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lished ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁Ltd ▁ ▁and ▁distributed ▁by ▁H ogs head ▁Publishing , ▁until ▁H ogs head ▁Publishing ▁closed ▁down . ▁Between ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Cub icle ▁ 7 ▁Entertainment ▁produced ▁new ▁material , ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁license ▁returned ▁to ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁Ltd , ▁who ▁released ▁supplement s ▁( known ▁as ▁Data ▁Pack ets ) ▁as ▁PDF s . ▁In ▁August , ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁K ick st arter ▁for ▁the ▁S LA ▁Indust ries : ▁Cann ib al ▁S ector ▁ 1 ▁mini atures ▁game ▁was ▁launched ▁by ▁Dar uma ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Night fall ▁Games . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁June , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁announced ▁that ▁Dar uma ▁Produ ctions ▁was ▁entering ▁the ▁liquid ation ▁process ▁and ▁Night fall ▁would ▁be ▁taking ▁over ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁K ick st arter . ▁Night fall ▁have ▁announced ▁that ▁Cann ib al ▁S ector ▁ 1 ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Writ ers ' ▁Bible ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁produced ▁the ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁Writ ers ▁Bible , ▁sometimes ▁simply ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁The ▁Bible ▁or ▁The ▁Truth , ▁to ▁allow ▁fre el ance ▁writers ▁to ▁grasp ▁the ▁complicated ▁background ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁terms ▁of ▁the ▁associated ▁non - dis closure ▁agreement ▁required ▁that ▁the ▁contents ▁of ▁the ▁document ▁remain ▁secret . ▁Following ▁an ▁extended ▁hi atus ▁in ▁production |
▁of ▁official ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁material , ▁editor ▁Tim ▁D ed op ulos ▁released ▁the ▁b ible ▁to ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁email ▁discussion ▁list ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁The ▁fans ' ▁reaction ▁to ▁The ▁Truth ▁was ▁not ▁entirely ▁warm , ▁and ▁the ▁remaining ▁members ▁of ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁made ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁further ▁red istribution ▁of ▁the ▁b ible ▁was ▁not ▁permitted ▁without ▁their ▁explicit ▁permission . ▁The ▁writers ▁have ▁since ▁made ▁it ▁clear ▁that ▁the ▁b ible ▁was ▁not ▁intended ▁for ▁mass ▁consumption ▁- ▁it ▁had ▁not ▁been ▁edited ▁to ▁the ▁same ▁standard ▁as ▁the ▁published ▁material , ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁internal ▁document ▁used ▁only ▁to ▁keep ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁dispar ate ▁authors ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁intentions ▁of ▁Night fall ▁Games . ▁It ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁explained ▁that ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁revealing ▁The ▁Truth ▁was ▁originally ▁to ▁have ▁happened ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁several ▁publications , ▁each ▁one ▁containing ▁more ▁elements ▁of ▁an ▁increasingly ▁ref ined ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁back story . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Cub icle ▁ 7 ▁re - re leased ▁the ▁old ▁Writ ers ▁Bible , ▁stating ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁the ▁Truth ▁used ▁intern ally ▁for ▁further ▁development ▁of ▁material . ▁It ▁is ▁no ▁longer ▁accessible ▁and ▁not ▁considered ▁canon ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games . ▁ ▁Second ▁Edition ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁K ick st arter ▁campaign ▁launched ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁for ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition |
. ▁It ▁raised ▁£ 9 0 , 4 4 4 ▁from ▁ 1 , 2 8 1 ▁back ers ▁. ▁Additionally , ▁a ▁free ▁Quick ▁Start ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁to ▁introduce ▁the ▁new ▁rules , ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁K ick start ▁campaign . ▁ ▁Product ▁line ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition ▁Public ations ▁( all ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ) ▁ ▁" SL A ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition : ▁Quick ▁Start ", ▁a ▁ 4 8 - page ▁PDF ▁introducing ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁edition ▁rules et . ▁▁ ▁" Ex - Mass ▁PDF " ▁Supp lement , ▁an ▁ 8 ▁page ▁PDF ▁released ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁“ Progress ▁Report ▁PDF ” ▁Supp lement , ▁a ▁ 1 6 ▁page ▁PDF ▁released ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁This ▁Supp lement ▁was ▁release ▁as ▁a ▁P W Y W ▁document ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁as ▁a ▁res pite ▁during ▁the ▁Cor on avirus ▁lock down . ▁ ▁" SL A ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition " ▁Main ▁Rule book ▁( to ▁be ▁Published ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁including ▁ 4 ▁cover ▁vari ants ). ▁ ▁" SL A ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition ▁GM ▁Screen ▁Pack ", ▁includes ▁a ▁GM ▁Screen ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁page ▁book let ▁( to ▁be ▁Published ▁ 2 0 2 0 ). ▁ ▁" SL A ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition : ▁Quick ▁Start ", ▁a ▁ |
5 4 - page ▁supplement ▁( to ▁be ▁Published ▁ 2 0 2 0 ). ▁ ▁" C ann ib al ▁S ector ▁One ▁Con version ▁Document ", ▁a ▁PDF ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Cann ib al ▁S ector ▁One ▁supplement ▁book ▁and ▁PDF ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁edition ▁rules et ▁( to ▁be ▁Published ▁ 2 0 2 0 ). ▁ ▁" H unter ▁She ets ▁Issue ▁ 2 ▁Con version ▁Document ", ▁a ▁PDF ▁to ▁allow ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁Hunter ▁She ets ▁Issue ▁ 2 ▁supplement ▁book ▁and ▁PDF ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁edition ▁rules et ▁( to ▁be ▁Published ▁ 2 0 2 0 ). ▁▁▁▁▁ 1 st ▁Edition ▁Public ations ▁▁ ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁Main ▁Rule book ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁Kar ma ▁Source book ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁( Out ▁of ▁Print ▁but ▁available ▁as ▁a ▁PDF ) ▁ ▁GM ▁screen ( Out ▁of ▁Print ) ▁ ▁Hunter ▁She ets ▁Issue ▁ 1 ▁Supp lement ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁Cub icle ▁ 7 ▁( Out ▁of ▁Print ▁but ▁available ▁as ▁a ▁PDF ) ▁ ▁Hunter ▁She ets ▁Issue ▁ 2 ▁Supp lement ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁Dar uma ▁Produ ctions ▁and ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" G ator ▁Storm er " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁( no ▁longer ▁available ) ▁ ▁" K lic ks ▁End " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only |
▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" M omic ▁ 0 . 1 " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" D ream " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" H omin id " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" H un ters ▁She ets : ▁Red ▁Al ert " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁" C ann ib al ▁S ector ▁One " ▁Supp lement ▁( 3 5 2 - lage ▁full ▁colour ▁hard back ▁book ▁or ▁pdf ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ). ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁publication ▁for ▁ 1 sr ▁Edition . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁ 1 st ▁Edition ▁books ▁and ▁documents ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁considered ▁canon ▁and ▁are ▁out ▁of ▁print : ▁ ▁" M ort " ▁Source book ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁W iz ards ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁ ▁" The ▁Key ▁of ▁Del hy read " ▁Sc enario ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁H ogs head ▁Publishing ▁ ▁" The ▁Contract ▁Direct ory " ▁Source book ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁H ogs head ▁Publishing ▁ ▁" CS 1 " ▁Source book ▁() ▁published ▁by ▁Cub icle ▁ 7 ▁ ▁" U r sa ▁Car rien " ▁Data ▁P acket , ▁a ▁PDF ▁only ▁Supp lement ▁published ▁by ▁Night fall ▁Games ▁ ▁Reviews ▁White ▁Wolf ▁# 4 4 ▁( J |
une , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Review ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Night fall ▁Games , ▁creat ors ▁of ▁S LA ▁Indust ries . ▁ ▁S LA ▁Indust ries ▁ 2 nd ▁Edition : ▁Quick ▁Start ▁on ▁Drive Th ru ▁R PG . ▁ ▁Category : B rit ish ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : Camp aign ▁settings ▁Category : C y ber p unk ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : H ogs head ▁Publishing ▁games ▁Category : Hor ror ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : S ci ence ▁fiction ▁role - play ing ▁games ▁Category : W iz ards ▁of ▁the ▁Coast ▁games ▁Category : Role - play ing ▁games ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Newton ▁of ▁K ink ell ▁is ▁a ▁scattered ▁cro ft ing ▁town ship , ▁along ▁with ▁Newton ▁of ▁Fer int osh ▁in ▁D ing wall , ▁Black ▁Is le , ▁Ross - shire , ▁Scottish ▁High lands ▁and ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁council ▁area ▁of ▁High land . ▁ ▁Newton ▁of ▁Fer int osh ▁is ▁another ▁cro ft ing ▁town ship , ▁which ▁lies ▁directly ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁Newton ▁of ▁K ink ell . ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁Con on ▁Bridge ▁is ▁ 2 ▁miles ▁north west ▁of ▁Newton ▁of ▁K ink ell ▁and ▁ 2 ▁miles ▁nort heast ▁of ▁Mu ir ▁of ▁Ord . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁on ▁the ▁Black ▁Is le <0x0A> </s> ▁Marian ▁J ank owski ▁( 8 |
▁December ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁– ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish ▁weight lif ter . ▁He ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁b ant am weight ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : Pol ish ▁male ▁weight lif ters ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁weight lif ters ▁of ▁Poland ▁Category : Weight lif ters ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ko ś c ian ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁Japanese ▁business ▁executive ▁and ▁the ▁current ▁president ▁of ▁Toy ota ▁Motor ▁Corporation . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁great ▁grand son ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁industrial ist ▁Sak ichi ▁Toy oda , ▁and ▁the ▁grand son ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Toy ota ▁Mot ors ▁Ki ich iro ▁Toy oda ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Tak ash im aya ▁department ▁stores ▁corporation ▁Sh in sh ichi ▁I ida . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁Toy oda ▁is ▁the ▁great - grand son ▁of ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁Toy oda ▁Autom atic ▁Lo om works , ▁Sak ichi ▁Toy oda , ▁and ▁grand son ▁of ▁Toy ota ▁Motor ▁Corporation ▁founder ▁Ki ich iro ▁Toy oda . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 6 , ▁in ▁Nag oya ▁to ▁Sh o ich iro ▁Toy oda ▁and ▁H iro ko ▁n ée ▁M its ui . ▁Toy |
oda ' s ▁family ▁line ▁have ▁long ▁dominated ▁the ▁upper ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁businesses ▁since ▁the ▁days ▁his ▁car p enter - far mer ▁great - g reat - grand father , ▁I k ichi ▁Toy oda , ▁taught ▁his ▁son ▁fabric ation ▁and ▁car p entry . ▁Ak io ▁Toy oda ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁cont ender ▁for ▁the ▁family ▁business ▁when ▁K ats u aki ▁Wat an abe ▁was ▁reass igned ▁as ▁Vice - Ch air man ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁the ▁quality ▁control ▁crisis . ▁ ▁Toy oda ▁completed ▁his ▁under graduate ▁work ▁in ▁law ▁at ▁Ke io ▁University ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁his ▁Masters ▁of ▁Finance ▁at ▁Bab son ▁College ▁ ▁in ▁Massachusetts . ▁He ▁would ▁join ▁the ▁family ▁business ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁ ▁Toy ota ▁ ▁Grand son ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁founder , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Toy oda ▁joined ▁Toy ota ' s ▁board ▁of ▁directors . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Toy oda ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁executive ▁vice ▁president . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁Toy oda ▁was ▁chosen ▁as ▁the ▁forth coming ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁company . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁confirmed ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁president , ▁along ▁with ▁four ▁new ▁executive ▁vice ▁pres idents ▁and ▁eight ▁new ▁board ▁members . ▁The ▁previous ▁president ▁and ▁CEO ▁K ats u aki ▁Wat an abe ▁became ▁vice ▁chairman |
, ▁replacing ▁K ats uh iro ▁Nak ag awa . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁av id ▁auto ▁racing ▁fan ▁and ▁driver ▁himself , ▁Toy oda ▁has ▁promoted ▁sports ▁models ▁like ▁the ▁Lex us ▁IS - F ▁and ▁Lex us ▁L F - A ▁at ▁auto ▁races . ▁He ▁has ▁participated ▁as ▁a ▁driver ▁at ▁events ▁like ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ 2 4 ▁H ours ▁N ür burg ring ▁race ▁employ ing ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Mor izo ▁Kin osh ita . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁reached ▁the ▁ 8 7 th ▁position ▁overall ▁and ▁the ▁fourth ▁position ▁in ▁his ▁class ▁with ▁his ▁L F - A ▁Pro totype ▁No . ▁ 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁Aut oc ar ' s ▁Man ▁of ▁the ▁Year . ▁ ▁Toy ota ▁global ▁rec alls ▁and ▁Congress ional ▁Statement ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁massive ▁global ▁rec alls ▁ball oon ing ▁to ▁ 8 . 5 ▁million ▁vehicles , ▁Toy oda ▁was ▁invited ▁to ▁test ify ▁before ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁which ▁he ▁accepted . ▁A ▁week ▁later , ▁he ▁issued ▁a ▁prepared ▁statement ▁to ▁the ▁Congress . ▁He ▁focused ▁on ▁three ▁key ▁issues : ▁Toy ota ' s ▁basic ▁philosophy ▁regarding ▁quality ▁control , ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁the ▁rec alls , ▁and ▁" how ▁we ▁will ▁manage ▁quality ▁control ▁going ▁forward ". ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ |
2 0 1 0 , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁president ▁and ▁CO O ▁of ▁Toy ota ▁Motor ▁North ▁America , ▁Y osh imi ▁In aba , ▁Toy oda ▁test ified ▁before ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ' ▁O vers ight ▁and ▁Government ▁Re form ▁Committee . ▁As ▁the ▁sc ion ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁world ▁renown ▁for ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁automated ▁manufacturing , ▁the ▁quality ▁control ▁cr ises ▁personally ▁affected ▁the ▁former ▁Massachusetts ▁student , ▁Toy oda . ▁In ▁his ▁comments ▁he ▁is ▁quoted ▁as ▁being ▁" deep ly ▁sorry " ▁and ▁highlighted ▁the ▁relations ▁between ▁Toy ota ▁vehicles ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Americans ▁for ▁fifty ▁years . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁H ase g awa , ▁Y ō z ō . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁Red is cover ing ▁Japanese ▁Business ▁Lead ership : ▁ 1 5 ▁Japanese ▁Man agers ▁and ▁the ▁Companies ▁They ' re ▁Lead ing ▁to ▁New ▁Grow th . ▁Hob oken , ▁New ▁Jersey : ▁W iley . ▁; ▁O CL C ▁ 4 3 5 4 2 2 4 9 8 ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Nag oya ▁Category : B ab son ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ch ief ▁execut ives ▁in ▁the ▁autom obile ▁industry ▁Category : J apan ese ▁chief ▁execut ives ▁Category : Ke io ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : T oy ota ▁people ▁Ak io ▁Category : J apan ese ▁racing ▁drivers ▁Category : Off |
ici ers ▁of ▁the ▁L ég ion ▁d ' hon neur <0x0A> </s> ▁Alexander ▁Kennedy ▁Smith ▁ ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 8 2 4 ▁– ▁ 1 6 ▁January ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scottish / Austral ian ▁engineer ▁and ▁former ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Melbourne . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Smith ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁C aul dm ill ▁near ▁Haw ick , ▁R ox burgh shire , ▁Scotland . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁Victoria ' s ▁gas ▁and ▁water ▁works ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 8 6 0 s . ▁ ▁Smith ▁was ▁sent ▁from ▁Scotland ▁to ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁to ▁manage ▁and ▁build ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Gas ▁and ▁C oke ▁Co . ▁works . ▁Once ▁that ▁project ▁was ▁complete , ▁Smith ▁remained ▁in ▁Victoria ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁his ▁own ▁practice . ▁He ▁built ▁gas ▁works ▁at ▁Ball ar at , ▁Cast lem aine ▁and ▁B end igo ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁one ▁at ▁New castle , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . ▁Smith ▁also ▁drew ▁up ▁plans ▁and ▁specific ations ▁for ▁many ▁other ▁works ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁overseas . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁consulting ▁and ▁loc omot ive ▁engineer ▁for ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Sub ur ban ▁Railway ▁Company , ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁an ▁engineer ▁on ▁the ▁South ▁Y ar ra ▁Water works . ▁ ▁Smith ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 |
1 , ▁member ▁for ▁the ▁La ▁Tro be ▁Ward ▁in ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁City ▁Council ▁for ▁fifteen ▁years , ▁and ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁from ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁ ▁Smith ▁died ▁of ▁heart ▁disease ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Stud ley ▁Park , ▁Victoria , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Career ▁highlights ▁ 1 8 4 6 – 1 8 5 4 ▁Engine er ▁with ▁the ▁Great ▁Western ▁Railway ▁Company . ▁ 1 8 5 3 ▁– ▁c . 1 8 5 7 ▁Second ed ▁to ▁build ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁Gas ▁and ▁C oke ▁Co . ▁works ▁– ▁a ▁five - year ▁contract ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁Ar rived ▁in ▁Australia ▁( M el bourne ) ▁c . 1 8 5 7 ▁– ▁ ▁Civil ▁and ▁Consult ing ▁Engine er ▁private ▁practice ▁established ▁in ▁Carl ton , ▁Victoria ▁ 1 8 6 0 ▁– ▁? ▁Major ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Vol unte er ▁Art illery ▁Regiment ▁ 1 8 7 5 – 1 8 7 6 ▁Mayor ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁ 1 8 7 7 – 1 8 8 1 ▁Member ▁for ▁East ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Bio ▁at ▁Melbourne ▁University ▁Bright ▁S par cs ▁J ill ▁East wood , ▁' Sm ith , ▁Alexander ▁Kennedy ▁( 1 8 2 4 – 1 8 8 1 )', ▁Australian ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁Biography , ▁Vol . 6 , ▁M UP , ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁p . 1 3 9 |
▁ ▁Category : 1 8 2 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 1 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁the ▁Scottish ▁B orders ▁Category : Austral ian ▁engineers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁civil ▁engineers ▁Category : May ors ▁and ▁Lord ▁May ors ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁Category : V ict oria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁state ▁politicians ▁Category : Engine ers ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Australia ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁Australian ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁extreme ▁environment ▁is ▁a ▁habitat ▁that ▁is ▁considered ▁very ▁hard ▁to ▁survive ▁in ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁considerably ▁extreme ▁conditions ▁such ▁as ▁temperature , ▁access ibility ▁to ▁different ▁energy ▁sources ▁or ▁under ▁high ▁pressure . ▁For ▁an ▁area ▁to ▁be ▁considered ▁an ▁extreme ▁environment , ▁it ▁must ▁contain ▁certain ▁conditions ▁and ▁aspects ▁that ▁are ▁considered ▁very ▁hard ▁for ▁other ▁life ▁forms ▁to ▁survive . ▁Press ure ▁conditions ▁may ▁be ▁extremely ▁high ▁or ▁low ; ▁high ▁or ▁low ▁content ▁of ▁oxygen ▁or ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁in ▁the ▁atmosphere ; ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁radiation , ▁acid ity , ▁or ▁al kal inity ; ▁absence ▁of ▁water ; ▁water ▁containing ▁a ▁high ▁concentration ▁of ▁salt ▁or ▁sugar ; ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁sul ph ur , ▁pet role um , ▁and ▁other ▁toxic ▁sub stances . ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁extreme ▁environments ▁include ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁pol es , ▁very ▁ar id ▁des erts , ▁vol c ano es , ▁deep ▁ocean ▁tren ches , ▁upper ▁atmosphere , ▁M t ▁Ever est , |
▁outer ▁space , ▁and ▁the ▁environments ▁of ▁every ▁planet ▁in ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁except ▁the ▁Earth . ▁Any ▁organ isms ▁living ▁in ▁these ▁conditions ▁are ▁often ▁very ▁well ▁adapted ▁to ▁their ▁living ▁circumstances , ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁long - term ▁evolution . ▁Phys i ologists ▁have ▁long ▁known ▁that ▁organ isms ▁living ▁in ▁extreme ▁environments ▁are ▁especially ▁likely ▁to ▁exhibit ▁clear ▁examples ▁of ▁evolution ary ▁adaptation ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁presumably ▁intense ▁past ▁natural ▁selection ▁they ▁have ▁experienced . ▁ ▁On ▁Earth ▁The ▁distribution ▁of ▁extreme ▁environments ▁on ▁Earth ▁has ▁varied ▁through ▁ge ological ▁time . ▁Hum ans ▁generally ▁do ▁not ▁inhabit ▁extreme ▁environments . ▁There ▁are ▁organ isms ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁extrem oph iles ▁that ▁do ▁live ▁in ▁such ▁conditions ▁and ▁are ▁so ▁well - ad apt ed ▁that ▁they ▁readily ▁grow ▁and ▁multip ly . ▁Ext reme ▁environments ▁are ▁usually ▁hard ▁to ▁survive ▁in . ▁ ▁Beyond ▁Earth ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁mo ons ▁and ▁planets ▁in ▁the ▁Solar ▁System ▁are ▁also ▁extreme ▁environments . ▁Ast ro bi ologists ▁have ▁not ▁yet ▁found ▁life ▁in ▁any ▁environments ▁beyond ▁Earth , ▁though ▁experiments ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁tard igr ades ▁can ▁survive ▁the ▁harsh ▁vacuum ▁and ▁intense ▁radiation ▁of ▁outer ▁space . ▁The ▁concept ual ▁modification ▁of ▁ ▁conditions ▁in ▁locations ▁beyond ▁Earth , ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁more ▁hab itable ▁by ▁humans ▁and ▁other ▁ter rest rial ▁organ isms , ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁terra forming . ▁ ▁Types ▁Among ▁extreme ▁environments ▁are ▁places ▁that ▁are ▁al kal ine , ▁acid ic , |
▁or ▁unus ually ▁hot ▁or ▁cold ▁or ▁sal ty , ▁or ▁without ▁water ▁or ▁oxygen . ▁There ▁are ▁also ▁places ▁altered ▁by ▁humans , ▁such ▁as ▁mine ▁tail ings ▁or ▁oil ▁impact ed ▁habit ats . ▁▁ ▁Al kal ine : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁above ▁p H ▁ 9 ▁whether ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁Ac id ic : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁below ▁p H ▁ 5 ▁whether ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁Ext rem ely ▁cold : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁habit ats ▁period ically ▁or ▁consistently ▁below ▁- 1 7 ° C ▁either ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁Incl udes ▁mont ane ▁sites , ▁polar ▁sites , ▁and ▁deep ▁ocean ▁habit ats . ▁ ▁Ext rem ely ▁hot : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁habit ats ▁period ically ▁or ▁consistently ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁ 4 0 ° C ▁either ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁Incl udes ▁sites ▁with ▁ge other mal ▁influences ▁such ▁as ▁Yellow stone ▁and ▁comparable ▁locations ▁worldwide ▁or ▁deep - sea ▁v ents . ▁ ▁H yp ers al ine : ▁( high ▁salt ) ▁environments ▁with ▁salt ▁concentr ations ▁greater ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁se aw ater |
, ▁that ▁is , ▁> 3 . 5 %. ▁Incl udes ▁salt ▁l akes . ▁ ▁Under ▁pressure : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁habit ats ▁under ▁extreme ▁hydro static ▁pressure ▁— ▁i . e . ▁aqu atic ▁habit ats ▁deeper ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁meters ▁and ▁en closed ▁habit ats ▁under ▁pressure . ▁Incl udes ▁habit ats ▁in ▁o ce ans ▁and ▁deep ▁l akes . ▁ ▁Rad iation : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁habit ats ▁exposed ▁to ▁ab norm ally ▁high ▁radiation ▁or ▁of ▁radiation ▁outside ▁the ▁normal ▁range ▁of ▁light . ▁Incl udes ▁habit ats ▁exposed ▁to ▁high ▁UV ▁and ▁IR ▁radiation . ▁ ▁Without ▁water : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁habit ats ▁without ▁free ▁water ▁whether ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁Incl udes ▁hot ▁and ▁cold ▁desert ▁environments , ▁and ▁some ▁end ol ith ic ▁habit ats ▁ ▁Without ▁oxygen : ▁broad ly ▁con ceived ▁as ▁habit ats ▁without ▁free ▁oxygen ▁- ▁whether ▁pers ist ently , ▁or ▁with ▁regular ▁frequency , ▁or ▁for ▁pro tract ed ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁Incl udes ▁habit ats ▁in ▁deeper ▁sed iments . ▁ ▁Al tered ▁by ▁humans , ▁i . e . ▁anth rop ogen ically ▁impact ed ▁habit ats . ▁Incl udes ▁mine ▁tail ings , ▁oil ▁impact ed ▁habit ats , ▁and ▁pollution ▁by ▁heavy ▁met als ▁or ▁organic ▁comp ounds . ▁ ▁Without ▁light : ▁Deep ▁Ocean ▁environments ▁and ▁habit ats ▁such |
▁as ▁c aves . ▁ ▁V oid ▁of ▁food : ▁Are as ▁on ▁earth ▁that ▁lack ▁an ▁abundance ▁of ▁food ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁vast ▁ocean , ▁desert ▁and ▁high ▁country . ▁▁ ▁Ext reme ▁Press ure : ▁Deep ▁ocean ▁ ▁Ext reme ▁Hab it ats ▁Many ▁different ▁habit ats ▁can ▁be ▁considered ▁extreme ▁environments , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁polar ▁ice ▁caps , ▁the ▁dri est ▁spots ▁in ▁des erts , ▁and ▁ab ys mal ▁depth s ▁in ▁the ▁ocean . ▁Many ▁different ▁places ▁on ▁the ▁Earth ▁demand ▁that ▁species ▁become ▁highly ▁specialized ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁to ▁survive . ▁In ▁particular , ▁micro sc opic ▁organ isms ▁that ▁can ' t ▁be ▁seen ▁with ▁the ▁naked ▁eye ▁often ▁th rive ▁in ▁surprising ▁places . ▁ ▁Pol ar ▁regions ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁danger ously ▁low ▁temperatures , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁can ▁survive ▁in ▁the ▁these ▁remote ▁areas ▁is ▁very ▁slim . ▁Over ▁years ▁of ▁evolution ▁and ▁adaptation ▁to ▁this ▁extremely ▁cold ▁environment , ▁both ▁micro sc opic ▁and ▁larger ▁species ▁have ▁survived ▁and ▁th rived ▁no ▁matter ▁what ▁conditions ▁they ▁are ▁faced . ▁By ▁changing ▁their ▁eating ▁patterns ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁dense ▁p elt ▁or ▁their ▁body ▁fat , ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁species ▁have ▁been ▁capable ▁of ▁ad ap ting ▁to ▁such ▁harsh ▁conditions ▁and ▁have ▁learned ▁how ▁the ▁th rive ▁in ▁these ▁cold ▁environments . ▁ ▁Des erts ▁ ▁A ▁desert ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁extreme ▁temperatures ▁and ▁extremely ▁dry ▁climate . ▁The ▁type ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁res ide ▁in |
▁this ▁area ▁have ▁adapted ▁to ▁these ▁harsh ▁conditions ▁over ▁years ▁and ▁years . ▁Spec ies ▁that ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁store ▁water ▁and ▁have ▁learned ▁how ▁to ▁protect ▁themselves ▁from ▁the ▁sun s ▁harsh ▁r ays ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁ones ▁who ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁surviving ▁in ▁these ▁extreme ▁environments . ▁ ▁O ce ans ▁ ▁The ▁o ce ans ▁depth s ▁and ▁temperatures ▁contains ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁extreme ▁conditions ▁for ▁any ▁species ▁to ▁survive . ▁The ▁deeper ▁one ▁travels , ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁pressure ▁and ▁the ▁lower ▁the ▁visibility ▁gets , ▁causing ▁completely ▁black ed ▁out ▁conditions . ▁Many ▁of ▁these ▁conditions ▁are ▁too ▁intense ▁for ▁humans ▁to ▁travel ▁to , ▁so ▁instead ▁of ▁sending ▁humans ▁down ▁to ▁these ▁depth s ▁to ▁collect ▁research , ▁scientists ▁are ▁using ▁smaller ▁submar ines ▁or ▁deep ▁sea ▁dr ones ▁to ▁study ▁these ▁creatures ▁and ▁extreme ▁environments . ▁ ▁Types ▁of ▁Spec ies ▁that ▁live ▁in ▁Ext reme ▁Env iron ments ▁▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁different ▁species ▁that ▁are ▁either ▁commonly ▁known ▁or ▁not ▁known ▁amongst ▁many ▁people . ▁These ▁species ▁have ▁either ▁adapted ▁over ▁time ▁into ▁these ▁extreme ▁environments ▁or ▁they ▁have ▁res ided ▁their ▁entire ▁life ▁no ▁matter ▁how ▁many ▁generations . ▁The ▁different ▁species ▁that ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁live ▁in ▁these ▁environments ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁flexibility ▁with ▁adaptation . ▁Many ▁can ▁adapt ▁to ▁different ▁climate ▁conditions ▁and ▁h iber nate ▁if ▁need ▁be ▁to ▁survive . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁contains ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁species ▁that ▁live ▁in ▁extreme ▁environments ▁. ▁▁ ▁Different ▁Types |
▁of ▁Spec ies ▁▁▁ ▁G iant ▁k ang ar oo ▁rat ▁ ▁Certain ▁species ▁of ▁fro gs ▁ ▁Th erm ot oler ant ▁worm s ▁( Al vin ella ▁pom pe j ana ) ▁ ▁Dev il ▁worm s , ▁Hal ice ph al ob us ▁me ph isto ▁ ▁Green land ▁sh ark ▁ ▁Marine ▁micro organ ism ▁ ▁B d ello idea ▁ ▁T ard igr ade ▁( water bear ) ▁ ▁H imal ay an ▁jumping ▁sp ider , ▁Eu oph rys ▁om nis uper st es ▁ ▁C ock ro ach ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁Ext reme ▁Env iron ments ▁▁▁ ▁Ant ar ct ica ▁ ▁Dead ▁Sea ▁ ▁M amm oth ▁Hot ▁Springs ▁ ▁Mar iana ▁T rench ▁ ▁Mono ▁Lake ▁ ▁Mount ▁Ever est ▁ ▁S ah ara ▁ ▁Picture ▁gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Ad apt ation ▁ ▁Ec ology ▁ ▁Ec oph ys i ology ▁ ▁Ev olution ary ▁phys i ology ▁ ▁Ext reme ▁environment ▁clothing ▁ ▁Ext rem oph ile ▁Hab itat ▁▁ ▁L Ex EN ▁( Life ▁in ▁Ext reme ▁Env iron ments ) ▁▁ ▁Natural ▁environment ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁" Ext reme ▁Environment ." ▁Micro b ial ▁Life . ▁N . p ., ▁n . d . ▁Web . ▁ 1 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁▁ ▁Category : Ext rem oph iles ▁ ▁Category : Ge ography ▁ 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁re |
nal ▁caps ule ▁is ▁a ▁tough ▁fib rous ▁layer ▁surrounding ▁the ▁kid ney ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁a ▁layer ▁of ▁per ire nal ▁fat ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ad ip ose ▁caps ule ▁of ▁kid ney . ▁The ▁ad ip ose ▁caps ule ▁is ▁sometimes ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁re nal ▁caps ule . ▁It ▁provides ▁some ▁protection ▁from ▁trauma ▁and ▁damage . ▁The ▁re nal ▁caps ule ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁the ▁re nal ▁fasc ia . ▁Over lying ▁the ▁re nal ▁fasc ia ▁and ▁between ▁this ▁and ▁the ▁trans verse ▁fasc ia ▁is ▁a ▁region ▁of ▁par are nal ▁fat . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁The ▁re nal ▁caps ule ▁surround s ▁the ▁functional ▁tissue ▁of ▁the ▁kid ney , ▁and ▁its ▁itself ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁fat ty ▁ad ip ose ▁caps ule , ▁fasc ia , ▁and ▁fat . ▁From ▁the ▁inner ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁kid ney ▁to ▁outside ▁the ▁kid ney , ▁the ▁position ing ▁of ▁the ▁caps ule ▁is : ▁ ▁re nal ▁med ull a ▁▁ ▁re nal ▁cort ex ▁ ▁re nal ▁caps ule ▁ ▁ad ip ose ▁caps ule ▁of ▁kid ney ▁( or ▁per ire nal ▁fat , ▁or ▁per ine ph ric ▁fat ) ▁ ▁re nal ▁fasc ia ▁ ▁par are nal ▁fat ▁ ▁per it one um ▁( an terior ly ), ▁and ▁trans verse ▁fasc ia ▁( post er ior ly ). ▁ ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁ad ip ose ▁caps ule ▁of ▁the ▁kid ney ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁per ire nal ▁fat |
, ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁re nal ▁caps ule . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ren al ▁med ull a ▁ ▁Ren al ▁py ram id ▁ ▁Ren al ▁ar tery ▁ ▁Ren al ▁ve in ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : K id ney ▁an at omy <0x0A> </s> ▁Crim son ▁II ▁is ▁the ▁e ighth ▁and ▁final ▁full - length ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Swedish ▁death ▁metal ▁band ▁Edge ▁of ▁San ity ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁continu ation ▁of ▁the ▁story line ▁first ▁heard ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁Crim son ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁Edge ▁of ▁San ity ▁release ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁feature ▁original ▁members ▁Andre as ▁Ax el sson , ▁Sam i ▁N er berg , ▁Anders ▁Lind berg ▁and ▁Ben ny ▁Lar sson . ▁Instead , ▁it ▁features ▁contributions ▁from ▁guest ▁musicians ▁Mike ▁We ad , ▁Jon as ▁Gran vik , ▁and ▁brothers ▁Roger ▁and ▁Simon ▁Johann son . ▁ ▁Re leased ▁during ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁online ▁music ▁pir acy , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁index ed ▁into ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁track ▁spl its ▁on ▁the ▁CD ▁press ings , ▁running ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁seconds ▁to ▁a ▁minute ▁and ▁a ▁half , ▁to ▁discour age ▁ri pping ▁and ▁sharing ▁( des pite ▁software ▁like ▁i T unes ▁having ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁rip ▁groups ▁of ▁tracks ▁as ▁one ▁file ). ▁When ▁it ▁was ▁later ▁released ▁to ▁digital ▁stores ▁and ▁streaming ▁services , ▁the ▁album ▁was ▁index ed ▁into ▁ 9 |
▁tracks ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁all ▁split ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁song ▁movements ; ▁this ▁caused ▁the ▁movement ▁names ▁to ▁be ▁extended ▁with ▁" After math ▁II " ▁and ▁" III " ▁even ▁though ▁only ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁tracks ▁contain ▁the ▁movement ▁itself . ▁Neither ▁Sw an ö ▁nor ▁label ▁Black ▁Mark ▁Production ▁have ▁commented ▁on ▁why ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁case ▁or ▁why ▁the ▁edited ▁version ▁was ▁used . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁rem ixed ▁and ▁slightly ▁edited ▁for ▁the ▁compilation ▁When ▁All ▁Is ▁S aid ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁so ▁it ▁would ▁fit ▁on ▁one ▁CD . ▁Full ▁versions ▁of ▁both ▁songs ▁were ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁combined ▁vin yl ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁For ▁this , ▁the ▁song ▁was ▁split ▁in ▁half , ▁with ▁side ▁ 2 ▁picking ▁up ▁at ▁" A ch illes ▁He el ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁it ▁was ▁re iss ued ▁on ▁" ice ▁blue " ▁vin yl ▁but ▁used ▁the ▁digital ▁release ▁as ▁the ▁audio ▁source , ▁as ▁each ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁songs ▁fade ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁exact ▁times ▁they ▁do ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁MP 3 ▁release . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁Death ▁front man ▁Chuck ▁Schul d iner . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Note : ▁Although ▁the ▁album ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁ 4 3 - minute - long ▁song , ▁it ▁really ▁is ▁split ▁up ▁into ▁ 9 ▁movements . ▁ ▁Digital ▁Edition ▁To ▁further ▁confusion , ▁the ▁digital ▁release ▁of |
▁the ▁album ▁uses ▁the ▁When ▁All ▁Is ▁S aid ▁rem ix / edit ▁and ▁spl its ▁it ▁differently , ▁causing ▁some ▁movement ▁times ▁to ▁shift ▁out ▁of ▁alignment . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁tracks ▁also ▁fade ▁in ▁and ▁out ▁at ▁the ▁beginning / end . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Dan ▁Sw an ö ▁− ▁lead ▁and ▁backing ▁vocals , ▁rhythm ▁guitar , ▁bass ▁guitar , ▁key boards , ▁drums , ▁per cussion , ▁production , ▁mixing , ▁engineering ▁ ▁Roger ▁Joh ans son ▁− ▁lead ▁vocals ▁ ▁Jon as ▁Gran vik ▁− ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Mike ▁We ad ▁− ▁lead ▁guitar , ▁engineering ▁ ▁Simon ▁Joh ans son ▁− ▁lead ▁guitar ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁albums ▁Category : Edge ▁of ▁San ity ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁with ▁cover ▁art ▁by ▁Krist ian ▁W å h lin ▁Category : Con cept ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Dan ▁Sw an ö ▁Category : Sequ el ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁In visible ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 5 6 ▁American ▁comic ▁strip ▁written ▁and ▁drawn ▁by ▁Russell ▁St amm , ▁who ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁an ▁assistant ▁to ▁Che ster ▁G ould ▁on ▁Dick ▁Tr acy . ▁The ▁strip ▁focused ▁on ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il , ▁a ▁plain cl othes ▁super hero ▁( and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁super hero ines ) ▁with ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁inv is ibility . ▁ ▁Public ation ▁history ▁ |
▁Origin ally ▁published ▁by ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Daily ▁Times , ▁In visible ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il ▁began ▁on ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁the ▁strip ▁was ▁reduced ▁to ▁simply ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il , ▁and ▁her ▁inv is ibility ▁powers ▁were ▁seen ▁much ▁more ▁rarely . ▁▁ ▁Starting ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁Emer y ▁Clar ke ▁drew ▁the ▁strip ▁from ▁St amm ' s ▁scripts . ▁The ▁title ▁was ▁changed ▁again ▁to ▁St ain less ▁Steel ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁Scar let ▁was ▁dropped . ▁The ▁strip ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁Char acters ▁and ▁story ▁▁ ▁Scar let ▁used ▁her ▁power ▁of ▁inv is ibility ▁mostly ▁to ▁help ▁out ▁strangers ▁in ▁need ▁and ▁help ▁the ▁police ▁catch ▁dangerous ▁crim inals , ▁as ▁explained ▁by ▁com ics ▁historian ▁Don ▁Mark stein : ▁ ▁In ▁other ▁media ▁ ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il ▁also ▁appeared ▁in ▁a ▁comic ▁book ▁series ▁published ▁by ▁Harvey ▁Com ics , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Big ▁Little ▁Books , ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁pro se ▁novel . ▁Atl ant is ▁Studios ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁published ▁a ▁one - shot ▁comic ▁book ▁U nt old ▁Or ig ins ▁of ▁In visible ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il ▁on ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the |
▁character . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Bab es ▁With ▁Bl ades ▁premier ed ▁a ▁play ▁by ▁Barbara ▁L h ota ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁strip . ▁ ▁Graph ic ▁novel ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁New ▁Leg ends ▁Produ ctions ▁published ▁a ▁graphic ▁novel ▁with ▁a ▁contemporary ▁setting ▁written ▁by ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁creator , ▁Russell ▁St amm ▁Jr ., ▁and ▁artwork ▁by ▁Wend ell ▁C aval c anti ▁( p enc ils ), ▁Rob ▁Jones ▁and ▁El ton ▁Thomas i ▁( inks ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Russell ▁St amm ' s ▁In visible ▁Scar let ▁O ' Ne il ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁com ics ▁debut s ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁com ics ▁end ings ▁Category : American ▁com ics ▁characters ▁Category : American ▁comic ▁stri ps ▁Category : American ▁super her oes ▁Category : Com ics ▁about ▁women ▁Category : Com ics ▁characters ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Category : F em ale ▁characters ▁in ▁com ics ▁Category : F iction ▁about ▁inv is ibility ▁Category : F ict ional ▁characters ▁who ▁can ▁turn ▁invisible ▁Category : Gold en ▁Age ▁super her oes <0x0A> </s> ▁The is berg st egen ▁is ▁an ▁Orts geme inde ▁– ▁a ▁municip ality ▁belonging ▁to ▁a ▁Ver bands geme inde , ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁collective ▁municip ality ▁– ▁in ▁the ▁K us el ▁district ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁belongs ▁to ▁the |
▁Ver bands geme inde ▁of ▁K us el - Alt eng lan , ▁whose ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁K us el . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁The is berg st egen , ▁which ▁grew ▁together ▁from ▁the ▁two ▁former ▁villages ▁of ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen , ▁lies ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Gl an ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁d ale ▁at ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁some ▁ 2 0 9 m ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁On ▁the ▁Gl an ' s ▁right ▁bank ▁( The is berg ), ▁the ▁south west ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁Pot z berg ▁with ▁its ▁extensive ▁forest ▁within ▁municipal ▁limits ▁– ▁and ▁a ▁castle ▁that ▁is ▁now ▁nothing ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁heap ▁of ▁stones ▁in ▁the ▁woods ▁– ▁r ises ▁up ▁steep ly ▁to ▁an ▁elev ation ▁of ▁ 4 8 0 m ▁above ▁sea ▁level . ▁The is berg ▁itself ▁sits ▁on ▁this ▁slope . ▁Left ▁of ▁the ▁Gl an ▁lo oms ▁the ▁ 3 6 8 m - high ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁with ▁its ▁castle ▁ruin ▁and ▁church , ▁presenting ▁a ▁pictures que ▁view , ▁which ▁was ▁imm ort al ized ▁as ▁long ▁ago ▁as ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁a ▁now ▁famous ▁steel ▁en gr aving . ▁The ▁two ▁historic ▁buildings , ▁however , ▁stand ▁within ▁neighbour ing ▁Has ch bach ' s ▁municipal ▁limits . ▁The ▁Gl an ▁valley ▁here ▁narrow s ▁sharply ▁between ▁the ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁Pot z |
berg ▁and ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg , ▁which ▁are ▁quite ▁close ▁together . ▁St ret ching ▁south ▁from ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁is ▁the ▁valley ▁of ▁the ▁R ö der bach , ▁which ▁near ▁The is berg st egen ▁empt ies ▁into ▁the ▁Gl an . ▁Ste gen ▁spread s ▁across ▁this ▁likewise ▁narrow ▁side ▁valley ▁and ▁also ▁along ▁the ▁long ▁r idge ▁that ▁stands ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁d ales . ▁Running ▁alongside ▁the ▁river ▁Gl an ▁are ▁Bundes straße ▁ 4 2 3 ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁bank ▁and ▁the ▁railway ▁on ▁the ▁left . ▁The ▁out lying ▁centre ▁of ▁God el hausen ▁also ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁Gl an ▁valley , ▁with ▁the ▁Pot z berg ▁and ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁right ▁across ▁the ▁river ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁side , ▁on ▁the ▁out li ers ▁of ▁W ack enh ü bel ▁and ▁R ö der wald ▁that ▁edge ▁the ▁Gl an ▁valley ▁on ▁the ▁west . ▁The ▁built - up ▁area ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁comb ▁of ▁a ▁high ▁r idge ▁that ▁drops ▁off ▁smoothly ▁into ▁the ▁d ale , ▁while ▁also ▁forming ▁the ▁southern ▁fl ank ▁of ▁another ▁side ▁valley , ▁through ▁which ▁two ▁more ▁bro oks ▁flow ▁on ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁empty ▁into ▁the ▁Gl an . ▁Build ings ▁are ▁group ed ▁lo os ely ▁about ▁a ▁stagger ed ▁cross ro ads ▁formed ▁by ▁Berg straße ▁(“ Mount ain ▁Road ”) ▁coming ▁down ▁the ▁slope ▁and ▁Haupt straße ▁(“ Main ▁Street ”) ▁running ▁over ▁the ▁d ale ' s |
▁western ▁fl ank . ▁The ▁municipal ▁area ▁measures ▁ 5 0 1 ha , ▁of ▁which ▁ 1 2 8 ha ▁is ▁wood ed . ▁ ▁Ne igh bour ing ▁municipal ities ▁The is berg st egen ▁borders ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Alt eng lan , ▁in ▁the ▁nort heast ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁R uts we iler ▁am ▁Gl an , ▁in ▁the ▁east ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Ne unk ir chen ▁am ▁Pot z berg , ▁in ▁the ▁sout heast ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Mat zen bach , ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Re h we iler , ▁in ▁the ▁south west ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁E ts ch berg ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁on ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Has ch bach ▁am ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁The is berg st egen ▁also ▁meets ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁R amm els bach ▁at ▁a ▁single ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁north . ▁ ▁Const itu ent ▁communities ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁Ort ste ile ▁are ▁The is berg , ▁Ste gen ▁and ▁God el hausen . ▁ ▁Municip ality ’ s ▁layout ▁Today ' s ▁Ort ste il ▁of ▁The is berg st egen ▁was ▁originally ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁three ▁villages , ▁The is berg ▁( De ins berg ) ▁on ▁the ▁Gl an ' s ▁right ▁bank ▁and ▁Ober st egen ▁and ▁Unter st egen ▁over ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁bank , ▁all ▁of ▁which |
▁have ▁now ▁grown ▁together . ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 7 1 5 , ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁were ▁merged ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁municip ality . ▁The ▁village ▁as ▁a ▁whole ▁still ▁has ▁the ▁out ward ▁appearance ▁of ▁an ▁agricultural ▁structure , ▁which ▁defined ▁life ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁former ▁The is berg , ▁people ▁settled ▁mainly ▁along ▁the ▁village ▁thorough fare ▁( B und es straße ▁ 4 2 3 ). ▁Next ▁to ▁that , ▁over ▁time , ▁parallel ▁streets ▁a rose , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁runs ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁mountain , ▁reaching ▁the ▁former ▁The is berg ▁Ev angel ical ▁school ▁and ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁parish ▁church . ▁The ▁latter ▁building ▁stands ▁on ▁a ▁former ▁grave yard ▁and ▁has ▁its ▁beg innings ▁in ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁It ▁has , ▁however , ▁under g one ▁many ▁changes , ▁especially ▁with ▁the ▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁steep le ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁A ▁bridge ▁links ▁The is berg ▁to ▁Ste gen , ▁whose ▁old ▁village ▁core ▁stands ▁along ▁K us eler ▁Stra ße ▁in ▁the ▁R ö del bach ▁valley . ▁The ▁newer ▁housing ▁developments , ▁mean while , ▁stretch ▁along ▁the ▁Gl an , ▁especially ▁on ▁Schul straße ▁( which ▁rather ▁un sur pr ising ly , ▁for ▁its ▁name ▁is ▁German ▁for ▁“ Sch ool ▁Street ”, ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁school , ▁although ▁this ▁is ▁in ▁out lying ▁God el hausen ) ▁and ▁on ▁Bahn hof straße |
▁(“ R ail way ▁Station ▁Street ” ). ▁The ▁development ▁along ▁the ▁road ▁to ▁God el hausen ▁is ▁bit ▁by ▁bit ▁being ▁built ▁up . ▁On ▁the ▁mountain ▁slope ▁at ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁K us eler ▁Stra ße ▁stands ▁the ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁former ▁Catholic ▁rect ory ▁with ▁its ▁built - on ▁chap el . ▁The ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁found ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁Gl an ▁bridge . ▁The ▁sport ing ▁ground ▁lies ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁village ▁of ▁Ste gen . ▁Far ▁outside ▁the ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁Pot z berg , ▁somewhat ▁hidden , ▁lies ▁the ▁De ins berg ▁Castle ▁ruin , ▁now adays ▁known ▁as ▁Al te ▁Burg ▁(“ Old ▁Castle ” ). ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁De ins ber ge ▁( The is berg ), ▁which ▁lies ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Gl an , ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 9 9 2 . ▁Ste gen , ▁which ▁lies ▁across ▁the ▁river , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁a rose ▁later ▁and ▁was ▁not ▁mentioned ▁until ▁ 1 3 6 4 ▁as ▁Ste gin . ▁The is berg ▁was ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁the ▁A mt ▁of ▁De ins berg - Re ichen bach ▁and ▁belonged ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 4 th ▁century ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain ▁( Re ich s land ) ▁around ▁K ais ers l aut ern . ▁As ▁in ▁K ü bel berg ▁and ▁Wolf stein , ▁it ▁could ▁be ▁that ▁a ▁castle ▁was |
▁built ▁at ▁The is berg st egen ▁in ▁Emperor ▁Bar bar oss a ' s ▁time ▁to ▁saf egu ard ▁the ▁western ▁front ier ; ▁it ▁also , ▁as ▁“ De ins burg ”, ▁gave ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁lesser ▁nob ility ▁its ▁name . ▁After ▁a ▁newer ▁castle , ▁the ▁Michel sburg , ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg , ▁the ▁older ▁one ▁was ▁called , ▁fitting ly ▁enough , ▁Al te ▁Burg ▁(“ Old ▁Castle ” ). ▁Ste gen ▁still ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Rem ig ius land ▁and ▁more ▁locally ▁to ▁the ▁Sch ult he iß erei ▁of ▁P fe ff el bach . ▁In ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁the ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Pal at inate - Z we ibr ück en ▁c ed ed ▁the ▁village ▁to ▁its ▁sid eline ▁Pal at inate - Vel den z , ▁who ▁assigned ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁Sch ult he iß erei ▁of ▁Re ichen bach ▁in ▁the ▁Ober amt ▁of ▁L aut ere cken . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁July ▁ 1 7 1 5 , ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁The is berg ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ste gen . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁( 1 8 0 2 ), ▁there ▁were ▁ 1 4 4 ▁inhabitants ▁living ▁in ▁The is berg st egen , ▁whose ▁numbers ▁climbed ▁to ▁ 2 2 8 ▁persons ▁in ▁ 6 0 ▁households ▁by ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁Today , ▁ 3 9 2 ▁people |
▁live ▁in ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁main ▁centre ▁( not ▁counting ▁God el hausen ). ▁ ▁The ▁historical ▁built - up ▁area ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁near ▁the ▁church , ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁around ▁the ▁mill ▁at ▁the ▁bridge ▁across ▁the ▁Gl an ▁and ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁R ö del bach ▁on ▁the ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁Stand ing ▁in ▁The is berg ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁were ▁mostly ▁great , ▁individual ▁estate ▁complex es , ▁for ▁instance , ▁the ▁huge ▁Qu ere in haus ▁( a ▁combination ▁residential ▁and ▁commercial ▁house ▁divided ▁for ▁these ▁two ▁purposes ▁down ▁the ▁middle , ▁per pend icular ly ▁to ▁the ▁street ) ▁at ▁Haupt straße ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁the ▁Qu ere in haus ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁at ▁Fried hof weg ▁ 7 / 9 , ▁whereas ▁over ▁in ▁Ste gen ▁stretched ▁a ▁whole ▁row ▁of ▁small , ▁even ▁tiny , ▁properties . ▁Between ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁stood ▁the ▁village ▁mill , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁re built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁and ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁was ▁converted , ▁and ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁as ▁a ▁saw mill . ▁The ▁we ir ▁that ▁lay ▁before ▁the ▁mill , ▁like ▁the ▁old ▁bridge , ▁has ▁since ▁disappeared . ▁In ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁a ▁fire ▁engine ▁hall ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁The is berg ▁at |
▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Kir ch straße ▁( ne ar ▁no . ▁ 2 ▁on ▁that ▁street ). ▁ ▁God el hausen ▁The ▁village ▁of ▁God el hausen , ▁now adays ▁an ▁Ort ste il ▁of ▁The is berg st egen , ▁had ▁its ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁in ▁ 1 3 6 4 ▁as ▁God els au we . ▁It ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Sch ult he iß erei ▁of ▁P fe ff el bach ▁in ▁the ▁Ober amt ▁of ▁L ichten berg . ▁Before ▁the ▁Th irty ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 9 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 5 6 ▁people ▁here ▁in ▁ 1 5 ▁households . ▁By ▁ 1 6 7 5 ▁– ▁the ▁war ▁had ▁ended ▁in ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁– ▁only ▁three ▁families ▁had ▁settled ▁once ▁again ▁in ▁God el hausen . ▁In ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁destroyed ▁once ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁Franco - D utch ▁War . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁( 1 8 0 2 ), ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 8 ▁inhabitants ▁living ▁in ▁God el hausen , ▁whose ▁numbers ▁climbed ▁to ▁ 2 1 7 ▁persons ▁in ▁ 4 4 ▁households ▁by ▁ 1 8 6 7 . ▁Today , ▁ 3 2 9 ▁people ▁live ▁in ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁out lying ▁centre ▁of ▁God el hausen . ▁Stand ing ▁in ▁God el hausen ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁were ▁a ▁few ▁great ▁Qu ere in h |
ä user ▁( pl ural ▁of ▁Qu ere in haus ), ▁standing ▁mostly ▁in ▁a ▁row , ▁g able - to - g able , ▁along ▁Berg straße . ▁Although ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁est ates ▁with ▁forward ▁g ables ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁spring ing ▁up ▁along ▁the ▁road ▁that ▁leads ▁to ▁The is berg st egen , ▁the ▁village ▁actually ▁first ▁began ▁spreading ▁out ▁from ▁the ▁school house , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁towards ▁the ▁south . ▁Only ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁did ▁the ▁built - up ▁area ▁spread ▁north wards ▁across ▁the ▁bro ok . ▁The ▁oldest ▁building ▁still ▁standing ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁is ▁the ▁dw elling ▁wing ▁of ▁a ▁former ▁Qu ere in haus ▁( H aupt straße ▁ 3 3 ), ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁buildings ▁in ▁God el hausen ▁today ▁have ▁a ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁appearance . ▁At ▁Haupt straße ▁ 6 7 ▁stands ▁the ▁God el hausen ▁Mill , ▁which ▁was ▁renov ated ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁water works ▁for ▁K us el ▁according ▁to ▁plans ▁by ▁Regional ▁Master ▁Builder ▁( Be z ir ks ba ume ister ) ▁Klein h ans . ▁ ▁Ant iqu ity ▁The ▁Pot z berg ▁area ▁was ▁already ▁settled ▁in ▁pre hist oric ▁times , ▁to ▁which ▁archae ological ▁finds ▁bear ▁witness . ▁There ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁any ▁confirmed |
▁pre hist oric ▁finds ▁within ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁current ▁limits . ▁However , ▁p ots her ds ▁and ▁bones ▁from ▁pre hist oric ▁times ▁have ▁supposed ly ▁been ▁found , ▁although ▁their ▁origins , ▁and ▁even ▁their ▁current ▁where ab outs , ▁are ▁now ▁unknown . ▁Also ▁apparently ▁found ▁was ▁a ▁“ G aul ish ▁coin ”, ▁which ▁has ▁disappeared . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁Roman ▁settlement ▁whose ▁where ab outs ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁known , ▁but ▁it ▁has ▁yield ed ▁cre m ation ▁gr aves , ▁une art hed ▁in ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁building ▁work , ▁and ▁two ▁pieces ▁of ▁stone ▁in ▁the ▁outer ▁wall ▁m ason ry ▁at ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church ▁( P eters kir che ) ▁that ▁are ▁sp olia ▁from ▁grave ▁mon uments . ▁Two ▁pieces ▁of ▁a ▁V ier g öt ter stein ▁– ▁a ▁J upiter ▁Column ▁base ▁– ▁that ▁until ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁were ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁church ' s ▁qu ire ▁are ▁now ▁kept ▁at ▁the ▁Histor isches ▁Museum ▁der ▁Pf al z ▁( Hist or ical ▁Museum ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate ) ▁in ▁Spe yer . ▁ ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁According ▁to ▁old ▁descriptions , ▁the ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁Gl an ' s ▁left ▁bank ▁lay ▁in ▁the ▁Rem ig ius land ▁while ▁the ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁Gl an ' s ▁right ▁bank ▁lay ▁in ▁the ▁free ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain ▁( Re ich s land ) ▁around ▁K ais ers l aut ern . |
▁Thus ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ste gen ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Rem ig ius land ▁while ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁The is berg ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain . ▁Just ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁were ▁founded ▁nobody ▁can ▁say . ▁Certain ly , ▁though , ▁The is berg ▁is ▁older ▁than ▁Ste gen . ▁The is berg ' s ▁ 9 9 2 ▁first ▁documentary ▁mention ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁document ▁issued ▁by ▁Emperor ▁Otto ▁III ▁in ▁which ▁Bishop ▁H ild ib ald ▁of ▁W orm s ▁transferred ▁to ▁Count ▁Wol fr am ▁the ▁tit hes ▁from ▁all ▁the ▁b ishop ric ' s ▁hold ings ▁in ▁the ▁wood ed ▁lands ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine ’ s ▁left ▁bank ▁against ▁which ▁the ▁b ishop ric ▁took ▁ownership ▁of ▁commod ities ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Alt eng lan ▁and ▁De ines ber ge ▁( The is berg ). ▁This , ▁however , ▁does ▁not ▁seem ▁to ▁make ▁much ▁sense , ▁and ▁it ▁would ▁also ▁seem ▁that ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁W orm s ▁took ▁libert ies ▁in ▁this ▁deal ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁entitled . ▁Whatever ▁the ▁truth ▁is , ▁a ▁village ▁named ▁De ins berg ▁near ▁a ▁castle ▁of ▁that ▁same ▁name ▁already ▁existed ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁the ▁document ▁was ▁issued . ▁Indeed , ▁it ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁founded ▁centuries ▁earlier . ▁In ▁the ▁free ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain ▁around ▁K ais ers l aut ern , ▁to ▁which ▁The is berg ▁belonged , ▁though , ▁the ▁record ▁shows ▁no ▁epis cop al |
▁hold ings . ▁What ▁the ▁record ▁does ▁show , ▁however , ▁is ▁that ▁The is berg ▁was ▁not ▁only ▁an ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁centre ▁but ▁also ▁the ▁seat ▁of ▁an ▁A mt ▁in ▁an ▁Unter amt ▁of ▁the ▁free ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain , ▁possibly ▁taking ▁turns ▁in ▁that ▁function ▁with ▁Re ichen bach . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁Ste gen ▁had ▁not ▁yet ▁ar isen ▁by ▁ 9 9 2 . ▁Since ▁the ▁so - called ▁Rem ig ius land ▁was ▁always ▁end ang ered ▁by ▁neighbour ing ▁free ▁nob les ’ ▁enc ro achment , ▁it ▁was ▁given ▁over ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 2 th ▁century ▁to ▁Count ▁Ger l ach ▁from ▁the ▁Na he g au ▁as ▁a ▁lord ly ▁prote ctor ate , ▁a ▁V og te i . ▁It ▁was ▁at ▁this ▁time ▁that ▁the ▁Mon aster y ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁came ▁into ▁being , ▁and ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁assumed ▁that ▁until ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁area ▁had ▁been ▁governed ▁by ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁Saint - Rem i ▁in ▁Re ims . ▁Count ▁Ger l ach , ▁out ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁hold ings ▁and ▁the ▁V og te ien ▁that ▁he ▁held ▁over ▁extensive ▁ec cles i ast ical ▁hold ings , ▁founded ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Vel den z , ▁to ▁which , ▁right ▁from ▁the ▁beginning , ▁Ste gen ▁belonged , ▁whereas ▁The is berg ▁across ▁the ▁Gl an ▁– ▁that ▁is , ▁the ▁border ▁– ▁remained |
▁in ▁the ▁free ▁Imperial ▁Dom ain . ▁In ▁ 1 3 4 5 , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁territor ial ▁arrangement ▁when ▁Count ▁Georg ▁I ▁acquired ▁by ▁pl edge ▁the ▁A mt ▁of ▁Re ichen bach ▁or ▁De ins berg ▁( its ▁name ▁depend ed ▁on ▁where ▁the ▁seat ▁happened ▁to ▁be ▁at ▁any ▁given ▁time ), ▁within ▁which ▁lay ▁De ins berg ▁( The is berg ). ▁This ▁swept ▁the ▁Gl an ▁border ▁away , ▁and ▁both ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁found ▁themselves ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁lord ship , ▁al beit ▁for ▁now ▁within ▁different ▁Unter äm ter . ▁In ▁ 1 3 6 4 , ▁Count ▁Heinrich ▁II ' s ▁son , ▁also ▁named ▁Heinrich ▁– ▁indeed ▁he ▁later ▁became ▁Count ▁Heinrich ▁III ▁of ▁Vel den z ▁– ▁lived ▁together ▁with ▁his ▁young ▁wife ▁La ure tta ▁of ▁S pon heim ▁at ▁L ichten berg ▁Castle . ▁All ▁villages ▁that ▁then ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Vel den z ▁Unter amt ▁of ▁Alt eng lan ▁had ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁to ▁this ▁young ▁com ital ▁couple . ▁According ly , ▁Count ▁Heinrich ▁II ▁had ▁a ▁document ▁drawn ▁up ▁that ▁listed ▁every ▁village ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁the ▁Unter amt ▁of ▁Alt eng lan , ▁including ▁Ste gen . ▁In ▁ 1 4 4 4 , ▁Count ▁Friedrich ▁III , ▁the ▁last ▁Count ▁of ▁Vel den z , ▁died . ▁His ▁daughter ▁Anna ▁had ▁been ▁married ▁to ▁Count ▁Pal at ine ▁Ste phan ▁since ▁ 1 4 0 9 . |
▁He ▁took ▁his ▁inherited ▁hold ings ▁from ▁the ▁E lector ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate ▁and ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁Vel den z ▁that ▁Anna ▁had ▁just ▁inherited ▁and ▁combined ▁them ▁to ▁found ▁a ▁new ▁County ▁Pal at ine , ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁full ness ▁of ▁time ▁as ▁the ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Pal at inate - Z we ibr ück en . ▁ ▁Modern ▁times ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 3 , ▁in ▁the ▁so - called ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Mar bach , ▁Duke ▁Wol fg ang ▁of ▁Zwe ibr ück en ▁transferred ▁to ▁his ▁uncle ▁R up recht ▁lands ▁for ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁County ▁Pal at ine . ▁These ▁were ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Vel den z ▁on ▁the ▁Mos elle , ▁L aut ere cken ▁and ▁the ▁Ä m ter ▁of ▁Jet ten bach ▁and ▁Re ichen bach ▁( De ins berg ). ▁The ▁new ▁County ▁Pal at ine , ▁which ▁later ▁also ▁included ▁L üt zel stein ▁( now ▁called ▁La ▁Pet ite - P ierre ) ▁in ▁Als ace , ▁bore ▁the ▁name ▁Pal at inate - Vel den z , ▁and ▁later ▁Pal at inate - Vel den z - L üt zel stein . ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁only ▁residence ▁town ▁was ▁L aut ere cken , ▁but ▁later ▁L üt zel stein , ▁too , ▁grew ▁into ▁another ▁residence ▁town . ▁The ▁founding ▁of ▁this ▁new ▁County ▁Pal at ine ▁once ▁again ▁put ▁a ▁border ▁along ▁the ▁river ▁Gl an , ▁even ▁as ▁Count |
▁Pal at ine ▁R up recht ▁lived ▁at ▁the ▁Michel sburg ▁( castle ) ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁were ▁once ▁again ▁split ▁as under . ▁Through ▁the ▁so - called ▁Rec ess ▁of ▁Me isen heim ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁though , ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Has ch bach ▁and ▁Ste gen , ▁too , ▁passed ▁to ▁Pal at inate - Vel den z - L üt zel stein , ▁putting ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁lord ship ▁once ▁more , ▁and ▁indeed ▁it ▁would ▁only ▁be ▁just ▁over ▁a ▁century ▁before ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁were ▁last ingly ▁united ▁into ▁one ▁municip ality . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁meantime , ▁wars ▁rav aged ▁the ▁land : ▁the ▁Th irty ▁Years ' ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁wars ▁with ▁France ▁under ▁King ▁Louis ▁XIV . ▁As ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁villages ▁around ▁K us el , ▁the ▁two ▁villages ▁on ▁the ▁Gl an ▁suffered ▁losses ▁among ▁their ▁inhabitants . ▁The ▁County ▁Pal at ine ▁of ▁Vel den z - L üt zel stein ▁died ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁which ▁triggered ▁disput es ▁over ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁def unct ▁county ' s ▁hold ings ▁between ▁Pal at inate - Z we ibr ück en ▁and ▁the ▁E lector ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate . ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁these ▁disput es , ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 5 , ▁that ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste |
gen ▁were ▁united ▁into ▁one ▁municip ality . ▁In ▁the ▁so - called ▁Mann heim ▁Comp romise ▁of ▁ 1 7 3 5 , ▁Pal at inate - Vel den z - L üt zel stein ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁E lector ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate . ▁In ▁ 1 7 8 8 , ▁the ▁ge ographer ▁G os win ▁W id der ▁wrote ▁of ▁The is berg st egen , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁E lector ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate ▁Ober amt ▁of ▁L aut ere cken : ▁“ De ins berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁together ▁make ▁up ▁a ▁municip ality ▁and ▁are ▁commonly ▁written ▁The is berg - Ste gen . ▁… ▁In ▁both ▁ham lets ▁one ▁counts ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁families , ▁ 1 3 0 ▁souls . ▁Nevertheless , ▁ 1 ▁church , ▁ 1 ▁rect ory , ▁ 2 ▁schools , ▁ 2 2 ▁towns man ly ▁and ▁mean ▁houses ▁are ▁on ▁hand .” ▁ ▁Recent ▁times ▁The ▁French ▁Revolution ▁swept ▁the ▁old ▁order ▁of ▁fe ud al ▁lord ships ▁away . ▁After ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Department ▁of ▁Sar re ▁with ▁its ▁capital ▁at ▁T rier ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 , ▁The is berg st egen ▁lay ▁in ▁the ▁C anton ▁of ▁K us el ▁in ▁the ▁Arr ond issement ▁of ▁Bir ken feld . ▁In ▁the ▁B av arian ▁time ▁that ▁followed , ▁the ▁village ▁first ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁Land kom miss ari at ▁of ▁K us |
el ▁and ▁took ▁turns ▁with ▁God el hausen ▁as ▁seat ▁of ▁a ▁Bür g erme ister ei ▁(“ may oral ty ” ). ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁that ▁exists ▁today ▁was ▁newly ▁formed ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁The is berg st egen ▁and ▁God el hausen ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁administrative ▁re struct uring ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁development ▁Both ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁were ▁originally ▁farming ▁villages , ▁but ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁working ▁families ▁was ▁already ▁growing ▁quickly ▁with ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁quar ries ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁Working ▁families ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁village , ▁which ▁explains ▁why ▁the ▁population ▁rose ▁so ▁quickly , ▁and ▁also ▁partly ▁why ▁the ▁Catholic ▁share ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁also ▁sw elled , ▁from ▁its ▁original ▁ 2 0 % ▁to ▁ 4 0 % ▁in ▁the ▁mid ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Even ▁before ▁this , ▁Ste gen ▁had ▁grown ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁bigger ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁villages . ▁Today , ▁neither ▁agriculture ▁nor ▁stone ▁quar rying ▁em plo ys ▁many ▁workers . ▁The is berg st egen ▁has ▁grown ▁into ▁a ▁residential ▁community ▁for ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁varied ▁profess ions , ▁of ▁whom ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁actually ▁work ▁in ▁the ▁village , ▁and ▁who ▁often ▁must ▁comm ute ▁far |
▁to ▁their ▁jobs . ▁The ▁proportion ▁of ▁pension ers ▁in ▁The is berg st egen ▁is ▁relatively ▁high . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁table ▁shows ▁population ▁development ▁over ▁the ▁centuries ▁for ▁The is berg st egen , ▁with ▁some ▁figures ▁broken ▁down ▁by ▁religious ▁denom ination : ▁ ▁Municip ality ’ s ▁name ▁The ▁name ▁The is berg st egen ▁is ▁a ▁fusion ▁of ▁two ▁villages ’ ▁names , ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen . ▁The ▁name ▁The is berg , ▁first ▁mentioned ▁as ▁De ines ber ge ▁in ▁a ▁ 9 9 2 ▁document ▁from ▁Emperor ▁Otto ▁III , ▁might ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁earlier ▁name ▁for ▁the ▁Pot z berg , ▁on ▁whose ▁slope ▁a ▁castle ▁and ▁a ▁village ▁a rose . ▁The ▁ending ▁— berg ▁still ▁means ▁“ mount ain ” ▁in ▁Modern ▁High ▁German , ▁and ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁sy ll able ▁pre fixed ▁to ▁it , ▁writer ▁Martin ▁Dol ch ▁traces ▁this ▁to ▁a ▁personal ▁name , ▁D egin ▁or ▁D ag in . ▁An ▁earlier ▁writer , ▁Ernst ▁Christ mann , ▁interpreted ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁name ▁as ▁Don ar , ▁particularly ▁as ▁the ▁village ' s ▁church ▁was ▁con sec rated ▁to ▁Saint ▁Peter ▁( see ▁“ Don ar ' s ▁Oak ” ). ▁Other ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁name ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁are : ▁Den es ber c ▁( 1 2 1 9 ), ▁De yn s berg ▁( 1 2 2 1 ), ▁Den is berg ▁( 1 2 5 3 ), ▁De us ber |
ch ▁( 1 3 0 9 ), ▁De in ß berg ▁( 1 5 6 7 ), ▁The is berg ▁( 1 7 8 8 ), ▁De ins berg ▁( 1 8 2 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁Ste gen ▁first ▁appears ▁as ▁Ste gin ▁in ▁a ▁well ▁known ▁document ▁from ▁ 1 3 6 4 ▁from ▁Count ▁Heinrich ▁II ▁of ▁Vel den z , ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁dwell ers ▁of ▁the ▁Unter amt ▁of ▁Alt eng lan - U l met ▁had ▁to ▁l end ▁material ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁young ▁Count ▁Heinrich ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁La ure tta . ▁It ▁dealt ▁with ▁the ▁settlement ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁bridge ▁that ▁led ▁across ▁to ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁The is berg . ▁The ▁name ▁also ▁crops ▁up ▁later , ▁with ▁only ▁the ▁odd ▁minor ▁variation . ▁ ▁Van ished ▁villages ▁R ural ▁c adas tr al ▁names ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁point ▁to ▁a ▁village ▁named ▁W et zen hausen , ▁although ▁this ▁lay ▁within ▁Has ch bach ' s ▁current ▁limits . ▁Other ▁vanished ▁villages ▁are ▁unknown . ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church ▁( P eters kir che ), ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁The is berg ▁( De ins berg ), ▁function ed ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁High ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁as ▁the ▁hub ▁of ▁a ▁great ▁parish ▁that ▁reached ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Gl an ▁from ▁N anz die z we iler ▁over ▁to ▁M ü hl bach , ▁within ▁which ▁there ▁were ▁branch ▁churches ▁in ▁B osen bach , ▁Ne unk |
ir chen ▁am ▁Pot z berg ▁and ▁N ied erm oh r . ▁Also ▁group ed ▁into ▁this ▁parish ▁was ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Ste gen ▁in ▁the ▁Rem ig ius land , ▁which ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁The is berg ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁churches ▁in ▁the ▁Gl an ▁valley . ▁It ▁was ▁considerably ▁older ▁than ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁and ▁without ▁a ▁doubt ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁wooden ▁structure . ▁The ▁first ▁stone ▁building ▁might ▁have ▁ar isen ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁While ▁other ▁churches ▁were ▁rem od elled ▁from ▁the ▁ground ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁G oth ic ▁architecture , ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church ▁in ▁The is berg ▁under w ent ▁convers ions ▁in ▁almost ▁every ▁subsequent ▁style ▁epoch . ▁The ▁original ▁steep le ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁dis rep air ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁and ▁was ▁thus ▁torn ▁down ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁then ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁one ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Even ▁after ▁the ▁Re formation , ▁little ▁in ▁the ▁church ' s ▁organization ▁changed ▁at ▁first . ▁The ▁Re ver end ▁Johannes ▁R ö ber ▁( from ▁Re h born ), ▁at ▁first ▁still ▁a ▁Catholic ▁priest , ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁church ▁Vis itation ▁protocol ▁as |
▁“ L uther an ▁past or ▁on ▁the ▁Peters berg ”. ▁Other ▁Ev angel ical ▁past ors ▁in ▁these ▁early ▁times ▁were ▁Gott fried ▁S ut or is ▁and ▁Johannes ▁Lim bach , ▁the ▁last ▁Abb ot ▁of ▁Dis ib oden berg , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁already ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁Luther an ▁past or ▁in ▁O dern heim ▁am ▁Gl an . ▁While ▁the ▁Luther ans ▁of ▁the ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Pal at inate - Z we ibr ück en ▁had ▁to ▁convert ▁to ▁Cal vin ism ▁in ▁ 1 5 8 8 ▁on ▁Duke ▁Johannes ▁I ' s ▁orders , ▁this ▁change ▁did ▁not ▁come ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁County ▁Pal at ine ▁of ▁Vel den z - L üt zel stein . ▁Since ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁Ste gen ▁were ▁only ▁an nex ed ▁to ▁Vel den z - L üt zel stein ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 , ▁they ▁were ▁oblig ed ▁to ▁recon vert ▁to ▁Luther an ism , ▁since ▁the ▁conversion ▁to ▁Cal vin ism ▁had ▁been ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁interven ing ▁twelve ▁years . ▁Ste gen ▁now ▁likewise ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁The is berg . ▁After ▁the ▁Th irty ▁Years ' ▁War , ▁the ▁principle ▁of ▁cui us ▁reg io , ▁e ius ▁relig io , ▁which ▁had , ▁among ▁other ▁things , ▁brought ▁about ▁the ▁b izarre ▁series ▁of ▁forced ▁convers ions ▁in ▁Ste gen , ▁was ▁abol ished , ▁and ▁once ▁again , ▁Catholic ▁sett lers ▁could ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁villages . |
▁Cath ol ics ’ ▁numbers ▁were ▁further ▁sw ollen ▁during ▁the ▁E lector ate ▁of ▁the ▁Pal at inate ▁rule ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁Catholic ▁new com ers ▁in ▁the ▁industrial ▁age . ▁In ▁ 1 7 2 4 , ▁the ▁Protest ants ▁and ▁Cath ol ics ▁came ▁to ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁share ▁the ▁churches . ▁The ▁Luther ans ▁from ▁throughout ▁the ▁parish ▁got ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church , ▁whereas ▁the ▁Cath ol ics ▁got ▁the ▁former ▁monaster y ▁church ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁The ▁priest ' s ▁lonely ▁life ▁up ▁on ▁the ▁mountain ▁was ▁not ▁always ▁easy ▁for ▁him , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁wish ▁a rose ▁within ▁the ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁seat ▁to ▁The is berg st egen . ▁This ▁came ▁about ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁when ▁the ▁Catholic ▁rect ory ▁and ▁its ▁chap el ▁were ▁con sec rated . ▁The ▁Ev angel ical ▁church ▁of ▁The is berg st egen ▁remained , ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 8 1 8 ▁Pal at ine ▁Union , ▁tied ▁to ▁Luther ' s ▁teach ings . ▁ ▁Today , ▁roughly ▁ 6 0 % ▁of ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁inhabitants ▁are ▁Ev angel ical ▁and ▁roughly ▁ 4 0 % ▁are ▁Catholic . ▁Also ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁The is berg st egen ▁Ev angel ical ▁parish ▁within ▁the ▁Ev angel ical ▁de acon ry ▁of ▁K us el ▁are ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁Has |
ch bach ▁and ▁E ts ch berg . ▁The ▁Cath ol ics ▁reg ained ▁their ▁own ▁parish ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 4 . ▁Bel ong ing ▁to ▁today ' s ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁of ▁Rem ig ius berg , ▁whose ▁seat ▁is ▁in ▁The is berg st egen , ▁within ▁the ▁Catholic ▁de acon ry ▁of ▁K us el ▁are ▁the ▁Cath ol ics ▁of ▁E ts ch berg , ▁Has ch bach , ▁Mat zen bach ▁and ▁Alt eng lan . ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁Municipal ▁council ▁The ▁council ▁is ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁council ▁members , ▁who ▁were ▁elected ▁by ▁majority ▁vote ▁at ▁the ▁municipal ▁election ▁held ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁and ▁the ▁honor ary ▁mayor ▁as ▁chairman . ▁ ▁Mayor ▁The is berg st egen ' s ▁mayor ▁is ▁Diet er ▁Dick , ▁and ▁his ▁deput ies ▁are ▁Stefan ▁F orsch ▁and ▁Er win ▁Sch ö p per . ▁ ▁Co at ▁of ▁arms ▁The ▁German ▁bl az on ▁reads : ▁In ▁Sil ber ▁durch ▁einen ▁bl au en ▁Well en b alk en ▁get e ilt , ▁ob en ▁re chts ▁eine ▁gold be leg te , ▁ro te ▁Mit ra , ▁ob en ▁links ▁w ach send ▁ein ▁un bek le id eter ▁Wasser mann ▁in ▁nat ür lichen ▁Far ben ▁mit ▁golden em ▁Ha ar , ▁aus ▁einem ▁ro ten ▁K rug ▁bl au es ▁Wasser ▁aus gie ß end , ▁unt en ▁auf ▁gr ün em ▁Dre iber g |
▁eine ▁bl a ue ▁Kirche ▁mit ▁gold enen ▁Fen st ern ▁und ▁golden em ▁Kre uz . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ' s ▁arms ▁might ▁in ▁English ▁her ald ic ▁language ▁be ▁described ▁thus : ▁Argent ▁a ▁bar ru let ▁w avy ▁az ure , ▁in ▁de x ter ▁chief ▁a ▁mit re ▁g ules ▁g arn ished ▁Or , ▁in ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁iss u ant ▁from ▁the ▁bar ru let ▁a ▁water bear er ▁un vest ed ▁proper ▁cr ined ▁of ▁the ▁fourth ▁pour ing ▁water ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁from ▁a ▁jug ▁of ▁the ▁third , ▁iss u ant ▁from ▁base ▁a ▁mount ▁of ▁three ▁vert ▁upon ▁which ▁a ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁with ▁windows ▁and ▁cross ▁of ▁the ▁fourth . ▁ ▁The ▁mit re ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁the ▁B ish ops ▁of ▁Re ims , ▁the ▁former ▁owners ▁of ▁the ▁Rem ig ius land , ▁within ▁which ▁the ▁formerly ▁self - admin ister ing ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Ste gen ▁and ▁the ▁out lying ▁centre ▁of ▁God el hausen ▁lay . ▁The ▁water bear er ▁is ▁a ▁charge ▁drawn ▁from ▁God el hausen ' s ▁un off icial ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ; ▁the ▁meaning ▁is ▁unknown , ▁but ▁the ▁water bear er ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁God el hausen ▁village ▁seal ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 7 7 5 . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁a ▁reference ▁to ▁Saint ▁Peter ' s ▁Church ▁( P eters kir che ) ▁in ▁the ▁formerly ▁self - admin ister ing ▁municip ality ▁of ▁The is berg |
. ▁ ▁Culture ▁and ▁sight see ing ▁ ▁Build ings ▁The ▁following ▁are ▁listed ▁buildings ▁or ▁sites ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate ’ s ▁Direct ory ▁of ▁Cultural ▁Mon uments : ▁ ▁The is berg st egen ▁( main ▁centre ) ▁ ▁Protest ant ▁parish ▁church , ▁Kir ch straße ▁ 3 1 ▁– ▁Rem n ants ▁of ▁a ▁media eval ▁a isle less ▁church , ▁ 1 8 3 3 / 1 8 3 4 , ▁architect ▁Johann ▁Sch me is ser , ▁K us el , ▁thoroughly ▁converted ; ▁un pl aster ed ▁tower , ▁ 1 9 5 4 , ▁architect ▁Chief ▁Government ▁Building ▁Officer ▁( O ber reg ier ungs ba ur at ) ▁G oll w itzer , ▁K ais ers l aut ern ; ▁bell ▁from ▁ 1 4 3 0 ▁ ▁Kir ch straße ▁ 2 3 / 2 5 ▁– ▁former ▁school ; ▁one - floor ▁building ▁with ▁g able ▁roof , ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁small ▁building ▁with ▁h ipped ▁roof , ▁ 1 8 4 3 , ▁commercial ▁wing ▁ 1 8 7 8 ▁ ▁Mo or straße ▁ 1 7 ▁– ▁or n ately ▁designed ▁door ▁with ▁sk yl ight , ▁marked ▁ 1 7 8 5 , ▁in scription ▁tablet ▁ ▁Z um ▁F els en wald ▁ 2 ▁– ▁Catholic ▁rect ory ; ▁building ▁with ▁h ipped ▁roof ▁on ▁rust icated - stone ▁pedest al , ▁one - floor ▁chap el ▁addition , ▁ 1 |
9 0 8 / 1 9 0 9 , ▁architect ▁Regional ▁Master ▁Builder ▁( Be z ir ks ba ume ister ) ▁Klein h ans ; ▁character izes ▁village ’ s ▁appearance ▁ ▁God el hausen ▁ ▁Berg straße ▁ 2 ▁– ▁stat ely ▁three - s ided ▁estate , ▁ 1 8 7 0 / 1 8 7 1 ; ▁building ▁with ▁half - hip ped ▁roof , ▁two - g ated ▁barn ▁ ▁Berg straße ▁ 4 ▁– ▁Qu ere in haus ▁( a ▁combination ▁residential ▁and ▁commercial ▁house ▁divided ▁for ▁these ▁two ▁purposes ▁down ▁the ▁middle , ▁per pend icular ly ▁to ▁the ▁street ) ▁with ▁half - hip ped ▁roof , ▁possibly ▁from ▁the ▁earlier ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁expansion ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁Berg straße ▁ 1 1 ▁– ▁sand stone - fr amed ▁pl aster ed ▁building ▁on ▁stone - block ▁pedest al , ▁barn ▁marked ▁ 1 8 9 8 ; ▁original ▁f encing , ▁farm house ▁garden ▁ ▁Haupt straße ▁ 4 7 ▁– ▁former ▁school ; ▁building ▁with ▁half - hip ped ▁roof ▁and ▁r idge ▁tur ret , ▁ 1 8 2 9 , ▁expansion ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁pig sty ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁ ▁Regular ▁events ▁The is berg st egen ’ s ▁k erm is ▁( ch urch ▁con sec r ation ▁festival ) ▁is ▁a ▁three - |
day - long ▁festival ▁held ▁on ▁the ▁last ▁weekend ▁in ▁September . ▁ ▁Club s ▁ ▁The ▁singing ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁The ▁Spiel vere in igung ▁(“ play ing ▁league ”) ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁supports ▁several ▁football ▁teams ▁through ▁l ively ▁youth ▁work . ▁A ▁gym n astic ▁club , ▁which ▁was ▁founded ▁after ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁this ▁club ' s ▁for er un ner . ▁Like wise ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁a ▁shooting ▁club ▁was ▁founded . ▁The ▁Land f ra uen vere in ▁(“ country w omen ’ s ▁club ” ), ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁too , ▁had ▁a ▁for er un ner ▁in ▁the ▁farm ▁house w ives ’ ▁club , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁Also ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁was ▁the ▁Pf äl zerw ald vere in ▁(“ Pal at inate ▁Forest ▁Club ” ), ▁a ▁h iking ▁club . ▁It ▁maint ains ▁a ▁cabin ▁in ▁the ▁Buch wald ▁( fore st ), ▁the ▁Buch wald h üt te . ▁The ▁newly ▁founded ▁För der vere in ▁Pf al z - Vel den z ▁(“ Pal at inate - Vel den z ▁Prom ot ional ▁Club ”) ▁has ▁its ▁seat ▁in ▁The is berg st egen . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁and ▁infrastructure ▁ ▁Transport ▁ ▁Running ▁through ▁The is berg st egen |
, ▁link ing ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁national ▁road ▁network , ▁is ▁Bundes straße ▁ 4 2 3 ▁( S ar reg u em ines – M and el b acht al – Alt eng lan ). ▁Within ▁the ▁village ▁itself , ▁Landes straße ▁ 3 6 2 ▁branches ▁off ▁link ing ▁the ▁village ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁Has ch bach ▁with ▁K us el . ▁Aut ob ahn ▁inter changes ▁near ▁K us el ▁and ▁Gl an - M ün ch we iler ▁lie ▁some ▁ 1 0 km ▁away . ▁The ▁village ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁one - track ▁Land st u hl – K us el ▁railway ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁hour ly ▁trains ▁at ▁the ▁station ▁throughout ▁the ▁day , ▁namely ▁Regional bahn ▁service ▁R B 6 7 ▁between ▁K ais ers l aut ern ▁and ▁K us el , ▁named ▁Gl antal bahn ▁after ▁a ▁former ▁railway ▁line ▁that ▁shared ▁a ▁stretch ▁of ▁its ▁tracks ▁with ▁the ▁Land st u hl – K us el ▁railway , ▁including ▁The is berg st egen ▁station . ▁The ▁railway ▁also ▁serves ▁to ▁ship ▁away ▁the ▁crushed ▁por phy ry ▁quar ried ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg . ▁ ▁Economic ▁development ▁The is berg ▁and ▁Ste gen ▁were ▁originally ▁held ▁to ▁be ▁farming ▁villages , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁sl opes ▁of ▁the ▁Pot z berg ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁steep ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ▁in ▁the ▁Gl an ▁valley ▁here ▁were ▁not ▁considered ▁particularly ▁fert ile . ▁Better ▁yields ▁were |
▁to ▁be ▁had ▁from ▁fields ▁on ▁the ▁flood plain , ▁on ▁the ▁less ▁steep ▁sl opes ▁elsewhere ▁in ▁the ▁Gl an ▁valley ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁R ö der bach ▁valley . ▁A ▁more ▁important ▁economic ▁factor ▁was ▁the ▁one ▁first ▁mentioned ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 3 : ▁the ▁mill . ▁Over ▁time , ▁this ▁was ▁run ▁as ▁a ▁gr ist mill , ▁an ▁oil mill ▁or ▁a ▁saw mill , ▁sometimes ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time . ▁Short ly ▁before ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁mill ▁bur nt ▁down ; ▁it ▁was ▁built ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁in ▁sober ▁style . ▁Al ready ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁the ▁Pot z berg ▁mines ▁were ▁offering ▁the ▁popul ace ▁jobs , ▁as ▁too ▁were ▁the ▁quar ries ▁on ▁the ▁Rem ig ius berg ' s ▁eastern ▁slope ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁the ▁government ▁in ▁Spe yer ▁gave ▁its ▁approval ▁for ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁a ▁qu arry , ▁which ▁began ▁work ▁forth with , ▁although ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁run ▁very ▁efficiently . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁a ▁few ▁qu arry men ▁opened ▁another ▁qu arry ▁under ▁their ▁own ▁management , ▁which ▁did ▁better ▁for ▁a ▁time , ▁until ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁broke ▁out . ▁Even ▁so , ▁it ▁opened ▁again ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁Small ▁and ▁mid size ▁businesses ▁have ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality |
, ▁such ▁as ▁exc av ating ▁and ▁rub ble ▁transport , ▁an ▁autom otive ▁workshop , ▁a ▁ha irst y list , ▁a ▁filling ▁station , ▁a ▁t anning ▁sal on ▁and ▁racing ▁businesses . ▁ ▁Public ▁institutions ▁The ▁municip ality ▁has ▁a ▁multip ur pose ▁hall . ▁ ▁Education ▁The ▁efforts ▁in ▁the ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Pal at inate - Z we ibr ück en ▁dating ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁Re formation ▁to ▁further ▁school ing ▁throughout ▁the ▁d uch y , ▁supported ▁an ▁independent ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁Bible , ▁dis rupted ▁by ▁the ▁war - filled ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁A ▁few ▁schools ▁existed , ▁taught ▁the ▁year ▁round , ▁but ▁were ▁only ▁found ▁in ▁larger ▁towns . ▁Sm aller ▁cent res ▁like ▁The is berg st egen , ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁part , ▁had ▁to ▁make ▁do ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁with ▁winter ▁school ▁( a ▁school ▁ge ared ▁towards ▁an ▁agricultural ▁community ' s ▁practical ▁needs , ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁winter , ▁when ▁farm ▁families ▁had ▁a ▁bit ▁more ▁time ▁to ▁spare ), ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁winter ▁school ▁teacher ▁would ▁hold ▁classes ▁during ▁the ▁c older ▁months , ▁only ▁to ▁seek ▁another ▁liv elihood ▁in ▁the ▁war mer ▁ones . ▁Such ▁an ▁arrangement ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁The is berg st egen . ▁ ▁By ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁though , ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁Luther an - Ev angel ical ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁village |
▁on ▁Kir ch straße , ▁below ▁the ▁Ev angel ical ▁rect ory , ▁and ▁then ▁there ▁was ▁the ▁Catholic ▁school house ▁on ▁the ▁Gl an ' s ▁right ▁bank ▁near ▁the ▁bridge . ▁Some ▁things ▁are ▁also ▁known ▁about ▁relations ▁between ▁teachers ▁and ▁the ▁vill agers . ▁There ▁was , ▁for ▁instance , ▁a ▁dispute ▁between ▁a ▁teacher ▁and ▁a ▁father ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁The ▁father ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁teacher ▁had ▁can ed ▁his ▁son ▁too ▁hard ▁and ▁he ▁further more ▁offered ▁up ▁various ▁insult s ▁to ▁the ▁teacher . ▁The ▁teacher ▁then ▁successfully ▁su ed ▁his ▁pup il ' s ▁father ▁for ▁def am ation , ▁prompt ing ▁the ▁father , ▁for ▁his ▁part , ▁to ▁l odge ▁a ▁complaint ▁against ▁the ▁teacher ▁for ▁having ▁caused ▁bod ily ▁harm , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁let ▁off ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁warning . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁the ▁municip ality ▁built ▁a ▁“ cent ral ▁school ” ▁in ▁God el hausen , ▁where ▁at ▁first ▁all ▁primary ▁school ▁and ▁Haupt sch ule ▁students ▁from ▁The is berg st egen ▁were ▁taught . ▁Since ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁general ▁school ▁reform , ▁this ▁building ▁serves ▁strictly ▁as ▁a ▁primary ▁school ▁for ▁several ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁Ver bands geme inde ▁of ▁K us el . ▁Haupt sch ule ▁students ▁now ▁attend ▁classes ▁on ▁the ▁Ro ß berg ▁in ▁K us el . ▁Other ▁kinds ▁of ▁schools , ▁such ▁as ▁Gym nas ium , ▁Re als ch |
ule , ▁Ber uf sb ild ende ▁Schul en ▁( v oc ational ▁training ▁schools ) ▁and ▁För ders ch ul en ▁( special ▁schools ), ▁are ▁also ▁represented ▁in ▁K us el . ▁ ▁The ▁municip ality ▁has ▁one ▁kind erg arten ▁and ▁one ▁primary ▁school . ▁ ▁F amous ▁people ▁ ▁S ons ▁and ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁ ▁Paul ▁T rem mel ▁( 1 9 2 9 – ), ▁Pal at ine ▁dialect ▁poet ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁The is berg st egen ▁in ▁the ▁collective ▁municip ality ’ s ▁web pages ▁▁ ▁Municip ality ’ s ▁official ▁web page ▁▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in ▁Rh in eland - Pal at inate ▁Category : K us el ▁( d istrict ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The oph il us ▁is ▁a ▁male ▁given ▁name ▁with ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁alternative ▁spell ings . ▁Its ▁origin ▁is ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ Θ ε ό φ ι λ ο ς ▁from ▁ θ ε ό ς ▁( God ) ▁and ▁ φ ι λ ί α ▁( love ▁or ▁affection ) ▁can ▁be ▁translated ▁as ▁" Love ▁of ▁God " ▁or ▁" Friend ▁of ▁God ", ▁i . e ., ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁the op hor ic ▁name , ▁syn onymous ▁with ▁the ▁name ▁Am ade us ▁which ▁origin ates ▁from ▁Latin , ▁Gott lie b ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Bog om il ▁in ▁Sl av ic . ▁The oph il us ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁People ▁ |
▁Arts ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁C ib ber ▁( 1 7 0 3 – 1 7 5 8 ), ▁English ▁actor , ▁play wright , ▁author , ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁actor - manager ▁Col ley ▁C ib ber ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Clar ke ▁( 1 7 7 6 ? - 1 8 3 1 ), ▁English ▁painter ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁H atz im ih ail ▁( ca . ▁ 1 8 7 0 – 1 9 3 4 ), ▁Greek ▁folk ▁painter ▁from ▁Les b os ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Pres by ter ▁( 1 0 7 0 – 1 1 2 5 ), ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon k , ▁and ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁best - known ▁medieval ▁" how - to " ▁guide ▁to ▁several ▁arts , ▁including ▁oil ▁painting ▁— ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁Roger ▁of ▁Hel mar sh aus en ▁ ▁Historical ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁( emper or ) ▁( 8 0 0 ▁to ▁ 8 0 5 – 8 4 2 ), ▁By z antine ▁Emperor ▁( re igned ▁ 8 2 9 – 8 4 2 ), ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁Ph ry g ian ▁dyn asty ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁( ge ographer ), ▁ancient ▁Greek ▁ge ographer ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁( j ur ist ) ▁( fl . ▁ 5 3 3 ), ▁one ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁Inst itutes ▁of ▁Just inian ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁( king ), ▁Ind o |
- G reek ▁king ▁who ▁ruled ▁c . ▁ 9 0 BC ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁of ▁Ed essa ▁( 6 9 5 – 7 8 5 ), ▁medieval ▁ast rolog er ▁and ▁scholar ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁E rot ik os ▁( 1 0 th ▁century ), ▁By z antine ▁jur ist ▁and ▁ge ometer ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Pro tos path arius , ▁( c . ▁ 7 th ▁century ), ▁By z antine ▁medical ▁writer ▁ ▁Politics ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Brad bury ▁( 1 7 3 9 – 1 8 0 3 ), ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Eug ene ▁Con nor ▁( 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 7 3 ), ▁Birmingham , ▁Alabama ' s ▁not orious ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Public ▁Safety ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁Movement ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Dan j uma ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ), ▁influential ▁Niger ian ▁soldier ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁E aton ▁( 1 5 9 0 – 1 6 5 8 ), ▁merchant , ▁farmer , ▁Pur itan ▁colonial ▁leader , ▁co - found er ▁and ▁first ▁governor ▁of ▁New ▁Haven ▁Col ony , ▁Connecticut ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Howard , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁S uff olk ▁( 1 5 8 4 – 1 6 4 0 ), ▁English ▁noble man ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁F . ▁Met cal f ▁( |
1 8 1 6 - 1 8 9 1 ), ▁American ▁farmer ▁and ▁politician ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁She p stone ▁( 1 8 1 7 – 1 8 9 3 ), ▁British ▁South ▁African ▁states man ▁ ▁Military ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁E rot ik os ▁( fl . ▁ 1 0 3 4 – 1 0 4 2 ), ▁By z antine ▁general ▁and ▁governor , ▁rebel ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁H . ▁Holmes ▁( 1 8 0 4 – 1 8 8 0 ), ▁career ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁officer ▁and ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁general ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁K our k ou as ▁( 9 2 0 – 9 7 0 ), ▁By z antine ▁general , ▁grandfather ▁of ▁emperor ▁John ▁I ▁T z im isk es ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Week s ▁( 1 7 0 8 – 1 7 7 2 ), ▁soldier ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁Indian ▁War ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁ ▁Patri arch ▁The oph il us ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁( b iblical ), ▁the ▁name ▁or ▁honor ary ▁title ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁G ospel ▁of ▁Luke ▁and ▁the ▁Act s ▁of ▁the ▁A post les ▁were ▁addressed ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁of ▁Ant io ch ▁( d ied ▁c . ▁ 1 8 3 ), ▁Christian ▁ap ologist ▁and ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Ant io ch ▁ ▁The oph |
il us , ▁b ishop ▁of ▁Ca es area ▁( fl . ▁ 1 9 5 ) ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁the ▁De acon , ▁mart yr ▁from ▁Lib ya ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁( b ishop ▁of ▁the ▁G oth s ), ▁first ▁known ▁G oth ic ▁b ishop , ▁participant ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Council ▁of ▁N ica ea ▁in ▁ 3 2 5 ▁ ▁The oph il os ▁the ▁Indian ▁( fl . ▁ 3 5 4 – 3 6 4 ), ▁A rian ▁b ishop , ▁also ▁called ▁" The ▁Eth iop ian ", ▁probably ▁from ▁the ▁M ald ive ▁Islands ▁ ▁Pope ▁The oph il us ▁of ▁Alexand ria ▁( d ied ▁c . ▁ 4 1 2 ), ▁ 2 3 rd ▁Pope ▁of ▁Alexand ria ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁of ▁Ad ana ▁( fl . ▁ 5 3 8 ), ▁b ishop ▁who ▁made ▁a ▁p act ▁with ▁the ▁devil ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Pres by ter ▁( 1 0 7 0 – 1 1 2 5 ), ▁Bened ict ine ▁mon k , ▁author , ▁metall urg ist , ▁artist ▁and ▁arm our er ▁— ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁of ▁Roger ▁of ▁Hel mar sh aus en ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁G ale ▁( 1 6 2 8 – 1 6 7 8 ), ▁English ▁non con form ist ▁divine ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Lind sey ▁( 1 7 2 3 – 1 8 0 8 ), ▁English |
▁the olog ian ▁ ▁The oph il us , ▁mart yr ▁and ▁saint ▁( see ▁Dor othe a ▁of ▁Ca es area ) ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁of ▁K iev , ▁mon k ▁and ▁saint ▁— ▁see ▁Abraham ▁and ▁On es im us ▁of ▁K iev ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁London ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁Tr in idad ian - American ▁vocal ist ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Mart ins ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁American ▁rap per , ▁DJ , ▁and ▁model ▁ ▁Other ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Carter ▁( 1 8 2 4 – 1 9 0 4 ), ▁British ▁invent or ▁and ▁furniture ▁dealer ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁C az en ove ▁( 1 7 4 0 – 1 8 1 1 ), ▁Dutch ▁financ ier ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁agents ▁of ▁the ▁Holland ▁Land ▁Company ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Met cal fe ▁( c ▁ 1 6 1 0 - c ▁ 1 6 4 5 ), ▁English ▁st en ographer ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Red wood ▁( 1 8 0 6 – 1 8 9 2 ), ▁Wel sh ▁pharm ac ist ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁characters ▁ ▁The oph il us , ▁a ▁pag an ▁lawyer ▁supposed ly ▁converted ▁by ▁Saint ▁Dor othe a ▁of ▁Ca es area ▁at ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁her ▁execution ▁ ▁The oph il us , ▁one ▁of ▁Le ib n iz ' s ▁inter loc ut ors |
▁in ▁his ▁book ▁New ▁Ess ays ▁on ▁Human ▁Under standing ▁ ▁Professor ▁The oph il us ▁Br an est aw m , ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁the ▁Professor ▁Br an est aw m ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁books ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Go on , ▁a ▁polic eman ▁in ▁En id ▁B ly ton ' s ▁Five ▁Find - Out ers ▁series ▁of ▁children ' s ▁mystery ▁novels ▁ ▁Dr . ▁The oph il us ▁Gr antly , ▁in ▁Anthony ▁T roll ope ' s ▁novel ▁Bar chester ▁Tow ers ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁M sim angu , ▁in ▁Alan ▁Pat on ' s ▁Cry , ▁the ▁Bel oved ▁Country ▁ ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁of ▁The oph il us ▁North , ▁the ▁last ▁novel ▁written ▁by ▁Thor nt on ▁Wild er , ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁ ▁Dr . ▁The oph il us ▁T anner , ▁from ▁the ▁Death lands ▁series ▁of ▁books ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁Th ist le , ▁in ▁a ▁noted ▁tongue - tw ister ▁ ▁The oph il us ▁P . ▁Wil de be este , ▁created ▁by ▁Len ny ▁Henry ▁ ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁of ▁The oph il us ▁( com ic ▁strip ), ▁was ▁a ▁religious ▁comic ▁strip ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 6 – ▁ ▁the ▁title ▁character ▁of ▁The of il os ▁( film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Greek ▁film ▁about ▁painter ▁The of il os ▁H atz im ich ail ▁ ▁See ▁also |
▁The of el us , ▁surn ame ▁and ▁given ▁name ▁ ▁The oph il , ▁a ▁given ▁name ▁ ▁Te ó fil o , ▁a ▁given ▁name ▁ ▁The oph ilia , ▁the ▁love ▁or ▁favour ▁of ▁God ▁ ▁Jed edia h , ▁a ▁given ▁name ▁also ▁meaning ▁" Friend ▁of ▁God " ▁ ▁Category : G reek ▁mascul ine ▁given ▁names ▁Category : G iven ▁names ▁of ▁Greek ▁language ▁origin <0x0A> </s> ▁F ir uz abad ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Ü ç t ə p ə ▁in ▁the ▁G oy g ol ▁Ray on ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁The ▁city ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁S ass an ian ▁king , ▁Kh os row ▁II ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁G oy g ol ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Stan isl av ▁Kot yo ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁in ▁Z ak arp att ia ▁O bl ast , ▁Ukraine ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ukrain ian ▁football ▁def ender ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁FC ▁H over la ▁U zh hor od ▁in ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁Kot yo ▁is ▁a ▁product ▁of ▁the ▁U zh hor od ▁Youth ▁Sport ive ▁School ▁System . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁FC ▁H over la , ▁but ▁played ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁FC ▁H over la ▁U zh hor od ▁reserves . ▁In ▁the ▁main - |
team ▁squad ▁Kot yo ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁in ▁the ▁match ▁against ▁FC ▁Vol yn ▁L ut sk ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁in ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁son ▁of ▁the ▁retired ▁Ukrain ian ▁football er ▁Ivan ▁Kot yo , ▁who ▁played ▁for ▁FC ▁Z ak arp att ia ▁U zh hor od ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁football ers ▁Category : FC ▁H over la ▁U zh hor od ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : U kr ain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁M anc en ans ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁Dou bs ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁Bour g og ne - Fr anche - Com té ▁region ▁in ▁eastern ▁France . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁M anc en ans ▁lies ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁L ' Is le - sur - le - D ou bs ▁between ▁the ▁hills ▁of ▁Ch ât el ▁and ▁Re plain . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁Dou bs ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁IN SEE ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁M anc en ans ▁on ▁the ▁inter commun al ▁Web ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁Dou bs <0x0A> </s> ▁Sel ag in ella ▁p oul |
ter i ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Sel ag in ell aceae . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁GB IF ▁entry ▁ ▁p oul ter i <0x0A> </s> ▁Ly ud m ila ▁But uz ova ▁( born ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁j umper ▁from ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁who ▁set ▁the ▁Kaz akh st ani ▁and ▁U zb ek ist ani ▁national ▁record ▁on ▁ 1 9 8 4 - 0 6 - 1 0 , ▁jumping ▁ 1 . 9 8 ▁metres ▁in ▁So chi . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ov iet ▁female ▁high ▁jump ers ▁Category : R ussian ▁female ▁high ▁jump ers ▁Category : K az akh st ani ▁female ▁high ▁jump ers ▁Category : U zb ek ist ani ▁female ▁high ▁jump ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Miche le ▁Lu pp i ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁singer , ▁keyboard ist , ▁producer , ▁bass ist ▁and ▁vocal ▁coach . ▁ ▁Career ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁- ▁first ▁band ▁Mr . ▁P ig . ▁Miche le ▁debut ed ▁as ▁front man ▁singer . ▁B ec ame ▁a ▁famous ▁live ▁act ▁in ▁Italy , ▁performing ▁songs ▁from ▁Mr . ▁Big ' s ▁album ▁Le an ▁Into ▁It . ▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁- ▁started |
▁teaching ▁sing ers ▁in ▁his ▁studio ▁Mi Lu ’ s ▁Rock ▁Lab ▁and ▁in ▁Italian ▁music ▁schools , ▁while ▁developing ▁a ▁vocal ▁method ▁that ▁is ▁a ▁core ▁topic ▁of ▁his ▁voice ▁control ▁workshops . ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁obtained ▁a ▁di pl oma ▁at ▁V ocal ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁( V IT ) ▁and ▁started ▁to ▁work ▁as ▁professional ▁singer , ▁composer ▁and ▁producer , ▁in ▁both ▁live ▁and ▁studio ▁sessions , ▁next ▁to ▁artists ▁as ▁Reb ▁Beach , ▁Eric ▁Martin , ▁Greg g ▁Gi uff ria , ▁Maur izio ▁Sol ieri , ▁George ▁Lyn ch , ▁Doug ▁Ald rich , ▁Ian ▁Pa ice ▁and ▁many ▁others . ▁▁ 2 0 0 0 s ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁U mber to ▁To z zi ' s ▁World ▁Tour ▁as ▁a ▁backing ▁vocal ist ▁and ▁keyboard ▁player . ▁ ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁metal ▁band ▁Vision ▁Div ine ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁released ▁three ▁albums : ▁Stream ▁of ▁Con scious ness ▁( 2 0 0 4 ), ▁the ▁Stage ▁Of ▁Con scious ness ▁DVD ▁( 2 0 0 5 ), ▁The ▁Perfect ▁Machine ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁and ▁The ▁ 2 5 th ▁H our ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁He ▁performed ▁world ▁tours ▁with ▁Vision ▁Div ine ▁and ▁other ▁opening ▁acts ▁for ▁artists ▁as ▁Dream ▁Theater , ▁Night w ish , ▁H ellow een , ▁Children ▁Of ▁Bod om ▁and ▁many |
▁others ▁until ▁his ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁band ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁– ▁released ▁his ▁first ▁solo ▁album ▁St rive . ▁▁ 2 0 0 7 - ▁started ▁to ▁collabor ate ▁with ▁band ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁and ▁released ▁albums ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁featuring ▁Gi uff ria ▁on ▁key boards , ▁and ▁Never land ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁for ▁Front iers ▁Records ▁featuring ▁song ▁Now here ▁to ▁H ide , ▁composed ▁by ▁Miche le ▁and ▁George ▁Lyn ch ▁( D ok ken , ▁Lyn ch ▁M ob ). ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁established ▁melod ic ▁metal ▁band ▁K illing ▁Touch . ▁He ▁wrote ▁and ▁produced ▁all ▁materials ▁for ▁their ▁debut ▁album ▁One ▁of ▁a ▁Kind ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁collabor ate ▁in ▁song writing ▁of ▁Sol ieri ’ s ▁first ▁solo ▁album ▁Volume ▁I ▁and ▁performed ▁as ▁opening ▁act ▁with ▁Maur izio ▁Sol ieri ▁Band ▁for ▁Italian ▁conc erts ▁of ▁Deep ▁Pur ple ▁Tour ▁and ▁for ▁AC / DC ▁concert ▁in ▁U d ine . ▁The ▁song ▁" Please ▁Bel ieve ▁Me " ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁sound track ▁of ▁Italian ▁movie ▁One ▁More ▁Day ▁by ▁director ▁Andrea ▁P ret i . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 s ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁joined ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁metal ▁band ▁Th aur or od ▁for ▁the ▁" Power ▁of ▁Metal " ▁European ▁Tour ▁Tour ▁with ▁Sym |
phony ▁X ▁and ▁Never more ▁and ▁played ▁major ▁European ▁fest ivals . ▁He ▁took ▁part ▁as ▁singer ▁and ▁keyboard ▁player ▁in ▁a ▁major ▁event ▁in ▁B olog na : ▁The ▁Ult imate ▁World ▁Gu itar ▁Exhib ition "" ▁with ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Y ng wie ▁Mal m ste en , ▁Glen n ▁Hughes , ▁Greg g ▁B isson ette , ▁D erek ▁Sher inian ▁and ▁Neil ▁Murray . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁– ▁became ▁singer ▁of ▁Italian ▁power ▁metal ▁band ▁Secret ▁S phere ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁released ▁the ▁album ▁Port rait ▁Of ▁A ▁D ying ▁Heart . ▁Secret ▁S phere ▁performed ▁at ▁W ack en ▁Open ▁Air ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁three ▁of ▁their ▁songs ▁were ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁official ▁W ack en ▁DVD . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Secret ▁S phere ▁re - re leased ▁their ▁classic ▁album ▁A ▁Time ▁Never ▁Come ▁completely ▁re - record ed ▁and ▁arranged ▁with ▁the ▁current ▁line ▁up ▁with ▁Miche le ▁on ▁vocals . ▁He ▁also ▁established ▁his ▁own ▁band , ▁the ▁Miche le ▁Lu pp i ▁Band ▁where ▁he ▁s ings ▁and ▁plays ▁bass ▁tour ing ▁all ▁around ▁Italy . ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁– ▁He ▁joined ▁Wh ites n ake ▁band ▁as ▁backing ▁vocals ▁and ▁keyboard ▁player ▁for ▁“ The ▁Pur ple ▁Tour ” ▁tour ing ▁worldwide . ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Vision ▁Div ine ▁▁ ▁Stream ▁of ▁Con scious ness ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Stage ▁of ▁Con scious |
ness ▁( live ) ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Perfect ▁Machine ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 5 th ▁H our ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Miche le ▁Lu pp i ' s ▁Heaven ▁▁ ▁St rive ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Never land ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁K illing ▁Touch ▁▁ ▁One ▁of ▁a ▁Kind ▁- ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Secret ▁S phere ▁▁ ▁Port rait ▁of ▁a ▁D ying ▁Heart ▁- ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁ ▁A ▁Time ▁Never ▁Come ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁edition ▁- ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁One ▁Night ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁( live ) ▁- ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Nature ▁of ▁Time ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Wh ites n ake ▁▁ ▁The ▁Pur ple ▁Tour ▁- ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁F lesh ▁& ▁Blood ▁- ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Wh ites n ake ▁members ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Car pi ▁Category : It al ian ▁rock ▁sing ers ▁Category : It al ian ▁keyboard ists ▁Category : It al ian ▁record ▁producers ▁Category : V ision ▁Div ine ▁members ▁Category : Sc ar let ▁Records |
▁artists <0x0A> </s> ▁Edit rice ▁il ▁S ire nte ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁book ▁publisher ▁with ▁special isms ▁in ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁international ▁law , ▁Arab ic ▁fiction ▁and ▁com ics , ▁investigation , ▁actual ity . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁The ▁catalog , ▁including ▁works ▁of ▁non f iction ▁on ▁topics ▁mainly ▁attribut able ▁to ▁politics ▁and ▁international ▁law , ▁works ▁of ▁fiction ▁and ▁fantastic ▁inter tw ined ▁with ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁marginal ity ▁as ▁detailed ▁in ▁the ▁manifest o ▁P ens ieri ▁dal ▁car c ere ▁( Qu el ques ▁messages ▁person nels ) ▁by ▁Pierre ▁Cl ément i . ▁In ▁his ▁long ▁catalog ▁provides ▁many ▁Canadian ▁authors ▁such ▁as ▁Hub ert ▁Aqu in , ▁François ▁Barcel o , ▁Norman ▁N aw rock i , ▁Ga ë tan ▁Br ul otte ▁and ▁Italian ▁Giovanni ▁Con so , ▁Pier o ▁F ass ino , ▁Fl avia ▁L attan zi , ▁U mber to ▁Le anza , ▁Antonio ▁Mar ches i , ▁Dan ilo ▁Z olo , ▁and ▁Pa olo ▁Ben ven uti . ▁Among ▁others , ▁more ▁recently , ▁some ▁Arab ▁writers ▁like ▁Kh aled ▁Al ▁K ham iss i , ▁N aw al ▁al - Sa ‘ d awi ▁and ▁Mag dy ▁El ▁Sha fee ▁of ▁the ▁series ▁Al tri ar abi , ▁and ▁others ▁like ▁Steve ▁Le V ine ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁In chi este . ▁ ▁Pr incipal ▁authors ▁published ▁ ▁: ▁Top i , ▁E ne ida ▁ ▁: ▁O nd |
j aki ▁ ▁: ▁Al min o , ▁Jo ão ▁Car val ho , ▁Bern ardo ▁ ▁: ▁Aqu in , ▁Hub ert ▁Barcel o , ▁François ▁Car pent ier , ▁André ▁Br ul otte , ▁Ga ë tan ▁N aw rock i , ▁Norman ▁ ▁Sch ab as , ▁William ▁A . ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Al add in , ▁Muhammad ▁ ▁K ham iss i , ▁Kh aled ▁Al ▁ ▁El ▁Kam h awi , ▁E zz at ▁ ▁N à gi , ▁Ah med ▁ ▁Sa ‘ d awi , ▁N aw al ▁al - ▁ ▁Sha fee , ▁Mag dy ▁El ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Al ▁Gal idi , ▁Rod a an ▁ ▁: ▁Cl ément i , ▁Pierre ▁Ru iller , ▁Jer ome ▁Gu ène , ▁Fa ï za ▁Ad imi , ▁Ka ou ther ▁A zz ed d ine , ▁S aph ia ▁ ▁: ▁Kh ider , ▁Abb as ▁ ▁: ▁Bl as im , ▁Hass an ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁Ben ven uti , ▁Pa olo ▁ ▁Ch iu pp ani , ▁B ep pe ▁ ▁Con so , ▁Giovanni ▁ ▁Di ▁Pas qu ale , ▁Mass imil iano ▁ ▁F ass ino , ▁Pier o ▁ ▁Lat ino , ▁Ag ost ina ▁ ▁L attan zi , ▁Fl avia ▁ ▁Le anza , ▁U mber to ▁ ▁Mar ches i , ▁Antonio ▁ ▁M oc cia , ▁Gab ri ele ▁ ▁P rik ed el ik ▁ ▁Sant ori , ▁Val eria ▁ ▁Z eno - Z |
enc ov ich , ▁V inc en zo ▁ ▁Z olo , ▁Dan ilo ▁ ▁: ▁Z ank oul , ▁May a ▁ ▁: ▁Abu ▁O ks a ▁Da oud , ▁Su he ir ▁Bak ri yy ah , ▁R aja ' ▁H le hel , ▁Al a ▁Mus all am , ▁Ak ram ▁N aff a ', ▁H ish am ▁Sh al ash , ▁B ash ir ▁T aha , ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁ ▁: ▁ ▁D ib o , ▁Moh ammed ▁ ▁H aj i , ▁G olan ▁ ▁S ire es , ▁N ih ad ▁ ▁: ▁Le V ine , ▁Steve ▁ ▁Sp itz m iller , ▁Rebecca ▁ ▁: ▁M pe , ▁Ph as w ane ▁ ▁: ▁D abb agh , ▁Sel ma ▁Su k kar , ▁Sum ia ▁ ▁: ▁Daniel ▁David ▁N t anda ▁N s ere ko ▁ ▁Series ▁ ▁D irit to ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁Series ▁devoted ▁to ▁essays ▁on ▁international ▁law . ▁ ▁Fu ori ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁Series ▁open , ▁graph ically ▁represented ▁as ▁a ▁cycl ical ▁book : ▁the ▁front ▁cover ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁page ▁of ▁the ▁novel ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁reader ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁pl unge ▁immediately ▁into ▁the ▁story , ▁until ▁graphic ▁image ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁back ▁cover , ▁giving ▁the ▁reader ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁continue ▁reading , ▁again ▁from ▁the ▁beginning . ▁The ▁first ▁issue ▁comes ▁out ▁on ▁November ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Al tri ar |
abi ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Series ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁contemporary ▁and ▁un aligned ▁voices ▁of ▁Arab ▁world . ▁The ▁first ▁issue ▁comes ▁out ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Al tri ar abi ▁M igr ante ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁born ▁the ▁sub - series ▁M igr ante ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁second ▁and ▁third ▁generation ▁of ▁writers ▁in ▁Europe , ▁selected ▁for ▁EU ▁co - fund ing . ▁The ▁project ’ s ▁supports ▁cultural ▁and ▁lingu istic ▁diversity , ▁prom otes ▁the ▁trans n ational ▁circulation ▁of ▁European ▁literature ▁and ▁int ends ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁wid est ▁possible ▁access ibility . ▁It ▁undert akes ▁the ▁translation ▁of ▁eight ▁works ▁from ▁five ▁countries ▁in ▁the ▁EU ▁( Fr ance , ▁Germany , ▁Netherlands , ▁Sweden , ▁and ▁the ▁UK ) ▁into ▁Italian . ▁ ▁In chi este ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁Series ▁dedicated ▁to ▁news ▁reports . ▁ ▁Nu ovi ▁per c ors i ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Series ▁devoted ▁to ▁top ical ▁subjects , ▁published ▁under ▁license ▁Creative ▁Commons ▁and ▁available ▁in ▁version ▁e Book ▁on ▁the ▁web . ▁ ▁Com unit à ▁alternative ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Ten ▁works ▁closed ▁series ▁devoted ▁to ▁post - colon ial ▁literature , ▁where ▁are ▁explored ▁forms ▁of ▁inter personal ▁relationship ▁born ▁of ▁un con vent ional ▁approaches ▁to ▁sexual ▁identity , ▁ethnic ity , ▁cultural ▁and ▁religious ▁diversity , ▁thus |
▁offering ▁new ▁ways ▁of ▁con ception ▁of ▁social ▁and ▁human ▁relations . ▁ ▁Awards ▁and ▁hon ors ▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁publishing ▁house ▁has ▁received ▁the ▁« Special ▁Award ▁Franco ▁Cu omo ▁International ▁Award » ▁for ▁the ▁« develop ment ▁of ▁new ▁forms ▁of ▁cultural ▁expression , ▁social ▁and ▁human ▁of ▁our ▁time ». ▁ ▁Creative ▁Europe ▁Liter ally ▁Trans lation ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁The ▁Project ▁« Alt ri ar abi ▁M igr ante » ▁consists ▁of ▁seven ▁volumes . ▁The ▁selection ▁includes ▁works ▁published ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 1 4 ▁by ▁European ▁Authors ▁of ▁Arab ▁origin ▁( 1 ° - 2 ° ▁generation ), ▁born ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁from ▁France , ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Germany ▁and ▁Netherlands ▁( count ries ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁percentage ▁of ▁Arab ▁immigrants ). ▁The ▁books ▁have ▁a ▁high ▁quality , ▁which ▁has ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁win ▁pri zes . ▁The ▁works ▁are ▁characterized ▁by ▁an ▁analysis ▁of ▁the ▁sense ▁of ▁belonging ▁and ▁national ▁identity , ▁torn ▁between ▁the ▁land ▁of ▁origin , ▁modern ity ▁and ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁dis comfort ▁this ▁conflict ▁brings . ▁Strong ▁themes ▁of ▁cultural ▁hybrid ization ▁emerge : ▁in ▁some ▁works ▁it ▁ar ises ▁from ▁a ▁language ▁mixed ▁with ▁Arab ic ▁words ▁and ▁hybrid ▁structures ▁between ▁new ▁and ▁original ▁language . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁constant ▁reform ulation ▁of ▁power ▁relations ▁between ▁real ▁and ▁symbol ic ▁cent |
res ▁and ▁f ring es . ▁ ▁L ibr inf estival ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁as ▁« Best ▁Pub lisher » : ▁E ▁se ▁foss i ▁mort o ? ▁( K aman ▁Y ush aid ▁m awt ih i , ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁by ▁Moh ammed ▁D ib o , ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁L ibr inf estival ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁as ▁« Best ▁Book » : ▁Il ▁rag azzo ▁di ▁Ale ppo ▁che ▁ha ▁dip into ▁la ▁guerra ▁( The ▁boy ▁from ▁Ale ppo , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁by ▁Sum ia ▁Su k kar , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Notes ▁This ▁article ▁was ▁based ▁substant ially ▁on ▁its ▁counter part ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁Wikipedia , ▁il ▁S ire nte . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Book ▁publishing ▁companies ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : Pub lish ing ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁it iner ant ▁is ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁travels ▁habit ually . ▁It iner ant ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁" Tr av ellers " ▁or ▁it iner ant ▁groups ▁in ▁Europe ▁It iner ant ▁minister ▁Tr av elling ▁sales people , ▁see ▁door - to - door , ▁h aw ker , ▁and ▁ped d ler ▁Tr av elling ▁show people , ▁see ▁Carn y ▁( US ), ▁Show men ▁( UK ) ▁The ▁P ered v iz hn iki ▁or ▁It iner ants , ▁a ▁school ▁of ▁nineteenth - |
century ▁Russian ▁pain ters ▁V agr ancy ▁( people ) ▁People ▁experiencing ▁long - term ▁homeless ness ▁Mend ic ant ▁E y re ▁( legal ▁term ) ▁or ▁" it iner ant ▁justice " ▁Justice ▁in ▁E y re ▁" It iner ant ▁court " ▁of ▁Char lemagne ▁( and ▁later ▁Carol ing ian ▁em per ors ), ▁see ▁Government ▁of ▁the ▁Carol ing ian ▁Empire ▁ ▁M igr ant ▁worker ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Nom ad ism ▁( hab it ual ▁travelling ▁for ▁past ure ) ▁Trans hum ance ▁Gy psy ▁( term ) ▁Gy psy ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Amy ▁M ered ith ▁Link er ▁( born ▁October ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁former ▁child ▁actress . ▁Her ▁most ▁notable ▁role ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁television ▁series ▁Square ▁Peg s , ▁on ▁which ▁she ▁co - star red ▁as ▁Lauren ▁H utch inson ▁alongside ▁Sarah ▁Jessica ▁Parker . ▁ ▁Career ▁Born ▁in ▁Brooklyn , ▁New ▁York , ▁Link er ' s ▁first ▁major ▁acting ▁role ▁was ▁as ▁Kelly ▁Lewis ▁in ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Lewis ▁& ▁Clark , ▁which ▁ran ▁for ▁one ▁season ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁Short ly ▁there after , ▁Link er ▁was ▁cast ▁as ▁central ▁character ▁Lauren ▁H utch inson ▁on ▁the ▁teen ▁comedy / dr ama ▁Square ▁Peg s . ▁Square ▁Peg s ▁told ▁the ▁story ▁of ▁two ▁high ▁school ▁fresh men , ▁H utch |
inson ▁and ▁Pat ty ▁Gre ene ▁( play ed ▁by ▁Sarah ▁Jessica ▁Parker ), ▁and ▁their ▁at ▁times ▁desperate ▁attempts ▁to ▁fit ▁in ▁and ▁achieve ▁popularity . ▁Link er ▁wore ▁fake ▁br aces ▁and ▁a ▁f ats uit ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁appear ▁less ▁sty lish . ▁Though ▁a ▁critical ▁favorite , ▁low ▁ratings ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁show ' s ▁cancellation ▁after ▁only ▁one ▁season . ▁ ▁After ▁Square ▁Peg s , ▁Link er ▁vo iced ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁" Rob in " ▁on ▁the ▁animated ▁M ister ▁T ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁After ▁the ▁show ▁ended ▁she ▁en rolled ▁in ▁Well es ley ▁College , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁with ▁a ▁degree ▁in ▁French ▁studies . ▁ ▁Other ▁notable ▁roles ▁for ▁Link er ▁were ▁as ▁Sher ie ▁Lee ▁Fox ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁science ▁fiction ▁film ▁D . A . R . Y . L ., ▁and ▁as ▁Jenny ▁Penn oy er ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁TV ▁movie ▁When ▁We ▁First ▁Met . ▁Most ▁recently , ▁Link er ▁appeared ▁as ▁the ▁character ▁Es mer el da ▁on ▁the ▁television ▁series ▁Don ' t ▁Make ▁Me ▁S ick ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Link er ▁attended ▁Bever ly ▁Hills ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Bever ly ▁Hills , ▁California ▁and ▁French wood s ▁Festival ▁of ▁the ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁camp . ▁Since ▁apparently ▁qu itting ▁acting , ▁she ▁has ▁worked ▁in ▁Internet ▁marketing ▁and ▁worked ▁as ▁a |
▁second ▁grade ▁teacher . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁obtained ▁her ▁Master ▁of ▁Social ▁Work ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Southern ▁California , ▁and ▁now ▁works ▁as ▁an ▁out patient ▁community ▁therapist . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Amy ▁Link er ▁on ▁TV Land . com ▁TV ▁Guide ▁celebr ity ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁child ▁actress es ▁Category : American ▁television ▁actress es ▁Category : Well es ley ▁College ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁Call ion ima ▁fal c if era ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁S ph ing idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Bruno ▁Ge h len ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁Mexico , ▁Bel ize , ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁Costa ▁R ica ▁and ▁Jama ica , ▁south ▁through ▁northern ▁South ▁America ▁( n orth - western ▁and ▁eastern ▁Venezuela ). ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁ 6 8 – 7 3 mm . ▁The ▁fore wing ▁a pe x ▁is ▁ac ut ely ▁pointed ▁and ▁fal c ate ▁( s ick le ▁shaped ). ▁The ▁fore wing ▁up pers ide ▁is ▁extremely ▁similar ▁to ▁Call ion ima ▁par ce , ▁consistently ▁differ ing ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁pale ▁ob lique ▁ap ical ▁line ▁expanding ▁into ▁a ▁pale ▁patch ▁that ▁does ▁not ▁curve ▁back ▁up ▁the ▁outer ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁ap ical ▁line ▁towards ▁the ▁a pe x ▁but |
▁is ▁directed ▁posterior ly ▁towards ▁the ▁outer ▁margin , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁between ▁the ▁outer ▁margin ▁and ▁the ▁ap ical ▁line ▁being ▁the ▁same ▁colour ▁as ▁the ▁area ▁immediately ▁bas al ▁to ▁the ▁ap ical ▁line . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁feed ▁on ▁St em m aden ia ▁ob ov ata ▁and ▁probably ▁other ▁Ap oc yn aceae ▁species . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁F ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : S ph ing idae ▁of ▁South ▁America ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁German ic ▁Wars ▁between ▁various ▁German ic ▁tribes , ▁the ▁Romans ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants ▁between ▁ 1 1 3 ▁BC ▁and ▁ 6 0 0 ▁AD . ▁The ▁nature ▁of ▁these ▁wars ▁varied ▁through ▁time ▁between ▁Roman ▁and ▁By z antine ▁con quest , ▁German ic ▁up ris ings ▁and ▁later ▁German ic ▁invas ions ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁that ▁started ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 2 nd ▁century . ▁The ▁series ▁of ▁conflicts ▁which ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁century , ▁under ▁the ▁Western ▁Roman ▁Emperor ▁Honor ius , ▁led ▁( al ong ▁with ▁internal ▁str ife ) ▁to ▁the ▁ultimate ▁down fall ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 st - mill enn ium ▁BC ▁conflicts ▁Category : 1 st - mill enn ium ▁conflicts ▁Category : W ars |
▁involving ▁German ic ▁peoples ▁Category : Mil itary ▁history ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : W ars ▁involving ▁the ▁Roman ▁Republic ▁Category : W ars ▁involving ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁Category : B att les ▁involving ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁Category : I ron ▁Age ▁Europe <0x0A> </s> ▁Bill ▁Cash more ▁( 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁Not ting ham ▁– ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁actor ▁and ▁play wright , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁director ▁and ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁organisation ▁Act ors ▁in ▁Industry . ▁ ▁Act ing ▁Cash more ▁attended ▁Den stone ▁College , ▁Ut to x eter , ▁and ▁Down ing ▁College , ▁Cambridge , ▁where ▁he ▁read ▁English . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁acting ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Foot lights ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁have ▁roles ▁in ▁The ▁Bill , ▁Cas ual ty , ▁All ▁Creat ures ▁Great ▁and ▁Small , ▁F ist ▁of ▁Fun , ▁and ▁other ▁program mes . ▁ ▁Writer ▁and ▁play wright ▁Cash more ▁was ▁a ▁writer ▁and ▁perform er ▁for ▁G im me ▁ 5 , ▁the ▁live ▁IT V ▁children ' s ▁programme . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁several ▁plays ▁with ▁Andy ▁Pow rie , ▁including ▁T rip ▁of ▁A ▁L if etime , ▁published ▁by ▁Samuel ▁French , ▁which ▁has ▁been ▁performed ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Cash more ▁wrote ▁the ▁following ▁full - length ▁plays ▁and ▁pant om imes : ▁What ' s ▁in ▁a ▁name ?, ▁A mber , ▁T rip ▁of ▁a |
▁L if etime , ▁Time ▁Please , ▁A ▁B reed ▁Apart , ▁Amy ▁is ▁Four , ▁Un ac com mod ated , ▁Br ide ▁or ▁G room ?, ▁Se ating ▁Plan , ▁New ▁Year ' s ▁Res olution . ▁ ▁Cash more ▁wrote ▁three ▁one - act ▁plays : ▁Past ▁L ives , ▁D aughter , ▁and ▁Him , ▁Her ▁and ▁The m . ▁He ▁also ▁performed ▁in ▁two ▁one - man ▁shows , ▁An ▁Every day ▁A ctor ▁and ▁Bill ' s ▁Cl othes . ▁ ▁Politics ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁the ▁Green ▁Party ▁candidate ▁for ▁Chelsea ▁and ▁F ul ham , ▁where ▁he ▁stood ▁for ▁parliament ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁General ▁E lection . ▁ ▁Death ▁Cash more ▁died ▁on ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁aged ▁ 5 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁deaths ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : B rit ish ▁directors ▁Category : B rit ish ▁male ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play wright s ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Not ting ham ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁death ▁missing <0x0A> </s> ▁Bul b oph yll um ▁pet i ol at um ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁or ch id ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁Bul b oph yll um . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁The |
▁Bul b oph yll um - Check list ▁The ▁Internet ▁Or ch id ▁Spec ies ▁Photo ▁En cycl op edia ▁ ▁pet i ol at um <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Henry ▁E . ▁D os ch ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁house ▁located ▁in ▁south west ▁Portland , ▁Oregon ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Henry ▁E . ▁D os ch ▁ ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁South west ▁Portland , ▁Oregon ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Portland , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : South west ▁Portland , ▁Oregon ▁Category : Port land ▁Historic ▁Land marks <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁wrap around ▁mortgage , ▁more ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" wrap ", ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁secondary ▁financing ▁for ▁the ▁purchase ▁of ▁real ▁property . ▁The ▁seller ▁extends ▁to ▁the ▁buyer ▁a ▁junior ▁mortgage ▁which ▁wrap s ▁around ▁and ▁exists ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁any ▁superior ▁mort g ages ▁already ▁secured ▁by ▁the ▁property . ▁Under ▁a ▁wrap , ▁a ▁seller ▁accepts ▁a ▁secured ▁prom iss ory ▁note ▁from ▁the ▁buyer ▁for ▁the ▁amount ▁due ▁on ▁the ▁underlying ▁mortgage ▁plus ▁an ▁amount ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁remaining ▁purchase ▁money ▁balance . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁purch aser ▁makes ▁monthly ▁payments ▁to ▁the ▁seller , ▁who ▁is ▁then ▁responsible ▁for ▁making ▁the ▁payments ▁to ▁the ▁underlying ▁mortgage e ( s ). ▁Should ▁the ▁new ▁purch aser |
▁default ▁on ▁those ▁payments , ▁the ▁seller ▁then ▁has ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁fore closure ▁to ▁rec apture ▁the ▁subject ▁property . ▁ ▁Because ▁wrap s ▁are ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁seller ▁financing , ▁they ▁have ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁lower ing ▁the ▁barriers ▁to ▁ownership ▁of ▁real ▁property ; ▁they ▁also ▁can ▁exped ite ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁purchasing ▁a ▁home . ▁An ▁example : ▁ ▁'' The ▁seller , ▁who ▁has ▁the ▁original ▁mortgage ▁sell s ▁his ▁home ▁with ▁the ▁existing ▁first ▁mortgage ▁in ▁place ▁and ▁a ▁second ▁mortgage ▁which ▁he ▁" car ries ▁back " ▁from ▁the ▁buyer . ▁ ▁The ▁mortgage ▁he ▁takes ▁from ▁the ▁buyer ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁mortgage ▁plus ▁a ▁negoti ated ▁amount ▁less ▁than ▁or ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁sales ▁price , ▁min us ▁any ▁down ▁payment ▁and ▁closing ▁costs . ▁ ▁The ▁monthly ▁payments ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁buyer ▁to ▁the ▁seller , ▁who ▁then ▁continues ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁first ▁mortgage ▁with ▁the ▁proceed s . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁buyer ▁either ▁sell s ▁or ▁ref in ances ▁the ▁property , ▁all ▁mort g ages ▁are ▁paid ▁off ▁in ▁full , ▁with ▁the ▁seller ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁difference ▁in ▁the ▁pay off ▁of ▁the ▁wrap ▁and ▁any ▁underlying ▁loan ▁pay offs . ▁ ▁Typ ically , ▁the ▁seller ▁also ▁charges ▁a ▁spread . ▁For ▁example , ▁a ▁seller ▁may ▁have ▁a ▁mortgage ▁at ▁ 6 % ▁and ▁sell ▁the ▁property ▁at ▁a ▁rate ▁of ▁ 8 % ▁on ▁a ▁wrap around ▁mortgage . ▁He ▁then ▁would ▁be |
▁making ▁a ▁ 2 % ▁spread ▁on ▁the ▁payments ▁each ▁month ▁( rough ly ). ▁The ▁difference ▁in ▁principal ▁amounts ▁and ▁am ort ization ▁sched ules ▁will ▁affect ▁the ▁actual ▁spread ▁made ). ▁ ▁As ▁title ▁is ▁actually ▁transferred ▁from ▁seller ▁to ▁buyer , ▁wrap around ▁mortgage ▁transactions ▁may ▁give ▁the ▁bank ▁or ▁other ▁mortgage es ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁call ▁the ▁superior ▁notes ▁due , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁due - on - s ale ▁clause ▁of ▁the ▁underlying ▁mortgage ( s ), ▁if ▁such ▁a ▁clause ▁is ▁present . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁appropriate ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁the ▁bank ▁or ▁other ▁mortgage es ▁may ▁elect ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁receive ▁interest ▁payments ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁where ▁they ▁become ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁ownership . ▁If ▁the ▁mortgage ▁remains ▁current ▁( and ▁especially ▁if ▁the ▁new ▁buyer ▁brings ▁a ▁formerly - default ed ▁mortgage ▁current ▁again ) ▁the ▁original ▁l ender ▁has ▁no ▁real ▁incent ive ▁to ▁elect ▁acceler ation ▁of ▁the ▁note ▁since ▁they ▁remain ▁in ▁a ▁secure ▁position . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁" What ▁is ▁a ▁W rap - A round ▁Mort gage ? ", ▁J . ▁G utt ent ag , ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁http :// www . mer ac ord . com / Services / Private Lo ans Le ase Pay ments / S eller - Fin ance ▁ ▁Category : M ort gage <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁fest ivals ▁or ▁Jama ican ▁fest ivals ▁are ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁f ried ▁d um pling , ▁typical |
▁of ▁Jama ican ▁cu isine . ▁Despite ▁its ▁slightly ▁sweet ▁taste , ▁is ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁side ▁dish ▁to ▁dishes ▁such ▁as ▁f ried ▁fish , ▁esc ov itch ▁fish ▁or ▁jerk ▁chicken . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁dough ▁made ▁with ▁wheat ▁flour , ▁Corn me al , ▁baking ▁powder , ▁salt , ▁milk ▁powder , s ugar ▁and ▁water , ▁then ▁f ried ▁in ▁cooking ▁oil ▁and ▁served ▁hot . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Bull a ▁bread ▁ ▁B am my ▁ ▁C oco ▁bread ▁ ▁Hard ▁dough ▁bread ▁ ▁Jama ican ▁cu isine ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Jama ican ▁dishes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : J ama ican ▁cu isine ▁Category : D um pl ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Is ▁Not ▁For ▁Sale , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁rap per ▁Dom ▁Kennedy , ▁released ▁December ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁via ▁his ▁label , ▁The ▁Other ▁People ' s ▁Money ▁Company . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁release ▁of ▁a ▁planned ▁two - piece ▁project . ▁The ▁album ▁features ▁guest ▁appearances ▁from ▁Rick y ▁Hil , ▁Nik o ▁G 4 , ▁T roy ▁N oka , ▁Glass es ▁Mal one ▁and ▁P - Lo ▁while ▁its ▁production ▁was ▁handled ▁by ▁Aaron ▁Re id , ▁J . L bs , ▁Poly ester , ▁Jake ▁One , ▁Card o , ▁Mike ▁Free , ▁and ▁D rew by rd . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁received ▁negative ▁reviews ▁and ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁Kennedy |
' s ▁we aker ▁efforts . ▁Despite ▁the ▁negative ▁response , ▁its ▁companion ▁album , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Is ▁Not ▁For ▁Sale , ▁Vol . ▁ 2 , ▁is ▁scheduled ▁for ▁release ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁reception ▁ ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Is ▁Not ▁For ▁Sale , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁has ▁received ▁negative ▁reviews ▁from ▁music ▁critics ▁and ▁was ▁overlook ed ▁by ▁mainstream ▁media ▁publications . ▁Jesse ▁Fair f ax ▁of ▁H ip H op D X ▁wrote , ▁" St ill ▁st umbling ▁over ▁himself ▁trying ▁to ▁find ▁inspiration ▁and ▁failing ▁to ▁re claim ▁his ▁magic , ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁Is ▁Not ▁For ▁Sale ▁extends ▁Dom ▁Kennedy ’ s ▁artistic ▁down ward ▁sp iral ▁for ▁another ▁year ". ▁In ▁a ▁review ▁from ▁The F resh Commit tee , ▁Kennedy ' s ▁lack l uster ▁rh ym es ▁and ▁off beat ▁ram bl ings ▁were ▁critic ized . ▁ ▁Commercial ▁performance ▁Unlike ▁its ▁predecess or , ▁the ▁album ▁failed ▁to ▁chart ▁in ▁the ▁Bill board ▁ 2 0 0 ▁and ▁accurate ▁sales ▁information ▁are ▁un available . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁albums ▁Category : Dom ▁Kennedy ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Card o ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Jake ▁One ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Mike ▁Free <0x0A> </s> ▁T ity us ▁st ig m ur us ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sc orp ion ▁from ▁the ▁family ▁But h idae ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁found |
▁in ▁Brazil . ▁The ▁species ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁are ▁either ▁golden - tan ▁or ▁yellow ish - b rown ▁col oured . ▁It ▁takes ▁them ▁a ▁year ▁to ▁mature ▁into ▁an ▁adult , ▁which ▁makes ▁them ▁a ▁fast - grow ing ▁species . ▁They ▁also ▁have ▁a ▁dark ▁stri pe ▁over ▁the ▁mes os oma ▁with ▁either ▁yellow ish ▁or ▁orange ▁ped ip al ps . ▁ ▁Diet ▁In ▁capt ivity ▁this ▁species ▁is ▁fed ▁on ▁cock ro aches ▁and ▁cr ickets . ▁It ▁is ▁suggested ▁that ▁Shel ford ella ▁later alis ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁species ▁of ▁cock ro aches , ▁that ▁are ▁abund ant ▁worldwide . ▁As ide ▁from ▁being ▁abund ant ▁they ▁also ▁are ▁the ▁easiest ▁prey , ▁since ▁they ▁don ' t ▁hide , ▁and ▁the ▁sc orp ion ▁can ▁easily ▁eat ▁them . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁pet ▁The ▁species ▁could ▁be ▁hous ed ▁as ▁pets , ▁and ▁they ▁can ▁live ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁commun ally ▁once ▁into ▁their ▁ 2 nd ▁inst ar . ▁M others ▁tend ▁to ▁eat ▁the ▁young ▁on ▁case - by - case ▁basis . ▁Another ▁thing ▁to ▁consider ▁if ▁own ing ▁such ▁species ▁is ▁that ▁they ▁need ▁something ▁to ▁climb ▁on . ▁A ▁c ork ▁bark ▁is ▁a ▁nice ▁climbing ▁tool ▁for ▁such ▁species ▁if ▁the ▁owner ▁will ▁lean ▁it ▁against ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁en closure ▁or ▁layer ▁it ▁to ▁provide ▁am ple ▁climbing ▁space . ▁Art ificial ▁lim bs ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁too , ▁since ▁the ▁same ▁tool ▁is ▁used |
▁for ▁re pt iles ▁and ▁aqu ari ums ▁alike . ▁The ▁container ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁need ▁to ▁live , ▁is ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁of ▁ ▁deep ▁and ▁moist ured . ▁Pe at ▁m oss ▁must ▁be ▁provided , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁species ▁are ▁not ▁bur row ers . ▁The ▁owner ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁keeping ▁the ▁m oss ▁clean ▁every ▁two ▁weeks . ▁The ▁species ▁don ' t ▁require ▁water , ▁since ▁they ▁acquire ▁moisture ▁from ▁their ▁prey . ▁The ▁temperature ▁in ▁the ▁container ▁must ▁be ▁at ▁ 7 5 – 9 0 ° F ▁or ▁ 2 4 – 3 2 ° C ▁for ▁the ▁species ▁to ▁survive ▁and ▁reproduce . ▁ ▁Rep roduction ▁The ▁species ▁are ▁part hen ogen etic , ▁and ▁they ▁consist ▁only ▁of ▁females . ▁The ▁females ▁give ▁birth ▁in ▁ 3 ▁months , ▁with ▁the ▁period ▁being ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁ 4 – 5 ▁months . ▁Var ious ▁gest ation ▁periods ▁are ▁different , ▁and ▁can ▁take ▁maximum ▁from ▁ 9 – 1 2 ▁months . ▁The ▁gest ation ▁can ▁be ▁short ened ▁if ▁the ▁temperature ▁is ▁warm ▁enough . ▁The ▁bro od ▁size ▁is ▁from ▁ 2 – 1 6 , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 8 . ▁ ▁Emer gency ▁st ing ▁procedures ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁ven om ous , ▁and ▁therefore ▁shouldn ' t ▁be ▁dist urbed . ▁T . ▁st ig m ur us ▁has ▁a ▁recorded ▁L D 5 0 ▁of ▁ 0 . 5 7 5 mg / ▁kg |
▁in ▁m ice , ▁which ▁is ▁significant . ▁Study ▁( published ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁of ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁T . ▁st ig m ur us ▁ven om ▁on ▁children ▁in ▁its ▁native ▁Brazil ▁has ▁shed ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁ven om ' s ▁effects . Out ▁of ▁a ▁recorded ▁ 1 , 6 1 8 ▁env onom ations , ▁ 2 0 % ▁of ▁cases ▁were ▁asympt om atic ▁( pres um ably ▁dry ▁st ings , ▁with ▁no ▁ven om ▁inject ed ); ▁ 6 6 . 1 % ▁involved ▁only ▁local ▁manifest ations ; ▁ 1 3 . 6 % ▁had ▁moderate ▁signs ▁of ▁en ven oming , ▁and ▁ 0 . 4 % ▁were ▁severe . ▁Out ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 , 6 1 8 ▁cases , ▁three ▁children , ▁all ▁aged ▁less ▁than ▁five ▁years ▁of ▁age , ▁died , ▁for ▁a ▁mort ality ▁rate ▁of ▁ 0 . 2 %. ▁T ity us ▁st ig m ur us ▁is ▁thus ▁significantly ▁toxic , ▁but ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁equ ated ▁with ▁sc orp ions ▁of ▁higher ▁toxic ity . ▁On ▁the ▁popular ▁ 1 ▁- ▁ 5 ▁st ing - rating ▁scale ▁used ▁for ▁sc orp ions , ▁T . ▁st ig m ur us ▁ranks ▁somewhere ▁between ▁levels ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 4 . ▁ ▁However , ▁if ▁the ▁person ▁does ▁get ▁st ung ▁by ▁them ▁the ▁person ▁needs ▁to : ▁Use ▁an ▁ice ▁pack ▁to ▁cool ▁the ▁burn ▁Go ▁to ▁the ▁hospital |
▁Make ▁sure ▁to ▁be ▁assess ed ▁for ▁common ▁severe ▁complic ations ▁related ▁to ▁sc orp ion ▁st ings , ▁such ▁as ▁ac ute ▁kid ney ▁injury ▁and ▁p anc reat itis . ▁Ven om ▁extr action ▁k its ▁were ▁tested ▁and ▁proven ▁to ▁be ▁in effective ▁in ▁mit ig ating ▁or ▁preventing ▁en ven om ation ▁and ▁causes ▁more ▁tissue ▁trauma ▁on ▁the ▁wound ▁area ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁su ction ▁of ▁the ▁appar atus . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Video ▁with ▁audio ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁ ▁Category : T ity us ▁Category : F a una ▁of ▁Brazil ▁Category : Sc orp ions ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁Category : Sc orp ions ▁of ▁South ▁America <0x0A> </s> ▁Del int ment ▁Lake ▁is ▁an ▁artificial ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁Blue ▁Mountains ▁about ▁ ▁north west ▁of ▁Burn s ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Oregon . ▁Its ▁name ▁der ives ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁hom est ead er ▁F . ▁S . ▁De ▁L enti ement , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁was ▁granted ▁ownership ▁of ▁a ▁ ▁tract ▁that ▁included ▁the ▁land ▁where ▁the ▁lake ▁now ▁stands . ▁ ▁The ▁lake ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁be aver ▁p onds ▁along ▁Del int ment ▁Creek , ▁a ▁t ribut ary ▁of ▁Silver ▁Creek ▁in ▁Har ney ▁County . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Forest ▁Service ▁combined ▁and ▁en larg ed ▁the ▁p onds , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 5 3 ▁local ▁interest ▁groups ▁made ▁further ▁changes ▁to ▁improve ▁conditions ▁for ▁fishing ▁and ▁other ▁rec reation . ▁The ▁dam ▁that ▁imp ounds ▁the ▁lake ▁is ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁ ▁high . ▁ ▁A ▁Mal he ur ▁National ▁Forest ▁camp ground ▁with ▁ 2 9 ▁camps ites ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁lake . ▁Activ ities ▁include ▁fishing , ▁swimming , ▁pic n icking , ▁and ▁bo ating . ▁Camp ground ▁hosts ▁are ▁present ▁during ▁the ▁summer . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁l akes ▁in ▁Oregon ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Har ney ▁County , ▁Oregon ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Oregon ▁Category : Res erv oirs ▁in ▁Oregon <0x0A> </s> ▁Nou v elles ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁near ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁town ▁of ▁Mons ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁H ain aut . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁▁ ▁Category : Sub - m unicip al ities ▁of ▁Mons ▁Category : Form er ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁H ain aut ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁H ain aut ▁( prov ince ) ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Belgium <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁( Port ug uese : ▁C ai ap ó ▁) ▁people ▁are ▁ind igenous ▁peoples ▁in ▁Brazil ▁who ▁inhabit ▁a ▁vast ▁area ▁spreading ▁across ▁the ▁states ▁of ▁Par á ▁and ▁M ato ▁G ros so , ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁River ▁and ▁along ▁X ingu ▁River ▁and ▁its ▁t ribut aries ▁This ▁pattern ▁has |
▁given ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁nick name ▁the ▁X ingu ▁tribe . ▁They ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁sub groups ▁of ▁the ▁great ▁M eb ê ng ô kre ▁nation ▁( people ▁from ▁the ▁water ’ s ▁source ). ▁The ▁term ▁" K ay ap o " ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁neighbour ing ▁groups ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁themselves . ▁They ▁refer ▁to ▁outs iders ▁as ▁" Po anj os ". ▁ ▁The ▁type ▁of ▁sweet ▁pot ato ▁that ▁forms ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kay ap ó ▁diet ▁is ▁sometimes ▁named ▁" c ai ap o ", ▁after ▁the ▁tribe . ▁It ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁under ▁that ▁name ▁in ▁Japan , ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁have ▁health ▁benefits . ▁ ▁Location ▁ ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁tribe ▁lives ▁alongside ▁the ▁X ingu ▁River ▁in ▁the ▁most ▁east ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁Rain fore st , ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁bas in , ▁in ▁several ▁scattered ▁villages ▁ranging ▁in ▁population ▁from ▁one ▁hundred ▁to ▁one ▁thousand ▁people ▁in ▁Brazil . ▁Their ▁land ▁consists ▁of ▁tropical ▁rain fore st ▁sav ann ah ▁( gr ass land ) ▁and ▁is ▁arg u ably ▁the ▁largest ▁tropical ▁protected ▁area ▁in ▁the ▁entire ▁world , ▁covering ▁ 1 1 , 3 4 6 , 3 2 6 ▁he ct ares ▁of ▁Ne ot rop ical ▁forests ▁and ▁scrub land ▁containing ▁many ▁end ang ered ▁species . ▁They ▁have ▁small ▁hills ▁scattered ▁around ▁their ▁land ▁and ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁cr iss - cross ed ▁by ▁river ▁val le |
ys . ▁The ▁larger ▁rivers ▁feed ▁into ▁numerous ▁pool s ▁and ▁c ree ks , ▁most ▁of ▁which ▁don ’ t ▁have ▁official ▁names . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 8 , 6 3 8 ▁Kay ap o ▁people , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁increase ▁from ▁ 7 , 0 9 6 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Sub groups ▁of ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁include ▁the ▁X ik rin , ▁Gor ot ire , ▁M ek ran oti ▁and ▁M ety kt ire . ▁Their ▁villages ▁typically ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁dozen ▁h uts . ▁A ▁cent r ally ▁located ▁h ut ▁serves ▁as ▁a ▁meeting ▁place ▁for ▁village ▁men ▁to ▁discuss ▁community ▁issues . ▁ ▁Name ▁The ▁term ▁Kay ap o , ▁also ▁sp elled ▁C ai ap ó ▁or ▁K ai ap ó , ▁came ▁from ▁neighbor ing ▁peoples ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁and ▁means ▁" th ose ▁who ▁look ▁like ▁mon keys ". ▁This ▁name ▁is ▁probably ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁Kay ap ó ▁men ' s ▁ritual ▁involving ▁mon key ▁masks . ▁The ▁aut onym ▁for ▁one ▁village ▁is ▁M eb ê ng ô kre , ▁which ▁means ▁" the ▁men ▁from ▁the ▁water ▁hole ." ▁Other ▁names ▁for ▁them ▁include ▁Gor ot ire , ▁Kar ara ô , ▁K ub en - K ran - K r ên , ▁K ô k ra im ô r ô , ▁M ek r ã g not i , ▁M |
ety kt ire , ▁and ▁X ik rin . ▁ ▁Appe arance ▁▁ ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁use ▁intr icate ▁black ▁body ▁paint ▁covering ▁their ▁entire ▁bodies . ▁They ▁believe ▁that ▁their ▁ancestors ▁learned ▁their ▁social ▁skills ▁from ▁insect s , ▁so ▁they ▁paint ▁their ▁bodies ▁to ▁mim ic ▁them ▁and ▁to ▁better ▁communicate ▁with ▁the ▁Spirit ▁that ▁exists ▁everywhere . ▁The ▁black ▁body ▁paint ▁also ▁allows ▁them ▁to ▁blend ▁into ▁their ▁surroundings ▁when ▁hunting ▁in ▁the ▁forests . ▁To ▁help ▁find ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁the ▁forest , ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁paint ▁their ▁legs ▁with ▁red ▁pig ment ▁that ▁rub s ▁off ▁on ▁the ▁surrounding ▁terrain . ▁The ▁colors ▁that ▁a ▁Kay ap o ▁we ars ▁is ▁representative ▁of ▁their ▁tribe ' s ▁colors . ▁ ▁Old er ▁generations ▁of ▁Kay ap o ▁men ▁wear ▁dis ks ▁in ▁their ▁lower ▁lips , ▁but ▁the ▁practice ▁is ▁less ▁common ▁among ▁younger ▁Kay ap o ▁men . ▁The ▁men ▁ad orn ▁themselves ▁with ▁radi ating ▁fe athers , ▁representing ▁the ▁universe , ▁in ▁their ▁hair . ▁Kay ap o ▁men ▁also ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁with ▁rope ▁in ▁their ▁hair , ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁rope ▁which ▁the ▁first ▁Kay ap o ▁used ▁to ▁arrive ▁from ▁the ▁sky . ▁Trad itionally , ▁Kay ap o ▁men ▁cover ▁their ▁lower ▁bodies ▁with ▁she ath s . ▁Due ▁to ▁increased ▁contact ▁with ▁outside ▁cultures , ▁contemporary ▁Kay ap o ▁often ▁wear ▁Western - style ▁clothing ▁such ▁as ▁shorts . ▁Kay ap o ▁ch iefs ▁wear ▁a ▁he address |
▁made ▁out ▁of ▁bright ▁yellow ▁fe athers ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁r ays ▁of ▁the ▁sun . ▁The ▁fe athers ▁used ▁in ▁their ▁he address es ▁are ▁from ▁birds ▁native ▁to ▁their ▁area ▁such ▁as ▁hy ac inth ▁mac aw ▁and ▁cre sted ▁or op end ola . ▁The ▁birds ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁are ▁naturally ▁bright - colored ; ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁do ▁not ▁d ye ▁the ▁fe athers . ▁Kay ap o ▁children ▁wear ▁cloth ▁or ▁be aded ▁bands ▁with ▁colors ▁representing ▁their ▁tribes . ▁Typ ically ▁these ▁bands ▁are ▁tied ▁below ▁the ▁waist ▁or ▁cr iss cross ed ▁around ▁the ▁tor so . ▁When ▁the ▁child ▁become ▁of ▁age , ▁they ▁go ▁through ▁a ▁n aming ▁ceremony ▁in ▁which ▁they ▁wear ▁large ▁yellow ▁he address es . ▁ ▁Kay ap o ▁women ▁can ▁be ▁distinguished ▁by ▁the ▁V ▁shape ▁sh aved ▁into ▁their ▁hair . ▁ ▁Language ▁They ▁speak ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁language , ▁which ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁J ê ▁language ▁family . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁are ▁split ▁into ▁many ▁groups , ▁resulting ▁in ▁different ▁dialect s ▁of ▁their ▁language . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁value ▁or atory ▁highly , ▁calling ▁themselves ▁those ▁who ▁speak ▁beautifully ▁( K aben ▁me i ) ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁ind igenous ▁groups . ▁Beaut y ▁is ▁valued ▁highly ▁in ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁culture . ▁A ▁beautiful ▁name ▁is ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁wealth . ▁The ▁tribe ▁will ▁move ▁and ▁re - construct ▁their ▁camp ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁find ▁the |
▁materials ▁required ▁to ▁undert ake ▁the ▁n aming ▁ceremony ▁eg . ▁S ufficient ▁food ▁sources ▁for ▁celebration ▁must ▁be ▁gathered ▁and ▁presented ▁to ▁the ▁father ▁of ▁the ▁new - born . ▁During ▁certain ▁occasions , ▁Kay ap o ▁men ▁may ▁speak ▁as ▁if ▁someone ▁is ▁punch ing ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁stomach . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁possess ▁varying ▁knowledge ▁of ▁Portuguese , ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁individual ▁groups ▁and ▁their ▁history ▁of ▁contact ▁with ▁outs iders . – ▁ ▁Land ▁control ▁and ▁environmental ▁issues ▁ ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁have ▁incorporated ▁a ▁great ▁deal ▁of ▁traditional ▁myth , ▁ritual ▁and ▁cosm ology ▁ ▁into ▁their ▁practices ▁honour ing ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁earth ' s ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁people . ▁Th reat s ▁to ▁the ▁forest ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁have ▁been ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁extreme ▁concern ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 3 0 ▁years , ▁beginning ▁with ▁mining ▁and ▁logging ▁enter prises ▁which ▁threatened ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁rain fore st , ▁and ▁thus ▁the ▁Kay apos ' ▁way ▁of ▁life . ▁In ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Gor ot ire , ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁made ▁a ▁deal ▁with ▁prospect ors ▁that ▁mining ▁could ▁take ▁place ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁they ▁received ▁a ▁percentage ▁of ▁the ▁mining ▁proceed s ▁and ▁had ▁their ▁territory ▁dem arc ated . ▁The ▁gold ▁mining ▁operation ▁was ▁initially ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁positive ▁development , ▁which ▁brought ▁money ▁into ▁the ▁local ▁economy . ▁With ▁money ▁filter ing ▁into ▁the ▁economy , ▁better ▁housing , ▁improved ▁education ▁and ▁a ▁resulting ▁level ▁of |
▁health ▁were ▁achieved . ▁However , ▁the ▁initial ▁benefits ▁of ▁mining ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁pollution ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁which ▁se ep ed ▁into ▁water ▁ways ▁and ▁nearby ▁river ▁banks ▁ ▁and ▁dec imated ▁local ▁fish ▁populations ▁with ▁high ▁quantities ▁of ▁mer cury . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁striking ▁environmental ▁threats , ▁social ▁habits ▁began ▁to ▁change ▁with ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁outside ▁influences ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁Men ▁began ▁to ▁spend ▁more ▁time ▁in ▁town ▁drinking , ▁and ▁engaging ▁in ▁" con sp ic uous ▁consumption ▁and ▁woman ising ." ▁ ▁This ▁increased ▁interaction ▁with ▁outside ▁groups ▁elev ated ▁the ▁levels ▁of ▁disease , ▁which ▁pos ed ▁an ▁im min ent ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁people ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁relative ▁se clusion ▁and ▁limited ▁access ▁to ▁medical ▁care . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁dimin ishing ▁resource ▁base ▁caused ▁conflicts ▁between ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁and ▁neighbour ing ▁villages ▁which ▁often ▁resulted ▁in ▁explos ive ▁and ▁long ▁standing ▁disput es . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁people ▁used ▁force ful ▁tactics ▁to ▁ban ish ▁log gers ▁and ▁min ers ▁in ▁some ▁areas , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁to ▁establish ▁themselves ▁as ▁an ▁economic ▁force . ▁Develop ers ▁ranging ▁from ▁gold ▁min ers ▁to ▁so y ▁farmers ▁and ▁cattle ▁ranch ers ▁were ▁often ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁new ▁land ▁issues ▁a rose ▁when ▁the ▁government ▁proposed ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam s ▁to ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁X ingu ▁River ▁area , ▁namely ▁the ▁Bel o ▁Monte ▁Dam . |
▁These ▁dam s ▁were ▁an ▁im min ent ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁with ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁dis place ▁up wards ▁of ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people ▁from ▁their ▁lands . ▁Under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Paul inho ▁P ai ak an , ▁the ▁Alt am ira ▁G ather ing ▁was ▁or chestr ated ▁by ▁the ▁Kay ap o , ▁drawing ▁media ▁attention ▁worldwide . ▁This ▁demonstr ation , ▁st aged ▁at ▁the ▁planned ▁site ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁dam ▁in ▁Alt am ira , ▁Par á , ▁lasted ▁several ▁days ▁and ▁brought ▁much ▁pressure ▁upon ▁both ▁the ▁World ▁Bank ▁and ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁government . ▁The ▁Alt am ira ▁gathering ▁brought ▁the ▁Kay ap o , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁Brazil ian ▁Indians ▁and ▁their ▁supporters ▁into ▁a ▁forum ▁where ▁discussion ▁could ▁be ▁had ▁about ▁how ▁to ▁protect ▁the ▁environment ▁and ▁the ▁native ▁peoples . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁demanded ▁information ▁that ▁was ▁being ▁with held ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁negative ▁consequences ▁for ▁their ▁people ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁directly ▁affected ▁by ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁dam , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁rural ▁Braz ilians ▁in ▁the ▁X ingu ▁River ▁area , ▁who ▁they ▁felt ▁were ▁not ▁receiving ▁adequate ▁and ▁fair ▁information . ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁continued ▁to ▁fight ▁advers ity ▁and ▁ret ali ated ▁using ▁traditional ▁war ▁or atory ▁and ▁d ances , ▁prov ing ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁only ▁capable ▁of ▁" effect ively ▁rein tegr ating ▁their ▁society , ▁( but ) ▁also ▁of ▁ad ap |
ting ▁their ▁organization ▁and ▁culture ▁to ▁manip ulate ▁the ▁mass ▁media ▁that ▁covered ▁the ▁demonstr ation ". ▁The ▁Kay ap o ▁attended ▁the ▁meeting ▁to ▁protest ▁the ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam ▁development ▁whilst ▁in ▁traditional ▁costume ▁and ▁w ield ing ▁m ache tes . ▁Perhaps ▁" the ▁most ▁dramatic ▁single ▁image ▁to ▁emerge ▁from ▁this ▁tum ult uous ▁gathering ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁Tu í ra , ▁a ▁female ▁ind igenous ▁leader , ▁an gr ily ▁w aving ▁a ▁m ache te ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁engineer ▁José ▁Ant ô nio ▁Mun iz ▁L ó pes ▁( l ater ▁president ▁of ▁Ele tr on orte , ▁the ▁state ▁power ▁company ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁dam ), ▁which ▁had ▁worldwide ▁re per cuss ions ▁and ▁probably ▁influenced ▁further ▁post pon ement ▁of ▁the ▁project ” ▁▁ ▁An ▁important ▁media ▁element ▁of ▁the ▁present ations ▁was ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁rock ▁star ▁St ing ▁during ▁the ▁demonstr ation . ▁St ing ▁would ▁continue ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁Kay ap o ▁in ▁their ▁efforts ▁to ▁protect ▁their ▁land , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁he ▁would ▁found ▁the ▁Rain fore st ▁Foundation ▁Fund . ▁Three ▁years ▁later , ▁the ▁first ▁priv ately ▁funded ▁dem arc ation ▁of ▁the ▁Brazil ian ▁ind igenous ▁reserve ▁was ▁made ▁possible ▁by ▁the ▁R FF . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁they ▁were ▁again ▁threatened ▁by ▁secret ive ▁government ▁plans ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁hydro elect ric ▁dam s ▁on ▁their ▁land . ▁The ▁Bel o ▁Monte ▁Dam |
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