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us ▁p ug n ax ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁p uk ap u ka ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁pul cher ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁punct ul atus ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁p ung ens ▁K ane h ira ▁Pand an us ▁pun ice us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁pun icular is ▁J . St .- H il . ▁Pand an us ▁pur pur asc ens ▁Th ou . ▁Pand an us ▁pur p ure us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁p we le ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁py g ma e us ▁Hook . ▁Pand an us ▁py g ma e us ▁Th ou . ▁Pand an us ▁py ram id alis ▁Bark ly ▁ex ▁B alf . f . ▁Pand an us ▁py ram idos ▁H . St . John ▁ ▁Q ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁quad rif id us ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁quad rif id us ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁qu in arius ▁H . St . John ▁ ▁R ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁rab ai ensis ▁R end le ▁Pand an us ▁r aban l ensis ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rab aul ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rad ians ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rad icans ▁Bl anco ▁Pand an us ▁rad ic ifer us ▁H . St . |
John ▁Pand an us ▁rad ifer ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rad ula ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁r amb u ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁r amos ii ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁rap ensis ▁F . Br . ▁Pand an us ▁ray nal ii ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁re bur rus ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rec av il ap ide us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rec avis ax os us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁re ch inger i ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁re cl in atus ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁rect us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ref lex us ▁L odd . ▁ex ▁Des f . ▁Pand an us ▁reg alis ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁re ine cke i ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁res inos us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ret ic ul atus ▁V ie ill . ▁Pand an us ▁ret ic ulos us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ret us us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁re x ▁Stone ▁Pand an us ▁r he oph il us ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁r hop al oc arp us ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁rigid if ol ius ▁R . E . V augh an ▁& ▁W ie he ▁Pand an us ▁rob |
inson ii ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁roll ot ii ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁rose us ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ro str atus ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁rot uma ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rub ell us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rub ric inct us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rub ris pic atus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁r uf us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁rug ulos us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁russ ow ▁Mi q . ▁ex ▁R id l . ▁ ▁S ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁sab ul orum ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sal ail ua ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sal iens ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁s amb ir an ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sam o ensis ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁sanct im aria e ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sand ak an ensis ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁s ander i ▁H ort . S and . ▁ex ▁M ast . ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁Pand an us ▁sar as in orum ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁sat ab ie i ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁s att el berg ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sat th wa ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sa x at ilis |
▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sc ab er ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sc ab rif ol ius ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sc ab rif ol ius ▁Mart elli ▁ex ▁Ko ord . ▁Pand an us ▁sch od de i ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sc op ula ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁sc op ul orum ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sc ort ech ini ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁se chell ar um ▁B alf . f . ▁Pand an us ▁section ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁semi arm atus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sem id iv is us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sem ip ilar is ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁semi plant us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sen eg al ensis ▁St . John ▁ex ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁separ atus ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁s erm oll ian us ▁Call m . ▁& ▁B uer ki ▁Pand an us ▁ser pent in icus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁s err atus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁s ess ilis ▁Bo jer ▁Pand an us ▁s ess ilis ▁h ort . ▁ex ▁H . W endl . ▁Pand an us ▁sex angular is ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sib uy an ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁si err ale on ensis ▁Hu |
yn h ▁Pand an us ▁sig mo ide us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁s ik asso ensis ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁sil van us ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁simple x ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁sing apore ns is ▁K ane h ira ▁Pand an us ▁sin ic ola ▁A . C . Sm . ▁Pand an us ▁sol ms - la ub ach ii ▁F . Mu ell . ▁Pand an us ▁sol ms - la ub ach ii ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁sol omon ensis ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁sol omon ensis ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sp arg an io ides ▁Baker ▁Pand an us ▁sp ath ul atus ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sp ha ero ce ph al us ▁( Br ong n .) ▁Sol ms ▁Pand an us ▁sp ha ero ce ph al us ▁P anch er ▁ex ▁Br ong n . ▁Pand an us ▁sp ha ero ide us ▁Th ou . ▁Pand an us ▁sp hen isk os ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sp ic atus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sp ic ifer ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁spin ifer ▁War b ▁Pand an us ▁spin ist ig matic us ▁F ager l . ▁Pand an us ▁sp iral is ▁R . Br . ▁Pand an us ▁sp iral is ▁h ort . ▁ex ▁H . W endl . |
▁Pand an us ▁sp iss us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sp odi oph yll us ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sp ond i oph yll us ▁Stone . ▁Pand an us ▁sp ur ius ▁Ste ud . ▁Pand an us ▁stell aris ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁stell atus ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁stell iger ▁R id l . ▁Pand an us ▁st en oph yll us ▁Kur z ▁Pand an us ▁st ip iform is ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁st ol on ifer ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sub ac aul is ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁sub cy l ind ric us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sub glob os us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sub ul orum ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁sul aw es icus ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁sul c atus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁sum at ran us ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁s yl vest ris ▁B ory ▁Pand an us ▁s ylv ic ola ▁Hu yn h ▁ ▁T ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁tab ell arius ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁t ai wan icus ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁t alu uc ensis ▁Call m . ▁Pand an us ▁t ave uni ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁t az o an ii ▁Call m . |
▁& ▁W ohl h . ▁Pand an us ▁t ector ius ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁t ector ius ▁Park inson ▁Pand an us ▁t ector ius ▁Park inson ▁ex ▁Du ▁R oi ▁Pand an us ▁ten u if lag ell atus ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁ten u if ol ius ▁B alf ▁f . ▁Pand an us ▁ten u if ol ius ▁Lind en ▁ex ▁D uf res ne ▁Pand an us ▁ten u im argin atus ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁ten u ip ed un cul atus ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁terra e - reg ina e ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁t ert ian us ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁te usz ii ▁War b . ▁Pand an us ▁th om ensis ▁Henri q . ▁Pand an us ▁th om ensis ▁Sol ms ▁Pand an us ▁ti ass ale ensis ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁to lan are ns is ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁to li are ns is ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁tong at ap u ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ton kin ensis ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁ton kin ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁trial ve atus ▁B . C . St one ▁Pand an us ▁tri angular is ▁H . St . John ▁ex ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁tr icol or ▁H . St . John |
▁Pand an us ▁ts ar atan an ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁t sing y cola ▁Call m . ▁& ▁N usb . ▁Pand an us ▁tub ul atus ▁Hu yn h ▁Pand an us ▁turb in atus ▁L odd . ▁ex ▁Ste ud . ▁Pand an us ▁tur rit us ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁tut u ila ensis ▁Mart elli ▁ ▁U ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁u lig inos us ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁u mb on atus ▁Qu is umb . ▁& ▁M err ill ▁Pand an us ▁un gu ifer ▁Hook . f . ▁Pand an us ▁un ic orn ut us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ur dan et ensis ▁El mer ▁Pand an us ▁u ro phy ll us ▁H ance ▁Pand an us ▁utilis ▁B ory ▁Pand an us ▁ut iy am ai ▁K ane h ira ▁ ▁V ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁v aho ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁valid us ▁Hu yn h ▁& ▁Call m . ▁Pand an us ▁val le in lar is ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁v and am ii ▁Mart elli ▁& ▁Pic . S erm . ▁Pand an us ▁v and erme esch ii ▁B alf . f . ▁Pand an us ▁v ange ert ii ▁H ort . ▁Pand an us ▁vari abil is ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁v av au ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ve illon ii ▁H . St . John |
▁Pand an us ▁ver ec und us ▁Stone ▁Pand an us ▁vertical is ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁ver us ▁L . ▁Pand an us ▁vie ill ard ii ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁vin ace us ▁Stone ▁Pand an us ▁viol ace us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁vir id ar ifact us ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁vis cid us ▁( Br ong n .) ▁P anch . ▁ex ▁B alf . f . ▁Pand an us ▁vis cid us ▁( Br ong n .) ▁Sol ms ▁Pand an us ▁vis cid us ▁P anch er ▁ex ▁Br ong n . ▁Pand an us ▁vis cius ▁( Br ong n .) ▁Sol ms ▁Pand an us ▁v iti ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁v itt ari if ol ius ▁Bo jer ▁Pand an us ▁v og el ensis ▁H . St . John ▁ ▁W ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁w av r inian us ▁H ort . S and . ▁Pand an us ▁wel w itsch ii ▁R end le ▁Pand an us ▁wh it mee an us ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁wie he i ▁Bos ser ▁& ▁J . Gu ého ▁Pand an us ▁wood l ark ensis ▁H . St . John ▁ ▁Y ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁y ande ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y as awa ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y ir r k ala ensis ▁H |
. St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y osh io i ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y ule ensis ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y unn an ensis ▁St . John ▁Pand an us ▁y van ii ▁Sol ms ▁ ▁Z ▁ ▁Pand an us ▁z amb o ang ensis ▁Mart elli ▁Pand an us ▁z anz ib are ns is ▁H . St . John ▁Pand an us ▁z ey lan icus ▁Hook . f . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Pand an us ▁species ▁Pand an us <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women ▁was ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Championship ▁for ▁Women , ▁played ▁under ▁the ▁rules ▁of ▁FI BA , ▁the ▁world ▁governing ▁body ▁for ▁basketball , ▁and ▁the ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁there of . ▁The ▁tournament ▁was ▁hosted ▁by ▁Moz amb ique ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 ▁to ▁ 2 9 , ▁with ▁games ▁played ▁at ▁the ▁Pav il h ão ▁do ▁Max aqu ene ▁in ▁Map uto . ▁ ▁Qual ification ▁ ▁Squad s ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁Pre liminary ▁round ▁Times ▁given ▁below ▁are ▁local ▁UTC + 2 . ▁ ▁Group ▁A ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Group ▁B ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Kn ock out ▁stage ▁ ▁Championship ▁br acket ▁▁ 5 th ▁place ▁br acket ▁▁ 9 th ▁place ▁br acket ▁ ▁Quarter fin als ▁▁ 9 – 1 2 ▁place ▁sem if inals ▁▁ 5 – 8 th |
▁place ▁sem if inals ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Ele vent h ▁place ▁match ▁ ▁N inth ▁place ▁match ▁ ▁S event h ▁place ▁match ▁ ▁Fifth ▁place ▁match ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁medal ▁match ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Final ▁stand ings ▁ ▁Ang ola ▁ro ster A str ida ▁Vic ente , ▁C atar ina ▁Cam uf al , ▁Clar isse ▁M p aka , ▁Fel izard a ▁Jorge , ▁Fine za ▁E us é bio , ▁Lu í sa ▁Tom ás , ▁Mad al ena ▁Felix , ▁N ac iss ela ▁Maur í cio , ▁Nad ir ▁Manuel , ▁N gi end ula ▁F ili pe , ▁S ón ia ▁Gu ad alu pe , ▁Whit ney ▁Miguel , ▁Coach : ▁An í bal ▁More ira ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁All - T our nament ▁Team ▁▁ ▁De ol inda ▁Ng ule la ▁▁ ▁R ams es ▁L on l ack ▁▁ ▁N ac iss ela ▁Maur í cio ▁▁ ▁Le ia ▁D ong ue ▁▁ ▁Ast ou ▁Tra or é ▁ ▁Stat ist ical ▁Lead ers ▁ ▁Individual ▁Tour nament ▁High s ▁ ▁Points ▁ ▁Reb ounds ▁ ▁Ass ists ▁ ▁Ste als ▁ ▁Block s ▁ ▁Turn o vers ▁▁ 2 - point ▁field ▁goal ▁percentage ▁▁ 3 - point ▁field ▁goal ▁percentage ▁ ▁Free ▁throw ▁percentage ▁ ▁Individual ▁Game ▁High s ▁ ▁Team ▁Tour nament ▁High s ▁ ▁Points ▁per ▁Game ▁ ▁Reb ounds ▁ ▁Ass ists ▁ ▁Ste als ▁ ▁Block s ▁ ▁Turn o vers ▁▁ 2 - point |
▁field ▁goal ▁percentage ▁▁ 3 - point ▁field ▁goal ▁percentage ▁ ▁Free ▁throw ▁percentage ▁ ▁Team ▁Game ▁high s ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FI BA ▁Africa ▁Women ' s ▁Club s ▁Champions ▁Cup ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁Moz amb ique ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁African ▁basketball ▁Category : Intern ational ▁women ' s ▁basketball ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Moz amb ique <0x0A> </s> ▁K af a ▁or ▁K ef a ▁( K afi ▁no ono ) ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁Om otic ▁Language ▁spoken ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁at ▁the ▁Ke ff a ▁Zone . ▁It ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Eth iop ian ▁Language ▁Area , ▁with ▁SO V ▁word ▁order , ▁e ject ive ▁cons on ants , ▁etc . ▁ ▁A ▁collection ▁of ▁pro ver bs ▁in ▁the ▁language ▁has ▁been ▁published ▁by ▁Mes fin ▁W od ajo . ▁ ▁Within ▁the ▁K af a ▁culture ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁cas te ▁of ▁traditional ▁hun ters ▁called ▁the ▁Man ja / Man jo ▁' h un ters '. ▁They ▁may ▁once ▁have ▁spoken ▁a ▁different ▁language . ▁However , ▁Le ik ola ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁currently ▁they ▁speak ▁K af a ▁with ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁distinctive ▁words ▁and ▁const ructions ▁that ▁they ▁use , ▁rein for cing ▁the ▁dist in ctions ▁between ▁themselves ▁and ▁the ▁larger ▁K af |
a ▁society . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Bro ck el mann , ▁Carl ▁( 1 9 5 0 ): ▁Zur ▁Gram mat ik ▁der ▁K af a - S pr ache . ▁in : ▁Bro ck el mann , ▁Carl ▁( ed . ): ▁Abb ess in ische ▁Ber ichte ▁über ▁die ▁Ver hand l ungen ▁der ▁S äch s ischen ▁Ak adem ie ▁der ▁W issenschaft en . ▁Leip zig . ▁pp ▁ 4 0 – 6 0 . ▁ ▁Cer ull i , ▁En rico ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁Stud i ▁et iop ici . ▁Vol . ▁IV : ▁La ▁ling ua ▁C aff ina . ▁Roma : ▁Ist itut o ▁Per ▁L ' or iente . ▁ ▁F lem ing , ▁Harold ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁" K ef a ▁( G ong a ) ▁L anguages ", ▁in ▁The ▁Non - S emit ic ▁L anguages ▁of ▁Eth iop ia . ▁B ender , ▁M . ▁L . ▁( ed .) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁World ▁Atl as ▁of ▁Language ▁Struct ures ▁information ▁on ▁K ef a ▁ ▁Category : L anguages ▁of ▁Eth iop ia ▁Category : N orth ▁Om otic ▁languages <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Kn ox ▁Glass ▁B ott le ▁Company ▁ ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁American ▁glass ▁manufacturing ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁Kn ox , ▁Clar ion ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ ▁The ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁company ' s ▁production ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁glass ▁bottles |
▁with ▁ 7 ▁k ▁inside ▁of ▁a ▁ke yst one ▁ 4 0 4 ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁beer ▁bottles , ▁milk ▁bottles , ▁and ▁many ▁glass ▁medicine ▁bottles ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁standard ▁sizes . ▁B ott le ▁collect ors ▁identify ▁the ▁company ' s ▁products ▁through ▁the ▁m ould ▁numbers ▁and ▁distinctive ▁letter - in - a - ke yst one ▁mark ▁on ▁the ▁base ▁of ▁the ▁bottles . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ox ▁Glass ▁B ott le ▁Company ▁was ▁Roy ▁Under wood ▁( 1 8 8 7 − 1 9 5 1 ). ▁During ▁its ▁operations , ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁the ▁company ▁acquired ▁ 1 6 ▁other ▁glass making ▁companies − pl ants ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁A ▁lawsuit ▁between ▁the ▁company ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁executive ▁( K n ox ▁Glass ▁B ott le ▁Company ▁v . ▁Under wood , ▁ 8 9 ▁So . 2 d ▁ 7 9 9 ▁( Miss . ▁ 1 9 5 6 )) ▁" was ▁the ▁first ▁Mississippi ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁case ▁to ▁define ▁in ▁detail ▁the ▁fid u ci ary ▁duties ▁of ▁a ▁corporate ▁director ▁and ▁officer ," ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁law ▁firm ▁that ▁represented ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁parties . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁the ▁Glass ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁which ▁filed ▁a ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁bankrupt cy ▁petition ▁in ▁Del aware ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ |
▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Society ▁for ▁Historical ▁Arch ae ology : ▁ ▁" History ▁of ▁the ▁Kn ox ▁Glass ▁B ott le ▁Company " ▁ ▁Category : Gl ass making ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁glass making ▁companies ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Def unct ▁manufacturing ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Def unct ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Cl ar ion ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : 1 9 1 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : 1 9 6 8 ▁dis est ablish ments ▁in ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁River ▁C ocker ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁in ▁Lanc ash ire , ▁England . ▁ ▁The ▁River ▁C ocker ▁r ises ▁near ▁to ▁Ye at ▁House ▁Farm ▁and ▁Hig her ▁Know e ▁Hill ▁south ▁of ▁Qu ern more , ▁near ▁Lanc aster . ▁ ▁It ▁runs ▁south ▁w ester ly ▁through ▁C ocker ▁Cl ough ▁Wood ▁and ▁Br unst ow ▁Wood , ▁then ▁by ▁Ham pson ▁Green , ▁before ▁briefly ▁turning ▁north ▁west ▁when ▁joined ▁by ▁Pot ters ▁Brook ▁at ▁the ▁ham let ▁of ▁Pot ters ▁Brook ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁M 6 ▁motor way ▁, ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁channel ed ▁under ▁the ▁Lanc aster ▁Canal . ▁ ▁The ▁river |
▁then ▁sk irts ▁south ▁around ▁C ocker ham , ▁by ▁Little ▁Crim bles ▁before ▁being ▁sw ollen ▁by ▁Park ▁Lane ▁Brook ▁and ▁Lee ▁Brook ▁and ▁flowing ▁into ▁salt fl ats ▁below ▁C ock ers and ▁Ab bey ▁on ▁the ▁L une ▁est uary . ▁The ▁river ▁is , ▁approximately ▁ 1 7 . 5 km ▁( 1 0 . 9 ▁miles ) ▁in ▁length . ▁ ▁C ocker ham ▁Mar sh ▁is ▁a ▁designated ▁S SS I ▁and ▁the ▁C ocker ▁Est uary ▁is ▁a ▁fav oured ▁over w inter ing ▁site ▁of ▁migr atory ▁pink - fo oted ▁go ose , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁fl ocks ▁of ▁over ▁one ▁thousand , ▁at ▁times . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁nation ally ▁important ▁for ▁other ▁winter ▁se ab ird s , ▁including ▁o yst erc atch er , ▁turn stone , ▁grey ▁pl over , ▁red ▁kn ot ▁( known ▁simply ▁as ▁kn ot ), ▁cur le w , ▁common ▁red sh ank ▁and ▁dun lin . ▁In ▁summer , ▁it ▁hosts ▁impressive ▁numbers ▁of ▁ring ed ▁pl over . ▁ ▁E TY MO LOG Y ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁refers ▁to ▁cock er , ▁a ▁breed er ▁of , ▁hun ter ▁of , ▁or ▁fighter ▁with ▁game ▁birds . ▁This ▁is ▁appropriate ▁given ▁the ▁local ▁farming ▁of ▁p oul try ▁and ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁many ▁par tr idge ▁and ▁other ▁game ▁birds ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁ ▁W AT ER ▁Q UAL ITY ▁AND ▁P OL L UT ION . ▁ |
▁The ▁River ▁C ocker , ▁along ▁with ▁its ▁neighbour ▁the ▁River ▁Con der ▁lie ▁within ▁the ▁P illing , ▁R id gy , ▁C ocker ▁and ▁Con der ▁Oper ational ▁C atch ment ▁of ▁the ▁Environment ▁Agency ' s ▁L une ▁Management ▁C atch ment . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁heavily ▁past or ally ▁far med , ▁with ▁extensive ▁cattle , ▁sheep ▁and ▁p oul try ▁stock ▁and ▁agricultural ▁pollution ▁is ▁identified ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁reason ▁that ▁waters ▁have ▁yet ▁to ▁att ain ▁“ Good ” ▁status . ▁ ▁United ▁Util ities ▁has ▁made ▁funding ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁“ C ocker ▁and ▁Con der ▁Clean ▁Up ”. ▁Recent ▁reporting ▁has ▁identified ▁the ▁overall ▁quality ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁as ▁“ Mod er ate ” ▁for ▁environmental ▁pollution ▁( am mon ia ▁and ▁ph osph ates ) ▁and ▁“ Good ” ▁for ▁chemical ▁cont amination . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Lanc ash ire ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Lanc aster <0x0A> </s> ▁P ip alia ▁Has nab ad ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Bh op al ▁district ▁of ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁India . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ber asia ▁te hs il . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census ▁of ▁India , ▁P ip alia ▁Has nab ad ▁has ▁ 2 8 7 ▁households . ▁The ▁effective ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁( i . e . ▁the ▁liter acy ▁rate ▁of ▁population ▁excl uding ▁children ▁aged ▁ 6 ▁and ▁below |
) ▁is ▁ 5 4 . 5 6 %. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Ber asia ▁te hs il <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁drama ▁series ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift ▁a ired ▁between ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁July ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁on ▁NBC ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Sach s / J ud ah ▁Produ ctions , ▁and ▁Sony ▁Pictures ▁Television ▁with ▁series ▁creat ors ▁G abe ▁Sach s ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Jud ah ▁serving ▁as ▁executive ▁producers . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁follows ▁the ▁overnight ▁shift ▁at ▁San ▁Antonio ▁Medical ▁Center , ▁where ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁surge ons ▁have ▁a ▁connection ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁military . ▁Dr . ▁T C ▁Call ahan ▁( E oin ▁Mack en ) ▁is ▁an ▁ex - Ar my ▁medic ▁who ▁initially ▁exhib its ▁PT SD - type ▁symptoms , ▁having ▁watched ▁his ▁brother ▁die ▁right ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁battle field . ▁He ▁tends ▁to ▁go ▁his ▁own ▁way ▁at ▁the ▁hospital , ▁frequently ▁breaking ▁rules ▁and ▁but ting ▁heads ▁with ▁his ▁ex - girl friend ▁and ▁newly ▁appointed ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁night ▁shift , ▁Dr . ▁Jordan ▁Alexander ▁( J ill ▁Fl int ), ▁and ▁the ▁hospital ' s ▁administr ator , ▁Michael ▁R ag osa ▁( F red dy ▁Rodr igue z ). ▁▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , |
▁NBC ▁placed ▁a ▁pilot ▁order , ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁After ▁H ours , ▁and ▁ordered ▁four ▁additional ▁scripts ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁under ▁the ▁final ▁name ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift . ▁It ▁was ▁renew ed ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁season ▁on ▁May ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁after ▁air ing ▁only ▁ 5 ▁episodes . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁episode ▁premier ed ▁to ▁ 7 . 6 7 ▁million ▁viewers , ▁winning ▁its ▁times lot . ▁It ▁gar ner ed ▁a ▁ 1 . 6 / 5 ▁adults ▁ 1 8 - 4 9 ▁rating , ▁second ▁only ▁to ▁America ' s ▁Got ▁Tal ent ▁for ▁the ▁whole ▁day . ▁ ▁Production ▁The ▁series ▁first ▁appeared ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁NBC ▁development ▁sl ate ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁however , ▁decided ▁to ▁not ▁go ▁forward ▁with ▁a ▁pilot ▁order . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁NBC ▁decided ▁to ▁re visit ▁the ▁pilot ▁script ▁for ▁the ▁series , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁The ▁Last ▁Stand . ▁On ▁October ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁NBC ▁placed ▁a ▁pilot ▁order , ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁name ▁After ▁H ours . ▁The ▁pilot ▁was ▁directed ▁by ▁Pierre ▁More l ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁G abe ▁Sach s ▁and ▁Jeff ▁Jud ah . ▁ ▁On ▁April ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁NBC ▁ordered ▁four ▁additional ▁scripts ▁under ▁a ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁title , ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift |
. ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁NBC ▁officially ▁ordered ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift ▁to ▁series . ▁Production ▁on ▁season ▁one ▁of ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift ▁began ▁in ▁Al bu quer que , ▁New ▁Mexico , ▁in ▁late ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁and ▁ended ▁film ing ▁in ▁mid - N ovember . ▁ ▁Cast ing ▁Cast ing ▁announce ments ▁began ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁with ▁E oin ▁Mack en ▁first ▁cast ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁T C ▁Call ahan , ▁a ▁doctor ▁who ▁has ▁recently ▁returned ▁from ▁the ▁Army , ▁who ▁constantly ▁disag rees ▁with ▁his ▁super iors ▁and ▁does ▁things ▁his ▁own ▁way . ▁Fred dy ▁Rodr igue z ▁was ▁the ▁next ▁actor ▁cast ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Michael ▁R ag osa , ▁the ▁hospital ' s ▁administr ator ▁who ▁originally ▁wanted ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁doctor . ▁Ken ▁Le ung ▁and ▁Jean anne ▁Go oss en ▁were ▁then ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁cast , ▁with ▁Le ung ▁cast ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Top her , ▁an ▁emergency ▁room ▁doctor ▁who ▁previously ▁helped ▁soldiers ▁that ▁were ▁injured ▁in ▁battle . ▁Go oss en ▁signed ▁onto ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Krist a , ▁a ▁beautiful ▁resident ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁In ▁early ▁November , ▁Robert ▁Ba iley ▁Jr . ▁joined ▁the ▁series ▁as ▁Paul ▁C umm ings , ▁a ▁young , ▁but ▁sque am ish ▁resident ▁at ▁the ▁hospital . ▁J ill ▁Fl int ▁later ▁signed ▁onto ▁the ▁role |
▁of ▁Jordan ▁Alexander , ▁the ▁newly ▁promoted ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Night ▁Sh ift , ▁who ▁once ▁dated ▁T . C . ▁Dan i ella ▁Al onso ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁actor ▁cast ▁in ▁the ▁series . ▁Al onso ▁will ▁play ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Dr . ▁Land ry ▁de ▁la ▁Cruz , ▁the ▁l one ▁psychiat rist ▁working ▁the ▁night ▁shift . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Main ▁cast ▁ ▁E oin ▁Mack en ▁as ▁Dr . ▁T C ▁Call ahan ▁ ▁J ill ▁Fl int ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Jordan ▁Alexander ▁ ▁Ken ▁Le ung ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Top her ▁Z ia ▁ ▁Brend an ▁Fe hr ▁as ▁Dr . ▁D rew ▁Al ister ▁ ▁Dan i ella ▁Al onso ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Land ry ▁de ▁la ▁Cruz ▁ ▁Robert ▁Ba iley ▁Jr . ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Paul ▁C umm ings ▁ ▁Jean anne ▁Go oss en ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Krist a ▁Bell - H art ▁ ▁J . R . ▁L emon ▁as ▁ER ▁Nur se ▁Ken ny ▁Four net te ▁ ▁Fred dy ▁Rodr igue z ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Michael ▁R ag osa ▁ ▁Rec ur ring ▁cast ▁ ▁Es od ie ▁Ge iger ▁as ▁Nur se ▁Molly ▁Ram os ▁▁ ▁Al ma ▁S is nero ▁as ▁Nur se ▁D iaz ▁▁ ▁Cath ar ine ▁Pil af as ▁as ▁Nur se ▁B ard ocz ▁▁ ▁Luke ▁Mac F arl ane ▁as ▁Rick ▁Lincoln ▁▁ ▁Scott ▁Wolf ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Scott ▁C lem m ens ▁ ▁E pis odes ▁ ▁Broad cast ▁The ▁Night ▁Sh ift |
▁air s ▁on ▁Global ▁TV ▁in ▁Canada , ▁and ▁gar ner ed ▁ 9 8 5 , 0 0 0 ▁viewers ▁for ▁its ▁debut ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁began ▁air ing ▁in ▁Australia ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁Universal ▁Channel . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁American ▁television ▁seasons <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁A it k ens ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁actor ▁and ▁writer ▁of ▁drama ▁scripts ▁for ▁movies , ▁television ▁and ▁stage . ▁He ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁for ▁the ▁BA FT A ▁nominated ▁BBC ▁situation ▁comedy ▁Wait ing ▁for ▁God , ▁first ▁shown ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁He ▁has ▁written ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁UK ' s ▁favourite ▁drama ▁and ▁comedy ▁series . ▁ ▁Michael ▁A it k ens ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Ha iley bury . ▁He ▁then ▁lived ▁in ▁Australia ▁for ▁ten ▁years ▁and ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁United ▁States , ▁for ▁two ▁years , ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁the ▁A FI ▁Conserv atory ▁( Los ▁Angeles ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁ ▁More ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁of ▁his ▁scripts ▁have ▁been ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Australia . ▁He ▁now ▁lives ▁in ▁London , ▁where ▁he ▁works ▁as ▁a ▁writer / produ cer , ▁mainly ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁original ▁series , ▁and ▁has ▁recently ▁formed ▁his ▁own ▁independent ▁production ▁company |
, ▁DA IS Y L U . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁occasional ▁hum orous ▁newspaper ▁column ist . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁core ▁writer ▁for ▁M ids omer ▁Mur ders ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁MS N ▁Entertainment ▁- ▁Michael ▁A it k ens ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B rit ish ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : English ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁television ▁writers ▁Category : M ale ▁actors ▁from ▁London ▁Category : Log ie ▁Award ▁winners ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Ha iley bury ▁and ▁Imperial ▁Service ▁College ▁Category : M ale ▁television ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Beg onia ▁l ud wig ii ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Beg oni aceae . ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁low land ▁forests ▁and ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁mont ane ▁forests . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁E cu ador . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁E cu ador ▁l ud wig ii ▁Category : End ang ered ▁plants ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Ky ela ▁M j ini ▁is ▁an ▁administrative ▁ward ▁in ▁the ▁Ky ela ▁district ▁of ▁the ▁M be ya ▁Region ▁of ▁T anz ania . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ |
2 0 0 2 ▁census , ▁the ▁ward ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 8 , 9 2 6 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : W ards ▁of ▁T anz ania ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁M be ya ▁Region <0x0A> </s> ▁Al w yn ▁Did ar ▁Singh ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁ ▁Indian ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁former ▁Secretary ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Indian ▁Ch ambers ▁of ▁Commerce ▁and ▁Industry ▁( F IC CI ). ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Birmingham ▁with ▁a ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁in ▁development ▁administration ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 . ▁In ▁addition , ▁he ▁holds ▁a ▁PhD ▁on ▁the ▁Policy ▁and ▁Administration ▁of ▁E - commerce ▁from ▁Pan j ab ▁University , ▁Chand ig ar h . ▁He ▁is ▁an ▁al umn us ▁of ▁St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁College , ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Singh ▁was ▁appointed ▁Secretary ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁of ▁Indian ▁Ch ambers ▁of ▁Commerce ▁and ▁Industry ▁( F IC CI ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁served ▁till ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Singh ▁was ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁India ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁O verse as ▁Indian ▁Affairs ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁Finance ▁Member ▁for ▁the ▁National ▁High ways ▁Authority ▁of ▁India ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁He ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁J oint ▁Secretary ▁in ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁India ' s |
▁Ministry ▁of ▁Heavy ▁Indust ries ▁and ▁also ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Commerce ▁with ▁respons ibilities ▁for ▁foreign ▁trade . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁Ad visor ▁for ▁Bridge ▁India , ▁a ▁progressive ▁non - profit ▁think ▁tank ▁set ▁up ▁In ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁▁ ▁Al w yn ▁Did ar ▁Singh ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁honor ary ▁degree ▁of ▁Doctor ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁( D Un iv ) ▁by ▁Birmingham ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Birmingham ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : P anj ab ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : St . ▁Stephen ' s ▁College , ▁Delhi ▁al umn i ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁Frederick ▁Charles ▁Wil ton ▁ ▁( 2 9 ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁– ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁South ▁African ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁flying ▁ace ▁cred ited ▁with ▁six ▁a erial ▁vict ories . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁background ▁Wil ton ▁was ▁born ▁to ▁John ▁and ▁Sarah ▁Wil ton , ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁Australia . ▁Later ▁the ▁family ▁moved ▁to ▁England , ▁but ▁eventually ▁settled ▁in ▁Dur ban , ▁South ▁Africa , ▁where ▁Wil ton ▁grew ▁up ▁and ▁eventually ▁became ▁an ▁electric ian . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁In ▁ |
1 9 1 4 ▁Wil ton ▁en listed ▁in ▁the ▁South ▁African ▁Army ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁South - West ▁Africa ▁Campaign . ▁He ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁an ▁engineering ▁unit , ▁and ▁was ▁disappointed ▁in ▁that ▁he ▁never ▁saw ▁any ▁combat . ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁ship ▁to ▁England ▁to ▁en list ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁F lying ▁Corps . ▁Serv ing ▁as ▁a ▁ser ge ant , ▁he ▁applied ▁for ▁a ▁commission ▁as ▁a ▁pilot . ▁His ▁first ▁application ▁was ▁rejected , ▁but ▁was ▁successful ▁on ▁his ▁second ▁attempt ▁in ▁mid - 1 9 1 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁training ▁was ▁in ▁a ▁classroom , ▁at ▁the ▁No . ▁ 2 ▁School ▁of ▁Military ▁A eron aut ics ▁in ▁Oxford , ▁learning ▁about ▁aircraft ▁engineering , ▁rig ging , ▁arm aments , ▁a erial ▁navigation ▁and ▁artillery ▁spot ting . ▁He ▁was ▁commissioned ▁from ▁cad et ▁to ▁temporary ▁second ▁lieutenant ▁( on ▁prob ation ) ▁on ▁ 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁then ▁posted ▁to ▁R AF ▁C atter ick ▁for ▁flight ▁training . ▁After ▁only ▁two ▁hours ▁and ▁forty ▁minutes ▁of ▁dual ▁instruction ▁he ▁was ▁flying ▁solo . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁trained ▁to ▁use ▁his ▁machine ▁guns , ▁in ▁bomb ing , ▁and ▁a erial ▁photography . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁the ▁Army ' s ▁Royal ▁F lying ▁Corps ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Royal ▁Naval ▁Air ▁Service ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁Royal ▁Air |
▁Force , ▁and ▁about ▁that ▁time ▁Wil ton ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁No . ▁ 9 8 ▁Squadron ▁R AF ▁to ▁fly ▁the ▁Air co ▁D H . 9 ▁two - se ater ▁day ▁bom ber . ▁In ▁bomb ing ▁missions ▁over ▁German ▁territory , ▁the ▁British ▁rel ied ▁on ▁flying ▁in ▁close ▁formation ▁to ▁gain ▁mutual ▁protection ▁from ▁German ▁fighters ▁that ▁would ▁attack ▁from ▁above . ▁Nevertheless , ▁Wil ton ▁was ▁reported ▁missing ▁in ▁action ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June , ▁but ▁soon ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁unit . ▁He ▁was ▁forced ▁down ▁again ▁by ▁aircraft ▁from ▁J asta ▁ 4 3 ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁July . ▁He ▁gained ▁his ▁first ▁a erial ▁vict ories ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁July , ▁with ▁Lieutenant ▁Charles ▁Harrison ▁as ▁his ▁observer / gun ner , ▁destroying ▁two ▁F ok ker ▁Dr . I ▁fighters ▁over ▁the ▁For êt ▁de ▁Ris . ▁Two ▁days ▁later , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁July , ▁Wil ton ▁and ▁Harrison ▁destroyed ▁a ▁Pf al z ▁D . III ▁fighter ▁over ▁For êt ▁de ▁F ère , ▁but ▁his ▁aircraft ▁was ▁badly ▁shot ▁up ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁Pa ired ▁with ▁Captain ▁G . ▁H . ▁Gill is , ▁Wil ton ▁shot ▁down ▁another ▁F ok ker ▁Dr . I ▁in ▁flames ▁over ▁Bar le ux ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August . ▁ ▁Wil ton ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁F lying ▁Cross ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁His ▁c itation ▁read : ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁( |
T emporary ▁Lieutenant ) ▁Frederick ▁Charles ▁Wil ton . ▁" A ▁fine ▁fighting ▁air man , ▁who ▁has ▁destroyed ▁six ▁enemy ▁aer op lan es ▁and ▁driven ▁down ▁another ▁out ▁of ▁control . ▁He ▁has ▁taken ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁long - distance ▁bomb ing ▁ra ids , ▁and ▁is ▁con sp ic uous ▁for ▁his ▁determination ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁objective , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for ▁his ▁skill ▁in ▁successfully ▁bomb ing ▁the ▁same ." ▁ ▁After ▁two ▁weeks ▁leave ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁early ▁October , ▁Wil ton ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁squad ron ▁for ▁further ▁operations . ▁On ▁a ▁raid ▁on ▁the ▁Hir son ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁October ▁his ▁observer ▁was ▁wounded . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁October , ▁west ▁of ▁Mons , ▁Wil ton ▁and ▁Gill is , ▁destroyed ▁two ▁F ok ker ▁D . V II ▁fighters , ▁but ▁was ▁again ▁his ▁aircraft ▁was ▁badly ▁shot ▁up . ▁By ▁then ▁Wil ton ▁had ▁completed ▁forty ▁missions ▁over ▁enemy ▁territory . ▁He ▁was ▁keen ▁to ▁remain ▁in ▁the ▁R AF ▁post - war , ▁but ▁was ▁sent ▁back ▁to ▁England , ▁and ▁eventually ▁released ▁from ▁military ▁service . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁a erial ▁vict ories ▁ ▁Post - war ▁career ▁Wil ton ▁returned ▁to ▁Dur ban ▁and ▁res umed ▁his ▁job ▁as ▁an ▁electric ian , ▁eventually ▁becoming ▁a ▁successful ▁electrical ▁contract or . ▁He ▁married ▁M aude ▁Re il ander , ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁John . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁Wil ton ▁joined ▁the ▁South |
▁African ▁Air ▁Force , ▁but ▁was ▁disappointed ▁in ▁not ▁being ▁allowed ▁to ▁fly , ▁but ▁instead ▁served ▁in ▁an ▁administrative ▁position . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁Dur ban ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : South ▁African ▁Army ▁personnel ▁Category : R oyal ▁F lying ▁Corps ▁soldiers ▁Category : R oyal ▁F lying ▁Corps ▁officers ▁Category : R oyal ▁Air ▁Force ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : South ▁African ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁flying ▁ac es ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Dist ingu ished ▁F lying ▁Cross ▁( Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁Category : South ▁African ▁Air ▁Force ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II <0x0A> </s> ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁paintings , ▁which ▁dep ict ▁Saint ▁Jer ome : ▁▁ ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( Jan ▁van ▁E y ck ), ▁ 1 4 4 2 ▁ ▁St . ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( Ant on ello ▁da ▁Mess ina ), ▁a ▁painting ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 7 0 s ▁by ▁Anton ello ▁da ▁Mess ina ▁ ▁St . ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( G hir land a io ), ▁a ▁ 1 4 8 0 ▁painting ▁by ▁D omen ico ▁Gh ir land a io ▁ ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( D ür er ), ▁a ▁ 1 5 1 4 ▁en gr aving |
▁by ▁Al bre cht ▁D ür er ▁ ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( D ür er , ▁ 1 5 2 1 ), ▁a ▁ 1 5 2 1 ▁painting ▁by ▁Al bre cht ▁D ür er ▁ ▁St . ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study ▁( C ran ach ), ▁a ▁ 1 5 2 6 ▁painting ▁by ▁Lucas ▁Cr an ach ▁the ▁Eld er ▁ ▁St . ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁his ▁Study ▁( Sch ool ▁of ▁Mar inus ▁van ▁Re ym ers wa ele ), ▁painting ▁attributed ▁to ▁Mar inus ▁van ▁Re ym ers wa ele ▁ ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁Writing ▁( Car av aggio , ▁Rome ), ▁a ▁ 1 6 0 5 - 1 6 0 6 ▁painting ▁by ▁Car av aggio ▁also ▁called ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study . ▁ ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁Writing ▁( Car av aggio , ▁Val lett a ) ▁an ▁earlier ▁work , ▁also ▁called ▁Saint ▁Jer ome ▁in ▁His ▁Study . ▁ ▁de : H ier onym us ▁( K ir chen v ater ) # K unst gesch ichte <0x0A> </s> ▁Ernest ▁Sept im us ▁Reyn olds ▁FR CP ▁( 7 ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁was ▁emer it us ▁professor ▁of ▁clinical ▁medicine ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Manchester . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁he ▁wrote ▁" An ▁E pid emic ▁of ▁Per ipher al ▁Ne ur itis ▁Among st ▁Be er ▁Dr ink ers ▁in |
▁Manchester ▁and ▁District " ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal , ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁papers ▁which ▁caused ▁a ▁national ▁sensation ▁when ▁they ▁revealed ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁dangerous ▁levels ▁of ▁ar sen ic ▁in ▁local ▁beer . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁Reyn olds ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Manchester ▁on ▁ 7 ▁April ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁J . H . ▁Reyn olds . ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁early ▁education ▁at ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Commercial ▁Schools ▁and ▁O w ens ▁College , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁completed ▁the ▁Victoria ▁B Sc ▁prior ▁to ▁entering ▁medicine . ▁He ▁won ▁the ▁Pl att ▁phys i ological ▁exhibition ▁and ▁qualified ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Rosa ▁M aud , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Hook er , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁one ▁daughter . ▁ ▁Medical ▁career ▁After ▁qual ifying , ▁Reyn olds ▁took ▁up ▁posts ▁at ▁the ▁Mac cles field ▁County ▁As yl um , ▁the ▁C head le ▁Royal ▁As yl um , ▁the ▁West ▁R iding ▁As yl um ▁and ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Royal ▁Inf ir mary ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁resident ▁medical ▁officer ▁( 1 8 8 7 – 1 8 9 1 ). ▁He ▁was ▁admitted ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Phys icians ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁fellow ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 1 , ▁he ▁became ▁honor ary ▁physician ▁at ▁the ▁An co ats ▁Hospital ▁and ▁physician ▁to |
▁the ▁Manchester ▁Work house ▁Inf ir mary , ▁a ▁position ▁he ▁held ▁for ▁some ▁time . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁he ▁became ▁lect urer ▁in ▁hy g iene ▁at ▁the ▁Lanc ash ire ▁County ▁Council . ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War , ▁Reyn olds ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁lieutenant - col onel ▁in ▁the ▁Royal ▁Army ▁Medical ▁Corps . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁university ▁as ▁emer it us ▁professor . ▁ ▁Reyn olds ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁identify ▁dangerous ▁levels ▁of ▁ar sen ic ▁in ▁beer ▁brew ed ▁in ▁the ▁Manchester ▁area , ▁which ▁he ▁revealed ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁paper ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal ▁titled ▁" An ▁E pid emic ▁of ▁Per ipher al ▁Ne ur itis ▁Among st ▁Be er ▁Dr ink ers ▁in ▁Manchester ▁and ▁District ", ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁papers ▁on ▁the ▁subject . ▁The ▁discovery ▁caused ▁a ▁national ▁sensation . ▁The ▁conclusion ▁did ▁not ▁come ▁easily , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁many ▁conf ound ing ▁factors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 1 , ▁he ▁co - auth ored ▁along ▁with ▁Ronald ▁Ross , ▁an ▁article ▁demonstr ating ▁a ▁similar ity ▁between ▁ber iber i ▁and ▁alcohol ic ▁neur itis , ▁and ▁" it ▁seemed ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁ber iber i ▁cases ▁might ▁also ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁ar sen ic ▁poison ing ". ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁widespread ▁discussion ▁among ▁tropical ▁disease ▁experts ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁the ▁ne urop ath ies ▁seen ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁ber iber |
i . ▁ ▁Desc ribed ▁as ▁private ▁and ▁even ▁extern ally ▁cool , ▁Reyn olds ▁could ▁be ▁passionate ▁about ▁causes ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁believed ▁strongly . ▁Among ▁these ▁were ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁phys icians ▁not ▁to ▁rely ▁too ▁much ▁on ▁technology ▁at ▁the ▁expense ▁of ▁close ▁observation ▁of ▁the ▁patient ▁at ▁the ▁bed side ▁when ▁making ▁a ▁diagnosis , ▁and ▁the ▁National ▁Insurance ▁Act ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁ve he ment ly ▁opposed ▁and ▁against ▁which ▁he ▁spoke ▁at ▁a ▁public ▁rally . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁Reyn olds ▁gave ▁his ▁presidential ▁lecture ▁for ▁the ▁section ▁of ▁neu rol ogy ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁of ▁Medicine ▁on ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁nervous ▁diseases , ▁using ▁the ▁same ▁classification ▁he ▁had ▁proposed ▁in ▁his ▁Brad sh aw ▁L ect ure ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁Reyn olds ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁from ▁" ac ute ▁influ enz al ▁p neum onia ". ▁He ▁received ▁an ▁ob it uary ▁of ▁over ▁two ▁pages ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal ▁and ▁is ▁prof iled ▁in ▁M unk ' s ▁Roll . ▁He ▁left ▁an ▁estate ▁of ▁£ 3 0 , 1 8 3 ▁with ▁prob ate ▁being ▁granted ▁to ▁his ▁wid ow , ▁his ▁sol ic itor , ▁and ▁Arch ib ald ▁Donald , ▁consulting ▁sur geon ▁at ▁the ▁M RI . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁publications ▁ ▁A ▁Pr imer ▁of ▁H yg iene . |
▁Mac mill an , ▁London , ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁H yg iene ▁for ▁Begin ners . ▁Mac mill an , ▁London , ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁ ▁" An ▁E pid emic ▁of ▁Per ipher al ▁Ne ur itis ▁Among st ▁Be er ▁Dr ink ers ▁in ▁Manchester ▁and ▁District ", ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal , ▁ 2 4 ▁November ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁pp . 1 4 9 2 – 1 4 9 3 . ▁ ▁" The ▁E pid emic ▁of ▁Per ipher al ▁Ne ur itis ▁tr aced ▁to ▁ar sen ical ▁cont amination ▁of ▁beer - making ▁materials ", ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal , ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁pp . 1 5 8 7 – 1 5 9 4 . ▁ ▁" F ur ther ▁observations ▁on ▁epid emic ▁ar sen ical ▁peripher al ▁neur itis ", ▁British ▁Medical ▁Journal , ▁ 2 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 0 , ▁pp . 1 7 6 9 – 1 7 7 1 . ▁ ▁" B rad sh aw ▁L ect ure ▁on ▁the ▁C auses ▁of ▁Dise ase ", ▁The ▁Lanc et , ▁Vol . ▁ 1 9 0 , ▁No . ▁ 4 9 1 5 ▁( 1 0 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 7 ), ▁pp . ▁ 7 0 3 – 7 0 9 . ▁ ▁" C auses ▁of ▁N erv ous ▁Dise ases ", ▁The ▁Lanc et , ▁ |
2 3 ▁October ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁English ▁beer ▁poison ing ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : Phys icians ▁of ▁the ▁Manchester ▁Royal ▁Inf ir mary ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Phys icians ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁influ enza ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁p neum onia ▁Category : Ac adem ics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Manchester ▁Category : B rit ish ▁Army ▁personnel ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁Category : R oyal ▁Army ▁Medical ▁Corps ▁officers ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁London ▁Category : English ▁medical ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁E up ha ed ra ▁barn si ▁is ▁a ▁butter fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁N ym ph al idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Cong o ▁( K iv u ) ▁and ▁R w anda . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : But ter fl ies ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁barn si <0x0A> </s> ▁T eph rit is ▁pra ec ox ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fly ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁T eph rit idae ▁found ▁across ▁Europe . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁adult ▁fly ▁is ▁grey - b rown ▁in ▁colour ▁with ▁a ▁wing ▁length ▁measuring ▁between ▁ 1 . 8 – 3 . 2 mm . ▁The ▁wings ▁are ▁hy al ine ▁and ▁distinct ively ▁marked |
▁between ▁different ▁species ▁of ▁this ▁genus . ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁T . ▁pra ec ox ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁several ▁host ▁plants ▁including ▁Cal end ula ▁ar vens is , ▁Ch rys ant hem um ▁sp ., ▁Fil ago ▁gall ica , ▁and ▁Sen ec io . ▁When ▁m ating , ▁male ▁flies ▁wait ▁near ▁the ▁capit ulum ▁of ▁their ▁chosen ▁flower ▁bud . ▁When ▁a ▁female ▁appears ▁they ▁begin ▁a ▁m ating ▁dance ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁male ▁holds ▁his ▁wings ▁flat ▁and ▁then ▁opens ▁them ▁altern ately . ▁The ▁l ar va e ▁develop s ▁in ▁the ▁seed ▁head . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁T . ▁pra ec ox ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁across ▁central ▁and ▁western ▁Europe .. ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁noted ▁from ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁female ▁found ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 7 .. ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : T eph rit ina e ▁Category : D ip tera ▁of ▁Europe ▁Category : In sect s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Herm ann ▁Lo ew <0x0A> </s> ▁D mit ry ▁Ivan ov ich ▁Il ov ays ky ▁( ; ▁February ▁ 1 1 / 2 3 , ▁ 1 8 3 2 , ▁Ran enburg ▁- ▁February ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 2 0 ) ▁was ▁an ▁anti - Norm an ist ▁Russian ▁historian ▁who ▁p enn ed ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁standard ▁history ▁text books . ▁ ▁Il ov |
ays ky ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Moscow ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁and ▁first ▁attracted ▁critical ▁attention ▁with ▁his ▁thesis ▁on ▁the ▁Pr incip ality ▁of ▁Ry az an ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁wounded ▁during ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁P lev na , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁took ▁an ▁active ▁part . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s , ▁Il ov ays ky ▁started ▁publishing ▁his ▁extensive ▁overview ▁of ▁Russian ▁history . ▁In ▁his ▁later ▁writ ings , ▁he ▁exp ound ed ▁a ▁controversial ▁ ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁Az ov ▁Rus , ▁which ▁was ▁alleged ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁centered ▁on ▁S ark el ▁and ▁T mut ar ak an . ▁ ▁Il ov ays ky ▁was ▁the ▁father - in - law ▁of ▁Ivan ▁T sv eta ev , ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁P ush kin ▁Museum ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts . ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Chap ly gin ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ry az an ▁Governor ate ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Assembly ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁People ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁histor ians ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁journalists ▁Category : R ussian ▁male ▁journalists ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : M os cow ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Hist or ians ▁of ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁Mac ro gl os sum ▁pal aw ana ▁is |
▁a ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁family ▁S ph ing idae . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁the ▁ ▁Philippines ▁( Pal aw an ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Mac ro gl os sum ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria , ▁the ▁ind ist inct ▁carpet , ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ge omet r idae . ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Francis ▁Walker ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁India , ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁and ▁on ▁Pen ins ular ▁Malaysia , ▁Bor neo , ▁Java ▁and ▁possibly ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁Sul aw esi . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁wings pan ▁is ▁about ▁ 2 8 mm ▁in ▁the ▁male ▁and ▁ 3 4 mm ▁in ▁the ▁female . ▁Body ▁very ▁pale ▁brown ▁with ▁r uf ous , ▁f usc ous , ▁and ▁sil very ▁sc aly ▁ir ror ations ▁( spe ck les ). ▁Fore w ings ▁with ▁four ▁lines ▁between ▁the ▁base ▁and ▁middle , ▁very ▁highly ▁ang led ▁below ▁cost a , ▁and ▁dark , ▁then ▁r uf ous ▁and ▁ob lique ▁to ▁inner ▁margin . ▁A ▁large ▁f usc ous ▁and ▁r uf ous ▁patch ▁found ▁beyond ▁the ▁cell ▁bounded ▁by ▁the ▁double ▁post med ial ▁line , ▁which ▁is ▁ang led ▁beyond ▁the ▁cell , ▁then ▁in cur ved ▁to ▁inner ▁margin , ▁and ▁with ▁an ▁ind ist inct |
▁dent ate ▁line ▁beyond ▁it . ▁A ▁r uf ous ▁and ▁f usc ous ▁patch ▁on ▁the ▁margin ▁below ▁a pe x . ▁There ▁is ▁an ▁ind ist inct ▁almost ▁straight , ▁pale ▁subm arg inal ▁line . ▁Hind w ings ▁with ▁traces ▁of ▁numerous ▁waved ▁lines . ▁A ▁sub - bas al ▁dark ▁band ▁and ▁a ▁post med ial ▁r uf ous ▁line ▁ang led ▁found ▁beyond ▁cell . ▁It ▁compr ised ▁with ▁dark ▁marks ▁inside ▁it ▁from ▁ve in ▁ 4 ▁to ▁inner ▁margin . ▁ ▁Sub spec ies ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁bal iens is ▁Pr out , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁fl ore ns is ▁Pr out , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁k ans hire iens is ▁Pr out , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁k has iens is ▁Pr out , ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁rub rid is ca ▁Ham pson , ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁Z ir id ava ▁x y lin aria ▁sub a equ ata ▁Pr out , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁Category : E up it he ci ini <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Chinese ▁water ▁dragon ▁( Phys ign ath us ▁coc inc inus ) ▁is ▁a ▁species |
▁of ▁ag am id ▁l izard ▁native ▁to ▁China ▁and ▁main land ▁Sout heast ▁Asia . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Asian ▁water ▁dragon , ▁Th ai ▁water ▁dragon , ▁and ▁green ▁water ▁dragon . ▁ ▁Description ▁Chinese ▁water ▁drag ons ▁can ▁grow ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁total ▁length , ▁including ▁tail , ▁and ▁can ▁live ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 5 ▁years . ▁Color ation ▁ranges ▁from ▁dark ▁to ▁light ▁green , ▁or ▁sometimes ▁purple ▁with ▁an ▁orange ▁stomach . ▁Di agonal ▁stri pes ▁of ▁green ▁or ▁tur qu oise ▁are ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁body , ▁while ▁the ▁tail ▁is ▁band ed ▁from ▁the ▁middle ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁with ▁green ▁and ▁white . ▁Their ▁unders ides ▁range ▁from ▁white , ▁off ▁white , ▁very ▁pale ▁green , ▁or ▁pale ▁yellow . ▁ ▁But ▁their ▁thro ats ▁are ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁more ▁attractive , ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁quite ▁color ful ▁( blue ▁and ▁purple , ▁or ▁pe ach ), ▁some ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁color , ▁some ▁with ▁stri pes . ▁Adult ▁males ▁have ▁larger , ▁more ▁tri angular ▁heads ▁than ▁females , ▁and ▁develop ▁larger ▁cre sts ▁on ▁the ▁head , ▁neck ▁and ▁tail , ▁and ▁are ▁larger ▁in ▁general . ▁The ▁tail , ▁slightly ▁over ▁two - third s ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁body ▁length , ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁weapon , ▁for ▁balance , ▁and ▁to ▁assist ▁swimming . ▁ ▁Like ▁many ▁other ▁re pt iles ▁the ▁Chinese ▁water ▁dragon ▁possess es ▁a ▁small , ▁ir ides cent |
, ▁photos ensitive ▁spot ▁between ▁their ▁eyes ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁pine al ▁eye ▁( or ▁par iet al ▁eye , ▁or ▁col lo qu ially ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁eye ) ▁that ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁help ▁therm ore g ulate ▁their ▁bodies ▁by ▁sens ing ▁differences ▁in ▁light ▁to ▁assist ▁with ▁b ask ing ▁and ▁seeking ▁shelter ▁after ▁sun set . ▁Since ▁it ▁recogn izes ▁differences ▁in ▁light , ▁the ▁par iet al ▁eye ▁can ▁also ▁help ▁the ▁l izard ▁avoid ▁pred ation ▁from ▁birds ▁and ▁other ▁a erial ▁threats , ▁and ▁can ▁aw aken ▁from ▁deep ▁sleep ▁from ▁even ▁slight ▁changes ▁in ▁light ▁from ▁overhead . ▁These ▁animals ▁are ▁very ▁doc ile ▁and ▁allow ▁physical ▁activity . ▁ ▁Hab itat ▁and ▁behaviors ▁▁ ▁Native ▁to ▁the ▁low land ▁and ▁high land ▁forests ▁of ▁southern ▁China ▁and ▁sout he astern ▁Asia ▁( Th ailand , ▁Vietnam , ▁La os , ▁Camb od ia ▁and ▁Bur ma ), ▁Chinese ▁water ▁drag ons ▁are ▁most ▁commonly ▁found ▁along ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁fresh water ▁l akes ▁and ▁streams . ▁They ▁are ▁active ▁during ▁the ▁day ▁( di urn al ), ▁and ▁spend ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁trees ▁or ▁plants ▁( arb ore al ). ▁If ▁threatened , ▁the ▁dragon ▁will ▁drop ▁from ▁the ▁trees ▁into ▁the ▁water ▁and ▁either ▁swim ▁to ▁safety ▁or ▁remain ▁sub mer ged ▁for ▁up ▁to ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes . ▁Water ▁drag ons ▁live ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁average ▁hum idity ▁levels ▁of ▁ 4 0 – 8 0 % |
▁and ▁temperatures ▁ranging ▁from ▁ 8 0 – 9 0 ° F ▁( 2 6 – 3 2 ° C ). ▁ ▁Diet ▁ ▁Though ▁they ▁will ▁also ▁eat ▁veget ation , ▁the ▁diet ▁of ▁the ▁water ▁dragon ▁consists ▁mainly ▁of ▁insect s , ▁supplement ed ▁with ▁an ▁occasional ▁small ▁fish , ▁mamm al ▁or ▁re pt ile . ▁ ▁In vas ive ▁species ▁Chinese ▁water ▁drag ons ▁have ▁established ▁themselves ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁probably ▁from ▁released ▁pet ▁animals . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Care ▁for ▁Chinese ▁water ▁dragon ▁Chinese ▁water ▁dragon ▁care ▁sheet ▁ ▁Category : Ag am idae ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁My an mar ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Camb od ia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁China ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁La os ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Sout heast ▁Asia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Thailand ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁Vietnam ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Sweet ▁pot ato ▁soup ▁is ▁a ▁Chinese ▁dess ert ▁found ▁in ▁Southern ▁China ▁and ▁Hong ▁Kong . ▁ ▁Cant ones e ▁cu isine ▁In ▁Cant ones e ▁cu isine , ▁it ▁is ▁categor ized ▁as ▁a ▁tong ▁su i ▁or ▁sweet ▁soup , ▁hence ▁the ▁Chinese ▁name . ▁The ▁soup ▁is ▁usually ▁thin ▁in ▁texture , ▁but ▁pot ent ▁in ▁taste . ▁The ▁recipe ▁is ▁simple , ▁consisting ▁of ▁bo iling ▁the ▁sweet ▁pot ato |
▁for ▁a ▁long ▁time ▁with ▁rock ▁candy ▁and ▁g inger . ▁Sweet ▁pot ato ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁commonly ▁found ▁and ▁abund ant ▁vegetables ▁grown ▁in ▁China . ▁With ▁its ▁simple ▁recipe ▁and ▁large ▁crop ▁supply , ▁sweet ▁pot ato ▁soup ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁accessible ▁and ▁affordable ▁tong ▁su i ▁in ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁E gg ▁tong s ui ▁ ▁Fried ▁sweet ▁pot ato ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Chinese ▁sou ps ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁sou ps ▁ ▁Sweet ▁pot ato ▁pie ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ch inese ▁sou ps ▁Category : Ch inese ▁dess erts ▁Category : S weet ▁potatoes <0x0A> </s> ▁ 2 nd ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁Re con naissance ▁Batt alion ▁is ▁a ▁fast ▁and ▁mobil ized ▁arm ored ▁ter rest rial ▁recon naissance ▁batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps . ▁Their ▁primary ▁weapon ▁system ▁is ▁the ▁ 8 - whe eled ▁L AV - 2 5 ▁and ▁they ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Marine ▁Division ▁and ▁II ▁Marine ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force . ▁The ▁unit ▁is ▁based ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁Base ▁Camp ▁Le je une , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁The ▁current ▁mission ▁statement ▁of ▁the ▁batt alion ▁is : ▁To ▁perform ▁combined ▁arms ▁recon naissance ▁and ▁security ▁missions ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁Ground ▁Com bat ▁Element ▁( G CE ) ▁of ▁a ▁Marine ▁Air - G round ▁Task ▁Force ▁( MAG TF ). ▁Its ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁conduct ▁recon naissance , ▁security ▁and |
▁economy ▁of ▁force ▁operations , ▁and , ▁within ▁its ▁capabilities , ▁limited ▁offensive ▁or ▁defensive ▁operations ▁that ▁explo it ▁the ▁unit ' s ▁mobility ▁and ▁fire power . ▁ ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁may ▁function ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁man eu ver ▁element ▁or ▁as ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁unit ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁reg imental ▁combat ▁team , ▁or ▁its ▁sub ord inate ▁companies ▁may ▁support ▁other ▁tact ical ▁units ▁in ▁the ▁G CE . ▁ ▁Sub ord inate ▁units ▁ ▁Organization ▁ ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ' s ▁organization ▁allows ▁it ▁to ▁conduct ▁the ▁full ▁range ▁of ▁command ▁functions . ▁The ▁L AV ' s ▁mobility ▁is ▁maxim ized ▁when ▁the ▁batt alion ▁is ▁assigned ▁independent ▁missions ▁for ▁either ▁the ▁G CE ▁or ▁any ▁of ▁its ▁sub elements . ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁assigned ▁missions ▁that ▁require ▁placing ▁it ▁or ▁its ▁sub ord inate ▁companies ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁other ▁M AG TF ▁form ations . ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁and ▁each ▁of ▁its ▁companies ▁have ▁an ▁organic ▁maintenance ▁and ▁recovery ▁capability ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁sufficient ▁communications ▁equipment ▁for ▁sustained ▁independent ▁battle field ▁operations . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 d , ▁L AR ▁Batt alion ▁is ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Marine ▁Division ▁ ▁and ▁possess ▁ 3 ▁line ▁companies ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁headquarters ▁and ▁service ▁company . ▁ ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁V ehicle ▁Mission ▁Role ▁Vari ants ▁ ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁is ▁equipped ▁with ▁six ▁mission ▁role ▁vari ants ▁( MR V |
s ): ▁▁ ▁L AV - 2 5 ▁( light ▁arm ored ▁vehicle - 2 5 ▁mill imeter ). ▁ ▁L AV - AT ▁( light ▁arm ored ▁vehicle - ant it ank ). ▁ ▁L AV - M ▁( light ▁arm ored ▁vehicle - m ort ar ). ▁ ▁L AV - C 2 ▁ ▁( light ▁ ▁arm ored ▁ ▁vehicle - command ▁ ▁and ▁control ). ▁ ▁L AV - L ▁( light ▁arm ored ▁vehicle - log istics ). ▁ ▁L AV - R ▁( light ▁arm ored ▁vehicle - re covery ). ▁ ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁Re con naissance ▁Sc outs : ▁ ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁Re con naissance ▁Sc outs ▁ ▁Mar ines ▁who ▁have ▁the ▁military ▁occup ational ▁special ty ▁( M OS ) ▁ 0 3 1 1 , ▁rifle man ▁are ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁as ▁sc outs . ▁The ▁sc outs ▁receive ▁their ▁sc out ▁training ▁from ▁the ▁L AR ▁batt alion . ▁The ▁L AR ▁sc outs ▁are ▁not ▁employed ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁inf antry ▁or ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry . ▁Each ▁L AV - 2 5 ▁carries ▁three ▁sc outs , ▁who ▁are ▁trained ▁and ▁organized ▁for ▁employment ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁L AV - 2 5 . ▁The ▁L AR ▁sc outs ▁should ▁be ▁thought ▁of ▁as ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁vehicle ' s ▁employment ▁capabilities . ▁The ▁vehicle / sc out ▁team ▁is ▁a ▁complete ▁system , ▁with ▁the ▁vehicle ▁and ▁its ▁sc outs |
▁each ▁ ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁for ▁security , ▁mobility , ▁and ▁fire power . ▁ ▁Tro op ▁D ensity ▁ ▁The ▁L AV - 2 5 ▁carries ▁three ▁L AV ▁crew men ▁and ▁four ▁personnel ▁( typ ically ▁three ▁sc outs ▁and ▁either ▁a ▁corps man , ▁engineer , ▁or ▁mechan ic ) ▁per ▁vehicle . ▁The ▁L AR ▁batt alion ▁table ▁of ▁organization ▁( T / O ) prov ides ▁for ▁ 2 1 6 ▁sc outs . ▁Operations ▁requiring ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁inf antry ▁ ▁favor ▁employ ing ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry ▁units ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁higher ▁tro op ▁density . ▁This ▁limitation ▁can ▁ ▁be ▁offset ▁by ▁planning ▁for ▁reinforce ments ▁of ▁L AR ▁by ▁helic opter ▁b orne ▁or ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry ▁units . ▁The ▁L AV ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁viewed ▁as ▁an ▁inf antry ▁ ▁fighting ▁vehicle ▁or ▁as ▁an ▁arm ored ▁personnel ▁carrier . ▁This ▁vehicle ▁is ▁an ▁arm ored ▁recon naissance ▁vehicle ▁that ▁lack s ▁sufficient ▁armor ▁protection ▁and ▁tro op ▁density ▁to ▁perform ▁missions ▁normally ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁mechan ized ▁inf antry ▁unit . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Activ ation ▁The ▁first ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁V ehicle ▁unit ▁to ▁be ▁activated ▁was ▁Second ▁L AV ▁Batt alion ▁at ▁Camp ▁Le je une , ▁NC , ▁during ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁and ▁it ▁began ▁receiving ▁its ▁first ▁L AV s ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁under w ent ▁several ▁name ▁changes ▁to ▁include ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁Infan |
try ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁before ▁sett ling ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁on ▁Light ▁Arm ored ▁Re con naissance ▁( L AR ) ▁Batt alion . ▁This ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁better ▁reflect ▁the ▁capabilities , ▁mission , ▁and ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁L AV ▁equipped ▁batt al ions . ▁ ▁Call ▁signs ▁The ▁batt alion ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁by ▁various ▁call ▁signs ▁over ▁the ▁years . ▁At ▁in ception , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" W olf pack ". ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁' 8 0 s ▁the ▁call ▁sign ▁was ▁briefly ▁changed ▁to ▁“ Dr ago on ” ▁but ▁was ▁re verted ▁to ▁" W olf pack " ▁before ▁deploy ing ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Operation ▁Des ert ▁Sh ield . ▁When ▁the ▁batt alion ▁deployed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁call ▁sign ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁" Bar bar ians " ▁because ▁ 3 rd ▁L AR ▁B N ▁was ▁also ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁call ▁sign ▁" W olf pack ". ▁During ▁combat ▁operations ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁enemy ▁transm issions ▁were ▁inter cept ed ▁by ▁Radio ▁Batt alion ▁that ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁unit ▁as ▁" the ▁destroy ers ". ▁R CT - 1 ▁re - design ated ▁the ▁batt alion ▁as ▁“ Destroy er ” ▁and ▁is ▁still ▁the ▁current ▁call ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁batt alion . ▁When ▁the ▁batt alion ▁deployed ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁again ▁the ▁call ▁sign ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁changed ▁do ▁to ▁a |
▁conflict ▁in ▁call ▁signs . ▁An ▁army ▁unit ▁already ▁in ▁theater ▁was ▁using ▁" Destroy er ". ▁For ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁deployment , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁" Mount aine er ". ▁The ▁name ▁was ▁chosen ▁because ▁the ▁batt alion ▁commander ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁L t Col ▁Ren for th , ▁was ▁a ▁fan ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Mount aine ers . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Just ▁C ause ▁Operation ▁Just ▁C ause ▁in ▁Pan ama ▁during ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁L AV s ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁combat ▁operations . ▁As ▁US ▁troops ▁inv aded ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁arrest ▁the ▁dict ator ▁President ▁Manuel ▁Nor ie ga ▁to ▁justice ▁for ▁drug ▁traff icking . ▁L AV ▁Companies ▁from ▁ 2 D ▁L AV ▁B N ▁started ▁deploy ing ▁to ▁Pan ama ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁conducted ▁freedom ▁of ▁movement ▁exercises ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁demonstrated ▁their ▁am ph ib ious ▁capability ▁by ▁swimming ▁the ▁Pan ama ▁Canal . ▁During ▁Operation ▁Just ▁C ause ▁L AV s ▁demonstrated ▁their ▁vers at ility ▁to ▁supporting ▁Special ▁Operations ▁Forces , ▁blocking ▁major ▁high ways , ▁and ▁secur ing ▁important ▁objectives . ▁The ▁first ▁casual ty ▁for ▁the ▁batt alion ▁also ▁occurred ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁when ▁C pl ▁Gar re th ▁Isa ak ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁action . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Silver ▁Star ▁( Post hum ously ). ▁ ▁Gulf ▁War ▁▁ ▁The ▁attack ▁order ▁assigned ▁the ▁ 2 d |
▁L AI ▁Batt alion ▁to ▁screen ▁the ▁division ' s ▁front ▁and ▁fl anks ▁on ▁the ▁Ku wait i ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁b erm , ▁starting ▁on ▁G ▁min us ▁ 3 , ▁ 2 1 ▁February . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁was ▁to ▁" att empt ▁to ▁identify ▁any ▁gaps ▁in ▁the ▁obst acle ▁belt ▁and ▁locate ▁an ▁alternate ▁bre ach ▁site ▁for ▁T iger ▁Brigade ▁in ▁the ▁North west ." ▁This ▁last ▁task ▁was ▁especially ▁important ▁should ▁the ▁division ' s ▁main ▁bre ach ▁effort ▁fail ▁or ▁be ▁held ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁enemy . ▁An ▁alternate ▁bre ach ▁site ▁would ▁permit ▁the ▁T iger ▁Brigade ▁to ▁move ▁its ▁heavy ▁arm ored ▁power ▁around ▁the ▁division ' s ▁fl ank ▁and ▁help ▁to ▁pull ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁division ▁through . ▁Although ▁this ▁was ▁not ▁needed ▁in ▁the ▁end , ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁conting ency ▁to ▁anticip ate . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 d ▁L AR ▁Batt alion ▁along ▁with ▁its ▁supporting ▁artillery ▁unit ▁the ▁ 1 - 3 ▁field ▁artillery ▁from ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁ 1 st ▁T iger ▁Brigade ▁sought ▁contact ▁and ▁reported ▁information ▁on ▁enemy ▁troops , ▁activities , ▁and ▁equipment . ▁Oper ating ▁almost ▁continuously ▁under ▁ant it ank , ▁rock et , ▁and ▁indirect ▁fire , ▁the ▁batt alion ' s ▁companies ▁engaged ▁enemy ▁troops , ▁artillery , ▁and ▁tanks ▁on ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 7 ▁occasions , ▁using ▁organic ▁ant it ank ▁weapons , ▁artillery ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 0 th ▁Mar ines , ▁ |
1 - 3 ▁field ▁artillery ▁and ▁close ▁air ▁support . ▁During ▁these ▁three ▁days , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁account ed ▁for ▁numerous ▁enemy ▁K IA , ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁enemy ▁tanks , ▁a ▁further ▁ 3 5 ▁tanks ▁with ▁air ▁strikes , ▁and ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁ 1 2 0 ▁EP W s . ▁ ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁through ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁provided ▁det ach ments ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁and ▁ 2 6 th ▁ME U ' s ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Operation ▁" Prov ide ▁Com fort " ▁in ▁Northern ▁Iraq . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁May ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁ME U ▁Det achment ▁sw am ▁the ▁T igr is ▁River . ▁ ▁Human itarian ▁missions ▁ ▁Several ▁det ach ments ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁ME U ▁operations ▁deploy ▁to ▁support ▁operations ▁in ▁K ism ay u ▁and ▁M og ad ish u , ▁Som alia ▁from ▁April ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁through ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁during ▁Operation ▁" Rest ore ▁Hope ". ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 0 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁BL T ▁ 2 / 2 ▁landed ▁in ▁H ait i ▁with ▁a ▁L AR ▁pl ato on ▁attachment ▁during ▁Operation ▁" Rest ore ▁Democr acy ". ▁Land ing ▁on ▁“ Blue ▁Beach ” ▁Camp ▁H ait ian , ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁conducted ▁conv oy ▁esc orts , ▁arms ▁collection , ▁dis arm ament ▁of ▁the ▁H ait ian |
▁Forces , ▁and ▁various ▁Human itarian ▁Eff ort ▁tasks . ▁ ▁From ▁June ▁to ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁D ▁Co ▁deployed ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁ME U ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁Operation ▁" J oint ▁Guard ian ". ▁As ▁the ▁first ▁U . S . ▁Peace keep ers ▁in ▁Kos ovo , ▁the ▁Mar ines ▁and ▁the ▁S ail ors ▁of ▁the ▁ME U ▁provided ▁stability ▁to ▁the ▁emb att led ▁region . ▁ ▁During ▁August ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁elements ▁of ▁D ▁Co ▁deployed ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁ME U ▁to ▁support ▁Operation ▁“ Av id ▁Response ”. ▁A ▁Human itarian ▁mission ▁following ▁an ▁earthqu ake ▁in ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 6 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁received ▁a ▁War ning ▁Order ▁to ▁prepare ▁to ▁deploy ▁to ▁H ait i ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁stabil ization ▁operations . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁the ▁first ▁elements ▁of ▁B ▁Co ▁arrived ▁at ▁Port - au - Pr ince , ▁H ait i . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁immediately ▁began ▁an ▁aggressive ▁patrol ▁post ure ▁comb ating ▁lo ot ers ▁and ▁gang s ▁that ▁controlled ▁the ▁area . ▁They ▁quickly ▁seized ▁control ▁and ▁maintained ▁momentum ▁throughout ▁the ▁deployment . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁to ▁ 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁elements ▁of ▁Co ▁B ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁ 2 2 ▁ME U , ▁just ▁returned ▁from ▁a ▁ 7 - |
month ▁deployment ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁recalled ▁off ▁of ▁post ▁deployment ▁leave ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁re - de ploy ▁to ▁provide ▁human itarian ▁support ▁to ▁H ait i ▁following ▁the ▁ 7 . 0 ▁magnitude ▁earthqu ake ▁that ▁struck ▁just ▁west ▁of ▁Port - au - Pr ince ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁The ▁ME U ▁conducted ▁the ▁re - call ▁and ▁was ▁emb ark ed ▁for ▁departure ▁in ▁less ▁than ▁ 5 6 ▁hours ▁from ▁receiving ▁the ▁order ▁to ▁rede ploy ▁for ▁Operation ▁" Un ified ▁Response ". ▁ ▁Global ▁War ▁on ▁T error ▁During ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ 2 d ▁L AR ▁landed ▁at ▁Camp ▁Rh ino ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁which ▁was ▁already ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁ME U ▁to ▁begin ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁K and ah ar . ▁A ▁combined ▁unit ▁formed ▁by ▁ 2 d ▁and ▁ 3 d ▁L AR ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁and ▁ 2 6 th ▁ME U ▁assault ed ▁and ▁took ▁K and ah ar ▁international ▁airport ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Further ▁operations ▁would ▁be ▁held ▁from ▁that ▁location ▁up ▁to ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁to ▁include ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁Operation ▁An ac onda . ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁that ▁base ▁was ▁handed ▁over ▁to ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Air borne ▁units . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Iraq i ▁Freedom ▁During ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁all ▁three ▁active ▁duty ▁L AR ▁Batt |
al ions ▁and ▁the ▁one ▁Reserve ▁Batt alion ▁were ▁mobil ized ▁and ▁deployed ▁to ▁Ku wait ▁for ▁Operation ▁Iraq i ▁Freedom . ▁L AR ▁Batt al ions ▁accompanied ▁all ▁the ▁Reg imental ▁Com bat ▁Te ams ▁into ▁action ▁and ▁elements ▁of ▁ 1 st ▁L AR ▁attached ▁to ▁R CT - 5 ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁ground ▁combat ▁units ▁into ▁Iraq . ▁Lieutenant ▁General ▁Con way , ▁the ▁ME F ▁Commander , ▁opt ed ▁to ▁or chestr ate ▁the ▁war ▁forward ▁using ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁L AV - C 2 s ▁for ▁command ▁and ▁control . ▁L AV s ▁from ▁ 2 d ▁L AR , ▁attached ▁to ▁Task ▁Force ▁Tar awa , ▁broke ▁through ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Al ▁Nas ir iy ah ▁after ▁stiff ▁Fed ay een ▁resistance ▁was ▁encountered . ▁Once ▁in ▁Bag hd ad , ▁ 1 st , ▁ 2 nd , ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁L AR ▁Batt al ions ▁were ▁re organ ized ▁into ▁Task ▁Force ▁Tri pol i ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁attack ▁north ▁and ▁capture ▁S add am ▁Hus se in ' s ▁hom et own ▁of ▁T ik rit . ▁Along ▁the ▁way ▁elements ▁of ▁ 3 d ▁L AR ▁Batt alion ▁resc ued ▁the ▁American ▁Pr ison ers ▁of ▁War ▁from ▁the ▁Iraq is . ▁Operation ▁Iraq i ▁Freedom ▁marked ▁the ▁longest ▁in land ▁penetr ation ▁by ▁US ▁Marine ▁Forces ▁ever , ▁and ▁no ▁units ▁went ▁further ▁and ▁faster ▁than ▁the ▁L AR ▁Batt al ions , ▁again ▁prov ing ▁their ▁incredible ▁vers |
at ility ▁and ▁capability . ▁ ▁Since ▁Operation ▁Iraq i ▁Freedom ▁began ▁the ▁batt alion ▁has ▁completed ▁four ▁ 7 - month ▁deploy ments . ▁ ▁They ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁invasion ▁of ▁Iraq . ▁Delta ▁Co . ▁returned ▁from ▁February ▁to ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁Alpha ▁Co . ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁then ▁Charlie ▁Co . ▁returned ▁from ▁March ▁to ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁patrol ▁in ▁the ▁south western ▁portion ▁of ▁Al ▁An bar ▁Province . ▁Let ▁it ▁be ▁noted ▁also ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁E cho ▁Company ▁was ▁created ▁for ▁a ▁brief ▁period ▁of ▁time . ▁ ▁For ▁their ▁ 3 rd ▁deployment , ▁▁ 2 nd ▁L AR ▁returned ▁to ▁a ▁split ▁Area ▁of ▁operations ▁in ▁Iraq ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁remained ▁there ▁until ▁returning ▁to ▁M CB ▁Camp ▁Le je une ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Station ed ▁at ▁Camp ▁Korean ▁Village ▁was ▁C . ▁Company ▁along ▁with ▁half ▁of ▁H & S ▁Company . ▁Com bat ▁Out post ▁Raw ah ▁had ▁Alpha , ▁Delta , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁half ▁of ▁H & S ▁Co ▁station ed ▁there . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁last ▁deployment ▁the ▁batt alion ▁had ▁four ▁Mar ines ▁killed ▁in ▁action . ▁The ▁unit ▁is ▁currently ▁station ed ▁in ▁theater ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Operation ▁Iraq i ▁Freedom . |
▁ ▁Sign ific ant ▁Events ▁▁ 4 - 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 d ▁L AI ▁deployed ▁to ▁Ku wait ▁with ▁Companies ▁A , ▁B , ▁and ▁H & S ▁Company ; ▁We ap ons ▁Company ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁and ▁integrated ▁into ▁A ▁and ▁B ▁Companies , ▁C ▁Co ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ME F ▁Head quarters . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁at ▁ 2 3 4 5 Z ▁the ▁order ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁dispers al ▁area ▁was ▁received . ▁At ▁ 0 6 0 0 Z ▁the ▁batt alion ▁began ▁the ▁road ▁march ▁in ▁its ▁standard ▁order ; ▁Alpha , ▁T act ical ▁CO C , ▁Br avo , ▁Main ▁CO C , ▁Com bat ▁Train , ▁and ▁the ▁Field ▁Train . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁at ▁ 0 3 0 0 Z ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁assume ▁M OP P ▁Level ▁ 1 ▁due ▁to ▁height ening ▁t ensions ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁▁ 2 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁S add am ▁Hus se in ▁launched ▁his ▁own ▁assault , ▁with ▁a ▁truck ▁bomb ▁expl oding ▁at ▁Camp ▁Comm ando , ▁and ▁miss iles ▁fired ▁at ▁Cam ps ▁Comm ando , ▁Virginia , ▁New ▁York , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Highway ▁ 8 0 . ▁ ▁At ▁ 0 3 0 0 Z ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 1 |
st , ▁Alpha ▁Company ▁led ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁through ▁the ▁bre ach ; ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁conducted ▁a ▁“ Zone ▁Re con naissance ” ▁along ▁Route ▁T ampa ▁and ▁conducted ▁link ▁up s ▁with ▁the ▁Army ' s ▁TF ▁ 3 - 6 9 ▁and ▁TF ▁Tar awa ▁and ▁the ▁assault ▁on ▁An ▁Nas ir iy ah . ▁ ▁After ▁traveling ▁north ▁all ▁day , ▁and ▁batt ling ▁numerous ▁small ▁enemy ▁det ach ments ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁established ▁a ▁defensive ▁position ▁str add ling ▁Highway ▁ 7 ▁well ▁north ▁of ▁An ▁Nas ir iy ah . ▁Almost ▁immediately ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁attacked ▁with ▁both ▁direct ▁and ▁indirect ▁fire ▁weapons ▁systems ▁in ▁a ▁battle ▁that ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁called ▁“ The ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Co il ”. ▁ ▁This ▁battle ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁“ Running ▁Gun - f ights ” ▁through ▁numerous ▁towns ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁the ▁Batt alion ' s ▁ren aming ▁as ▁“ Destroy ers ”. ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April , ▁reports ▁surf aced ▁that ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁enemy ▁vehicles , ▁including ▁armor ▁moved ▁into ▁Al ▁Hay y ▁air field ; ▁B ▁Co ▁led ▁the ▁R CT ' s ▁assault ▁on ▁the ▁air field . ▁Support ed ▁with ▁Cob ra ' s ▁the ▁Regiment ▁attached ▁through ▁Al ▁Hay y ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁enemy ▁vehicles , ▁bunk ers , ▁and ▁weapons ▁c aches . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁fixed ▁the ▁enemy ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Al ▁K ut , ▁the ▁Batt alion |
▁conducted ▁a ▁ 2 5 0 ▁kil ometer ▁road ▁march , ▁by pass ing ▁Al ▁K ut . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁re position ed ▁itself ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁An ▁Nu ’ men iy ah . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁road ▁march , ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁re - design ated ▁under ▁TF ▁Tri pol i ; ▁which ▁consisted ▁of ▁ 3 ▁L AR ▁B ns , ▁ 5 th ▁B n ▁ 1 1 th ▁Mar Reg , ▁Company ▁G / 2 / 2 3 , ▁and ▁an ▁Engine er ▁Company . ▁ ▁The ▁Dest roy er ' s ▁conducted ▁operations ▁IV O ▁T ik rit ▁until ▁ 2 0 ▁April , ▁following ▁Easter ▁TF ▁Tri pol i ▁conducted ▁relief ▁in ▁place ▁with ▁ 4 th ▁Infan try ▁Div . ▁and ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁dis place ▁back ▁to ▁T act ical ▁Assembly ▁Area ▁( T AA ) ▁Pa ige . ▁▁ 9 ▁through ▁ 1 3 ▁May ▁the ▁batt alion ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁Camp ▁Mat ilda , ▁Ku wait ▁and ▁began ▁preparing ▁to ▁return ▁home , ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁Mar ines ▁arriving ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁June . ▁ ▁D ▁Company ▁De ployed ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁I ▁ME F ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁through ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁During ▁the ▁Company ' s ▁ 7 - month ▁deployment ▁they ▁conducted ▁several ▁blocking ▁positions , ▁rein forced ▁V CP s , ▁and ▁conducted ▁an ▁aggressive ▁pat rolling ▁effort ▁and ▁recon naissance ▁mission ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Fall uj |
ah ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁several ▁operations ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁R CT - 1 . ▁ ▁A ▁Company ▁conducted ▁a ▁relief ▁in ▁place ▁with ▁D ▁Company , ▁ 1 7 ▁Sept ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁company ▁conducted ▁combat ▁operations ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Fall uj ah ▁from ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁to ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁During ▁the ▁Company ' s ▁ 7 - month ▁deployment ▁they ▁conducted ▁several ▁blocking ▁positions , ▁rein forced ▁V CP s , ▁and ▁conducted ▁an ▁aggressive ▁pat rolling ▁effort ▁and ▁recon naissance ▁mission ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁Fall uj ah ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁several ▁operations ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁R CT - 1 . ▁ ▁From ▁March ▁through ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁conducted ▁combat ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Al ▁As ad , ▁Camp ▁Korean ▁Village , ▁and ▁Al ▁Q aim ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁R CT - 5 . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 0 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁through ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁Dest roy er ' s ▁found ▁themselves ▁again ▁deployed ▁to ▁Al ▁An bar , ▁Iraq . ▁This ▁time ▁to ▁Camp ▁Korean ▁Village ▁and ▁A O ▁Raw ah . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁L AR ▁members ▁that ▁completed ▁several ▁previous ▁deploy ments ▁to ▁Al ▁An bar ▁and ▁Camp ▁Korean ▁Village , ▁the ▁terrain ▁was ▁familiar ▁and ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁rapidly ▁affect ▁changes ▁to ▁the ▁tact ical ▁layout ▁of ▁the ▁A O . ▁ ▁The |
▁Batt alion ▁conducted ▁operations ▁in ▁A O ▁Raw ah , ▁Camp ▁Korean ▁Village , ▁R ut b ah , ▁Mos ul , ▁and ▁Ak ash at ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁batt alion . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁conducted ▁extended ▁desert ▁operations ▁utilizing ▁rapid ▁ground ▁ref uel ing , ▁supported ▁by ▁CH 5 3 E . ▁Throughout ▁the ▁deployment , ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁supported ▁inter diction ▁operations ▁along ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁B order ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁Operation ▁Den y ▁Al - Q a eda ▁North ▁( D AN ), ▁a ▁ME F ▁level ▁operation . ▁ ▁Operation ▁End uring ▁Freedom ▁ ▁January ▁through ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Co ▁A ▁de plo ys ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁BL T ▁ 3 / 6 , ▁ 2 6 ▁ME U ; ▁They ▁operated ▁in ▁vic inity ▁of ▁K and ah ar . ▁During ▁their ▁deployment ▁the ▁det achment ▁conducted ▁V CP s , ▁E CP s , ▁and ▁an ▁aggressive ▁pat rolling ▁effort ▁and ▁recon naissance ▁missions . ▁ ▁March ▁through ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Co ▁B ▁provided ▁a ▁pl ato on ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁ 1 / 6 , ▁ 2 4 ▁ME U . ▁The ▁BL T ▁operated ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁Hel mand ▁Province . ▁At ▁that ▁time ▁they ▁were ▁the ▁southern ▁most ▁coalition ▁force . ▁They ▁established ▁an ▁aggressive ▁pat rolling ▁effort ▁and ▁conducted ▁several ▁recon naissance ▁missions . ▁ ▁May ▁through ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁Batt alion ▁conducted ▁operations ▁in ▁the |
▁vic inity ▁of ▁Southern ▁Hel mand ▁Province . ▁They ▁seized ▁Khan ▁N esh in ▁Castle ▁and ▁established ▁( 2 ) ▁COP S ▁and ▁several ▁Afghan ▁B order ▁Pat rol ▁and ▁Afghanistan ▁National ▁Police ▁St ations . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁deployed ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Marine ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁They ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁tro op ▁increase ▁announced ▁by ▁President ▁Obama ▁in ▁mid - F ebru ary . ▁ ▁Company ▁A ▁deployed ▁in ▁support ▁of ▁ 4 th ▁L AR ▁from ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁through ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 0 ; ▁conducting ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁Mar j ah ▁area . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 nd ▁L AR , ▁as ▁the ▁southern ▁push ▁of ▁Operation ▁Khan jar , ▁entered ▁Khan ▁N esh in ▁village ▁with ▁the ▁village ▁el ders ' ▁permission . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁The ▁batt alion ▁has ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁following ▁battle ▁stream ers : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁batt al ions ▁ ▁Organization ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Marine ▁Corps ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ 2 nd ▁L AR ' s ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁M CT P ▁ 3 - 1 0 D ▁E MP LO Y MENT ▁OF ▁THE ▁L IGHT ▁AR MO RED ▁RE CON NA I SS ANCE ▁B ATT AL ION ▁ ▁L AR ▁ 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch oi ▁In |
- ho ▁( 1 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁– ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁South ▁Korean ▁writer . ▁ ▁Life ▁Born ▁in ▁Se oul , ▁Ch oi ▁In - ho ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁English ▁Liter ature ▁at ▁Y on se i ▁University ▁and ▁debut ed ▁as ▁a ▁writer ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁with ▁“ Pat ient ▁App rent ice ” ▁( G ye on se up ▁H wan ja , ▁ 견 습 환 자 ) ▁which ▁was ▁selected ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁winners ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Spring ▁Liter ary ▁Cont est ▁sponsored ▁by ▁The ▁Ch os un ▁Il bo . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁youth , ▁Ch oi ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁pro dig ious ▁drink er ▁(" gu zz ler "), ▁and ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁his ▁hand - prints ▁were ▁memor ialized ▁on ▁the ▁sidewalk ▁of ▁Y on se i - ro , ▁where ▁he ▁frequently ▁drank . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁ 4 3 ▁years ▁old , ▁Ch oi ▁converted ▁to ▁Catholic ism , ▁but ▁nonetheless ▁managed ▁to ▁extend ▁his ▁narrative ▁range ▁to ▁include ▁Budd h ism ▁in ▁Road ▁Without ▁Road . ▁ ▁Ch oi ▁has ▁also ▁taught ▁at ▁Y on se i ▁University ▁and ▁Catholic ▁University ▁of ▁Korea . ▁ ▁He ▁died ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁at ▁age ▁ 6 8 ▁( K ore an ▁age ) ▁from ▁sal |
iv ary ▁g land ▁cancer . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁Ch oi ▁In - ho ▁began ▁writing ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁at ▁age ▁ 1 7 ▁and ▁took ▁to ▁it ▁naturally . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁clear ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁account ▁of ▁writing ▁two ▁stories , ▁“ The ▁Bo o zer ” ( 술 꾼 ) ▁( 1 9 7 0 ) ▁and ▁“ A ▁Str anger ’ s ▁Room ” ( 타 인 의 ▁ 방 ) ▁( 1 9 7 1 ), ▁which ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁controversial ▁novel ists ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁According ▁to ▁Ch oi , ▁“ The ▁Bo o zer ” ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁only ▁ ▁two ▁hours , ▁while ▁“ A ▁Str anger ’ s ▁Room ” ▁was ▁written ▁overnight ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁issue ▁of ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Intelligence . ▁ ▁A ▁handful ▁of ▁his ▁early ▁stories ▁gained ▁notice ▁when ▁they ▁won ▁compet itions ▁sponsored ▁by ▁local ▁papers ▁( The ▁H angu k ▁il bo ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁the ▁Ch os un ▁il bo ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁and ▁the ▁S as ang gy e ▁Magazine ▁( 1 9 6 8 ). ▁ ▁His ▁early ▁stories ▁( In cl uding ▁" The ▁Bo o zer ," ▁widely ▁anth olog ized ▁in ▁English , ▁which ▁created ▁general ▁awareness ▁of ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁though ▁written ▁earlier ) ▁depicted ▁harsh ▁and ▁sat irical ▁landsc apes ▁of |
▁the ▁results ▁of ▁consumer ism . ▁Ch oi ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁people ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁a ▁rapidly ▁industrial izing ▁Korea , ▁presenting ▁a ▁sat irical ▁picture ▁of ▁bur geon ing ▁consumer ism ▁and ▁the ▁result ant ▁de human ization . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s , ▁Ch ' oe ▁general ized ▁his ▁focus ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁alien ation ▁and ▁wrote ▁" Deep ▁Blue ▁Night ," ▁which ▁told ▁of ▁the ▁harsh ▁and ▁alien ated ▁" road ▁trip " ▁of ▁two ▁Kore ans ▁in ▁California . ▁It ▁won ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Y i ▁S ang ▁award ▁in ▁Korea ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁It ▁was ▁translated ▁into ▁English ▁by ▁Bruce ▁F ult on ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Ju - Ch an ▁F ult on ▁for ▁the ▁Liter ature ▁Trans lation ▁Institute ▁of ▁Korea ▁and ▁Jim o ond ang ▁Publishing . ▁ ▁Among ▁his ▁works , ▁The ▁Mer chant ▁of ▁Jose on ▁( S ang do , ▁ 상 도 ) ▁and ▁Emperor ▁of ▁The ▁Sea ▁( Ha esh in , ▁ 해 신 ) ▁were ▁dram at ized ▁and ▁a ired ▁by ▁M BC ▁and ▁K BS ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁respectively , ▁which ▁won ▁popularity ▁not ▁only ▁among ▁Kore ans ▁but ▁also ▁viewers ▁across ▁the ▁globe . ▁ ▁Awards ▁Ch oi ' s ▁" Deep ▁Blue ▁Night " ▁won ▁the ▁prest igious ▁Y i ▁S ang ▁Liter ary ▁Award ▁in ▁Korea ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 |
. ▁Besides ▁winning ▁the ▁Y i ▁S ang ▁Liter ary ▁Award ▁Ch oi ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁awarded ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁Hy und ae ▁Mun h ak ▁Award . ▁ ▁Works ▁in ▁translation ▁ ▁English ▁ ▁" Deep ▁Blue ▁Night ," ▁Jim o ond ang ▁Press ▁( May ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁ ▁" T ower ▁of ▁Ant s ," ▁Holly m ▁International ▁Corporation ▁( De cember ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁▁ ▁" The ▁Bo o zer ," ▁Land ▁of ▁Ex ile ▁▁ ▁" An other ▁Man ' s ▁Room ," ▁Modern ▁Korean ▁F iction ▁an ▁Anth ology ▁▁ ▁German ▁Korean ische ▁Liter atur ▁Band ▁ 3 ▁detail ▁( 한 국 문 학 ▁ 사 화 집 ▁ 제 3 권 ▁- 전 후 ▁ 중 단 편 선 ), ▁Bou vier , ▁translated ▁by ▁Ku ▁Ki - Se ong ▁▁ ▁Sch rif ten rei he ▁des ▁Institut s ▁für ▁Korean ische ▁Kultur . ▁ 1 9 8 4 / 5 ▁detail ▁( < 한 > <0xE8> <0xAA> <0x8C> ▁( 8 4 . 5 월 호 ) ▁- ▁ 한 국 문 학 특 집 호 ), ▁Institut ▁für ▁Korean ische ▁Kultur ▁Sch rif ten rei he ▁des ▁Institut s ▁für ▁Korean ische ▁Kultur . ▁ 1 9 8 4 / 7 ▁detail ▁( < 한 > <0xE8> <0xAA> <0x8C> ▁( 8 4 . 7 월 호 ) ▁- ▁ 한 국 문 학 특 집 호 ), ▁Institut |
▁für ▁Korean ische ▁Kultur ▁ ▁Japanese ▁▁ 他 人 の 部 屋 ▁detail ▁( 타 인 의 ▁ 방 ), ▁ コ ー ル サ ッ ク ▁( Co al ▁S ack ) 社 ▁▁ 夢 <0xE9> <0x81> <0x8A> 桃 源 <0xE5> <0x9B> <0xB3> ▁detail ▁( 몽 유 도 원 도 ), ▁ コ ー ル サ ッ ク ▁( Co al ▁S ack ) 社 ▁ ▁Polish ▁ ▁Mask i ▁detail ▁( 가 면 무 도 회 ), ▁Nob il itas ▁ ▁French ▁Une ▁n uit ▁ble ue ▁et ▁prof onde ▁( 깊 고 ▁ 푸 른 ▁ 밤 ), ▁Act es ▁Sud ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁A ▁short ▁bi ography ▁and ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁The ▁Bo o zer ▁( Called ▁The ▁Dr unk ard ▁here ) ▁ ▁Category : Se oul ▁High ▁School ▁al umn i ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁cancer ▁in ▁South ▁Korea ▁Category : Con verts ▁to ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁Category : South ▁Korean ▁Roman ▁Cath ol ics ▁Category : South ▁Korean ▁writers ▁Category : Y on se i ▁University ▁al umn i <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁ 1 8 3 4 ▁bronze ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson ▁by ▁Pierre - Je an ▁David ▁d ' Ang ers ▁is ▁installed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Cap itol ' s ▁rot unda , ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 0 s ▁sculpt |
ures ▁Category : B ron ze ▁sculpt ures ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : Mon uments ▁and ▁memorial s ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : S cul pt ures ▁of ▁men ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁Category : Stat ues ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Cap itol ▁stat ues <0x0A> </s> ▁B enc ro ft ▁Hill ▁M ead ows ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 . 1 ▁he ct are ▁biological ▁Site ▁of ▁Special ▁Scient ific ▁Interest ▁some ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Ch ip pen ham ▁in ▁W ilt shire , ▁England , ▁not ified ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁The ▁site ▁is ▁a ▁fl ora - rich ▁example ▁of ▁un im pro ved ▁past ure ▁on ▁the ▁Oxford ▁Clay ▁V ale ▁of ▁North ▁W ilt shire ▁which ▁attract s ▁butter fl ies ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁small ▁copper , ▁small ▁he ath ▁and ▁common ▁blue . ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁ ▁( access ed ▁ 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Natural ▁England ▁website ▁( SS SI ▁information ) ▁ ▁Category : S ites ▁of ▁Special ▁Scient ific ▁Interest ▁in ▁W ilt shire ▁Category : S ites ▁of ▁Special ▁Scient ific ▁Interest ▁not ified ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁Category : M ead ows ▁in ▁W ilt shire <0x0A> </s> ▁Matt he ws ▁Stone ▁Company ▁Historic ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁historic ▁district ▁located ▁in ▁Rich land ▁Township , ▁Mon roe |
▁County , ▁Indiana . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁en compass es ▁five ▁contributing ▁buildings , ▁one ▁contributing ▁site , ▁six ▁contributing ▁structures , ▁and ▁two ▁contributing ▁objects ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Matt he ws ▁Brothers ▁Stone ▁Company ▁lim estone ▁business , ▁now ▁operated ▁as ▁By bee ▁Stone ▁Company , ▁Inc . ▁ ▁The ▁district ▁developed ▁between ▁about ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁and ▁include ▁notable ▁examples ▁of ▁Second ▁Empire ▁and ▁T ud or ▁Rev ival ▁style ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁contributing ▁resources ▁include ▁the ▁Matt he ws ▁M ansion ▁( aka ▁Gray mont , ▁ 1 8 8 0 ), ▁Company ▁Store ▁Building ▁( c . ▁ 1 8 7 4 ), ▁Primary ▁Mill ▁Building ▁( 1 9 0 8 ), ▁D raft ing ▁Building ▁( 1 9 2 0 ), ▁Administration ▁Building ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 3 1 ), ▁and ▁two ▁pump ▁houses ▁( c . ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁c . ▁ 1 9 5 5 ). ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁By bee ▁Stone ▁Company , ▁Inc . ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Ind ust rial ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : Second ▁Empire ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana ▁Category : T ud or ▁Rev ival ▁architecture ▁in ▁Indiana |
▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Mon roe ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁Mon roe ▁County , ▁Indiana ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Mon roe ▁County , ▁Indiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Corpor ate ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁created ▁by ▁Pat ▁Bishop , ▁Matt ▁In ge bre ts on , ▁and ▁Jake ▁We is man . ▁A ▁ten - ep is ode ▁first ▁season ▁premier ed ▁on ▁Com edy ▁Central ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁series ▁was ▁renew ed ▁for ▁a ▁second ▁season . ▁On ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Com edy ▁Central ▁renew ed ▁the ▁series ▁for ▁a ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁season . ▁ ▁Plot ▁Corpor ate ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁mult in ational ▁corporation ▁Ham pton ▁De V ille ▁and ▁follows ▁the ▁miserable ▁lives ▁of ▁two ▁downt ro dd en ▁employees . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Main ▁ ▁Matt ▁In ge bre ts on ▁as ▁Matt ▁Eng el ber ts on ▁ ▁Jake ▁We is man ▁as ▁Jake ▁Lev inson ▁ ▁Anne ▁D ude k ▁as ▁Kate ▁Glass ▁ ▁Adam ▁L ust ick ▁as ▁John ▁Str ick land ▁ ▁Ap arna ▁N anch er la ▁as ▁Grace ▁ ▁L ance ▁Red d ick ▁as ▁Christian ▁De V ille ▁ ▁Rec ur ring ▁ ▁Matt ▁McC arth y ▁as ▁Richard ▁ ▁Baron ▁V augh n ▁as ▁Baron ▁Anna ▁Ak |
ana ▁as ▁Pa ige ▁S as he er ▁Z am ata ▁as ▁Jessica ▁( Se ason ▁ 2 ) ▁ ▁Additional ▁▁▁ ▁B rent ▁We in bach ▁as ▁Walter ▁ ▁Jon ▁D aly ▁as ▁Jeff ▁ ▁Ron ▁Lyn ch ▁as ▁Kevin ▁ ▁E pis odes ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁Crit ical ▁response ▁On ▁the ▁review ▁aggreg ator ▁Rot ten ▁Tom atoes , ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁has ▁an ▁approval ▁rating ▁of ▁ 8 7 % ▁based ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁reviews , ▁with ▁an ▁average ▁rating ▁of ▁ 8 . 0 / 1 0 . ▁On ▁Met ac rit ic , ▁which ▁assign s ▁a ▁normalized ▁rating , ▁the ▁series ▁has ▁a ▁score ▁ 7 5 ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 , ▁based ▁on ▁ 7 ▁critics , ▁indicating ▁" gener ally ▁favor able ▁reviews ". ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁ ▁Season ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Season ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁American ▁black ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁American ▁sat irical ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁American ▁workplace ▁comedy ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Com edy ▁Central ▁original ▁programming ▁Category : English - language ▁television ▁programs <0x0A> </s> ▁Eug ene ▁Ak osa ▁Ke azor ▁C PM ▁( 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 |
7 ▁– ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Niger ian ▁police ▁officer . ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁until ▁Nigeria ' s ▁independence ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁he ▁held ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁police ▁rank ▁ever ▁held ▁by ▁an ▁African ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁colony , ▁ret iring ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁reput ed ▁that ▁at ▁many ▁stages ▁in ▁his ▁career , ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁Ind igenous ▁Police ▁Off ic ers ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Col on ies . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ke azor ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ob osi , ▁Eastern ▁Nigeria ▁( in ▁what ▁is ▁now ▁An amb ra ▁State ) ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁to ▁ ▁I ke azor ▁U ba ▁O bol i ▁I , ▁a ▁local ▁chief ▁and ▁early ▁convert ▁to ▁Christianity ▁in ▁Ob osi . ▁ ▁The ▁young ▁Ke azor ▁gained ▁admission ▁into ▁the ▁newly ▁founded ▁Ob osi ▁Community ▁School ▁and ▁then ▁Dennis ▁Memorial ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁in ▁On it sha ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs ▁of ▁Nigeria ▁and ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁the ▁In aug ural ▁World ▁Sc out ▁J amb ore e ▁in ▁Olymp ia , ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁Ke azor ▁joined ▁the ▁West ▁African ▁Const abulary ▁Force ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁Officer ▁Training ▁in ▁London , ▁appointed ▁In spector |
▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁later , ▁assuming ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Assistant ▁Super int endent . ▁Upon ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Nigeria ▁he ▁was ▁assigned ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁P anti ▁Street ▁Police ▁Command ▁in ▁Central ▁Lag os , ▁as ▁Div is ional ▁Police ▁Officer . ▁He ▁was ▁selected ▁for ▁and ▁attended ▁the ▁Fun eral ▁ceremony ▁of ▁King ▁George ▁VI ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Police ▁Force ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁▁ ▁Ke azor ▁att ained ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Assistant ▁Commission er ▁of ▁Police ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁the ▁most ▁senior ▁position ▁ever ▁held ▁by ▁an ▁African ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Nigeria ▁Police ▁Force ▁while ▁it ▁was ▁still ▁under ▁the ▁Command ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Government . ▁He ▁distinguished ▁himself ▁in ▁service ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁police ▁conting ent ▁of ▁United ▁Nations ▁Peace - Ke eping ▁Force ▁draft ed ▁to ▁Cong o - K in sh asa ▁during ▁the ▁crisis ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁where ▁he ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁wife ▁Anne ▁Ab i ola ▁Ke azor ▁( née ▁Sol an ke ). ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁survived ▁by ▁several ▁children , ▁notably ▁Chief ▁Tim othy ▁Ch ime zie ▁I ke azor ▁S AN ▁L LD , ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Legal ▁A id ▁scheme , ▁The ▁Hon our able ▁Justice ▁Kenn eth ▁Ke azor , ▁a ▁former ▁Attorney - |
General ▁and ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁High ▁Court , ▁Dr ▁Henry ▁Ke azor , ▁a ▁retired ▁Consult ant ▁Ana est het ist , ▁and ▁George ▁Ke azor , ▁a ▁former ▁British ▁Army ▁Par atro oper ▁and ▁Civil ▁Serv ant , ▁late ▁O y eb ola ▁D ada ▁Ad ed ir an ▁Ke azor ▁public ▁servant ▁at ▁Lag os ▁State ▁Jud ici ary . ▁ ▁Awards ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Police ▁Medal ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Birth day ▁Hon ours . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁An amb ra ▁State ▁Category : N iger ian ▁police ▁officers ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Col onial ▁Police ▁Medal ▁Category : People ▁of ▁colonial ▁Nigeria ▁Category : N iger ian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Ny í rm ár ton f al va ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H aj d ú - B ih ar ▁county , ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Great ▁Pl ain ▁region ▁of ▁eastern ▁Hung ary . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁It ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 0 3 4 ▁people ▁( 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁H aj d ú - B ih ar ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Sp é cial ités ▁de ▁la ▁M aison ▁is ▁a ▁cook book ▁containing ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁recipes ▁by |
▁a ▁wide ▁array ▁of ▁early ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁cele brit ies ▁and ▁social ites . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Anne ▁Morgan ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁raise ▁funds ▁for ▁her ▁non profit ▁organization , ▁the ▁American ▁Friends ▁of ▁France , ▁which ▁sought ▁to ▁bring ▁relief ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁population ▁in ▁w art ime . ▁Rep r inted ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁Sp é cial ités ▁de ▁la ▁M aison ▁includes ▁recipes ▁by ▁Salvador ▁Dal í , ▁Christian ▁D ior , ▁Kath ar ine ▁H ep burn , ▁Charlie ▁Chap lin , ▁and ▁Helen ▁K eller ▁among ▁other ▁l umin aries . ▁ ▁Most ▁recently , ▁Sp é cial ités ▁de ▁la ▁M aison ▁was ▁re print ed ▁with ▁a ▁pre face ▁and ▁select ▁bi ograph ies ▁by ▁former ▁Art ▁+ ▁Au ction ▁editor ▁Christ ine ▁Sch wart z ▁Hart ley ▁and ▁a ▁fore word ▁by ▁Van ity ▁Fair ▁editor ▁Gray don ▁Carter . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : F rench ▁cook books ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 ▁non - f iction ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Z ap ard iel ▁de ▁la ▁Ca ñ ada ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Á v ila , ▁Cast ile ▁and ▁Le ón , ▁Spain . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁census ▁( INE ), ▁the ▁municip ality ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 4 9 ▁inhabitants . ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ities ▁in |
▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Á v ila ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Á v ila <0x0A> </s> ▁Eastern ▁Victoria ▁Region ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁eight ▁elect oral ▁regions ▁of ▁Victoria , ▁Australia , ▁which ▁elect s ▁five ▁members ▁to ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council ▁( also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁upper ▁house ) ▁by ▁proport ional ▁representation . ▁The ▁region ▁was ▁created ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁reform ▁of ▁the ▁Victorian ▁Legisl ative ▁Council . ▁ ▁The ▁region ▁compris es ▁the ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁districts ▁of ▁Bass , ▁Ev ely n , ▁Gem bro ok , ▁G ip ps land ▁East , ▁G ip ps land ▁South , ▁H ast ings , ▁Mon bul k , ▁Morning ton , ▁Mor well , ▁N arr ac an ▁and ▁Ne pe an . ▁ ▁Members ▁▁ 1 . Ass umed ▁office ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁following ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁Danny ▁O ' B rien . ▁ 2 . Ass umed ▁office ▁on ▁ 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁following ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁Philip ▁Davis . ▁ ▁Return ed ▁M LC s ▁by ▁seat ▁Se ats ▁are ▁allocated ▁by ▁single ▁transfer able ▁vote ▁using ▁group ▁voting ▁tickets . ▁Changes ▁in ▁party ▁membership ▁between ▁elections ▁have ▁been ▁om itted ▁for ▁simplicity . ▁ ▁E lection ▁results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Eastern ▁Victoria ▁Region ▁Profile , ▁Victorian ▁E lector al ▁Commission ▁ ▁Category : |
E lector al ▁regions ▁of ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Con sec rated ▁life ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁lived ▁by ▁belie vers ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁follow ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁in ▁a ▁more ▁exact ing ▁way . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁C ate ch ism ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁it ▁" is ▁characterized ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁profession ▁of ▁the ▁evangel ical ▁coun s els ▁of ▁poverty , ▁ch ast ity , ▁and ▁ob ed ience , ▁in ▁a ▁stable ▁state ▁of ▁life ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁Church ". ▁The ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁defines ▁it ▁as ▁" a ▁stable ▁form ▁of ▁living ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁faithful , ▁following ▁Christ ▁more ▁closely ▁under ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit , ▁are ▁totally ▁dedicated ▁to ▁God ▁who ▁is ▁loved ▁most ▁of ▁all , ▁so ▁that , ▁having ▁been ▁dedicated ▁by ▁a ▁new ▁and ▁special ▁title ▁to ▁his ▁honour , ▁to ▁the ▁building ▁up ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁salv ation ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁they ▁stri ve ▁for ▁the ▁perfection ▁of ▁charity ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁kingdom ▁of ▁God ▁and , ▁having ▁been ▁made ▁an ▁outstanding ▁sign ▁in ▁the ▁Church , ▁fore t ell ▁the ▁heaven ly ▁glory ." ▁ ▁What ▁makes ▁the ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁a ▁more ▁exact ing ▁way ▁of ▁Christian ▁living ▁is ▁the ▁public ▁religious ▁v ows ▁or ▁other ▁sacred ▁bonds ▁where by ▁the ▁con sec rated ▁persons ▁commit ▁themselves , ▁for ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁God , ▁to ▁observe ▁as ▁binding ▁the ▁evangel |
ical ▁coun s els ▁of ▁ch ast ity , ▁poverty ▁and ▁ob ed ience ▁from ▁the ▁G ospel , ▁or ▁at ▁least , ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁vir g ins ▁and ▁wid ows / wid ow ers , ▁a ▁v ow ▁of ▁total ▁ch ast ity . ▁The ▁Bened ict ine ▁v ow ▁as ▁laid ▁down ▁in ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict , ▁ch . ▁ 5 8 : 1 7 , ▁is ▁analog ous ▁to ▁the ▁more ▁usual ▁v ow ▁of ▁religious ▁inst itutes . ▁Con sec rated ▁persons ▁are ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁unless ▁they ▁are ▁also ▁ord ained ▁b ish ops , ▁priests ▁or ▁de ac ons . ▁ ▁The ▁C ate ch ism ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁comments : ▁" From ▁the ▁very ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁there ▁were ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁who ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁follow ▁Christ ▁with ▁greater ▁liberty , ▁and ▁to ▁im itate ▁him ▁more ▁closely , ▁by ▁pract ising ▁the ▁evangel ical ▁coun s els . ▁They ▁led ▁lives ▁dedicated ▁to ▁God , ▁each ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁way . ▁Many ▁of ▁them , ▁under ▁the ▁inspiration ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Spirit , ▁became ▁her m its ▁or ▁founded ▁religious ▁families . ▁Thus ▁the ▁Church , ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁her ▁authority , ▁glad ly ▁accepted ▁and ▁approved ▁them ." ▁ ▁Con sec rated ▁life ▁may ▁be ▁lived ▁either ▁in ▁inst itutes ▁or ▁individually . ▁While ▁those ▁living ▁it ▁are ▁either ▁cler gy ▁( if ▁ord ained ) |
▁or ▁lay ▁people , ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁is ▁neither ▁cler ical ▁nor ▁lay ▁by ▁nature . ▁ ▁Inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁Inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁are ▁either ▁religious ▁inst itutes ▁or ▁sec ular ▁inst itutes . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁inst itutes ▁are ▁societies ▁in ▁which ▁members , ▁according ▁to ▁proper ▁law , ▁pron ounce ▁public ▁v ows , ▁either ▁perpet ual ▁or ▁temporary , ▁which ▁are ▁to ▁be ▁renew ed , ▁however , ▁when ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁has ▁l apsed , ▁and ▁lead ▁a ▁life ▁as ▁brothers ▁or ▁sisters ▁in ▁common ". ▁Sec ular ▁inst itutes , ▁are ▁" inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁Christian ▁faithful , ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁stri ve ▁for ▁the ▁perfection ▁of ▁charity ▁and ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁sanct ification ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁especially ▁from ▁within ". ▁ ▁Other ▁forms ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁▁ ▁Besides ▁inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life , ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁recogn izes : ▁the ▁er emit ic ▁life , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁anchor it ic ▁life , ▁" by ▁which ▁the ▁Christian ▁faithful ▁dev ote ▁their ▁life ▁to ▁the ▁praise ▁of ▁God ▁and ▁salv ation ▁of ▁the ▁world ▁through ▁a ▁str ic ter ▁separation ▁from ▁the ▁world , ▁the ▁silence ▁of ▁sol itude ▁and ▁ass id uous ▁prayer ▁and ▁pen ance ". ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁law ▁recogn izes ▁as ▁a ▁her mit ▁" one ▁dedicated ▁to ▁God ▁in ▁a ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁if |
▁he ▁or ▁she ▁publicly ▁profess es ▁the ▁three ▁evangel ical ▁coun s els , ▁confirmed ▁by ▁a ▁v ow ▁or ▁other ▁sacred ▁bond , ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁the ▁di oc es an ▁b ishop , ▁and ▁observ es ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁own ▁plan ▁of ▁life ▁under ▁his ▁direction ". ▁" They ▁manifest ▁to ▁everyone ▁the ▁interior ▁aspect ▁of ▁the ▁mystery ▁of ▁the ▁Church , ▁that ▁is , ▁personal ▁intim acy ▁with ▁Christ . ▁H idden ▁from ▁the ▁eyes ▁of ▁men , ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁her mit ▁is ▁a ▁silent ▁pre aching ▁of ▁the ▁Lord , ▁to ▁whom ▁he ▁has ▁sur rend ered ▁his ▁life ▁simply ▁because ▁he ▁is ▁everything ▁to ▁him . ▁Here ▁is ▁a ▁particular ▁call ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁the ▁desert , ▁in ▁the ▁thick ▁of ▁spiritual ▁battle , ▁the ▁glory ▁of ▁the ▁Cru c ified ▁One ." ▁Con sec rated ▁vir g ins ▁who ▁" express ing ▁the ▁holy ▁resolution ▁of ▁following ▁Jesus ▁more ▁closely , ▁are ▁con sec rated ▁to ▁God ▁by ▁the ▁di oc es an ▁b ishop ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁approved ▁lit urg ical ▁r ite , ▁are ▁myst ically ▁bet rot hed ▁to ▁Christ , ▁the ▁Son ▁of ▁God , ▁and ▁are ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Church ". ▁ ▁Sac red ▁vir g ins ▁are ▁one ▁of ▁oldest ▁forms ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life , ▁and ▁the ▁Or do ▁Virgin um ▁( Order ▁of ▁Vir g ins ) ▁began ▁with ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁of ▁the ▁B less ed ▁Virgin ▁Mary ▁at |
▁the ▁Ann unci ation . ▁ ▁They ▁" share ▁with ▁the ▁Church ▁her ▁own ▁title ▁of ▁Virgin , ▁Br ide , ▁and ▁Mother " ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁specifically ▁sp ous al ▁voc ation ▁with ▁Jesus ▁Christ . ▁Con sec rated ▁wid ows ▁may ▁be ▁established ▁who , ▁like ▁vir g ins , ▁" prof ess ▁ch ast ity ▁apart ▁from ▁the ▁world ▁by ▁a ▁public ▁profession ". ▁Pope ▁John ▁Paul ▁II ' s ▁post - syn od al ▁apost olic ▁exh ort ation ▁V ita ▁con sec r ata ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁said : ▁" Ag ain ▁being ▁pract ised ▁today ▁is ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁of ▁wid ows , ▁known ▁since ▁apost olic ▁times ▁( cf . ▁, ▁; ▁), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁of ▁wid ow ers . ▁These ▁women ▁and ▁men , ▁through ▁a ▁v ow ▁of ▁perpet ual ▁ch ast ity ▁as ▁a ▁sign ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁God , ▁con sec rate ▁their ▁state ▁of ▁life ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁dev ote ▁themselves ▁to ▁prayer ▁and ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Church ." ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁Latin ▁Church ▁has ▁no ▁specific ▁lit urg ical ▁r ite ▁for ▁the ▁con sec r ation ▁of ▁wid ows ▁and ▁wid ow ers , ▁the ▁Code ▁of ▁Can ons ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Ch urches ▁env is ages ▁individual ▁eastern ▁Ch urches ▁choosing ▁to ▁have ▁con sec rated ▁wid ows . ▁The ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁and ▁the ▁Code ▁of ▁Can ons |
▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Ch urches ▁env is age ▁new ▁forms ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁being ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Holy ▁See . ▁ ▁Soc ieties ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life ▁▁ ▁Soc ieties ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life ▁are ▁dedicated ▁to ▁pursuit ▁of ▁an ▁apost olic ▁purpose , ▁such ▁as ▁educational ▁or ▁mission ary ▁work . ▁They ▁" re semble ▁inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life " ▁but ▁are ▁distinct ▁from ▁them . ▁The ▁members ▁do ▁not ▁take ▁religious ▁v ows , ▁but ▁live ▁in ▁common , ▁st riving ▁for ▁perfection ▁through ▁observ ing ▁the ▁" const itut ions " ▁of ▁the ▁society ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁belong . ▁Some ▁societies ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life , ▁but ▁not ▁all ▁of ▁them , ▁define ▁in ▁their ▁const itut ions ▁" b onds " ▁of ▁a ▁certain ▁perman ence ▁where by ▁their ▁members ▁embrace ▁the ▁evangel ical ▁coun s els . ▁The ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁gives ▁for ▁societies ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life ▁regulations ▁much ▁less ▁detailed ▁than ▁for ▁inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life , ▁in ▁many ▁instances ▁simply ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁const itut ions ▁of ▁the ▁individual ▁societies . ▁ ▁Although ▁societies ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life ▁may ▁in ▁extern als ▁re semble ▁religious ▁life , ▁a ▁major ▁distinction ▁is ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁themselves ▁con sec rated ▁and ▁their ▁state ▁of ▁life ▁does ▁not ▁change ▁( i . e . ▁they ▁remain ▁sec ular ▁cler ics ▁or ▁lay pers ons ). ▁ ▁Examples ▁of ▁societies ▁of ▁apost olic ▁life ▁are ▁the ▁Or atory |
▁of ▁Saint ▁Philip ▁N eri , ▁the ▁D aughters ▁of ▁Char ity ▁of ▁Saint ▁Vincent ▁de ▁Paul , ▁and ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁the ▁Pri ests ▁of ▁Saint ▁Sul p ice , ▁and ▁societies ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Mission ary ▁Society ▁of ▁St . ▁Columb an . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Each ▁major ▁development ▁in ▁religious ▁life , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁Latin ▁West , ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁response ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁dev out ▁to ▁a ▁particular ▁crisis ▁in ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁their ▁day . ▁ ▁E rem it ic ▁life ▁▁ ▁When ▁Constant ine ▁the ▁Great ▁was ▁legal izing ▁Christianity ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 4 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁Christian ▁faith ▁became ▁the ▁fav oured ▁religion , ▁it ▁lost ▁the ▁self - s ac rific ing ▁character ▁that ▁had ▁profound ly ▁marked ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁Roman ▁per secut ion . ▁In ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁mart yr dom ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁God , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁dev out ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁left ▁the ▁cities ▁for ▁the ▁test ings ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁that ▁was ▁meant ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁individual ▁back ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁intimate ▁relationship ▁with ▁God , ▁just ▁like ▁the ▁wand ering ▁of ▁the ▁Israel ites ▁in ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁of ▁Sin . ▁The ▁Greek ▁word ▁for ▁desert , ▁er emos , ▁gave ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁religious ▁living ▁the ▁name ▁er emit ic ▁( or ▁er emit ical ) ▁life , ▁and ▁the ▁person ▁leading ▁it ▁the ▁name |
▁her mit . ▁Anthony ▁the ▁Great ▁and ▁other ▁early ▁leaders ▁provided ▁guidance ▁to ▁less ▁experienced ▁her m its , ▁and ▁there ▁were ▁soon ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁Christian ▁her m its , ▁particularly ▁in ▁the ▁desert ▁of ▁Egypt ▁and ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Syria . ▁ ▁Though ▁the ▁er emit ic ▁life ▁would ▁eventually ▁be ▁overs h adow ed ▁by ▁the ▁far ▁more ▁numerous ▁voc ations ▁to ▁the ▁c en ob it ic ▁life , ▁it ▁did ▁survive . ▁The ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁saw ▁the ▁emer gence ▁of ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁her mit , ▁the ▁anchor ite ; ▁and ▁life ▁in ▁Car th us ian ▁and ▁Cam ald ol ese ▁monaster ies ▁has ▁an ▁er emit ic ▁emphasis . ▁The ▁Greek ▁Orth odox ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁Orth odox ▁Ch urches ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁er emit ic ▁traditions , ▁of ▁which ▁Mount ▁Ath os ▁is ▁perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁heard ▁of ▁today . ▁ ▁In ▁modern ▁times , ▁in ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁the ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁recogn ises ▁her m its ▁who ▁- ▁without ▁being ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁religious ▁inst itute ▁- ▁publicly ▁profess ▁the ▁three ▁evangel ical ▁coun s els , ▁confirmed ▁by ▁v ow ▁or ▁other ▁sacred ▁bond ▁in ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁their ▁respective ▁di oc es an ▁b ishop , ▁as ▁Christian ▁faithful ▁that ▁live ▁the ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁( cf . ▁canon ▁ 6 0 3 , ▁see ▁also ▁below ). ▁ ▁Mon astic ▁inst itutes ▁▁ ▁The ▁er emit ic |
▁life ▁was ▁apparently ▁healthy ▁for ▁some , ▁but ▁led ▁to ▁im balance ▁in ▁others . ▁P ach om ius ▁the ▁Great , ▁a ▁near - cont emporary ▁of ▁Anthony ▁the ▁Great , ▁recognized ▁that ▁some ▁mon ks ▁needed ▁the ▁guidance ▁and ▁rhythm ▁of ▁a ▁community ▁( cen ob ium ). ▁He ▁is ▁generally ▁cred ited ▁with ▁founding , ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁the ▁first ▁community ▁of ▁mon ks , ▁thus ▁launch ing ▁C en ob it ic ▁mon astic ism . ▁ ▁Bas il ▁of ▁Ca es area ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁century , ▁and ▁Bened ict ▁of ▁N urs ia ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century , ▁auth ored ▁the ▁most ▁influential ▁" rules " ▁for ▁religious ▁living ▁in ▁their ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁world ▁(" rule " ▁in ▁this ▁sense ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁pre cept s , ▁compiled ▁as ▁guidelines ▁for ▁how ▁to ▁follow ▁the ▁spiritual ▁life ). ▁They ▁organized ▁a ▁common ▁life ▁with ▁a ▁daily ▁schedule ▁of ▁prayer , ▁work , ▁spiritual ▁reading ▁and ▁rest . ▁ ▁Almost ▁all ▁monaster ies ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Catholic ▁Ch urches ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁Church ▁today ▁follow ▁the ▁Rule ▁of ▁St ▁Bas il . ▁The ▁Rule ▁of ▁St ▁Bened ict ▁is ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁orders ▁of ▁mon ast ics ▁in ▁the ▁West , ▁including ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict , ▁C ister ci ans , ▁Tr app ists , ▁and ▁Cam ald ol ese , ▁and ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁influence |
▁in ▁Car th us ian ▁life . ▁ ▁Can ons ▁regular ▁ ▁Can ons ▁regular ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁certain ▁bodies ▁of ▁priests ▁living ▁in ▁community ▁under ▁the ▁August inian ▁Rule ▁( reg ula ▁in ▁Latin ), ▁and ▁sharing ▁their ▁property ▁in ▁common . ▁Dist inct ▁from ▁mon ks , ▁who ▁live ▁a ▁clo ister ed , ▁contempl ative ▁life ▁and ▁sometimes ▁engage ▁in ▁ministry ▁to ▁those ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁monaster y , ▁can ons ▁dev ote ▁themselves ▁to ▁public ▁ministry ▁of ▁lit ur gy ▁and ▁sac ram ents ▁for ▁those ▁who ▁visit ▁their ▁churches . ▁ ▁Histor ically , ▁mon astic ▁life ▁was ▁by ▁its ▁nature ▁lay , ▁but ▁canonical ▁life ▁was ▁essentially ▁cler ical . ▁ ▁Mend ic ant ▁inst itutes ▁▁ ▁Around ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁during ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁the ▁medieval ▁towns ▁and ▁cities ▁the ▁m end ic ant ▁orders ▁developed . ▁While ▁the ▁mon astic ▁found ations ▁were ▁rural ▁institutions ▁marked ▁by ▁a ▁retreat ▁from ▁sec ular ▁society , ▁the ▁m end ic ants ▁were ▁urban ▁found ations ▁organized ▁to ▁engage ▁sec ular ▁city ▁life ▁and ▁to ▁meet ▁some ▁of ▁its ▁needs ▁such ▁as ▁education ▁and ▁service ▁to ▁the ▁poor . ▁The ▁five ▁primary ▁m end ic ant ▁religious ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁are ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁F ri ars ▁Pre achers ▁( the ▁Domin icans ), ▁Order ▁of ▁F ri ars ▁Minor ▁( the ▁Francis c ans ), ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Serv ants ▁of ▁Mary ▁( Serv ite ▁Order ), ▁Order ▁of |
▁St . ▁August ine ▁( Aug ust ini ans ) ▁and ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Mount ▁Carm el ▁( the ▁Carm el ites ). ▁Unlike ▁the ▁mon ks ▁and ▁n uns ▁of ▁the ▁earlier ▁orders , ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁latter ▁orders ▁called ▁their ▁houses ▁conv ents , ▁rather ▁than ▁monaster ies ▁( in ▁English , ▁Domin ican ▁conv ents ▁for ▁men ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁called ▁pri ories , ▁and ▁Fr ans c is can ▁and ▁Carm el ite ▁conv ents ▁f ri aries ). ▁ ▁A post olic ▁inst itutes ▁▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁recognition ▁was ▁granted ▁only ▁to ▁inst itutes ▁with ▁so lem n ▁v ows . ▁Inst itutes ▁with ▁simple ▁v ows ▁a rose ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁and ▁increased ▁in ▁number . ▁After ▁at ▁first ▁being ▁merely ▁toler ated , ▁they ▁afterwards ▁obtained ▁approval . ▁They ▁provided ▁specific ▁services ▁or ▁minist ries ▁for ▁the ▁Church ▁and ▁society , ▁building ▁schools , ▁hospitals ▁and ▁new ▁mission ary ▁enter prises ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁period ▁of ▁their ▁greatest ▁growth ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁France ▁and ▁Belgium . ▁Only ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁did ▁they ▁obtain ▁full ▁recognition ▁as ▁religious . ▁ ▁The ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus ▁is ▁an ▁example ▁of ▁an ▁inst itute ▁that ▁obtained ▁recognition ▁as ▁an ▁" order " ▁with ▁so lem n ▁v ows , ▁although ▁the ▁members ▁were ▁divided ▁into ▁the ▁profess ed ▁with ▁so |
lem n ▁v ows ▁( a ▁minority ) ▁and ▁the ▁" co adj ut ors " ▁with ▁simple ▁v ows . ▁It ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation , ▁introducing ▁several ▁innov ations ▁designed ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁demands ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁crisis . ▁Its ▁members ▁were ▁freed ▁from ▁the ▁commit ments ▁of ▁common ▁life , ▁especially ▁the ▁common ▁prayer , ▁which ▁allowed ▁them ▁to ▁minister ▁individually ▁in ▁distant ▁places . ▁Their ▁unus ually ▁long ▁formation , ▁typically ▁thirteen ▁years , ▁prepared ▁them ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁intellectual ▁tradition ▁of ▁the ▁Church ▁even ▁in ▁isolation . ▁ ▁Cong reg ations ▁▁▁ ▁By ▁the ▁constitution ▁Inter ▁c eter a ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁January ▁ 1 5 2 1 , ▁Pope ▁Leo ▁X ▁appointed ▁a ▁rule ▁for ▁t ert i aries ▁with ▁simple ▁v ows . ▁Under ▁this ▁rule , ▁en closure ▁was ▁optional , ▁enabling ▁non - en closed ▁followers ▁of ▁the ▁rule ▁to ▁engage ▁in ▁various ▁works ▁of ▁charity ▁not ▁allowed ▁to ▁en closed ▁religious . ▁In ▁ 1 5 6 6 ▁and ▁ 1 5 6 8 , ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁V ▁rejected ▁this ▁class ▁of ▁inst itute , ▁but ▁they ▁continued ▁to ▁exist ▁and ▁even ▁increased ▁in ▁number . ▁After ▁at ▁first ▁being ▁merely ▁toler ated , ▁they ▁afterwards ▁obtained ▁approval , ▁finally ▁gaining ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁recognition ▁as ▁religious . ▁Their ▁lives ▁were ▁orient ed ▁not ▁to ▁the ▁ancient ▁mon astic ▁way ▁of ▁life , ▁but |
▁more ▁to ▁social ▁service ▁and ▁to ▁evangel ization , ▁both ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁in ▁mission ▁areas . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁these ▁" con greg ations " ▁( not ▁" orders ") ▁increased ▁further ▁in ▁the ▁up he av als ▁brought ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution ▁and ▁subsequent ▁Napole onic ▁invas ions ▁of ▁other ▁Catholic ▁countries , ▁dep riving ▁thousands ▁of ▁mon ks ▁and ▁n uns ▁of ▁the ▁income ▁that ▁their ▁communities ▁held ▁because ▁of ▁inherit ances ▁and ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁new ▁way ▁of ▁living ▁their ▁religious ▁life ▁ ▁Sec ular ▁inst itutes ▁▁ ▁Sec ular ▁inst itutes ▁have ▁their ▁modern ▁beg innings ▁in ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁France . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁French ▁Revolution , ▁the ▁government ▁attempted ▁to ▁de ch rist ian ise ▁France . ▁The ▁French ▁government ▁had ▁required ▁all ▁priests ▁and ▁b ish ops ▁to ▁swear ▁an ▁o ath ▁of ▁f idel ity ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁order ▁or ▁face ▁dismiss al ▁from ▁the ▁Church , ▁and ▁had ▁for bidden ▁any ▁form ▁of ▁religious ▁life . ▁Fr ▁Pierre - J ose ph ▁Pic ot ▁de ▁Cl or iv ière , ▁a ▁Jes uit , ▁founded ▁a ▁new ▁society ▁of ▁di oc es an ▁priests , ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁Jesus . ▁He ▁also ▁founded ▁the ▁D aughters ▁of ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mary ▁( ). ▁While ▁living ▁a ▁life ▁of ▁perfection , ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁v ows , ▁remaining ▁a ▁sec ular ▁inst itute ▁to ▁avoid ▁being ▁considered ▁a ▁religious ▁society ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁They ▁would |
▁eventually ▁receive ▁pont if ical ▁inst itute ▁status ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁The ▁D aughters ▁of ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁Mary , ▁though ▁re sem bling ▁a ▁sec ular ▁inst itute ▁in ▁some ▁ways , ▁were ▁recognized ▁as ▁an ▁inst itute ▁of ▁religious ▁life . ▁On ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII ▁issued ▁the ▁apost olic ▁constitution ▁Prov ida ▁M ater ▁Ec cles ia ▁recogn izing ▁sec ular ▁inst itutes ▁as ▁" a ▁new ▁category ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁perfection " ▁( ). ▁The ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law ▁recogn izes ▁sec ular ▁inst itutes ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life . ▁They ▁differ ▁from ▁religious ▁inst itutes ▁in ▁that ▁their ▁members ▁live ▁their ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁ordinary ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁either ▁alone , ▁in ▁their ▁families ▁or ▁in ▁fr ater nal ▁groups . ▁They ▁include , ▁among ▁others , ▁Car itas ▁Christ i , ▁The ▁Gra il , ▁and ▁the ▁Serv ite ▁Sec ular ▁Institute . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Christian ▁mon astic ism ▁Cong regation ▁for ▁Inst itutes ▁of ▁Con sec rated ▁Life ▁and ▁Soc ieties ▁of ▁A post olic ▁Life ▁Di oc es an ▁priest ▁En closed ▁religious ▁orders ▁Institute ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life ▁List ▁of ▁some ▁religious ▁inst itutes ▁( C ath olic ) ▁Mon astic ism ▁Relig ious ▁inst itute ▁( C ath olic ) ▁Sec ular ▁Institute ▁Society ▁of ▁A post olic ▁Life ▁S ole mn ▁v ow ▁V |
oc ational ▁Disc ern ment ▁in ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Section ▁on ▁the ▁Con sec rated ▁Life ▁in ▁The ▁Code ▁of ▁Can on ▁Law , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁A post olic ▁Ex h ort ation ▁V ita ▁Con sec r ata ▁of ▁the ▁Holy ▁Father ▁John ▁Paul ▁II , ▁Rome ▁ 2 5 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁C ate ch ism ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁– ▁" The ▁Con sec rated ▁Life " ▁Con sec rated ▁Life : ▁ 6 0 ▁Years ▁of ▁Mag ister ial ▁Doc uments ▁Relig ious Life . com , ▁resources ▁and ▁voc ation ▁search ▁from ▁the ▁Institute ▁on ▁Relig ious ▁Life ▁C lo ister ed Life . com ▁with ▁information , ▁photos , ▁and ▁community ▁profiles ▁of ▁clo ister ed ▁women ' s ▁( and ▁men ' s ) ▁communities ▁V ocation Network . org ▁comprehensive ▁resource ▁about ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁voc ations ▁and ▁inst itutes ▁of ▁con sec rated ▁life . ▁Digital V ocation Gu ide . org ▁digital ▁edition ▁of ▁V IS ION , ▁the ▁annual ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁voc ation ▁disc ern ment ▁guide . ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ▁religious ▁occup ations ▁Category : C ath olic ▁Church ▁organisation ▁Category : Christ ian ▁termin ology ▁Category : A sc etic ism ▁ ▁Co ▁Category : C ath olic ▁spiritual ity ▁Category : Christ ian ▁behaviour ▁and ▁experience ▁Category : Can on ▁law ▁of ▁religious ▁Category : Can on ▁law ▁of ▁persons <0x0A> </s> ▁Don na ▁Ax |
um ▁( Jan uary ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁American ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁winner , ▁author , ▁television ▁executive ▁producer , ▁phil anth rop ist ▁and ▁model . ▁She ▁was ▁c rowned ▁Miss ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁One ▁month ▁earlier ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁c rowned ▁Miss ▁Arkansas . ▁ ▁After ▁her ▁Miss ▁America ▁win , ▁Ax um ▁taught ▁classes ▁at ▁Texas ▁Tech ▁University ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁television ▁such ▁as ▁star ring ▁on ▁The ▁No on ▁Show ▁and ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Arkansas . ▁As ide ▁from ▁Miss ▁America , ▁Ax um ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁civ ic ▁leader ▁as ▁she ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁of ▁the ▁Kennedy ▁Center ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁after ▁being ▁nominated ▁by ▁President ▁Bill ▁Clinton , ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁Sym phony , ▁the ▁Van ▁Cl ib urn ▁Foundation ▁and ▁Texas ▁Christian ▁University ▁College ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁Board ▁of ▁Vis itors . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Ax um ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁El ▁Dor ado , ▁Arkansas . ▁Ax um ' s ▁father ▁was ▁Hur ley ▁B . ▁Ax um , ▁a ▁bank er . ▁Ax um ' s ▁mother ▁wax ▁Id elle ▁Ax um . ▁Ax um ▁has ▁a ▁sister , ▁Mon a . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁Ax um ▁graduated ▁from ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁High ▁School . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁Ax um ' s ▁Miss ▁America ▁scholarship ▁was ▁used |
▁to ▁complete ▁her ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Arts ▁and ▁Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁degrees ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁at ▁F ay ette ville ▁in ▁speech / dr ama , ▁television ▁and ▁film . ▁While ▁there , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Delta ▁I ota ▁chapter ▁of ▁Delta ▁Delta ▁Delta . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Miss ▁Union ▁County ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁during ▁Ax um ' s ▁high ▁school ▁senior ▁year , ▁she ▁won ▁the ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁title ▁for ▁Miss ▁Union ▁County . ▁ ▁Miss ▁Arkansas ▁ ▁Before ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁Ax um ▁first ▁competed ▁for ▁Miss ▁Arkansas ▁before ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁but ▁was ▁un successful . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁before ▁her ▁final ▁year ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas , ▁Ax um ▁became ▁a ▁contest ant ▁again ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁beauty ▁page ant ▁title ▁as ▁Miss ▁Arkansas . ▁ ▁Miss ▁America ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁ ▁Ax um ▁won ▁the ▁Miss ▁America ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁page ant ▁about ▁a ▁month ▁later . ▁Ax um ▁become ▁the ▁first ▁of ▁only ▁three ▁Ark ans ans ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁title . ▁The ▁other ▁two ▁are ▁Elizabeth ▁Ward ▁( 1 9 8 1 ) ▁and ▁Sav vy ▁Sh ield s ▁( 2 0 1 6 ). ▁ ▁Communications ▁and ▁entertainment ▁ ▁Ax um ▁held ▁many ▁titles ▁after ▁serving ▁as ▁Miss ▁America : ▁university ▁instructor , ▁author , ▁television ▁executive ▁producer , ▁TV ▁host ess , ▁professional ▁speaker |
▁and ▁civ ic ▁leader . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁Ax um ▁was ▁named ▁a ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Al umn us ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁and ▁served ▁on ▁its ▁National ▁Development ▁Council . ▁She ▁also ▁served ▁on ▁the ▁ste ering ▁committee ▁of ▁a ▁seven - year ▁capital ▁campaign ▁that ▁raised ▁more ▁than ▁$ 1 . 0 4 6 ▁billion ▁for ▁the ▁university . ▁ ▁Ax um ▁taught ▁speech ▁classes ▁at ▁Texas ▁Tech ▁University ▁in ▁Lub b ock , ▁Texas , ▁and ▁later ▁worked ▁in ▁television , ▁star ring ▁in ▁programs ▁like ▁The ▁No on ▁Show ▁and ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Arkansas . ▁ ▁Ax um ▁was ▁nominated ▁by ▁President ▁Bill ▁Clinton ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁boards ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Per forming ▁Arts ▁of ▁the ▁Kennedy ▁Center ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C .. ▁She ▁also ▁served ▁at ▁the ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁Sym phony , ▁the ▁Van ▁Cl ib urn ▁Foundation , ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁fam ed ▁pian ist ▁ ▁from ▁Sh re ve port , ▁Louisiana , ▁and ▁the ▁Texas ▁Christian ▁University ▁College ▁of ▁Fine ▁Arts ▁Board ▁of ▁Vis itors . ▁ ▁Ax um ▁remained ▁active ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Arkansas , ▁participating ▁in ▁campaigns ▁to ▁help ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁university ' s ▁fund raising ▁efforts ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Ax um ▁first ▁married ▁Michael ▁Alan ▁Buck ley ▁and ▁had ▁one ▁child , ▁Lisa . ▁They ▁later ▁divor ced . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , |
▁Ax um ▁married ▁G us ▁Franklin ▁M utsch er , ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Spe aker ▁of ▁the ▁Texas ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁later ▁as ▁the ▁Washington ▁County ▁judge . ▁The ▁pair ▁divor ced ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁G us ▁H . ▁M utsch er . ▁ ▁On ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁Ax um ▁married ▁J . ▁Bryan ▁Whit worth , ▁executive ▁vice ▁president ▁of ▁Con oco Ph ill ips . ▁The ▁Whit worth s ▁lived ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas . ▁They ▁had ▁three ▁children , ▁Elizabeth , ▁Suz anne , ▁and ▁Cath y . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁author ▁Ax um ▁p enn ed ▁How ▁to ▁Be ▁and ▁Look ▁Your ▁Best ▁Every day : ▁A ▁Com pre hens ive ▁Guide ▁from ▁a ▁Former ▁Miss ▁America ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Ax um ▁died ▁on ▁November ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁at ▁age ▁ 7 6 ▁in ▁Fort ▁W orth ▁from ▁complic ations ▁of ▁Park inson ' s ▁disease . ▁ ▁Ax um ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁Fair view ▁Memorial ▁Gard ens ▁in ▁F ay ette ville , ▁Arkansas . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Miss ▁America ▁title holders ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Delta ▁Delta ▁Delta ▁Dist ingu ished ▁Al um na e ▁profile ▁ ▁video ▁with ▁trans cript ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 |
▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁Texas ▁Category : Miss ▁America ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁deleg ates ▁Category : Miss ▁America ▁Pre liminary ▁Sw im suit ▁winners ▁Category : Miss ▁America ▁winners ▁Category : People ▁from ▁El ▁Dor ado , ▁Arkansas ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Fort ▁W orth , ▁Texas ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Washington ▁County , ▁Texas ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Arkansas ▁al umn i ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁Park inson ' s ▁disease ▁Category : D ise ase - related ▁deaths ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : Tex as ▁Tech ▁University ▁faculty ▁Category : B apt ists ▁from ▁Arkansas <0x0A> </s> ▁Te ams ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁athletes ▁representing ▁different ▁National ▁Olympic ▁Commit te es ▁( NO C s ), ▁called ▁mixed - NO C s ▁teams , ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics . ▁These ▁teams ▁participated ▁in ▁either ▁events ▁composed ▁entirely ▁of ▁mixed - NO C s ▁teams , ▁or ▁in ▁events ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁mixed - NO C s ▁teams ▁and ▁non - m ixed - NO C s ▁teams . ▁When ▁a ▁mixed - NO C s ▁team ▁won ▁a ▁medal , ▁the ▁Olympic ▁flag ▁was ▁raised ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁national ▁flag ; ▁if ▁a ▁mixed - NO C s ▁team ▁won ▁gold , ▁the ▁Olympic ▁an the m ▁would ▁be ▁played ▁instead ▁of ▁national ▁an the ms . ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁events ▁with ▁M ixed |
▁NO C s ▁were ▁held . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁mixed - NO C s ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics , ▁in ▁which ▁athletes ▁from ▁different ▁nations ▁would ▁compete ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁team , ▁often ▁representing ▁their ▁continent . ▁This ▁is ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁M ixed ▁team ▁( IO C ▁code : ▁Z Z X ) ▁found ▁at ▁early ▁senior ▁Olympic ▁Games . ▁ ▁Arch ery ▁ ▁Bad m inton ▁ ▁Cycl ing ▁ ▁Cycl ing ▁featured ▁a ▁mixed ▁team ▁competition ▁with ▁one ▁mixed - NO C ▁entry , ▁but ▁med als ▁were ▁won ▁by ▁individual ▁NO C s . ▁ ▁D ances port ▁ ▁D iving ▁ ▁E quest rian ▁ ▁F encing ▁ ▁Golf ▁ ▁Golf ▁featured ▁mixed ▁team ▁competition ▁with ▁one ▁mixed - NO C ▁entry , ▁but ▁med als ▁were ▁won ▁by ▁individual ▁NO C s . ▁ ▁Gym n ast ics ▁ ▁Jud o ▁ ▁Modern ▁pent ath lon ▁ ▁Sh oot ing ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁ ▁Table ▁tennis ▁featured ▁mixed ▁team ▁competition , ▁but ▁med als ▁were ▁won ▁by ▁individual ▁NO C s . ▁ ▁T ennis ▁ ▁Tri ath lon ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁medal ▁table ▁ ▁M ixed - NO C s ▁at ▁the ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 8 ▁Summer ▁Youth ▁Olympics ▁Category : M ixed ▁teams ▁at ▁the ▁Youth ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Inn os on ▁Group ▁vs ▁GT Bank |
▁fraud ▁case ▁involves ▁claims ▁where ▁pl aint iff ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁claims ▁that ▁▁ ▁GT ▁Bank ▁o w es ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁a ▁large ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁that ▁after ▁ 2 2 % ▁interest ▁compound ed ▁annually ▁over ▁several ▁years ▁tot als ▁ ₦ 8 . 9 ▁billion . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁government ▁is ▁also ▁investig ating ▁claims ▁that ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁is ▁guilty ▁of ▁fraud . ▁▁ ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁began ▁its ▁case ▁against ▁GT ▁Bank ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Recently , ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ruled ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁claim ▁against ▁GT ▁Bank , ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁says ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁GT ▁Bank ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁receiving ▁its ▁money . ▁The ▁scandal ▁received ▁public ity ▁after ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁the ▁Inn ons on ▁chairman ▁by ▁the ▁Economic ▁and ▁Financial ▁Cr imes ▁Commission . ▁Inn os on ▁took ▁the ▁dispute ▁to ▁social ▁media , ▁with ▁has ht ags ▁such ▁as ▁# B ew are Of GT Bank ▁and ▁# What Is Wr ong With GT Bank . ▁In ▁a ▁TV C ▁News ▁interview , ▁Inn oc ent ▁Ch uk w uma ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁obtained ▁an ▁ ₦ 8 ▁billion ▁judg ement ▁against ▁the ▁bank . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁GT Bank ▁extended ▁credit ▁to ▁Inn os on ; ▁under ▁loan ▁terms ▁agreed ▁to ▁by ▁Ch uk w uma ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁Inn |
os on , ▁propriet ary ▁interest ▁in ▁imported ▁goods ▁was ▁exclusively ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁bank . ▁The ▁original ▁shipping ▁documents ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁bank ' s ▁custody , ▁and ▁ownership ▁could ▁only ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁Inn os on ▁( or ▁any ▁other ▁third ▁party ) ▁by ▁the ▁bank ▁when ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁agreement ▁were ▁ful filled . ▁Ch uk w uma ▁approached ▁the ▁bank ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁Inn os on ▁for ▁the ▁documents , ▁and ▁was ▁refused ▁due ▁to ▁Inn os on ' s ▁failure ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁agreed ▁conditions ; ▁however , ▁the ▁bank ▁noticed ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁that ▁the ▁imported ▁goods ▁had ▁been ▁proc ured ▁by ▁Inn os on ▁without ▁their ▁consent . ▁The ▁bank ’ s ▁endorse ment ▁of ▁the ▁bills ▁of ▁l ading ▁to ▁the ▁shipping ▁line ▁had ▁been ▁for ged . ▁GT Bank ▁reported ▁the ▁for gery ▁to ▁the ▁Nigeria ▁Police ▁Force , ▁who ▁began ▁an ▁investigation . ▁After ▁a ▁fore ns ic ▁examination ▁of ▁the ▁disput ed ▁sign atures , ▁the ▁police ▁established ▁that ▁the ▁sign atures ▁of ▁the ▁bank ’ s ▁staff ▁were ▁for ged ▁and ▁the ▁imported ▁goods ▁were ▁fraud ul ently ▁cleared ▁from ▁the ▁Niger ian ▁Port s ▁Authority . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Inn os on ▁Group ▁press ▁release , ▁the ▁company ▁was ▁a ▁GT Bank ▁customer . ▁The ▁issue ▁dated ▁back ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁when ▁the ▁bank ▁" ar bitr arily ▁imposed ▁and ▁deb |
ited ▁[ the ir ] ▁current ▁account ▁in ▁excessive ▁and ▁un law ful ▁charges ". ▁Inn os on ▁su ed ▁GT Bank , ▁and ▁several ▁judg ements ▁were ▁appe aled ▁by ▁both ▁sides . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 / 2 0 1 4 , ▁GT Bank ▁o wed ▁Inn os on ▁Mot ors ▁up ▁to ▁ ₦ 8 . 5 ▁billion . ▁Inn os on ' s ▁claims ▁on ▁the ▁judg ement ▁were ▁deb unk ed ▁in ▁media ▁reports , ▁with ▁journalists ▁covering ▁the ▁story ▁confirm ing ▁that ▁the ▁company ' s ▁only ▁judg ement ▁against ▁Gu ar ant y ▁Trust ▁Bank ▁was ▁obtained ▁at ▁the ▁Federal ▁High ▁Court ▁in ▁Aw ka ▁( which ▁controvers ially ▁awarded ▁Inn os on ▁ ₦ 4 . 7 ▁billion ). ▁Its ▁appeal ▁has ▁been ▁pending ▁at ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Appe al ▁in ▁En ugu ▁for ▁several ▁years , ▁due ▁to ▁Inn os on ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁hearing . ▁ ▁A ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Inn os on ▁press ▁release ▁stated ▁that ▁GT Bank ▁had ▁never ▁granted ▁Inn os on ▁a ▁ ₦ 2 . 4 ▁billion ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁loan , ▁but ▁a ▁ ₦ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁loan ▁in ▁an ▁offer ▁letter ▁dated ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁their ▁last ▁loan ▁transaction ▁was ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁The ▁principal ▁terms ▁and ▁security ▁for ▁the ▁loan ▁were : ▁legal / tri part ite ▁legal ▁mortgage |
▁over ▁Inn os on ’ s ▁properties , ▁valued ▁at ▁ ₦ 1 . 1 ▁billion ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁by ▁GT B - appoint ed ▁app rais ers ; ▁a ▁ 2 5 - percent ▁equity ▁contribution ▁by ▁Inn os on ▁on ▁each ▁letter - of - c redit ▁( LC ) ▁transaction , ▁and ▁shipping ▁documents ▁worth ▁ ₦ 5 0 0 mill ion ▁could ▁be ▁released ▁at ▁any ▁time ▁to ▁Inn os on . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Inn os on ▁admitted ▁dist ort ing ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁direct ive ▁in ▁its ▁case ▁with ▁GT Bank ▁and ▁apolog ised ▁for ▁mis leading ▁the ▁public ▁with ▁their ▁false ▁claim ▁of ▁a ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁Order ▁against ▁Gu ar ant y ▁Trust ▁Bank . ▁ ▁Invest igation ▁A ▁Nigeria ▁Police ▁Force ▁investigation ▁following ▁a ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁petition ▁by ▁the ▁bank ▁confirmed ▁that ▁Inn os on ▁and ▁Ch uk w uma ▁deliberately ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁def ra ud , ▁steal ▁from ▁the ▁bank ▁and ▁convert ▁the ▁imported ▁goods ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁bank ▁through ▁for gery ▁and ▁mis rep resentation , ▁and ▁Ch uk w uma ▁was ▁charged ▁by ▁the ▁police . ▁ ▁E F CC ▁Ch uk w uma ▁was ▁arrested ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁En ugu ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁and ▁interrog ated ▁in ▁Lag os ▁about ▁the ▁alleged ▁scandal . ▁The ▁Economic ▁and ▁Financial ▁Cr imes ▁Commission ▁said ▁that ▁Ch uk w |
uma ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁fraud ▁at ▁the ▁Security ▁and ▁Exchange ▁Commission ▁( SEC ) ▁and ▁for ▁for ging ▁documents ▁to ▁obtain ▁tax ▁w ai vers . ▁The ▁company ▁denied ▁the ▁alleg ations , ▁saying ▁that ▁the ▁E F CC ▁had ▁never ▁investigated ▁Inn os on . ▁ ▁Cour ts ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Justice ▁M oj is ola ▁D ada ▁ordered ▁the ▁E F CC ▁to ▁sub po ena ▁Ch uk w uma ▁after ▁his ▁attorney ▁attempted ▁to ▁justify ▁his ▁absence ▁at ▁the ▁Lag os ▁State ▁High ▁Court ▁in ▁I ke ja ▁for ▁his ▁scheduled ▁ar ra ignment . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁E F CC , ▁the ▁business man ▁was ▁ev ading ▁arrest . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁I ke ja ▁Special ▁Off ences ▁Court ▁Judge ▁M oj is ola ▁D ada ▁ordered ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁Ch uk w uma ▁wanted ▁for ▁failing ▁to ▁appear ▁before ▁the ▁court ▁for ▁ar ra ignment ▁for ▁the ▁fifth ▁time . ▁Ch uk w uma ▁had ▁previously ▁failed ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁court ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁January , ▁ 9 ▁February , ▁ 1 4 ▁March ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁April . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁a ▁ ₦ 4 . 7 ▁billion ▁judgment ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁Inn os on ▁by ▁a ▁judge ▁at ▁the ▁Federal ▁High ▁Court ▁in ▁Aw ka . ▁Gu ar ant y ▁Trust ▁Bank ▁immediately ▁appe aled ▁the ▁judgment , ▁calling ▁it ▁" rid ic ulous " ▁at ▁the ▁Court |
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