁with ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁after ▁the ▁controversy ▁over ▁the ▁new ▁logo ▁ ▁Members ▁The ▁Commission ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁seven ▁members . ▁The ▁position ▁of ▁Chairman ▁became ▁vac ant ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁when ▁the ▁President , ▁N ana ▁A ku fo - Add o ▁s acked ▁Charlotte ▁O se i , ▁the ▁first ▁lady ▁to ▁occup y ▁this ▁position ▁in ▁Gh ana . ▁This ▁was ▁apparently ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁a ▁committee ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁Soph ia ▁Ak uff o , ▁the ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁Gh ana . ▁She ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁former ▁President ▁John ▁Mah ama , ▁in ▁consultation ▁with ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁Her ▁two ▁deput ies ▁were ▁ ▁Am adu ▁Sul
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ley ▁and ▁Georg ina ▁Op oku ▁Am ank w ah . ▁Sul ley ▁Am adu ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁John ▁Att a ▁M ills , ▁the ▁then ▁Gh ana ian ▁President ▁following ▁the ▁retirement ▁of ▁David ▁K ang ah ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁in ▁that ▁capacity ▁for ▁ 1 9 ▁years . ▁Georg ina ▁Op oku ▁Am ank w ah ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁President ▁John ▁Mah ama ▁to ▁replace ▁Sar fo - K ant anka ▁who ▁had ▁served ▁for ▁about ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁Deputy ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Commission . ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁other ▁members . ▁Mrs . ▁Paul ina ▁Ad obe a ▁Dad z awa , ▁an ▁administr ator ▁and ▁E b ene zer ▁A gg rey ▁F yn n , ▁a ▁Management ▁Consult ant ▁were ▁appointed ▁by ▁President ▁K uf u or ▁in ▁consultation ▁with ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁Chairman , ▁Charlotte ▁O se i ▁and ▁her ▁two ▁deput ies ▁were ▁s acked ▁by ▁N ana ▁A ku fo - Add o , ▁President ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁following ▁an ▁investigation ▁by ▁a ▁committee ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁Chief ▁Justice , ▁Soph ia ▁Ak uff o , ▁following ▁various ▁alleg ations ▁of ▁fraud ▁and ▁corruption ▁level ed ▁against ▁them . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , the ▁President ▁of ▁Gh ana , ▁N ana ▁Add o ▁D ank wa ▁Ak uff o ▁Add o ▁nominated ▁
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4 ▁EC ▁top ▁officials ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁E lector al ▁Commission er , ▁Jean ▁A du k wei ▁Mens a ▁along ▁with ▁her ▁two ▁new ▁deput ies , ▁Samuel ▁T ette y ▁and ▁Eric ▁B oss man ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁another ▁new ▁member ▁Ad wo a ▁As u ama ▁Ab ref a ▁were ▁all ▁sw orn ▁in ▁by ▁President ▁A ku fo - Add o ▁on ▁ 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁International ▁support ▁ ▁The ▁claim ▁that ▁the ▁commission ▁received ▁a ▁successful ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁elections ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁has ▁made ▁it ▁a ▁focus ▁of ▁African ▁and ▁international ▁election ▁reform ▁organizations . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁a ▁conference ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁analyze ▁this ▁election ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁establish ▁new ▁standards ▁and ▁practices ▁for ▁African ▁election ▁comm issions which ▁was ▁H eld ▁in ▁Acc ra ▁was ▁titled ▁Col lo qu ium ▁on ▁African ▁E lections : ▁Best ▁Pract ices ▁and ▁Cross - S ector ial ▁Coll abor ation . ▁The ▁conference ▁was ▁organized ▁by ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁international ▁election ▁reform ▁organizations ▁including ▁the ▁National ▁Democratic ▁Institute , ▁the ▁Africa ▁Center ▁for ▁Strateg ic ▁Studies , ▁the ▁International ▁Foundation ▁for ▁E lector al ▁Systems , ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁Institute ▁for ▁Mult ipart y ▁Democr acy , ▁the ▁Open ▁Society ▁Init iative ▁for ▁West ▁Africa ▁and ▁U ND P . ▁ ▁Former ▁members ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁three ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁commission ▁retired . ▁They ▁were ▁Elizabeth ▁Sol
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omon , ▁Mrs . ▁Ther esa ▁Cole ▁and ▁Professor ▁Ernest ▁Dum or . ▁Another ▁member , ▁Dr . ▁M ▁. ▁K ▁. P uni , ▁died ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁D ixon ▁Af re h ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Commission ▁who ▁left ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁as ▁a ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Appe al ▁Court ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁were ▁appointed ▁by ▁President ▁K uf u or ▁in ▁consultation ▁with ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁State ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁sw orn ▁in ▁on ▁ 5 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁They ▁are ▁Mrs . ▁Paul ina ▁Ad obe a ▁Dad z awa , ▁an ▁administr ator , ▁N ana ▁Amb a ▁E y i iba ▁I , ▁E f ut u he ma a ▁and ▁Kr ont i he ma a ▁of ▁the ▁O gu aa ▁Trad itional ▁Area ▁and ▁E un ice ▁Ak we ley ▁Roberts , ▁an ▁Education ist ▁and ▁Human ▁Resource ▁Pract ition er . ▁They ▁were ▁all ▁women . ▁E b ene zer ▁A gg rey ▁F yn n , ▁a ▁Management ▁Consult ant ▁was ▁also ▁appointed ▁to ▁the ▁Commission ▁by ▁the ▁President ▁to ▁bring ▁it ▁to ▁its ▁full ▁complement ▁of ▁seven ▁members . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁chair person , ▁Charlotte ▁O se i , ▁and ▁her ▁two ▁deput ies , ▁Am adu ▁Sul ley ▁and ▁Georg ina ▁Op oku
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▁Am ank w ah ▁were ▁removed ▁from ▁office ▁by ▁ ▁President ▁A ku fo - Add o ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁a ▁committee ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁chief ▁justice . ▁ ▁E lections ▁The ▁E lector al ▁Commission ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁established ▁a ▁bi ometric ▁system ▁of ▁registration ▁for ▁the ▁elect oral ▁register ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁presidential ▁and ▁parliament ary ▁elections ▁to ▁prevent ▁double ▁registration ▁and ▁to ▁eliminate ▁ghost ▁names ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁register . In ▁preparation ▁towards ▁the ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁elections , 2 5 7 ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 6 0 ▁offices ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁country ▁were ▁linked ▁on ▁the ▁internet . ▁MT N ▁won ▁the ▁bid ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁internet ▁network ▁and ▁Pers ol ▁Systems , ▁the ▁bid ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁Data ▁Centre . ▁ ▁Pre ced ing ▁Institut ions ▁ ▁The ▁lives ▁of ▁E lector al ▁Comm issions ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Fourth ▁Republic ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁were ▁interrupted ▁due ▁to ▁military ▁cou ps . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁UN IG O V ▁refer end um ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁Justice ▁Isaac ▁K . ▁Abb an ▁was ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Military ▁Council ▁under ▁Ign at ius ▁K ut u ▁A che amp ong . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Justice ▁Joe ▁Kings ley ▁Ny in ah ▁was ▁the ▁E lector al ▁Commission er ▁during ▁the ▁general ▁election . ▁For ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁presidential ▁election ▁and ▁parliament ary ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ,
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▁the ▁E lector al ▁Commission er ▁was ▁Justice ▁Jos iah ▁O for i ▁Bo at eng . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁E lections ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁List ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁Parliament ▁constitu encies ▁List ▁of ▁political ▁parties ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : E lections ▁in ▁Gh ana ▁Category : Pol it ics ▁of ▁Gh ana ▁Gh ana ▁Category : Organ izations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Gh ana <0x0A> </s> ▁Strateg ic ▁Sed uction ▁is ▁a ▁romance ▁novel ▁by ▁Cher is ▁H od ges , ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁by ▁K ens ington ▁Books . ▁ ▁The ▁book ▁received ▁a ▁generally ▁positive ▁reception , ▁receiving ▁reviews ▁from ▁publications ▁including ▁Kirk us ▁Reviews , ▁Publish ers ▁Week ly , ▁and ▁Book ish . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁American ▁novels ▁Category : Rom ance ▁novels <0x0A> </s> ▁K ron o Scope ▁is ▁a ▁peer - review ed ▁academic ▁journal ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁inter dis cipl inary ▁study ▁of ▁time , ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁human ities ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁sciences . ▁It ▁is ▁published ▁b ian n ually ▁under ▁the ▁im print ▁of ▁Br ill ▁Publish ers ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Society ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁Time . ▁It ▁is ▁index ed ▁in ▁Soci ological ▁Abstract s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Jul ius ▁Thomas ▁Fr aser ▁ ▁T empor ality ▁ ▁Time ▁ ▁Re ferences
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▁▁ ▁Category : Time ▁Category : S oci ology ▁jour nals ▁Category : Br ill ▁Publish ers ▁academic ▁jour nals <0x0A> </s> ▁D oco 2 ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁ 7 ème ▁section ▁of ▁Arc aha ie ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Arc aha ie ▁Arr ond issement , ▁in ▁the ▁[[ O uest ▁( de part ment )| ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Arc aha ie , ▁for ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁other ▁settlement s ▁in ▁the ▁commune . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁H ait i ▁Category : O uest ▁( de part ment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Ernst ▁von ▁Wol z ogen ▁( 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁– ▁ 3 0 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁cultural ▁critic , ▁a ▁writer ▁and ▁a ▁founder ▁of ▁Cab aret ▁in ▁Germany . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Wol z ogen ▁came ▁from ▁a ▁noble ▁Aust rian ▁family ; ▁he ▁studied ▁Liter ature , ▁Philosoph y , ▁and ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁art ▁in ▁Str as bourg ▁and ▁Leip zig . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁he ▁went ▁to ▁Berlin ▁where ▁he ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁editor ▁at ▁a ▁publishing ▁house ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁writer . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁where ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁Fre ie ▁Liter ar ische ▁Ges ellschaft , ▁a ▁literary ▁society . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁he ▁returned ▁in ▁Berlin ▁where ▁he
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▁established ▁the ▁Cab aret ▁Über bre tt l , ▁a ▁play ▁on ▁N iet z sche ' s ▁term ▁Über m ensch . ▁He ▁wrote ▁social ▁sat ires ▁for ▁Über bre tt l . ▁After ▁its ▁closure ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁D arm stadt . ▁ ▁Wol z ogen ▁produced ▁a ▁great ▁many ▁works ▁of ▁hum orous ▁fiction . ▁Some ▁of ▁his ▁works ▁include ▁Die ▁Kinder ▁der ▁Ex z ell enz ▁( 1 8 8 8 ); ▁Das ▁L ump eng es ind el ▁( 1 8 9 2 ); ▁Ein ▁un b esch rieben es ▁Bl att ▁( 1 8 9 6 ); ▁Der ▁K raft - May r , ▁ 2 ▁vol s .( 1 8 9 7 ); ▁Das ▁d rit te ▁Gesch le cht , ▁ 2 ▁vol s . ▁( 1 8 9 9 ). ▁Although ▁primarily ▁a ▁humor ist , ▁he ▁also ▁wrote ▁on ▁serious ▁topics . ▁Works ▁such ▁as ▁F ah nen fl ucht ▁( 1 8 9 4 ), ▁Das ▁W under b are ▁( 1 8 9 8 ), ▁and ▁Die ▁ar me ▁Sü nder in ▁( 1 9 0 1 ) ▁are ▁examples ▁of ▁his ▁more ▁serious ▁side ▁as ▁an ▁author . ▁Wol z ogen ▁work ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁w it ▁and ▁eleg ance . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁Um ▁ 1 3 ▁U hr ▁in ▁der ▁Christ n acht ▁▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁Wil kie ▁Collins : ▁Ein ▁Bi ograph isch
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- K rit ischer ▁Vers uch , ▁Biography ▁▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁He iter es ▁und ▁We iter es , ▁Po etry ▁▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁Th ü ring er ▁Roman ▁▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁Die ▁Kinder ▁der ▁Excell enz , ▁Nov el ▁▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Die ▁to lle ▁Kom te ß , ▁Nov el ▁▁ 1 8 9 0 ▁Er ▁photograph iert , ▁Com edy ▁▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁Das ▁L ump eng es ind el , ▁Tr ag ic ▁comedy ▁▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁Das ▁g ute ▁K rok od il ▁und ▁andere ▁Gesch ichten ▁▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Der ▁K raft - May r , ▁Nov el ▁▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁Die ▁Gl oria - H ose , ▁Short ▁Story ▁▁ 1 8 9 9 ▁Das ▁d rit te ▁Gesch le cht , ▁Nov el ▁▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Fe u ers not , ▁Opera ▁lib ret to , ▁set ▁to ▁music ▁by ▁Richard ▁Stra uss ▁▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Ver se ▁aus ▁me in em ▁Leben ▁▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁W ie ▁ich ▁m ich ▁u ms ▁Leben ▁br achte ▁( Aut obi ography ; ▁anti - S emit ic ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 3 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁W roc ław ▁Category : A ust rian ▁opera ▁lib rett ists ▁Category : G erman ▁opera ▁lib rett
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ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁S iles ia ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁German ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s <0x0A> </s> ▁R ys iny ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁administrative ▁district ▁of ▁G mina ▁K ram sk , ▁within ▁Kon in ▁County , ▁Gre ater ▁Poland ▁Vo iv odes hip , ▁in ▁west - cent ral ▁Poland . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁R ys iny <0x0A> </s> ▁S ikh ra uli ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁south - western ▁part ▁of ▁M uk und ap ur ▁Village ▁Development ▁Committee ▁in ▁N aw al par asi ▁district ▁of ▁Nep al . ▁It ▁covers ▁the ▁w ards ▁ 8 ▁and ▁ 9 ▁of ▁M uk und ap ur . ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁famous ▁temple ▁' K ail ash ▁Ash ram ' ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁bank ▁of ▁Nar ay ani ▁River . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁N aw al pur ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Black ▁M oth ▁Super ▁Rain bow ▁( occ asion ally ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁B MS R ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁experimental ▁electronic ▁band ▁from ▁Pittsburgh , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁US . ▁ ▁The ▁project ▁is ▁currently ▁composed ▁of ▁front man , ▁singer , ▁and ▁song writer ▁Tob acco ▁whose ▁vocals ▁are ▁altered ▁via ▁a ▁voc oder , ▁syn
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th ▁players ▁The ▁Seven ▁Field s ▁of ▁Ap hel ion ▁and ▁P ony ▁D iver , ▁drum mer ▁I ff ern aut , ▁and ▁bass ist ▁ST V ▁SL V . ▁ ▁Former ▁members ▁include ▁keyboard ist ▁Father ▁Hum ming bird , ▁who ▁typically ▁played ▁with ▁a ▁pol ys yn th , ▁and ▁Power ▁P ill ▁F ist ▁on ▁bass . ▁ ▁Style ▁Black ▁M oth ▁Super ▁Rain bow ' s ▁music ▁contains ▁elements ▁of ▁psy ched elia , ▁folk , ▁electron ica , ▁pop , ▁and ▁rock . ▁Their ▁distinctive ▁sound ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁analog ▁electronic ▁instruments ▁including ▁the ▁voc oder , ▁Rh odes ▁piano ▁and ▁Nov at ron . ▁ ▁A ▁Gr ave face ▁insert ▁included ▁inside ▁the ▁album ▁D and el ion ▁G um ▁describes ▁them ▁as ▁such : ▁" Deep ▁in ▁the ▁woods ▁of ▁western ▁Pennsylvania ▁voc od ers ▁hum ▁amongst ▁the ▁flowers ▁and ▁syn th s ▁bubble ▁under ▁the ▁leaf - stre wn ▁ground ▁while ▁fl utes ▁whist le ▁in ▁the ▁wind ▁and ▁be ats ▁b ounce ▁to ▁the ▁soft ▁dri zz le ▁of ▁a ▁warm ▁acid ▁rain . ▁As ▁the ▁sun ▁pe eks ▁out ▁from ▁between ▁the ▁clouds , ▁the ▁organic ▁a ural ▁con co ction ▁of ▁Black ▁M oth ▁Super ▁Rain bow ▁starts ▁to ▁gl isten ▁above ▁the ▁trees ." ▁ ▁History ▁When ▁prompt ed ▁on ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁B MS R , ▁front man ▁Tob acco ▁stated ▁the ▁following : I ▁had ▁started ▁off ▁really ▁no isy ▁and ▁abstract ▁with ▁Al leg hen y ▁White
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▁Fish . ▁We ▁were ▁all ▁so ▁happy ▁with ▁ourselves ▁for ▁coming ▁up ▁with ▁that ▁name ▁in ▁ 1 0 th ▁grade , ▁but ▁it ▁wasn ’ t ▁too ▁funny ▁ 4 ▁years ▁later . ▁Then ▁s sc ▁[ sat anst om ping c ater p ill ars ] ▁was ▁like ▁my ▁way ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁melod ic ▁all ▁the ▁time , ▁and ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁serious . ▁Then ▁when ▁it ▁started ▁to ▁shift ▁again ▁into ▁something ▁I ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁comfortable ▁performing ▁live , ▁I ▁brought ▁in ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁and ▁we ▁changed ▁over ▁again . ▁I ’ ve ▁always ▁felt ▁like ▁these ▁ideas ▁shouldn ’ t ▁out st ay ▁their ▁welcome . ▁ 3 ▁or ▁ 4 ▁records ▁is ▁enough , ▁because ▁I ▁get ▁really ▁bored , ▁and ▁I ▁like ▁to ▁keep ▁these ▁bands ▁and ▁ideas ▁as ▁pure ▁as ▁I ▁can , ▁in ▁their ▁places ▁in ▁time , ▁until ▁it ▁seems ▁like ▁I ’ ve ▁finally ▁gotten ▁it ▁right . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁musician ▁Tob acco , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁musicians , ▁worked ▁on ▁and ▁recorded ▁songs ▁for ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁White ▁Fish ▁T apes . ▁When ▁former ▁member ▁Power ▁P ill ▁F ist ▁joined , ▁a ▁side ▁project ▁called ▁sat anst om ping c ater p ill ars ▁was ▁born ▁and ▁became ▁active ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁Under ▁the ▁project , ▁the ▁members ▁self -
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re leased ▁their ▁music ▁on ▁different ▁labels , ▁including ▁Fuck ero o ▁and ▁Side ▁ 8 . ▁After ▁their ▁third ▁album , ▁The ▁Most ▁Wonder ful est ▁Th ing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁newly ▁band ed ▁together ▁musicians ▁added ▁three ▁members , ▁Father ▁Hum ming bird , ▁The ▁Seven ▁Field s ▁of ▁Ap hel ion ▁and ▁I ff ern aut . ▁They ▁changed ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁form ▁Black ▁M oth ▁Super ▁Rain bow ▁( B MS R ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Tob acco ▁and ▁B MS R ▁are ▁both ▁active ▁today . ▁ ▁B MS R ▁began ▁releasing ▁their ▁music ▁on ▁The ▁ 7 0 ' s ▁Gym n ast ics ▁Rec ording ▁Company , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁band ' s ▁own ▁im print . ▁It ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁a ▁tree - person ▁jumping ▁rope ▁in ▁a ▁dress . ▁Black ▁M oth ▁Super ▁Rain bow ' s ▁first ▁album ▁Fall ing ▁Through ▁a ▁Field ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁best - of ▁collection ▁for ▁sat anst om ping c ater p ill ars . ▁ ▁After ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gr ave face ▁picked ▁them ▁up ▁with ▁Lost , ▁P icking ▁Flow ers ▁in ▁the ▁Woods ▁and ▁bonus ▁re iss ued ▁versions ▁of ▁their ▁first ▁two ▁albums . ▁ ▁The ▁group ' s ▁third ▁album ▁D and el ion ▁G um ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁LP ▁is ▁their ▁most ▁commer c ially ▁and ▁crit ically ▁successful ▁release . ▁With
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▁it ▁came ▁their ▁first ▁music ▁video ▁for ▁the ▁track ▁" Sun ▁L ips ." ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁B MS R ▁released ▁D ri pp ers . ▁The ▁EP ▁not ▁only ▁includes ▁new ▁tracks ▁like ▁" H appy ▁M elt ed ▁City " ▁and ▁" Mil k ▁Sk ates " ▁but ▁also ▁features ▁some ▁lost ▁tracks ▁from ▁the ▁D and el ion ▁G um ▁era ▁such ▁as ▁" We ▁Are ▁the ▁P ag ans " ▁and ▁" One ▁Day ▁I ▁Had ▁an ▁Extra ▁To e ." ▁The ▁release ▁also ▁features ▁Mike ▁W att ▁and ▁B MS R ' s ▁first ▁official ▁rem ix ▁of ▁Laura ▁Bur hen n ' s ▁song ▁" Just ▁for ▁the ▁Night ." ▁Along ▁with ▁D ri pp ers , ▁the ▁band ▁released ▁Bon us ▁D ri pp ers ▁for ▁MP 3 ▁download ▁on ▁their ▁M ys pace , ▁which ▁includes ▁older ▁tracks , ▁unre leased ▁tracks ▁and ▁bonus ▁tracks ▁like ▁" The ▁Dark ▁Forest ▁J og gers ," ▁a ▁D and el ion ▁G um ▁vin yl ▁exclusive , ▁" Side ▁ 9 ," ▁a ▁Lost , ▁P icking ▁Flow ers ▁in ▁the ▁Woods ▁vin yl ▁bonus ▁track , ▁or ▁" M el ting ▁in ▁the ▁M ead ow ," ▁a ▁Start ▁a ▁People ▁out take ▁track . ▁ ▁Their ▁fourth ▁album ▁E ating ▁Us ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Around ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁Rad ▁C ult ▁re
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- published ▁The ▁Aut umn ▁K ale idos cope ▁Got ▁Ch anged ▁by ▁sat anst om ping c ater p ill ars . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Tob acco ▁posted ▁via ▁his ▁Facebook ▁account ▁that ▁a ▁B MS R ▁album ▁entitled ▁Psych ic ▁Love ▁Dam age ▁had ▁been ▁recorded , ▁but ▁scr apped ▁soon ▁after ▁completion . ▁According ▁to ▁Tob acco , ▁" it ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁come ▁out ▁this ▁year , ▁but ▁it ▁wasn ' t ▁very ▁exciting . ▁and ▁not ▁good ▁enough ▁in ▁my ▁opinion ▁for ▁you ▁to ▁spend ▁your ▁$ ▁on . ▁so ▁i ▁junk ed ▁it ▁for ▁its ▁best ▁moments ▁and ▁made ▁an ▁album ▁that ▁i ' m ▁really ▁in ▁love ▁with ." ▁He ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁state ▁that ▁although ▁scr apped , ▁a ▁new ▁B MS R ▁album ▁was ▁sl ated ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁the ▁near ▁future , ▁possibly ▁in ▁the ▁summer . ▁He ▁also ▁stated ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁releasing ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁favorite ▁scr apped ▁pieces ▁through ▁his ▁sound cloud ▁account . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Tob acco ▁posted ▁news ▁on ▁the ▁B MS R ▁website ▁confirm ing ▁the ▁next ▁album ' s ▁release ▁date . ▁The ▁announcement ▁arrived ▁alongside ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁titled ▁" S pr ay p aint " ▁to ▁promote ▁the ▁unt itled ▁new ▁album . ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Tob acco ▁created ▁a ▁K ick
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st arter ▁campaign ▁to ▁fund ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁their ▁newly ▁announced ▁album ▁Cob ra ▁Ju icy . ▁Different ▁don ation ▁ranges ▁contain ▁different ▁pri zes , ▁beginning ▁with ▁$ 1 ▁for ▁a ▁digital ▁download ▁of ▁the ▁upcoming ▁single ▁" W ind sh ield ▁Sm as her " ▁to ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁a ▁roll ers k ating ▁party ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁to ▁be ▁DJ ' d ▁by ▁Tob acco . ▁Most ▁pri zes ▁contain ▁CD s , ▁L PS , ▁or ▁digital ▁download s ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁album . ▁The ▁abandoned ▁Psych ic ▁Love ▁Dam age ▁EP ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁bonus ▁prize . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁project ' s ▁ 6 th ▁album ▁Pan ic ▁Blo oms ▁was ▁released ▁and ▁their ▁first ▁album ▁to ▁chart ▁on ▁Bill board ' s ▁Top ▁ 1 0 0 ▁sales , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁# 1 ▁on ▁the ▁Heat seek er ▁chart . ▁ ▁Live ▁performance ▁B MS R ▁has ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁W ID R ▁Bark ing ▁T una , ▁S as qu atch ! ▁Music ▁Festival , ▁South ▁by ▁South west ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁fest ivals . ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁they ▁played ▁alongside ▁The ▁Oct op us ▁Project ▁as ▁one ▁band ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁by ▁South west ▁music ▁festival , ▁playing ▁music ▁from ▁their ▁collabor ative ▁project , ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Ap ples ▁and ▁E y eb alls . ▁B MS R ▁opened
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▁for ▁The ▁Fl aming ▁L ips ▁on ▁their ▁Fall ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁tour . ▁The ▁band ▁performed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁S X SW ▁music ▁festival ▁in ▁a ▁bad ges ▁and ▁wrist bands ▁only , ▁packed - to - capacity ▁show ▁at ▁The ▁Th irst y ▁Nick el . ▁The ▁band ' s ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁tour ▁featured ▁a ▁video ▁introduction ▁created ▁by ▁Eric ▁W are heim . ▁Mike ▁W att ▁also ▁occasionally ▁joined ▁the ▁band ▁on ▁stage ▁to ▁play ▁bass ▁during ▁this ▁tour . ▁ ▁The ▁band ▁will ▁be ▁supporting ▁N ine ▁In ch ▁N ails ▁on ▁their ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁European ▁Tour , ▁then ▁member ▁TO B AC CO ▁will ▁be ▁opening ▁for ▁N IN ▁in ▁September ▁on ▁their ▁US ▁shows . ▁ ▁S olo ▁projects ▁Several ▁members ▁of ▁B MS R ▁have ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁solo ▁work ▁and ▁side - projects ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁band . ▁ ▁Front man ▁Tob acco ▁released ▁his ▁debut ▁studio ▁album , ▁F ucked ▁Up ▁Friends , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ; ▁the ▁album ▁featured ▁a ▁dark er , ▁h ars her ▁tone ▁that ▁took ▁influence ▁from ▁instrumental ▁hip ▁hop . ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁he ▁released ▁The ▁Al leg hen y ▁White ▁Fish ▁T apes , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁mi xt apes ▁and ▁limited ▁CD s ▁that ▁pre date ▁B MS R . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Tob acco ▁released ▁his ▁second ▁solo ▁album ▁Man iac ▁Me at ;
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▁the ▁LP ▁features ▁vocals ▁from ▁Beck ▁on ▁two ▁tracks , ▁" F resh ▁He x " ▁and ▁" G rap e ▁A eros m ith ." ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁The ▁Seven ▁Field s ▁of ▁Ap hel ion ▁released ▁her ▁debut ▁solo ▁album ▁Per ipher y . ▁ ▁TO B AC CO ' s ▁project ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁two ▁more ▁releases : ▁Ult ima ▁II ▁Mass age ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁S we at box ▁D yn asty ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁albums ▁ ▁Fall ing ▁Through ▁a ▁Field ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Start ▁a ▁People ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁House ▁of ▁Ap ples ▁and ▁E y eb alls ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁D and el ion ▁G um ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁E ating ▁Us ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Aut umn ▁K ale idos cope ▁Got ▁Ch anged ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁Cob ra ▁Ju icy ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Pan ic ▁Blo oms ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁EP s ▁ ▁Chinese ▁W itch ▁Guy ▁With ▁an ▁Ax ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Lost , ▁P icking ▁Flow ers ▁in ▁the ▁Woods ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁D ri pp ers ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Bon us ▁D ri pp ers ▁( 2 0 0 8 )
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▁ ▁Extra ▁Fl avor ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁Psych ic ▁Love ▁Dam age ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁Se ef u ▁Lil ac ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁" Z od iac ▁Girls " ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁" Don ' t ▁You ▁Want ▁To ▁Be ▁In ▁A ▁C ult ?" ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁" B orn ▁On ▁A ▁Day ▁The ▁Sun ▁Didn ' t ▁R ise " ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁" W ind sh ield ▁Sm as her " ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁" Bad ▁Fuck in ▁Times " ▁split ▁single ▁with ▁Fre esch a ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁" Mr ▁No ▁One " ▁split ▁single ▁with ▁A riel ▁Pink ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁" B aby ' s ▁in ▁the ▁V oid " ▁split ▁single ▁with ▁Al ess andro ▁Cort ini ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁" New ▁B ree ze " ▁split ▁single ▁with ▁High ▁T ides ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁" Back w ash " ▁split ▁single ▁with ▁Mike ▁W att ▁with ▁Fle a ▁& ▁K ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁Rad ▁C ult ▁Band camp ▁ ▁Category : Su icide ▁S que eze ▁Records ▁artists ▁Category : P sy ched el ic ▁pop ▁music ▁groups ▁Category : E lect ronic ▁music ▁groups ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Mus ical
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