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eb i ▁was ▁the ▁" roy al ▁se aler " ▁and ▁" scribe ▁of ▁the ▁personal ▁sc ribe ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁board " ▁Neb sum enu . ▁ ▁Att est ations ▁The ▁name ▁D ed us ob ek - B eb i ▁may ▁also ▁appear ▁in ▁literature ▁as ▁S ob ek ded u - B eb i . ▁ ▁D ed us ob ek ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁several ▁sources . ▁At ▁The bes , ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁S ob ek ems af ▁ment ions ▁" the ▁Great ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁T ens ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i " ▁as ▁his ▁father . ▁A ▁fragment ary ▁base ▁of ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁unknown ▁proven ance ▁ment ions ▁" the ▁Great ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁T ens ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁D ed us ob ek ▁B eb i , ▁true ▁of ▁[ voice ] ". ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁the ▁Great ▁Sc ribe ▁of ▁the ▁V iz ier . ▁At ▁A by d os ▁( ? ), ▁he ▁is ▁att ested ▁as ▁the ▁Great ▁Sc ribe ▁of ▁the ▁V iz ier ▁on ▁a ▁st ela ▁with ▁a ▁h ym n ▁to ▁Os ir is . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Off icial s ▁of ▁the ▁Th ir teenth ▁D yn asty ▁of ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁P ism ira ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁flies ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁family ▁Lesser ▁D ung ▁flies . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁P . ▁cit r ago ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9
6 0 ▁P . ▁k ab are ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁P . ▁m w eng a ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁P . ▁u v ira ▁Rich ards , ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S pha er oc er idae ▁Category : D ip tera ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : S pha er oc ero idea ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( IO C ▁code : ▁SK N ) ▁is ▁the ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( NO C ) ▁representing ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁the ▁body ▁responsible ▁for ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ' s ▁representation ▁at ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games . ▁The ▁executive ▁board ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁president , ▁secretary ▁general , ▁vice ▁president , ▁assistant ▁secretary ▁general , ▁and ▁four ▁members . ▁The ▁president ▁is ▁Al ph onso ▁Bridge water ▁and ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁is ▁Glen ville ▁Jeff ers . ▁The ▁committee ▁has ▁overs aw ▁six ▁Olympic ▁and ▁five ▁Commonwealth ▁Games , ▁winning ▁one ▁gold ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games , ▁by ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Olympic ▁Association ▁was ▁founded ▁with ▁a ▁constitution ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Am ateur ▁Athlet ics ▁Association
▁was ▁formed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁International ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( IO C ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁The ▁Association ▁created ▁a ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁( NO C ), ▁which ▁was ▁first ▁officially ▁recognized ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁The ▁NO C ▁and ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Association ▁( C GA ) ▁both ▁governed ▁multiple ▁sports ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁Since ▁they ▁both ▁shared ▁the ▁same ▁member ▁organizations , ▁the ▁C GA ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁NO C , ▁making ▁the ▁NO C ▁responsible ▁for ▁both ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁and ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games . ▁The ▁constitution ▁was ▁rev ised ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 4 ; ▁rat ified ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ; ▁and ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁IO C ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁NO C ▁was ▁officially ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁Charles ▁Wil kin ▁Building ▁in ▁Bass eter re , ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁when ▁it ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Olympic ▁House . ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁it ▁launched ▁a ▁strategic ▁plan ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁sport ▁in ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁nine ▁years ▁until ▁ 2 0 2 4 . ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁president ▁is ▁Al ph onso ▁Bridge water ▁and ▁the ▁secretary ▁general ▁is ▁Glen ville
▁Jeff ers . ▁The ▁NO C ▁is ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Pan ▁American ▁Sports ▁Organ isation . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁particip ates ▁in ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁the ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁and ▁have ▁not ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁Winter ▁Games . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁entered ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Games ▁in ▁Atlanta , ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁deleg ation ▁featured ▁one ▁ath lete ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁men ' s ▁and ▁women ' s ▁ 1 0 0 - m eter ▁sprint s ▁and ▁three ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meter ▁relay ▁teams . ▁Both ▁spr inters ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - fin als ▁of ▁the ▁respective ▁events , ▁with ▁the ▁relay ▁teams ▁not ▁adv ancing ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁Four ▁years ▁later , ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Summer ▁Games , ▁two ▁athletes ▁were ▁sent , ▁with ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁reaching ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meter ▁event ; ▁placing ▁seventh . ▁At ▁the ▁following ▁event ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Collins ▁placed ▁one ▁better , ▁reaching ▁sixth ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁event . ▁Collins ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 ▁meters ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁also ▁finishing ▁fourth , ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 2 0 . 5 9 ▁seconds . ▁The ▁NO C ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁Collins ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁stating ▁had
▁viol ated ▁team ▁rules , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁allow ▁him ▁to ▁compete . ▁The ▁ 4 ▁× ▁ 1 0 0 ▁relay ▁team ▁of ▁Del way ne ▁Del an ey , ▁B rij esh ▁Lawrence , ▁Jason ▁Rogers , ▁and ▁L est rod ▁Roland ▁made ▁a ▁new ▁national ▁record ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁ 3 8 . 4 1 ▁seconds ▁but ▁did ▁not ▁progress ▁past ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Olympics ▁featured ▁seven ▁participants ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics , ▁led ▁by ▁team ▁captain ▁Ant oine ▁Adams . ▁At ▁the ▁event , ▁Collins ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁ 4 0 - year - old ▁to ▁run ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁under ▁ 1 0 ▁seconds , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁oldest ▁spr inter ▁at ▁the ▁Games . ▁Collins ▁advanced ▁the ▁fur the st ▁of ▁any ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁ath lete , ▁reaching ▁the ▁semi - fin als ▁of ▁the ▁event . ▁He ▁finished ▁sixth ▁in ▁his ▁heat ▁with ▁a ▁time ▁of ▁ 1 0 . 1 2 ▁seconds ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁fin als . ▁Adams ▁and ▁Lawrence ▁both ▁reached ▁the ▁quarter - fin als ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁event . ▁ ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁and ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Youth ▁Games ▁was ▁organ ised ▁by ▁the ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Association . ▁Since ▁that ▁time
, ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Committee ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁participation . ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁joined ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁Federation ▁and ▁first ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁where ▁they ▁participated ▁in ▁both ▁athlet ics ▁( 1 0 0 ▁and ▁ 8 0 0 ▁meters ) ▁and ▁cycl ing ▁( road ▁and ▁track ). ▁The ▁committee ▁has ▁subsequently ▁sent ▁teams ▁to ▁compete ▁in ▁every ▁Commonwealth ▁Games ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁The ▁nation ▁has ▁won ▁just ▁one ▁medal ▁at ▁the ▁Games , ▁a ▁gold ▁for ▁Kim ▁Collins ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 ▁meters ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁Games . ▁The ▁country ▁has ▁participated ▁in ▁athlet ics , ▁cycl ing ▁and ▁table ▁tennis . ▁ ▁Aff ili ates ▁ ▁The ▁NO C ' s ▁affiliates ▁feature : ▁ ▁St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Am ateur ▁Athlet ic ▁Association ▁( SK NA AA ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁– ▁Nev is ▁Am ateur ▁Basket ball ▁Association ▁( SK N AB A ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Am ateur ▁Box ing ▁Association ▁( SK N AB A ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁– ▁Nev is ▁Football ▁Association ▁( SK N FA ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Table ▁T ennis ▁Association ▁( SK NT TA ) ▁St ▁Christopher ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Ta ek w ondo ▁Federation ▁( SC NT F ) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁Am ateur ▁Vol ley ball ▁Association ▁( SK AV A
) ▁St ▁K itt s ▁Net ball ▁Association ▁( SK NA ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁O ly ▁Category : Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁Category : 1 9 8 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Nev is ▁Category : S ports ▁organizations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁R ie uc ros ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Ari ège ▁department ▁in ▁south western ▁France . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁In hab it ants ▁are ▁called ▁R ie uc ros ains . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Ari ège ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Ari ège ▁( de part ment ) ▁Category : A ri ège ▁communes ▁articles ▁needing ▁translation ▁from ▁French ▁Wikipedia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁first ▁cabinet ▁of ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁was ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Rom ania ▁from ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁ ▁Minister s ▁The ▁minister s ▁of ▁the ▁cabinet ▁were ▁as ▁follows : ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Minister s : ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Interior : ▁ ▁Constant in ▁Ol ă nes cu ▁( 7
▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs : ▁ ▁Alexand ru ▁Mar gh il oman ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Finance : ▁Pet re ▁P . ▁Car p ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Justice : ▁T itu ▁Ma iores cu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁War : ▁Gen . ▁I ac ob ▁L ah ov ari ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Relig ious ▁Affairs ▁and ▁Public ▁Inst ruction : ▁Constant in ▁C . ▁Ar ion ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Public ▁Works : ▁I on ▁C . ▁Gr ă di ș te an u ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁Minister ▁of ▁Agricult ure , ▁Industry , ▁Commerce , ▁and ▁Property : ▁Nic ola e ▁Fil ipes cu ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : C ab in
ets ▁of ▁Rom ania ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁Category : C ab in ets ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁Category : 1 9 0 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Rom ania ▁Category : 1 9 0 1 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Rom ania <0x0A> </s> ▁G oth ic ▁Cru ise ▁is ▁a ▁small , ▁annual ▁electronic ▁g oth ic ▁music ▁festival ▁operating ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁continuously ▁from ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ports ▁within ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America ▁with ▁live ▁entertainment ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ 1 9 8 9 - 2 0 0 3 ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁first ▁event ▁s ailed ▁with ▁ 1 0 ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁and ▁average ▁ 1 4 0 ▁people ▁per ▁sail ing ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁They ▁s ailed ▁on ▁Premier ▁Cru ise ▁Line , ▁Reg al ▁Cru ise ▁L ines , ▁and ▁Royal ▁Caribbean ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁live ▁bands ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 6 ▁▁ 2 0 0 4 - 2 0 0 5 ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁sail ings . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁- ▁Coll ide ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁play ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁live ▁band ▁on ▁the ▁cruise , ▁but ▁that ▁sail ing ▁was ▁cancelled ▁due ▁to ▁Hur ricane
▁K atr ina . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Gl ory ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 1 1 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act : ▁ ▁V NV ▁Nation ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Gl ory ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 7 4 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁▁ ▁Comb ich rist ▁ ▁Deep est ▁Sym phony ▁( No ▁Show ed ▁ ▁As mode us ▁X ▁ ▁Phase ▁Theory ▁ ▁Red ▁Flag ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Legend ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 9 ▁ ▁Port : ▁T ampa , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁▁ ▁The ▁Cr ü x sh adows ▁ ▁Cru c iform ▁In jection ▁ ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁ ▁Mod ulate ▁Deep est ▁Sym phony ▁had ▁been ▁scheduled , ▁but ▁cancelled , ▁and ▁were ▁replaced ▁with ▁Phase ▁Theory ▁and ▁As mode us ▁X ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Liberty ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 3 7 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁C oven ant ▁ ▁F
unk er ▁V og t ▁ ▁The ▁Cr ü x sh adows ▁ ▁Pan zer ▁AG ▁ ▁Du P ont ▁ ▁Pro gn osis ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Norweg ian ▁Sun ▁on ▁Norweg ian ▁Cru ise ▁Line ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 1 2 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁God ▁Module ▁ ▁Imper ative ▁Re action ▁ ▁System ▁Syn n ▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Expl orer ▁of ▁the ▁Se as ▁on ▁Royal ▁Caribbean ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 9 1 ▁ ▁Port : ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁V NV ▁Nation ▁ ▁Icon ▁of ▁Co il ▁ ▁A est hetic ▁Per fection ▁ ▁S IT D ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Freedom ▁of ▁the ▁Se as ▁on ▁Royal ▁Caribbean ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 2 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Port ▁C ana ver al , ▁Florida . ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁Ay ria ▁ ▁B ella ▁M orte ▁▁ 0 0 tz ▁ 0 0 tz ▁ ▁Son ik ▁Found ry ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁B ree ze ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 2 6 5 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁V NV ▁Nation ▁ ▁V NV ▁Classic ▁ ▁The ▁Cr
ü x sh adows ▁ ▁E go ▁L ik eness ▁ ▁Ay ria ▁ ▁B ella ▁M orte ▁ ▁Rain ▁Within ▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Dream ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 4 7 ▁ ▁Port : ▁New ▁Orleans , ▁Louisiana ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁Ang els ▁& ▁Ag ony ▁ ▁E go ▁L ik eness ▁ ▁Vel vet ▁Ac id ▁Christ ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Legend ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 6 8 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Seattle , ▁Washington ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁The ▁G oth s icles ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁ ▁Vol ta ire ▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁( pl anned ) ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Legend ▁on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁N / A ▁ ▁Port : ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁C oven ant ▁ ▁H au job b ▁ ▁L ights ▁of ▁E up hor ia ▁ ▁Hope ful ▁Mach ines ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁( pl anned ) ▁ ▁V ess el : ▁Carn ival ▁Gl ory on ▁Carn ival ▁Cru ise ▁L ines . ▁ ▁Pass engers : ▁ 1 8 4 ▁ ▁Port : ▁Miami , ▁Florida ▁ ▁Live ▁Act s : ▁ ▁The ▁Birth day ▁Mass acre
▁ ▁Di ary ▁of ▁Dream s ▁ ▁i V ard ens phere ▁ ▁The ▁Rain ▁Within ▁ ▁Stone burn er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁electronic ▁music ▁fest ivals ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Music ▁cru ises ▁Category : G oth ▁fest ivals ▁Category : Ind ust rial ▁music ▁fest ivals ▁Category : Music ▁fest ivals ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁August ine ▁Marshall ▁( Se ptember ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁– ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Utah . ▁ ▁Education ▁and ▁career ▁ ▁Born ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 5 4 , ▁near ▁War rent on , ▁Virginia , ▁Marshall ▁received ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Law s ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Virginia ▁School ▁of ▁Law . ▁He ▁entered ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁War rent on ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 8 . ▁He ▁continued ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City , ▁Utah ▁Terr itory ▁( State ▁of ▁Utah ▁from ▁January ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁Terr itor ial ▁Pro b ate ▁Court ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁to
▁ 1 8 8 9 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁territor ial ▁representative ▁for ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁County ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁ ▁Federal ▁jud icial ▁service ▁ ▁Marshall ▁was ▁nominated ▁by ▁President ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Utah , ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁seat ▁authorized ▁by ▁ 2 8 ▁Stat . ▁ 1 0 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁confirmed ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 9 6 , ▁and ▁received ▁his ▁commission ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁His ▁service ▁term inated ▁on ▁September ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁resign ation . ▁ ▁Later ▁career ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Following ▁his ▁resign ation ▁from ▁the ▁federal ▁bench , ▁Marshall ▁res umed ▁private ▁practice ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁in ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁City . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Virginia ▁al umn i ▁Category : J ud ges ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁District ▁Court ▁for ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Utah ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁federal ▁judges ▁appointed ▁by ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁judges ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Salt
▁Lake ▁City <0x0A> </s> ▁James ▁T . ▁Oliver ▁( Aug ust ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁– ▁September ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁marine ▁engineer ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁York shire , ▁England , ▁Oliver ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁York shire . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 4 , ▁Oliver ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁He ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁rail road ▁in ▁Massachusetts , ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁and ▁Pennsylvania . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 2 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁De ▁Pere , ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁rail road ▁car ▁shops . ▁He ▁then ▁went ▁to ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Wisconsin ▁Rap ids , ▁Wisconsin . ▁Oliver ▁finally ▁returned ▁to ▁Green ▁Bay . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁marine ▁engineer ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁From ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁Oliver ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁Republican . ▁Oliver ▁died ▁suddenly ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁attack ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : English ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : American ▁marine ▁engineers ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Green ▁Bay , ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : W is consin ▁Republicans ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Wisconsin ▁State ▁Assembly <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁River
▁is ▁a ▁ ▁river ▁located ▁in ▁central ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River , ▁which ▁flows ▁to ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁Maine . ▁ ▁Course ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁River ▁begins ▁at ▁the ▁out let ▁of ▁Cry stal ▁Lake ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Gil m anton , ▁New ▁Hampshire . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Gil m anton ▁Iron works ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁lake ' s ▁out let . ▁ ▁The ▁Sun cook ▁flows ▁south ▁two ▁miles ▁to ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁L akes ▁( Upper ▁and ▁Lower ) ▁in ▁Barn stead . ▁ ▁Below ▁the ▁l akes , ▁the ▁river ▁passes ▁through ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Center ▁Barn stead ▁and ▁enters ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Pitt s field , ▁whose ▁village ▁is ▁centered ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁dam ▁on ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁The ▁river ▁continues ▁south ▁through ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Ch iche ster ▁and ▁E ps om , ▁and ▁then ▁forms ▁the ▁town ▁boundary ▁between ▁P em bro ke ▁and ▁Allen st own . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁before ▁reaching ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River , ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁ ▁drops ▁ ▁in ▁, ▁a ▁natural ▁water power ▁site ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Sun cook . ▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁flood ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁River , ▁responding ▁to ▁the ▁highest ▁rain fall ▁amounts ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁ 7 0 ▁years
▁( more ▁than ▁ 8 ▁inches ▁dropped ▁by ▁a ▁low - press ure ▁system ▁in ▁ 3 ▁days ▁on ▁Con cord , ▁New ▁Hampshire ), ▁rose ▁to ▁flood ▁level ▁( see ▁New ▁England ▁Flo od ▁of ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁and ▁backed ▁up ▁behind ▁an ▁old ▁mill ▁dam , ▁which ▁produced ▁a ▁shallow ly - sl oping ▁pool ▁that ▁over top ped ▁a ▁sand ▁and ▁gr avel ▁qu arry , ▁connected ▁with ▁a ▁down stream ▁section ▁of ▁channel , ▁and ▁cut ▁a ▁new ▁shorter ▁channel ▁at ▁ 2 5 – 5 0 ▁meters ▁per ▁hour ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁E ps om . ▁Two ▁previous ▁channels , ▁around ▁Bear ▁Island , ▁were ▁left ▁dry . ▁The ▁new ▁river ▁course , ▁approximately ▁a ▁mile ▁long , ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁channel ▁change ▁in ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁since ▁systematic ▁top ographic ▁mapping ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁there ▁was ▁news ▁that ▁work ▁began ▁to ▁stabil ize ▁the ▁Sun cook ▁River ▁in ▁its ▁new ▁course . ▁ ▁Art istic ▁t ributes ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁the ▁American ▁composer ▁Alan ▁H ov han ess ▁( 1 9 1 1 – 2 0 0 0 ), ▁who ▁spent ▁time ▁with ▁his ▁mater nal ▁family ▁members ▁in ▁Pitt s field , ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁during ▁his ▁youth , ▁wrote ▁a ▁fantasy ▁for ▁cell o ▁and ▁piano ▁entitled ▁Legend ▁of ▁the ▁S unk ook ▁ ▁Valley
▁( Op . ▁ 1 , ▁no . ▁ 4 ). ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T ribut aries ▁of ▁the ▁M err im ack ▁River ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Bel kn ap ▁County , ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁M err im ack ▁County , ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁Category : P em bro ke , ▁New ▁Hampshire <0x0A> </s> ▁Lucy ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Mos elle ▁department ▁in ▁Grand ▁Est ▁in ▁north - e astern ▁France . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Mos elle ▁department ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Mos elle ▁( de part ment ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁Th orough b red ▁horse ▁race ▁held ▁annually ▁at ▁Wood b ine ▁R ac etr ack ▁in ▁Toronto , ▁Ontario . ▁A ▁Grade ▁II ▁event ▁r aced ▁in ▁early ▁June , ▁it ▁is ▁open ▁to ▁horses ▁aged ▁three ▁and ▁older ▁and ▁run ▁over ▁a ▁distance ▁of ▁one ▁mile ▁on ▁tur f . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁offers ▁a ▁pur se ▁of ▁$ 1 5 3 , 5 4 0 . ▁ ▁In aug ur ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁it ▁was ▁r aced ▁on ▁dirt ▁until ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁shifted ▁permanently ▁to ▁the ▁tur f . ▁Over ▁the ▁years , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁run ▁at ▁various ▁distances
▁both ▁at ▁the ▁Wood b ine ▁R ac etr ack ▁and ▁at ▁Fort ▁E rie ▁Race ▁Track : ▁ ▁On ▁dirt : ▁▁ 7 ▁f url ongs ▁: ▁ 1 9 5 6 – 1 9 5 8 ▁at ▁Wood b ine ▁▁ 1 ▁mile ▁: ▁ 1 9 5 9 – 1 9 6 6 ▁at ▁Wood b ine , ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁at ▁Fort ▁E rie ▁ ▁On ▁tur f : ▁▁ 1 ▁mile ▁: ▁beginning ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁at ▁Wood b ine ▁R ac etr ack ▁▁ ▁miles ▁: ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁& ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁at ▁Fort ▁E rie , ▁ 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁present ▁at ▁ ▁Wood b ine ▁ ▁The ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁was ▁run ▁in ▁two ▁divisions ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁ ▁Records ▁Time ▁record : ▁ ▁( at ▁ ▁miles ▁on ▁tur f ) ▁▁ 1 : 3 9 . 6 0 ▁– ▁B old ▁R ur it ana ▁( 1 9 9 6 ▁on ▁Wood b ine ▁R ac etr ack ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins : ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁B elle ▁G este ▁( 1 9 7 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Mom
igi ▁( 1 9 7 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁P oin te ▁A ux ▁P ins ▁( 1 9 7 8 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁E ternal ▁Search ▁( 1 9 8 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Lake ▁Country ▁( 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁Rad iant ▁Ring ▁( 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁– ▁B old ▁R ur it ana ▁( 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁ 2 ▁- ▁Sol id ▁Appe al ▁( 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁an ▁owner : ▁▁ 6 ▁– ▁Sam - S on ▁Farm ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁a ▁j ockey : ▁▁ 5 ▁– ▁Todd ▁K abel ▁( 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Most ▁wins ▁by ▁a ▁trainer : ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Don nie ▁Walker ▁( 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 6
) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁James ▁E . ▁Day ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Mark ▁Fro stad ▁( 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁▁ 3 ▁– ▁Tom ▁Sk iff ington , ▁Jr . ▁( 1 9 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁ ▁W inners ▁of ▁the ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Christ y ' s ▁Mount ▁finished ▁first ▁but ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁and ▁set ▁back ▁to ▁second . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁Lady ▁Sh irl ▁finished ▁first ▁but ▁following ▁a ▁positive ▁test ▁for ▁a ▁banned ▁medication ▁was ▁dis qual ified ▁and ▁placed ▁last . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Canadian ▁flat ▁horse ▁races ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁The ▁N ass au ▁St akes ▁at ▁Ped ig ree ▁Query ▁ ▁Category : Grad ed ▁st akes ▁races ▁in ▁Canada ▁Category : Open ▁mile ▁category ▁horse ▁races ▁Category : Rec ur ring ▁sport ing ▁events ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Category : W ood b ine ▁R ac etr ack ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women ' s ▁League ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women ' s ▁League ,
▁the ▁top ▁division ▁of ▁Women ' s ▁football ▁in ▁K yr gy z stan . ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁Al ty n - O l ko ▁B ish ke k ▁was ▁the ▁champion . ▁ ▁League ▁stand ings ▁ ▁\| - ▁\|\| 1 \|\| El ▁Dor ado ▁Al ty n - O l ko ▁B ish ke k \|\| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 3 \|\| 2 \|\| ▁ 2 1 \|\| 1 5 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 2 \|\| Az ali ya ▁Bir in chi ▁B ish ke k \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 2 0 \|\| 4 \|\| ▁ 1 6 \|\| 1 2 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 3 \|\| Z hy ld y z ▁Kar ak ol \|\| 5 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 1 3 \|\| 1 1 \|\| ▁ 2 \|\| 9 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 4 \|\| Sh ol ok ov ▁S ok ul uk \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 3 \|\| 9 \|\| 1 2 \|\| ▁- 3 \|\| 6 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 5 \|\| Ab dy zh - A ta ▁K ant \|\| 5 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 4 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 2 \|\| ▁- 1 6 \|\| 3 ▁\| - ▁\|\| 6 \|\| M ol ode z hn aya ▁S born aya ▁K R ▁\|\| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 4 \|\| ▁- 2 0 \|\| 0 ▁\| } ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁K yr gy z stan ▁Women
▁Football ▁( R SS SF ) ▁▁▁ ▁K yr gy z stan ▁women <0x0A> </s> ▁O ss ory ▁Par ish ▁located ▁at ▁ 3 2 ° 2 6 ′ 5 4 ″ S ▁ 1 4 7 ° 4 4 ′ 0 4 ″ ▁is ▁a ▁c adas tr al ▁parish ▁of ▁Kennedy ▁County ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁The ▁Par ish ▁is ▁on ▁the ▁Bog an ▁River ▁between ▁T ully more ▁and ▁Albert , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Par ishes ▁of ▁Kennedy ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁State ▁of ▁the ▁Nation ▁was ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁investig ative ▁journal ism ▁program mes ▁produced ▁by ▁Gran ada ▁Television ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁between ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁ ▁Re ports ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁British ▁documentary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁British ▁documentary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 1 9 8 0 s ▁British ▁documentary ▁television ▁series ▁Category : IT V ▁document aries ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 1 9 8 8 ▁British ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs <0x0A> </s> ▁Women ' s ▁strike ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Women ' s ▁St rike ▁for ▁Equ ality ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁I cel and ic ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁ ▁International ▁Women ' s
▁St rike ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Day ▁Without ▁a ▁Woman ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Spanish ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Swiss ▁women ' s ▁strike ▁ ▁Global ▁Women ' s ▁St rike ▁ ▁Women ▁St rike ▁for ▁Peace ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Sex ▁strike ▁ ▁Women ' s ▁March ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Kam n je ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁settlement ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁bank ▁of ▁the ▁S ava ▁Boh in j ka ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Boh in j ▁in ▁the ▁Upper ▁Carn i ola ▁region ▁of ▁Sl oven ia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Kam n je ▁at ▁Ge op edia ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Municip ality ▁of ▁Boh in j <0x0A> </s> ▁Ru ell ia ▁n ud if l ora , ▁the ▁v iolet ▁wild ▁pet un ia , ▁is ▁a ▁per ennial ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁ac anth us ▁family ▁( A can th aceae ) ▁found ▁in ▁areas ▁of ▁moisture ▁in ▁the ▁Son or an ▁Des ert . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁true ▁pet un ia . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁n ud if l ora <0x0A> </s> ▁These ▁are ▁the ▁official ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁Men ' s ▁P ole ▁V ault ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁final ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁day ▁of
▁the ▁track ▁and ▁field ▁competition , ▁on ▁Monday ▁November ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁Bob ▁Rich ards ▁entered ▁the ▁competition ▁as ▁the ▁defending ▁champion ▁and ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁though ▁he ▁never ▁managed ▁to ▁beat ▁Dutch ▁War mer dam ' s ▁world ▁record ▁of ▁ ▁set ▁back ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁throughout ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁Rich ards ▁stayed ▁in ▁first ▁place ▁throughout ▁the ▁competition , ▁with ▁a ▁first ▁attempt ▁clear ance ▁at ▁every ▁height ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 . 5 3 m . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁easy ▁for ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁when ▁Rich ards ▁struggled ▁at ▁ 4 . 0 0 , ▁well ▁below ▁his ▁normal ▁opening ▁height , ▁missing ▁his ▁first ▁two ▁attempts ▁before ▁clearing ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁last . ▁ ▁By ▁ 4 . 3 5 , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁four ▁athletes ▁left ; ▁the ▁three ▁Americans ▁George ▁Matt os , ▁Bob ▁G ut owski ▁and ▁Rich ards , ▁and ▁U CL A ▁trained ▁Greek ▁ath lete ▁Georg ios ▁Rou ban is ▁using ▁a ▁fiber glass ▁pole ▁in ▁major ▁international ▁competition ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time . ▁ ▁Matt os ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁get ▁over ▁ 4 . 4 0 m ▁and ▁the ▁medal ists ▁were ▁settled . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁cleared ▁ 4 . 5 0 m ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁attempt , ▁though ▁by ▁that ▁point , ▁Rou ban is ▁had ▁two ▁miss es ▁a ▁lower ▁he ights ▁and ▁G ut owski ▁had ▁four .
▁ ▁At ▁ 4 . 5 3 m , ▁again ▁G ut owski ▁and ▁Rich ards ▁cleared ▁on ▁their ▁first ▁attempt , ▁but ▁Rou ban is ▁couldn ' t ▁get ▁over ▁the ▁bar ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁settle ▁for ▁bronze . ▁ ▁At ▁, ▁Rich ards ▁cleared ▁it ▁on ▁his ▁second ▁attempt ▁after ▁his ▁first ▁miss ▁of ▁the ▁competition . ▁ ▁When ▁G ut owski ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁get ▁over ▁the ▁height , ▁Rich ards ▁confirmed ▁his ▁title ▁defense . ▁ ▁No ▁other ▁man ▁has ▁ever ▁def ended ▁the ▁Olympic ▁pole ▁vault ▁title , ▁though ▁Y el ena ▁Is in b ay eva ▁did ▁defend ▁the ▁women ' s ▁title ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁several ▁men ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Olympics ▁to ▁achieve ▁silver ▁after ▁their ▁gold . ▁ ▁Rich ards ▁was ▁reward ed ▁by ▁being ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁Whe at ies ▁on ▁their ▁cere al ▁box ▁and ▁was ▁their ▁spokes man ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁when ▁Bruce ▁Jen ner ▁became ▁the ▁next ▁Olympic ▁hero ▁on ▁the ▁box . ▁▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year , ▁it ▁was ▁G ut owski ▁who ▁finally ▁broke ▁War mer dam ' s ▁record ▁using ▁a ▁steel ▁pole . ▁ ▁G ut owski ▁finished ▁fourth ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁Olympic ▁Tri als ▁and ▁only ▁received ▁his ▁spot ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁after ▁Jim ▁Graham ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁with ▁an ▁injury . ▁ ▁Final ▁classification ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁Report ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁M ▁Category : P ole ▁vault ▁at
▁the ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Bis car ros se ▁– ▁Parent is ▁Airport ▁( IC A O ▁code : ▁L F BS ) ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Parent is - en - B orn ▁in ▁Landes ▁département ▁of ▁Nou velle - A qu it aine ▁region ▁at ▁ 3 , 5 km ▁south - east ▁of ▁Bis car ros se . ▁ ▁A ▁campus ▁of ▁the ▁É cole ▁nationale ▁de ▁l ' av iation ▁civ ile ▁( F rench ▁civil ▁av iation ▁university ) ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁aer od rome . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁ ▁The ▁airport ▁has ▁three ▁run ways : ▁▁ 0 9 / 2 7 , ▁surf aced ▁with ▁as ph alt , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁ ▁a ▁grass ▁run way ▁also ▁designated ▁ 0 9 / 2 7 ▁and ▁used ▁only ▁for ▁gl ider ▁operations , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁▁ 1 4 / 3 2 , ▁also ▁grass , ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁wide ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁air ports ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁F lying ▁club ▁ ▁Director ate ▁General ▁for ▁Civil ▁A vi ation ▁( Fr ance ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Air ports ▁in ▁Nou velle - A qu it aine <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁took ▁place ▁July ▁ 3 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁final ▁only ▁format , ▁no ▁he ats ▁or ▁qual ifying ▁j umps . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings
▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Men ' s ▁high ▁jump ▁Category : High ▁jump ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁poor ▁person ▁is ▁a ▁legal ▁status ▁in ▁many ▁states ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁that ▁allows ▁an ▁individual ▁to ▁take ▁action ▁in ▁certain ▁legal ▁matters , ▁such ▁as ▁filing ▁a ▁lawsuit , ▁without ▁paying ▁fees ▁to ▁the ▁court . ▁A ▁person ▁must ▁petition ▁the ▁court ▁for ▁a ▁Poor ▁Person ▁Order ▁that ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁avoid ▁these ▁fees . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁formally ▁as ▁in ▁forma ▁p au per is ▁( lit . ▁" in ▁the ▁character ▁or ▁manner ▁of ▁a ▁p au per "). ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁New ▁York ▁Poor ▁Person ▁How - To ▁ ▁Category : P overty ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : People ▁by ▁legal ▁status ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁law <0x0A> </s> ▁A rip ov ▁( R ussian : ▁А ри пов ▁or ▁О ри пов , ▁U zb ek : ▁O rip ov ) ▁is ▁an ▁Asian ▁mascul ine ▁surn ame , ▁its ▁femin ine ▁counter part ▁is ▁A rip ova . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁Abd ull a ▁A rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 1 ), ▁ ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁U zb ek istan ▁Abd ull a ▁O rip ov ▁( po et ) ▁( 1 9 4 1 – 2 0 1 6 ), ▁U zb ek ▁poet , ▁literary ▁transl ator , ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁D il sh od ▁A rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 7 ), ▁U
zb ek ist ani ▁wrest ler ▁F ark h od ▁O rip ov ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 4 ), ▁T aj ik ▁swim mer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁mer id ian ▁ 2 ° ▁east ▁of ▁Green wich ▁is ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁long itude ▁that ▁extends ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁P ole ▁across ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁Ocean , ▁the ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean , ▁Europe , ▁Africa , ▁the ▁Southern ▁Ocean , ▁and ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east ▁forms ▁a ▁great ▁circle ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 7 8 th ▁mer id ian ▁west . ▁ ▁From ▁P ole ▁to ▁P ole ▁Starting ▁at ▁the ▁North ▁P ole ▁and ▁heading ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁South ▁P ole , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east ▁passes ▁through : ▁ ▁{ \| ▁class =" wik itable ▁plain row headers " ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁width =" 1 2 5 " ▁\| ▁Co - ord inates ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁\| ▁Country , ▁territory ▁or ▁sea ▁! ▁scope =" col " ▁\| ▁Notes ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Ar ctic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁
▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - val ign =" top " ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁North ▁Sea ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁east ▁of ▁Low esto ft , ▁England , ▁ ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Paris ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁L l í via ▁excl ave ▁- ▁for ▁about ▁ 1 km ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁For ▁about ▁ 9 km ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Barcelona ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Mediterranean ▁Sea ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁
▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁Pass ing ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Ni ame y ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁ ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Atlantic ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁Southern ▁Ocean ▁\| ▁style =" background : # b 0 e 0 e 6 ;" ▁\| ▁\| - ▁\| ▁ ▁! ▁scope =" row " ▁\| ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁\| ▁Queen ▁M aud ▁Land , ▁claimed ▁by ▁ ▁\| - ▁\| } ▁ ▁e 0 0 2 nd ▁mer id ian ▁east <0x0A> </s> ▁E lections ▁to ▁Birmingham ▁City ▁Council ▁in ▁England ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁One ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁was ▁up ▁for ▁election ▁and ▁the ▁council ▁stayed ▁under ▁no ▁overall ▁control ▁as ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁▁ 2 3 0 ▁candidates ▁stood ▁in ▁the ▁election ▁for ▁the ▁ 4 0 ▁seats ▁that ▁were ▁cont ested
. ▁Five ▁parties ▁cont ested ▁every ▁ward ▁in ▁Birmingham , ▁the ▁Conserv atives , ▁Labour , ▁Liberal ▁Democrats , ▁British ▁National ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Gre ens . ▁Overall ▁turn out ▁across ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁ 3 1 . 2 % ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁saw ▁the ▁Conservative ▁party ▁gain ▁significantly , ▁winning ▁ 6 ▁seats ▁from ▁the ▁Labour ▁party ▁and ▁Res pect ▁gain ▁an ▁independent ▁seat . ▁The ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁were ▁pleased ▁to ▁hold ▁all ▁their ▁seats . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁Conservative ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁ruling ▁coalition ▁increased ▁their ▁majority ▁to ▁hold ▁ 7 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁seats ▁on ▁the ▁council . ▁Both ▁Conserv atives ▁and ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁attributed ▁their ▁success ▁to ▁below ▁inflation ▁council ▁tax ▁r ises ▁and ▁the ▁national ▁un pop ular ity ▁of ▁the ▁Labour ▁government . ▁ ▁E lection ▁result ▁ ▁Council ▁Com position ▁After ▁the ▁election ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁the ▁council ▁was : ▁ ▁Ward ▁results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Birmingham ▁City ▁Council ▁election ▁service ▁( with ▁links ▁to ▁results ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Birmingham ▁Council ▁election ▁( B BC ) ▁Row ▁over ▁T ory ▁candidate ▁leaf let ▁Birmingham ▁local ▁election ▁results ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁English ▁local ▁elections ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁in ▁Birmingham , ▁West ▁Mid lands <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁is ▁a ▁compact ▁pick up ▁truck ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁D ong f eng ▁N iss an ▁joint ▁venture ▁of ▁Chinese ▁auto ▁manufacturer ▁D ong f eng ▁Motor
▁Corporation . ▁ ▁First ▁Generation ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁generation ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁is ▁a ▁pick up ▁truck ▁and ▁a ▁SU V ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁N iss an ▁D 2 2 ▁pick up ▁truck ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁D ong f eng - N iss an ▁joint ▁venture ▁using ▁the ▁N iss an ▁F - Alpha ▁platform . ▁It ▁is ▁produced ▁as ▁a ▁pick up ▁and ▁an ▁SU V , ▁which ▁is ▁essentially ▁the ▁pick up ▁with ▁a ▁long ▁roof ▁bed ▁cover . ▁ ▁Second ▁Generation ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁generation ▁Rich ▁pick up ▁is ▁also ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁N iss an ▁platform , ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁re bad ged ▁as ▁a ▁Pe uge ot ▁in ▁some ▁markets . ▁ ▁Pe uge ot ▁Pick ▁Up ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁D ong f eng ▁Pe uge ot - C it ro ë n ▁joint ▁venture ▁between ▁P SA ▁and ▁D ong f eng , ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁that ▁D ong f eng ▁will ▁manufact ure ▁a ▁bad ge - engine ered ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁D ong f eng ▁Rich ▁double ▁cab ▁pick up ▁as ▁the ▁Pe uge ot ▁Pick up , ▁and ▁the ▁re bad ged ▁pick up ▁would ▁be ▁on ▁sell ▁in ▁Africa ▁starting ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁China ▁Auto ▁web ▁ ▁Net ▁Car ▁Show ▁ ▁Rich ▁Pick up ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9
▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : C ars ▁of ▁China ▁Category : P ick up ▁trucks ▁Category : S port ▁utility ▁vehicles ▁Category : R ear - wheel - drive ▁vehicles <0x0A> </s> ▁O OP ST AD ▁was ▁the ▁Object ▁Ori ented ▁Program ming ▁For ▁Small talk ▁Application ▁Develop ers ▁Association . ▁ ▁It ▁published ▁the ▁period ical ▁HO OP LA ! ▁ ▁Category : Object - oriented ▁programming <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁H onda ▁X L 1 0 0 0 V ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁a ▁dual - s port ▁motor cycle ▁produced ▁by ▁H onda . ▁Different ▁models ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁production ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁F uel ▁injection ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁which ▁offered ▁a ▁sm o other ▁motor ▁and ▁thro tt le ▁operation , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁A BS . ▁It ▁has ▁capabilities ▁for ▁long ▁road ▁trips ▁and ▁limited ▁off - road ▁use . ▁A ▁smaller ▁ ▁version , ▁the ▁X L 1 2 5 V ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁also ▁produced . ▁ ▁Var ad ero ▁is ▁the ▁big ▁brother ▁of ▁the ▁Trans al p . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁a ▁newer ▁design , ▁the ▁Africa ▁T win ▁ 1 0 0 0 , ▁has ▁ ▁been ▁produced , ▁and ▁in ▁some ▁markets ▁offering ▁a ▁D CT ▁transmission . ▁ ▁X L 1 0 0 0 VA ▁H onda ' s ▁earliest ▁X L 1
0 0 0 V ▁Var ad ero ▁flag ship ▁Advent ure ▁Tour ing ▁motor cycle ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 9 6 cc ▁V - t win ▁engine ▁was ▁introduced ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁Mun ich ▁motor cycle ▁show . ▁First ▁launched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁as ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁Model ▁Year , ▁its ▁engine ▁architecture ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁H onda ▁V TR 1 0 0 0 F ▁Fire storm / Super h awk . ▁The ▁Advent ure ▁category ▁refers ▁to ▁motor cy cles ▁that ▁are ▁designed ▁for ▁long - range ▁tour ing ▁with ▁basic ▁off - road ▁capability , ▁hence ▁the ▁term ▁Advent ure ▁used ▁by ▁H onda ▁as ▁opposed ▁to ▁D ual ▁Sport ▁as ▁used ▁on ▁the ▁H onda ▁X R 6 5 0 L . ▁ ▁All ▁versions ▁feature ▁a ▁liquid - c ool ed ▁V - t win ▁engine . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁H onda ▁introduced ▁its ▁H onda ▁Ign ition ▁Security ▁System ▁( HI SS ), ▁ ▁essentially ▁an ▁engine ▁imm obil izer ▁system ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁ones ▁used ▁in ▁autom ob iles . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁Var ad ero ▁was ▁switched ▁to ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Mont esa ▁H onda ▁factory ▁outside ▁of ▁Barcelona . ▁ ▁For ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Var ad ero ▁received ▁some ▁major ▁changes . ▁These ▁included ▁the ▁move ▁to ▁fuel ▁injection ▁and ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a
▁six - speed ▁gear box , ▁some ▁cos metic ▁alter ations ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁instrument ▁panel . ▁These ▁changes ▁benef ited ▁the ▁model ▁with ▁better ▁tor que ▁and ▁fuel ▁consumption . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁A BS ▁was ▁introduced , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁fitted ▁as ▁standard ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁markets ▁based ▁on ▁H onda ' s ▁safety ▁commitment . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁h onda . co . uk ▁ ▁Var ad ero ▁H onda ▁Category : D ual - s port ▁motor cy cles ▁Category : M ot or cy cles ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Raj r amb ha ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁H imal ay an ▁mountain ▁peak , ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁P ith or ag ar h ▁district ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁state ▁of ▁India . ▁It ▁means ▁' cel est ial ▁n ym ph ' ▁( A ps ara ) ▁in ▁Hind i . ▁This ▁peak ▁is ▁situated ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Kal ab aland ▁Gl ac ier ▁in ▁eastern ▁K uma un ▁in ▁the ▁R al am ▁valley . ▁The ▁summit ▁of ▁the ▁peak ▁is ▁ 6 , 5 3 7 ▁m . ▁ ▁The ▁nearby ▁peaks ▁which ▁form ▁the ▁north - s outh ▁mass if ▁are ▁Su it illa ▁ 6 , 3 7 3 ▁m , ▁Ch aud h ara ▁ 6 , 5 1 0 ▁m , ▁and ▁N gal aph u ▁ 6 , 4 1 0 ▁m
. ▁▁ ▁Raj r amb ha ▁forms ▁a ▁wall ▁between ▁Las ser ▁Y ank ti ▁and ▁R al am ▁Valley . ▁ ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁approached ▁through ▁the ▁U tt ari ▁Bal ati ▁gl ac ier ▁passing ▁the ▁Bal ati ▁plate au . ▁ ▁D h ak ar ▁or ▁T id ang ▁is ▁the ▁base ▁camp ▁from ▁where ▁one ▁can ▁climb ▁the ▁Raj r amb ha ▁peak ▁( 6 5 3 7 m ). ▁ ▁D h ak ar ▁is ▁near ▁T aw ag hat ▁in ▁P ith or ag ar h ▁district ▁as ▁the ▁last ▁motor able ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁way . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁mountain ▁peak , ▁several ▁al p ine ▁flowers ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁including , ▁I ris ▁k uma onen is , ▁Prim ula ▁macro phy lla ▁and ▁l ill ium ▁ox yp et al um . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁U tt ar ak hand ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁P ith or ag ar h ▁district <0x0A> </s> ▁Love World ▁USA ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁Christian ▁cable ▁television ▁network ▁launched ▁by ▁Chris ▁O y akh il ome ▁ ▁and ▁Ben ny ▁H inn ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁available ▁on ▁Ch arter ▁Spect rum ▁and ▁Dire c TV ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁small ▁cable ▁operators ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Al iso ▁V ie jo , ▁California ▁Category : Christ ian ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : American ▁television ▁networks ▁Category : 2
0 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁California ▁Category : Tele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Category : Rel igious ▁television ▁stations ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Louis - Ge org es - O ud ard - Fe ud rix ▁de ▁Br équ ign y ▁( 2 2 ▁February ▁ 1 7 1 4 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁July ▁ 1 7 9 5 ), ▁French ▁scholar , ▁was ▁born ▁at ▁Gran ville , ▁Man che ▁in ▁Norm andy . ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁publications ▁were ▁anonymous : ▁an ▁Hist oire ▁des ▁rev olutions ▁de ▁Gen es ▁jusqu ' à ▁la ▁pa ix ▁de ▁ 1 7 4 8 ▁( 7 5 0 ), ▁and ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁V ies ▁des ▁or ateurs ▁gre cs ▁( 1 7 5 2 ). ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁he ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁task ▁of ▁completing ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁E us è be ▁de ▁La uri ère , ▁later ▁continued ▁by ▁Den is - Fr anç ois ▁Sec ous se , ▁on ▁the ▁Or don n ances ▁des ▁Ro is ▁de ▁France ▁de ▁la ▁ 3 e ▁Race . ▁Sec ous se ▁had ▁published ▁nine ▁volumes ▁and ▁Br équ ign y ▁published ▁five ▁more ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 7 9 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁Em manuel ▁de ▁Past oret ▁published ▁the ▁last ▁eleven ▁volumes . ▁E lected ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁des ▁In scriptions ▁et ▁B elles - lett res ▁in ▁ 1
7 5 9 , ▁he ▁contributed ▁an ▁Hist oire ▁de ▁Post h ume ▁emp ere ur ▁des ▁Ga ules ▁( vol . ▁XXX ., ▁ 1 7 6 0 ) ▁to ▁the ▁collected ▁works ▁of ▁that ▁ill ust ri ous ▁society , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁M ém oire ▁sur ▁l ' ét abl issement ▁de ▁la ▁religion ▁et ▁de ▁l ' emp ire ▁de ▁Mah omet ▁( vol . ▁XXX ii ., ▁ 1 7 6 1 – 1 7 6 3 ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁close ▁of ▁the ▁Seven ▁Years ' ▁War ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁search ▁in ▁the ▁arch ives ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁documents ▁bearing ▁upon ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁France , ▁more ▁particularly ▁upon ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁provin ces ▁which ▁once ▁belonged ▁to ▁England . ▁This ▁mission ▁( 1 7 6 4 – 1 7 6 6 ) ▁was ▁very ▁fruit ful ▁in ▁results ; ▁Br équ ign y ▁brought ▁back ▁from ▁it ▁copies ▁of ▁about ▁ 7 0 0 0 ▁documents , ▁which ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁Bibli oth è que ▁Nation ale . ▁A ▁useful ▁selection ▁of ▁these ▁documents ▁was ▁published ▁( un fortunately ▁without ▁adequate ▁critical ▁treatment ) ▁by ▁Jacques ▁Joseph ▁Ch amp oll ion - F ige ac , ▁under ▁the ▁title ▁L ett res ▁de ▁ro is , ▁re ines ▁et ▁autres ▁person ages ▁des ▁cours ▁de ▁France ▁et ▁d ' Angle ter re , ▁depuis ▁Louis ▁VII . ▁jusqu ' à ▁Henri ▁IV ., ▁tires ▁des ▁arch ives ▁de ▁Londres ▁par ▁Br équ ign
y ▁( collection ▁of ▁Doc uments ▁in éd its ▁rel at ifs ▁a ▁l ' histoire ▁de ▁France , ▁ 2 ▁vol s ., ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁ 1 8 4 7 ). ▁ ▁Br équ ign y ▁himself ▁drew ▁the ▁material ▁for ▁many ▁important ▁studies ▁from ▁the ▁rich ▁mine ▁which ▁he ▁had ▁thus ▁explo ited . ▁These ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁des ▁In scriptions : ▁ ▁( vol . ▁x li .) ▁ ▁( vol . ▁x li i .) ▁four ▁ ▁( vol s . ▁x li ii . ▁and ▁L ) ▁ ▁( vol . ▁ 1 .) ▁This ▁last ▁was ▁read ▁to ▁the ▁Academy ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 7 9 3 , ▁the ▁mor row ▁of ▁Louis ▁XVI ' s ▁execution . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Br équ ign y ▁had ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁three ▁great ▁and ▁er ud ite ▁works . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁Table ▁chron olog ique ▁des ▁di pl ô mes , ▁chart es , ▁lett res , ▁et ▁act es ▁im prim és ▁concern ant ▁l ' histoire ▁de ▁France ▁he ▁contributed ▁three ▁volumes ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁M ou chet ▁( 1 7 6 9 – 1 7 8 3 ). ▁Ch arg ed ▁with ▁the ▁super vision ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁documents ▁bearing ▁on ▁French ▁history , ▁analog ous ▁to ▁Ry mer ' s ▁Fo ed era , ▁he ▁published ▁the ▁first ▁volume ▁( Di plom ata , ▁chart ae , ▁ep ist
ola e , ▁et ▁al ia ▁document a , ▁ad ▁res ▁Franc icas ▁spect ant ia , ▁etc ., ▁ 1 7 9 1 ). ▁The ▁Revolution ▁interrupted ▁him ▁in ▁his ▁collection ▁of ▁M ém o ires ▁concern ant ▁l ' histoire , ▁les ▁sciences , ▁les ▁lett res , ▁et ▁les ▁arts ▁des ▁Ch inois , ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁at ▁the ▁instance ▁of ▁the ▁minister ▁Bert in , ▁when ▁fifteen ▁volumes ▁had ▁appeared . ▁ ▁See ▁the ▁note ▁on ▁Br équ ign y ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁vol . ▁i . ▁of ▁the ▁M ém o ires ▁de ▁l ' Ac adém ie ▁des ▁In scriptions ▁( 1 8 0 8 ); ▁the ▁Introduction ▁to ▁vol . ▁iv . ▁of ▁the ▁Table ▁chron olog ique ▁des ▁di pl ô mes ▁( 1 8 3 6 ); ▁Ch amp oll ion - F ige ac ' s ▁pre face ▁to ▁the ▁L ett res ▁des ▁ro is ▁et ▁re ines ; ▁the ▁Com ité ▁des ▁trav aux ▁histor iques , ▁by ▁X ▁Ch arm es , ▁vol . ▁i . ▁pass im ; ▁N ▁O urs el , ▁Nou velle ▁bi ographie ▁norm ande ▁( 1 8 8 6 ); ▁and ▁the ▁Catalogue ▁des ▁manus crit s ▁des ▁collections ▁Du ches ne ▁et ▁Br équ ign y ▁( in ▁the ▁Bibli oth è que ▁Nation ale ), ▁by ▁Ren é ▁P oup ard in ▁( 1 9 0 5 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 1
4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 9 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Man che ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁française ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Ac adém ie ▁des ▁In scriptions ▁et ▁B elles - L ett res <0x0A> </s> ▁J ón ▁At li ▁J ón ass on ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁in ▁Re yk jav í k ) ▁is ▁an ▁I cel and ic ▁play wright ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁for ▁several ▁films . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁founding ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Mind group , ▁a ▁European ▁u mbre lla ▁group ▁of ▁people ▁involved ▁in ▁experimental ▁theater . ▁Consider ed ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁fore most ▁I cel and ic ▁play wright s , ▁he ▁has ▁refused ▁to ▁accept ▁nom inations ▁from ▁Gr í man , ▁the ▁I cel and ic ▁Theater ▁Awards . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁J ón ▁At li ▁J ón ass on ' s ▁Face Book ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : I cel and ic ▁writers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Re yk jav í k <0x0A> </s> ▁Andrea ▁F eld man ▁is ▁a ▁Cro at ian ▁historian ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Andrea ▁F eld man ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁in ▁Zag reb . ▁After ▁finishing ▁elementary ▁and
▁high ▁school ▁in ▁her ▁hom et own , ▁she ▁en rolled ▁at ▁the ▁Zag reb ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Human ities ▁and ▁Social ▁Sciences ▁from ▁which ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁history . ▁She ▁attended ▁post grad uation ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁Yale ▁University ▁where ▁she ▁obtained ▁M . A . ▁and ▁M . Phil . ▁degrees . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁F eld man ▁obtained ▁Ph . D . ▁from ▁the ▁Yale ▁University ▁with ▁the ▁doctor al ▁thesis ▁- ▁" I mb ro ▁I . ▁T kal ac ▁and ▁Liberal ism ▁in ▁Cro at ia ". ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁was ▁awarded ▁several ▁scholar ships ▁for ▁scientific ▁research ▁in ▁various ▁countries ▁which ▁included ▁scholar ships ▁awarded ▁by ▁the ▁Sl oven ian ▁Academy ▁of ▁Sciences ▁and ▁Arts ▁( 2 0 0 2 ), ▁Open ▁Society ▁Found ations ▁( 1 9 9 7 – 9 8 ), ▁Yale ▁University ▁( 1 9 9 0 – 9 3 ; ▁ 1 9 9 4 – 9 5 ), ▁and ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁( 1 9 8 7 – 8 8 ). ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Professional / re search ▁work ▁F eld man ▁participated ▁at ▁many ▁international ▁con ferences ▁in ▁Cro at ia , ▁US , ▁Italy , ▁Austria , ▁Hung ary , ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina , ▁Bulgar ia , ▁Germany , ▁Spain , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁UK , ▁Poland , ▁Turkey , ▁Slov ak ia , ▁Belgium ▁and ▁Italy . ▁During ▁her ▁stay ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁she ▁regularly ▁participated ▁in
▁the ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Association ▁for ▁Sl av ic , ▁East ▁European , ▁and ▁E uras ian ▁Studies . ▁She ▁is ▁Cro at ian ▁representative ▁at ▁the ▁International ▁Federation ▁for ▁Research ▁in ▁Women ' s ▁History ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁For ▁ten ▁years ▁she ▁co - organ ized ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁" W omen ▁and ▁Politics " ▁at ▁Inter - Univers ity ▁Center ▁in ▁Dub rov nik . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁research er ▁and ▁associate ▁at ▁U CL ▁School ▁of ▁Sl av onic ▁and ▁East ▁European ▁Studies , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁a ▁junior ▁research er ▁at ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁Institut ▁für ▁die ▁W issenschaft en ▁vom ▁Menschen . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Ster ling ▁Memorial ▁Library ▁transc rib ing , ▁transl ating ▁and ▁catalog ing ▁testim on ies ▁of ▁Hol oca ust ▁survivors ▁from ▁Cro at ia , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁for ▁the ▁Hol oca ust ▁Archives . ▁As ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁V l ado ▁Got ov ac , ▁she ▁organized ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁" Min or ities ▁as ▁a ▁Cross - border ▁Co operation ▁Bridge " ▁in ▁Os ij ek ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Fried man ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁the ▁Yale ▁Psy chiat ric ▁Institute , ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁transl ator ▁and ▁co - worker ▁on ▁a ▁post tra um atic
▁stress ▁disorder ▁research . ▁She ▁conducted ▁and ▁translated ▁conversations ▁with ▁refugees ▁from ▁Bi H , ▁who ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁as ▁patients . ▁She ▁also ▁analyzed ▁the ▁background ▁of ▁political ▁and ▁historical ▁events ▁in ▁the ▁success or ▁countries ▁of ▁the ▁S FR ▁Y ug oslav ia ▁for ▁the ▁conduct ors ▁of ▁research ▁prof . ▁D ori ▁La ub ▁and ▁prof . ▁Steven ▁We in . ▁She ▁translated ▁ther apeut ic ▁sessions ▁from ▁Bos n ian ▁and ▁Cro at ian ▁to ▁English ▁and ▁vice ▁vers a . ▁ ▁University ▁work ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁F eld man ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Yale ▁where ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subjects ▁Russian ▁Culture ▁( 1 8 2 4 - 9 0 ), ▁Form ation ▁of ▁American ▁Culture ▁( 2 0 th ▁Century ), ▁History ▁of ▁International ▁Commun ism ▁and ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Working ▁Class ▁in ▁America . ▁Between ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁the ▁initial ▁degree ▁of ▁Cro at ian , ▁Ser bian ▁and ▁Bos n ian ▁languages ▁at ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Sl av ic ▁Studies ▁at ▁the ▁Yale ▁University . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁sem ester ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁- ▁Ev olution ▁of ▁Mult icult ural ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁became ▁assistant ▁to ▁prof . ▁Mark ▁Stein berg ▁on ▁the ▁subject ▁Russian ▁Culture ▁(
1 8 2 4 - 1 9 9 0 ). ▁Between ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁F eld man ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Institute ▁of ▁History . ▁In ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 0 3 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁History ▁of ▁Ser bs ▁for ▁students ▁of ▁a ▁special ▁program ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁language , ▁history , ▁and ▁culture ▁at ▁the ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Te acher ▁Education ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Zag reb . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁she ▁advised ▁Foreign ▁Minister s ▁Ton ino ▁Pic ula ▁and ▁Mi om ir ▁Ž u ž ul ▁on ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁civil ▁society . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁she ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Open ▁Society ▁Institute ▁- ▁Cro at ia . ▁She ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁position ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁when ▁she ▁became ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁for ▁Democr acy '. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁deputy ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Mediterranean ▁Institute ▁for ▁Life ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁external ▁associate ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁Department ▁for ▁Cro at ian ▁Studies ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Zag reb , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁Women / G ender ▁History ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁She ▁also ▁taught ▁courses ▁in ▁History ▁and ▁Culture ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁( from ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁to ▁the ▁Fall ▁of ▁the
▁Berlin ▁Wall ) ▁and ▁the ▁Political ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Form ations ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁Sl av ic ▁Nations ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Business ▁Studies ▁in ▁Ban ja ▁Lu ka . ▁In ▁the ▁academic ▁year ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 1 1 , ▁she ▁lect ured ▁subject ▁of ▁Compar ative ▁Politics ▁at ▁the ▁School ▁of ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sar aj ev o . ▁In ▁addition , ▁she ▁also ▁lect ured ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London , ▁University ▁College ▁London ▁and ▁King ' s ▁College . ▁ ▁F eld man ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁Writ ers ' ▁Society '' ▁( H DP ), ▁and ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Board ▁of ▁the ▁Cro at ian ▁branch ▁of ▁P EN ▁International . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁F eld man ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Party ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁it ▁was ▁governed ▁by ▁her ▁future ▁husband ▁I vo ▁Ban ac . ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁party ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁the ▁associ ates ▁of ▁Z lat ko ▁K ram ari ć ▁with ▁whose ▁politics ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁agree . ▁F eld man ▁was ▁polit ically ▁in active ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁when ▁she ▁joined ▁M ire la ▁Holy ▁in ▁founding ▁S ustain able ▁Development ▁of ▁Cro at ia ▁party ▁( OR a H ). ▁She ▁left ▁the ▁party ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁c iting ▁disag reement ▁with ▁the ▁political ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁party , ▁the ▁question ▁of ▁support ▁to ▁I vo ▁Jos ip
ović ▁( with ▁whom ▁she ▁didn ' t ▁agree ) ▁and ▁bad ▁inter personal ▁relations ▁between ▁members . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁European ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁she ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁second ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁OR a H ' s ▁elect oral ▁list , ▁and ▁was ▁short ▁a ▁handful ▁of ▁votes ▁to ▁get ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁Private ▁life ▁F eld man ▁married ▁historian ▁I vo ▁Ban ac ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁She ▁speaks ▁English , ▁German ▁and ▁Italian . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁Liberal na ▁mis ao ▁u ▁H rv at sk oj . ▁Pr il oz i ▁pov ij est i ▁liberal iz ma ▁od ▁k ra ja ▁ 1 8 . ▁do ▁s red ine ▁ 2 0 . ▁st ol je ć a ▁[ L iber al ▁Thought ▁in ▁Cro at ia . ▁Contribut ions ▁to ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁Liberal ism ▁from ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 8 th ▁to ▁mid ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ], ▁Friedrich - Na um ann - St ift ung , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁Ž ene ▁u ▁H rv at sk oj . ▁Ž ens ka ▁i ▁k ul turn a ▁pov ij est ▁[ W omen ▁in ▁Cro at ia . ▁Women ' s ▁and ▁Cultural ▁History ], ▁Institut ▁„ V l ado ▁Got ov ac “, ▁Ž ens ka ▁inf ot ek a , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁( pre ved ena ▁na
▁ma đ ars ki ▁" A . ▁F eld man , ▁S zer kes zt ette . ▁( 2 0 0 8 . ): ▁A ▁n ő k ▁Hor v át ország ban : ▁N ő t ör té ne lem ▁és ▁n ő i ▁mű vel ő d és , ▁Bal ass i ▁Ki ad ó , ▁Budapest ") ▁ ▁Z ov ▁Sir aku ze ▁il i ▁za š to ▁sam ▁u ▁polit ici ▁[ C ry ▁of ▁Sir aku ze ▁or ▁Why ▁I ' m ▁in ▁Politics ], ▁Ž ens ka ▁inf ot ek a , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁P ov ij es no ▁g led amo . ▁R az gov ori ▁s ▁pov jes ni č ar ima ▁[ We ▁look ▁Histor ically . ▁Inter views ▁with ▁Histor ians ], ▁I zd an ja ▁Ant ib ar bar us , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁I mb ro ▁I . ▁T kal ac ▁( 1 8 2 4 .- 1 9 1 2 . ): ▁Euro ps ko ▁is k ust vo ▁h rv at sk og ▁liber ala , ▁I zd an ja ▁Ant ib ar bar us , ▁Zag reb , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁political ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Zag reb ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Zag reb ▁al umn i ▁Category : Y
ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : C ro at ian ▁histor ians ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Ve js il ▁Var up a ▁( born ▁January ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Bos n ian ▁football er . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Bos n ian ▁War , ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁and ▁was ▁rum ored ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁killed . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁V ite z ▁Category : B os ni aks ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁Category : F K ▁Sar aj ev o ▁players ▁Category : Y ug oslav ▁football ers ▁Category : B os nia ▁and ▁Herz eg ov ina ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Th an ▁S ina ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁Camb od ian ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁represent ▁Kamp ot ▁Province ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁Camb od ia ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁( C amb od ia ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁T etr agon op orus ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁c est odes ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁P se ud oph yll idea . ▁It ▁is ▁a
▁mon ot yp ic ▁genus , ▁and ▁the ▁only ▁species ▁is ▁T etr agon op orus ▁cal y pto ce ph al us , ▁previously ▁known ▁as ▁Pol ygon op orus ▁gig antic us . ▁This ▁tap ew orm ▁is ▁a ▁gut ▁paras ite ▁of ▁wh ales . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁adult ▁T . ▁cal y pto ce ph al us ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁gut ▁of ▁wh ales ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁s perm ▁wh ale . ▁It ▁is ▁normally ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁int est ine , ▁but ▁can ▁also ▁occur ▁in ▁the ▁b ile ▁du ct . ▁The ▁tap ew orm ▁can ▁be ▁almost ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁with ▁as ▁many ▁as ▁ 4 5 , 0 0 0 ▁pro gl ott ids ▁( seg ments ). ▁The ▁sc ole x ▁( head ) ▁of ▁the ▁tap ew orm ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁l ining ▁of ▁the ▁gut ▁and ▁the ▁pro gl ott ids ▁continuously ▁develop ▁from ▁behind ▁the ▁sc ole x . ▁As ▁more ▁segments ▁are ▁produced , ▁the ▁older ▁ones ▁become ▁larger ▁and ▁more ▁mature . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁species , ▁the ▁sc ole x ▁is ▁short ▁and ▁equipped ▁with ▁two ▁suck ers , ▁and ▁the ▁pro gl ott ids ▁develop ▁in ▁groups ▁of ▁three ▁different ▁sizes ▁– ▁small , ▁medium ▁and ▁large ▁– ▁which ▁are ▁repeated ▁throughout ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁stro b ila ▁( segment ed ▁body ). ▁The ▁cut icle ▁is ▁thin ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁longitud inal ▁and ▁trans verse ▁muscles ▁underneath . ▁The ▁internal ▁longitud inal ▁muscle
▁is ▁very ▁well - develop ed . ▁The ▁front ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tap ew orm ▁is ▁mil ky - white ▁but ▁further ▁back ▁it ▁is ▁grey . ▁Each ▁segment ▁has ▁several ▁sets ▁of ▁o var ies ▁and ▁test es ▁and ▁produces ▁very ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁eggs ▁( pro bably ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁a ▁day ▁produced ▁by ▁the ▁beef ▁tap ew orm , ▁Ta en ia ▁sag in ata ). ▁In ▁one ▁study ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁z ool og ist ▁A . ▁Sk ry ab in , ▁who ▁described ▁T . ▁cal y pto ce ph al us ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁the ▁largest ▁pro gl ott ids ▁were ▁ ▁wide ▁and ▁contained ▁fourteen ▁g on ads . ▁ ▁M ating ▁takes ▁place ▁between ▁two ▁pro gl ott ids ▁from ▁either ▁the ▁same ▁or ▁different ▁tap ew orm s . ▁When ▁sufficiently ▁mature , ▁the ▁terminal ▁pro gl ott ids ▁are ▁shed , ▁being ▁exp elled ▁from ▁the ▁host ▁with ▁the ▁wh ale ' s ▁f æ ces . ▁Comp ared ▁with ▁their ▁free - l iving ▁relatives , ▁paras ites ▁tend ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁fe c und , ▁and ▁the ▁wh ale ▁tap ew orm ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁produce ▁bill ions ▁of ▁eggs ▁during ▁its ▁lifetime . ▁Consider ing ▁why ▁the ▁worm s ▁should ▁have ▁evolved ▁this ▁enormous ▁fe c und ity , ▁Ger ald ▁D . ▁Sch midt ▁and ▁Larry ▁S . ▁Roberts ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁reflected ▁that
▁" There ▁are ▁few ▁wh ales ▁and ▁the ▁ocean ▁is ▁large ". ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁tap ew orm ▁occurs ▁exclusively ▁in ▁Ar ctic ▁waters . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁to ot hed ▁wh ales ▁such ▁as ▁s perm ▁wh ales . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : E uc est oda ▁Category : Par as it ic ▁animals ▁of ▁mamm als ▁Category : C est oda ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mount ▁R enn ie ▁rape ▁case ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁gang ▁rape ▁in ▁Sydney ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 8 0 s ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁full ▁conviction ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁crime — you ng ▁l ar rik ins ▁of ▁the ▁" Water lo o ▁P ush ". ▁The ▁attack ▁is ▁sometimes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" Mount ▁R enn ie ▁Out rage " ▁or ▁the ▁" Water lo o ▁Out rage ". ▁The ▁crime ▁was ▁a ▁p iv otal ▁point ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁history , ▁coming ▁after ▁a ▁history ▁of ▁failure ▁of ▁other ▁gang - rap e ▁trials ▁in ▁that ▁time ▁period . ▁ ▁The ▁crime ▁The ▁gang ▁rape ▁occurred ▁on ▁ 9 ▁September ▁ 1 8 8 6 . ▁Six teen - year - old ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks ▁had ▁been ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Bath urst ▁convent ▁school , ▁then ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁domestic ▁servant ▁at ▁K ato om ba , ▁and ▁at ▁a ▁hotel ▁and ▁private ▁houses ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁While ▁walking ▁to ▁a ▁city ▁employment ▁registry , ▁she ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁lift ▁by ▁Charles ▁Sweet
man , ▁the ▁driver ▁of ▁a ▁hans om ▁cab , ▁who ▁instead ▁drove ▁her ▁in ▁his ▁cab ▁to ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁Moore ▁Park ▁area , ▁then ▁an ▁isolated ▁piece ▁of ▁bush land ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Water lo o ▁and ▁called ▁Mount ▁R enn ie . ▁He ▁attempted ▁to ▁mol est ▁her ▁in ▁the ▁cab ▁but ▁she ▁screamed ▁for ▁help . ▁Two ▁young ▁men ▁approached ▁and ▁took ▁her ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁cab , ▁pur port ing ▁to ▁save ▁her ▁from ▁dis gr ace . ▁At ▁this ▁point , ▁Sweet man ▁depart ed ▁with ▁his ▁cab . ▁ ▁The ▁young ▁men ▁walked ▁her ▁to ▁a ▁different ▁isolated ▁location ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁several ▁others , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁began ▁to ▁take ▁turns ▁in ▁rap ing ▁her . ▁The ▁girl ' s ▁screaming ▁was ▁heard ▁by ▁a ▁pas ser - by , ▁William ▁Stanley , ▁who ▁attempted ▁to ▁rescue ▁her ▁but ▁was ▁driven ▁off ▁by ▁the ▁gang ▁with ▁br icks , ▁stones ▁and ▁bottles . ▁Stanley ▁ran ▁to ▁distant ▁Red fer n ▁police ▁station , ▁where ▁he ▁reported ▁the ▁crime ▁at ▁about ▁ 4 ▁p . m . ▁When ▁the ▁police ▁arrived ▁on ▁the ▁scene ▁at ▁ 5 ▁p . m ., ▁they ▁interrupted ▁the ▁crime ▁which ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁progress , ▁but ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁app re hend ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁fle eing ▁off enders . ▁Following ▁in quir ies , ▁twelve ▁men ▁were ▁identified ▁and ▁eventually ▁arrested , ▁including ▁Charles ▁Sweet man , ▁the ▁cab man . ▁At ▁least ▁one
▁reporter ▁formed ▁the ▁view ▁that ▁Sweet man ▁had ▁deliberately ▁planned ▁to ▁deliver ▁a ▁girl ▁to ▁the ▁push ▁members ▁who ▁were ▁assembled ▁and ▁waiting ▁for ▁the ▁purpose . ▁ ▁The ▁victim , ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks , ▁test ified ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁fallen ▁into ▁and ▁out ▁of ▁consciousness ▁during ▁the ▁or de al , ▁but ▁gave ▁evidence ▁that ▁at ▁least ▁eight ▁men ▁held ▁her ▁down ▁and ▁took ▁turns ▁to ▁rape ▁her , ▁and ▁that ▁many ▁others ▁were ▁present , ▁including ▁some ▁who ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁app re hend ed . ▁ ▁Public ▁reaction ▁The ▁rape ▁caused ▁a ▁" f ren zy " ▁of ▁outrage ▁and ▁sensation ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁The ▁Sydney ▁press ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁brutal ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁perpet r ators . ▁ ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Daily ▁Tele graph ▁newspaper ▁described ▁the ▁crime ▁as ▁one ▁" which ▁no ▁parallel ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁crimes ▁of ▁civil ized ▁life ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁sav ager ies ▁of ▁bar bar ism ". ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Bul let in ▁newspaper ▁instead ▁argued ▁that ▁H icks ▁was ▁an ▁" un fortunate ", ▁or ▁in ▁other ▁words , ▁a ▁prost itute . ▁It ▁focused ▁on ▁her ▁lack ▁of ▁vir gin ity . ▁Cru c ially , ▁though , ▁it ▁ignored ▁H icks ' s ▁claim ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁rap ed ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁fourteen ▁by ▁a ▁married ▁man . ▁Geoff rey ▁Part ington ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁Bul let in ▁lik ened ▁the ▁incident ▁to ▁British ▁opp ression ▁of ▁the ▁Irish . ▁He ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁Bul let in
▁accused ▁the ▁then ▁Governor ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Lord ▁Car ring ton , ▁as ▁" drag ging ▁from ▁the ▁grave ▁the ▁ske let ons ▁of ▁the ▁poor ▁w ret ched ▁ignorant ▁boys ▁whom ▁he ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁gall ows ▁in ▁de ference ▁to ▁the ▁laws ▁of ▁a ▁conv ict ▁colony ▁that ▁has ▁not ▁even ▁yet ▁emerged ▁from ▁beneath ▁the ▁shadow ▁of ▁the ▁ga ol ▁wall ". ▁However , ▁in ▁an ▁editorial ▁leader , ▁The ▁Sydney ▁Morning ▁Her ald ▁maintained ▁that ▁the ▁youth s ▁had ▁received ▁a ▁fair ▁trial , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁for ▁rape ▁had ▁been ▁confirmed ▁by ▁legislation ▁only ▁three ▁years ▁earlier . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁sentences ▁should ▁be ▁carried ▁out ▁unless ▁there ▁were ▁legitimate ▁grounds ▁for ▁rep rieve ▁in ▁any ▁individual ▁case . ▁ ▁Tri als ▁The ▁trial ▁of ▁the ▁accused ▁youth s ▁was ▁conducted ▁over ▁six ▁consecutive ▁days , ▁ 2 2 – 2 7 ▁November ▁inclusive . ▁Det ailed ▁reports ▁were ▁printed ▁in ▁the ▁Her ald ▁and ▁are ▁available ▁online . ▁ ▁William ▁Hill , ▁George ▁D uffy , ▁William ▁New man , ▁Michael ▁Don nell an , ▁Joseph ▁Martin , ▁William ▁Boy ce , ▁Hugh ▁Miller , ▁George ▁Ke eg an , ▁Robert ▁Read , ▁Thomas ▁O sc ro ft ▁and ▁Michael ▁M ang an ▁were ▁tried ▁for ▁the ▁crime . ▁Justice ▁W inde yer ▁declared ▁the ▁crime ▁as ▁a ▁" most ▁at roc ious ▁crime , ▁a ▁crime ▁so ▁horrible ▁that ▁every ▁lover ▁of ▁his ▁country ▁must ▁feel ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dis gr
ace ▁to ▁our ▁civilization ". ▁The ▁first ▁nine ▁men ▁were ▁convicted ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ; ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁were ▁acqu itted . ▁All ▁but ▁one ▁were ▁reported ly ▁under ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁After ▁a ▁separate ▁trial , ▁Charles ▁Sweet man ▁received ▁fourteen ▁years ' ▁prison ▁for ▁his ▁part , ▁plus ▁ 5 0 ▁las hes , ▁to ▁be ▁handed ▁out ▁on ▁two ▁separate ▁occasions . ▁ ▁Appe als ▁for ▁cle m ency ▁A ▁public ▁campaign ▁was ▁w aged , ▁advoc ating ▁that ▁the ▁death ▁penalty ▁was ▁too ▁harsh ▁for ▁the ▁nine ▁condem ned ▁youth s . ▁Before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁state ' s ▁Executive ▁Council ▁reviewed ▁all ▁the ▁sentences ▁and ▁commut ed ▁three ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁" mit ig ating ▁circumstances ". ▁ ▁A ▁public ▁meeting ▁was ▁conven ed ▁at ▁the ▁Sydney ▁Town ▁Hall ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁December ▁with ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁petition ing ▁the ▁Governor ▁to ▁exercise ▁his ▁power ▁to ▁rep rieve ▁all ▁the ▁condem ned ▁youth s . ▁ ▁A ▁deput ation ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁citizens ▁attended ▁the ▁Governor ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁hanging . ▁They ▁succeeded ▁in ▁having ▁two ▁more ▁of ▁the ▁sentences ▁commut ed ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment , ▁though ▁their ▁first ▁three ▁years ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁served ▁in ▁fet ters . ▁The ▁remaining ▁four — Read , ▁D uffy , ▁Martin ▁and ▁Boy ce — were ▁to ▁be ▁h anged ▁on ▁ 7 ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 7
. ▁ ▁Execut ions ▁Some ▁two ▁thousand ▁people ▁were ▁estimated ▁to ▁have ▁mass ed ▁outside ▁the ▁prison ▁on ▁the ▁day , ▁but ▁only ▁persons ▁with ▁reput able ▁credentials ▁were ▁admitted ▁to ▁witness ▁the ▁execut ions . ▁The ▁execution er , ▁Robert ▁Howard , ▁bot ched ▁the ▁hang ings ▁when ▁he ▁mis cal cul ated ▁the ▁drop ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁youth s . ▁One ▁died ▁instantly ▁but ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁struggled ▁for ▁several ▁minutes . ▁ ▁After math ▁The ▁trial ▁was ▁dram at ised ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ABC ▁doc ud r ama , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁three - part ▁series ▁entitled ▁Australia ▁on ▁T rial . ▁Present ed ▁by ▁historian ▁Michael ▁Cath cart , ▁the ▁script ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁official ▁court ▁trans cript s ▁of ▁the ▁trial . ▁ ▁E min ent ▁Histor ian , ▁Professor ▁Bre tt ▁H inch , ▁tr aced ▁Mary ▁Jane ▁H icks ▁life ▁after ▁the ▁trial ▁and ▁documented ▁that ▁she ▁moved ▁to ▁New ▁Zealand ▁where ▁she ▁died ▁ 6 ▁years ▁later ▁aged ▁ 2 2 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Gle es on , ▁Kate . ▁From ▁Cent en ary ▁to ▁the ▁Olympics , ▁G ang ▁R ape ▁in ▁Sydney . ▁ ▁Pe ers , ▁Jul iet . ▁Accept ▁any ▁Woman ' s ▁Word ? ▁R ape ▁and ▁Republican ism . ▁ ▁Category : Cr ime ▁in ▁Sydney ▁Category : History ▁of ▁Sydney ▁Category : G ang ▁rape ▁Category : 1 8 8 6 ▁crimes ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 8
8 6 ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Sydney ▁Category : 1 8 8 0 s ▁in ▁Sydney <0x0A> </s> ▁Ric card o ▁More o ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁football ▁player . ▁He ▁plays ▁for ▁Mon op oli ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁C osen za . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Serie ▁C ▁debut ▁for ▁Alb ino Le ff e ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁a ▁game ▁against ▁F eral pi Sal ò . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁ 3 - year ▁contract ▁with ▁C osen za . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁Mon op oli ▁on ▁loan . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁Milan ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : It al ian ▁football ers ▁Category : U . C . ▁Alb ino Le ff e ▁players ▁Category : S . S . ▁A kr ag as ▁C itt à ▁dei ▁T empl i ▁players ▁Category : C osen za ▁Cal cio ▁players ▁Category : S . S . ▁Mon op oli ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Ser ie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards <0x0A> </s>
▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁( E WN ) ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁English ▁newspaper ▁in ▁Spain . ▁ ▁Company ▁history ▁▁ ▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁is ▁Spain ' s ▁largest ▁group ▁of ▁free ▁English ▁language ▁newspapers ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁operating ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁The ▁publication ▁is ▁owned ▁by ▁husband ▁and ▁wife , ▁Steven ▁and ▁Michel ▁E ues den . ▁The ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁six ▁newspapers ▁that ▁cover ▁Costa ▁Bl anca ▁North , ▁Costa ▁Bl anca ▁South , ▁Al mer ia , ▁Ax ar qu ia ▁Costa ▁T rop ical ▁( east ▁of ▁M ál aga ), ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁and ▁Mall or ca . ▁ ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 4 , 0 0 0 ▁copies ▁are ▁distributed ▁weekly ▁across ▁the ▁region . ▁Its ▁target ▁audience ▁is ▁the ▁English ▁speaking ▁immigrants ▁living ▁in ▁Spain ▁and ▁it ▁offers ▁a ▁traditional ▁British ▁style ▁newspaper ▁concentr ating ▁on ▁local ▁news ▁and ▁issues . ▁ ▁Its ▁distribution ▁covers ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁exp atri ate ▁communities ▁in ▁Spain ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁Val encia ▁along ▁the ▁coast ▁to ▁Gib ral tar / La ▁Line a . ▁Its ▁rem it ▁is ▁stated ▁as ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁exp atri ate ▁communities ▁in ▁Spain ▁all ▁their ▁local ▁news ▁and ▁to ▁give ▁them ▁a ▁voice . ▁The ▁Euro Week ly ▁news ▁is ▁a ▁free ▁online ▁medium ▁operating ▁solely ▁on ▁advertising ▁revenue . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁website ▁which ▁covers ▁not ▁just ▁local ▁news ▁but ▁also ▁national ▁and ▁international ▁events . ▁Another ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁is ▁an
▁online ▁business ▁directory , ▁E wn gets it . com . ▁ ▁Layout ▁and ▁format ▁▁ ▁Each ▁edition ▁is ▁in ▁tab lo id ▁format ▁although ▁rel ies ▁heavily ▁on ▁advertising ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁publication . ▁P ag ination ▁varies ▁with ▁each ▁issue ▁and ▁edition . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁largest ▁edition ▁is ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁( 1 2 8 ▁pages ) ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁Costa ▁Bl anca ▁North ▁( 8 8 ▁pages ) ▁Costa ▁Bl anca ▁South ▁( 9 6 ▁pages ), ▁Mall or ca ▁( 6 4 ▁pages ) ▁and ▁Ax ar qu ia ▁Costa ▁T rop ical ▁( 4 8 ▁pages ). ▁The ▁largest ▁edition ▁ever ▁at ▁ 2 0 0 ▁pages ▁was ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁issue ▁published ▁October ▁ 2 – 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁( Iss ue ▁ 1 5 2 6 ). ▁ ▁Each ▁newspaper ▁follows ▁a ▁traditional ▁British ▁newspaper ▁format , ▁starting ▁with ▁news ▁at ▁the ▁front ▁through ▁to ▁a ▁regional ▁news ▁page ▁and ▁European / R ussian ▁news . ▁ ▁The ▁back ▁starts ▁with ▁a ▁six - page ▁finance ▁section ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁TV ▁guide ▁and ▁a ▁cross words / pu zz les ▁section ▁called ▁Time ▁Out . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁Health ▁and ▁Beaut y , ▁Hom es ▁and ▁Gard ens , ▁and ▁Mot oring ▁sections ▁before ▁Class ified ▁Ad verts ▁and ▁sports ▁pages . ▁The ▁emphasis ▁of ▁the ▁papers ▁is ▁on ▁local ▁news ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁story ▁count . ▁ ▁Op in ion ▁section ▁▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁local ▁news ,
▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁quality ▁and ▁controversial ▁nature ▁of ▁its ▁column ists . ▁Poss ibly ▁the ▁most ▁controversial ▁column ist ▁is ▁Le apy ▁Lee , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁hit ▁single ▁with ▁his ▁song ▁Little ▁Ar rows ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁writing ▁a ▁weekly ▁column ▁in ▁all ▁ed itions ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁since ▁its ▁start . ▁He ▁has ▁forth right ▁views ▁on ▁many ▁subjects , ▁some ▁of ▁which ▁draw ▁heavy ▁criticism ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁much ▁praise . N ora ▁Johnson ▁also ▁cont ributes ▁a ▁weekly ▁column ▁in ▁some ▁ed itions . ▁She ▁has ▁also ▁written ▁several ▁novels ▁with ▁profits ▁going ▁to ▁charity . ▁ ▁Rel atively ▁new ▁to ▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁Colin ▁Bird ▁who ▁writes ▁hum orous ▁articles ▁on ▁a ▁weekly ▁basis . ▁Cart oon ist ▁Peter ▁M add ocks ▁is ▁a ▁Fleet ▁Street ▁st al wart ▁who ▁provides ▁a ▁weekly ▁cart oon ▁in ▁the ▁Time out ▁section . ▁Peter ▁Field man ▁provides ▁ir regular ▁features ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁experienced ▁N U J ▁journalist ▁with ▁a ▁wide ▁rem it . ▁A ▁weekly ▁column ▁on ▁the ▁Spanish ▁political ▁scene ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁Cass andra ▁Nash . ▁ ▁News room ▁re struct uring ▁▁ ▁The ▁head ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁is ▁in ▁Fu eng i rol a , ▁M ál aga , ▁where ▁the ▁main ▁production ▁hub ▁is ▁based . ▁This ▁is ▁where ▁all ▁six ▁ed itions ▁are ▁designed ▁and ▁edited , ▁and ▁where ▁the ▁editor ▁is ▁based . ▁There ▁were ▁another
▁nine ▁regional ▁offices ▁although ▁some ▁recently ▁closed , ▁four ▁of ▁which ▁opened ▁since ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁These ▁offices ▁are ▁in ▁Ben id orm ▁Ind oor ▁Market ▁( Now ▁Cl osed ), ▁Cal pe ▁( Now ▁Cl osed ), ▁Alb ir , ▁Al box , ▁M oj ac ar , ▁Tor rev ie ja , ▁Mar b ella , ▁Pal ma ▁de ▁Mall or ca ▁and ▁N er ja . ▁The ▁newspapers ▁and ▁website ▁were ▁recently ▁re des igned ▁to ▁update ▁its ▁image . ▁ ▁TV ▁Section ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁larger ▁papers ▁there ▁are ▁seven ▁pages ▁of ▁TV ▁list ings ▁which ▁fall ▁to ▁one ▁page ▁in ▁the ▁smallest ▁ed itions . ▁ ▁Awards ▁▁ ▁The ▁Euro ▁Week ly ▁News ▁Media ▁Group ▁was ▁nominated ▁in ▁the ▁A EE PP ▁( As oci aci ò n ▁Esp añ ola ▁de ▁Public aciones ▁Per i ò d icas ) ▁ 9 th ▁annual ▁awards ▁ceremony ▁held ▁September ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁in ▁Madrid . ▁Euro Week ly ▁News . ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁Madrid , ▁Ign acio ▁Gon z ale z , ▁presented ▁the ▁Di pl oma ▁of ▁Hon our ▁to ▁E WN ▁Operations ▁Manager ▁Nick i ▁Burg ess . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁only ▁English ▁language ▁publication ▁to ▁be ▁hon oured . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol ▁Business ▁awards ▁by ▁CA DE ▁( ▁Centre ▁for ▁Entre pre neur ial ▁Development ▁of ▁Mar b ella ) ▁the ▁E WN ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁Company ▁of ▁the
▁Year ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁▁ ▁The ▁E ues d ens , ▁in ▁their ▁capacity ▁as ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁E WN ▁appeared ▁on ▁TV ▁being ▁interviewed ▁by ▁P iers ▁Morgan ▁for ▁an ▁IT V ▁documentary ▁on ▁Mar b ella ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁appearances ▁on ▁the ▁Jeremy ▁V ine ▁Show ▁and ▁BBC ▁News ▁about ▁benefit ▁fraud sters . ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁Ben id orm ’ s ▁Got ▁Tal ent , ▁a ▁talent ▁show ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁Costa ▁Bl anca ▁city . ▁After ▁the ▁opening ▁act , ▁co - present ers ▁Steve ▁Sh app elle ▁and ▁David ▁Cl iment ▁( Enter tainment ▁Director ▁for ▁Ben id orm ▁Palace ) ▁introduced ▁the ▁judges : ▁E WN ▁publish ers ▁Michel ▁and ▁Steven ▁E ues den . ▁The ▁E WN ▁has ▁and ▁continues ▁also ▁to ▁spons or ▁the ▁Mar b ella ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival ▁which ▁brings ▁‘ independ ent ’ ▁film ▁m akers ▁from ▁across ▁the ▁globe ▁together ▁each ▁year . ▁The ▁E WN ▁also ▁continues ▁to ▁support ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁char ities . ▁This ▁has ▁been ▁in ▁many ▁forms ▁and ▁for ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁subjects ▁from ▁big ▁UK ▁based ▁char ities ▁to ▁individuals ▁and ▁organisations ▁in ▁Spain . ▁These ▁have ▁included ▁the ▁Butter fly ▁Ball ▁in ▁Mar b ella ▁for ▁the ▁UK ’ s ▁Rh ys ▁Daniel s ▁Trust ▁which ▁provides ▁‘ hom es ▁from ▁home ’ ▁for ▁children ▁who ▁require ▁long ▁periods ▁of ▁hospital ▁care ▁a ▁long
▁way ▁from ▁their ▁homes ▁and ▁their ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁Pos it ively ▁Pink ▁Ball , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Costa ▁del ▁Sol , ▁raises ▁money ▁for ▁Pos it ively ▁Pink ▁charity ▁which ▁offers ▁free ▁breast ▁cancer ▁screening ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁support ▁to ▁cancer ▁suff ers . ▁M AB S , ▁which ▁offers ▁support ▁to ▁cancer ▁suffer ers ▁on ▁the ▁Costa ▁Bl anca . ▁Sever ely ▁disabled ▁children ▁including ▁Tom as ▁Le ight on ▁and ▁Ke ira ▁Al vare z ▁Turner ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁supported ▁in ▁newspaper ▁campaigns . ▁ ▁Column s ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁market ▁research ▁carried ▁out ▁by ▁the ▁E WN , ▁its ▁readers ’ ▁favourite ▁pages ▁are ▁the ▁local ▁news ▁pages ▁with ▁ 9 8 ▁per ▁cent ▁listing ▁them ▁as ▁fav oured . ▁Second ▁favourite ▁section ▁is ▁letters ▁( 8 3 ▁per ▁cent ) ▁followed ▁by ▁Le apy ▁Lee ’ s ▁column ▁( 6 4 . 8 7 ▁per ▁cent ) ▁and ▁other ▁column ists ▁( ▁ 6 3 . 2 2 ▁per ▁cent ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Category : English - language ▁newspapers ▁published ▁in ▁Europe ▁Category : Public ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁Category : 1 9 9 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁American ▁comedy ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak iva ▁Sch aff er ▁( in ▁his ▁director ial ▁debut ) ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady . ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Andy ▁Sam berg ▁as ▁amateur ▁st unt
man ▁Rod ▁Kim ble , ▁whose ▁step - father , ▁Frank ▁( I an ▁Mc Sh ane ) ▁continuously ▁m ocks ▁and ▁dis respect s ▁him . ▁When ▁Frank ▁becomes ▁ill , ▁Rod ▁raises ▁money ▁for ▁his ▁heart ▁operation ▁by ▁execut ing ▁his ▁largest ▁st unt ▁yet . ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁stars ▁J orm a ▁T ac con e , ▁S iss y ▁Space k , ▁Will ▁Ar nett , ▁Danny ▁Mc B ride , ▁Is la ▁Fisher ▁and ▁Bill ▁H ader . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁originally ▁draft ed ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady ▁( who ▁ret ains ▁full ▁writing ▁credit ) ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁for ▁Saturday ▁Night ▁Live ▁star ▁Will ▁F erre ll , ▁but ▁the ▁project ▁never ▁comm enced . ▁L orne ▁Mich a els ▁convinced ▁Param ount ▁to ▁let ▁The ▁L on ely ▁Island , ▁who ▁were ▁growing ▁famous ▁for ▁their ▁work ▁on ▁SN L , ▁take ▁over ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁group ▁subsequently ▁re - w rote ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁a ▁heavy ▁emphasis ▁on ▁off beat ▁sur real ▁humor . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁Vancouver ▁over ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁The ▁film ' s ▁score ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁former ▁Yes ▁guitar ist ▁T rev or ▁Rab in , ▁and ▁its ▁sound track ▁features ▁several ▁songs ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁band ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁box ▁office ▁failure , ▁gross ing ▁only ▁$
1 4 ▁million ▁of ▁its ▁$ 2 5 ▁million ▁budget . ▁As ▁the ▁film ' s ▁producers ▁predicted , ▁it ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews , ▁with ▁critics ▁critic izing ▁the ▁film ' s ▁script ▁and ▁humor . ▁It ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁popular ▁cult ▁film ▁on ▁home ▁video . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁Throughout ▁his ▁entire ▁life , ▁Rod ▁Kim ble ▁has ▁believed ▁his ▁father , ▁now ▁dece ased , ▁was ▁both ▁a ▁successful ▁and ▁respect able ▁st unt man ▁working ▁for ▁E vel ▁K nie vel . ▁He ▁as pires ▁to ▁follow ▁in ▁his ▁father ' s ▁foot steps ▁and ▁become ▁a ▁famous ▁st unt man ▁himself . ▁Meanwhile , ▁his ▁step father ▁Frank ▁fails ▁to ▁respect ▁Rod ▁as ▁a ▁man , ▁often ▁going ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁beat ▁him ▁in ▁sp ar ring ▁sessions ▁and ▁mock ing ▁his ▁st unt man ▁dreams . ▁Rod ▁makes ▁many ▁attempts ▁at ▁landing ▁j umps ▁with ▁his ▁Tom os ▁m oped , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁ending ▁un success fully . ▁After ▁another ▁failed ▁jump ▁attempt ▁at ▁the ▁public ▁pool , ▁he ▁returns ▁home ▁to ▁find ▁out ▁that ▁Frank ▁is ▁in ▁urgent ▁need ▁of ▁a ▁heart ▁trans plant ▁that ▁the ▁family ' s ▁health ▁insurance ▁will ▁not ▁cover . ▁Ang ered ▁at ▁the ▁thought ▁of ▁his ▁step father ▁dying ▁without ▁getting ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁gain ▁his ▁respect ▁and ▁beat ▁him ▁in ▁a ▁fight ▁at ▁least ▁once , ▁Rod ▁runs ▁into ▁the ▁woods ▁to ▁let ▁out ▁his ▁f ury ▁and ▁an gr ily ▁t umb les ▁and ▁falls ▁down
▁a ▁steep ▁hill . ▁At ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁Rod ▁sees ▁an ▁inspir ational ▁bill board ▁and ▁he ▁gets ▁an ▁idea . ▁Rod ▁quickly ▁heads ▁over ▁to ▁his ▁team ▁( his ▁childhood ▁friends ▁Rico , ▁Dave , ▁and ▁his ▁half - bro ther ▁Kevin ), ▁telling ▁them ▁that ▁he ▁plans ▁to ▁do ▁a ▁jump ▁over ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁fifteen ▁school ▁bus es , ▁and ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁proceed s ▁to ▁fund ▁his ▁step father ' s ▁surgery . ▁He ▁also ▁adds ▁Den ise , ▁his ▁neighbor ▁on ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁a ▁crush , ▁to ▁his ▁crew . ▁ ▁To ▁promote ▁his ▁st unt ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁raise ▁funds , ▁Rod , ▁who ▁" lik es ▁to ▁party ", ▁works ▁parties , ▁corporate ▁get - t og eth ers , ▁and ▁other ▁events , ▁performing ▁activities ▁such ▁as ▁tap ing ▁pill ows ▁to ▁his ▁body ▁and ▁having ▁a ▁washing ▁machine ▁— ▁suspended ▁by ▁a ▁cr ane ▁— ▁swing ▁to ▁hit ▁him . ▁As ▁Rod ▁is ▁doing ▁his ▁laundry ▁with ▁no ▁pants ▁on , ▁he ▁gets ▁curious ▁to ▁see ▁what ▁Kevin ▁is ▁editing ▁as ▁he ▁he ars ▁music ▁coming ▁from ▁his ▁computer . ▁Kevin ▁says ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁just ▁mess ing ▁around ▁with ▁editing ▁footage , ▁and ▁Rod ▁asks ▁Kevin ▁to ▁show ▁him ▁the ▁video . ▁Rod ▁is ▁impressed ▁with ▁what ▁Kevin ▁came ▁up ▁with ▁and ▁subsequently ▁has ▁a ▁great ▁idea ▁to ▁release ▁a ▁st unt man ▁film ▁in ▁another ▁attempt ▁to ▁raise ▁money . ▁Kevin ▁releases ▁the ▁movie ▁using ▁his ▁footage ▁of ▁Rod
' s ▁st unts ▁and ▁sell s ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁tickets ▁to ▁the ▁screening , ▁but ▁everyone ▁at ▁the ▁movie ▁laugh s ▁at ▁Rod ' s ▁expense ▁as ▁the ▁film ▁dep icts ▁his ▁failed ▁training ▁attempts . ▁Rod ▁gets ▁angry ▁and ▁throws ▁the ▁theater ' s ▁project or ▁out ▁of ▁a ▁window , ▁sm ashing ▁the ▁projection ist ' s ▁car ▁below . ▁Rod ▁ends ▁up ▁giving ▁up ▁all ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁has ▁raised ▁so ▁far ▁to ▁the ▁projection ist ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁damages ▁and ▁to ▁avoid ▁arrest . ▁Up set , ▁he ▁returns ▁home , ▁where ▁his ▁mother ▁reveals ▁to ▁him ▁that ▁his ▁biological ▁father ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁st unt man ▁he ▁thought ▁he ▁was . ▁Hum ili ated , ▁Rod ▁qu its ▁the ▁crew ▁and ▁ends ▁his ▁dream ▁to ▁beat ▁up ▁Frank , ▁despite ▁his ▁friends ' ▁inter ventions . ▁However , ▁he ▁takes ▁up ▁the ▁jump ▁again ▁when ▁Dave ▁asks ▁Rod ▁to ▁take ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁hospital ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁injury ▁while ▁" tri pp in ' ▁balls " ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁acid ▁given ▁to ▁him ▁by ▁his ▁friend ▁D erek . ▁When ▁he ▁does , ▁Dave ▁gives ▁him ▁advice ▁that ▁insp ires ▁Rod ▁to ▁apolog ize ▁to ▁Kevin . ▁As ▁Kevin ▁accepts ▁his ▁ap ology , ▁he ▁also ▁reveals ▁that ▁Rod ' s ▁st unt ▁footage ▁has ▁gotten ▁popular ▁through ▁the ▁Internet , ▁and ▁a ▁show ▁on ▁a ▁local ▁AM ▁radio ▁station , ▁hosted ▁by ▁Barry ▁P astern ak , ▁offers ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁expenses ▁of
▁the ▁planned ▁jump . ▁ ▁Rod ▁gets ▁the ▁crew ▁back ▁together ▁and ▁they ▁start ▁setting ▁up ▁for ▁the ▁jump . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁event , ▁his ▁friends ▁give ▁him ▁a ▁new ▁suit , ▁a ▁rock ▁( to ▁represent ▁extensive ▁py rote chn ic ▁work ▁done ▁by ▁Rico ), ▁and ▁a ▁motor b ike . ▁He ▁also ▁receives ▁a ▁kiss ▁from ▁Den ise , ▁who ▁broke ▁up ▁with ▁Jonathan , ▁her ▁ins ensitive ▁and ▁call ous ▁boyfriend . ▁As ▁Rod ▁j umps ▁off ▁the ▁ramp , ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁his ▁new ▁motor b ike ▁enables ▁him ▁to ▁jump ▁over ▁the ▁bus es , ▁but ▁the ▁bike ▁sm ashes ▁through ▁a ▁stage ▁and ▁goes ▁flying . ▁Rod ▁lands ▁squ arely ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁has ▁an ▁unconscious ▁out - of - body ▁experience . ▁When ▁he ▁aw akes , ▁Rod , ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁Kevin ▁and ▁Den ise , ▁triumph antly ▁gets ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁appl ause ▁of ▁the ▁crowd , ▁and ▁sees ▁that ▁the ▁don ations ▁have ▁accum ulated ▁over ▁$ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁Frank ' s ▁" con ven ient ly ▁pr iced " ▁surgery . ▁The ▁film ▁ends ▁on ▁a ▁scene ▁six ▁months ▁later , ▁as ▁Rod ▁again ▁sp ars ▁with ▁Frank , ▁and ▁Rod ▁gains ▁the ▁upper ▁hand ▁and ▁successfully ▁gains ▁his ▁step father ' s ▁respect . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁credits ▁Rod ▁is ▁seen ▁bow ing ▁down ▁to ▁his ▁m oped ▁with ▁the ▁sun set ▁in ▁the ▁background .
▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Production ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady , ▁a ▁former ▁South ▁Park ▁writer , ▁as ▁a ▁project ▁intended ▁for ▁Will ▁F erre ll ▁during ▁his ▁ten ure ▁at ▁Saturday ▁Night ▁Live . ▁The ▁project ▁never ▁comm enced , ▁and ▁the ▁script ▁remained ▁in ▁lim bo ▁at ▁Param ount ▁Pictures ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁In ▁the ▁meantime , ▁The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁were ▁hired ▁at ▁SN L ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁they ▁had ▁a ▁break through ▁with ▁their ▁short ▁" L azy ▁Sunday ". ▁The ▁sketch , ▁dub bed ▁an ▁" SN L ▁Digital ▁Short ", ▁received ▁millions ▁of ▁views ▁online ▁( especially ▁on ▁the ▁then - f led gling ▁video ▁site ▁YouTube ), ▁turning ▁the ▁tri o , ▁particularly ▁Sam berg , ▁into ▁stars . ▁L orne ▁Mich a els , ▁the ▁creator ▁of ▁SN L , ▁convinced ▁Param ount ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁trou pe ▁to ▁direct ▁and ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁tri o ▁had ▁no ▁prior ▁experience ▁with ▁feature - length ▁films , ▁but ▁Mich a els ▁had ▁confidence , ▁env ision ing ▁the ▁film ▁as ▁a ▁" d ifferent ▁generation ' s ▁comedy ." ▁The ▁studio ▁wanted ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁remain ▁less ▁co arse ▁to ▁obtain ▁a ▁PG - 1 3 ▁rating ▁from ▁the ▁M otion ▁Picture ▁Association ▁of ▁America ▁( MP AA ), ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁film ▁D odge B all : ▁A ▁True ▁Under
dog ▁Story . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁initially ▁reluct ant , ▁as ▁the ▁script ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁F erre ll ▁and ▁the ▁summer ▁film ing ▁schedule ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁ideal . ▁Param ount ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁re - write ▁the ▁script , ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁incorporate ▁b izarre , ▁off beat ▁humor ▁and ▁abs ur dist ▁comedy . ▁The ▁script ▁had ▁to ▁" match ▁their ▁standards ": ▁" Which ▁is ▁another ▁way ▁of ▁saying , ▁just ▁dumb ▁it ▁down ," ▁said ▁Sch aff er . ▁This ▁involved ▁delet ing ▁comedy ▁designed ▁for ▁F erre ll ▁( which ▁Sam berg ▁characterized ▁as ▁" so ▁well - written ") ▁and ▁replacing ▁it ▁with ▁their ▁own ▁humor . ▁" We ▁didn ' t ▁want ▁it ▁to ▁seem ▁like ▁I ▁was ▁doing ▁a ▁F erre ll ▁impression ," ▁said ▁Sam berg . ▁The ▁result ▁was ▁a ▁balance ▁between ▁" we ird " ▁humor ▁and ▁what ▁Param ount ▁considered ▁accessible . ▁Sam berg ▁was ▁very ▁inspired ▁by ▁W et ▁Hot ▁American ▁Summer , ▁which ▁was , ▁according ▁to ▁him , ▁" des igned ▁to ▁fuck ▁around ▁with ▁what ' s ▁expected ▁from ▁a ▁movie ." ▁Many ▁jokes ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁deemed ▁" too ▁weird " ▁were ▁cut , ▁including ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁Rod ▁" j ok ingly " ▁asks ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ▁Kevin ▁to ▁pull ▁out ▁his ▁gen ital ia . ▁Sam berg ▁aimed ▁for ▁a ▁performance ▁that ▁was : ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁largely ▁fil med ▁in ▁Vancouver ▁over ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6
. ▁Sh oot ing ▁locations ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁include ▁C lo ver dale ▁in ▁Sur rey , ▁British ▁Columbia , ▁and ▁under ▁the ▁Sur rey ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁P att ull o ▁Bridge , ▁just ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Vancouver . ▁Other ▁locations ▁in ▁British ▁Columbia ▁include ▁Co qu it lam , ▁North ▁Vancouver , ▁Burn aby ▁and ▁Dow nt own ▁Vancouver . ▁Sam berg ▁had ▁a ▁st unt ▁double , ▁but ▁did ▁as ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁st unts ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁allowed ▁to . ▁ ▁The ▁MP AA ▁object ed ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" se men " ▁in ▁a ▁scene ▁in ▁which ▁Chris ▁P arn ell ▁reveals ▁a ▁prof ane ▁tattoo ▁on ▁his ▁stomach , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁it ▁being ▁changed ▁to ▁" res id ue ." ▁Another ▁scene ▁that ▁barely ▁made ▁it ▁into ▁the ▁film ▁involved ▁Sam berg ▁and ▁T ac con e ▁repe ating ▁the ▁phrase ▁" c ool ▁beans " ▁until ▁it ▁ev olves ▁into ▁a ▁" b izarre ▁pseudo - rap ." ▁Sch aff er ▁had ▁initially ▁cut ▁the ▁scene , ▁but ▁Sam berg ▁and ▁T ac con e ▁edited ▁the ▁scene ▁themselves . ▁Sch aff er ▁re insert ed ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁test ▁screening ▁of ▁the ▁film , ▁where ▁it ▁received ▁high ▁marks ▁from ▁audiences ▁as ▁one ▁their ▁favorite ▁bits ▁from ▁the ▁film . ▁The ▁original ▁poster ▁for ▁the ▁film ▁the ▁trou pe ▁preferred ▁featured ▁sil hou ett ed ▁Sam berg ▁at op ▁a ▁hill ▁beside ▁his ▁motor b ike ▁in ▁a
▁mart ial - arts ▁pose . ▁Param ount ▁changed ▁the ▁poster ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁close - up ▁of ▁Sam berg ' s ▁face ▁instead . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁the ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁promoted ▁the ▁film ▁with ▁inter st it ials ▁during ▁Com edy ▁Central ▁movie ▁mar ath ons . ▁In ▁the ▁prom os , ▁the ▁tri o ▁attempt ▁to ▁convince ▁viewers ▁that ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁a ▁sex ▁off ender ▁(" He ▁does ▁st unts ▁to ▁raise ▁money ▁to ▁sex - off end ") ▁and ▁spo of ▁the ▁quality ▁of ▁films ▁run ▁during ▁day time ▁mar ath ons ▁(" St ay ▁tun ed ▁for ▁Te en ▁Wolf ▁Too !" ). ▁The ▁premi ere ▁of ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁held ▁at ▁the ▁John ▁Ford ▁Am ph it he atre ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Sam berg ▁predicted ▁the ▁film ▁would ▁not ▁do ▁well , ▁remark ing ▁to ▁Entertainment ▁Week ly , ▁" It ▁will ▁get ▁bad ▁reviews . ▁Com edy ▁is ▁tradition ally ▁not ▁reviewed ▁that ▁well ." ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁added ▁that ▁if ▁future ▁generations ▁viewed ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁with ▁a ▁similar ▁rever ence ▁to ▁films ▁such ▁as ▁Billy ▁Madison , ▁he ▁would ▁consider ▁the ▁film ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁" p unch d ance " ▁term ▁the ▁film ▁introduced ▁applied ▁to ▁Foot lo ose . ▁ ▁Commercial ▁performance ▁The ▁film ▁opened ▁at ▁# 9 ▁at ▁the ▁U . S . ▁box ▁office ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7
▁and ▁gross ed ▁$ 5 . 3 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁opening ▁weekend . ▁Overall , ▁it ▁bom bed ▁in ▁the aters , ▁leaving ▁after ▁ 6 8 ▁days ▁and ▁having ▁gross ed ▁just ▁under ▁$ 1 4 ▁million ▁in ▁its ▁entire ▁run . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁film ▁critics ▁upon ▁its ▁initial ▁release . ▁ ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁the ▁film ▁achieved ▁an ▁average ▁score ▁of ▁ 4 3 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁reviews , ▁sign ifying ▁" gener ally ▁mixed ▁reviews ". ▁On ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes , ▁it ▁holds ▁a ▁score ▁of ▁ 3 9 % ▁from ▁ 1 1 7 ▁reviews , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 4 . 9 2 / 1 0 . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁consensus ▁reads ▁" Hot ▁Rod ▁has ▁bra zen ▁s ill iness ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁hum orous ▁set ▁pieces ▁on ▁its ▁side , ▁but ▁it ' s ▁far ▁too ▁incons istent ▁to ▁satisfy ▁all ▁but ▁the ▁least ▁demanding ▁sl ap stick ▁lovers ". ▁Following ▁the ▁film ' s ▁release , ▁Paper ▁described ▁the ▁film ' s ▁reception : ▁" Dep ending ▁on ▁whom ▁you ▁talk ▁to , ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁either ▁a ▁terrible ▁st ink er ▁or ▁a ▁really ▁strange ▁and ▁wonderful ▁movie ▁that ▁you ▁can ' t ▁believe ▁they ▁got ▁away ▁with ▁making ." ▁ ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Rep orter ▁Frank ▁S check ▁critic ized ▁the ▁film ' s ▁" form ula ic "
▁script ▁and ▁humor , ▁but ▁comm ending ▁Sam berg ' s ▁" reason ably ▁engaging ▁and ▁sweet ▁comed ic ▁screen ▁presence ." ▁" No ▁one ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁told ▁the ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁boys ▁that ▁the ▁st akes ▁are ▁a ▁little ▁higher ▁in ▁features ▁than ▁they ▁are ▁in ▁music ▁videos ▁and ▁that ▁under light ed ▁shots ▁and ▁sl op py ▁editing ▁are ▁more ▁distract ing ▁on ▁the ▁big ▁screen ▁than ▁on ▁television ," ▁wrote ▁Mar jor ie ▁Ba um g arten ▁of ▁The ▁Austin ▁Chron icle . ▁Wes ley ▁Morris ▁of ▁The ▁Boston ▁Gl obe ▁characterized ▁the ▁film ▁as ▁" play fully ▁dumb ," ▁comment ing , ▁" The ▁film makers ▁[...] ▁have ▁sk ipped ▁right ▁past ▁the ▁k itsch ▁of ▁t ribute ▁and ▁gone ▁straight ▁for ▁jo key ▁del usion ▁[...] ▁And ▁in ▁that ▁sense , ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁is ▁post - par ody , ▁taking ▁nothing ▁seriously , ▁not ▁even ▁being ▁a ▁movie ." ▁Peter ▁Tra vers ▁of ▁Roll ing ▁Stone ▁wrote , ▁" The ▁film ' s ▁low - key ▁Wayne ' s ▁World ▁v ibe ▁takes ▁it ▁only ▁so ▁far . ▁I ▁laughed , ▁then ▁I ▁wished ▁it ▁was ▁fun nier , ▁then ▁I ▁just ▁wished ▁it ▁would ▁end . ▁Peter ▁D ebru ge ▁of ▁Var iety ▁called ▁the ▁movie ▁" y et ▁another ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁comedy ▁that ▁ref uses ▁to ▁be ▁taken ▁seriously ▁— ▁concept ▁as ▁clothes line ▁for ▁all ▁manner ▁of ▁s ill iness ." ▁Nick ▁Sch ager ▁of ▁Sl ant ▁Magazine ▁noted ▁that ▁the ▁tri
o ▁" care ▁far ▁less ▁about ▁clever ▁plot ting ▁than ▁random ▁ridiculous ness ," ▁de em ing ▁the ▁film ▁" a ▁tired ▁re hash ▁of ▁every ▁SN L ▁al um ' s ▁big - screen ▁debut ▁since ▁Adam ▁Sand ler ' s ▁Billy ▁Madison ." ▁ ▁For ▁their ▁part , ▁the ▁film ' s ▁producers ▁remained ▁optim istic ▁about ▁the ▁film ▁in ▁the ▁press . ▁" The ▁movies ▁I ' ve ▁always ▁liked , ▁comedy - wise ▁— ▁Billy ▁Madison , ▁The ▁Jer k ▁— ▁always ▁got ▁terrible ▁reviews . ▁When ▁our ▁reviews ▁came ▁in , ▁it ▁was ▁like , ▁' Oh , ▁we ' re ▁right ▁on ▁track ,' " ▁said ▁Sam berg . ▁ ▁L orne ▁Mich a els ▁predicted ▁it ▁would ▁find ▁a ▁different ▁audience ▁in ▁the ▁future : ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁positive ▁review , ▁Chicago ▁Sun - Times ▁critic ▁Roger ▁E bert ▁gave ▁the ▁film ▁three ▁out ▁of ▁four ▁stars : ▁▁ ▁The ▁A . V . ▁Club ▁later ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁film ▁different iated ▁itself ▁from ▁other ▁L orne ▁Mich a els – produ ced ▁comed ies : ▁" They ▁may ▁be ▁just ▁as ▁poorly ▁received , ▁but ▁their ▁r hy th ms ▁are ▁un predict able ▁and ▁exciting , ▁shocked ▁to ▁life ▁by ▁moments ▁of ▁anti - com edy ▁and ▁w ack y ▁de construction . ▁Hard core ▁comedy ▁dev ote es ▁pick ▁up ▁on ▁them ▁like ▁a ▁dog ▁whist le ." ▁ ▁Home ▁release ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Region ▁One ▁DVD ▁and ▁HD ▁DVD ▁
▁on ▁November ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁and ▁in ▁Region ▁Two ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁made ▁$ 2 4 ▁million ▁on ▁DVD ▁rent als ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States — 4 6 % ▁over ▁its ▁box ▁office ▁gross . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁Bl u - ray ▁Disc ▁December ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁but ▁the ▁disc ▁went ▁out - of - print ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later ▁on ▁October ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁DVD ▁remained ▁in ▁print . ▁The ▁Bl u - ray ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁by ▁Warner ▁B ros . ▁and ▁remains ▁in ▁print ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁deal ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁distribute ▁Param ount ▁catalog ▁titles . ▁ ▁Sound track ▁ ▁The ▁sound track ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁ex - Yes ▁guitar ist ▁T rev or ▁Rab in . ▁Several ▁songs ▁by ▁the ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁band ▁Europe ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁movie , ▁including ▁" C her oke e " ▁and ▁" R ock ▁the ▁Night ". ▁The ▁trailer ▁contains ▁three ▁Swedish ▁rock ▁songs , ▁Europe ' s ▁" C her oke e " ▁and ▁" The ▁Final ▁Count down ", ▁and ▁The ▁H ives ' ▁" See ▁Through ▁Head ". ▁It ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁UK ▁rock ▁band ▁Test ▁I c icles ' ▁" Cir cle . ▁Square . ▁Tri angle " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁American ▁Hi - Fi ' s ▁" The ▁Art ▁of ▁Los ing ". ▁The
▁band ▁called ▁G own ▁that ▁plays ▁at ▁Rod ' s ▁final ▁jump ▁is ▁actually ▁Queens ▁of ▁the ▁Stone ▁Age . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" D anger ▁on ▁the ▁Track " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" A ▁G ring o ▁Like ▁Me " ▁– ▁En nio ▁Mor ric one ▁" Never " ▁– ▁M oving ▁Pictures ▁" Two ▁of ▁He arts " ▁– ▁St ace y ▁Q ▁" C her oke e " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" Sk ull s " ▁– ▁The ▁Nut ley ▁Br ass ▁( Wr itten ▁by ▁Glen n ▁Dan zig ) ▁" St re et ▁L uge " ▁– ▁T rev or ▁Rab in ▁" You ' re ▁the ▁Voice " ▁– ▁John ▁F arn ham ▁" Head ▁Hon cho " ▁– ▁G own ▁" Ch ase " ▁– ▁G ior gio ▁Mor oder ▁" C ool ▁Be ans " ▁– ▁J orm a ▁T ac con e ▁& ▁Andy ▁Sam berg ▁"( I ▁Just ) ▁D ied ▁in ▁Your ▁Ar ms " ▁– ▁Cut ting ▁C rew ▁" D ave ▁on ▁Ac id " ▁– ▁T rev or ▁Rab in ▁" R ock ▁the ▁Night " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" St unt ▁Suite " ▁– ▁T rev or ▁Rab in ▁" Time ▁Has ▁Come " ▁– ▁Europe ▁" The ▁Real ▁Bass " ▁– ▁Brooklyn ▁B ounce ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁Hot ▁Rod ▁iOS ▁App ▁ ▁Category : The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0
0 s ▁action ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : American ▁sports ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Vancouver ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Param ount ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : American ▁action ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁director ial ▁debut ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Ak iva ▁Sch aff er ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁T rev or ▁Rab in ▁Category : The ▁L on ely ▁Island ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁L orne ▁Mich a els ▁Category : Fil ms ▁with ▁screen pl ays ▁by ▁Pam ▁Br ady <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁instrument ▁of ▁Jesus ' ▁cru c if ix ion ▁( known ▁in ▁Latin ▁as ▁cru x , ▁in ▁Greek ▁as ▁st au ros ) ▁is ▁generally ▁taken ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁composed ▁of ▁an ▁upright ▁wooden ▁beam ▁to ▁which ▁was ▁added ▁a ▁trans om , ▁thus ▁forming ▁a ▁" c ru c iform " ▁or ▁T - shaped ▁structure . ▁ ▁Most ▁Christian ▁denom inations ▁present ▁the ▁Christian ▁cross ▁in ▁this ▁form , ▁and ▁the ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁T - shape ▁can ▁be ▁tr aced ▁to ▁early ▁Christianity ▁and ▁the ▁Church ▁f athers . ▁Non etheless , ▁some ▁late - 1 9 th ▁century ▁scholars ▁maintained ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁stake ▁( c ru x ▁simple x ). ▁ ▁Pres ence ▁or ▁absence ▁of ▁cross bar ▁ ▁Amb igu ity ▁of ▁terms ▁used ▁The ▁Ko ine ▁Greek ▁terms ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁of ▁the ▁structure ▁on
▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁are ▁st au ros ▁( σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ) ▁and ▁x ylon ▁( ξ ύ λ ο ν ). ▁Those ▁words , ▁which ▁can ▁refer ▁to ▁many ▁different ▁things , ▁do ▁not ▁indicate ▁the ▁precise ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁structure . ▁Sch ol ars ▁have ▁long ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁st au ros ▁and ▁the ▁Latin ▁word ▁cru x ▁did ▁not ▁uniqu ely ▁mean ▁a ▁cross . ▁They ▁have ▁known ▁too ▁that ▁the ▁words ▁had ▁that ▁meaning ▁also , ▁and ▁so ▁have ▁not ▁considered ▁necessarily ▁incorrect ▁the ▁traditional ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁cross ▁with ▁trans om . ▁ ▁The ▁ambig uity ▁of ▁the ▁terms ▁was ▁noted ▁by ▁Just us ▁L ips ius ▁in ▁his ▁De ▁Cru ce ▁( 1 5 9 4 ), ▁Jacob ▁G ret ser ▁in ▁his ▁De ▁Cru ce ▁Christ i ▁( 1 5 9 8 ) ▁and ▁Thomas ▁God w yn ▁in ▁his ▁Moses ▁and ▁Aaron ▁( 1 6 6 2 ). ▁ ▁John ▁Pear son , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Che ster ▁( c . ▁ 1 6 6 0 ) ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁comment ary ▁on ▁the ▁A post les ' ▁C reed ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁st au ros ▁originally ▁sign ified ▁" a ▁straight ▁standing ▁St ake , ▁P ale , ▁or ▁Pal is ador ", ▁but ▁that , ▁" when ▁other ▁trans verse ▁or ▁prominent ▁parts ▁were ▁added ▁in ▁a ▁perfect ▁Cross , ▁it ▁retained ▁still ▁the ▁Original ▁Name ", ▁and ▁he ▁declared : ▁" The ▁Form ▁then ▁of ▁the
▁Cross ▁on ▁which ▁our ▁Sav iour ▁suffered ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁simple , ▁but ▁a ▁compound ed , ▁Figure , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Custom ▁of ▁the ▁Romans , ▁by ▁whose ▁Pro cur ator ▁he ▁was ▁condem ned ▁to ▁die . ▁In ▁which ▁there ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁a ▁straight ▁and ▁ere cted ▁piece ▁of ▁Wood ▁fixed ▁in ▁the ▁Earth , ▁but ▁also ▁a ▁trans verse ▁Be am ▁fast ned ▁unt o ▁that ▁towards ▁the ▁top ▁there of ". ▁ ▁Just us ▁L ips ius ▁invented ▁a ▁specific ▁termin ology ▁to ▁distinguish ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁what ▁could ▁be ▁called ▁a ▁cross ▁or ▁cru x . ▁His ▁basic ▁two fold ▁distinction ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁cru x ▁simple x ▁( a ▁simple ▁stake ) ▁and ▁the ▁cru x ▁compact a ▁( a ▁composite ▁of ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁wood ). ▁The ▁victim ▁could ▁be ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁cru x ▁simple x ▁or ▁could ▁be ▁imp aled ▁on ▁it . ▁L ips ius ▁then ▁sub div ided ▁the ▁cru x ▁compact a ▁into ▁three ▁types : ▁the ▁cru x ▁dec uss ata ▁( X - shaped ), ▁cru x ▁comm issa ▁( T - shaped ) ▁and ▁cru x ▁imm issa ▁(† - shaped ). ▁ ▁L ips ius ▁himself , ▁as ▁also ▁G ret ser ▁and ▁God w yn , ▁held ▁that ▁Jesus ▁was ▁n ailed ▁not ▁to ▁a ▁cru x ▁simple x , ▁but ▁to ▁a ▁cru x ▁imm issa . ▁However , ▁W . ▁E . ▁V ine ▁and ▁E . ▁W . ▁Bull inger ,
▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Henry ▁D ana ▁Ward , ▁considered ▁that ▁the ▁" cross " ▁( G reek ▁st au ros , ▁in ▁its ▁original ▁sense ▁literally ▁an ▁upright ▁pale ▁or ▁stake ) ▁had ▁no ▁cross bar , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁traditional ▁picture ▁of ▁Jesus ▁on ▁a ▁cross ▁with ▁a ▁cross bar ▁was ▁incorrect . ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁stake ▁only ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁Ep isc op al ▁pre acher ▁Henry ▁D ana ▁Ward ▁accepted ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁g ib bet ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁" a ▁pale , ▁a ▁strong ▁stake , ▁a ▁wooden ▁post ". ▁ ▁Ang lic an ▁the olog ian ▁E . ▁W . ▁Bull inger , ▁in ▁The ▁Compan ion ▁Bible ▁( which ▁was ▁completed ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁nine ▁years ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁death ), ▁was ▁em ph atic ▁in ▁his ▁belief ▁that ▁st au ros ▁never ▁meant ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ▁placed ▁across ▁one ▁another ▁at ▁any ▁angle , ▁" but ▁always ▁of ▁one ▁piece ▁alone ▁... ▁There ▁is ▁nothing ▁[ of ▁the ▁word ▁st au ros ] ▁in ▁the ▁Greek ▁of ▁the ▁N . T . ▁even ▁to ▁imply ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ." ▁Bull inger ▁wrote ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁cat acom bs ▁of ▁Rome ▁Christ ▁was ▁never ▁represented ▁there ▁as ▁" h anging ▁on ▁a ▁cross " ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁was ▁a ▁pag
an ▁symbol ▁of ▁life ▁( the ▁an kh ) ▁in ▁Egyptian ▁churches ▁that ▁was ▁borrow ed ▁by ▁the ▁Christians . ▁He ▁cited ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁English ▁Dean ▁John ▁William ▁Burg on , ▁who ▁questioned ▁whether ▁a ▁cross ▁occurred ▁on ▁any ▁Christian ▁monument ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁four ▁centuries ▁and ▁wrote : ▁" The ▁' in vention ' ▁of ▁it ▁in ▁pre - Christ ian ▁times , ▁and ▁the ▁' in vention ' ▁of ▁its ▁use ▁in ▁later ▁times , ▁are ▁truth s ▁of ▁which ▁we ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁reminded ▁in ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁The ▁evidence ▁is ▁thus ▁complete , ▁that ▁the ▁Lord ▁was ▁put ▁to ▁death ▁upon ▁an ▁upright ▁stake , ▁and ▁not ▁on ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁tim ber ▁placed ▁in ▁any ▁manner ." ▁ ▁With ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁" primary " ▁or ▁" original " ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς , ▁William ▁Ed wy ▁V ine ▁( 1 8 7 3 – 1 9 4 9 ) ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁Ex pository ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁New ▁Testament ▁W ords , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 : ▁" st au ros ▁denotes , ▁primarily , ▁' an ▁upright ▁pale ▁or ▁stake '. ▁On ▁such ▁mal ef act ors ▁were ▁n ailed ▁for ▁execution . ▁Both ▁the ▁n oun ▁and ▁the ▁verb ▁st au ro o , ▁' to ▁fast en ▁to ▁a ▁stake ▁or ▁pale ', ▁are ▁originally ▁to ▁be ▁distinguished ▁from ▁the ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁two ▁be amed
▁cross ". ▁He ▁said ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁two - be amed ▁cross ▁" had ▁its ▁origin ▁in ▁ancient ▁Ch al de a , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁god ▁Tam mu z ▁( being ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁myst ic ▁T au , ▁the ▁initial ▁of ▁his ▁name ) ▁in ▁Ch al de a ▁and ▁nearby ▁lands , ▁including ▁Egypt ". ▁He ▁added ▁that ▁third - century ▁churches , ▁which ▁by ▁then ▁had ▁depart ed ▁from ▁certain ▁do ctr ines ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁faith , ▁accepted ▁pag ans ▁into ▁the ▁faith ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁increase ▁their ▁prest ige ▁and ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁retain ▁their ▁pag an ▁signs ▁and ▁symbols . ▁" H ence ▁the ▁T au ▁or ▁T , ▁in ▁its ▁most ▁frequent ▁form , ▁with ▁the ▁cross - piece ▁lowered , ▁was ▁adopted ▁to ▁stand ▁for ▁the ▁' cross ' ▁of ▁Christ ." ▁This ▁association ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁symbol ▁with ▁Tam mu z ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁made ▁by ▁A br am ▁Herbert ▁Lewis ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁book ▁P agan ism ▁Sur v iving ▁in ▁Christianity . ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁pat ib ulum ▁Andre as ▁J . ▁Kö sten berger ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁notes ▁that ▁traditional ▁academic ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁has ▁first ▁Jesus , ▁then ▁Simon ▁of ▁Cy re ne ▁bear ▁the ▁" st au ros ," ▁i . e . ▁only ▁the ▁horizontal ▁cross bar , ▁Latin
▁pat ib ulum . ▁Yet ▁when ▁Simon ▁carries ▁the ▁pat ib ulum ▁to ▁Gol g oth a , ▁the ▁cross bar ▁is ▁then ▁ho isted ▁to ▁the ▁stake ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁traditional ▁cru c if ix ▁shape . ▁Sch r ö ter ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁notes ▁that ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁references ▁in ▁ancient ▁sources , ▁aside ▁from ▁Pl aut us ▁( The ▁Char co al ▁Woman ▁ 2 ▁ ▁and ▁The ▁Br agg art ▁War rior ▁ 2 . 4 . 6 - 7 ) ▁and ▁Pl ut arch ▁( M oral ia ▁ 5 5 4 AB ), ▁to ▁" b earing ▁the ▁cross " ▁implies ▁that ▁a ▁criminal ▁carrying ▁his ▁own ▁pat ib ulum ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁common . ▁ ▁James ▁B . ▁Tor r ance ▁in ▁the ▁article ▁" Cross " ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Bible ▁Dictionary ▁writes ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁for ▁" cross " ▁( st au ros ; ▁verb ▁st au ro ō ; ▁Lat . ▁cru x , ▁cru c if igo , ▁" I ▁fast en ▁to ▁a ▁cross ") ▁means ▁primarily ▁an ▁upright ▁stake ▁or ▁beam , ▁but ▁also ▁allows ▁the ▁construction ▁that ▁Jesus ▁and ▁Simon ▁of ▁Cy re ne ▁carried ▁a ▁pat ib ulum ▁to ▁Gol g oth a . ▁ ▁In ▁applying ▁the ▁word ▁st au ros ▁to ▁the ▁cross be am , ▁these ▁writers ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁complete ▁structure ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁single ▁upright ▁post ▁but ▁formed ▁what ▁is ▁normally ▁called ▁a ▁cross . ▁
▁Raymond ▁Edward ▁Brown ▁remarks ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁canonical ▁g osp els ▁" not ▁a ▁word ▁is ▁reported ▁about ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁about ▁how ▁he ▁was ▁aff ixed , ▁about ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁pain ", ▁but ▁excl udes ▁the ▁use ▁for ▁Jesus ▁of ▁a ▁cru x ▁simple x , ▁" since ▁he ▁carried ▁a ▁cross [ be am ] ▁to ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁execution ". ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁ambig uous ▁in ▁meaning ▁The ▁Greek - English ▁Lex icon ▁of ▁L idd ell ▁and ▁Scott ▁reports ▁that ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" σ τ α υ ρ ό ς " ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Hom er ic ▁form ▁of ▁Greek , ▁possibly ▁of ▁the ▁e ighth ▁to ▁sixth ▁century ▁BC , ▁and ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁the ▁fifth - century ▁BC ▁writers ▁Her odot us ▁and ▁Th uc yd ides ▁and ▁the ▁early - 4 th ▁century ▁BC ▁X en oph on , ▁is ▁" an ▁upright ▁pale ▁or ▁stake " ▁used ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁pal is ade ▁or ▁" a ▁pile ▁driven ▁in ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁foundation " ▁It ▁reports ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁the ▁first - century ▁BC ▁D iod orus ▁Sic ulus , ▁first - century ▁AD ▁Pl ut arch ▁and ▁early ▁second - century ▁Luc ian — as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁, ▁, ▁— the ▁word ▁" σ τ α υ ρ ό ς " ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁cross , ▁either ▁as ▁the ▁instrument
▁of ▁cru c if ix ion ▁or ▁met aphor ically ▁of ▁volunt ary ▁suffering ; ▁" its ▁form ▁was ▁indicated ▁by ▁the ▁Greek ▁letter ▁T ". ▁It ▁also ▁reports ▁that ▁Pl ut arch ▁used ▁the ▁word ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁a ▁pale ▁for ▁imp aling ▁a ▁cor pse . ▁Of ▁the ▁writers ▁whom ▁L idd ell ▁and ▁Scott ▁gives ▁as ▁using ▁" σ τ α υ ρ ό ς " ▁to ▁mean ▁a ▁cross , ▁the ▁New ▁International ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁New ▁Testament ▁The ology ▁holds ▁that ▁in ▁D iod orus ▁Sic ulus ▁the ▁word ▁probably ▁means ▁a ▁stake ▁for ▁hanging . ▁Pl ut arch ▁( in ▁An ▁vit ios itas ▁ad ▁inf el ic itat em ▁suff ici at ) ▁distingu ishes ▁cru c if ix ion ▁on ▁a ▁st au ros ▁from ▁imp al ement ▁on ▁a ▁sk ol ops . ▁ ▁Joel ▁B . ▁Green , ▁in ▁The ▁Cambridge ▁Compan ion ▁to ▁Jesus , ▁says ▁the ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁Jesus ' ▁death ▁is ▁far ▁more ▁ambig uous ▁than ▁is ▁generally ▁realised . ▁Liter ary ▁sens ibilities ▁in ▁Roman ▁ant iqu ity ▁did ▁not ▁promote ▁graphic ▁descriptions ▁of ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion , ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁G osp els ▁report ▁simply , ▁" They ▁cru c ified ▁him ," ▁adding ▁no ▁further ▁detail . ▁According ▁to ▁Green , ▁the ▁Romans ▁were ▁slaves ▁to ▁no ▁standard ▁technique ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion : ▁" In ▁describing ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁army , ▁for
▁example , ▁Joseph us ▁reports ▁that ▁‘ the ▁soldiers ▁out ▁of ▁rage ▁and ▁hatred ▁am used ▁themselves ▁by ▁n ailing ▁their ▁prisoners ▁in ▁different ▁positions ’ ▁( J . W . ▁ 5 . 4 4 9 – 5 1 ). ▁El se where ▁we ▁learn ▁that ▁victims ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion ▁might ▁be ▁fixed ▁to ▁the ▁stake ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁die , ▁or ▁imp aled ▁after ▁death ▁as ▁a ▁public ▁display . ▁They ▁might ▁be ▁fixed ▁to ▁the ▁cross ▁with ▁nails ▁or ▁with ▁ro pes . ▁That ▁Jesus ▁was ▁n ailed ▁to ▁the ▁cross ▁is ▁intim ated ▁in ▁several ▁texts ▁( John ▁ 2 0 . 2 5 ; ▁Act s ▁ 2 . 2 3 ; ▁Col ▁ 2 . 1 4 ; ▁G os . ▁Pet . ▁ 6 . 2 1 ; ▁Justin ▁D ial . ▁ 9 7 ). ▁Nor ▁can ▁we ▁turn ▁to ▁archae ological ▁evidence ▁for ▁assistance ." ▁ ▁Professor ▁Robin ▁M . ▁J ensen , ▁in ▁her ▁book ▁entitled ▁The ▁Cross : ▁History , ▁Art , ▁and ▁Cont ro vers y , ▁says ▁that ▁‘ st au ros ▁( L atin ▁= ▁cru x ) ▁did ▁not ▁necessarily ▁imply ▁[ a ▁cross ]. ▁Histor ically ▁both ▁Greek ▁and ▁Latin ▁words ▁simply ▁referred ▁to ▁an ▁upright ▁stake ▁to ▁which ▁those ▁condem ned ▁to ▁death ▁might ▁be ▁bound ▁or ▁tied ▁until ▁they ▁suff oc ated ▁to ▁death . ▁The ▁conventional ▁picture ▁of ▁a ▁Latin ▁cross ▁( c ru x ▁imm issa ) ▁has ▁been ▁challenged
▁over ▁the ▁centuries ▁as ▁some ▁scholars ▁and ▁even ▁Christian ▁communities ▁have ▁argued ▁instead ▁that ▁Christ ▁died ▁on ▁a ▁T - shaped ▁cross ▁( c ru x ▁com issa ) ▁or ▁even ▁upon ▁a ▁simple ▁stake ▁( c ru x ▁simple x ). ’ ▁ ▁" St au ros " ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁cross ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁Jesus ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁Cru c if ix ion ▁in ▁Ant iqu ity , ▁G unn ar ▁Samuel sson ▁decl ares ▁that , ▁while ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁termin ology ▁is ▁in ▁itself ▁not ▁concl usive ▁one ▁way ▁or ▁another ▁for ▁the ▁meaning ▁of ▁the ▁word , ▁"[ t ] here ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁possibility ▁that ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς , ▁when ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁evangel ists , ▁already ▁had ▁been ▁charged ▁with ▁a ▁distinct ▁den ot ation ▁− ▁from ▁Cal v ary . ▁When , ▁e . g ., ▁Mark ▁used ▁the ▁n oun ▁it ▁could ▁have ▁meant ▁' cross ' ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Church ▁later ▁perceived ▁it . ▁[...] ▁The ▁G ospel ▁accounts ▁probably ▁show ▁that ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ▁could ▁sign ify ▁" cross " ▁in ▁the ▁mentioned ▁sense , ▁but ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁show ▁that ▁it ▁always ▁did ▁so ." ▁In ▁his ▁Q ▁and ▁A ▁page ▁he ▁adds : ▁"( The ▁G osp els ) ▁do ▁not ▁describe ▁the ▁event ▁in ▁length ▁[...] ▁The ▁non - det ailed ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁G osp els ▁do ▁not , ▁however , ▁contrad ict
▁the ▁traditional ▁understanding . ▁So ▁the ▁traditional ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Jesus ▁is ▁correct , ▁but ▁we ▁could ▁acknowledge ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁ey ew itness ▁accounts ▁than ▁the ▁actual ▁passion ▁narr atives ." ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁International ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁New ▁Testament ▁The ology , ▁dealing ▁specifically ▁with ▁the ▁cru c if ix ion ▁of ▁Jesus , ▁says ▁it ▁is ▁most ▁likely ▁that ▁the ▁st au ros ▁had ▁a ▁trans verse ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross be am . ▁" Sec ular ▁sources ▁do ▁not ▁permit ▁any ▁conclusion ▁to ▁be ▁drawn ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁precise ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁cru x ▁imm issa ▁(† ) ▁or ▁cru x ▁comm issa ▁( T ). ▁As ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁very ▁common ▁to ▁aff ix ▁a ▁tit los ▁( sup ers cription , ▁loan word ▁from ▁the ▁Lat . ▁tit ulus ), ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁necessarily ▁follow ▁that ▁the ▁cross ▁had ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cru x ▁imm issa ." ▁ ▁The ▁authors ▁say ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁possible ▁ways ▁of ▁ere ct ing ▁the ▁st au ros , ▁which ▁would ▁probably ▁have ▁been ▁not ▁much ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁a ▁man . ▁The ▁condem ned ▁man ▁could ▁be ▁fast ened ▁to ▁the ▁cross ▁lying ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁at ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁execution , ▁then ▁lifted ▁up ▁on ▁it . ▁Altern atively , ▁it ▁was ▁probably ▁usual ▁to ▁have ▁the ▁stake ▁impl anted ▁in ▁the ▁ground ▁before ▁the ▁execution . ▁The ▁victim ▁was ▁tied
▁to ▁the ▁cross piece ▁and ▁was ▁ho isted ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁horizontal ▁beam ▁and ▁made ▁fast ▁to ▁the ▁vertical ▁stake . ▁They ▁say ▁that ▁as ▁this ▁was ▁the ▁simpler ▁form ▁of ▁ere ction , ▁and ▁the ▁carrying ▁of ▁the ▁cross be am ▁( pat ib ulum ) ▁was ▁probably ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁punishment ▁for ▁slaves , ▁the ▁cru x ▁comm issa ▁may ▁be ▁taken ▁as ▁the ▁normal ▁practice . ▁ ▁Other ▁reference ▁works ▁cont end ▁the ▁cross ▁was ▁" a ▁post ▁with ▁a ▁cross - be am " ▁( The ological ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ), ▁" the ▁form ▁usually ▁seen ▁in ▁pictures , ▁the ▁cru x ▁imm issa ▁( L atin ▁cross ▁† ), ▁... ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁upright ▁beam ▁projects ▁above ▁the ▁shorter ▁cross piece " ▁( Intern ational ▁Standard ▁Bible ▁En cycl op edia ); ▁and ▁" most ▁likely ▁the ▁cru x ▁imm issa ▁( the ▁traditional ▁† ▁dep iction ) ▁or ▁the ▁cru x ▁comm issa ▁( a ▁T - shaped ▁cross )" ▁( John ▁R . ▁Don ah ue ▁and ▁Daniel ▁J . ▁Har ring ton , ▁The ▁G ospel ▁of ▁Mark ). ▁Don ah ue ▁and ▁Har ring ton ▁suggest : ▁" The ▁victim ▁was ▁first ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁cross be am ▁( pat ib ulum ) ▁with ▁ro pes ▁and / or ▁nails ▁through ▁the ▁wr ists ▁or ▁fore arms . ▁Then ▁the ▁cross be am ▁was ▁fitted ▁on ▁the ▁vertical ▁beam ▁and ▁the ▁victim ▁was ▁lifted ▁up ▁and ▁set ▁on ▁a ▁peg ▁or
▁" se at " ▁on ▁the ▁vertical ▁beam ▁and ▁perhaps ▁also ▁on ▁a ▁foot rest . ▁The ▁idea ▁was ▁to ▁prolong ▁the ▁ag ony , ▁not ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁victim ▁more ▁comfortable ." ▁ ▁Other ▁technical ▁details ▁ ▁Foundation ▁in ▁the ▁ground ▁The ▁question ▁of ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁foundation ▁for ▁the ▁cross ▁used ▁to ▁cru c ify ▁Jesus , ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁whether ▁Jesus ▁carried ▁only ▁the ▁pat ib ulum ▁or ▁the ▁full ▁cross ▁( pat ib ulum ▁and ▁st ipes ) ▁to ▁Gol g oth a ▁- ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁the ▁upright ▁st ipes ▁was ▁a ▁permanent ▁fixture ▁on ▁Gol g oth a , ▁or ▁whether ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁permanent , ▁or ▁spec ially ▁prepared ▁rein forced ▁hole ▁for ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁st ipes . ▁This ▁also ▁rel ates ▁to ▁the ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁cross , ▁where ▁estimates ▁vary ▁from ▁ ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁height . ▁ ▁Method ▁of ▁fast ening ▁victim ▁ ▁Some ▁theories ▁suggest ▁ 3 ▁nails ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁fast en ▁victims ▁while ▁others ▁suggest ▁ 4 ▁nails . ▁Throughout ▁history , ▁larger ▁numbers ▁of ▁nails ▁have ▁been ▁hypothes ized , ▁at ▁times ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 1 4 ▁nails . ▁The ▁placing ▁of ▁the ▁nails ▁in ▁the ▁hands , ▁or ▁the ▁wr ists ▁is ▁also ▁uncertain . ▁Another ▁theory ▁suggests ▁that ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ ▁for ▁hand ▁also ▁includes ▁the ▁fore arm ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁nails ▁were ▁placed ▁near ▁the ▁radius ▁and ▁ul na ▁of ▁the ▁fore arm . ▁R opes ▁may ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁used
▁to ▁fast en ▁the ▁hands ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁nails . ▁ ▁Foot rest ▁Another ▁issue ▁has ▁been ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁hyp op od ium ▁as ▁a ▁standing ▁platform ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁feet , ▁given ▁that ▁the ▁hands ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁able ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁weight . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁fore ns ic ▁path ologist ▁Frederick ▁Z ug ibe ▁performed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion ▁experiments ▁by ▁using ▁ro pes ▁to ▁hang ▁human ▁subjects ▁at ▁various ▁angles ▁and ▁hand ▁positions . ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁ ▁Greek ▁x ylon ▁(" tim ber , ▁tree ") ▁In ▁the ▁He brew ▁Bible ▁De uter onomy ▁ 2 1 : 2 3 ▁states ▁that ▁" cur sed ▁of ▁God ▁is ▁everyone ▁who ▁hang s ▁on ▁a ▁tree ". ▁In ▁the ▁Sept u ag int ▁this ▁became ▁ ἐ π ὶ ▁ ξ ύ λ ο υ ▁( ep i ▁x yl ou ). ▁The ▁word ▁ ξ ύ λ ο ν ▁( x ylon ) ▁can ▁mean ▁anything ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁even ▁something ▁as ▁complex ▁as ▁the ▁Tro jan ▁horse , ▁and ▁applies ▁also ▁to ▁a ▁tree , ▁even ▁a ▁living ▁one , ▁such ▁as ▁that ▁described ▁in ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁R evel ation ▁ 2 2 : 2 ▁as ▁the ▁tree ▁of ▁life ▁bearing ▁fruit ▁every ▁month ▁and ▁whose ▁leaves ▁serve ▁for ▁healing . ▁This ▁word ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁Testament ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁that ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died : ▁Peter
' s ▁ 3 ▁uses ▁of ▁x ylon ▁( in ▁English ▁B ibles ▁" tree ") ▁compared ▁to ▁Paul ▁who ▁only ▁uses ▁x ylon ▁" piece ▁of ▁wood " ▁once . ▁ ▁In ▁Greek ▁texts ▁the ▁word ▁x ylon ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁any ▁object ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁including ▁in ▁varying ▁context s , ▁gall ows , ▁stocks , ▁p ales ▁and ▁st akes . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁traditional ▁Christian ▁cross ▁with ▁a ▁horizontal ▁cross be am ▁would ▁also ▁be ▁called ▁x ylon . ▁In ▁L idd ell ▁and ▁Scott , ▁the ▁mean ings ▁of ▁the ▁word ▁" ξ ύ λ ο ν " ▁are ▁classified ▁under ▁five ▁head ings : ▁: I . ▁wood ▁cut ▁and ▁ready ▁for ▁use , ▁fire wood , ▁tim ber ▁( in ▁these ▁senses ▁the ▁word ▁is ▁usually ▁in ▁the ▁plural ); ▁: II . ▁piece ▁of ▁wood , ▁log , ▁beam , ▁post ▁or ▁an ▁object ▁made ▁of ▁wood , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁spoon , ▁the ▁Tro jan ▁horse , ▁a ▁c ud gel ▁or ▁club , ▁an ▁instrument ▁of ▁punishment ▁( a ▁collar ▁for ▁someone ' s ▁neck , ▁stocks ▁to ▁conf ine ▁his ▁feet ▁or ▁to ▁conf ine ▁his ▁neck , ▁arms ▁and ▁legs , ▁a ▁gall ows ▁to ▁hang ▁him , ▁or ▁a ▁stake ▁to ▁imp ale ▁him ), ▁a ▁table , ▁a ▁bench ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁theatre ; ▁: III . ▁a ▁tree ▁: IV . ▁a ▁block head ▁or ▁a ▁stub born ▁person ; ▁: V . ▁a ▁measure ▁of
▁length . ▁ ▁English ▁In ▁English ▁also , ▁the ▁words ▁" tree " ▁and ▁" tim ber " ▁are ▁applied ▁to ▁Christ ' s ▁cross ▁env is aged ▁as ▁with ▁trans om : ▁a ▁h ym n ▁sung ▁at ▁the ▁Good ▁Friday ▁v ener ation ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁has ▁the ▁refr ain : ▁" F a ith ful ▁Cross ▁the ▁S aints ▁rely ▁on , ▁Nob le ▁tree ▁beyond ▁compare ! ▁[...] ▁Sweet ▁the ▁tim ber , ▁sweet ▁the ▁iron , ▁Sweet ▁the ▁burden ▁that ▁they ▁bear !" ▁ ▁Term in ology ▁used ▁by ▁ancient ▁writers ▁ ▁Apart ▁from ▁meaning ▁a ▁stake , ▁the ▁word ▁st au ros ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁writers ▁of ▁the ▁early ▁Christian ▁period ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁a ▁construction ▁with ▁trans om . ▁ ▁Using ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ▁in ▁its ▁ver bal ▁form , ▁the ▁Jewish ▁historian ▁Joseph us ▁too , ▁writing ▁of ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Jerusalem ▁in ▁AD ▁ 7 0 , ▁rec ount ed ▁that ▁the ▁Jews ▁caught ▁outside ▁the ▁city ▁walls ▁" were ▁first ▁wh ipped , ▁and ▁then ▁tor ment ed ▁with ▁all ▁sorts ▁of ▁tort ures , ▁before ▁they ▁died , ▁and ▁were ▁then ▁cru c ified ▁before ▁the ▁wall ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁… ▁the ▁soldiers , ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁wr ath ▁and ▁hatred ▁they ▁bore ▁the ▁Jews , ▁n ailed ▁those ▁they ▁caught , ▁one ▁after ▁one ▁way , ▁and ▁another ▁after ▁another , ▁to ▁the ▁cross es , ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁jest ."
▁ ▁D ion ys ius ▁of ▁Hal ic arn ass us , ▁who ▁lived ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Jesus , ▁described ▁how ▁those ▁condem ned ▁to ▁cru c if ix ion ▁were ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁execution : ▁ ▁D ion ys ius ▁here ▁uses ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁x ylon ▁( ξ ύ λ ο ν ) ▁for ▁the ▁horizontal ▁cross be am ▁( the ▁" pat ib ulum ") ▁used ▁in ▁Roman ▁cru c if ix ions ; ▁he ▁describes ▁how ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁condem ned ▁man ▁were ▁tied ▁to ▁it ▁( χ ε ῖ ρ α ς ▁ ἀ π ο τ ε ί ν α ν τ ε ς ▁ ἀ μ φ ο τ έ ρ α ς ▁[...] ▁ π ρ ο σ δ ή σ α ν τ ε ς ) ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁be ▁wh ipped ▁while ▁being ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁execution . ▁ ▁The ▁mid - 2 nd - century ▁div iner ▁Art em id orus ▁spoke ▁of ▁cru c if ix ion ▁as ▁something ▁that ▁occurred ▁on ▁a ▁cross ▁that ▁had ▁bread th ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁height : ▁" Since ▁he ▁is ▁a ▁criminal , ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁cru c ified ▁in ▁his ▁height ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁extension ▁of ▁his ▁hands " ▁( One iro crit ica ▁ 1 : 7 6 ). ▁ ▁Luc ian ▁of ▁Sam os ata ▁( 1 2 1 - 1 8 0 ) ▁describes ▁the ▁cru c if ix ion ▁of
▁the ▁myth ical ▁Prom ethe us ▁by ▁n ailing ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁precip ice ▁on ▁the ▁C au cas us ▁" with ▁his ▁hands ▁out stret ched ▁( ἐ κ π ε τ α σ θ ε ὶ ς ▁ τ <0xE1> <0xBD> <0xBC> ▁ χ ε ῖ ρ ε ) ▁from ▁cr ag ▁to ▁cr ag ." ▁ ▁Early ▁Christian ▁descriptions ▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁discussion ▁about ▁the ▁meaning ▁or ▁mean ings ▁that ▁the ▁words ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ό ς ▁and ▁cru x ▁had ▁at ▁that ▁time , ▁and ▁about ▁the ▁shape ▁or ▁shapes ▁that ▁such ▁g ib b ets ▁had , ▁Christians ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁centuries ▁are ▁un anim ous ▁in ▁describing ▁the ▁particular ▁structure ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁trans om , ▁not ▁as ▁a ▁simple ▁upright . ▁ ▁The ▁pse ude p ig raph ic ▁Ep ist le ▁of ▁Barn ab as , ▁which ▁scholars ▁suggest ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁century , ▁and ▁certainly ▁earlier ▁than ▁ 1 3 5 , ▁whether ▁the ▁writer ▁was ▁an ▁orth odox ▁Christian ▁or ▁not , ▁described ▁the ▁shape ▁people ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁attributed ▁to ▁the ▁device ▁on ▁which ▁Jesus ▁died : ▁the ▁compar isons ▁it ▁draws ▁with ▁Old ▁Testament ▁figures ▁would ▁have ▁had ▁no ▁valid ity ▁for ▁its ▁readers ▁if ▁they ▁pict ured ▁Jesus ▁as ▁dying ▁on ▁a ▁simple ▁stake . ▁Refer ring ▁to ▁what ▁he ▁saw ▁as ▁Old ▁Testament ▁intim ations ▁of ▁Jesus ▁and ▁his ▁cross , ▁he ▁lik
ened ▁the ▁cross ▁to ▁the ▁letter ▁T ▁( the ▁Greek ▁letter ▁t au , ▁which ▁had ▁the ▁numer ic ▁value ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ), ▁thus ▁describing ▁it ▁as ▁having ▁a ▁cross be am . ▁He ▁also ▁wrote , ▁with ▁regard ▁to ▁: ▁" The ▁Spirit ▁sa ith ▁to ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁Moses , ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁make ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁the ▁cross ▁and ▁of ▁Him ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁suffer , ▁that ▁unless , ▁sa ith ▁He , ▁they ▁shall ▁set ▁their ▁hope ▁on ▁Him , ▁war ▁shall ▁be ▁w aged ▁against ▁them ▁for ▁ever . ▁Moses ▁therefore ▁pile th ▁arms ▁one ▁upon ▁another ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁the ▁encounter , ▁and ▁standing ▁on ▁higher ▁ground ▁than ▁any ▁he ▁stretched ▁out ▁his ▁hands , ▁and ▁so ▁Israel ▁was ▁again ▁vict orious ." ▁ ▁C els us ▁( as ▁quoted ▁by ▁Or igen ▁Con tra ▁C els um , ▁II : 3 6 ) ▁< ref > Ε <0xE1> <0xBC> <0xB6> τ α ▁ φ η σ ὶ ν ▁ ὁ ▁ Κ έ λ σ ο ς : ▁ Τ ί ▁ φ η σ ὶ ▁ κ α ὶ ▁ ἀ ν α σ κ ο λ ο π ι ζ ο μ έ ν ο υ ▁ τ ο ῦ ▁ σ ώ μ α τ ο ς ; ▁( Con tra ▁C els um , ▁II : 3 6 ]) </ ref > ▁and ▁Or igen ▁himself < ref > Con tra ▁C els um , ▁III , ▁
3 2 ] </ ref > ▁uses ▁the ▁verb ▁" ἀ ν α σ κ ο λ ο π ί ζ ω ", ▁which ▁originally ▁meant ▁" to ▁imp ale ", ▁of ▁the ▁cru c if ix ion ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁syn onymous < ref ▁name = III 3 2 >" κ α ὶ ▁" Κ ρ ά ξ α ς ▁ φ ω ν <0xE1> <0xBF> <0x87> ▁ μ ε γ ά λ <0xE1> <0xBF> <0x83> ▁ ἀ φ ῆ κ ε ▁ τ ὸ ▁ π ν ε ῦ μ α ", ▁ π ρ ο λ α β <0xE1> <0xBD> <0xBC> ν ▁ τ ο ὺ ς ▁ ἐ π ὶ ▁ τ ῶ ν ▁ ἀ ν α σ κ ο λ ο π ι ζ ο μ έ ν ω ν ▁ δ ή μ ι ο υ ς , ▁ ὑ π ο τ έ μ ν ο ν τ α ς ▁ τ ὰ ▁ σ κ έ λ η ▁ τ ῶ ν ▁ σ τ α υ ρ ο υ μ έ ν ω ν " ▁( Con tra ▁C els um , ▁III , ▁ 3 2 ]). </ ref > ▁with ▁" σ τ α υ ρ ῶ ", ▁which ▁also ▁seems ▁to ▁have ▁originally ▁meant ▁" to ▁imp ale ", ▁and ▁was ▁applied ▁also ▁to ▁the ▁g ib bet ▁of ▁Jesus ' ▁execution ; ▁but ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁the ▁g ib bet ▁is ▁compared ▁by ▁Or igen ▁to

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