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1 9 4 5 - 4 9 , ▁Fin ck , ▁with ▁Hans ▁B ayer ▁(" Th add ä us ▁T roll "), ▁issued ▁the ▁journal ▁Das ▁W esp enn est ▁(" The ▁Horn ets ' ▁N est "), ▁the ▁first ▁German ▁sat irical ▁magazine ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁He ▁res umed ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁cab aret , ▁performing ▁at ▁the ▁Sch mun zel kol leg ▁(" Ch uck le ▁College ") ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁and ▁founding ▁the ▁Neb el horn ▁(" F og horn ") ▁cab aret ▁in ▁Zur ich ▁( 1 9 4 7 ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁M ause f alle ▁(" M ous et rap ") ▁in ▁St utt gart ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁he ▁established ▁the ▁joke ▁political ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁" Rad ical ▁Centre " ▁in ▁West ▁Berlin . ▁Fin ck ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁film ▁career , ▁including ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁F ass b inder ' s ▁TV ▁series ▁Eight ▁H ours ▁Don ' t ▁Make ▁a ▁Day ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁He ▁remained ▁active ▁in ▁live ▁performances , ▁notably ▁making ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Death ▁Fin ck ▁died ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁aged ▁ 7 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Wald fried hof ▁c emetery . ▁The ▁in scription ▁on ▁his ▁tomb stone ▁reads : ▁" You ▁are ▁still ▁here ▁and ▁I ▁passed ▁away , ▁soon ▁you ▁are ▁there
▁where ▁I ▁am ▁today ." ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁Walk ▁of ▁Fame ▁of ▁Cab aret , ▁Main z ▁( post hum ous , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Se lected ▁film ography ▁Wer ner ▁Fin ck ▁made ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁film ▁and ▁TV ▁appearances ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁sp anning ▁about ▁forty ▁years , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁but ▁brief ▁appearances ▁that ▁show c ased ▁his ▁talent : ▁The ▁Company ' s ▁in ▁Love ▁( 1 9 3 2 ) ▁The ▁H ym n ▁of ▁Le ut hen ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Lie be le i ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁A ▁Woman ▁Who ▁Know s ▁What ▁She ▁W ants ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Hol iday ▁From ▁M ys elf ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁The ▁C ous in ▁from ▁Now here ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁What ▁Am ▁I ▁Without ▁You ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Love ▁Con qu ers ▁All ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Just ▁Once ▁a ▁Great ▁Lady ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁The ▁Girl friend ▁of ▁a ▁Big ▁Man ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Fresh ▁Wind ▁from ▁Canada ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁The ▁V ag ab onds ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁La ▁H aban era ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Aut ob us ▁S ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁The ▁Grey ▁Lady ▁( 1
9 3 7 ) ▁F aded ▁Mel ody ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Who ▁Could n ' t ▁Say ▁No ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁The ▁Girl ▁of ▁Last ▁Night ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁The ▁Round ab outs ▁of ▁H ands ome ▁Karl ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁Film ▁Without ▁a ▁Title ▁( 1 9 4 8 ), ▁as ▁Hub ert ▁My ▁N iece ▁Sus anne ▁( 1 9 5 0 ), ▁as ▁Dub out on ▁Not ▁Without ▁G is ela ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁as ▁himself ▁St är ker ▁als ▁die ▁N acht ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁Han ussen ▁( 1 9 5 5 ), ▁as ▁Ex pert ▁witness ▁L ola ▁Mont ès ▁( 1 9 5 5 ), ▁as ▁Wis b ö ck ▁My ▁Hus band ' s ▁Getting ▁Mar ried ▁Today ▁( 1 9 5 6 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Ag art z ▁The ▁Zur ich ▁Eng agement ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Jul ius ▁W ayer ▁Victor ▁and ▁Victoria ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁H inz ▁T ired ▁Theod ore ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Karl ▁Fin de isen ▁Mar riages ▁For bidden ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Judge ▁Dr . ▁K ern ▁ ▁Father , ▁Mother ▁and ▁N ine ▁Children ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁And ▁That ▁on ▁Monday ▁Morning ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁Professor ▁G ross ▁Lab yr inth
▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁President ▁Ros es ▁for ▁the ▁Pro secut or ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁Ha ase ▁The ▁Last ▁Ped est rian ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), ▁as ▁Editor ▁H iss ▁ ▁Storm ▁in ▁a ▁Water ▁Glass ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁The ▁White ▁Horse ▁Inn ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), ▁as ▁Professor ▁H in zel mann ▁What ▁Is ▁Father ▁Do ing ▁in ▁Italy ? ▁( 1 9 6 1 ), ▁as ▁Dire ktor ▁Sch los ser ▁Love ▁at ▁Twenty ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁as ▁Sur geon ▁Two ▁B av arians ▁in ▁Bon n ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁as ▁Minister ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁as ▁Jacob y ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁as ▁New sp aper ▁Pub lisher ▁Hur ra , ▁die ▁Sch ule ▁b ren nt ! ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁as ▁Under ▁Secretary ▁von ▁Sch n orr ▁Eight ▁H ours ▁Don ' t ▁Make ▁a ▁Day ▁( 1 9 7 2 , ▁TV ▁series ), ▁as ▁Greg or ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁TV ▁movie ▁Inside ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich , ▁he ▁was ▁port rayed ▁by ▁American ▁comed ian ▁Mort ▁S ahl . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Phot ograph s ▁and ▁literature ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁G ör l itz ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁S
iles ia ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁comed ians ▁Category : G erman ▁cab aret ▁perform ers ▁Category : We im ar ▁cab aret ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Command ers ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁comed ians <0x0A> </s> ▁Sever o iz t oc hen ▁Planning ▁Region ▁( N ort heast ▁Planning ▁Region ) ▁is ▁a ▁planning ▁region ▁in ▁Bulgar ia . The ▁region ▁includes ▁four ▁provin ces : ▁T arg ov is ht e ▁Province , ▁V arna ▁Province , ▁Sh umen ▁Province ▁and ▁Dob rich ▁Province . ▁ ▁L arg est ▁cities ▁are ▁V arna ▁( 3 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁city ▁proper ; ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁met ro ▁area ), ▁Dob rich ▁( 1 0 5 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁city ; ▁ 1 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁ag gl omer ation ), ▁Sh umen ▁( 9 5 , 0 0 0 ), ▁Sil ist ra ▁( 4 2 , 0 0 0 ▁- city ; ▁ 5 2 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁ag gl omer ation ). ▁The ▁ag gl omer ation ▁of ▁V arna ▁includes ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Prov ady a ▁( 1 4 , 0 0 0 ),
▁Dev ny a ▁( 1 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁A ks ak ovo ▁( 7 6 0 0 ▁- ▁fastest ▁growing ▁town ▁in ▁area ) ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁ag gl omer ation ▁of ▁Sil ist ra ▁includes ▁the ▁largest ▁villages ▁in ▁Bulgar ia ▁- ▁A yd em ir ▁( 7 8 0 0 ) ▁and ▁Kal ip et ro vo ▁( 4 7 0 0 ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁b ordered ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁Kam ch ia ▁river ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁One ▁of ▁r iche st ▁regions ▁of ▁Bulgar ia , ▁Sever o iz t oc hen ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁economy . ▁Its ▁economy ▁is ▁service - oriented ▁and ▁includes ▁tour ism . ▁Sever o iz t oc hen ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁region ▁most - vis ited ▁region ▁by ▁foreign ▁tourists ▁after ▁Y ug o iz t oc hen . ▁Not able ▁res orts ▁include ▁Golden ▁S ands , ▁Al ben a , ▁SS ▁Constant ine ▁and ▁Hel ena . ▁Interest ing ▁places ▁are ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Bal ch ik , ▁K av arna , ▁Cape ▁K ali ak ra ▁- ▁on ▁the ▁sea , ▁Mad ara ▁- ▁nearby ▁Sh umen , ▁S reb arna ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁- ▁nearby ▁Sil ist ra ; ▁Sh umen ▁bo asts ▁the ▁Mon ument ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁Years ▁of ▁Bulgar ia . ▁Sil ist ra ▁Province ▁and ▁Dob rich ▁Province ▁form ▁Southern ▁Dob ru ja ▁- ▁the ▁Bulgar
ian ▁bread b asket . ▁The ▁port ▁of ▁V arna ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁port ▁in ▁Bulgar ia ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁on ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁port ▁of ▁Bal ch ik ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁fishing ▁town . ▁On ▁the ▁Dan ube , ▁important ▁ports ▁are ▁Sil ist ra ▁- ▁fourth ▁largest ▁on ▁the ▁river , ▁and ▁Tut r ak an . ▁V arna ▁is ▁Bulgar ia ' s ▁second ▁financial ▁capital ▁after ▁Sof ia ; ▁the ▁city ▁produces ▁electron ics , ▁ships , ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁goods . ▁Other ▁important ▁industrial ▁centers ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁are ▁Sh umen ▁- ▁production ▁and ▁repair ▁of ▁trucks ; ▁Dob rich ▁- ▁big ▁food - produ cing ▁city , ▁un off icial ▁capital ▁of ▁Dob ru ja ; ▁Sil ist ra ▁- ▁electron ics , ▁food ; ▁Dev ny a ▁- ▁big ▁chemical ▁center ▁( ce ment ▁and ▁nit ric ▁fert il izer ); ▁Tut r ak an ▁- ▁food ▁and ▁fishing ▁boat . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁N UT S ▁of ▁Bulgar ia ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Reg ions ▁of ▁Bulgar ia <0x0A> </s> ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁musical ▁composition ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁composer ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁jazz ▁band , ▁which ▁comb ines ▁elements ▁of ▁classical ▁music ▁with ▁jazz - in flu enced ▁effects . ▁ ▁The ▁composition ▁was ▁commissioned ▁by ▁the ▁band le ader ▁Paul ▁Wh item an . ▁It ▁was ▁or chestr ated ▁by ▁Fer de ▁Gro
fé ▁several ▁times , ▁including ▁the ▁original ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁scoring , ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁" the ater ▁or chestra " ▁setting , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁sym phony ▁or chestra ▁scoring , ▁though ▁completed ▁earlier . ▁The ▁piece ▁received ▁its ▁premi ere ▁in ▁the ▁concert , ▁An ▁Exper iment ▁in ▁Modern ▁Music , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁by ▁Wh item an ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁playing ▁the ▁piano . ▁ ▁The ▁ed itors ▁of ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Music ▁Hand books ▁op ined ▁that ▁" The ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁established ▁G ers h win ' s ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁serious ▁composer ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁all ▁American ▁concert ▁works ." ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Commission ▁After ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁an ▁experimental ▁classical - j azz ▁concert ▁held ▁with ▁the ▁Canadian ▁singer ▁É va ▁G auth ier ▁at ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁band le ader ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁decided ▁to ▁attempt ▁something ▁more ▁ambitious . ▁He ▁asked ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁to ▁contribute ▁a ▁concer to - like ▁piece ▁for ▁an ▁all - j azz ▁concert ▁he ▁would ▁give ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁February ▁ 1
9 2 4 . ▁Wh item an ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁featuring ▁such ▁an ▁extended ▁composition ▁by ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁concert ▁after ▁he ▁had ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁Sc and als ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁impressed ▁by ▁the ▁original ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁one - act ▁opera ▁Blue ▁Monday , ▁which ▁was ▁nevertheless ▁a ▁commercial ▁failure . ▁G ers h win ▁declined ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that , ▁as ▁there ▁would ▁certainly ▁be ▁need ▁for ▁re vis ions ▁to ▁the ▁score , ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁enough ▁time ▁to ▁comp ose ▁the ▁new ▁piece . ▁ ▁Late ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁at ▁the ▁Amb assador ▁Bill i ard ▁Parl or ▁at ▁Broadway ▁and ▁ 5 2 nd ▁Street ▁in ▁Manhattan , ▁while ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Bud dy ▁De ▁S yl va ▁were ▁playing ▁bill i ards , ▁his ▁brother ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ▁was ▁reading ▁the ▁January ▁ 4 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une . ▁An ▁article ▁entitled ▁" What ▁Is ▁American ▁Music ?" ▁about ▁the ▁Wh item an ▁concert ▁caught ▁his ▁attention , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁final ▁paragraph ▁claimed ▁that ▁" Ge orge ▁G ers h win ▁is ▁at ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁jazz ▁concer to , ▁Ir ving ▁Berlin ▁is ▁writing ▁a ▁sync op ated ▁tone ▁poem , ▁and ▁Victor ▁Herbert ▁is ▁working ▁on ▁an ▁American ▁suite ." ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁phone ▁call ▁to ▁Wh item an ▁next ▁morning , ▁G ers h win
▁was ▁told ▁that ▁Wh item an ' s ▁rival ▁Vincent ▁L ope z ▁was ▁planning ▁to ▁steal ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁his ▁experimental ▁concert ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁time ▁to ▁lose . ▁G ers h win ▁was ▁finally ▁persu aded ▁to ▁comp ose ▁the ▁piece . ▁ ▁Com position ▁Since ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁five ▁weeks ▁left , ▁G ers h win ▁hast ily ▁set ▁about ▁compos ing ▁a ▁piece , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁train ▁journey ▁to ▁Boston , ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁mind . ▁He ▁told ▁his ▁first ▁bi ographer ▁Isaac ▁Gold berg ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 : ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁train , ▁with ▁its ▁ste ely ▁r hy th ms , ▁its ▁r attle - ty ▁b ang , ▁that ▁is ▁so ▁often ▁so ▁stim ulating ▁to ▁a ▁composer – ▁I ▁frequently ▁hear ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁very ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁noise . ▁... ▁And ▁there ▁I ▁suddenly ▁heard , ▁and ▁even ▁saw ▁on ▁paper – ▁the ▁complete ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody , ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end . ▁No ▁new ▁themes ▁came ▁to ▁me , ▁but ▁I ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁them atic ▁material ▁already ▁in ▁my ▁mind ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁con ceive ▁the ▁composition ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁I ▁heard ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁musical ▁k ale idos cope ▁of ▁America , ▁of ▁our ▁vast ▁mel ting ▁pot , ▁of ▁our ▁und u plicated ▁national ▁p ep , ▁of ▁our ▁met ropolitan ▁mad ness . ▁By ▁the ▁time
▁I ▁reached ▁Boston ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁defin ite ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁piece , ▁as ▁distinguished ▁from ▁its ▁actual ▁substance . ▁ ▁G ers h win ▁began ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁January ▁ 7 ▁as ▁dated ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁manuscript ▁for ▁two ▁pian os . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁titled ▁American ▁R haps ody ▁during ▁composition . ▁The ▁title ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁suggested ▁by ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ▁after ▁his ▁visit ▁to ▁a ▁gallery ▁exhibition ▁of ▁James ▁Mc Ne ill ▁Wh ist ler ▁paintings , ▁which ▁bear ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁No ct urn e ▁in ▁Black ▁and ▁Gold : ▁The ▁Fall ing ▁R ocket ▁and ▁Arr ang ement ▁in ▁Grey ▁and ▁Black ▁( bet ter ▁known ▁as ▁Wh ist ler ' s ▁Mother ). ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁weeks , ▁G ers h win ▁finished ▁his ▁composition ▁and ▁passed ▁the ▁score ▁to ▁Wh item an ' s ▁arr anger ▁Fer de ▁Gro fé , ▁who ▁or chestr ated ▁the ▁piece , ▁finishing ▁it ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁only ▁eight ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁premi ere . ▁ ▁Prem iere ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁premier ed ▁in ▁an ▁afternoon ▁concert ▁on ▁Tuesday , ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁held ▁by ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁and ▁his ▁band , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Royal ▁Orchestra , ▁titled ▁An ▁Exper iment ▁in ▁Modern ▁Music , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Many ▁important ▁and ▁influential ▁musicians ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁present ,
▁including ▁Serge i ▁R ach man in off , ▁I gor ▁Str av insky , ▁F ritz ▁Kre is ler , ▁Leop old ▁St ok owski , ▁John ▁Philip ▁S ous a , ▁and ▁Will ie ▁" the ▁Lion " ▁Smith . ▁The ▁event ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁historic ▁specifically ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁premi ere ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁experiment , ▁as ▁told ▁by ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁a ▁pre - con cert ▁lecture ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁many ▁classical ▁music ▁critics ▁and ▁high b rows , ▁was ▁" to ▁be ▁purely ▁educational ". ▁It ▁would ▁" at ▁least ▁provide ▁a ▁stepping ▁stone ▁which ▁will ▁make ▁it ▁very ▁simple ▁for ▁the ▁masses ▁to ▁understand , ▁and ▁therefore , ▁enjoy ▁sym phony ▁and ▁opera ". ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁long , ▁including ▁ 2 6 ▁separate ▁musical ▁movements , ▁divided ▁into ▁ 2 ▁parts ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁sections , ▁bearing ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁" True ▁form ▁of ▁jazz " ▁and ▁" Con tr ast : ▁legitimate ▁scoring ▁vs . ▁jazz ing ". ▁G ers h win ' s ▁latest ▁composition ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁to ▁last ▁piece ▁( before ▁El gar ' s ▁Pom p ▁and ▁Circ um stance ▁March ▁No . ▁ 1 ). ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁numbers ▁sounded ▁similar ▁and ▁the ▁vent ilation ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁concert ▁hall ▁was ▁broken . ▁People ▁in ▁the ▁audience ▁were ▁losing ▁their ▁patience , ▁until ▁the ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ▁that ▁opened ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁heard . ▁
▁The ▁r haps ody ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band , ▁with ▁an ▁added ▁section ▁of ▁string ▁players , ▁and ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁on ▁piano . ▁G ers h win ▁decided ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁options ▁open ▁as ▁to ▁when ▁Wh item an ▁would ▁bring ▁in ▁the ▁or chestra ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁write ▁down ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pages ▁for ▁solo ▁piano , ▁with ▁only ▁the ▁words ▁" Wait ▁for ▁nod " ▁sc raw led ▁by ▁Gro fé ▁on ▁the ▁band ▁score . ▁G ers h win ▁impro vised ▁some ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁playing , ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁write ▁out ▁the ▁piano ▁part ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁performance , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁unknown ▁exactly ▁how ▁the ▁original ▁r haps ody ▁sounded . ▁ ▁The ▁opening ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁during ▁rehe ars al ▁when , ▁" ... ▁as ▁a ▁joke ▁on ▁G ers h win , ▁[ R oss ] ▁G orm an ▁( Wh item an ' s ▁virt u oso ▁clar in ett ist ) ▁played ▁the ▁opening ▁measure ▁with ▁a ▁notice able ▁gl iss ando , ▁adding ▁what ▁he ▁considered ▁a ▁hum orous ▁touch ▁to ▁the ▁passage . ▁React ing ▁favour ably ▁to ▁G orm an ' s ▁wh im sy , ▁G ers h win ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁opening ▁measure ▁that ▁way ▁at ▁the ▁concert ▁and ▁to ▁add ▁as ▁much ▁of ▁a ▁' w ail ' ▁as ▁possible ." ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁British ▁performance ▁of ▁R haps ody
▁in ▁Blue ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Hotel ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁It ▁was ▁broadcast ▁in ▁a ▁live ▁relay ▁by ▁the ▁BBC . ▁Deb roy ▁Som ers ▁conducted ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Or p he ans ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁himself ▁at ▁the ▁piano . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁heard ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁European ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁Orchestra , ▁most ▁notably ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Albert ▁Hall , ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁audience . ▁The ▁concert ▁was ▁recorded ▁( though ▁not ▁issued ) ▁by ▁H M V . ▁ ▁Res pon ses ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band ▁had ▁played ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁ 8 4 ▁times , ▁and ▁its ▁recording ▁sold ▁a ▁million ▁copies . ▁To ▁get ▁the ▁whole ▁piece ▁onto ▁two ▁sides ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁record ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁a ▁faster ▁speed ▁than ▁usual ▁in ▁a ▁concert , ▁which ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁hurried ▁feel ▁and ▁some ▁rub ato ▁was ▁lost . ▁Wh item an ▁later ▁adopted ▁the ▁piece ▁as ▁his ▁band ' s ▁theme ▁song ▁and ▁opened ▁his ▁radio ▁programs ▁with ▁the ▁sl ogan ▁" Every thing ▁new ▁but ▁the ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ." ▁ ▁The ▁piece ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁mainstream ▁critics . ▁O lin ▁Down es , ▁review ing
▁the ▁concert ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times : ▁ ▁Another ▁review er , ▁Lawrence ▁Gil man , ▁a ▁Richard ▁W agner ▁specialist ▁who ▁later ▁wrote ▁a ▁devast ating ▁review ▁of ▁G ers h win ' s ▁Por gy ▁and ▁B ess , ▁comment ing ▁on ▁the ▁r haps ody ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁said : ▁ ▁Some ▁critics ▁described ▁the ▁piece ▁as ▁form less , ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁G ers h win ▁only ▁gl ued ▁his ▁melod ic ▁segments ▁together ▁into ▁one ▁piece . ▁Pitt s ▁San born ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁" run s ▁off ▁into ▁empty ▁passage - work ▁and ▁meaning less ▁repet ition ". ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁Month ly ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁Leonard ▁Bern stein , ▁who ▁nevertheless ▁admitted ▁that ▁he ▁loved ▁the ▁piece , ▁wrote : ▁ ▁Or chestr ation ▁G ers h win ▁had ▁agreed ▁that ▁Fer de ▁Gro fé , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁pian ist ▁and ▁chief ▁arr anger , ▁was ▁the ▁key ▁figure ▁in ▁enabling ▁the ▁piece ▁to ▁be ▁successful , ▁and ▁critics ▁have ▁praised ▁the ▁or chestr al ▁color . ▁Gro fé ▁confirmed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁that ▁G ers h win ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁sufficient ▁knowledge ▁of ▁or chestr ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁After ▁the ▁premi ere , ▁Gro fé ▁rev ised ▁the ▁score ▁and ▁made ▁new ▁or chestr ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6
▁and ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁each ▁time ▁for ▁larger ▁or chestr as . ▁ ▁Until ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁when ▁Michael ▁T il son ▁Thomas ▁recorded ▁the ▁original ▁jazz ▁band ▁version ▁for ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁time , ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version ▁was ▁the ▁arrangement ▁usually ▁performed ▁and ▁recorded . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁or chestr ation ▁was ▁developed ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band , ▁which ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁wood wind ▁players ▁dou bling ▁one ▁ob oe , ▁one ▁clar inet , ▁one ▁sop ran ino ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁E , ▁two ▁sop r ano ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁B , ▁two ▁alto ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁E , ▁one ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁B , ▁one ▁bar it one ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁E ; ▁two ▁trump ets ▁in ▁B , ▁two ▁French ▁horn s ▁in ▁F , ▁two ▁t rom b ones , ▁and ▁one ▁tub a ▁( d ou bling ▁on ▁double ▁bass ); ▁a ▁per cussion ▁section ▁that ▁includes ▁a ▁drum ▁set , ▁tim pan i , ▁and ▁a ▁gl ock ens p iel ; ▁one ▁piano ; ▁one ▁ten or ▁ban jo ; ▁and ▁viol ins . ▁ ▁Gro fé ' s ▁familiar ity ▁with ▁the ▁Wh item an ▁band ' s ▁strengths ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁factor ▁in ▁the ▁scoring . ▁This ▁original ▁version , ▁with ▁its ▁unique ▁instrumental ▁requirements , ▁had ▁l ain ▁dorm ant
▁until ▁its ▁rev ival ▁in ▁re const ructions ▁beginning ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁o wing ▁to ▁the ▁popularity ▁and ▁service ability ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁sc or ings , ▁described ▁below . ▁ ▁An ▁arrangement ▁for ▁theatre ▁or chestra , ▁also ▁prepared ▁by ▁Gro fé , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁standard ▁" pit " ▁or chestra , ▁which ▁includes ▁one ▁fl ute , ▁one ▁ob oe , ▁two ▁clar in ets , ▁one ▁bass oon , ▁three ▁sa x oph ones ; ▁two ▁French ▁horn s , ▁two ▁trump ets , ▁and ▁two ▁t rom b ones ; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁same ▁per cussion ▁and ▁strings ▁complement ▁as ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version . ▁ ▁The ▁or chestr ation ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁for ▁full ▁sym phony ▁or chestra ▁is ▁scored ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁an ▁or chestra ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁fl utes , ▁two ▁ob oes , ▁two ▁clar in ets ▁in ▁B ▁and ▁A , ▁one ▁bass ▁clar inet , ▁two ▁bass oons , ▁two ▁alto ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁E , ▁one ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁B ; ▁three ▁French ▁horn s ▁in ▁F , ▁three ▁trump ets ▁in ▁B , ▁three ▁t rom b ones , ▁one ▁tub a ; ▁a ▁per cussion ▁section ▁that ▁includes ▁tim pan i , ▁one ▁suspended ▁c ym bal , ▁one ▁sn
are ▁drum , ▁one ▁bass ▁drum , ▁one ▁tam - t am , ▁one ▁triangle , ▁G lock ens p iel , ▁and ▁c ym b als ; ▁one ▁ten or ▁ban jo ; ▁and ▁strings . ▁ ▁Gro fe ' s ▁other ▁settings ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁include ▁those ▁done ▁for ▁Wh item an ' s ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁film , ▁King ▁of ▁Jazz , ▁and ▁the ▁concert ▁band ▁setting ▁( play able ▁without ▁piano ) ▁completed ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁( published ▁ 1 9 4 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁the ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁or chestr ations ▁is ▁somewhat ▁reduced , ▁and ▁the ▁ban jo ▁part ▁can ▁be ▁disp ensed ▁with , ▁as ▁its ▁mainly ▁rhythm ic ▁contribution ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁inner ▁strings . ▁ ▁G ers h win ▁also ▁made ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁pian os . ▁The ▁solo ▁version ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁om itting ▁several ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁piece . ▁ ▁G ers h win ' s ▁intent ▁to ▁eventually ▁do ▁an ▁or chestr ation ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁is ▁documented ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 3 7 ▁correspondence ▁from ▁publisher ▁Har ms ▁(" re iss u ance ▁of ▁The ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁re - sc ored ▁by ▁yourself ▁for ▁large ▁sym phony ▁or chestra "). ▁ ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Two ▁record ings ▁exist ▁of ▁G ers h win ▁performing ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁version ▁of ▁the
▁work ▁with ▁Wh item an ' s ▁or chestra : ▁an ▁ac oustic ▁recording ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁Victor ▁Talk ing ▁Machine ▁Company ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁and ▁running ▁ 8 min utes ▁and ▁ 5 9 seconds ▁( this ▁recording ▁includes ▁the ▁original ▁clar inet ist , ▁Ross ▁G orm an , ▁playing ▁the ▁gl iss ando ) ▁and ▁a ▁Victor ▁electrical ▁recording ▁made ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁running ▁ 9 min utes ▁and ▁ 1 second ▁( about ▁half ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁work ). ▁ ▁This ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁version ▁was ▁also ▁dub bed ▁onto ▁an ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁ ▁- r pm ▁Program ▁Trans cription ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁The ▁latter ▁version ▁was ▁actually ▁conducted ▁by ▁Nathan iel ▁Sh il k ret ▁after ▁an ▁argument ▁between ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Wh item an . ▁A ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁piano ▁roll ▁captured ▁G ers h win ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁a ▁two - p iano ▁version . ▁Wh item an ' s ▁or chestra ▁also ▁performed ▁a ▁short ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁film ▁The ▁King ▁of ▁Jazz ▁featuring ▁Roy ▁B arg y ▁on ▁piano . ▁ ▁Wh item an ▁re - record ed ▁the ▁piece ▁for ▁De cca ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁ 7 8 r pm ▁disc ▁( 2 9
0 5 1 ) ▁recorded ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁The ▁first ▁complete ▁recording , ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Jes ús ▁María ▁San rom á ▁and ▁Arthur ▁F ied ler ▁conducting ▁the ▁Boston ▁P ops ▁Orchestra , ▁was ▁issued ▁by ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version ▁has ▁usually ▁been ▁performed ▁by ▁classical ▁or chestr as ▁playing ▁the ▁expanded ▁arrangement . ▁In ▁this ▁form , ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁concert ▁re per toire . ▁It ▁has ▁direct ▁popular ▁appeal ▁while ▁also ▁being ▁regarded ▁respect fully ▁by ▁classical ▁musicians . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁a ▁recording ▁by ▁Oscar ▁Lev ant ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Orchestra ▁( con du cted ▁by ▁Eug ene ▁Or m andy ) ▁entered ▁at ▁its ▁peak ▁position ▁of ▁number ▁ 2 3 ▁on ▁the ▁Cash ▁Box ▁survey ▁( Col umb ia ▁Master works ▁ 2 5 1 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁piece ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁jazz - rock ▁artist ▁E um ir ▁De od ato ▁on ▁his ▁album ▁De od ato ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁single ▁reached ▁Bill board ▁peak ▁positions ▁number ▁ 4 1 ▁Pop , ▁number ▁ 1 0 ▁Easy ▁List ening . ▁ ▁A ▁disco ▁arrangement ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁French ▁pian ist ▁Richard ▁Clay der man ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8
▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁signature ▁pieces . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁arrangement ▁was ▁rev ived . ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁it ▁received ▁its ▁first ▁performance ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s : ▁Kenn eth ▁K ies ler ▁secured ▁needed ▁permissions ▁and ▁led ▁with ▁work ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Paul ▁Ver ret te ▁on ▁his ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Hampshire ▁campus . ▁Re const ructions ▁of ▁it ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁Michael ▁T il son ▁Thomas ▁and ▁the ▁Columbia ▁Jazz ▁Band ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Per ess ▁with ▁Ivan ▁Davis ▁on ▁piano ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ 6 0 th - ann iversary ▁reconstruction ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁concert . ▁André ▁W atts ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Marco ▁F um o ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁and ▁Sara ▁Davis ▁B ue ch ner ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁released ▁record ings ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁as ▁did ▁Eric ▁Him y ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁in ▁a ▁version ▁that ▁featured ▁the ▁un cut ▁original ▁short ▁score . ▁Meanwhile , ▁such ▁two - p iano ▁teams ▁as ▁José ▁It urb i ▁and ▁Am par o ▁It urb i , ▁France ▁Ver i ▁and ▁Michael ▁Jam an is , ▁and ▁Kat ia ▁and ▁Mar ielle ▁Lab è que , ▁also ▁recorded ▁the ▁piece . ▁Michel ▁Cam ilo ▁recorded ▁the
▁piece ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁winning ▁a ▁Latin ▁Gram my ▁award . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁asked ▁G ers h win ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁" j azz ▁concer to ", ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ; ▁like ▁a ▁concer to , ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁written ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁with ▁or chestra : ▁a ▁r haps ody ▁diff ers ▁from ▁a ▁concer to ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁features ▁one ▁extended ▁movement ▁instead ▁of ▁separate ▁movements . ▁R haps od ies ▁often ▁incorporate ▁pass ages ▁of ▁an ▁impro vis atory ▁nature ▁( although ▁written ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁score ), ▁and ▁are ▁ir regular ▁in ▁form , ▁with ▁height ened ▁contrast s ▁and ▁emotional ▁ex uber ance ; ▁G ers h win ' s ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁typical ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁certainly ▁has ▁large ▁contrast s ▁in ▁musical ▁texture , ▁style , ▁and ▁color . ▁The ▁music ▁ranges ▁from ▁intens ely ▁rhythm ic ▁piano ▁sol os ▁to ▁slow , ▁broad , ▁and ▁rich ly ▁or chestr ated ▁sections . ▁ ▁The ▁opening ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁clar inet ▁tr ill ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁leg ato , ▁ 1 7 ▁notes ▁in ▁a ▁di at onic ▁scale . ▁During ▁a ▁rehe ars al , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁virt u oso ▁clar inet ist , ▁Ross ▁G orm an , ▁rendered ▁the ▁upper ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁scale ▁as ▁a ▁capt iv ating ▁( and ▁fully ▁t rom bone -
like ) ▁gl iss ando : ▁G ers h win ▁heard ▁it ▁and ▁insisted ▁that ▁it ▁be ▁repeated ▁in ▁the ▁performance . ▁An ▁American ▁Heritage ▁column ist ▁called ▁it ▁the ▁" f amous ▁opening ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ... ▁that ▁has ▁become ▁as ▁familiar ▁as ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁Fifth ". ▁The ▁effect ▁is ▁produced ▁primarily ▁using ▁the ▁tongue ▁and ▁throat ▁muscles ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁reson ance ▁of ▁the ▁oral ▁c avity , ▁thus ▁controlling ▁the ▁continuously ▁rising ▁pitch . ▁Many ▁players ▁also ▁gradually ▁open ▁the ▁left - hand ▁tone - h oles ▁on ▁the ▁clar inet ▁during ▁the ▁passage ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁concert ▁F ▁( or ▁earlier ▁if ▁possible , ▁thus ▁employ ing ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁as ▁well ) ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁concert ▁B ▁as ▁well . ▁This ▁effect ▁has ▁now ▁become ▁standard ▁performance ▁practice ▁for ▁the ▁work . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁displays ▁both ▁rhythm ic ▁invention ▁and ▁melod ic ▁inspiration , ▁and ▁demonstr ates ▁G ers h win ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁piece ▁with ▁large - scale ▁harm onic ▁and ▁melod ic ▁structure . ▁The ▁piece ▁is ▁characterized ▁by ▁strong ▁motiv ic ▁inter related ness . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁motiv ic ▁material ▁is ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 4 ▁measures . ▁David ▁Sch iff ▁ident ifies ▁five ▁major ▁themes ▁plus ▁a ▁sixth ▁" tag ". ▁Of ▁these , ▁two ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 4 ▁measures , ▁and ▁the ▁tag ▁shows ▁up ▁in ▁measure ▁ 1 9 .
▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁themes ▁are ▁rhythm ically ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁theme ▁in ▁measure ▁ 2 , ▁which ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Gl iss ando ▁theme ▁( after ▁the ▁opening ▁gl iss ando ▁in ▁the ▁clar inet ▁solo ) ▁or ▁the ▁R it orn ello ▁theme . ▁The ▁remaining ▁theme ▁is ▁the ▁Train ▁theme , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁appear ▁( at ▁rehe ars al ▁ 9 ) ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁material . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁themes ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁blues ▁scale , ▁which ▁includes ▁lowered ▁sevent hs ▁and ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁major ▁and ▁minor ▁third s . ▁Each ▁theme ▁appears ▁both ▁in ▁or chestr ated ▁form ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁piano ▁solo . ▁There ▁are ▁considerable ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁presentation ▁of ▁each ▁theme . ▁ ▁The ▁harm onic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁analyze . ▁The ▁piece ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁in ▁B ▁major , ▁but ▁it ▁mod ulates ▁towards ▁the ▁sub - domin ant ▁direction ▁very ▁early ▁on , ▁returning ▁to ▁B ▁major ▁at ▁the ▁end , ▁rather ▁abruptly . ▁The ▁opening ▁mod ulates ▁" down ward ", ▁as ▁it ▁were , ▁through ▁the ▁keys ▁B , ▁E , ▁A , ▁D , ▁G , ▁B , ▁E , ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁A ▁major . ▁Mod ulation ▁through ▁the ▁circle ▁of ▁fifth s ▁in ▁the ▁reverse ▁direction ▁in verts ▁classical ▁ton al ▁relationships , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁abandon ▁them . ▁The ▁entire ▁middle ▁section ▁res ides ▁primarily ▁in ▁C ▁major , ▁with
▁for ays ▁into ▁G ▁major ▁( the ▁dominant ▁relation ). ▁Mod ulations ▁occur ▁freely ▁and ▁easily , ▁though ▁not ▁always ▁with ▁harm onic ▁direction . ▁G ers h win ▁frequently ▁uses ▁a ▁recurs ive ▁harm onic ▁progress ion ▁of ▁minor ▁third s ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁illusion ▁of ▁motion ▁when ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁passage ▁does ▁not ▁change ▁key ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end . ▁Mod ulation ▁by ▁third s ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁element ▁of ▁T in ▁Pan ▁Al ley ▁music . ▁ ▁The ▁influences ▁of ▁jazz ▁and ▁other ▁contemporary ▁styles ▁are ▁certainly ▁present ▁in ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue . ▁R ag time ▁r hy th ms ▁are ▁abund ant , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁Cub an ▁" cl ave " ▁rhythm , ▁which ▁dou bles ▁as ▁a ▁dance ▁rhythm ▁in ▁the ▁Charl eston ▁jazz ▁dance . ▁ ▁G ers h win ' s ▁own ▁intentions ▁were ▁to ▁correct ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁jazz ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁strictly ▁in ▁time ▁so ▁that ▁one ▁could ▁dance ▁to ▁it . ▁The ▁r haps ody ' s ▁tem pos ▁vary ▁widely , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁almost ▁extreme ▁use ▁of ▁rub ato ▁in ▁many ▁places ▁throughout . ▁The ▁cle arest ▁influence ▁of ▁jazz ▁is ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁blue ▁notes , ▁and ▁the ▁exploration ▁of ▁their ▁half - step ▁relationship ▁plays ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁r haps ody . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁so - called ▁" vern acular " ▁instruments , ▁such ▁as ▁accord ion , ▁ban jo , ▁and ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁the ▁or chestra ,
▁contribute ▁to ▁its ▁jazz ▁or ▁popular ▁style , ▁and ▁the ▁latter ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁instruments ▁have ▁remained ▁part ▁of ▁Gro fé ' s ▁" standard " ▁or chestra ▁scoring . ▁G ers h win ▁incorporated ▁several ▁different ▁piano ▁styles ▁into ▁the ▁work . ▁He ▁utilized ▁the ▁techniques ▁of ▁stride ▁piano , ▁novel ty ▁piano , ▁comic ▁piano , ▁and ▁the ▁song - plug ger ▁piano ▁style . ▁Str ide ▁piano ' s ▁rhythm ic ▁and ▁impro vis ational ▁style ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁the ▁" ag it ato ▁e ▁m ister ioso " ▁section , ▁which ▁begins ▁four ▁bars ▁after ▁rehe ars al ▁ 3 3 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁sections , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁include ▁the ▁or chestra . ▁Nov el ty ▁piano ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁at ▁rehe ars al ▁ 9 ▁with ▁the ▁revel ation ▁of ▁the ▁Train ▁theme . ▁The ▁hes itations ▁and ▁light - heart ed ▁style ▁of ▁comic ▁piano , ▁a ▁v au dev ille ▁approach ▁to ▁piano ▁made ▁well ▁known ▁by ▁Ch ico ▁Marx ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁Durante , ▁are ▁evident ▁at ▁rehe ars al ▁ 2 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁inspiration ▁for ▁a ▁composition ▁by ▁the ▁noted ▁accord ion ist / com poser ▁John ▁Ser ry ▁Sr . ▁which ▁was ▁subsequently ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁( see ▁American ▁R haps ody ). ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁musical
▁portrait ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ; ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁in ▁a ▁segment ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁Fant asia ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁l yr ical ▁fr aming ▁for ▁a ▁st yl ized ▁animation ▁set ▁drawn ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁fam ed ▁illustr ator ▁Al ▁Hir sch feld . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁sequence ▁of ▁Wood y ▁Allen ' s ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁film ▁Manhattan . ▁ ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁leader ▁of ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys , ▁has ▁said ▁on ▁several ▁occasions ▁that ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁favorite ▁pieces . ▁He ▁first ▁heard ▁it ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁two ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁rec alls ▁that ▁he ▁" l oved " ▁it . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁heavy ▁influence ▁on ▁his ▁Sm ile ▁album . ▁He ▁also ▁came ▁to ▁think ▁of ▁" Good ▁V ibr ations " ▁as ▁" a ▁smaller , ▁psy ched el ic ▁version ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ". ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁played ▁simultaneously ▁by ▁ 8 4 ▁pian ists ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁The ▁piece ▁appears ▁briefly ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Dan ish ▁film ▁F lick ering ▁L ights . ▁Her bie ▁H anc ock ▁and ▁Lang ▁Lang ▁performed ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁on ▁February
▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁United ▁Airlines ▁in ▁their ▁advertis ements , ▁in ▁pre - fl ight ▁safety ▁videos , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Term inal ▁ 1 ▁underground ▁walk way ▁at ▁O ' H are ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁inspired ▁a ▁collaboration ▁between ▁blind ▁sav ant ▁British ▁pian ist ▁D erek ▁Par av ic ini ▁and ▁composer ▁Matthew ▁King ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁concer to , ▁called ▁Blue ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Bank ▁Centre ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁dramatically ▁introduce ▁the ▁first ▁appearance ▁of ▁Jay ▁G ats by ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁film ▁The ▁Great ▁G ats by . ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁theme ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁car ▁model ▁Lincoln ▁Contin ental . ▁ ▁Pres ervation ▁status ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁music ological ▁critical ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁or chestr al ▁score ▁will ▁be ▁eventually ▁released . ▁The ▁G ers h win ▁family , ▁working ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan , ▁are ▁working ▁to ▁make ▁these ▁scores ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁Though ▁the ▁entire ▁G ers h win ▁project ▁may ▁take ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁to ▁complete , ▁the ▁R
haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁edition ▁will ▁be ▁an ▁early ▁volume . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁entered ▁the ▁public ▁domain ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁although ▁individual ▁record ings ▁of ▁it ▁may ▁remain ▁under ▁copyright . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ac oustic ▁recording ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁performed ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁on ▁Internet ▁Arch ive ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ac oustic ▁recording ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁performed ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁on ▁Internet ▁Arch ive ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁compos itions ▁Category : Com pos itions ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁Category : Com pos itions ▁for ▁piano ▁and ▁or chestra ▁Category : G ram my ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Award ▁recip ients ▁Category : J azz ▁compos itions ▁Category : R haps od ies ▁Category : Seg ments ▁from ▁Fant asia ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Category : Un ited ▁Airlines ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁National ▁Rec ording ▁Reg istry ▁record ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Ar ak ▁County ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁Mark azi ▁Province ▁in ▁Iran . ▁The ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁is ▁Ar ak . ▁Its ▁former ▁name ▁was ▁S ultan abad . ▁At ▁the ▁
2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁the ▁county ' s ▁population ▁( including ▁those ▁portions ▁later ▁split ▁off ▁to ▁form ▁Kh ond ab ▁County ▁and ▁Far ahan ▁County ) ▁was ▁ 6 0 2 , 9 7 1 , ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 , 9 5 5 ▁families ; ▁excl uding ▁those ▁portions , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 3 5 , 4 4 9 , ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 , 6 4 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁has ▁one ▁district : ▁the ▁Central ▁District . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁has ▁three ▁cities : ▁Ar ak , ▁K arch an ▁& ▁Dav ud abad . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Count ies ▁of ▁Mark azi ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁( X - Series ▁Tour ing ▁Sed an ) ▁is ▁a ▁full - size ▁luxury ▁sedan ▁from ▁Cad ill ac . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁en larg ed ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁E psilon ▁II ▁platform . ▁The ▁X TS ▁replaced ▁both ▁the ▁Cad ill ac ▁ST S ▁and ▁D TS , ▁and ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁the ▁D TS ▁but ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁ST S . ▁ ▁It ▁began ▁production ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁the ▁O sh awa ▁Assembly ▁Plant ▁and ▁launched ▁in ▁June ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁model . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁with ▁front - wheel ▁drive ▁and ▁all - wheel ▁drive . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market , ▁the
▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁was ▁assembled ▁by ▁Shanghai ▁GM . ▁Production ▁began ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁L FX ▁ 3 . 6 ▁V 6 , ▁the ▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁was ▁also ▁offered ▁with ▁an ▁L T G ▁ 2 . 0 ▁tur bo ▁engine ▁in ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market . ▁In ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market , ▁the ▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁with ▁an ▁L FX ▁ 3 . 6 ▁V 6 ▁engine ▁is ▁called ▁X TS ▁ 3 6 S , ▁and ▁the ▁version ▁with ▁the ▁L T G ▁ 2 . 0 ▁tur bo ▁engine ▁is ▁called ▁X TS ▁ 2 . 0 T . ▁ ▁The ▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁Sed an ▁was ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁Mexico , ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁( except ▁Israel ), ▁with ▁left - hand - drive ▁only . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁E psilon ▁II - platform ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁X TS ▁and ▁is ▁shared ▁with ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁Imp ala ▁and ▁Bu ick ▁La C ros se . ▁ ▁The ▁optional ▁twin - t ur bo charg ed ▁engine , ▁available ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁V - S port , ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁ ▁time ▁of ▁ 6 . 7 ▁seconds . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁large ▁sed ans ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁Cad ill ac ▁( the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁CT 6 ), ▁and ▁riv als ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Contin
ental ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁price . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁manufactured ▁in ▁O sh awa , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁( O sh awa ▁Car ▁Assembly ) ▁and ▁in ▁Shanghai , ▁China ▁( Sh an ghai ▁GM ). ▁ ▁Interior ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁X TS , ▁there ▁are ▁five ▁trim ▁packages ▁labeled ▁" L ux ury ", ▁" P rem ium ▁Lux ury ", ▁and ▁" Pl atinum ", ▁with ▁the ▁optional ▁X TS ▁V - S port ▁offered ▁in ▁both ▁" V - S port ▁Prem ium ▁Lux ury " ▁and ▁" V - S port ▁Pl atinum ". ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁standard ▁features ▁include ▁dual - zone ▁automatic ▁climate ▁control , ▁ 4 G ▁L TE ▁connect ivity , ▁adapt ive ▁cruise ▁control , ▁key less ▁entry , ▁leather ▁seat - up hol st ery , ▁ 8 - way ▁power ▁front ▁seats , ▁parking ▁assist ▁and ▁comprehensive ▁safety ▁equipment ▁like ▁A BS , ▁stability ▁control , ▁dual - stage ▁front ▁air b ags , ▁front ▁side ▁air b ags , ▁side - cur tain ▁air b ags ▁front ▁and ▁rear , ▁and ▁a ▁driver ▁side ▁knee ▁air bag . ▁ ▁Optional ▁equipment ▁and ▁technology ▁is ▁extensive , ▁including ▁separate ▁climate ▁controls ▁for ▁rear ▁seat ▁passengers , ▁coupled ▁with ▁ 8 " ▁L CD ▁screens ▁that ▁flip ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁front ▁passenger ▁seat - backs , ▁allowing ▁an ▁internal ▁DVD ▁player ▁to ▁display ▁content ▁with ▁wireless ▁head phones . ▁The ▁interior ▁can ▁be ▁out f itted ▁in
▁a ▁large ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁color ▁combinations , ▁along ▁with ▁four ▁types ▁of ▁wood ▁se lections . ▁Cad ill ac ' s ▁C UE ▁system ▁is ▁standard ▁with ▁an ▁ 8 - spe aker ▁B ose ▁sound ▁system , ▁including ▁HD ▁Radio ▁and ▁Sir ius X M . ▁An ▁optional ▁ 1 4 - spe aker ▁B ose ▁sound ▁package ▁includes ▁Audio P il ot ▁noise ▁compensation ▁technology . ▁ ▁Power train ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁with ▁two ▁engines , ▁a ▁four - cy l inder ▁ 2 . 0 - liter ▁tur bo ▁for ▁China ▁only , ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 . 6 - liter ▁with ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁with ▁available ▁twin - t ur bo charg ing ▁on ▁the ▁X TS ▁V - S port ▁providing ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁together ▁with ▁cyl inder ▁de activ ation . ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁both ▁front - wheel ▁drive ▁and ▁optional ▁all - wheel ▁drive ▁( standard ▁on ▁V - S port ▁vehicles ) ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁limited ▁slip ▁differential ▁and ▁tor que ▁vector ing . ▁ ▁Fac el ift ▁For ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁X TS ▁received ▁a ▁mid cycle ▁refresh ▁including ▁new ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁sty ling . ▁ ▁Other ▁versions ▁A ▁long - wheel base ▁version ▁X TS , ▁called ▁the ▁X TS - L , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁lim ous ine ▁and ▁hear se ▁versions ▁were ▁available ▁for ▁fleet ▁and ▁coach builder ▁markets , ▁however ▁they ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁manufactured ▁as ▁of ▁late
▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁X TS ▁Pl atinum ▁concept ▁ ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁exhib ited ▁a ▁concept ▁sedan ▁called ▁the ▁X TS ▁Pl atinum ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁North ▁American ▁International ▁Auto ▁Show ▁after ▁priv ately ▁un ve iling ▁the ▁vehicle ▁to ▁autom otive ▁journalists ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁concept ▁was ▁all - wheel ▁drive ▁and ▁was ▁powered ▁by ▁a ▁ ▁V 6 ▁plug - in ▁hybrid ▁system ▁estimated ▁at ▁. ▁Its ▁interior ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁hand - cut - and - se wn ▁materials ▁and ▁uses ▁Organ ic ▁Light ▁Em itting ▁Di ode ▁( O LED ) ▁displays ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁traditional ▁gau ges ▁and ▁screens . ▁ ▁A ▁Pl atinum ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁production ▁X TS ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Sales ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cad ill ac ▁CT 6 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Cad ill ac ▁X TS ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Official ▁press ▁page : ▁Cad ill ac ▁Un ve ils ▁The ▁X TS ▁Pl atinum ▁Con cept ▁ ▁X TS ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁cars ▁Category : S ed ans ▁Category : Full - size ▁vehicles ▁Category : L ux ury ▁vehicles ▁Category : Execut ive ▁cars ▁Category : Flag ship ▁vehicles ▁Category : Front - wheel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : All - wheel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category :
Lim ous ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Sch ön b ü el ▁is ▁a ▁prom in ence ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Hö ch ▁G um me ▁in ▁the ▁Em ment al ▁Al ps . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁accessed ▁by ▁cable ▁car ▁from ▁L ung ern . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Sch ön b ü el ▁on ▁H ik r ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Ob wal den ▁Category : C able ▁cars ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Em ment al ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Switzerland <0x0A> </s> ▁Cru el ty - free ▁cos met ics ▁is ▁a ▁category ▁containing ▁all ▁cos met ics ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁tested ▁on ▁animals . ▁The ▁F DA ▁has ▁not ▁approved ▁a ▁legal ▁definition ▁that ▁bind s ▁this ▁term ▁to ▁a ▁certain ▁set ▁of ▁criteria . ▁However , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁product , ▁most ▁advoc ates ▁for ▁cruel ty - free ▁beauty ▁agree ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁ingredients ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁cos met ics ▁can ▁be ▁tested ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁cruel ty - free . ▁Many ▁companies ▁brand ▁themselves ▁as ▁cruel ty - free ▁but ▁still ▁use ▁raw ▁materials ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁tested ▁on ▁animals . ▁▁ ▁The ▁types ▁of ▁tests ▁performed ▁on ▁animals ▁include ▁ac ute ▁toxic ity ▁testing , ▁eye ▁and ▁skin ▁irrit ation ▁testing , ▁skin ▁sensitivity ▁testing , ▁car cin ogen icity ▁testing ▁and ▁re - product ivity ▁and ▁development al ▁toxic ity
▁testing . ▁N umer ous ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁effectiveness ▁of ▁these ▁tests ▁are ▁limited , ▁and ▁valid ▁alternatives ▁exist ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁tests . ▁ ▁Bu ying ▁only ▁from ▁cruel ty - free ▁companies ▁is ▁effective ▁because ▁it ▁boy c ot ts ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁and ▁proves ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁specific ▁market ▁for ▁cruel ty - free ▁consumers , ▁incent iv izing ▁brands ▁to ▁" go " ▁cruel ty - free ▁and ▁follow ▁their ▁guidelines . ▁ ▁Label s ▁▁ ▁The ▁shock ing ▁conditions ▁of ▁animal ▁experiments ▁has ▁prompt ed ▁cos metic ▁consumers ▁and ▁beauty ▁industry ▁professionals ▁to ▁avoid ▁animal ▁testing ▁and ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁new ▁alternatives . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁animal ▁testing ▁for ▁finished ▁products ▁has ▁been ▁banned ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁EU ▁out law ed ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁seven ▁toxic ity ▁tests , ▁including ▁skin ▁irrit ancy , ▁sensitivity ▁to ▁light ▁and ▁genetic ▁toxic ity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁EU ▁banned ▁the ▁import ▁of ▁cos metic ▁products ▁tested ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁its ▁territory . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁study , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁over ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁consumers ▁in ▁five ▁different ▁countries ▁would ▁pay ▁more ▁products ▁that ▁are ▁eth ically ▁produced . ▁ ▁Le aping ▁Bun ny ▁ ▁Created ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁Le aping ▁Bun ny ▁label ▁or ▁Human
▁Cos metic ▁Standard ▁( H CS ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁pione ers ▁in ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos met ics . ▁This ▁logo , ▁valid ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁North ▁America , ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁brand ▁in ▁its ▁tot ality ▁is ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ingredients ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁foreign ▁markets ▁ ▁The ▁label ▁does ▁not ▁cert ify ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁such ▁as ▁honey . ▁ ▁Each ▁cos metic ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁strict ▁control ▁by ▁independent ▁inspection ▁bodies ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁Coal ition ▁for ▁Cons umer ▁Information ▁in ▁Cos met ics ▁( CC IC ), ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁N GO ▁founded ▁by ▁ 8 ▁international ▁animal ▁protection ▁groups ▁such ▁as : ▁American ▁Anti - V iv ise ction ▁Society , ▁Animal ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Canada , ▁Dor is ▁Day ▁Animal ▁League , ▁etc . ▁ ▁Choose ▁Cru el ty - Free ▁ ▁This ▁logo ▁applies ▁to ▁several ▁areas : ▁cos met ics , ▁medic ines ▁and ▁hy g iene ▁products ▁and ▁home . ▁It ▁cert ifies ▁that : ▁▁ ▁all ▁brands ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁are ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁ ▁the ▁brand ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty ▁only ▁offers ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ingredients ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁foreign ▁markets ▁ ▁The ▁label ▁does ▁not ▁cert ify ▁the ▁absence ▁of
▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁but ▁does ▁cert ify ▁that ▁the ▁mark ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁cos met ics ▁in ▁countries ▁where ▁the ▁law ▁author izes ▁the ▁tests ▁on ▁the ▁animals . ▁ ▁People ▁for ▁the ▁Eth ical ▁Treat ment ▁of ▁Anim als ▁ ▁A ▁non - profit ▁association ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁has ▁set ▁up ▁two ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁labels . ▁The ▁first ▁named ▁" c ru el ty ▁free " ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁called ▁" c ru el ty ▁free ▁and ▁ve gan ". ▁A ▁single ▁crit er ion ▁separ ates ▁these ▁two ▁labels : ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁or ▁absence ▁of ▁matter ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁in ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁cos met ics . ▁ ▁One ▁Voice ▁ ▁French ▁non - profit ▁association , ▁the ▁association ▁One ▁Voice ▁is ▁a ▁law ▁association ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁under ▁Als ac ian - M os ellan ▁law , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁milit ant ▁for ▁the ▁" absolute ▁right ▁of ▁animals ▁to ▁respect ". ▁It ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ingredients ▁ ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁organic ▁natural ▁ingredients ▁( or ange ▁logo ) ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁except ▁honey , ▁poll en ▁and ▁be es w ax ▁ ▁I HT N ▁Rab bit ▁ ▁This ▁label ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Manufact urers ▁against ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁cos met ics ▁( I HT
N ). ▁It ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ingredients ▁ ▁the ▁raw ▁materials ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁( eg g , ▁milk , ▁honey ) ▁come ▁from ▁organic ▁farming . ▁This ▁label ▁prohib its ▁materials ▁of ▁dead ▁animal ▁origin ▁or ▁obtained ▁by ▁ill - t reat ment . ▁Finally , ▁it ▁also ▁cert ifies ▁the ▁mark ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty . ▁ ▁Leg is lation ▁against ▁testing ▁animals ▁ ▁Adv ance ment ▁of ▁cos metic ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁fight ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁ ▁Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁media , ▁information ▁and ▁images ▁showing ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁labor ator ies ▁have ▁been ▁dis closed ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁methods ▁used ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁tests ▁have ▁shocked ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁a ▁collective ▁desire ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁animals , ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁alternative ▁experiments , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁vit ro ▁tests , ▁in ▁sil icon ▁that ▁requires ▁no ▁animal ▁presence ▁are ▁now ▁relevant . ▁ ▁F aced ▁with ▁this ▁pl ague , ▁the ▁authorities ▁of ▁several ▁nations ▁have ▁reviewed ▁their ▁legislation ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁the ▁cos met ics ▁sector . ▁ ▁A ▁der og ation ▁whose ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁European ▁legislation ▁ ▁RE ACH ▁is ▁a ▁regulation ▁from ▁European ▁Union ▁aim ing ▁to ▁better ▁protecting ▁human ▁health ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁from ▁the ▁risks ▁related ▁to ▁chemicals ▁sub stances , ▁while ▁promoting ▁the ▁compet it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁chemical
▁industry . ▁It ▁also ▁supports ▁alternative ▁methods ▁for ▁assess ing ▁the ▁haz ards ▁of ▁sub stances ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁animal ▁tests . ▁ ▁The ▁RE ACH ▁regulation ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁chemical ▁sub stances : ▁those ▁used ▁in ▁industrial ▁processes , ▁but ▁also ▁those ▁in ▁our ▁daily ▁life ▁such ▁as ▁cleaning ▁products , ▁pain ts , ▁electrical ▁appl iances ▁and ▁cos met ics . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁RE ACH ▁regulation , ▁companies ▁must ▁be ▁transparent ▁and ▁must ▁identify ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁risks ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁sub stances ▁they ▁manufact ure ▁and ▁market ▁in ▁the ▁EU . ▁They ▁should ▁also ▁show ▁E CH A ▁how ▁the ▁substance ▁can ▁be ▁safely ▁uses ▁and ▁communicate ▁risk ▁management ▁measures ▁to ▁users . ▁ ▁Companies ▁must ▁register ▁their ▁sub stances , ▁so ▁E CH A ▁receives ▁the ▁registr ations ▁and ▁assess es ▁their ▁compliance , ▁and ▁then ▁EU ▁Member ▁States ▁evaluate ▁certain ▁sub stances ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁initial ▁concerns ▁about ▁human ▁health ▁or ▁the ▁environment . ▁Then ▁they ▁determine ▁whether ▁the ▁risks ▁of ▁the ▁sub stances ▁can ▁be ▁managed . ▁ ▁A ▁dangerous ▁substance ▁can ▁be ▁banned ▁by ▁the ▁authorities ▁if ▁the ▁risks ▁it ▁presents ▁cannot ▁be ▁controlled . ▁Author ities ▁may ▁also ▁decide ▁to ▁restrict ▁use ▁or ▁subject ▁it ▁to ▁prior ▁author ization . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁risks ▁cannot ▁be ▁managed , ▁the ▁authorities ▁can ▁limit ▁the ▁util ization ▁of ▁the ▁sub stances ▁in ▁several ▁man ners . ▁The ▁target ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁and s ▁replace ▁most ▁dangerous ▁sub stances . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁RE ACH
▁lists ▁all ▁the ▁chemical ▁sub stances ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁industries ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁information ▁concerning ▁them . ▁When ▁a ▁company ▁decides ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁non - RE ACH ▁listed ▁substance ▁or ▁an ▁ingred ient ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁information ▁is ▁ins ufficient , ▁the ▁company ▁must ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁these ▁sub stances ▁are ▁safe . ▁Tests ▁must ▁then ▁be ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁itself ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁ensuring ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁sub stances ▁they ▁use . ▁These ▁may ▁be ▁alternative ▁tests ▁for ▁animal ▁testing ▁or ▁animal ▁testing ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁alternative ▁under ▁the ▁law . ▁ ▁Chem ical ▁ingredients ▁used ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁ton ▁per ▁year ▁in ▁Europe ▁are ▁comp ul sor ily ▁tested . ▁Indeed , ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁can ▁estimate ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁risks ▁for ▁certain ▁sub stances . ▁Thus , ▁even ▁for ▁purely ▁cos metic ▁ingredients , ▁animal ▁testing ▁can ▁always ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁workers ▁exposed ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁manufacturing ▁process . ▁The ▁RE ACH ▁Reg ulation ▁thus ▁goes ▁beyond ▁the ▁Cos met ics ▁Reg ulation ▁because ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁considers ▁that ▁in - v it ro ▁( non - an imal ) ▁methods ▁are ▁not ▁sufficiently ▁reliable ▁and ▁under est imate ▁the ▁danger ▁of ▁certain ▁sub stances . ▁ ▁RE ACH ▁can ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁law ▁that ▁prohib its ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁ingredients ▁and ▁finished ▁cos metic ▁products ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Ex port ▁to ▁China ▁ ▁Mand atory ▁to ▁testing ▁animals ▁before
▁enter ▁into ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market ▁ ▁China ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁market ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁so ▁it ▁represents ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁companies ▁to ▁expand ▁their ▁market ▁and ▁sales . ▁ ▁Indeed , ▁we ▁can ▁see ▁a ▁progress ion ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁legislation . Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁mobil ization ▁of ▁communities ▁and ▁consumers ▁boy c ot ting ▁brands , ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁law ▁b anning ▁testing , ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁snow ball ▁effect , ▁especially ▁India , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Asian ▁country ▁to ▁ban ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Chinese ▁legislation ▁has ▁therefore ▁evolved ▁by ▁allowing ▁certain ▁brands ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁legislation ▁separate ▁cos met ics ▁into ▁two ▁categories ▁: ▁▁ ▁Non ▁special ▁use ▁cos met ics : ▁these ▁are ▁all ▁the ▁products ▁that ▁won ’ t ▁deeply ▁change ▁the ▁aspect ▁of ▁your ▁body ▁or ▁have ▁a ▁ther apeut ic ▁aspect ▁such ▁as ▁makeup , ▁body ▁and ▁face ▁sk inc are , ▁perf ume , ▁tooth p aste , ▁nail ▁care . ▁ ▁Special ▁use ▁cos met ics : ▁these ▁cos met ics ▁change ▁your ▁aspect ▁on ▁the ▁long ▁term , ▁we ▁can ▁find ▁slim ming ▁product , ▁re - sc ulpt ing ▁cream ▁( bre ast , ▁body , ▁wr inkle … ), ▁dep il atory ▁products , ▁hair ▁products ▁( color ing ▁hair , ▁permanent ▁hair , ▁Brazil ian ▁smooth … ) ▁solar ▁protection ▁and ▁de od or ants . ▁ ▁Non ▁tested ▁products :
▁ ▁Non ▁special ▁use ▁products ▁manufactured ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁▁▁ Non ▁special ▁use ▁products ▁manufactured ▁but ▁not ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁All ▁products ▁sold ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁on ▁Chinese ▁or ▁not ▁website ▁ ▁Test ed ▁products ▁: ▁▁ ▁Special ▁use ▁products ▁manufactured ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁All ▁products ▁imported ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁stores ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁Animal ▁testing ▁is ▁therefore ▁mandatory ▁for ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁products , ▁but ▁this ▁change ▁only ▁affects ▁companies ▁that ▁manufact ure ▁their ▁products ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Companies ▁that ▁have ▁foreign ▁manufact ure ▁still ▁need ▁to ▁test ▁on ▁animals ▁but ▁no ▁requirement ▁is ▁imposed ▁on ▁cos met ics ▁purchased ▁on ▁foreign ▁e - commerce ▁sites ▁and ▁delivered ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁Requ ire ments ▁on ▁over - se as ▁mandatory ▁testing ▁ ▁Some ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos metic ▁brands ▁such ▁as ▁Urban ▁Dec ay , ▁H our glass ▁or ▁L ush ▁are ▁impl anted ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁which ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁confusion ▁because ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁is ▁often ▁associated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁China . ▁However ▁China ▁which ▁requires ▁mandatory ▁animal ▁testing ▁on ▁all ▁cos metic ▁products ▁that ▁are ▁manufactured ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁testing ▁animal ▁laws ▁as ▁China , ▁and ▁brands ▁can ▁pretend ▁to ▁be ▁“ c ru el ty ▁free ” ▁while ▁being ▁on ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁soil . ▁Although , ▁this ▁does ▁not ▁mean ▁that ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁is ▁totally ▁banned ▁from ▁the ▁territory . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos metic ▁brands ▁ ▁Re ferences
▁ ▁Category : An imal ▁testing ▁Category : C os met ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁film ▁produced ▁by ▁Hal ▁Ro ach ▁and ▁Robert ▁F . ▁McG ow an ▁as ▁a ▁re - imag ining ▁of ▁their ▁Our ▁G ang ▁series . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Ro ach ' s ▁" stream lined " ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁running ▁ 5 3 ▁minutes ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁b - m ovie . ▁Like ▁most ▁of ▁Ro ach ' s ▁latter - day ▁output , ▁Cur ley ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁C ine color . ▁ ▁Bernard ▁Carr ▁was ▁the ▁film ' s ▁director , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁released ▁to ▁the at res ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁It ▁stars ▁Larry ▁O ls en , ▁Frances ▁R aff er ty , ▁Billy ▁Gray , ▁and ▁R ene e ▁Be ard , ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁original ▁Our ▁G ang ▁cast ▁member ▁Matthew ▁" St ym ie " ▁Be ard . ▁The ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁centers ▁on ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁school children , ▁led ▁by ▁Cur ley ▁( O ls en ), ▁playing ▁pr anks ▁on ▁their ▁teacher , ▁Ms . ▁Johnson ▁( R aff er ty ). ▁ ▁Our ▁G ang ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁integrated ▁cast ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁children , ▁and ▁Cur ley ▁followed ▁suit . ▁The ▁Mem ph is , ▁Tennessee ▁C ensor ▁Board ▁banned
▁Cur ley ▁for ▁showing ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁children ▁in ▁school ▁together ▁and ▁playing ▁together . ▁Lloyd ▁Bin ford , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁c ensor ▁board , ▁gave ▁this ▁r ationale ▁to ▁Ro ach ' s ▁distribut or , ▁United ▁Art ists : ▁"[ The ▁board ] ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁appro ve ▁your ▁' Cur ley ' ▁picture ▁with ▁the ▁little ▁Negro es ▁as ▁the ▁south ▁does ▁not ▁permit ▁Negro es ▁in ▁white ▁schools ▁nor ▁recognize ▁social ▁equality ▁between ▁the ▁races , ▁even ▁in ▁children ." ▁ ▁When ▁Hal ▁Ro ach ▁sold ▁Our ▁G ang ▁to ▁Metro - Gold w yn - M ayer ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁contract ually ▁bound ▁not ▁to ▁produce ▁any ▁more ▁children ' s ▁comed ies . ▁When ▁Ro ach ▁decided ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁produce ▁Cur ley , ▁he ▁got ▁M GM ' s ▁permission ▁by ▁giving ▁up ▁his ▁right ▁to ▁buy ▁back ▁the ▁name ▁Our ▁G ang . ▁Cur ley ▁and ▁its ▁sequ el , ▁Who ▁K illed ▁Doc ▁Rob bin , ▁performed ▁mild ly ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁The ▁very ▁much ▁appreciated ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁previous ▁teacher ▁in ▁Lake view ▁elementary ▁school ▁got ▁married , ▁and ▁a ▁substitute ▁is ▁appointed . ▁School ▁ras cal ▁William ▁" Cur ley " ▁B enson ▁gather ▁his ▁class mates ▁to ▁make ▁plans ▁to ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁their ▁new ▁teacher . ▁They ▁strongly ▁suspect ▁the ▁substitute ▁teacher ▁to ▁be ▁half - mad ▁ecc entric , ▁middle - aged ▁Miss
▁Johnson . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁super visor , ▁Miss ▁Pay ne , ▁visits ▁Miss ▁Johnson ▁and ▁finds ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁teacher ▁is ▁actually ▁Miss ▁Johnson ' s ▁nie ce ▁M ild red , ▁a ▁pretty ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁has ▁taught ▁athlet ics ▁to ▁priv ates ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁Navy . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁has ▁her ▁doubts ▁about ▁M ild red ’ s ▁capability ▁to ▁control ▁a ▁class ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁Lake view ▁and ▁warn s ▁M ild red . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁believes ▁that ▁M ild red ▁might ▁be ▁too ▁young ▁and ▁in exper i enced ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁spir ited ▁children . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁school ▁M ild red ▁enc ounters ▁the ▁uns us pect ing ▁Cur ley ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁school ▁and ▁offers ▁him ▁a ▁ride . ▁Not ▁knowing ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁talking ▁to ▁his ▁teacher , ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁the ▁pr anks ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁" P ig gle p uss ," ▁their ▁new ▁teacher . ▁Cur ley ▁even ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁putting ▁his ▁pet ▁fro g , ▁Cro ake y , ▁on ▁the ▁teacher ’ s ▁chair . ▁ ▁Cur ley ▁also ▁man ages ▁to ▁dis close ▁the ▁school ▁kids ’ ▁hope ▁that ▁Miss ▁Johnson ▁will ▁quit ▁immediately , ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁spend ▁the ▁whole ▁day ▁fishing . ▁At ▁school , ▁Cur ley ▁loads ▁his ▁" rock et ship " ▁car ▁with ▁smoke ▁fl ares . ▁He ▁positions ▁the ▁car ▁so
▁as ▁to ▁aim ▁at ▁an ▁exhaust ▁tube ▁through ▁a ▁classroom ▁window . ▁When ▁Cur ley ▁takes ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁classroom , ▁he ▁disco vers ▁that ▁his ▁new ▁teacher ▁is ▁the ▁wonderful ▁kind heart ed ▁M ild red . ▁During ▁that ▁first ▁day ▁she ▁teaches ▁the ▁children ▁a ▁lesson ▁of ▁hum ility ▁by ▁making ▁each ▁one ▁a ▁victim ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁pr ank , ▁and ▁Cur ley , ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁hum ili ated , ▁fle es ▁the ▁scene ▁before ▁his ▁pr ank ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁happen . ▁ ▁The ▁school room ▁is ▁du ly ▁filled ▁with ▁exhaust , ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁bl amed , ▁but ▁it ▁turns ▁out ▁he ▁is ▁ch asing ▁the ▁rock et ship ▁toy ▁car , ▁and ▁not ▁driving ▁it . ▁The ▁car ▁has ▁been ▁bij acked ▁by ▁" Dis " ▁and ▁" Dat ", ▁who ▁are ▁two ▁m isch iev ous ▁children . ▁ ▁They ▁drive ▁the ▁car ▁care lessly ▁and ▁wild ly ▁across ▁the ▁fields ▁and , ▁ultimately ▁into ▁a ▁hay stack , ▁taking ▁the ▁stack ▁with ▁them , ▁continuing ▁the ▁fright ful ▁journey . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁scene , ▁and ▁frightened ▁by ▁the ▁moving ▁hay stack , ▁she ▁cr ashes ▁her ▁car ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁avoid ▁it . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁an gr ily ▁c ries ▁out ▁her ▁disappointment ▁with ▁M ild red ▁for ▁her ▁in ability ▁to ▁discipline ▁the ▁children . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁M ild red ▁has ▁brought ▁the ▁children ▁on ▁a ▁pic nic ▁with ▁her ▁aunt . ▁She ▁teaches ▁them
▁baseball , ▁football ▁and ▁box ing ▁and ▁offers ▁the ▁children ▁good ▁grades ▁if ▁they ▁learn . ▁M ild red ▁is ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁box ing ▁fight ▁with ▁the ▁big ▁H ank , ▁a ▁tough ▁student , ▁when ▁the ▁en r aged ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁arrives ▁in ▁order ▁scrut in ize ▁her ▁performance . ▁ ▁Cur ley ▁comes ▁back ▁from ▁his ▁hiding ▁to ▁help , ▁but ▁by ▁accident ▁he ▁instead ▁man ages ▁to ▁send ▁H ank ▁flying ▁into ▁a ▁lake . ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁pic nic ▁in ▁shame . ▁The ▁other ▁are ▁grateful ▁for ▁their ▁substitute ▁teacher ▁and ▁thank ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁for ▁M ild red . ▁M ild red ▁gets ▁an ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁events , ▁and ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁classroom ▁filled ▁with ▁smoke , ▁Cur ley ▁was ▁ch asing ▁his ▁" rock et ship ," ▁not ▁driving ▁it , ▁thus ▁not ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁pr ank . ▁M ild red ▁finally ▁finds ▁Cur ley ▁hiding ▁and ▁crying , ▁afraid ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁exp elled . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁afraid ▁that ▁M ild red ▁will ▁be ▁fired . ▁M ild red ▁reass ures ▁him ▁with ▁cake ▁and ▁ice ▁cream , ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁thing ▁won ’ t ▁happen , ▁and ▁tops ▁off ▁with ▁picking ▁up ▁Cro ake y ▁the ▁fro g . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category :
Fil ms ▁about ▁educ ators ▁Category : C ine color ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁He inz ▁Ro em held ▁Category : American ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Big ▁Brother ▁Portugal ▁is ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁international ▁reality ▁television ▁franchise ▁Big ▁Brother , ▁produced ▁by ▁End em ol ▁for ▁Portuguese ▁channel ▁TV I , ▁after ▁S IC ▁dropped ▁the ▁program . ▁TV I ▁launched ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Since ▁its ▁beginning , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁had ▁seven ▁ed itions ▁with ▁three ▁being ▁celebr ity ▁versions ▁( Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 1 , ▁Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁and ▁Big ▁Brother ▁V IP ), ▁presented ▁by ▁Ter esa ▁Gu il her me . ▁The ▁popularity ▁of ▁this ▁show ▁stead ily ▁declined ▁until ▁TV I ▁cancelled ▁after ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁TV I ▁a ired ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁Secret ▁Story ▁- ▁Cas a ▁dos ▁Seg red os ▁franchise . ▁The ▁show ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁French ▁version ▁of ▁Secret ▁Story . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁ 1 1 ▁years , ▁TV I ▁a ired ▁the ▁third ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother , ▁titled ▁Big ▁Brother ▁V IP . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁TV I ▁announced ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁format ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ▁in ▁ 2 0 2
0 . ▁ ▁Series ▁over w iew ▁ ▁Regular ▁version ▁ ▁Cele br ity ▁version ▁ ▁Present ers ▁and ▁program mes ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁ ▁The ▁House ▁The ▁House ▁was ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁a ▁Studio ▁Complex ▁in ▁V enda ▁do ▁Pin he iro ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁ 1 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Z é ▁Maria . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁season ▁was ▁re - aired ▁in ▁+ TV I , ▁a ▁cable ▁channel ▁from ▁TV I . ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁ 2 ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Hen rique ▁( I cas ). ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁ 3 ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 1 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁C atar ina . ▁The ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁Big ▁Brother ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁
▁Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁it ▁lasted ▁ 5 8 ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁house mate ▁Rick y ▁emerging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁In ▁round ▁one ▁of ▁nom inations ▁each ▁house mate ▁had ▁to ▁vote ▁to ▁ev ict ▁another ▁house mate . ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁it ▁lasted ▁ 5 8 ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁house mate ▁V ít or ▁emerging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁In ▁round ▁four ▁of ▁nom inations ▁all ▁female ▁house mates ▁were ▁immune ▁from ▁ev iction . ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁ 4 ▁ ▁The ▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Fernando ▁( N ando ). ▁The ▁grand ▁cash ▁prize ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0
0 ▁Euro . ▁ ▁House mates ▁ ▁Nom inations ▁▁▁ ▁House mate ▁was ▁Head ▁of ▁House ▁▁ ▁House mate ▁was ▁automatically ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Head ▁of ▁House ▁ ▁Big ▁Brother ▁V IP ▁Big ▁Brother ▁V IP ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Brother , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁Portugal ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁name ▁Big ▁Brother ▁V IP . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁lasted ▁ 9 2 ▁days . ▁Pedro ▁G ued es ▁emerging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁on ▁TV I ▁ ▁Category : Big ▁Brother ▁( Port ug uese ▁TV ▁series ) ▁Category : Port ug uese - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁( SG HS ) ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁Gar land , ▁Texas . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District . ▁The ▁m asc ot ▁for ▁S G HS ▁is ▁the ▁" S ou thern ▁Colonel ," ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁colors ▁are ▁red ▁and ▁Columbia ▁blue . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁rated ▁" ac adem ically ▁acceptable " ▁by ▁the ▁Texas ▁Education ▁Agency . ▁ ▁History ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁opened
▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁public ▁high ▁school ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁Gar land . ▁ ▁Academ ics ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁offers ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁AP ( Adv anced ▁Pl acement ) ▁and ▁D ual ▁Credit ▁courses ▁that ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁en roll ▁in ▁fresh men ▁courses ▁and ▁earn ▁college ▁credits ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁institution ▁of ▁higher ▁education . ▁These ▁classes ▁include : ▁Advanced ▁Pl acement ( AP ) ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁Cal cul us ▁AB ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Computer ▁Science ▁A ▁ ▁Prin ciples ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁ ▁English ▁Language ▁and ▁Com position ▁ ▁English ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Com position ▁ ▁Government ▁and ▁Politics : ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Human ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Mac roe conom ics ▁ ▁Phys ics ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Spanish ▁Language ▁and ▁Spanish ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁Psych ology ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁History ▁ ▁World ▁History ▁ ▁Art ▁History ▁ ▁D ual ▁Credit ▁English ▁Language , ▁English ▁Lit , ▁Pre - Cal cul us ▁On ▁Ram ps , ▁Bi ology ▁AP , ▁Elect ron ics ▁I , ▁Elect ron ics ▁II , ▁Auto ▁Tech , ▁F ashion ▁Marketing , ▁Ad vert ising , ▁BC IM , ▁Account ing , ▁F TI ▁I , ▁F TI ▁II ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 2 0 ▁school ▁year , ▁South ▁Gar land ▁will ▁be ▁partner ing ▁with ▁East field ▁College ▁to ▁offer ▁Early ▁College ▁High ▁School ▁to ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 0 ▁students ▁each ▁school
▁year , ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁graduate ▁with ▁an ▁associate ▁degree ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁college ▁credits ▁while ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁no ▁cost . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁a ▁black ▁activ ist ▁named ▁Mel vin ▁" A ' V ant " ▁Thomas ▁pick eted ▁the ▁school ▁since ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁flag ▁re sem bling ▁the ▁battle ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁States ▁of ▁America ; ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁almost ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁numerous ▁letters ▁to ▁the ▁G ISD ▁school ▁board ▁asking ▁them ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁m ural . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁flag ▁was ▁the ▁predomin ant ▁image ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁shield . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁students ▁voted ▁against ▁changing ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁with ▁African ▁American ▁resident ▁M . T . ▁A ' V ant ▁( former ly ▁Mel vin ▁Thomas ), ▁protest ed . ▁▁ ▁A ' V ant ▁ended ▁his ▁protests ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁parents ▁developed ▁a ▁mult ir ac ial ▁committee ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁symbols ▁and ▁traditions ▁they ▁considered ▁offensive ▁that ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁school , ▁including ▁its ▁fight ▁song . ▁The ▁group ▁met ▁about ▁ 1 2 ▁times ▁before ▁making ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁the ▁school ▁board ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁group ▁reached
▁a ▁compromise ▁with ▁the ▁board ▁members ▁on ▁only ▁two ▁items . ▁ ▁The ▁Gar land ▁independent ▁school ▁Board ▁voted ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁at ▁its ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁meeting , ▁to ▁dis continue ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁altered ▁Confeder ate ▁flag ▁as ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁and ▁to ▁also ▁change ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁m asc ot ' s ▁uniform ▁from ▁gray ▁to ▁blue ▁and ▁red . ▁The ▁sole ▁diss ent ing ▁vote ▁was ▁cast ▁by ▁R andy ▁Clark , ▁who ▁maintained ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁voting ▁as ▁his ▁constitu ents ▁had ▁advised ▁him . ▁The ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁chapter ▁of ▁the ▁NA AC P ▁said ▁the ▁issue ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁over ▁unless ▁all ▁symbol ism ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁Confeder acy , ▁including ▁the ▁fight ▁song ▁and ▁a ▁plant ation ▁m ural , ▁were ▁removed . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁school ▁year , ▁a ▁contest ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁flag . ▁The ▁crossed ▁sword ▁design ▁was ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁student ▁body ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁rebel ▁flag . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁outside ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁and ▁m asc ot . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁G ISD ▁school ▁board ▁agreed ▁to ▁remove ▁symbol ism ▁rem inis cent ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy . ▁ ▁Sports ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁history ▁of ▁sports , ▁especially ▁in ▁its ▁football
▁team . ▁South ▁offers ▁the ▁following ▁sports ▁to ▁its ▁students : ▁Base ball , ▁Basket ball , ▁Football , ▁Golf , ▁Gym n ast ics , ▁Power ▁L ifting , ▁Soc cer , ▁Soft ball , ▁T ennis , ▁Track / Cross ▁Country , ▁and ▁Vol ley ball . ▁South ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁U IL ▁Class ▁ 5 A ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 ▁school ▁year , ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁U IL ▁Class ▁ 5 A ▁Region ▁ 2 ▁District ▁ 1 2 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ▁school ▁year , ▁the ▁only ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁Gar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁to ▁not ▁be ▁moved ▁into ▁U IL ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ▁school ▁year , ▁moving ▁back ▁up ▁to ▁U IL ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁only ▁two ▁years ▁later . ▁South ▁currently ▁belongs ▁in ▁U IL ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 2 0 ▁school ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁Col on els ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁football ▁play offs ▁ 1 6 ▁times , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0
0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁team ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁play offs ▁for ▁an ▁e ighth ▁consecutive ▁year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁notable ▁athletes ▁who ▁are ▁South ▁Gar land ▁al umn i ▁is ▁Jerry ▁Sand ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Lady ▁Col on els ▁V ars ity ▁Vol ley ball ▁team ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁Play offs ▁back ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Boys ▁V ars ity ▁Basket ball ▁team ▁made ▁the ▁play offs ▁the ▁last ▁ 3 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 9 ) ▁and ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁U IL ▁State ▁Sem i - Fin als ▁under ▁Coach ▁Parker . ▁ ▁The ▁Boys ▁Soc cer ▁Team ▁made ▁the ▁play offs ▁the ▁last ▁ 4 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 ) ▁under ▁Coach ▁Buen o ▁and ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁under ▁Coach ▁Fall ou re . ▁ ▁Lisa ▁Mc Cor st in , ▁who ▁exc elled ▁in ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁was ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁district ' s ▁sports ▁hall ▁of ▁fame . ▁ ▁Ex tr ac ur ric
ular ▁Activ ities ▁• Band ▁• Ch oir ▁• The atre ▁• Dr ill ▁Team ▁( Vars ity : ▁Southern ▁B elles , ▁Non - Vars ity : ▁D ix ie ▁D arl ings ) ▁• Art ▁• Che er leading ▁ ▁Sign ature ▁Program s ▁Cos met ology , ▁Wel ding , ▁Aut ob ody ▁Coll ision ▁Rep air , ▁and ▁Auto ▁Technology ▁ ▁Not able ▁al umn i ▁▁ ▁Mike ▁Hamb rick ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁– ▁Television ▁and ▁radio ▁news ▁anchor , ▁reporter ▁and ▁correspond ent ; ▁worked ▁on ▁network ▁television ▁stations ▁such ▁as ▁W J LA - TV ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁W RC - TV ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁K T VT - TV ▁in ▁Dallas , ▁K T AR - TV ▁( now ▁K PN X ) ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁WP X I - TV ▁in ▁Pittsburgh , ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁W B AL - TV ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Hamb rick ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁news ▁anchor ▁for ▁WP X I - TV ▁in ▁Pittsburgh ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁managing ▁editor . ▁ ▁Currently ▁a ▁new sc aster ▁for ▁The ▁Howard ▁S tern ▁Show ▁ ▁Gary ▁Nich ol son ▁( s inger ) ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁– ▁Gram my - winning ▁country ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁ ▁Ron ▁Wood ro of ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁– ▁Form ed ▁underground ▁Dallas ▁Buy ers ▁Club ▁for ▁import ing ▁desperately ▁needed ▁A
IDS ▁medications ; ▁a ▁motion ▁picture ▁dep ict ing ▁his ▁efforts ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁John ▁Washington ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁– ▁Def ensive ▁back ▁for ▁the ▁NFL ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 7 7 ▁for ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁League ' s ▁S ask at che wan ▁R ough rid ers ▁and ▁the ▁Cal g ary ▁St amped ers ▁ ▁Alfred a ▁B ik ow sky ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁– ▁Emb att led ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁officer ▁who ▁headed ▁the ▁Bin ▁L aden ▁Issue ▁Station ▁and ▁reported ly ▁tied ▁to ▁torture ▁activities ▁▁ ▁Den ard ▁Walker ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁– ▁Cor ner back ▁for ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁Denver ▁Bron cos , ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁and ▁Oak land ▁R aid ers ▁ ▁Qu inc y ▁Morgan ▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁– ▁W ide ▁receiver ▁for ▁the ▁Bl inn ▁College , ▁Kansas ▁State ▁Wild c ats ▁football , ▁Denver ▁Bron cos , ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁and ▁Pittsburgh ▁Steel ers ▁ ▁Er in ▁McC ar ley ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁– ▁ ▁Published ▁alternative ▁music ▁singer - s ong writer , ▁based ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ▁▁ ▁Jason ▁Thompson ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁College ▁and ▁professional ▁soccer ▁player ▁for ▁Eastern ▁Illinois ▁University , ▁D . C . ▁United ▁and ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Burn , ▁and
▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Men ' s ▁National ▁Soc cer ▁Team ▁pool ▁ ▁N ate ▁D ra ugh on ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁– ▁Cor ner back ▁for ▁U TE P , ▁Montreal ▁Al ou ettes , ▁Austin ▁Wr ang lers , ▁New ▁Orleans ▁S aints , ▁Arizona ▁Card inals ▁ ▁Ter rel ▁Harris ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁– ▁Sh oot ing ▁guard ▁for ▁the ▁Miami ▁Heat ▁ ▁Nick ▁Florence ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁- ▁Quarter back ▁for ▁the ▁Bay lor ▁University ▁football ▁team , ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁N aser ▁Jason ▁Ab do ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁Former ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Private ▁First ▁Class , ▁went ▁A W OL ▁and ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁attempted ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁weapon ▁of ▁mass ▁destruction , ▁currently ▁serving ▁a ▁life ▁sentence ▁at ▁super max ▁facility ▁AD X ▁Florence ▁ ▁Mac ▁Per c ival ▁( fac ulty ) ▁– ▁NFL ▁place k icker ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears ▁and ▁Dallas ▁Cow boys , ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 7 4 . ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁member ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 7 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Texas ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁( Arch ive ) ▁T EA ▁Account ability ▁Rat ings ▁South ▁Gar land ▁Col on els ▁High ▁School ▁Football ▁ ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Gar land , ▁Texas ▁Category
: G ar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁high ▁schools ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : E duc ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁K aim ook ▁Ch uto ▁( Apr il ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁Th ai ▁sculpt or . ▁She ▁was ▁royal ▁sculpt or ▁for ▁Queen ▁S irk it , ▁and ▁created ▁the ▁Three ▁Kings ▁Mon ument ▁in ▁Chi ang ▁Mai . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Google ▁displayed ▁a ▁Google ▁D ood le ▁in ▁her ▁honor . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁deaths ▁K aim ook ▁Ch uto <0x0A> </s> ▁P aje ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁T anz an ian ▁island ▁of ▁U ng u ja , ▁part ▁of ▁Z anz ib ar . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁sout heast ▁coast ▁between ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁B we ju u ▁and ▁J amb iani . ▁ ▁The ▁l ago on ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁learn ▁k ite board ing , ▁since ▁a ▁very ▁consistent ▁side - on shore ▁wind ▁is ▁blowing ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁l ago on ▁is ▁shallow ▁during ▁low ▁tide ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁sand y ▁bottom , ▁and ▁the ▁re ef ▁protect s ▁the ▁l ago on ▁from ▁waves . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z anz ib ar
<0x0A> </s> ▁S unn yside ▁is ▁a ▁closed ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Main ▁North ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁region ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Currently ▁only ▁the ▁platform ▁face ▁remains . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁S unn yside ▁rail ▁bridge ▁over ▁T enter field ▁Creek ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Dis used ▁regional ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Category : Main ▁North ▁railway ▁line , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁in complete ▁list ▁of ▁Filip ino ▁full - length ▁films , ▁both ▁mainstream ▁and ▁independently ▁produced , ▁released ▁in ▁the aters ▁and ▁cin em as ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Top ▁ten ▁gross ing ▁films ▁ ▁Note ▁▁▁ ▁Box ▁Office ▁Mo jo , ▁a ▁reliable ▁third ▁party ▁box ▁office ▁revenue ▁track er , ▁does ▁not ▁track ▁any ▁reven ues ▁earned ▁during ▁any ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ed itions . ▁So ▁the ▁official ▁figures ▁by ▁film ▁entries ▁during ▁the ▁festival ▁are ▁only ▁estimates ▁taken ▁from ▁any ▁recent ▁updates ▁from ▁cred ible ▁and ▁reliable ▁sources ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁film ' s ▁production ▁outfit , ▁or ▁from ▁any ▁news ▁agencies .
▁Also , ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Development ▁Authority ▁( M MD A ) ▁did ▁not ▁release ▁the ▁official ▁gross ▁sales ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁films . ▁To ▁verify ▁the ▁figures , ▁see ▁individual ▁sources ▁for ▁the ▁references . ▁ ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁Films ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 ▁full - length ▁films ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁independently ▁produced . ▁ ▁January – M arch ▁ ▁April – J une ▁ ▁July – Se ptember ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁October – De cember ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁Film ▁is ▁an ▁independently - produ ced ▁film . ▁▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁is ▁Ek stra : ▁The ▁Bit ▁Player ' s ▁festival ▁screening . ▁August ▁ 1 4 ▁is ▁the ▁film ' s ▁commercial ▁release ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁All ▁ten ▁Sin eng ▁P amb ans a ▁films ▁had ▁an ▁extended ▁run ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 1 ▁until ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Pre viously , ▁the ▁ten ▁films ▁were ▁screen ed ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Local ▁The ▁following ▁first ▁list ▁shows ▁the ▁Best ▁Picture ▁winners ▁at ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁film ▁awards : ▁FA MA S ▁Awards , ▁G aw ad ▁U rian ▁Awards , ▁L una ▁Awards ▁and ▁Star ▁Awards ; ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁three ▁major ▁film ▁fest ivals : ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁Cin em al
aya ▁and ▁Cin ema ▁One ▁Origin als . ▁The ▁second ▁list ▁shows ▁films ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁awards ▁won ▁from ▁the ▁three ▁major ▁film ▁awards ▁and ▁a ▁breakdown ▁of ▁their ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁awards ▁per ▁award ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁International ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁shows ▁Filip ino ▁films ▁( re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁which ▁were ▁nominated ▁or ▁won ▁awards ▁at ▁international ▁industry - based ▁awards . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁box ▁office ▁number - one ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁ 4 - H ydro xy - 2 - ox og l ut ar ate ▁al d ol ase , ▁mit och ond rial ▁( HO GA 1 ) ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁di h yd rod ip icol inate ▁syn th ase - like ▁( D HD PS L ) ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁HO GA 1 ▁gene . ▁The ▁protein ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁en zym es ▁( 4 - h ydro xy - 2 - ox og l ut ar ate ▁al d ol ase ) ▁involved ▁in ▁met abol ism ▁of ▁hydro xy pro line ▁to ▁g ly ox yl ate . ▁The ▁en zym e ▁ ▁over activity ▁can ▁form ▁excessive ▁g ly ox yl ate ▁from ▁hydro xy pro line . ▁G ly ox yl ate ▁is ▁cat abol ised ▁to ▁ox al ate , ▁resulting
▁in ▁excess ▁ex cret ion ▁of ▁ox al ate ▁in ▁ur ine , ▁pre dis posing ▁to ▁ox al ate ▁stone ; ▁a ▁condition ▁known ▁as ▁primary ▁hyper ox al ur ia ▁type ▁III . ▁ ▁Re ferences <0x0A> </s> ▁Must aph a ▁T ch aker ▁Stadium ▁is ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁stadium ▁in ▁Bl ida , ▁Al ger ia . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁mostly ▁for ▁football ▁matches . ▁ ▁The ▁stadium ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁The ▁stadium ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Al ger ia ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁International ▁matches ▁ ▁Al ger ia ▁statistics ▁at ▁Must aph a ▁T ch aker ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁St ade ▁Must aph a ▁T ch aker ▁profile ▁- ▁world stad ium s . com ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁Category : Multi - pur pose ▁stadium s ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁Category : Bl ida ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Bl ida ▁Province ▁Category : US M ▁Bl ida <0x0A> </s> ▁C yp oid es ▁par ach in ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁S ph ing idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Ronald ▁Bre ch lin ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : S mer inth ini <0x0A> </s> ▁S led m ere ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁Grade ▁I ▁listed ▁Georg ian
▁country ▁house , ▁containing ▁Ch ip pend ale , ▁Sher aton ▁and ▁French ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁many ▁fine ▁pictures , ▁set ▁within ▁a ▁park ▁designed ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁S led m ere , ▁between ▁Dr if field ▁and ▁Mal ton , ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire , ▁England . ▁The ▁present ▁house ▁was ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 0 s , ▁and ▁re built ▁after ▁a ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et , ▁noted ▁English ▁trav eller ▁and ▁diplom atic ▁advis or , ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Sir ▁T att on ▁Sy kes , ▁ 8 th ▁Baron et . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁built ▁in ▁Not ting ham shire ▁as hl ar ▁on ▁three ▁store ys ▁to ▁an ▁H - shaped ▁plan . ▁ ▁History ▁William ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 5 0 0 – 1 5 7 7 ) ▁migr ated ▁from ▁C umber land ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire , ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁became ▁wealthy ▁cloth ▁traders . ▁Daniel ▁Sy kes ▁( b . 1 6 3 2 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁begin ▁trading ▁in ▁H ull ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁fortune ▁from ▁shipping ▁and ▁finance . ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 6 7 8 – 1 7 2
6 ) ▁concentrated ▁on ▁the ▁flour ishing ▁Balt ic ▁trade ▁in ▁pig ▁iron ▁and ▁the ▁wealth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁eight eenth ▁century . ▁His ▁son ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 7 0 6 – 1 7 6 1 ) ▁married ▁Mary ▁Kirk by , ▁sister ▁of ▁Mark ▁Kir by , ▁and ▁he i ress ▁to ▁the ▁S led m ere ▁estate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁demol ished ▁the ▁previous ▁Man or ▁House ▁at ▁S led m ere , ▁which ▁had ▁existed ▁since ▁medieval ▁times , ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁m ansion . ▁He ▁also ▁planted ▁some ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁trees ▁on ▁the ▁W olds ▁about ▁his ▁new ▁home . ▁He ▁left ▁no ▁male ▁he ir ▁however ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁the ▁estate ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁Mark ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 7 1 1 – 1 7 8 3 ). ▁Sir ▁Mark ' s ▁son , ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁Sy kes , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 7 4 9 – 1 8 0 1 ), ▁MP ▁for ▁Bever ley , ▁greatly ▁expanded ▁the ▁estate . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁bought ▁and ▁en closed ▁huge ▁areas ▁of ▁land ▁for ▁cultiv ation , ▁built ▁two ▁new ▁wings ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁landsc aped ▁the ▁grounds , ▁plant ing ▁ ▁of ▁trees . ▁The ▁entire ▁village ▁of ▁S led m ere ▁was ▁moved . ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁left ▁a ▁vast
▁estate ▁of ▁nearly ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁m ansion ▁set ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁ ▁of ▁park land , ▁which ▁surv ives ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁also ▁employed ▁Joseph ▁Rose , ▁the ▁most ▁celebrated ▁pl aster er ▁of ▁his ▁day , ▁to ▁decor ate ▁S led m ere . ▁The ▁result ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁among ▁the ▁finest ▁pl aster - work ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁A ▁cat astro ph ic ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁left ▁the ▁building ▁a ▁shell ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Adam - style ▁ 1 7 9 0 s ▁inter iors . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁Sir ▁T att on ▁Sy kes , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron et ▁was ▁too ▁busy ▁eating ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁milk ▁p udd ings ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁add icted ▁to ▁pay ▁much ▁attention , ▁but ▁vill agers ▁and ▁estate ▁workers ▁l oy ally ▁resc ued ▁pictures , ▁stat ues ▁and ▁furniture , ▁ch ina ▁and ▁car p ets , ▁and ▁even ▁doors ▁and ▁ban ister s , ▁including ▁the ▁house ' s ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁A pol lo ▁Bel ved ere . ▁The ▁roof ▁fell ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁moments ▁later . ▁The ▁original ▁designs ▁for ▁the ▁inter iors ▁had ▁survived ▁however , ▁and ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁then ▁restored . ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes , ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et ▁inherited ▁the ▁estate ▁after ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁Features ▁ ▁The ▁Long ▁Library ▁at ▁S led m ere , ▁super b ly ▁restored
, ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁rooms ▁in ▁England . ▁The ▁Draw ing ▁Room ▁and ▁Music ▁Room ▁were ▁decorated ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Rose . ▁The ▁Music ▁Room ▁contains ▁a ▁fine ▁organ ▁case ▁designed ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Green ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁nothing ▁behind ▁the ▁fac ade ▁p ipes ▁and ▁the ▁organ ▁is ▁un play able . ▁The ▁Turkish ▁Room ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes , ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et , ▁by ▁an ▁Armen ian ▁artist , ▁David ▁Oh ann ess ian , ▁inspired ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁s ultan ' s ▁apartments ▁in ▁the ▁Y eni ▁Mos que ▁in ▁I stan bul . ▁The ▁tiles ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁K ut ah ya , ▁An at olia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁in ▁Oh ann ess ian ' s ▁workshop , ▁the ▁Soci été ▁Ott om ane ▁de ▁Fa ï ence . ▁The ▁attached ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁chap el ▁has ▁a ▁fine ▁ceiling ▁painted ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Er ring ton . ▁It ▁dep icts ▁the ▁four ▁wing ed ▁creatures ▁of ▁the ▁Ev angel ist ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ancel ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁N ave , ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁birds ▁including ▁a ▁sw an , ▁her on , ▁swallow ▁and ▁lap wing . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁House ▁is ▁set ▁within ▁a ▁park ▁of ▁ ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁Sy kes , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et . ▁The ▁plan
▁still ▁surv ives ▁in ▁the ▁house . ▁Its ▁gardens ▁include ▁a ▁p aved ▁sculpt ure ▁court ▁( 1 9 1 1 ), ▁an ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁wall ed ▁rose ▁garden ▁and ▁a ▁recently ▁laid ▁out ▁kn ot ▁garden . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁Mon ument ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁stone ▁monument ▁along ▁the ▁B 1 2 5 2 ▁road ▁on ▁G art on ▁Hill , ▁built ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁Sir ▁T att on ▁Sy kes , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et , ▁by ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁neighb ours ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sy kes ▁family ▁of ▁S led m ere ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁The ▁Big ▁House : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁a ▁Country ▁House ▁and ▁its ▁Family , ▁Christopher ▁Simon ▁Sy kes , ▁Harper ▁Per ennial , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁site . ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Karen ▁Thompson ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁S led m ere ▁with ▁information ▁about ▁house ▁interior ▁and ▁current ▁resident ▁Sir ▁T att on ▁Sy kes , ▁ 8 th ▁B t . ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁village ▁and ▁house . ▁Ret riev ed ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 ▁Category : Country ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁East
▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : Gr ade ▁I ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : Hist oric ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : G ard ens ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : G ard ens ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown ▁Category : Gr ade ▁I ▁listed ▁houses ▁Category : 1 7 5 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Farm ▁to ▁Market ▁Road ▁ 2 9 7 7 ▁( FM 2 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Texas ▁that ▁stays ▁within ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County . ▁The ▁highway ▁begins ▁at ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁near ▁Fair child s , ▁goes ▁generally ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast ▁and ▁ends ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁from ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁ 5 9 ▁( US 5 9 ) ▁in ▁Rosen berg . ▁The ▁highway ▁is ▁also ▁named ▁Min on ite ▁Road . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁starts ▁as ▁a ▁two - lane ▁rural ▁road ▁at ▁a ▁stop ▁sign ▁on ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁north west ▁of ▁Fair child s ▁in ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County . ▁From ▁the ▁intersection , ▁the ▁highway ▁goes ▁nort heast ▁ ▁to ▁Power line ▁Road ▁where ▁it ▁curves ▁more ▁toward ▁the ▁north . ▁In ▁this ▁stretch ▁the ▁highway ▁cross es ▁Big ▁Creek . ▁On ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁near
▁Power line ▁Road ▁is ▁the ▁Big ▁Creek ▁Oil ▁Field . ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁continues ▁north - n ort heast ▁for ▁ ▁to ▁Rice field ▁Road ▁where ▁it ▁ve ers ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast ▁again . ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁continues ▁straight ▁for ▁ ▁before ▁crossing ▁the ▁B NS F ▁Railway ▁tracks ▁and ▁term inating ▁at ▁a ▁traffic ▁signal ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁in ▁Rosen berg . ▁After ▁Rice field ▁Road , ▁the ▁highway ▁passes ▁the ▁Wal nut ▁Creek ▁sub div ision ▁and ▁the ▁aspect ▁becomes ▁less ▁rural . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁traffic ▁signal ▁at ▁Reading ▁Road , ▁ ▁south west ▁of ▁FM 7 6 2 . ▁Reading ▁Road ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁streets ▁connect ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁shopping ▁center ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁and ▁US 5 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁was ▁originally ▁designated ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁to ▁go ▁from ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁to ▁the ▁nort heast ▁about ▁. ▁The ▁highway ▁was ▁extended ▁an ▁additional ▁ ▁to ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 2 9 7 7 ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Stad io ▁Gi useppe ▁M occ ag atta ▁is ▁a ▁multi - use ▁stadium
▁in ▁Al ess and ria , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁mostly ▁for ▁football ▁matches ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁ground ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Al ess and ria ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁Ju vent us ▁F . C . ▁Under - 2 3 . ▁The ▁stadium ▁holds ▁ 5 , 9 2 6 ▁people . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Phot os ▁at ▁World stad ium s . com ▁ ▁Gi useppe ▁M occ ag atta ▁Gi useppe ▁Category : U . S . ▁Al ess and ria ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Category : J u vent us ▁F . C . ▁Under - 2 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Marie ▁Joan ▁Ly ons ▁Kill ile a ▁ ▁( J une ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁Karen ▁Kill ile a ▁and ▁an ▁American ▁author , ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁lobby ist ▁for ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁people ▁with ▁cere br al ▁p als y . ▁Her ▁work ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁Association ▁of ▁West chester ▁County . ▁Later , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁The ▁National ▁United ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Parent s , ▁marriage ▁and ▁children ▁Marie ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Thomas ▁P . ▁Ly ons , ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Wales , ▁and
▁Marie ▁A . ▁Pow ers , ▁an ▁American ▁citizen ▁born ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Kath ry n ▁" K ay " ▁Marie ▁Pow ers . ▁ ▁Her ▁father , ▁a ▁sport sw riter ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Sun ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁co - owner ▁of ▁a ▁Wall ▁Street ▁broker age ▁firm , ▁died ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ten ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁She ▁married ▁James ▁H ines ▁Kill ile a ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁They ▁had ▁five ▁children ▁( from ▁ 1 8 ▁pregn ancies ): ▁Marie ▁Ly ons , ▁Kath ry n ▁Anne ▁( who ▁died ▁in ▁inf ancy ), ▁Karen ▁Ann , ▁James ▁O ' R our ke ▁(" R ory "), ▁and ▁Krist in ▁Rose . ▁They ▁also ▁inform ally ▁adopted ▁Gl oria ▁Kyle , ▁although ▁this ▁adoption ▁was ▁never ▁final ized ▁legally . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁lived ▁first ▁in ▁R ye , ▁New ▁York ; ▁later ▁they ▁moved ▁to ▁L arch mont , ▁where ▁they ▁bought ▁a ▁house ▁they ▁christ ened ▁" S urs um ▁Cord a " ▁with ▁the ▁proceed s ▁from ▁Marie ' s ▁first ▁best - selling ▁book . ▁In ▁the ▁books , ▁Kill ile a ▁notes ▁that ▁in ▁L arch mont , ▁their ▁next door ▁neighbors ▁were ▁Jean ▁K err ▁and ▁Walter ▁K err . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁faith ▁Marie ▁and ▁James ▁Kill ile a ▁were ▁dev out ▁Roman ▁Cath ol ics ▁and ▁raised ▁their ▁children ▁accordingly . ▁Kill ile a ▁expressed
▁her ▁religious ▁conv ictions ▁in ▁her ▁writ ings . ▁ ▁Karen ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Christopher ▁Award . ▁ ▁These ▁awards ▁are ▁presented ▁annually ▁by ▁The ▁Christ oph ers , ▁a ▁Christian ▁organization ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁by ▁the ▁Mary kn oll ▁priest ▁James ▁K eller , ▁to ▁honor ▁" books , ▁movies ▁and ▁television ▁special s ▁that ▁affirm ▁the ▁highest ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁spirit ". ▁ ▁Education ▁She ▁attended ▁Mount ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁Academy ▁in ▁River dale , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁the ▁Kath ar ine ▁Gib bs ▁Business ▁School . ▁ ▁Cancer ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁Marie ▁was ▁told ▁by ▁her ▁doctors ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁recur rence ▁of ▁lung ▁cancer ▁and ▁had ▁only ▁three ▁months ▁to ▁live . ▁On ▁refer ral , ▁she ▁went ▁to ▁Mer cy ▁Catholic ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁for ▁treatment ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Isaac ▁D jer ass i . ▁He ▁presc ribed ▁huge ▁dos es ▁of ▁M eth ot re x ate , ▁a ▁powerful ▁drug , ▁and ▁in ▁eight ▁months , ▁every ▁trace ▁of ▁her ▁cancer ▁was ▁reported ly ▁er ad icated . ▁ ▁Death ▁Marie ▁Kill ile a ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁aged ▁ 7 8 . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁Marie ▁Kill ile a ▁wrote ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁her ▁daughter , ▁called ▁simply ▁Karen , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁best ▁seller ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁It ▁detailed ▁Karen ▁Kill ile a ' s ▁struggle ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁limitations
▁of ▁her ▁cere br al ▁p als y ▁and ▁her ▁family ' s ▁fight ▁to ▁help ▁her ▁lead ▁a ▁satisfying ▁life . ▁A ▁sequ el , ▁With ▁Love ▁From ▁Karen , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁The ▁original ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁for ▁children ▁called ▁" W ren ". ▁ ▁Public ations ▁by ▁Kill ile a ▁Karen , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁( re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁Bu cc ane er ▁Books ▁() ▁ ▁With ▁Love ▁From ▁Karen , ▁( 1 9 6 3 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁Bu cc ane er ▁Books ▁() ▁W ren , ▁( 1 9 8 1 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁D ell ▁Publishing ▁Year ling ▁Book ▁() ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : American ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁descent ▁Category : L ung ▁cancer ▁survivors ▁Category : People ▁from ▁R ye , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L arch mont , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : Hist or ians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Les ▁Shel le ys ▁is ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁album ▁by
▁the ▁folk ▁du o ▁Les ▁Shel le ys : ▁Tom ▁B ros seau ▁and ▁Angela ▁Cor rea . ▁It ' s ▁composed ▁of ▁se lections ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁American ▁Song book ▁and ▁features ▁sp arse , ▁ac oustic ▁arrangements , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁du ets . ▁Album ▁design ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁DL T ▁and ▁dep icts ▁the ▁actual ▁house ▁on ▁West ▁K ens ington ▁street ▁in ▁E cho ▁Park , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁where ▁Tom ▁and ▁Angela ▁recorded ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁on ▁a ▁portable ▁Mini Dis c ▁player . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" The ▁World ▁Is ▁Wait ing ▁for ▁the ▁Sun rise " ▁( ▁lyrics ▁by ▁Gene ▁Lock h art , ▁music ▁by ▁Ernest ▁Se itz ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Late ▁John ▁Gar field ▁Blues " ▁( John ▁Pr ine ) ▁ ▁" Green ▁Door " ▁( mus ic ▁by ▁Bob ▁" H utch " ▁Dav ie , ▁lyrics ▁by ▁Mar vin ▁Moore ) ▁ ▁" C ock t ails ▁for ▁Two " ▁( Ar thur ▁John ston ▁and ▁Sam ▁Cos low ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Band ▁Play ed ▁On " ▁( ly rics ▁by ▁John ▁F . ▁Pal mer , ▁music ▁by ▁Charles ▁B . ▁Ward ) ▁ ▁" R um ▁and ▁C oca - Col a " ▁( ▁Lord ▁Inv ader ▁and ▁Lion el ▁Bel as co ) ▁ ▁" B illy " ▁( B ob ▁Dylan ) ▁ ▁" The ▁L ones ome ▁Death ▁of ▁H att ie ▁Car
roll " ▁( B ob ▁Dylan ) ▁ ▁" Oh ▁B abe , ▁It ▁A int ▁No ▁Lie " ▁( El iz abeth ▁Cot ten ) ▁ ▁" P ast ures ▁of ▁Pl enty " ▁( W ood y ▁G uth rie ) ▁ ▁" Deep ▁Pur ple " ▁( P eter ▁De R ose ) ▁ ▁" Whe el ▁of ▁Fort une " ▁( B enn ie ▁Benjamin ▁and ▁George ▁David ▁We iss ) ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Tom ▁B ros seau : ▁Ac oustic ▁guitar ▁and ▁vocals ▁ ▁Angela ▁Cor rea : ▁V oc als ▁and ▁hand cl aps ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 6 2 ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Mon arch ▁– ▁Louis ▁XV ▁ ▁Events ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Font aine ble au ▁Inv asion ▁of ▁Martin ique ▁ ▁Birth s ▁▁ 9 ▁October ▁– ▁Charles ▁de ▁Sure main , ▁French ▁military ▁and ▁diplom at ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 3 5 ) ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁missing ▁Philippe ▁V ann ier , ▁naval ▁officer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁missing ▁Ed mé ▁B ouch ardon , ▁sculpt or ▁( born ▁ 1 6 4 8 ). ▁Pro s per ▁J oly ot ▁de ▁Cr é b illon , ▁poet ▁and ▁traged ian ▁( born ▁ 1 6 7 4 ) ▁Louis - Fr anç ois ▁Rou b ili ac , ▁sculpt or ▁( born
▁ 1 7 0 2 / 1 7 0 5 ) ▁Hy ac int he ▁Ga ë tan ▁de ▁L ann ion , ▁politician ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 9 ) ▁Jacques ▁Dav iel , ▁o ph thal m ologist ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 6 ) ▁August in ▁de ▁Bos chen ry ▁de ▁Dru c our , ▁military ▁officer ▁( b apt ized ▁ 1 7 0 3 ) ▁Bernard ▁Baron , ▁eng ra ver ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 6 ?) ▁La urent ▁Bel issen , ▁composer ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 3 ) ▁Nicol as ▁Louis ▁de ▁Lac aille , ▁astronom er ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 3 ) ▁Jean ▁Barb ault , ▁painter ▁and ▁print maker ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 6 2 ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Y ears ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁France ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁performing ▁arts ▁in ▁Detroit ▁include ▁or chestra , ▁live ▁music , ▁and ▁theater , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁performing ▁arts ▁ven ues . ▁The ▁stages ▁and ▁old ▁time ▁film ▁pal aces ▁are ▁generally ▁located ▁along ▁Wood ward ▁Avenue , ▁the ▁city ' s ▁central ▁thorough fare , ▁in ▁the ▁Dow nt own , ▁Mid town , ▁and ▁New ▁Center ▁areas . ▁Some ▁additional ▁ven ues ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁neighborhood ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁significant ▁historic ▁the aters ▁have ▁been ▁rev
ital ized . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Detroit ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁the atr ical ▁history , ▁with ▁many ▁ven ues ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁The ▁ ▁Detroit ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁theater ▁ever ▁constructed ▁with ▁built - in ▁film ▁sound ▁equipment . ▁Commission ed ▁by ▁William ▁Fox ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁architect ▁C . ▁Howard ▁Cr ane , ▁the ▁or nate ▁Detroit ▁Fox ▁was ▁fully ▁restored ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁Fox ▁The at res ▁with ▁ 5 , 0 4 5 ▁seats . ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁oper atic , ▁sym ph onic , ▁musical ▁and ▁popular ▁acts ▁since ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century . ▁Port ions ▁of ▁Leonard ▁Bern stein ' s ▁music ▁for ▁West ▁Side ▁Story , ▁produced ▁by ▁Detroit ' s ▁Nederland er ▁Organization , ▁were ▁composed ▁on ▁the ▁piano ▁that ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁library ▁at ▁Cr an bro ok ▁in ▁the ▁Detroit ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Bloom field ▁Hills . ▁David ▁T . ▁Nederland er ' s ▁career ▁began ▁after ▁purchasing ▁a ▁ 9 9 - year ▁lease ▁on ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House . ▁His ▁son , ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁chairman , ▁James ▁M . ▁Nederland er , ▁also ▁a ▁Detroit ▁native , ▁cop rodu ced ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁famous ▁the atr ical ▁class ics , ▁including ▁West ▁Side ▁Story , ▁Hello , ▁D olly ! , ▁The ▁King
▁and ▁I , ▁and ▁F idd ler ▁on ▁the ▁Ro of . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Nederland er ▁Organization ▁operates ▁Detroit ' s ▁Fisher ▁Theatre , ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House , ▁and ▁several ▁the aters ▁in ▁other ▁major ▁cities ▁on ▁the ▁Broadway ▁theatre ▁circuit . ▁Organ izations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M osa ic ▁Youth ▁Theatre ▁support ▁the ▁city ' s ▁theater ▁community . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁great ▁old ▁motion ▁picture ▁screens ▁and ▁live ▁performance ▁stages ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁restored . ▁The ▁Fox ▁Theatre , ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Theatre ; ▁Broadway ▁Cap itol ▁Theatre ; ▁Param ount ▁Theatre ; ▁Capital ▁Theatre ), ▁and ▁The ▁Fill more ▁Detroit ▁( former ly ▁the ▁State ▁Theater ; ▁Pal ms ▁Theater ) ▁are ▁notable ▁rest or ations . ▁The ▁Fill more ▁Detroit ▁is ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁Detroit ▁Music ▁Awards ▁held ▁in ▁April . ▁Other ▁ven ues ▁were ▁modern ized ▁and ▁expanded ▁such ▁as ▁Orchestra ▁Hall , ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁world - ren owned ▁Detroit ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁is ▁the ▁restored ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 - se at ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁at ▁ 3 5 0 ▁Madison ▁Avenue , ▁designed ▁by ▁William ▁K app ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Mat ilda ▁D odge ▁Wilson . ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts ▁contains ▁the ▁renov ated ▁ 1 , 1 5 0 - se at ▁Detroit
▁Film ▁Theatre . ▁Sm aller ▁sites ▁with ▁long ▁hist ories ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁were ▁preserved ▁by ▁physically ▁moving ▁the ▁entire ▁structure . ▁In ▁a ▁notable ▁preserv ation , ▁the ▁Gem ▁Theatre ▁and ▁ ▁Century ▁Theatre ▁were ▁moved ▁( off ▁their ▁foundation ) ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁address ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁construct ▁Com er ica ▁Park . ▁Detroit ' s ▁ 1 , 5 7 1 - se at ▁Red ford ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 2 8 ), ▁with ▁its ▁Japanese ▁mot ifs , ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Motor ▁City ▁Theatre ▁Organ ▁Society ▁( M CT OS ). ▁ ▁Along ▁with ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ’ s ▁ ▁Hil berry ▁Theatre ▁( W ay ne ▁State ▁University ) ▁in ▁Mid town , ▁the ▁only ▁graduate ▁re pert ory ▁theater ▁in ▁the ▁nation , ▁Detroit ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁res urg ence ▁in ▁the atr ical ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁attendance . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁shows ▁ranging ▁from ▁tour ing ▁musical s ▁to ▁local ▁theater ▁happen ▁night ly ▁and ▁the ▁the aters ▁have ▁spark ed ▁a ▁significant ▁increase ▁in ▁night life ; ▁hospital ity ▁vent ures ▁serving ▁the ▁area ▁have ▁increased ▁accordingly . ▁With ▁its ▁sports ▁ven ues ▁and ▁cas inos , ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Theater ▁District ▁has ▁helped ▁rev ital ized ▁high ▁rise ▁residential ▁areas ▁like ▁those ▁surrounding ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Park ▁and ▁its ▁nearby ▁Fo xt own , ▁Gree kt own , ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁and ▁New ▁Center ▁area ▁anch ored ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 ,
0 8 9 - se at ▁Fisher ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁some ▁surviving ▁historic ▁the aters ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁converted ▁to ▁other ▁uses ▁while ▁others ▁await ▁re develop ment . ▁Albert ▁K ahn ▁and ▁Ernest ▁Wil by ▁designed ▁the ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁styled ▁National ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 1 1 ) ▁with ▁its ▁Mo or ish ▁entry ▁at ▁ 1 1 8 ▁Mon roe ▁Street ▁which ▁also ▁await s ▁re develop ment . ▁The ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁seat ▁National ▁Theatre ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁surviving ▁theater ▁from ▁the ▁city ' s ▁first ▁theater ▁district . ▁The ▁fut ur istic ▁Cad ill ac ▁Centre ▁begins ▁construction ▁on ▁Detroit ' s ▁historic ▁Mon roe ▁block , ▁once ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁eight ▁ante bell um ▁commercial ▁buildings ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁C . ▁Howard ▁Cr ane ▁designed ▁the ▁Ne o - R ena issance ▁styled ▁United ▁Art ists ▁Theatre ▁Building ▁at ▁ 1 5 0 ▁Bag ley ▁Street ▁sl ated ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁residential ▁high ▁rise . ▁The ▁ 6 0 0 - se at ▁Str at ford ▁Theatre ▁at ▁ 4 7 5 1 ▁W . ▁Vern or ▁H wy ., ▁designed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁P . ▁J og erst , ▁seated ▁ 1 , 1 3 7 ▁when ▁it ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁The ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁styled ▁Str at ford ▁Theatre ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Vern or - J unction ▁Historic ▁District ▁has ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁retail ▁store ▁since ▁ 1 9
8 5 . ▁The ▁or nate ▁Spanish ▁styled ▁Hollywood ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Ferd inand ▁and ▁Fort ▁St . ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁When ▁the ▁historic ▁Hollywood ▁opened , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁city ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁with ▁ 3 , 4 0 0 ▁seats . ▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Bart on ▁theatre ▁organ ▁was ▁saved ▁and ▁await s ▁restoration . ▁There ▁were ▁over ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁such ▁org ans ▁installed ▁in ▁American ▁the aters ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁but ▁fewer ▁than ▁forty ▁remain ▁in ▁their ▁original ▁location ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Bart on ▁theater ▁organ ▁in ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ' s ▁Michigan ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁Detroit ' s ▁performance ▁centers ▁and ▁the aters ▁em an ate ▁from ▁the ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Park ▁Historic ▁District ▁and ▁continue ▁along ▁Wood ward ▁Avenue ▁toward ▁the ▁Fisher ▁Theatre ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁New ▁Center . ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Broadway ▁and ▁Grand ▁Circ us . ▁The ▁east ▁neck lace ▁of ▁downtown ▁links ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁and ▁the ▁stadium ▁area ▁to ▁Gree kt own ▁along ▁Broadway . ▁The ▁east ▁neck lace ▁contains ▁a ▁sub - d istrict ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Harm onie ▁Park ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Broadway ▁Avenue ▁Historic ▁District ▁which ▁has ▁taken ▁on ▁the ▁renown ed ▁legacy ▁of ▁Detroit ' s ▁music ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁into
▁the ▁present . ▁Near ▁the ▁Opera ▁House , ▁and ▁em an ating ▁from ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁along ▁the ▁east ▁neck lace , ▁are ▁other ▁ven ues ▁including ▁the ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁and ▁the ▁Gem ▁Theatre ▁and ▁Century ▁Club . ▁The ▁historic ▁Harm onie ▁Club ▁and ▁Harm onie ▁Centre ▁are ▁located ▁along ▁Broadway . ▁The ▁Harm onie ▁Park ▁area ▁ends ▁near ▁Gr ati ot ▁and ▁Rand olph . ▁ ▁Per forming ▁arts ▁ven ues ▁ ▁Historic ▁ven ues ▁await ing ▁restoration ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ca es ars ▁Wind sor ▁Grand ▁R iv iera ▁Theater ▁List ▁of ▁concert ▁h alls ▁Music ▁of ▁Detroit ▁Michigan ▁Building ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Detroit ▁Entertainment ▁District ▁Detroit ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra : ▁Orchestra ▁Hall ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House : ▁Mot op era ▁Theatre ▁Hil berry ▁Theatre : ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ▁Nederland er ▁Detroit : ▁Fisher ▁and ▁Mason ic ▁The at res ▁Olymp ia ▁Entertainment : ▁The ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁and ▁the ▁City ▁Theatre ▁Studio ▁Theatre : ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Category : The atre ▁in ▁Detroit ▁Category : Per forming ▁arts ▁centers ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Detroit ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Detroit ▁Detroit ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Detroit ▁Category : Per forming ▁arts ▁by ▁city <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tele commun ication , ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁tre ll is ▁c oded ▁mod ulation , ▁or ▁simply ▁T CM ) ▁is ▁a ▁mod ulation ▁scheme ▁that ▁transm its ▁information ▁with ▁high ▁efficiency ▁over ▁band
- limited ▁channels ▁such ▁as ▁telephone ▁lines . ▁Gott fried ▁U ng er bo e ck ▁invented ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁IBM ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁first ▁described ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁conference ▁paper ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁It ▁went ▁largely ▁un not iced , ▁however , ▁until ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁new , ▁detailed ▁ex position ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁that ▁achieved ▁sudden ▁and ▁widespread ▁recognition . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁mod ems ▁operating ▁over ▁plain ▁old ▁telephone ▁service ▁( P OT S ) ▁typically ▁achieved ▁ 9 . 6 k bit / s ▁by ▁employ ing ▁four ▁bits ▁per ▁symbol ▁Q AM ▁mod ulation ▁at ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁b aud ▁( symbol s / second ). ▁ ▁This ▁bit ▁rate ▁ceiling ▁existed ▁despite ▁the ▁best ▁efforts ▁of ▁many ▁researchers , ▁and ▁some ▁engineers ▁predicted ▁that ▁without ▁a ▁major ▁upgrade ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁phone ▁infrastructure , ▁the ▁maximum ▁achie v able ▁rate ▁for ▁a ▁P OT S ▁mod em ▁might ▁be ▁ 1 4 k bit / s ▁for ▁two - way ▁communication ▁( 3 , 4 2 9 ▁b aud ▁× ▁ 4 ▁bits / symbol , ▁using ▁Q AM ). ▁▁ 1 4 k bit / s ▁is ▁only ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁theoretical ▁maximum ▁bit ▁rate ▁predicted ▁by ▁Sh annon ' s ▁theorem ▁for ▁P OT S ▁lines ▁( appro xim
ately ▁ 3 5 ▁k bit / s ). ▁U ng er bo e ck ' s ▁theories ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁considerable ▁unt apped ▁potential ▁in ▁the ▁system , ▁and ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁concept ▁to ▁new ▁mod em ▁standards , ▁speed ▁rapidly ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 4 . 4 , ▁ 2 8 . 8 ▁and ▁ultimately ▁ 3 3 . 6 k bit / s . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁mod ulation ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁tre ll is ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁state ▁diagram ▁of ▁the ▁technique ▁closely ▁re semb les ▁a ▁tre ll is ▁lattice . ▁The ▁scheme ▁is ▁basically ▁a ▁conv olut ional ▁code ▁of ▁rates ▁( r , ▁r + 1 ). ▁U ng er bo e ck ' s ▁unique ▁contribution ▁is ▁to ▁apply ▁the ▁par ity ▁check ▁for ▁each ▁symbol , ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁older ▁technique ▁of ▁applying ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁bit ▁stream ▁then ▁mod ulating ▁the ▁bits . ▁He ▁called ▁the ▁key ▁idea ▁mapping ▁by ▁set ▁part itions . ▁This ▁idea ▁groups ▁symbols ▁in ▁a ▁tree - like ▁structure , ▁then ▁separ ates ▁them ▁into ▁two ▁lim bs ▁of ▁equal ▁size . ▁At ▁each ▁" lim b " ▁of ▁the ▁tree , ▁the ▁symbols ▁are ▁further ▁apart . ▁ ▁Though ▁hard ▁to ▁visual ize ▁in ▁multiple ▁dimensions , ▁a ▁simple ▁one - dim ension ▁example ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁basic ▁procedure . ▁Suppose ▁the ▁symbols ▁are ▁located ▁at ▁[ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁... ].
▁Place ▁all ▁odd ▁symbols ▁in ▁one ▁group , ▁and ▁all ▁even ▁symbols ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁group . ▁( This ▁is ▁not ▁quite ▁accurate , ▁because ▁U ng er bo e ck ▁was ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁two ▁dimensional ▁problem , ▁but ▁the ▁principle ▁is ▁the ▁same .) ▁Take ▁every ▁other ▁symbol ▁in ▁each ▁group ▁and ▁repeat ▁the ▁procedure ▁for ▁each ▁tree ▁lim b . ▁He ▁next ▁described ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁assign ing ▁the ▁encoded ▁bit ▁stream ▁onto ▁the ▁symbols ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁systematic ▁procedure . ▁Once ▁this ▁procedure ▁was ▁fully ▁described , ▁his ▁next ▁step ▁was ▁to ▁program ▁the ▁algorithms ▁into ▁a ▁computer ▁and ▁let ▁the ▁computer ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁codes . ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁aston ishing . ▁Even ▁the ▁most ▁simple ▁code ▁( 4 ▁state ) ▁produced ▁error ▁rates ▁nearly ▁one ▁one - th ous and th ▁of ▁an ▁equivalent ▁unc oded ▁system . ▁For ▁two ▁years ▁U ng er bo e ck ▁kept ▁these ▁results ▁private ▁and ▁only ▁convey ed ▁them ▁to ▁close ▁colleagues . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁U ng er bo e ck ▁published ▁a ▁paper ▁describing ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation . ▁ ▁A ▁fl ur ry ▁of ▁research ▁activity ▁ens ued , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁International ▁Tele commun ication ▁Union ▁had ▁published ▁mod em ▁standards ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁tre ll is - mod ulated ▁mod em ▁at ▁ 1 4 . 4 kil ob its / s ▁( 2 , 4 0 0
▁b aud ▁and ▁ 6 ▁bits ▁per ▁symbol ). ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁several ▁years ▁further ▁advances ▁in ▁encoding , ▁plus ▁a ▁corresponding ▁symbol ▁rate ▁increase ▁from ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 , 4 2 9 ▁b aud , ▁allowed ▁mod ems ▁to ▁achieve ▁rates ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 4 . 3 kil ob its / s ▁( limited ▁by ▁maximum ▁power ▁regulations ▁to ▁ 3 3 . 8 kil ob its / s ). ▁Today , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁tre ll is - mod ulated ▁V . 3 4 ▁mod ems ▁use ▁a ▁ 4 - dimensional ▁set ▁partition — ach ie ved ▁by ▁treating ▁two ▁two - dimensional ▁symbols ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁lattice . ▁This ▁set ▁uses ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 6 , ▁or ▁ 3 2 ▁state ▁conv olut ional ▁codes ▁to ▁sque eze ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁bits ▁into ▁each ▁symbol ▁the ▁mod em ▁sends ▁( for ▁example , ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁b aud ▁× ▁ 8 bits / symbol ▁= ▁ 1 9 , 2 0 0 bit / s ). ▁ ▁Impact ▁ ▁Tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁technology ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁Internet . ▁D ial - up ▁Internet ▁access ▁began ▁to ▁explode ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁restrictions ▁on ▁commercial ▁traffic ▁were ▁lifted ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁this ▁immediately ▁fuel ing ▁the ▁dot - com
▁bubble ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 0 . ▁Mod em ▁access ▁dominated ▁for ▁a ▁ten - year ▁period ▁from ▁roughly ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁including ▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁the ▁dot - com ▁bubble . ▁▁ ▁In ▁statistical ▁terms , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁there ▁were ▁just ▁under ▁ 1 5 0 ▁million ▁dial - up ▁sub scriptions ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 4 ▁O E CD ▁countries ▁and ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁broad band ▁sub scriptions . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁broad band ▁and ▁dial - up ▁were ▁roughly ▁equal ▁at ▁ 1 3 0 ▁million ▁each . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁the ▁O E CD ▁countries , ▁over ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Internet ▁access ▁sub scriptions ▁used ▁broad band ▁and ▁dial - up ▁sub scriptions ▁had ▁declined ▁to ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁million . ▁▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁mod em ▁performance ▁boost ▁due ▁to ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁was ▁of ▁relatively ▁minor ▁significance ▁for ▁brows ing ▁simple ▁web ▁pages ▁composed ▁almost ▁entirely ▁of ▁static ▁text ▁( of ▁which ▁link ▁farms ▁were ▁once ▁a ▁prominent ▁example ), ▁it ▁was ▁game - ch anger ▁for ▁everything ▁else , ▁in ▁particular , ▁the ▁online ▁distribution ▁of ▁bul ky ▁software ▁packages ▁and ▁patches , ▁and ▁early ▁experiments ▁in ▁Internet ▁video ▁such ▁as ▁Real Player , ▁where ▁a ▁ 5 6 k - class ▁mod em ▁could ▁reasonably ▁deliver ▁an
▁almost - sm ooth ▁ 3 2 0 × 2 0 0 ▁video ▁under ▁optimal ▁conditions ▁( the ▁effective ▁video ▁compression ▁rate ▁being ▁also ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁compute ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁era ). ▁▁ ▁Advanced ▁mod ulation ▁also ▁initiated ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁rural / ur ban ▁Internet ▁class ▁divide : ▁cities ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁shorter ▁P OT S ▁loops , ▁which ▁better ▁support ▁higher ▁operating ▁rates . ▁For ▁many ▁rural ▁customers , ▁a ▁put atively ▁high - speed ▁mod em ▁would ▁in ▁practice ▁de grade ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁operating ▁rate , ▁approxim ating ▁older ▁technology . ▁In ▁the ▁prev ailing ▁gold - r ush ▁ment ality , ▁web ▁site ▁design ▁t ended ▁to ▁cater ▁to ▁the ▁well - he eled ▁urban ▁base ▁by ▁l arding ▁in ▁ever ▁more ▁complex ▁page ▁design ▁( o ften ▁centered ▁around ▁online ▁ ▁advertising ▁business ▁models ▁and ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁eyeb alls ), ▁until ▁popular ▁sites ▁with ▁even ▁the ▁most ▁basic ▁functionality — function ality ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁perfectly ▁well ▁served ▁by ▁basic ▁text — bec ame ▁band width ▁pro fl igate . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁un common ▁following ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁advanced ▁mod ulation ▁for ▁rural ▁users — users ▁whose ▁band width ▁was ▁effectively ▁c apped ▁by ▁their ▁physical ▁copper ▁loop ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁mod ulation ▁technology ▁employed — to ▁experience ▁an ▁actual ▁decline ▁in ▁Internet ▁us ability . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mod ems , ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁various ▁encoding ▁mod ulations ▁from ▁ 0 . 3 ▁to ▁ 5
6 k bit / s ▁ ▁Tre ll is ▁diagram , ▁in ▁the ▁article ▁about ▁conv olut ional ▁codes ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁In ▁the ▁December ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁D il bert ▁comic ▁strip , ▁Scott ▁Adams ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁mere ▁mention ing ▁of ▁tre ll is ▁code ▁mod ulation ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁for ▁stopping ▁a ▁casual ▁conversation ▁cold . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁track ▁" We ▁Do ▁It ▁Different ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁Coast ," ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁G oth s , ▁John ▁D arn ielle ▁of ▁The ▁Mountain ▁Go ats ▁s ings , ▁" T rell is ▁mod ulation ▁for ▁the ▁children ," ▁in ▁reference ▁to ▁dial ing ▁into ▁G oth ▁sub c ulture - oriented ▁B BS es ▁in ▁the ▁pre - World ▁W ide ▁Web ▁era . ▁ ▁Re levant ▁papers ▁ ▁G . ▁U ng er bo e ck , ▁" Channel ▁coding ▁with ▁mult ile vel / phase ▁signals ," ▁I EEE ▁Trans . ▁Inf . ▁Theory , ▁vol . ▁IT - 2 8 , ▁pp . 5 5 – 6 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁G . ▁U ng er bo e ck , ▁" T rell is - c oded ▁mod ulation ▁with ▁redu nd ant ▁signal ▁sets ▁part ▁I : ▁introduction ," ▁I EEE ▁Communications ▁Magazine , ▁vol . ▁ 2 5 - 2 , ▁pp . 5 – 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 8
7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁T CM ▁tutorial ▁ ▁O ral - History : G ott fried ▁U ng er bo e ck , ▁Engineering ▁and ▁Technology ▁History ▁W iki ▁( I EEE ▁Global ▁History ▁Network ) ▁ ▁Category : Tele commun ication ▁theory ▁Category : Tele commun ications ▁engineering <0x0A> </s> ▁Wend y ▁Russell ▁Davis ▁( born ▁Wend y ▁Jean ▁Russell ; ▁May ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁ ▁Democratic ▁Party ▁politician ▁from ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas . ▁Davis ▁represented ▁District ▁ 1 0 ▁in ▁the ▁Texas ▁Senate ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁She ▁was ▁previously ▁on ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁City ▁Council . ▁She ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁public ▁speaker ▁and ▁political ▁comment ator , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁De eds ▁Not ▁W ords , ▁a ▁non - profit ▁for ▁engaging ▁young ▁women ▁in ▁politics . ▁ ▁On ▁June ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Davis ▁held ▁a ▁thirteen - hour - long ▁fil ib uster ▁to ▁block ▁Senate ▁Bill ▁ 5 , ▁a ▁measure ▁which ▁included ▁more ▁restrict ive ▁abortion ▁regulations ▁for ▁Texas . ▁The ▁fil ib uster ▁played ▁a ▁major ▁role ▁in ▁Senate ▁Democrats ' ▁success ▁in ▁delay ing ▁passage ▁of ▁the ▁bill ▁beyond ▁the ▁midnight ▁deadline ▁for ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁legisl ative ▁session , ▁though ▁it ▁ultimately ▁passed ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁session . ▁The ▁fil ib uster ▁brought
▁Davis ▁national ▁attention , ▁leading ▁to ▁spec ulation ▁about ▁a ▁run ▁for ▁governor ▁of ▁Texas . ▁She ▁subsequently ▁ran ▁for ▁governor ▁of ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁Republican ▁Party ▁nom ine e ▁Greg ▁Abb ott ▁by ▁ 5 9 % ▁to ▁ 3 8 %. ▁ ▁On ▁July ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Davis ▁announced ▁she ▁will ▁run ▁for ▁Texas ' s ▁ 2 1 st ▁congress ional ▁district ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life , ▁education , ▁and ▁family ▁ ▁Wend y ▁Davis ▁was ▁born ▁Wend y ▁Jean ▁Russell ▁in ▁West ▁War wick , ▁Rh ode ▁Island , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Virginia ▁" G inger " ▁( née ▁Sto v all ) ▁and ▁Jerry ▁Russell . ▁Her ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 0 ▁years ▁old . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Jerry ▁worked ▁at ▁National ▁Cash ▁Register . ▁When ▁Russell ▁was ▁ 1 3 , ▁her ▁parents ▁divor ced . ▁Her ▁father ▁quit ▁his ▁job ▁to ▁pursue ▁work ▁in ▁community ▁theater , ▁leading ▁his ▁child ▁support ▁payments ▁to ▁dry ▁up . ▁Her ▁mother , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁nin th ▁grade ▁education , ▁supported ▁her ▁four ▁children ▁by ▁working ▁men ial ▁jobs , ▁including ▁one ▁at ▁a ▁Bra um ' s ▁ice ▁cream ▁shop . ▁ ▁At ▁ 1 4 ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁Russell ▁was ▁selling ▁newspaper ▁sub scriptions ▁for ▁The ▁Fort
▁W orth ▁Star - Tele gram ▁and ▁working ▁at ▁an ▁Orange ▁Jul ius ▁stand . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁still ▁in ▁high ▁school , ▁she ▁moved ▁in ▁with ▁her ▁boyfriend , ▁construction ▁worker ▁Frank ▁Under wood . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁she ▁graduated ▁from ▁Rich land ▁High ▁School ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Honor ▁Society . ▁She ▁married ▁Under wood ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁and ▁gave ▁birth ▁to ▁her ▁first ▁daughter , ▁A mber , ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 9 , ▁she ▁and ▁Under wood ▁separated , ▁and ▁she ▁continued ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁their ▁mobile ▁home ▁with ▁A mber . ▁After ▁several ▁months , ▁she ▁moved ▁in ▁with ▁her ▁mother , ▁and ▁then ▁eventually ▁began ▁living ▁in ▁her ▁own ▁apartment . ▁She ▁filed ▁for ▁divorce ▁from ▁Under wood ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁official ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 2 1 . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁given ▁custody ▁of ▁A mber , ▁with ▁Under wood ▁paying ▁child ▁support . ▁ ▁She ▁attended ▁University ▁of ▁Texas ▁at ▁Ar lington ▁for ▁one ▁sem ester , ▁but ▁Davis ▁left ▁the ▁school ▁for ▁financial ▁reasons . ▁Meanwhile , ▁her ▁father ▁had ▁opened ▁the ▁European ▁Sand wich ▁Shop ▁and ▁Stage ▁Door ▁Del i ▁in ▁downtown ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁with ▁his ▁Stage ▁West ▁Theatre ▁next ▁door . ▁While ▁waiting ▁tables ▁at ▁Stage
▁West ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁she ▁was ▁introduced ▁by ▁her ▁father ▁to ▁lawyer ▁and ▁former ▁city ▁council man ▁Jeff ry ▁R . ▁Davis , ▁who ▁would ▁become ▁her ▁second ▁husband . ▁The ▁couple ▁eventually ▁married ▁on ▁May ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁after ▁dating ▁for ▁" two ▁or ▁three ▁years ," ▁and ▁they ▁settled ▁in ▁a ▁historic ▁home ▁in ▁the ▁Mist le to e ▁He ights ▁neighborhood ▁of ▁Fort ▁W orth . ▁ ▁Around ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁she ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁reception ist ▁at ▁a ▁doctor ' s ▁office , ▁where ▁a ▁nurse ▁gave ▁her ▁a ▁bro ch ure ▁for ▁T arr ant ▁County ▁College . ▁She ▁en rolled ▁in ▁their ▁two - year ▁par al eg al ▁program , ▁attending ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁She ▁began ▁dating ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁during ▁this ▁time . ▁After ▁T arr ant ▁College , ▁she ▁en rolled ▁at ▁Texas ▁Christian ▁University ▁( TC U ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁on ▁an ▁academic ▁scholarship ▁and ▁a ▁P ell ▁Grant . ▁After ▁Davis ' ▁second ▁marriage , ▁her ▁husband ▁began ▁to ▁make ▁significant ▁financial ▁contributions ▁to ▁her ▁education . ▁He ▁would ▁ultimately ▁adopt ▁her ▁daughter , ▁A mber . ▁A ▁second ▁daughter , ▁Dru , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁Davis ▁under w ent ▁abort ions ▁for ▁two ▁later ▁pregn ancies , ▁one ▁due ▁to ▁an ▁e ct opic ▁tub al ▁pregnancy
▁( wh om ▁she ▁named ▁" Luc as ") ▁and ▁another ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fet us ▁suffering ▁from ▁D andy – Walk er ▁syndrome ▁( wh om ▁she ▁named ▁" T ate ▁El ise "). ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁Davis ▁graduated ▁from ▁T CU ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Arts ▁degree ▁in ▁English . ▁That ▁fall , ▁she ▁moved ▁with ▁her ▁daughters ▁to ▁Lex ington , ▁Massachusetts , ▁to ▁attend ▁Harvard ▁Law ▁School . ▁This ▁living ▁situation ▁proved ▁unt enable , ▁and ▁after ▁four ▁months ▁her ▁daughters ▁returned ▁to ▁Texas ▁to ▁live ▁with ▁Jeff . ▁Her ▁mother ▁helped ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁them , ▁and ▁Davis ▁flew ▁back ▁regularly ▁to ▁visit ▁her ▁family ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁her ▁time ▁at ▁Harvard . ▁While ▁at ▁Harvard , ▁she ▁volunte ered ▁at ▁a ▁legal ▁clinic ▁for ▁the ▁poor , ▁where ▁she ▁helped ▁A IDS ▁patients ▁write ▁living ▁will s ▁and ▁surviving ▁partners ▁with ▁their ▁legal ▁rights . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁she ▁earned ▁her ▁J . D . ▁degree ▁cum ▁la ude , ▁and ▁she ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁State ▁Bar ▁of ▁Texas ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Jeff ▁and ▁Wend y ▁Davis ▁separated . ▁When ▁the ▁divorce ▁settlement ▁was ▁final ized ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁former ▁couple ▁shared ▁" joint ▁conserv ators hip " ▁over ▁Dru , ▁who ▁primarily ▁lived ▁with ▁her ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁home . ▁In ▁the
▁divorce ▁settlement , ▁Jeff ▁was ▁given ▁the ▁" right ▁to ▁design ate ▁the ▁primary ▁residence " ▁of ▁Dru , ▁and ▁Wend y ▁agreed ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 1 , 2 0 0 ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁child ▁support . ▁Both ▁parents ▁retained ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁decisions ▁about ▁Dru ' s ▁other ▁needs ; ▁A mber ▁was ▁a ▁young ▁adult ▁in ▁college ▁at ▁that ▁time . ▁ ▁Law ▁career ▁After ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁law ▁school , ▁Davis ▁was ▁law ▁cl erk ▁to ▁U . S . ▁District ▁Judge ▁Jerry ▁Buch me yer ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁District ▁of ▁Texas ▁in ▁Dallas ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁she ▁joined ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁office ▁of ▁Hay nes ▁& ▁Bo one ▁and ▁pract iced ▁lit igation ▁there ▁for ▁about ▁two ▁years . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁her ▁husband , ▁Jeff ▁Davis ▁started ▁Saf ec o ▁Title ▁Co . ▁of ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas ▁and ▁she ▁became ▁part ▁owner . ▁ ▁The ▁title ▁company ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁First ▁American ▁Title ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁divorce ▁dec ree . ▁ ▁She ▁continued ▁to ▁work ▁at ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁branch ▁of ▁First ▁American ▁Title ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Davis ▁joined ▁C ante y ▁H anger ▁in ▁an ▁Of ▁counsel ▁role ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Davis ' ▁of ▁counsel ▁relationship ▁with ▁C ante y ▁H anger ▁ended ▁on ▁December ▁ 3 1 ,
▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁She ▁partner ed ▁with ▁Brian ▁New by ▁to ▁open ▁New by ▁Davis , ▁P LL C ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Her ▁current ▁practice ▁includes ▁federal ▁and ▁local ▁government al ▁affairs , ▁lit igation , ▁economic ▁development , ▁contract ▁compliance ▁and ▁real ▁estate ▁matters . ▁ ▁During ▁her ▁time ▁working ▁for ▁the ▁title ▁company ▁Saf ec o , ▁Davis ▁was ▁paid ▁an ▁annual ▁salary ▁of ▁$ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁by ▁her ▁husband ▁Jeff ▁Davis , ▁who ▁told ▁Robert ▁D rap er ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Magazine ▁that ▁he ▁paid ▁her ▁the ▁salary ▁for ▁her ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁as ▁a ▁council ▁member , ▁a ▁job ▁that ▁paid ▁little . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁ ▁City ▁Council ▁Davis ▁first ▁ran ▁for ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁City ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁nin ety ▁votes . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁defeat , ▁Davis ▁su ed ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁Star - Tele gram , ▁American ▁Broad cast ing ▁Company , ▁and ▁the ▁Disney ▁Company , ▁which ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁owned ▁the ▁Star - Tele gram ▁and ▁ABC . ▁ ▁The ▁Texas ▁Trib une ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁alleged ▁" that ▁bi ased ▁coverage ▁led ▁to ▁her ▁defeat ▁and ▁caused ▁injury ▁to ▁her ▁physical ▁and ▁mental ▁health ". ▁Her ▁claims ▁were ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Texas ▁courts , ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Star - Tele gram ' s ▁First ▁Am endment ▁free ▁speech ▁grounds .
▁ ▁Sub sequently , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Davis ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁City ▁Council . ▁During ▁her ▁nine - year ▁ten ure ▁there , ▁Davis ▁focused ▁on ▁transportation , ▁economic ▁development , ▁and ▁neighborhood ▁issues . ▁She ▁also ▁worked ▁on ▁economic ▁development ▁projects , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mont gomery ▁Pl aza ▁renov ation , ▁the ▁Tower , ▁Pier ▁One ▁and ▁Radio ▁Sh ack ▁camp uses . ▁ ▁Republican ▁politics ▁ ▁While ▁serving ▁on ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁City ▁Council , ▁Davis ▁voted ▁in ▁Republican ▁prim aries . ▁Davis ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁then ▁a ▁Republican ▁because ▁she ▁liked ▁Republican ▁Congress woman ▁Kay ▁Gr anger ▁of ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁and ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁vote ▁on ▁jud icial ▁nom ine es ▁in ▁Republican ▁prim aries . ▁ ▁She ▁voted ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁prim aries ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁she ▁has ▁given ▁$ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁to ▁Gr anger . ▁ ▁Also , ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁she ▁gave ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁to ▁George ▁W . ▁Bush ' s ▁first ▁presidential ▁campaign . ▁ ▁State ▁Senate ▁ ▁Davis ▁represented ▁Texas ▁Senate , ▁District ▁ 1 0 , ▁which ▁includes ▁portions ▁of ▁T arr ant ▁County , ▁Texas . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁she ▁narrow ly ▁defeated ▁inc umb ent ▁Republican ▁Senator ▁Kim ▁Br imer ▁for ▁the ▁seat , ▁despite ▁a ▁legal ▁challenge

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