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▁ ▁On ▁December ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁eight ▁of ▁the ▁nine ▁new ▁N SA ▁members ▁were ▁arrested ▁by ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁authorities , ▁and ▁were ▁executed ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁without ▁trial . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁two ▁National ▁Spirit ual ▁As sembl ies , ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁Local ▁Spirit ual ▁As sembl ies ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁were ▁also ▁killed . ▁Between ▁April ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁December ▁▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁at ▁least ▁eight ▁prominent ▁Te hr an ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁in ▁Y az d , ▁fifteen ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁arrested , ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁graphic ▁trial ▁that ▁was ▁partially ▁telev ised , ▁seven ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁executed ; ▁the ▁remaining ▁eight ▁were ▁released ▁after ▁four ▁months . ▁ ▁In ▁Tab riz ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁two ▁prominent ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁executed ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁all ▁nine ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Tab riz ▁L SA ▁were ▁executed . ▁ ▁In ▁Ham ad an ▁seven ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁L SA ▁of ▁Ham aden ▁were ▁executed ▁by ▁firing ▁squad , ▁and ▁while ▁the ▁bodies ▁were ▁being ▁prepared ▁for ▁the ▁funeral ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁six ▁of ▁the ▁men ▁were ▁physically ▁tort ured ▁before ▁their ▁death . ▁ ▁In ▁Shir az ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁and |
▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁B áb , ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁holy ▁place , ▁was ▁destroyed , ▁five ▁prominent ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁executed , ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 8 5 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁arrested ▁for ▁interrog ations ; ▁then ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁sixteen ▁more ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁executed . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁the ▁government ▁announced ▁a ▁legal ▁ban ▁on ▁all ▁administrative ▁and ▁community ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community , ▁which ▁required ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁National ▁Spirit ual ▁Assembly ▁and ▁about ▁ 4 0 0 ▁Local ▁Spirit ual ▁As sembl ies . ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁com plied ▁with ▁the ▁ban , ▁but ▁the ▁former ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁L S As ▁were ▁rout inely ▁harass ed , ▁and ▁seven ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁third ▁N SA ▁were ▁eventually ▁arrested ▁and ▁executed . ▁ ▁Secret ▁memor and um ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁a ▁confidential ▁circular ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Cultural ▁Revolution ▁Council ▁on ▁" the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁question " ▁ ▁and ▁signed ▁by ▁Supreme ▁Leader ▁K ham ene i ▁himself , ▁sign aled ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁efforts ▁to ▁suff ocate ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁through ▁a ▁more ▁" sil ent " ▁means . ▁The ▁document ▁organized ▁the ▁methods ▁of ▁opp ression ▁used ▁to ▁per sec ute ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁and |
▁contained ▁specific ▁recommendations ▁on ▁how ▁to ▁block ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁communities ▁both ▁inside ▁and ▁outside ▁Iran . ▁The ▁document ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁most ▁excessive ▁types ▁of ▁per secut ions ▁should ▁be ▁avoided ▁and ▁instead , ▁among ▁other ▁things ▁recommended , ▁that ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁be ▁exp elled ▁from ▁universities , ▁" once ▁it ▁becomes ▁known ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁Bah á ʼ ís ," ▁to ▁" den y ▁them ▁employment ▁if ▁they ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Bah á ʼ ís " ▁and ▁to ▁" den y ▁them ▁any ▁position ▁of ▁influence ." ▁ ▁The ▁existence ▁of ▁this ▁so ▁called ▁Gol pay gan i ▁Mem or and um ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁in ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁the ▁then ▁UN ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Commission er ▁Mr ▁Gal indo ▁P ohl ▁( E / CM 4 / 1 9 9 3 / 4 1 , ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 3 ), ▁and ▁the ▁policy ▁recommendations ▁of ▁the ▁document ▁are ▁still ▁in ▁force . ▁ ▁Current ▁situation ▁According ▁to ▁a ▁US ▁panel , ▁attacks ▁on ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran ▁have ▁increased ▁since ▁Mah m oud ▁Ah mad ine j ad ▁became ▁president . ▁In ▁the ▁ten ▁years ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁revolution , ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁B aha ' is ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁executed , ▁hundreds ▁more ▁were ▁tort ured ▁or ▁imprison ed , ▁and ▁tens ▁of ▁thousands ▁lost ▁jobs , ▁access ▁to ▁education , ▁and ▁other ▁rights |
▁– ▁all ▁solely ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁religious ▁belief . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁more ▁than ▁ 7 1 0 ▁B aha ' is ▁have ▁been ▁arrested , ▁and ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁B aha ' is ▁in ▁prison ▁has ▁ris en ▁from ▁fewer ▁than ▁five ▁to ▁a ▁current ▁figure ▁of ▁ 1 3 6 ; ▁roughly ▁ 6 0 0 ▁more ▁are ▁engaged ▁with ▁the ▁penal ▁system : ▁await ing ▁trial , ▁for ▁example , ▁or ▁await ing ▁sent encing . ▁The ▁inc ar cer ated ▁now ▁include ▁young ▁mothers ▁of ▁nursing ▁children ▁( im prison ed ▁with ▁their ▁inf ants ). ▁Since ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁escal ation ▁of ▁attacks ▁has ▁included ▁both ▁murder ▁and ▁attempted ▁murder . ▁These ▁attacks ▁are ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁hate ▁crimes ▁that ▁are ▁relig iously ▁motivated . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Iran ian ▁authorities ▁demol ished ▁the ▁shr ine ▁and ▁grave ▁site ▁of ▁Muhammad - Ali ▁Bar fur ush i ▁( Q udd ús ), ▁a ▁B áb í ▁leader . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁an ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁media ▁campaign ▁was ▁launched ▁in ▁Iran , ▁assert ing ▁that ▁the ▁religion ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁colonial ist ▁powers ▁to ▁sub vert ▁Islam ▁and ▁to ▁sub j ug ate ▁the ▁Muslim ▁peoples ▁of ▁Iran . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Iran ian ▁officials ▁arrested ▁ 5 4 ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁mostly ▁young ▁people , ▁in ▁Shir |
az . ▁In ▁March ▁and ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁seven ▁" sen ior ▁members " ▁who ▁form ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran ▁were ▁arrested . ▁Several ▁agencies ▁and ▁experts ▁and ▁jour nals ▁have ▁published ▁concerns ▁about ▁viewing ▁the ▁developments ▁as ▁a ▁case ▁of ▁gen oc ide : ▁Rom é o ▁D all aire , ▁Gen oc ide ▁Watch , ▁S entin el ▁Project ▁for ▁Gen oc ide ▁Pre vention , ▁the ▁jour nals ▁War ▁Cr imes , ▁Gen oc ide , ▁& ▁Cr imes ▁against ▁Human ity ▁and ▁Journal ▁of ▁Gen oc ide ▁Research . ▁A ▁summary ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁incidents ▁of ▁prison ▁sentences , ▁fin es ▁and ▁pun ish ments ▁showed ▁that ▁these ▁were ▁more ▁than ▁twice ▁as ▁likely ▁to ▁apply ▁to ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁as ▁any ▁other ▁religious ▁minority ▁in ▁Iran ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁total ▁rate ▁of ▁such ▁cases ▁had ▁gone ▁up ▁by ▁ 3 6 % ▁over ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Ar rest ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁inform al ▁body ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Friends ▁( Y aran ) ▁that ▁overs aw ▁the ▁needs ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran ▁were ▁arrested ▁and ▁taken ▁to ▁Ev in ▁prison . ▁Off ic ers ▁from ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Intelligence ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁searched ▁and ▁ra ided ▁the ▁homes ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁people ▁in ▁the |
▁early ▁hours ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 4 . ▁The ▁arrest ▁of ▁the ▁six ▁follow ▁the ▁det ention ▁of ▁another ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leader ▁in ▁March , ▁who ▁was ▁originally ▁taken ▁to ▁answer ▁questions ▁relating ▁to ▁the ▁bur ial ▁of ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁in ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁c emetery ▁in ▁M ash ad . ▁ ▁The ▁Iran ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Document ation ▁Center ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁concerned ▁for ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁recent ▁events ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁disappe arance ▁of ▁ 2 5 ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁In ▁May ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁also ▁announced ▁an ▁Action ▁Al ert ▁about ▁the ▁arrest s . ▁At ▁year ' s ▁end ▁all ▁seven ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁national ▁leadership ▁and ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁ 4 0 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁Iran . ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Iran ian ▁state ▁run ▁news ▁agency , ▁IR NA , ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders ▁had ▁been ▁officially ▁accused ▁of ▁esp ion age . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Nob el ▁La ure ate ▁Shir in ▁E bad i ▁volunte ered ▁to ▁be ▁their ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁received ▁threats ▁against ▁her ▁life ▁for ▁defending ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁community . ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 1 ▁E bad i ' |
s ▁office ▁of ▁the ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Defense ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights ▁was ▁ra ided ▁and ▁closed . ▁On ▁December ▁ 2 9 , ▁government ▁security ▁officers ▁pos ing ▁as ▁tax ▁officials ▁ra ided ▁E bad i ' s ▁private ▁law ▁offices , ▁se izing ▁office ▁files ▁and ▁computers . ▁A ▁second ▁lawyer , ▁Abd olf att ah ▁Sol t ani , ▁reported ly ▁taking ▁up ▁the ▁case ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁disappeared ▁June ▁ 1 6 . ▁ ▁The ▁court ▁case ▁was ▁post pon ed ▁several ▁times , ▁but ▁went ▁ahead ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁Apparently ▁no ▁ob servers ▁were ▁allowed ▁in ▁the ▁court , ▁and ▁the ▁defence ▁lawyers , ▁who ▁have ▁had ▁nearly ▁no ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁defend ants ▁for ▁two ▁years , ▁also ▁had ▁difficulty ▁entering ▁the ▁court . ▁The ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Commission ▁on ▁International ▁Relig ious ▁Freedom ▁said ▁that ▁it ▁seems ▁that ▁the ▁government ▁has ▁already ▁pre det erm ined ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁case ▁and ▁is ▁viol ating ▁international ▁human ▁rights ▁law . ▁Further ▁sessions ▁were ▁held ▁on ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁April ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁June ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁On ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁it ▁became ▁known ▁that ▁the ▁court ▁sentence ▁was ▁ 2 0 ▁years ▁imprison ment ▁for ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁prisoners , ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁reduced |
▁to ▁ten ▁years . ▁After ▁the ▁sentence , ▁they ▁were ▁transferred ▁to ▁G oh ard as ht ▁prison . ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁sentences ▁were ▁re inst ated ▁to ▁the ▁original ▁ 2 0 ▁years . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁widespread ▁calls ▁from ▁public ▁figures , ▁governments ▁and ▁organizations ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁especially ▁after ▁the ▁trial ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Members ▁of ▁government ▁across ▁the ▁world ▁including ▁from ▁Brazil , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁Germany , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁Spain ▁and ▁Australia ▁have ▁either ▁released ▁statements ▁or ▁sponsored ▁res olutions ▁condem ning ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Iran ▁for ▁the ▁arrest ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders . ▁ ▁The ▁Pres id ency ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁( E U ), ▁with ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁associated ▁countries ▁den ounced ▁the ▁trial . ▁ ▁Human ▁rights ▁organizations ▁have ▁also ▁released ▁statements : ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁has ▁released ▁updated ▁Action ▁Al erts ▁about ▁the ▁trial ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Freedom ▁House ▁strongly ▁condem ned ▁the ▁trial , ▁and ▁World ▁Organ isation ▁Against ▁T ort ure ▁proposed ▁actions ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁the ▁leadership ▁and ▁others ▁arrested . ▁Res pon ding ▁to ▁a ▁letter ▁from ▁R ox ana ▁Sab eri , ▁who ▁was ▁in ▁contact ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁women ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders ▁while ▁she ▁was ▁in ▁prison |
, ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Commission ▁on ▁International ▁Relig ious ▁Freedom ▁demanded ▁the ▁seven ▁prisoners ▁be ▁freed ▁rather ▁than ▁stand ▁trial . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁been ▁groups ▁of ▁individuals ▁also ▁speaking ▁out . ▁On ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ 2 6 7 ▁non - B ah á ʼ í ▁Iran ian ▁academ ics , ▁writers , ▁artists , ▁journalists ▁and ▁activ ists ▁ ▁from ▁some ▁ 2 1 ▁countries ▁including ▁Iran ▁signed ▁an ▁open ▁letter ▁of ▁ap ology ▁posted ▁to ▁Iran ian . com ▁and ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁had ▁been ▁dep rived ▁of ▁their ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Republic , ▁they ▁pl ed ged ▁their ▁support ▁to ▁achieving ▁for ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran ▁the ▁rights ▁detailed ▁in ▁the ▁Universal ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights . ▁British ▁entertain ers ▁wrote ▁an ▁open ▁letter ▁printed ▁in ▁The ▁Times ▁of ▁London ▁about ▁those ▁on ▁trial ▁stating ▁their ▁solid arity ▁with ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ." ▁ ▁A ▁prominent ▁group ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁sixty ▁profess ors ▁and ▁scholars ▁who ▁special ize ▁in ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁and ▁Iran ian ▁Studies ▁have ▁added ▁their ▁voices ▁in ▁protest ▁as ▁well . ▁Others ▁who ▁have ▁spoken ▁out ▁include ▁Rain n ▁Wilson ▁and ▁Sh oh re h ▁A gh dash lo o . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Iran ian ▁authorities ▁det ained ▁five ▁more ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁reported ly ▁including ▁N iki ▁Khan j ani , ▁daughter ▁of |
▁Jam al odd in ▁Khan j ani , ▁one ▁of ▁seven ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁leaders ▁j ailed ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Ar rest ▁of ▁ 5 4 ▁young ▁people ▁in ▁Shir az ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Iran ian ▁officials ▁arrested ▁ 5 4 ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁mostly ▁young ▁people , ▁in ▁Shir az , ▁according ▁to ▁representatives ▁of ▁the ▁International ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Community . ▁ ▁Apparently ▁the ▁group ▁was ▁arrested ▁during ▁its ▁participation ▁in ▁a ▁community - service ▁project ▁teaching ▁classes ▁to ▁under priv ile ged ▁children , ▁initiated ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁non - govern ment al ▁organization . ▁ ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁had ▁in ▁its ▁possession ▁a ▁letter ▁of ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Council ▁of ▁Shir az ▁to ▁undert ake ▁this ▁service ▁project ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁its ▁arrest . ▁ ▁The ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁charges ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁is ▁unknown ▁at ▁present ▁as ▁are ▁the ▁conditions ▁under ▁which ▁the ▁det aine es ▁are ▁being ▁held . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁very ▁same ▁day , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 4 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁arrested ▁earlier ▁but ▁who ▁was ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 ▁was ▁released ▁without ▁having ▁to ▁post ▁bail . ▁Several ▁other ▁young ▁people ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁arrested ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁but ▁who ▁were ▁not ▁themselves ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁were ▁also ▁released ▁without ▁posting ▁bail . ▁ ▁" |
The ▁arrest s ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁ra ids ▁on ▁six ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁homes ▁during ▁which ▁notebook s , ▁computers , ▁books , ▁and ▁other ▁documents ▁were ▁conf isc ated ," ▁according ▁to ▁an ▁article ▁by ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁World ▁News ▁Service . ▁ ▁The ▁article ▁further ▁reports ▁that ▁since ▁January , ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁a fore ment ioned ▁ 5 4 ▁det aine es , ▁" seven ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁have ▁been ▁arrested ▁and ▁held ▁for ▁periods ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁one ▁month ▁in ▁K erm ans h ah , ▁Is f ahan ▁and ▁Te hr an . ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 2 4 , ▁fourteen ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁released , ▁each ▁having ▁been ▁required ▁to ▁provide ▁de eds ▁of ▁property ▁to ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁ten ▁million ▁tum ans ▁( appro xim ately ▁US $ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ). ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁ 3 6 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁strength ▁of ▁either ▁personal ▁guarante es ▁or ▁the ▁deposit ▁of ▁work ▁licenses ▁with ▁the ▁court ▁as ▁sure ty ▁that ▁they ' d ▁appear ▁when ▁summon ed ▁to ▁court . ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁ 5 4 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June . ▁Although ▁the ▁judge ▁originally ▁demanded ▁a ▁bond ▁equivalent ▁to ▁$ 5 4 , 0 0 0 , ▁they ▁were ▁released ▁without ▁bail ▁on ▁the ▁promise ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁return ▁for ▁a ▁later ▁court ▁appearance . |
▁No ▁formal ▁charges ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁against ▁them . ▁However , ▁in ▁most ▁cases , ▁some ▁form ▁of ▁bail , ▁such ▁as ▁de eds ▁of ▁property , ▁were ▁demanded ▁before ▁release . ▁Currently , ▁two ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁arrested ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁and ▁San and aj , ▁remain ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁On ▁January ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Iran ' s ▁jud ici ary ▁sent enced ▁the ▁ 5 4 ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁to ▁four ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁for ▁propaganda ▁against ▁the ▁regime . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁group , ▁ 5 1 ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁were ▁given ▁suspended ▁one - year ▁jail ▁sentences ▁cond itional ▁on ▁their ▁attendance ▁of ▁courses ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Prop ag anda ▁Organ isation , ▁which ▁is ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁has ▁called ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁" det ained ▁solely ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁religious ▁beliefs , ▁or ▁their ▁peaceful ▁activities ▁teaching ▁under priv ile ged ▁children ." ▁ ▁On ▁October ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁Intelligence ▁Department ▁officers ▁arrested ▁Shir azi ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁residents , ▁Far z an ▁Mas ou mi , ▁K iana ▁Sh o ae i , ▁and ▁S orous h ▁Ab adi . ▁Following ▁a ▁search ▁of ▁their ▁homes , ▁the ▁officers ▁conf isc ated ▁cell ▁phones , ▁comput ors , ▁and ▁lapt ops ▁and ▁other ▁personal ▁belong ings . ▁They |
▁are ▁being ▁held ▁in ▁an ▁" und is closed ▁location , ▁according ▁to ▁H RAN A . ▁ ▁Monitor ing ▁of ▁activities ▁A ▁confidential ▁letter ▁sent ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁by ▁the ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Command ▁Head quarters ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁in ▁Iran ▁states ▁that ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Leader ▁of ▁Iran , ▁Ay at oll ah ▁K ham ene i , ▁has ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁Command ▁Head quarters ▁to ▁identify ▁people ▁who ▁ad here ▁to ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁faith ▁and ▁to ▁monitor ▁their ▁activities ▁and ▁gather ▁any ▁and ▁all ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith . ▁The ▁letter ▁was ▁addressed ▁to ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Information , ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁Guard ▁and ▁the ▁Police ▁Force . ▁The ▁letter ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁international ▁community ▁by ▁As ma ▁Jah ang ir , ▁the ▁Special ▁Rap port eur ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Commission ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁on ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion ▁or ▁belief , ▁in ▁a ▁March ▁ 2 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁press ▁release . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁press ▁release , ▁the ▁Special ▁Rap port eur ▁states ▁that ▁she ▁" is ▁highly ▁concerned ▁by ▁information ▁she ▁has ▁received ▁concerning ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran ." ▁The ▁UN ' s ▁press ▁release ▁summar izing ▁Ms . ▁Jah ang ir ' s ▁report ▁states : ▁ ▁The ▁monitoring ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁seen ▁in |
▁other ▁official ▁government ▁documents ; ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁dated ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁from ▁the ▁Tr ades , ▁Production , ▁and ▁Technical ▁Services ▁Society ▁of ▁K erm ans h ah ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Union ▁of ▁B attery ▁Manufact urers , ▁it ▁was ▁asked ▁of ▁the ▁union ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁" the ▁B aha ' i ▁sect " ▁in ▁their ▁membership . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁in ▁a ▁letter ▁dated ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Iran ' s ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Interior ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Politics ▁and ▁Security ▁in ▁Off ices ▁of ▁the ▁Govern ors ' ▁General ▁throughout ▁Iran ▁ordered ▁officials ▁to ▁step ▁up ▁the ▁surveillance ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁throughout ▁the ▁country . ▁Among ▁the ▁information ▁requested ▁in ▁a ▁detailed ▁question naire ▁about ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁local ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁is ▁their ▁financial ▁status ▁and ▁social ▁interactions . ▁ ▁The ▁Anti - Def am ation ▁League ▁has ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁government ' s ▁effort ▁to ▁identify ▁and ▁monitor ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁what ▁the ▁Jews ▁faced ▁in ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Nazi ▁era : ▁they ▁wrote ▁the ▁orders ▁issued ▁were ▁" re min is cent ▁of ▁the ▁steps ▁taken ▁against ▁Jews ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁a ▁dangerous ▁step ▁toward ▁the ▁institution ▁of ▁N ure mber g - type ▁laws ." ▁ ▁Death s ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁and ▁others ▁report ▁that ▁ 2 0 2 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁have ▁been ▁killed |
▁since ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ▁( see ▁below ). ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁death ▁of ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁in ▁the ▁custody ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁occurred ▁on ▁Dec , ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Y az d . ▁Z ab ih ull ah ▁Mah ram i ▁had ▁been ▁sent enced ▁to ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁this ▁was ▁commut ed ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁prison . ▁His ▁arrest ▁was ▁for ▁the ▁crime ▁of ▁apost asy ▁against ▁Islam , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁convicted ▁of ▁sp ying ▁for ▁Israel . ▁He ▁was ▁approximately ▁ 5 9 ▁years ▁old . ▁He ▁died ▁in ▁his ▁prison ▁cell ▁of ▁unknown ▁causes . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁condem ned ▁the ▁imprison ment ▁and ▁alleged ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁Z ab ih ull ah ▁Mah ram i , ▁and ▁State ▁Department ▁Deputy ▁Sp okes man , ▁Adam ▁E re li , ▁said ▁that ▁Mr . ▁Mah ram i ▁had ▁received ▁death ▁threats ▁in ▁prison ▁and ▁been ▁forced ▁to ▁perform ▁ar du ous ▁physical ▁labour . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁recent ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁execution ▁apparently ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁h anged ▁R uh oll ah ▁Roh ani ▁in ▁M ash ad ▁on ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁conver ting ▁a ▁woman ▁to ▁the ▁faith ▁though ▁she ▁herself ▁stated ▁that ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁Bah á ʼ í . ▁New sp aper ▁accounts |
▁describe ▁this ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁execution ▁in ▁six ▁years . ▁Death ▁sentences ▁had ▁also ▁been ▁passed ▁against ▁Sir us ▁Z ab hi - M og h add am ▁and ▁H ed ay at ▁Kas he fi - N aj ab adi , ▁which ▁have ▁apparently ▁not ▁yet ▁been ▁carried ▁out ▁and ▁A ta oll ah ▁Ham id ▁Naz riz ade h ▁has ▁received ▁a ▁ten - year ▁prison ▁sentence ▁for ▁related ▁off ences ▁ar ising ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁situation . ▁ ▁Bar riers ▁to ▁higher ▁education ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁youth ▁are ▁not ▁permitted ▁to ▁attend ▁institutions ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁in ▁Iran ▁unless ▁prospect ive ▁students ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁followers ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁relig ions ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁state ▁on ▁university ▁entrance ▁exam s . ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁if ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁identify ▁themselves ▁as ▁Muslims ▁on ▁the ▁exam s ▁they ▁would ▁be ▁allowed ▁to ▁en roll ▁but ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁as ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁religious ▁principle , ▁refuse ▁to ▁dis sim ulate ▁their ▁beliefs . ▁Conf irm ing ▁these ▁findings , ▁an ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁Committee ▁of ▁Con c ern ed ▁Scient ists ▁also ▁found ▁that ▁university ▁officials ▁in ▁Iran ▁had ▁" re ceived ▁orders ▁from ▁above ▁not ▁to ▁score ▁the ▁tests ▁of ▁B aha ' i ▁students ," ▁or ▁that ▁these ▁officials ▁had ▁suggested ▁that ▁a ▁student ▁would ▁receive ▁his ▁test ▁scores ▁only ▁if ▁the ▁student ' s ▁family ▁ren ounced ▁their ▁faith . ▁ ▁The ▁Committee |
▁called ▁for ▁the ▁complete ▁publication ▁of ▁all ▁test ▁scores ▁without ▁discrimination . ▁ ▁In ▁an ▁effort ▁which ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁called ▁" an ▁elaborate ▁act ▁of ▁commun al ▁self - pres ervation ," ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁established ▁its ▁own ▁program ▁of ▁higher ▁education ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁educational ▁needs ▁of ▁its ▁young ▁people , ▁which ▁evolved ▁to ▁become ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Institute ▁for ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁( BI HE ), ▁whose ▁classes ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁private ▁homes ▁and ▁had ▁an ▁en rollment ▁of ▁approximately ▁ 9 0 0 ▁students . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁( 2 9 ▁September ▁– ▁ 2 ▁October ), ▁Iran ian ▁authorities ▁broke ▁up ▁the ▁underground ▁institution ▁inv ading ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 0 ▁homes ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁and ▁office ▁buildings ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 4 ▁cities ▁around ▁Iran . ▁H undred s ▁were ▁arrested . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁books ▁and ▁computer ▁equipment ▁conf isc ated , ▁personal ▁poss essions ▁such ▁as ▁silver ware ▁and ▁refriger ators ▁were ▁taken ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁" th ieve [ ry ] ▁in ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁Islam ." ▁ ▁Iran ian ▁column ist ▁I q bal ▁Lat if ▁calls ▁Iran ' s ▁den ial ▁of ▁access ▁to ▁university ▁education ▁for ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁"[ i ] nt el lect ual ▁cle ans ing ▁of ▁their ▁ethnic ▁brothers ▁by ▁the ▁cler gy - dom inated ▁regime ." ▁ ▁Dest ruction ▁of ▁holy |
▁sites ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁soon ▁after ▁their ▁revolution , ▁Iran ian ▁authorities ▁ordered ▁and ▁en compass ed ▁the ▁demol ition ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁the ▁B áb ▁in ▁Shir az . ▁A ▁mos que ▁was ▁later ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Iran ian ▁authorities ▁demol ished ▁the ▁shr ine ▁and ▁grave ▁site ▁of ▁Mull á ▁Mu ḥ amm ad ▁' Al í - i - B ár fur ú sh i ▁( Q udd ús ), ▁a ▁B áb í ▁leader . ▁The ▁following ▁June , ▁the ▁Te hr an ▁house ▁of ▁M ír zá ▁ ʻ A bb ás - i - N ú r í ▁( aka ▁M ír zá ▁B uz urg ), ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h ' s ▁father , ▁was ▁destroyed . ▁The ▁previous ▁such ▁incident ▁occurred ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁when ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁c emetery ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁was ▁bul ld oz ed ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁build ▁a ▁municipal ▁centre . ▁ ▁Media ▁attacks ▁In ▁the ▁later ▁months ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁an ▁int ensive ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁campaign ▁was ▁conducted ▁by ▁Iran ian ▁newspapers ▁and ▁radio ▁stations . ▁The ▁state - run ▁and ▁influential ▁Kay han ▁newspaper , ▁whose ▁managing ▁editor ▁is ▁appointed ▁by ▁Iran ' s ▁sup reme ▁leader , ▁Ay at oll ah ▁K ham ene i , ▁ran ▁nearly ▁three ▁dozen ▁articles |
▁def aming ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith . ▁The ▁articles , ▁which ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁fake ▁historical ▁documents , ▁engage ▁in ▁a ▁dist ortion ▁of ▁history ▁to ▁fals ely ▁describe ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁moral ▁principles ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁offensive ▁to ▁Muslims , ▁thus ▁indu cing ▁feelings ▁of ▁suspicion , ▁dist rust ▁and ▁hatred ▁for ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran . ▁ ▁The ▁articles ▁claim , ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁all ▁historical ▁data , ▁that ▁the ▁religion ▁was ▁invented ▁and ▁impl anted ▁by ▁colonial ist ▁powers ▁to ▁sub vert ▁Islam ▁and ▁to ▁sub j ug ate ▁the ▁Muslim ▁peoples ▁of ▁Iran . ▁They ▁use ▁fake ▁historical ▁documents ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁mem oirs ▁of ▁Prince ▁Dol gor ou ki , ▁a ▁mid - n in ete enth ▁century ▁Russian ▁minister ▁in ▁Te hr an , ▁to ▁substant iate ▁their ▁claims ; ▁the ▁mem oirs ▁were ▁however ▁manufactured ▁in ▁Iran ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁have ▁long ▁since ▁been ▁exposed ▁as ▁for ger ies . ▁ ▁The ▁articles ▁also ▁state ▁that ▁the ▁B áb , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ' s ▁central ▁figures , ▁was ▁taught ▁simultaneously ▁by ▁the ▁Jews ▁and ▁the ▁Ts ar ist ▁government ▁of ▁Russia , ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁Ts ar ist ▁government ▁was ▁well - known ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁unf av our able ▁towards ▁the ▁Jews . ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁World ▁Centre ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁link ing ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁with ▁Z |
ion ism ▁serves ▁to ▁prov oke ▁suspicion ▁and ▁hatred ▁towards ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁ ▁An ▁Israeli ▁mock ument ary ▁about ▁the ▁religion ▁called ▁B aha ' is ▁In ▁My ▁Back yard ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁producer , ▁the ▁film ▁was ▁pir ated , ▁profession ally ▁dub bed ▁and ▁stream ed ▁by ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁website ▁then ▁altered ▁again ▁to ▁make ▁serious ▁accus ations ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁using ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁on ▁another ▁Iran ian ▁website . ▁Another ▁attack ▁was ▁through ▁national ▁television ▁– ▁a ▁" document ary " ▁was ▁telev ised ▁called ▁The ▁Secret ▁of ▁Arm aged don ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁which ▁outlined ▁a ▁Jewish - B ah á ʼ í ▁conspiracy ▁against ▁Iran ian ▁interests . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁popular ▁Iran ian ▁conservative ▁newspaper ▁Ham sh ah ri , ▁known ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁critical ▁stand ▁towards ▁President ▁Ah mad ine j ad , ▁was ▁closed ▁down ▁temporarily , ▁only ▁because ▁it ▁published ▁in ▁an ▁advertis ement ▁for ▁tour ism ▁travel ▁to ▁India ▁a ▁photograph ▁of ▁a ▁temple ▁of ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁Faith . ▁After ▁the ▁cont ested ▁Iran ian ▁election ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁the ▁continuing ▁un rest , ▁the ▁government ▁increased ▁its ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁rhet oric , ▁bl aming ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁for ▁the ▁demonstr ations , ▁which ▁ob |
servers ▁have ▁stated ▁is ▁without ▁mer it . ▁The ▁government ▁of ▁Iran ▁has ▁histor ically ▁defined ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁as ▁an ▁' other ' ▁to ▁draw ▁public ▁attention ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁International ▁community ▁published ▁a ▁report ▁titled ▁" In c iting ▁Hat red : ▁Iran ' s ▁Media ▁Campaign ▁to ▁Dem on ize ▁B aha ' is ", ▁analy zing ▁media ▁items ▁between ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Other ▁events ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁D iane ▁Al a ' i , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁spokes person ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁in ▁Gen eva , ▁described ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁per secut ion ▁to ▁the ▁UN ▁Commission ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights : ▁ ▁Al a ' i ▁also ▁said ▁that ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁in ▁Te hr an , ▁Iran ian ▁intelligence ▁agents ▁entered ▁the ▁homes ▁of ▁several ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁and ▁spent ▁hours ▁r ans acking ▁their ▁houses ▁before ▁cart ing ▁away ▁their ▁poss essions ▁and ▁taking ▁them ▁into ▁custody . ▁ ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ' s ▁New ▁York ▁spokes person , ▁B ani ▁D ug al , ▁clar ified ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁involved ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁ ▁D ug al ▁said ▁that ▁although ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁those ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁who ▁have ▁been ▁arrested ▁were ▁released , ▁nine |
▁remained ▁in ▁prison ▁as ▁of ▁late ▁October ▁[ 2 0 0 5 ]. ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Albert ▁Lincoln , ▁secretary - general ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁International ▁Community , ▁stated ▁that ▁in ▁recent ▁months ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁cases ▁of ▁ar son , ▁threats , ▁kidn appings ▁and ▁beat ings : ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁as ▁a ▁mark ▁of ▁solid arity ▁with ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁of ▁Iran , ▁Ay at oll ah ▁Abd ol - H am id ▁Mas ou mi - Te hr ani ▁gift ed ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁a ▁call ig raph y ▁work ▁from ▁the ▁writ ings ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h . ▁The ▁Ay at oll ah ' s ▁call ▁for ▁religious ▁tolerance ▁and ▁co - ex istence ▁has ▁received ▁worldwide ▁support ▁from ▁religious ▁leaders . ▁ ▁Stat ements ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁later ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁many ▁third ▁party ▁organizations ▁have ▁made ▁statements ▁regarding ▁the ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁asking ▁that ▁human ▁rights ▁be ▁maintained . ▁To ▁date , ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁Am n esty ▁International , ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Brazil , ▁Australia , ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁Austria , ▁Canada , ▁UK , ▁Germany , ▁France , ▁Netherlands , ▁Ireland , ▁Hung ary , ▁Norway ▁and ▁India ▁have ▁made ▁official ▁statements ▁condem ning ▁the ▁treatment ▁of |
▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁abroad , ▁in ▁particular , ▁in ▁Iran . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Nations ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Commission ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁have ▁published ▁reports ▁on ▁the ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁since ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ; ▁in ▁every ▁year ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁except ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Commission ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁has ▁passed ▁a ▁resolution ▁express ing ▁concern ▁about ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran . ▁The ▁Special ▁Represent ative ▁on ▁Iran , ▁Professor ▁Gal indo ▁P ohl , ▁Canadian ▁Jur ist ▁and ▁U BC ▁Law ▁Professor , ▁Maurice ▁Cop ith orne , ▁and ▁the ▁Special ▁Rap port eur ▁on ▁Relig ious ▁Int oler ance , ▁Professor ▁Ab du ' l ▁F ata h ▁Am or , ▁have ▁all ▁reported ▁on ▁the ▁per secut ions ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁have ▁faced ▁in ▁Iran . ▁For ▁example , ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁the ▁commission ▁wrote ▁that ▁" ... ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁whose ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁viable ▁religious ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁is ▁threatened ▁ ..." ▁and ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁they ▁wrote ▁that ▁" ... ▁the ▁escal ation ▁and ▁increased ▁frequency ▁of ▁discrimination ▁and ▁other ▁human ▁rights ▁viol ations ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁[ s ic ], ▁including ▁cases ▁of ▁arbitrary ▁arrest ▁and ▁det ention , ▁the ▁den ial |
▁of ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion ▁or ▁of ▁publicly ▁carrying ▁out ▁commun al ▁affairs , ▁the ▁dis reg ard ▁of ▁property ▁rights , ▁the ▁destruction ▁of ▁sites ▁of ▁religious ▁importance , ▁the ▁suspension ▁of ▁social , ▁educational ▁and ▁community - related ▁activities ▁and ▁the ▁den ial ▁of ▁access ▁to ▁higher ▁education , ▁employment , ▁p ensions , ▁adequate ▁housing ▁and ▁other ▁benefits ▁ ..." . ▁ ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁has ▁also ▁documented ▁the ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran . ▁For ▁example ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁it ▁gave ▁statements ▁regarding ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁prisoner : ▁" Am n esty ▁International ▁un res erved ly ▁condem ns ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁R uh ull ah ▁Rou h ani ▁and ▁fears ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁executed ▁for ▁the ▁non vi olent ▁expression ▁of ▁his ▁beliefs . ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁currently ▁knows ▁of ▁seven ▁cases ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁prisoners ▁under ▁the ▁sentence ▁of ▁death ▁and ▁is ▁calling ▁for ▁commut ation ▁of ▁these ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁death ▁sentences ▁without ▁delay " ▁ ▁The ▁European ▁Union ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁EU ▁Annual ▁Report ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁wrote : ▁ ▁Then ▁in ▁a ▁speech ▁given ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Parliament ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Commission er ▁for ▁Education , ▁Training , ▁Culture ▁and ▁Mult iling ual ism , ▁Jan ▁Fig el ▁said : ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁State ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Democr acy , ▁Human |
▁Rights ▁and ▁Labor ▁stated ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Report ▁on ▁International ▁Relig ious ▁Freedom ▁that ▁" The ▁Government ▁harass es ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁by ▁arrest ing ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁arbitr arily ," ▁that ▁" the ▁property ▁rights ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁generally ▁dis reg arded , ▁... ▁the ▁Government ▁has ▁conf isc ated ▁large ▁numbers ▁of ▁private ▁and ▁business ▁properties ▁belonging ▁to ▁Bah á ʼ ís ," ▁and ▁that ▁" Public ▁and ▁private ▁universities ▁continue ▁to ▁deny ▁adm itt ance ▁to ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁students " ▁ ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁respon ds ▁to ▁these ▁statements ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁enemies ▁of ▁the ▁state , ▁were ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Shah ' s ▁government ▁and ▁sp ies ▁employed ▁by ▁imperial ist ▁governments ▁of ▁the ▁West . ▁The ▁Ay at oll ah ▁K home ini , ▁even ▁before ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Iran ▁said ▁in ▁an ▁interview ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁that ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁trait ors ▁— ▁Z ion ists ▁— ▁and ▁enemies ▁of ▁Islam . ▁ ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁representative ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁tried ▁several ▁times , ▁al beit ▁un success fully , ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁to ▁convince ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁diplom atic ▁community ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁is ▁a ▁polit ic ized ▁organization ▁with ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁criminal ▁activ ism ▁against ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁and ▁not ▁a ▁legitimate ▁religion ▁like ▁Jud a ism |
, ▁Christianity , ▁and ▁Z oro ast rian ism ▁which ▁are ▁protected ▁under ▁Iran ian ▁law ; ▁Iran ▁has ▁not ▁acknowledged ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁is ▁a ▁religion . ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁Nations ▁responded ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ' s ▁accus ations ▁by ▁stating ▁that ▁there ▁has ▁been ▁no ▁evidence ▁of ▁Iran ' s ▁claims ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran ▁profess es ▁its ▁alleg iance ▁to ▁the ▁state . ▁The ▁United ▁Nations ▁pointed ▁to ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁teaching ▁of ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁one ' s ▁country ▁and ▁stated ▁that ▁any ▁involvement ▁in ▁any ▁sub vers ive ▁acts ▁against ▁the ▁government ▁would ▁be ▁ant it het ical ▁to ▁pre cept s ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁religion . ▁The ▁United ▁Nations ▁also ▁stated ▁that ▁if ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ▁did ▁acknowledge ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁is ▁a ▁religion , ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁an ▁admission ▁that ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion ▁does ▁not ▁apply ▁to ▁all ▁in ▁Iran ▁and ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁ab iding ▁by ▁the ▁Universal ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Human ▁Rights ▁and ▁International ▁C oven ants ▁on ▁Human ▁Rights ▁to ▁which ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁sign atory . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁many ▁Iran ians ▁who ▁have ▁published ▁how ▁and ▁why ▁Iran ians ▁think ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁as ▁outs iders . ▁Dr . ▁Moh amm ad ▁T av ak oli , ▁a ▁Muslim - I ran ian , ▁who ▁is ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Middle ▁Eastern ▁Studies |
▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁presents ▁in ▁Iran - Name h , ▁a ▁Pers ian ▁language ▁academic ▁journal , ▁a ▁study ▁that ▁exam ines ▁the ▁processes ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁g het to ization ▁and ▁event ual ▁" other ing " ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran ▁by ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁religious ▁forces ▁within ▁Iran ian ▁society . ▁ ▁Egypt ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 5 , ▁Egypt ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Islamic ▁state ▁to ▁legally ▁recognize ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁religion ▁apart ▁from ▁Islam . ▁Despite ▁a ▁histor ically ▁active ▁Egyptian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁during ▁the ▁early ▁twentieth ▁century , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁institutions ▁and ▁community ▁activities ▁have ▁been ▁banned ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁by ▁Law ▁ 2 6 3 . ▁This ▁law ▁was ▁decre ed ▁by ▁Egyptian ▁President ▁Gam al ▁Ab del ▁Nas ser , ▁seven ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁founding ▁of ▁the ▁Arab ▁Republic ▁of ▁Egypt . ▁All ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁properties , ▁including ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁centers , ▁libraries , ▁and ▁c em eter ies , ▁were ▁conf isc ated ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁The ▁current ▁Egyptian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community , ▁estimated ▁to ▁number ▁between ▁several ▁hundred ▁and ▁two ▁thousand , ▁has ▁also ▁had ▁fat was ▁issued ▁against ▁it ▁by ▁Al - Az har ' s ▁Islamic ▁Research ▁Center , ▁which ▁charges ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁with ▁apost asy . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 1 8 ▁people , |
▁mostly ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁were ▁arrested ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁S oh ag ▁under ▁the ▁pret ence ▁of ▁having ▁viol ated ▁Article ▁ 9 8 ( F ) ▁of ▁the ▁Pen al ▁Code ▁(" ins ult ing ▁a ▁heaven ly ▁religion ") ▁and ▁other ▁possible ▁charges , ▁ 1 0 ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁det ention ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 0 ▁months ▁without ▁being ▁formally ▁charged . ▁ ▁During ▁and ▁since ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Egyptian ▁revolution ▁t ensions ▁have ▁remained ▁high ▁– ▁homes ▁have ▁been ▁bur nt ▁though ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁dialogue . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁while ▁hope ful ▁remain ▁concerned ▁and ▁a ▁Sal afi ▁spokes man ▁has ▁said ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁" We ▁will ▁pro sec ute ▁the ▁Bah ai ' s ▁( s ic ) ▁on ▁the ▁charge ▁of ▁tre ason ." ▁ ▁See ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Egypt . ▁ ▁Ident ification - card ▁controversy ▁ ▁The ▁Egyptian ▁identification ▁card ▁controversy ▁began ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁when ▁the ▁government ▁modern ized ▁the ▁electronic ▁processing ▁of ▁identity ▁documents , ▁which ▁introduced ▁a ▁de ▁fact o ▁requirement ▁that ▁documents ▁must ▁list ▁the ▁person ' s ▁religion ▁as ▁Muslim , ▁Christian , ▁or ▁Jewish ▁( the ▁only ▁three ▁relig ions ▁officially ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁government ). ▁Con sequently , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁obtain ▁government ▁identification ▁documents ▁( such ▁as ▁national ▁identification ▁cards , ▁birth |
▁cert ificates , ▁death ▁cert ificates , ▁marriage ▁or ▁divorce ▁cert ificates , ▁or ▁pass ports ) ▁necessary ▁to ▁exercise ▁their ▁rights ▁within ▁the ▁country ▁unless ▁they ▁lied ▁about ▁their ▁religion , ▁which ▁conflicts ▁with ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁religious ▁principles . ▁Without ▁documents , ▁they ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁employed , ▁educated , ▁treated ▁in ▁hospitals , ▁travel ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁country , ▁or ▁vote , ▁among ▁other ▁hard ships . ▁ ▁Following ▁a ▁pro tract ed ▁legal ▁process ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁a ▁court ▁ruling ▁favor able ▁to ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁the ▁interior ▁minister ▁of ▁Egypt ▁released ▁a ▁dec ree ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁am ending ▁the ▁law ▁to ▁allow ▁Egypt ians ▁who ▁are ▁not ▁Muslim , ▁Christian , ▁or ▁Jewish ▁to ▁obtain ▁identification ▁documents ▁that ▁list ▁a ▁dash ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁recognized ▁relig ions . ▁The ▁first ▁identification ▁cards ▁were ▁issued ▁to ▁two ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁dec ree ▁on ▁August ▁ 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Under ▁this ▁compromise ▁solution , ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁is ▁still ▁un recogn ized ▁by ▁the ▁government ▁— ▁Islam , ▁Christianity , ▁and ▁Jud a ism ▁remain ▁the ▁only ▁recognized ▁relig ions . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Egyptian ▁revolution ▁and ▁comments ▁by ▁Dr . ▁I bra him ▁Gh on iem , ▁acting ▁Minister ▁of ▁Education ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Muslim ▁Brother hood , ▁in ▁late ▁ |
2 0 1 2 ▁it ▁seemed ▁that ▁the ▁Egyptian ▁school ▁system ▁would ▁exclude ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁children ▁and ▁put ▁in ▁doubt ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁identification ▁card ▁controversy . ▁ ▁Other ▁countries ▁While ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁per secut ion ▁has ▁happened ▁in ▁Iran ▁and ▁Egypt ▁during ▁this ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁last , ▁other ▁countries ▁have ▁restricted ▁or ▁per secut ed ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁In ▁several ▁countries ▁with ▁majority ▁Muslim ▁populations , ▁they ▁have ▁done ▁so ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁basis ▁as ▁Iran ▁and ▁Egypt — that ▁since ▁Islam ▁does ▁not ▁recognize ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith , ▁neither ▁should ▁the ▁government , ▁and ▁thus ▁all ▁manner ▁of ▁social ▁services ▁and ▁identity ▁are ▁circum scribed . ▁B anning ▁orders ▁have ▁been ▁made ▁against ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁activities ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Iraq ▁( 1 9 7 0 ▁and ▁versions ▁since ) ▁and ▁Indonesia ▁( especially ▁but ▁not ▁exclusively ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 2 0 0 0 ). ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁was ▁also ▁banned ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁countries ▁in ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa ▁( B ur und i , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ; ▁Mal i ▁ 1 9 7 6 ; ▁U g anda ▁ 1 9 7 7 ; ▁Cong o , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ; ▁and ▁Niger , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ). ▁ ▁Afghanistan ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were |
▁per secut ed ▁and ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁Afghanistan ▁during ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁the ▁Tal ib an . ▁Post - T al ib an , ▁one ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁was ▁arrested ▁and ▁the ▁court ▁has ▁ruled ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁recognized ▁religion ▁and ▁therefore , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁have ▁no ▁rights ▁under ▁Islamic ▁Law . ▁See ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Afghanistan . ▁ ▁A zer ba ij an ▁In ▁A zer ba ij an , ▁a ▁region ▁that ▁has ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁connections ▁with ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith , ▁there ▁have ▁been ▁several ▁news ▁stories ▁covering ▁severe ▁social , ▁bureau cr atic ▁and ▁legal ▁limits ▁on ▁religious ▁communities , ▁including ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁since ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁trying ▁to ▁recover ▁properties ▁that ▁were ▁conf isc ated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁T av ach ur ▁Al iev , ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í , ▁claimed ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁arrested ▁for ▁mention ing ▁his ▁religion ▁and ▁was ▁released ▁when ▁he ▁promised ▁not ▁to ▁mention ▁his ▁religion ▁again . ▁ ▁Furthermore ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁laws ▁were ▁being ▁considered ▁that ▁would ▁cur tail ▁the ▁rights ▁and ▁privile ges ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁and ▁other ▁religious ▁minor ities . ▁See ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁Indonesia ▁In ▁Indonesia |
, ▁while ▁the ▁government ▁gave ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁the ▁freedom ▁to ▁exist ▁as ▁an ▁organization ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁ ▁national ▁registration ▁system ▁continues ▁to ▁restrict ▁the ▁religious ▁freedom ▁of ▁persons ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁belong ▁to ▁the ▁five ▁officially ▁recognized ▁faith s ; ▁thus ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁cannot ▁register ▁their ▁mar riages ▁or ▁their ▁children ' s ▁birth s . ▁Cou ples ▁prevented ▁from ▁register ing ▁their ▁mar riages ▁or ▁the ▁birth s ▁of ▁their ▁children ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁their ▁faith s ▁must ▁either ▁convert ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁recognized ▁faith s ▁or ▁mis rep resent ▁themselves . ▁Those ▁who ▁choose ▁not ▁to ▁register ▁their ▁mar riages ▁or ▁their ▁children ' s ▁birth s ▁risk ▁future ▁difficulties ; ▁for ▁example , ▁many ▁children ▁without ▁a ▁birth ▁certificate ▁cannot ▁en roll ▁in ▁school ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁qualify ▁for ▁scholar ships ▁and ▁individuals ▁without ▁birth ▁cert ificates ▁cannot ▁qualify ▁for ▁government ▁jobs . ▁ ▁Muslims ▁who ▁converted ▁to ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Sul aw esi ▁were ▁intimid ated ▁by ▁their ▁neighbors ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁government ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Of ▁seven ▁households ▁who ▁converted , ▁two ▁returned ▁to ▁Islam , ▁four ▁refused ▁to ▁change , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁ignored ▁requests ▁to ▁convert ▁again . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁Indones ian ▁government ▁officially ▁recognized ▁the ▁mon othe istic ▁faith ▁as ▁a ▁religion , ▁and ▁the ▁then ▁Relig ious ▁Affairs ▁Minister ▁L uk man ▁H ak im |
▁Sa if udd in ' s ▁made ▁a ▁statement ▁that ▁B aha ' i ▁worship pers ▁will ▁be ▁protected ▁by ▁the ▁Constitution . ▁ ▁Mor oc co ▁In ▁Mor oc co ▁there ▁were ▁episodes ▁of ▁religious ▁per secut ion ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 – 1 9 6 3 , ▁when ▁ 1 5 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁arrested ▁for ▁their ▁religious ▁conv ictions ; ▁three ▁were ▁given ▁death ▁sentences ▁and ▁several ▁others ▁were ▁sent enced ▁to ▁years ▁of ▁prison ▁terms ▁at ▁hard ▁labour . ▁There ▁were ▁months ▁of ▁diplom atic ▁efforts ; ▁US ▁Senator ▁Kenn eth ▁B . ▁Ke ating ▁stated ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Senate ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 , ▁" How ▁far ▁religious ▁freedom ▁under ▁the ▁Mor oc can ▁Constitution ▁really ▁applies , ▁will ▁be ▁revealed ▁in ▁the ▁coming ▁weeks ▁when ▁the ▁appeal ▁before ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁[ of ▁Mor oc co ] ▁is ▁heard ." ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁King ▁Has an ▁of ▁Mor oc co ▁was ▁interviewed ▁on ▁television ▁and ▁addressed ▁the ▁audience ▁saying ▁that ▁even ▁though ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁was ▁" again st ▁good ▁order ▁and ▁also ▁mor als ", ▁he ▁would ▁p ardon ▁the ▁death ▁sentences . ▁Per secut ion ▁of ▁B aha ' is ▁occurred ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁and ▁their ▁response ▁was ▁to ▁seek ▁diplom atic ▁red |
ress ▁emphas izing ▁the ▁non - part is ans hip ▁and ▁the ▁ob ed ience ▁to ▁government ▁principles ▁of ▁the ▁religion . ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁have ▁more ▁recently ▁been ▁denied ▁pass ports ▁and ▁can ▁practice ▁their ▁religion ▁only ▁in ▁private . ▁See ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Mor oc co . ▁ ▁Rom ania ▁Rom ania ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁since ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁whose ▁members ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁included ▁Marie ▁of ▁Edinburgh , ▁Queen ▁of ▁Rom ania . ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁commun ism ▁in ▁Rom ania , ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁organized ▁itself ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁form ▁its ▁first ▁National ▁Spirit ual ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁the ▁Roman ian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁number ed ▁some ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 , ▁but ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁a ▁law ▁was ▁passed ▁that ▁imposed ▁restrict ive ▁requirements ▁on ▁religious ▁communities ▁that ▁wished ▁to ▁be ▁recognized ▁by ▁the ▁government , ▁which ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁and ▁ad her ents ▁of ▁other ▁minority ▁relig ions ▁could ▁not ▁meet . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁restrictions ▁include ▁waiting ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁twelve ▁years ▁after ▁petition ing ▁before ▁a ▁religious ▁community ▁can ▁start ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁recognition ▁and ▁the ▁requirement ▁that ▁a ▁legally - recogn ized ▁religion ▁must ▁have ▁over ▁ 2 2 , 0 0 0 ▁members . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁by ▁country |
▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Niger ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Turk men istan ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁in ▁U g anda ▁ ▁Iran ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Document ation ▁Center ▁ ▁Mon a ▁Mah m ud n iz had ▁ ▁Iran ian ▁Tab oo , ▁a ▁documentary ▁film ▁ ▁Political ▁ob jections ▁to ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁Faith ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁B . ▁Fre lick . ▁Iran ian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁and ▁gen oc ide ▁early ▁warning . ▁Social ▁Science ▁Record , ▁ 2 4 ( 2 ): 3 5 – 3 7 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 . ▁▁ ▁Christopher ▁Buck . ▁Islam ▁and ▁Minor ities : ▁The ▁Case ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁Studies ▁in ▁Cont emporary ▁Islam , ▁ 5 ( 1 ): 8 3 – 1 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Hand al , ▁Bor is . ▁" From ▁Mo or ish ▁Cord ova ▁to ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁of ▁Iran : ▁Islamic ▁tolerance ▁and ▁int oler ance ". ▁I DE A ▁journal ▁of ▁social ▁issues , ▁ 1 2 ( 1 ), ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Naz ila ▁Gh ane a . ▁Human ▁Rights , ▁the ▁UN ▁& ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran . ▁Kl u wer ▁Law ▁International , ▁The ▁H ague / London / New ▁York , ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁R . ▁Cooper . ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁of ▁Iran |
. ▁The ▁Minor ity ▁Rights ▁Group ▁Report ▁ 5 1 . ▁The ▁Minor ity ▁Rights ▁Group ▁L TD , ▁London , ▁UK , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁The ▁B aha ʼ i ▁Question ▁Rev is ited : ▁Per secut ion ▁and ▁Res il ience ▁in ▁Iran , ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁report ▁from ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁International ▁Community . ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Question : ▁Cultural ▁Cle ans ing ▁in ▁Iran , ▁a ▁B aha ' i ▁International ▁Community ▁document ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁Ass im ilation , ▁Ex od us , ▁Er ad ication : ▁Iraq ' s ▁minority ▁communities ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁a ▁report ▁by ▁Minor ity ▁Rights ▁Group ▁International . ▁Cr imes ▁Against ▁Human ity : ▁The ▁Islamic ▁Republic ' s ▁Att acks ▁on ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁by ▁Iran ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Document ation ▁Center . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Archives ▁of ▁B aha ʼ i ▁Per secut ion ▁in ▁Iran ▁Iran ▁Update , ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁International ▁Community ' s ▁news ▁page ▁summar izing ▁the ▁current ▁human ▁rights ▁conditions ▁for ▁B aha ' is ▁in ▁Iran . ▁Per secut ion ▁of ▁B aha ' is ▁in ▁Iran ▁– ▁A ▁tim eline ▁from ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁to ▁the ▁present . ▁[ Arch ived ] ▁Iran ▁Press ▁Watch ▁- ▁A ▁research ▁entity ▁document ing ▁the ▁struggle ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁B aha ’ i ▁Community ▁to ▁gain ▁legitimate |
▁civil ▁rights ▁▁▁ ▁Category : B ah á ' í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : B ah á ' í ▁Faith ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁in ▁Egypt ▁Category : H uman ▁rights ▁in ▁Iran ▁Category : Per secut ion ▁by ▁Muslims <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Charles ▁B anks , ▁Ph . D . ▁( born ▁April ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁author , ▁or n ith ologist ▁and ▁Emer it us ▁Research ▁Z ool og ist ▁on ▁staff ▁with ▁the ▁Pat ux ent ▁Wild life ▁Research ▁Center ▁run ▁by ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Ge ological ▁Survey ▁and ▁station ed ▁at ▁the ▁Smith son ian ▁Inst itution ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC . ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁Or n ith ological ▁Council ▁and ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁study ▁of ▁the ▁migr atory ▁systems , ▁patterns , ▁and ▁ge ographic ▁variations ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁birds , ▁primarily ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁research ▁and ▁analysis ▁of ▁white - front ed ▁ge ese . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁B anks ▁was ▁named ▁to ▁the ▁Smith son ian ' s ▁newly ▁created ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame , ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Ver te br ate , ▁Z ool ogy . ▁The ▁honor ▁was ▁made ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁B anks ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁influential ▁or n ith ologists ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁( NM N H ). ▁ ▁Personal ▁background ▁ ▁Richard ▁Charles ▁B anks ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁April |
▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁in ▁Ste ub env ille , ▁Ohio . ▁He ▁attended ▁Ste ub env ille ▁High ▁School , ▁gradu ating ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁During ▁his ▁youth , ▁B anks ▁was ▁an ▁E agle ▁Sc out ▁and ▁enjoyed ▁bird ▁watching . ▁He ▁often ▁participated ▁with ▁his ▁father , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁amateur ▁bird watch er ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Wilson ▁Or n ith ological ▁Society . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁B anks ▁attended ▁his ▁first ▁Wilson ▁Or n ith ological ▁Society ▁meeting ▁with ▁his ▁parents . ▁ ▁In ▁fall ▁ 1 9 4 9 , ▁B anks ▁en rolled ▁in ▁classes ▁at ▁Ohio ▁State ▁University ▁and ▁participated ▁in ▁Reserve ▁Officer ▁Training ▁Corps ▁( RO TC ). ▁He ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁with ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁degree ▁in ▁Wild life ▁Conserv ation , ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁in ▁post - war ▁South ▁Korea , ▁qual ifying ▁to ▁serve ▁in ▁the ▁Medical ▁Service ▁Corps , ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁training ▁in ▁bi ology . ▁▁ ▁After ▁B anks ▁returned ▁from ▁Korea ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁he ▁en rolled ▁in ▁graduate ▁school ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley . ▁He ▁earned ▁his ▁Masters ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁and ▁Ph . D . ▁( 1 9 6 1 ) ▁degrees ▁under ▁the ▁guidance ▁of ▁doctor al ▁advis or , ▁Ald en ▁H . ▁Miller . ▁He ▁was ▁subsequently ▁hired |
▁at ▁Berkeley ' s ▁Museum ▁of ▁Ver te br ate ▁Z ool ogy , ▁serving ▁as ▁an ▁assistant ▁cur ator , ▁special izing ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁and ▁study ▁of ▁white - c rowned ▁sp arrow s . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁while ▁working ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum , ▁he ▁met ▁his ▁future ▁wife , ▁Glad ys ▁Sp arks . ▁They ▁married ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁Together , ▁they ▁have ▁two ▁sons , ▁R andy ▁and ▁David . ▁ ▁Professional ▁background ▁ ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁final ▁year ▁at ▁Berkeley , ▁B anks ▁participated ▁in ▁a ▁scientific ▁expedition ▁to ▁C err al vo ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁Gulf ▁of ▁California . ▁While ▁exploring , ▁he ▁recognized ▁differ ing ▁characteristics ▁in ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁migr atory ▁birds ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁collecting . ▁This ▁discovery ▁led ▁him ▁to ▁apply ▁for ▁a ▁National ▁Science ▁Foundation ▁grant ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁research . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁his ▁findings , ▁he ▁is ▁recognized ▁for ▁n aming ▁three ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁birds ▁that ▁were ▁ind igenous ▁to ▁the ▁island . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 2 , ▁following ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁his ▁grant , ▁he ▁was ▁offered ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁birds ▁and ▁mamm als ▁collections ▁and ▁exhib its ▁at ▁the ▁San ▁Diego ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁B anks ▁joined ▁the ▁staff ▁at ▁the ▁Fish ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Service ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History , |
▁where ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁chief ▁of ▁the ▁bird ▁section . ▁After ▁Richard ▁H . ▁Man ville ▁retired , ▁B anks ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Bird ▁and ▁M amm al ▁L abs ▁of ▁the ▁museum . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁cur ator ▁of ▁the ▁Bird ▁Project ▁for ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Survey , ▁US GS ▁Bi ological ▁Resources ▁Dis cipl ine , ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁N M N H ▁for ▁over ▁ 3 8 ▁years , ▁officially ▁ret iring ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁, ▁he ▁remains ▁active ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Museum , ▁recognized ▁as ▁an ▁Emer it us ▁Research ▁Z ool og ist . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History , ▁B anks ▁is ▁recognized ▁for ▁establishing ▁the ▁Or n ith ological ▁Council . ▁He ▁became ▁active ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁secretary ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁president ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁having ▁previously ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁capacity ▁with ▁the ▁Wilson ▁Or n ith ological ▁Society ▁and ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁B anks ▁became ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ' s ▁Committee ▁on ▁Class ification ▁and ▁N omen cl ature . ▁The ▁Committee ▁pub l ishes ▁the ▁Check list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁official ▁source ▁on |
▁the ▁tax onomy ▁of ▁birds ▁in ▁North ▁America . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁the ▁Union ▁began ▁publishing ▁a ▁quarter ly ▁news letter ▁at ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁B anks , ▁who ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁editor . ▁The ▁Or n ith ological ▁News letter ▁was ▁eventually ▁published ▁on ▁a ▁b im on th ly ▁basis ▁and ▁circul ated ▁to ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁or n ith ologists . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁B anks ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁sixth ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Check list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s . ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁he ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁the ▁Committee . ▁He ▁overs aw ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁seventh ▁edition ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁and ▁awards ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 1 – 1 9 9 3 : ▁President , ▁Wilson ▁Or n ith ological ▁Society ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 : ▁Honor ary ▁Member , ▁Cooper ▁Or n ith ological ▁Society ▁▁ 1 9 9 4 – 1 9 9 6 : ▁President , ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁▁ 1 9 9 8 : ▁Mar ion ▁Jen kins on ▁Service ▁Award , ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁Scient ific ▁A chie vement ▁Award , ▁Pat ux ent ▁Wild life ▁Research ▁Center ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 – : ▁President , ▁American ▁Association ▁of ▁Z ool og ical |
▁N omen cl ature ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 : ▁William ▁and ▁Nancy ▁K lam m ▁Service ▁Award ▁– ▁Wilson ▁Or n ith ological ▁Club ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 : ▁Smith son ian ▁Inst itution ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁– ▁Department ▁of ▁Ver te br ate ▁Z ool ogy ▁ ▁Published ▁works ▁▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁" B ird s ▁Import ed ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ", ▁( F ish ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Service , ▁Special ▁Scient ific ▁Report — W ild life ) ▁ 6 4 ▁pages . ▁ ▁Hub b ard , ▁John ▁P .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁" The ▁Types ▁of ▁Tax a ▁of ▁Harold ▁H . ▁Ba iley ", ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 8 3 ( 3 0 ): ▁ 3 2 1 – 3 3 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁" On ▁Ec ot yp ic ▁Vari ation ▁in ▁Bird s ", ▁Ev olution , ▁ 2 4 ( 4 ): ▁ 8 2 9 – 8 3 1 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁" Re - evalu ation ▁of ▁Two ▁Supp osed ▁Hy brid ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁Wilson ▁Bul let in , ▁ 8 2 ( 3 ): ▁ 3 3 1 – 3 |
3 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 0 ). ▁" The ▁Fox ▁S par row ▁on ▁the ▁West ▁S lope ▁of ▁the ▁Oregon ▁C asc ades ", ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 7 2 ( 3 ): ▁ 3 6 9 – 3 7 0 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 1 ). ▁" Public ation ▁D ates ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Fa una ▁Series ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 8 8 ( 3 ): ▁ 6 7 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ). ▁" Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Eight y - n inth ▁St ated ▁Meeting ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 8 9 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 1 4 – 1 6 2 . ▁ ▁Loc ke , ▁Louis ▁N .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ). ▁" Av ian ▁Ch ol era ▁in ▁C ed ar ▁W ax w ings ▁in ▁Ohio ", ▁Journal ▁of ▁Wild life ▁Dise ases , ▁ 8 : ▁ 1 0 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ). ▁" A ▁System atis ' s ▁View ", ▁Role ▁of ▁Hand - re ared ▁D ucks ▁in ▁Water f ow l ▁Management : ▁A ▁Sym pos ium , ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Sport ▁Fisher ies ▁and ▁Wild life , ▁and |
▁the ▁Max ▁McG raw ▁Wild life ▁Foundation . ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Sport ▁Fisher ies ▁and ▁Wild life ▁and ▁Max ▁McG raw ▁Foundation , ▁pp . 1 1 7 – 1 2 0 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Cl en ch , ▁M . ▁H .; ▁and ▁B arl ow , ▁J . ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 3 ). ▁" B ird ▁Collections ▁in ▁United - States ▁and ▁Canada ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 9 0 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 3 6 – 1 7 0 . ▁ ▁S ka ar , ▁P . ▁D .; ▁Cl app , ▁Roger ▁B .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 7 3 ). ▁" Re - Eval uation ▁of ▁some ▁Mont ana ▁Bird ▁Records ", ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 7 5 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 3 2 – 1 3 3 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 0 ). ▁" On ▁Getting ▁In vol ved ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 9 7 ( 3 ): ▁ 6 3 7 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Watson , ▁George ▁E . ▁( 1 9 8 4 ). ▁" Comment ary ", ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 8 6 ( 2 ): ▁ 2 2 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 5 ). ▁" American ▁Black ▁D uck ▁Record ▁from ▁Korea ", ▁Journal ▁of ▁Field ▁Or n ith |
ology , ▁ 5 6 ( 3 ): ▁ 2 7 7 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁" Sub spec ies ▁of ▁the ▁Gl auc ous ▁G ull , ▁Lar us - Hy per b ore us ", ▁( A ves , ▁Char ad ri iform es ). ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 9 9 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 4 9 – 1 5 9 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁" A ▁Tax onom ic ▁Re evalu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Pl ain ▁P ige on " ▁( Col umb a - In orn ata ). ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 0 3 ( 3 ): ▁ 6 2 9 – 6 3 1 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 6 ). ▁" Sub spec ies ▁of ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁Sc au p ▁and ▁their ▁Names ", ▁Wilson ▁Bul let in , ▁ 9 8 ( 3 ): ▁ 4 3 3 – 4 4 4 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Mc Di arm id , ▁Roy ▁W .; ▁and ▁Gard ner , ▁Alfred ▁L . ▁( 1 9 8 7 ). ▁" Check list ▁of ▁Ver te br ates ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁the ▁U . ▁S . ▁Terr itories , ▁and ▁Canada " ▁( U . ▁S . ▁Fish ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Service , ▁Resource |
▁Public ation ) ▁ 7 9 ▁pages . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 8 ). ▁" Ge ographic - Vari ation ▁in ▁the ▁Yellow - B illed ▁C uck oo ", ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 9 0 ( 2 ): ▁ 4 7 3 – 4 7 7 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 8 ). ▁" Ob solete ▁English ▁Names ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ▁and ▁Their ▁Modern ▁Equ ival ents ", ▁Fish ▁and ▁Wild life ▁Service , ▁Resource ▁Public ation . ▁ 3 7 ▁pages . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁"( Review ▁of ) ▁Spec iation ▁and ▁Ge ographic ▁Vari ation ▁in ▁Black - t ailed ▁G nat catch ers ", ▁Wilson ▁Bul let in , ▁ 1 0 1 : ▁ 3 6 0 – 3 6 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁" Supp osed ▁Northern ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁F ul mar ", ▁Western ▁Bird s , ▁ 1 9 : ▁ 1 2 1 – 1 2 4 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Cal der , ▁W . ▁A . ▁III . ▁( 1 9 8 9 ). ▁" Did ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Clark ▁Dis cover ▁the ▁Broad - t ailed ▁Hum ming bird ▁( S el as ph orus ▁pl aty cer ac us )? ", ▁Archives ▁of ▁Natural ▁History , ▁ |
1 6 : ▁ 2 4 3 – 2 4 4 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁" Ge ographic ▁Vari ation ▁in ▁the ▁Yellow - b illed ▁C uck oo : ▁Cor re ctions ▁and ▁Comments ", ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 9 2 ( 2 ): ▁ 5 3 8 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁" Tax onom ic ▁Status ▁of ▁the ▁Co qu ette ▁Hum ming bird ▁of ▁Gu err ero , ▁Mexico ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 0 7 ( 1 ): ▁ 1 9 1 – 1 9 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 0 ). ▁" Tax onom ic ▁Status ▁of ▁the ▁R uf ous - B ell ied ▁Ch ach al aca " ▁( Or t alis - W ag ler i ), ▁The ▁Cond or , ▁ 9 2 ( 3 ): ▁ 7 4 9 – 7 5 3 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁D ove , ▁Carl a ▁J . ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁" The ▁Generic ▁Name ▁for ▁C rest ed ▁Car ac ar as " ▁( A ves , ▁Fal con idae ), ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 1 0 5 ( 3 ): ▁ 4 2 0 – 4 2 5 . ▁ ▁Clark , ▁W . ▁S .; ▁and ▁B |
anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 2 ). ▁" The ▁Tax onom ic ▁Status ▁of ▁the ▁White - T ailed ▁K ite ", ▁Wilson ▁Bul let in , ▁ 1 0 4 ( 4 ): ▁ 5 7 1 ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁"[ Review ▁of ] ▁Ill ustr ations ▁of ▁the ▁Bird s ▁of ▁California , ▁Texas , ▁Oregon , ▁British ▁and ▁Russian ▁America , ▁by ▁John ▁Cass in ", ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁re print ▁of ▁ 1 8 5 6 ▁edition . ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 1 0 : ▁ 4 2 0 – 4 2 1 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Good man , ▁S . ▁M .; ▁L any on , ▁S . ▁M .; ▁and ▁Schul en berg , ▁T . ▁S . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁" Type ▁Spec im ens ▁and ▁Basic ▁Prin ciples ▁of ▁Av ian ▁Tax onomy ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 1 0 ( 2 ): ▁ 4 1 3 – 4 1 4 . ▁ ▁Cl app , ▁Roger ▁B .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 3 ). ▁" N est ing ▁seasons , ▁nest ▁sites , ▁and ▁clutch ▁sizes ▁of ▁c rows ▁in ▁Virginia ", ▁The ▁R aven , ▁ 6 4 ( 2 ): ▁ 9 0 – 9 8 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Spring er |
, ▁P . ▁F . ▁( 1 9 9 4 ). ▁" A ▁Century ▁of ▁Pop ulation ▁T rend s ▁of ▁Water f ow l ▁in ▁Western ▁North ▁America ", ▁Studies ▁in ▁Av ian ▁Bi ology , ▁ 1 5 : ▁ 1 3 4 – 1 4 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Brow ning , ▁M . ▁R . ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁" Com ments ▁on ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁rev ived ▁old ▁names ▁for ▁some ▁North ▁American ▁birds ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 1 2 ( 3 ): ▁ 6 3 3 – 6 4 8 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 5 ). ▁" Or n ith ology ▁at ▁the ▁U . S . ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ", ▁ ▁Contribut ions ▁to ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Or n ith ology . ▁Mem oirs ▁of ▁the ▁N utt all ▁Or n ith ological ▁Club , ▁ 1 2 : ▁ 3 3 – 5 3 . ▁ ▁Brow ning , ▁M . ▁R .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 6 ). ▁" B om by c illa ▁c ed ror um ▁V ie ill ot , ▁( 1 8 0 8 ) ▁and ▁Tro gl ody tes ▁a ed on ▁V ie ill ot , ▁( 1 8 0 9 )" ▁( A ves , ▁Pas ser iform es ): ▁Pro posed ▁Conserv ation ▁of ▁the ▁Specific |
▁Names , ▁Bul let in ▁of ▁Z ool og ical ▁N omen cl ature , ▁ 5 3 : ▁ 1 8 7 – 1 9 0 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁" The ▁Name ▁of ▁Lawrence ' ▁Fly catch er ", ▁The ▁Era ▁of ▁All an ▁R . ▁Phillips , ▁A ▁Fest ch rift , ▁Al bu quer que , ▁N M : ▁Hor iz ons ▁Communications , ▁pp . 2 1 – 2 4 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Fitz pat rick , ▁John ▁W .; ▁How ell , ▁Thomas ▁R .; ▁Johnson , ▁Ned ▁K .; ▁Mon roe ▁Jr ., ▁B urt ▁L .; ▁O uel let , ▁Henri ; ▁Rem sen ▁Jr ., ▁J . ▁V .; ▁and ▁St orer , ▁Robert ▁W . ▁( 1 9 9 7 ). ▁" F ort y - first ▁Supp lement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 1 4 ( 3 ): ▁ 5 4 2 – 5 5 2 . ▁ ▁D ove , ▁Carl a ▁J .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁" A ▁tax onom ic ▁study ▁of ▁cre sted ▁car ac ar as ", ▁( F al con idae ). ▁Wilson ▁Bul let in , ▁ 1 1 1 ( 3 ): ▁ 3 3 0 – 3 3 |
9 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Brow ning , ▁M . ▁R . ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁" Quest ions ▁about ▁Th ayer ' s ▁G ull ", ▁Ontario ▁Bird s , ▁ 1 7 : ▁ 1 2 4 – 1 3 0 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁" The ▁Cub an ▁Martin ▁in ▁Florida ", ▁Florida ▁Field ▁Natural ist , ▁ 2 8 : ▁ 5 0 – 5 2 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁J . ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁A . ▁W .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V .; ▁R ising , ▁J . ▁D .; ▁and ▁St ot z , ▁D . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 2 ). ▁" F ort y - third ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 1 9 ( 3 ): ▁ 8 9 7 – 9 0 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁J . ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁A . ▁W .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V .; ▁R ising , ▁J . ▁D .; ▁and ▁St ot z , |
▁D . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁" F ort y - four th ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 0 ( 3 ): ▁ 9 2 3 – 9 3 1 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁J . ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁A . ▁W .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V .; ▁R ising , ▁J . ▁D .; ▁and ▁St ot z , ▁D . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁" F ort y - fif th ▁Supp lement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 1 ( 3 ): ▁ 9 8 5 – 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁W ool f enden , ▁G . ▁E .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ). ▁" A ▁spec imen ▁of ▁the ▁Var ied ▁Th r ush ▁from ▁Florida ", ▁Florida ▁Field ▁Natural ist , ▁ 3 2 : ▁ 4 8 – 5 0 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁J . ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁A . ▁W .; ▁R asm ussen , |
▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V .; ▁R ising , ▁J . ▁D .; ▁and ▁St ot z , ▁D . ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁" F ort y - six th ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁or n ith ologists ' ▁union ▁check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 2 ( 3 ): ▁ 1 0 2 6 – 1 0 3 1 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁Jon ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁Andrew ▁W .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V ., ▁Jr .; ▁R ising , ▁James ▁D .; ▁and ▁St ot z , ▁Douglas ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 6 ). ▁" F ort y - se vent h ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - list ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁birds ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 3 ( 3 ): ▁ 9 2 6 – 9 3 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C hes ser , ▁Robert ▁Terry ; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁Jon ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁Andrew ▁W .; ▁Lov ette , ▁R by ▁J .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V ., ▁Jr .; ▁R ising , ▁James ▁D .; |
▁and ▁St ot z , ▁Douglas ▁F . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" F ort y - e ighth ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁or n ith ologists ' ▁union ▁Check - List ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 4 ( 3 ): ▁ 1 1 0 9 – 1 1 1 5 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁and ▁Gib son , ▁Daniel ▁D . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" The ▁correct ▁type ▁local ity ▁of ▁Sp iz ella ▁brew eri ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 4 ( 3 ): ▁ 1 0 8 3 – 1 0 8 5 . ▁ ▁Ol son , ▁St or rs ▁L .; ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁" L ect ot yp ification ▁of ▁Lar us ▁sm ith son ian us ▁Cou es , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ", ▁( A ves : ▁Lar idae ), ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 1 2 0 ( 4 ): ▁ 3 8 2 – 3 8 6 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁C hes ser , ▁Robert ▁Terry ; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁J . ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁A . ▁W .; ▁Lov ette , ▁I . ▁J .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V .; |
▁R ising , ▁J . ▁D .; ▁St ot z , ▁D . ▁F .; ▁and ▁W ink er , ▁Kevin . ▁( 2 0 0 8 ). ▁" F ort y - n inth ▁supplement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁- ▁Check - list ▁of ▁north ▁American ▁birds ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 5 ( 3 ): ▁ 7 5 6 – 7 6 6 . ▁ ▁C hes ser , ▁Robert ▁T .; ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Bark er , ▁F . ▁Keith ; ▁C ic ero , ▁Carl a ; ▁D unn , ▁Jon ▁L .; ▁Kr atter , ▁Andrew ▁W .; ▁Lov ette , ▁Ir by ▁J .; ▁R asm ussen , ▁Pam ela ▁C .; ▁Rem sen , ▁J . ▁V . ▁Jr .; ▁R ising , ▁James ▁D .; ▁St ot z , ▁Douglas ▁F .; ▁and ▁W ink er , ▁Kevin . ▁( 2 0 0 9 ). ▁" F ift i eth ▁Supp lement ▁to ▁the ▁American ▁Or n ith ologists ' ▁Union ▁Check - List ▁of ▁North ▁American ▁Bird s ", ▁The ▁A uk , ▁ 1 2 6 ( 3 ): ▁ 7 0 5 – 7 1 4 . ▁do i : 1 0 . 1 5 2 5 / au k . 2 0 0 9 . 8 7 0 9 ▁ ▁Lov ette , ▁Ir by ▁J .; ▁Pere z - E man , ▁Jorge ▁L .; ▁Sull ivan , ▁John |
▁P .; ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C .; ▁Fi orent ino , ▁Is ab ella ; ▁Cord oba - C ord oba , ▁Ser gio ; ▁E che ver ry - G al vis , ▁Maria ; ▁Bark er , ▁F . ▁Keith ; ▁Burn s , ▁Kevin ▁J .; ▁K lic ka , ▁John ; ▁L any on , ▁Scott ▁M .; ▁and ▁B erm ingham , ▁Eld red ge . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁" A ▁comprehensive ▁mult il ocus ▁ph y log eny ▁for ▁the ▁wood - war bl ers ▁and ▁a ▁rev ised ▁classification ▁of ▁the ▁Par ul idae ", ▁( A yes ), ▁M ole cular ▁Ph y log en etics ▁and ▁Ev olution , ▁ 5 7 ( 2 ): ▁ 7 5 3 – 7 7 0 . ▁do i : 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . ym pe v . 2 0 1 0 . 0 7 . 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Gib son , ▁Daniel ▁D . ▁and ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 1 0 ). ▁" Rev ised ▁type ▁local ity ▁of ▁the ▁Wh isk ered ▁A uk let ▁A eth ia ▁py g ma ea ", ▁( A yes : ▁Al c idae ), ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 1 2 3 ▁( 3 ): ▁ 1 9 3 – 1 9 5 . ▁ ▁K lic ka , ▁John ; ▁and ▁B anks , |
▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁" A ▁generic ▁name ▁for ▁some ▁sp arrow s " ▁( A ves : ▁E mber iz idae ), ▁Z oot ax a , ▁ 2 7 9 3 : ▁ 6 7 – 6 8 . ▁ ▁B anks , ▁Richard ▁C . ▁( 2 0 1 1 ). ▁" Tax onomy ▁of ▁Gre ater ▁White - front ed ▁Ge ese ", ▁( A ves : ▁An at idae ), ▁Pro ceed ings ▁of ▁the ▁Bi ological ▁Society ▁of ▁Washington , ▁ 1 2 4 ( 3 ): ▁ 2 2 6 – 2 3 3 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Smith son ian ▁M igr atory ▁Bird ▁Center ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : E agle ▁Sc outs ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ste ub env ille , ▁Ohio ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁z ool og ists ▁Category : Oh io ▁State ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁California , ▁Berkeley ▁al umn i ▁Category : Sm ith son ian ▁Inst itution ▁people ▁Category : American ▁or n ith ologists <0x0A> </s> ▁M ing - J un ▁L ai ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁currently ▁a ▁Professor ▁of ▁Mathemat ics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Georgia . ▁His ▁area ▁of ▁research ▁is ▁ ▁spl ines ▁and ▁their ▁numerical ▁analysis . ▁He ▁has ▁published ▁a ▁text ▁on ▁spl |
ines ▁called ▁S pl ines ▁Fun ctions ▁on ▁Tri ang ulations . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁H ang z hou , ▁China . ▁ ▁L ai ▁received ▁a ▁B . Sc . ▁from ▁H ang z hou ▁University ▁and ▁a ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁mathemat ics ▁from ▁the ▁Texas ▁A & M ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁His ▁dis sert ation ▁was ▁entitled ▁" On ▁Construction ▁of ▁B iv ari ate ▁and ▁T riv ari ate ▁Ver tex ▁S pl ines ▁on ▁Ar bitr ary ▁M ixed ▁Grid ▁Part itions " ▁and ▁super vised ▁by ▁Charles ▁K . ▁Ch ui . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : H ang z hou ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Tex as ▁A & M ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Utah ▁al umn i ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁mat hem atic ians ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁mat hem atic ians ▁Category : Ch inese ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Georgia ▁faculty <0x0A> </s> ▁Aleks ander ▁K og oj ▁is ▁a ▁Sl oven ian ▁film ▁director , ▁born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁in ▁L j ubl j ana . ▁His ▁interest ▁in ▁film ▁making ▁began ▁at ▁an ▁early ▁age . ▁As ▁a ▁teenager ▁he ▁wrote ▁a ▁good ▁deal , ▁and ▁his ▁pass ions ▁were ▁special ▁effects |
. ▁His ▁skills ▁as ▁a ▁musician ▁meant ▁he ▁could ▁combine ▁sound ▁and ▁visual s , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁his ▁first ▁experimental ▁film , ▁' K ek etz '. ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁television ▁show ▁was ▁called ▁' Music ▁B out ique ' ▁( Gl as ben i ▁but ik ). ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁he ▁also ▁worked ▁as ▁a ▁script ▁writer ▁for ▁commercial s . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁he ▁has ▁made ▁numerous ▁commercial s ▁and ▁music ▁videos . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁TV ▁Sl oven ia ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁C reation . ▁He ▁special izes ▁in ▁comedy ▁and ▁story t elling , ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁master ▁at ▁special ▁effects ▁and ▁compos iting . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Aleks ander ▁K og oj ▁web ▁page ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sl oven ian ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : People ▁from ▁L j ubl j ana <0x0A> </s> ▁Mexico ' s ▁Next ▁Top ▁Model , ▁sometimes ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁M x NT M , ▁is ▁a ▁Mexican ▁reality ▁television ▁series , ▁based ▁on ▁Ty ra ▁B anks ' ▁America ' s ▁Next ▁Top ▁Model . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁franchise ▁in ▁Latin ▁America ▁after ▁Brazil ' s ▁Next ▁Top ▁Model , ▁and ▁like ▁the ▁latter , ▁the ▁Mexican ▁version ▁is ▁broadcast ▁on ▁Sony ▁Entertainment ▁Television . ▁ ▁The ▁series ▁features ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁women ▁who ▁would ▁be ▁competing ▁for ▁the ▁title ▁of |
▁Mexico ' s ▁Next ▁Top ▁Model ▁and ▁a ▁chance ▁to ▁begin ▁their ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁modeling ▁industry . ▁ ▁Format ▁ ▁Chall eng es ▁The ▁challenge ▁usually ▁focuses ▁on ▁an ▁element ▁important ▁to ▁modeling ▁which ▁will ▁help ▁the ▁girls ▁to ▁improve ▁on ▁the ▁photo ▁shoot . ▁A ▁guest ▁judge , ▁who ▁is ▁unique ▁to ▁each ▁episode , ▁evalu ates ▁the ▁contest ants ▁and ▁decides ▁the ▁winner ▁of ▁the ▁challenge , ▁who ▁receives ▁a ▁prize ▁for ▁her ▁victory . ▁ ▁Jud ging ▁and ▁elim ination ▁Based ▁upon ▁the ▁girls ' ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁week ' s ▁challenge , ▁photo ▁shoot , ▁and ▁general ▁attitude , ▁the ▁judges ▁deliber ate ▁and ▁decide ▁which ▁girl ▁must ▁leave ▁the ▁competition . ▁Once ▁the ▁judges ▁have ▁made ▁their ▁decision , ▁the ▁girls ▁are ▁called ▁back ▁into ▁the ▁room . ▁The ▁host ▁calls ▁out ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁girls ▁who ▁performed ▁well ▁in ▁the ▁challenge ▁and ▁photo ▁shoot , ▁giving ▁them ▁a ▁copy ▁of ▁their ▁best ▁photo ▁from ▁the ▁shoot . ▁The ▁last ▁two ▁girls , ▁whose ▁names ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁called , ▁are ▁given ▁criticism ▁about ▁why ▁they ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁bottom ▁two , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁eliminated . ▁The ▁person ▁who ▁is ▁eliminated ▁does ▁not ▁receive ▁a ▁photo . ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁ ▁Se asons ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Official ▁Facebook ▁page ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁Mexican ▁television ▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : Top ▁Model ▁series ▁Category : M ex ican ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Category : M |
ex ican ▁television ▁series ▁based ▁on ▁American ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁O u ap ass i ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Bog and é ▁Department ▁of ▁G n agna ▁Province ▁in ▁eastern ▁Bur k ina ▁F as o . ▁The ▁village ▁has ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 6 4 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Est ▁Region ▁( B ur k ina ▁F as o ) ▁Category : G n agna ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Ad rian ople ▁or ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Ed ir ne ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁several ▁treat ies ▁signed ▁in ▁Ed ir ne ▁( former ly ▁Ad rian ople ): ▁▁ ▁Peace ▁of ▁Sz eg ed ▁( 1 4 4 4 ), ▁between ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁Hung ary ▁ ▁Tru ce ▁of ▁Ad rian ople ▁( 1 5 4 7 ), ▁between ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Hab sbur gs ▁▁▁ ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Ad rian ople ▁( 1 5 6 8 ), ▁between ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Hab sbur gs ▁▁▁ ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Ad rian ople ▁( 1 7 1 3 ), ▁between ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁Russia ▁ ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Ad rian ople ▁( 1 8 2 9 ), ▁between ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁Russia <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Yale ▁Harrison ▁( 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁– ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Canadian ▁author ▁and ▁journalist , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his |
▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁anti - war ▁nov ella ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed . ▁ ▁Background ▁Charles ▁Yale ▁Harrison ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Montreal ▁Canada , ▁where ▁at ▁age ▁fifteen ▁he ▁wrote ▁his ▁first ▁short ▁story . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁At ▁age ▁sixteen ▁took ▁an ▁entry - level ▁job ▁with ▁the ▁Montreal ▁Star ▁newspaper . ▁Harrison ' s ▁journal istic ▁career ▁was ▁pre - empt ed , ▁however , ▁when ▁he ▁en listed ▁with ▁the ▁ 2 4 4 th ▁O verse as ▁Batt alion ▁of ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁After ▁several ▁months ▁in ▁a ▁reserve ▁batt alion ▁in ▁England , ▁Harrison ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Royal ▁Montreal ▁Regiment ▁and ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁ ▁The ▁clim ax ▁of ▁Harrison ' s ▁war ▁experience ▁came ▁on ▁ 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁when ▁he ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Am iens . ▁Harrison ▁was ▁wounded ▁in ▁the ▁foot ▁and ▁spent ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁recuper ating , ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Montreal . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s , ▁Harrison ▁managed ▁a ▁movie ▁theatre ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁novel ist , ▁journalist , ▁and ▁public ▁relations ▁consultant . ▁By ▁ 1 9 2 8 , ▁serialized ▁portions ▁of ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed ▁began ▁to ▁appear |
▁in ▁several ▁American ▁and ▁German ▁period icals . ▁The ▁same ▁year , ▁Harrison ▁made ▁head lines ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁arrested ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁where ▁he ▁planned ▁to ▁interview ▁the ▁Nic ar ag uan ▁diss ident ▁General ▁August o ▁C és ar ▁Sand ino . ▁ ▁Liter ary ▁career ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁after ▁such ▁anti - war ▁books ▁as ▁Robert ▁Gr aves ' s ▁Good bye ▁to ▁All ▁That , ▁Ernest ▁Hem ing way ' s ▁A ▁F are well ▁to ▁Ar ms , ▁and ▁Er ich ▁Maria ▁Rem ar que ' s ▁All ▁Qu iet ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁( all ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ) ▁became ▁best s ellers , ▁publish ers ▁took ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed , ▁many ▁elements ▁of ▁which ▁re sembled ▁the ▁other ▁books . ▁Harrison , ▁who ▁was ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁copy ▁editor ▁on ▁the ▁Bron x ▁Home ▁News ▁was ▁prop elled ▁into ▁the ▁spot light ▁when ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed ▁became ▁an ▁international ▁best s eller , ▁in ▁part ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁controversy ▁surrounding ▁its ▁dep iction ▁of ▁Canadian ▁soldiers ▁lo oting ▁the ▁French ▁town ▁of ▁Ar ras ▁and ▁shooting ▁un armed ▁German ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁Although ▁he ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁publish ▁several ▁more ▁novels , ▁none ▁of ▁them ▁matched ▁the ▁commercial ▁success ▁of ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed . ▁More ▁successful ▁were ▁his ▁non - f iction ▁writ ings , ▁including ▁a ▁ 1 |
9 3 1 ▁bi ography ▁of ▁lawyer ▁Cl aren ce ▁D arrow ▁and ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁mem oir ▁entitled ▁Thank ▁God ▁For ▁My ▁Heart ▁Att ack , ▁an ▁early ▁install ment ▁in ▁the ▁genre ▁of ▁self - help ▁books . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Harrison ▁was ▁an ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Mass es ▁commun ist ▁literary ▁magazine ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁while ▁under ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁Walt ▁Carm on . ▁ ▁Harrison ' s ▁last ▁novel , ▁Nobody ' s ▁F ool , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁and ▁death ▁ ▁Harrison ▁married ▁three ▁times ; ▁he ▁was ▁wid owed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 , ▁later ▁rem ar ried ▁and ▁divor ced ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁and ▁was ▁survived ▁by ▁his ▁third ▁wife ▁at ▁his ▁death . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁uncle ▁of ▁novel ist ▁Jud ith ▁Ross ner , ▁author ▁of ▁Looking ▁for ▁Mr . ▁Good bar . ▁ ▁S uff ering ▁from ▁the ▁heart ▁condition ▁that ▁inspired ▁his ▁self - help ▁mem oir , ▁he ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 4 . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁ ▁Columbia ▁University ▁has ▁an ▁archive ▁of ▁Harrison ' s ▁papers , ▁which ▁include ▁correspondence ▁with : ▁Wh itt aker ▁Ch ambers , ▁Cl aren ce ▁D arrow , ▁Ruby ▁D arrow , ▁John ▁D os ▁Pass os , ▁Max ▁East man , ▁Joseph ▁Fre eman , ▁Mike ▁Gold , ▁U pton ▁S incl |
air , ▁and ▁Robert ▁F . ▁W agner . ▁ ▁Works ▁ ▁F iction ▁Gener als ▁Die ▁in ▁Bed ▁( 1 9 3 0 ) ▁A ▁Child ▁is ▁Born ▁( 1 9 3 1 ) ▁There ▁Are ▁Vict ories ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Meet ▁Me ▁on ▁the ▁Bar ric ades ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Nobody ' s ▁F ool ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁ ▁Non - F iction ▁Next ▁Please : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁Gre co ▁and ▁Car illo ▁( polit ical ▁pam ph let , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁Cl aren ce ▁D arrow ▁( bi ography , ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁Public ▁H ousing ▁( series ▁of ▁pam ph lets , ▁ 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Labor ▁Law yer ▁( gh ost written ▁aut obi ography ▁of ▁Louis ▁Wald man , ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁Thank ▁God ▁For ▁My ▁Heart ▁Att ack ▁( self - help , ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress : ▁First ▁houses ▁N arr ative , ▁Charles ▁Yale ▁Harrison ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁novel ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁novel ists ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁self - help ▁writers ▁Category : American ▁political ▁writers |
▁Category : American ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁Canada ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Philadelphia ▁Category : Writ ers ▁from ▁Montreal ▁Category : Ang l oph one ▁Quebec ▁people ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Canadian ▁male ▁writers ▁Category : N ov el ists ▁from ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁essay ists ▁Category : American ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁male ▁non - f iction ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁N iels ▁He ins ø e ▁( occ asion ally ▁sp elled ▁N iels ▁He ins ø ) ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁d arts ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁Professional ▁D arts ▁Corporation ▁and ▁World ▁D arts ▁Federation ▁events . ▁ ▁Career ▁He ins ø e ▁first ▁attempted ▁to ▁get ▁into ▁the ▁B DO ▁World ▁D arts ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 2 8 ▁in ▁the ▁B DO ▁World ▁Championship ▁Qual ifiers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 5 6 ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁Denmark ▁Open ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁quarter ▁fin als , ▁a ▁feat ▁he ▁repeated ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Catal on ian ▁Open . ▁ ▁He ins ø e ▁made ▁his ▁telev ised |
▁debut ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁P DC ▁World ▁Cup ▁of ▁D arts , ▁partner ing ▁Per ▁La urs en . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Denmark ▁Open ▁in ▁dou bles ▁with ▁team mate ▁Vlad imir ▁Kim ▁Anders en ▁as ▁the ▁only ▁second ▁pure ▁Dan ish ▁dou bles ▁pair ▁ever . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Profile ▁at ▁D arts ▁Database ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁d arts ▁players ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pro f ess ional ▁D arts ▁Corporation ▁players ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Wat ▁Ph ra ▁La o ▁The p ▁N imit ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁Budd hist ▁temple ▁in ▁Am nat ▁Char oen ▁Province , ▁Thailand , ▁situated ▁on ▁Highway ▁ 2 1 3 4 , ▁ 2 km ▁from ▁Am ph oe ▁Ph ana . ▁ ▁The ▁temple ▁has ▁a ▁L anna - style ▁chap el ▁which ▁houses ▁the ▁principal ▁Budd ha ▁image ▁Ph ra ▁La o ▁The p ▁N imit . ▁Built ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 0 , ▁the ▁Budd ha ▁image , ▁in ▁sub du ing ▁Mar a ▁attitude ▁decorated ▁by ▁gold ▁leaves , ▁is ▁considered ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁Budd ha ▁image ▁of ▁Nort heast ▁Region . ▁The ▁art ▁style ▁mir rors ▁La ot ian ▁art ▁style ▁from ▁V ient iane ▁which ▁is ▁influenced ▁by ▁L anna ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 6 th - 1 7 th ▁Century . ▁The ▁Budd ha ▁image ▁was ▁probably ▁built ▁a |
▁bit ▁after ▁such ▁period , ▁assumed ▁from ▁appearance ▁of ▁local ▁art ▁style ▁such ▁as ▁face ▁pattern , ▁higher ▁flame ▁over ▁the ▁head , ▁ ▁lap ▁and ▁feet ▁which ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁art ▁style ▁found ▁in ▁wooden ▁and ▁bronze ▁Budd ha ▁statue ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁- 1 9 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : B udd hist ▁tem ples ▁in ▁Am nat ▁Char oen ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Bow leg ▁Bill ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁f ak el ore ▁folk ▁hero , ▁a ▁Wy oming ▁cow boy ▁hand ▁who ▁went ▁se af aring . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Jer em iah ▁Dig ges , ▁Bow leg ▁Bill , ▁The ▁Sea - Go ing ▁Cow boy , ▁V iking ▁Press . ▁NY . ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁First ▁edition ▁, ▁AS IN : ▁ ▁B 0 0 0 IL SN LE ▁Also ▁printed ▁as ▁Bow leg ▁Bill , ▁the ▁sea - going ▁cow boy ; : ▁Or , ▁Ship ▁ah oy ▁& ▁let ▁' er ▁buck ! ▁AS IN : ▁B 0 0 0 8 6 ND PK ▁The ▁book ▁is ▁a ▁compilation ▁of ▁tall ▁tales ▁about ▁a ▁cow boy ▁born ▁in ▁Wy oming ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁sail or , ▁never ▁an ▁able - b od ied ▁one , ▁but ▁with ▁many ▁adventures , ▁including ▁the ▁l uring ▁of ▁wh ales ▁with ▁his ▁music , ▁capt uring ▁a ▁mer ma id , ▁mut ine ering .< ref >' American ▁Regional ▁Fol kl ore : ▁A ▁Source book ▁and ▁Research ▁Guide |
, ▁p . ▁ 1 0 1 </ ref > ▁" The ▁Str ange ▁Advent ure ▁of ▁the ▁Cow boy - S ail or " ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁collection ▁New ▁England ▁bean - pot ; ▁American ▁folk ▁stories ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁to ▁tell . ▁tells ▁a ▁story ▁of ▁Bow leg ▁Bill ▁meeting ▁giant ▁sea ▁ser pent ▁and ▁emb ark ▁on ▁a ▁quest ▁to ▁find ▁woman ▁named ▁Ke z iah . ▁Harold ▁W . ▁Fel ton , ▁Bow leg ▁Bill , ▁Se ago ing ▁Cow p unch er , ▁Eng le wood ▁Cl iffs , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁P rent ice - H all , ▁ 1 9 5 7 . ▁From ▁review : ▁" ▁The ▁ex uber ant ▁chron icle ▁of ▁the ▁explo its ▁of ▁Bow leg ▁Bill , ▁an ▁eight - foot ▁cow boy ▁who ▁r ides ▁her d ▁on ▁t una ▁fish ▁and ▁she - wh ales ▁and ▁he - wh ales , ▁makes ▁the ▁most ▁of ▁two ▁profess ions ▁given ▁to ▁tall ▁tales ▁-- ▁wh aling ▁and ▁bron co - b ust ing . ▁The ▁mixture ▁of ▁the ▁j arg on ▁of ▁the ▁range ▁and ▁the ▁po op - deck ▁add ▁to ▁the ▁incon gru ity ▁of ▁this ▁beef - and - bl ub ber ▁comedy ." ▁Wy att ▁Bl ass ing ame , ▁Bow leg ▁Bill , ▁Se ago ing ▁Cow boy ' ', ▁G arr ard ▁Publishing ▁Company ; ▁first ▁edition , ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : |
F ak el ore <0x0A> </s> ▁Mar con ▁is ▁a ▁comune ▁in ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁Ven ice , ▁in ▁the ▁Ven eto ▁region ▁of ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Mar con ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Mar con ▁( s urn ame ), ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁people ▁surn amed ▁Mar con ▁Mar con ▁Be zz ina ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 5 ), ▁a ▁Mal tes e ▁jud oka ▁Mar con ▁( con vention ), ▁a ▁full - spect rum ▁fantasy ▁and ▁science ▁fiction ▁convention ▁based ▁in ▁Columb us , ▁Ohio ▁Mar ç on , ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁S art he ▁department ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Pays - de - la - L oire ▁in ▁north - western ▁France ▁ ▁Ne ore gel ia ▁' Mar con ', ▁a ▁flower ▁cultiv ar ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Mac ron ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁Mars Con ▁( dis ambigu ation ), ▁two ▁separate , ▁una ff ili ated ▁science ▁fiction ▁convent ions <0x0A> </s> ▁B oyal ı ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Be yp azar ı , ▁An k ara ▁Province , ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁An k ara ▁Province ▁Category : Be yp azar ı , ▁An k ara ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁progress ion ▁of ▁world ▁record ▁improvements ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 ▁metres ▁M 3 5 ▁division ▁of ▁Masters ▁athlet ics . ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Masters |
▁Athlet ics ▁ 1 0 0 0 0 ▁m ▁list ▁ ▁Category : M asters ▁athlet ics ▁world ▁record ▁progress ions <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Am es ▁family ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁and ▁most ▁ill ust ri ous ▁families ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁The ▁family ' s ▁branches ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁John ▁Am es , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 7 th - century ▁sett ler ▁of ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Bay , ▁and ▁numerous ▁public ▁and ▁private ▁works ▁throughout ▁the ▁U . S . ▁are ▁named ▁after ▁family ▁members , ▁including ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Am es , ▁Iowa . ▁ ▁Or ig ins ▁The ▁sc ion ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Am es ▁family ▁was ▁William ▁Am es ▁who ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁England ▁to ▁John ▁Am es ▁and ▁C yp rian ▁Am es ▁( née ▁Brown ) ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 5 . ▁The ▁family ' s ▁earliest ▁known ▁ancest or ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁thought ▁the ▁family ' s ▁surn ame ▁was , ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁prior ▁to ▁em igration , ▁changed ▁from ▁Amy as . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century ▁Amy as ▁was ▁frequently ▁confused ▁with ▁Am es . ▁ ▁William ▁Am es ▁immigr ated ▁to ▁Massachusetts ▁Bay ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 8 , ▁eventually ▁settled ▁in ▁Br aint ree , ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 6 5 3 . ▁With ▁his ▁wife ▁Hannah , ▁he ▁had ▁one ▁son , ▁John , ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 6 |
4 7 . ▁ ▁Her ald ry ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ist ▁William ▁Arm strong ▁Cro z ier ▁recorded ▁an ▁her ald ic ▁achievement ▁mat ric ulated ▁to ▁William ▁Am es , ▁from ▁an ▁original ▁grant ▁issued ▁by ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms . ▁ ▁Sh ield ▁Argent ▁on ▁a ▁bend ▁cot iss ed ▁between ▁two ▁ann u lets ▁S able , ▁a ▁quatre fo il ▁between ▁two ▁ro ses ▁of ▁the ▁field ; ▁C rest ▁A ▁rose ▁Argent , ▁slipped ▁and ▁le aved ▁proper , ▁in ▁front ▁there of ▁an ▁ann u let ▁Or ▁ ▁Not able ▁family ▁members ▁The ▁children ▁of ▁William ▁Am es ' ▁son , ▁John ▁( born ▁ 1 6 4 7 ), ▁included ▁John ▁( born ▁ 1 6 7 2 ), ▁Nathan iel ▁( 1 6 7 7 ), ▁and ▁Thomas ▁( born ▁ 1 6 8 1 ). ▁They , ▁in ▁turn , ▁had ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁notable ▁descend ants . ▁ ▁Desc end ants ▁of ▁John ▁Am es ▁( born ▁ 1 6 7 2 ) ▁ ▁Samuel ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 2 4 - 1 8 7 5 ), ▁chief ▁justice ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁ ▁Marcus ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 2 8 - 1 8 8 7 ), ▁chap l ain ▁of ▁the ▁state ▁institutions ▁of ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁ ▁H erman ▁V anden burg ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 3 5 ), ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁Grad uate |
▁School ▁ ▁Joseph ▁Sweet man ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 4 3 ), ▁president ▁of ▁John s ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁ ▁Louis ▁Ann in ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 5 2 ), ▁business man ▁and ▁designer ▁of ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁flag ▁ ▁Desc end ants ▁of ▁Nathan iel ▁Am es ▁( born ▁ 1 6 7 7 ) ▁ ▁Nathan iel ▁Am es ▁( 1 7 0 8 - 1 7 6 4 ), ▁al man ac ▁publisher ▁ ▁Fisher ▁Am es ▁( 1 7 5 8 - 1 8 0 8 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁ ▁Ell is ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 0 9 - 1 8 8 6 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁General ▁Court ▁ ▁Desc end ants ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Am es ▁( born ▁ 1 6 8 1 ) ▁The ▁descend ants ▁of ▁Thomas ▁Am es , ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁Am es ▁Manufact uring ▁Company ▁and ▁Am es ▁True ▁Tem per ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁their ▁wealth , ▁have ▁princip ally ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁North ▁East on , ▁Massachusetts . ▁Stone hill ▁College ▁maint ains ▁the ▁Am es ▁Family ▁Collection , ▁containing ▁documents ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁Thomas ▁Am es ▁branch ▁dating ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁to ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries . ▁They ▁were ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁college ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁by ▁Elizabeth ▁M . ▁Am es , ▁and ▁later ▁supplement ed ▁by ▁additional ▁depos its |
▁from ▁other ▁family ▁members . ▁ ▁John ▁Am es ▁( 1 7 3 8 - 1 8 0 5 ), ▁military ▁officer ▁and ▁industrial ist ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es , ▁Sr . ▁( 1 7 7 9 - 1 8 6 3 ), ▁industrial ist ▁ ▁O akes ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 0 4 - 1 8 7 3 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es ▁Jr . ▁( 1 8 0 7 - 1 8 7 7 ), ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Union ▁Pacific ▁Rail road ▁ ▁John ▁Am es ▁Mitchell ▁( 1 8 4 5 - 1 9 1 8 ), ▁architect ▁ ▁O akes ▁Ang ier ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 2 9 - 1 8 9 9 ), ▁industrial ist ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 3 1 – 1 8 9 5 ), ▁governor ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 3 5 - 1 8 9 3 ), ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁General ▁Court ▁▁ ▁Win th rop ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 3 7 ), ▁play wright ▁ ▁O akes ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 7 4 - 1 9 5 0 ), ▁bot an ist ▁ ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es ▁Jr . ▁( 1 8 7 6 - 1 9 2 1 ), ▁social ite ▁ ▁Family ▁tree ▁▁ ▁John ▁Am es ▁/ ▁Sus ann ah ▁Howard ▁ ▁David ▁Am es ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es , ▁Sr . |
▁/ ▁Sus ann ah ▁Ang ier ▁ ▁O akes ▁Am es ▁/ ▁E vel ina ▁Or ville ▁Gil more ▁ ▁O akes ▁Ang ier ▁Am es ▁ ▁Win th rop ▁Am es ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es ▁/ ▁Anna ▁Coff in ▁Ray ▁ ▁O akes ▁Am es ▁( bot an ist ) ▁/ ▁Bl anche ▁Am es ▁Am es ▁ ▁Oliver ▁Am es , ▁Jr . ▁/ ▁Sarah ▁L oth rop ▁ ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es ▁/ ▁Rebecca ▁Bl air ▁ ▁Frederick ▁L oth rop ▁Am es , ▁Jr . ▁/ ▁Ed ith ▁Cry der ▁ ▁Har riet ▁Am es ▁( 1 8 1 9 - 1 8 9 6 ) ▁/ ▁As a ▁Mitchell ▁( 1 8 1 9 - 1 8 7 7 ) ▁ ▁John ▁Am es ▁Mitchell ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : American ▁families ▁Category : But ler – A mes ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁Sir ▁Sid ney ▁Staff ord ▁S my the , ▁PC , ▁K C ▁( 1 7 0 5 ▁– ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 7 7 8 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁judge ▁and ▁politician . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁London , ▁he ▁was ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Customer ▁S my the ▁and ▁W aller ' s ▁" S ach ar issa ". ▁His ▁father , ▁Henry ▁S my the ▁of ▁Old ▁B ounds ▁in ▁the ▁parish ▁of ▁B id borough , ▁Kent , ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 6 , ▁aged ▁ 2 9 . ▁His ▁mother , ▁Elizabeth , |
▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Dr . ▁John ▁Lloyd , ▁canon ▁of ▁Wind sor , ▁then ▁became ▁the ▁wife ▁of ▁William ▁Hunt , ▁and ▁died ▁on ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 1 7 5 4 . ▁ ▁S my the ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁St ▁John ' s ▁College , ▁Cambridge , ▁as ▁a ▁fellow - common er ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 7 2 1 , ▁and ▁graduated ▁B . A . ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 4 . ▁Having ▁entered ▁the ▁In ner ▁Temple ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June ▁ 1 7 2 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁to ▁the ▁bar ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 7 2 8 , ▁and ▁joined ▁the ▁home ▁circuit . ▁In ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁st eward ▁of ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁the ▁king ' s ▁palace ▁at ▁West min ster , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Ab ney , ▁and ▁in ▁Tr inity ▁term ▁ 1 7 4 7 ▁he ▁was ▁made ▁a ▁King ' s ▁Coun sel , ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁ben cher ▁of ▁the ▁In ner ▁Temple . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 2 . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁ 1 7 4 7 ▁British ▁general ▁election ▁S my the ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁for ▁the ▁b orough ▁of ▁East ▁Gr inst ead . ▁He ▁sat ▁in ▁the ▁house ▁for ▁three ▁sessions , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁record ▁of ▁any ▁speech ▁he ▁made . ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 7 4 9 ▁he ▁took |
▁part ▁in ▁the ▁prosecut ion ▁of ▁the ▁sm ug gl ers ▁who ▁were ▁tried ▁for ▁murder ▁before ▁a ▁special ▁commission ▁at ▁Ch iche ster . ▁ ▁Judge ▁S my the ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁bar on ▁of ▁the ▁ex che quer ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁Charles ▁Clar ke ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 0 . ▁He ▁received ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁co if ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 1 7 5 0 , ▁took ▁his ▁seat ▁on ▁the ▁bench , ▁and ▁on ▁ 7 ▁November ▁was ▁kn ight ed . ▁With ▁H ene age ▁Leg ge ▁he ▁tried ▁Mary ▁B land y ▁at ▁the ▁Oxford ▁ass izes ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 7 5 2 . ▁ ▁While ▁a ▁puis ne ▁bar on , ▁S my the ▁was ▁twice ▁appointed ▁a ▁commission er ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Se al . ▁On ▁the ▁first ▁occasion , ▁from ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 7 5 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 7 5 7 , ▁he ▁was ▁joined ▁in ▁the ▁commission ▁with ▁Sir ▁John ▁Will es ▁and ▁Sir ▁John ▁E ard ley - W il mot . ▁On ▁the ▁second ▁occasion , ▁from ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 7 7 0 ▁to ▁ 2 3 ▁January ▁ 1 7 7 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁chief ▁commission er , ▁his ▁colleagues ▁being ▁Henry ▁Bath urst ▁and ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁A ston . ▁ ▁S my the ▁succeeded ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Parker ▁as ▁lord ▁chief ▁bar on ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 7 7 |
2 . ▁Since ▁Parker ▁continued ▁to ▁enjoy ▁good ▁health ▁after ▁his ▁resign ation , ▁while ▁S my the ▁was ▁often ▁prevented ▁by ▁illness ▁from ▁attending ▁the ▁court , ▁Lord ▁Mans field ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁cru elly ▁observed , ▁" The ▁new ▁chief ▁bar on ▁should ▁resign ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁his ▁predecess or ". ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁and ▁death ▁After ▁pres iding ▁in ▁the ▁ex che quer ▁for ▁five ▁years , ▁S my the ▁was ▁comp elled ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁to ▁resign ▁because ▁of ▁bad ▁health . ▁He ▁was ▁granted ▁a ▁pension ▁of ▁£ 2 , 4 0 0 , ▁and ▁on ▁ 3 ▁December ▁was ▁sw orn ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁priv y ▁council . ▁He ▁died ▁at ▁Old ▁B ounds ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 1 7 7 8 , ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁S utton - at - H one , ▁Kent . ▁ ▁Rep ut ation ▁S my the ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁refused ▁the ▁post ▁of ▁Lord ▁Ch ancell or , ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁" the ▁u g liest ▁man ▁of ▁his ▁day ". ▁He ▁was ▁ab used ▁in ▁print ▁and ▁in ▁parliament ▁for ▁his ▁conduct ▁of ▁the ▁trial ▁of ▁John ▁Taylor , ▁a ▁ser ge ant ▁of ▁the ▁Sc ots ▁guards , ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁James ▁Smith , ▁at ▁the ▁G uild ford ▁summer ▁ass izes ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 0 . ▁The ▁jury ▁brought ▁in ▁a ▁ver dict ▁of ▁guilty , ▁and ▁S my the , ▁who ▁had ▁told |
▁them ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁only ▁m ans l aughter , ▁expressed ▁surprise , ▁and ▁asked ▁that ▁a ▁special ▁ver dict ▁should ▁be ▁drawn ▁up , ▁which ▁was ▁du ly ▁signed ▁by ▁the ▁jury . ▁S my the ' s ▁conduct ▁was ▁v ind icated ▁by ▁John ▁Dun ning ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 1 7 7 0 , ▁and ▁his ▁decision ▁was ▁up held ▁by ▁the ▁judges ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Ben ch ▁on ▁ 8 ▁February ▁ 1 7 7 1 . ▁The ▁issue ▁was ▁brought ▁up ▁by ▁Jun ius ▁in ▁his ▁letter ▁to ▁Lord ▁Mans field ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 1 7 7 2 . ▁ ▁Family ▁S my the ▁married , ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 3 , ▁Sarah , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Sir ▁Charles ▁F arn aby , ▁b art ., ▁of ▁K ipping ton ▁in ▁Kent , ▁but ▁left ▁no ▁issue . ▁Both ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁took ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁evangel ical ▁movement . ▁She ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 1 7 9 0 ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁at ▁S utton - at - H one . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Att ribut ion ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 0 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 7 7 8 ▁deaths ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁St ▁John ' s ▁College , ▁Cambridge ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁In ner ▁Temple ▁Category : English ▁barr ister s ▁Category : English ▁judges ▁Category : Ch ief ▁Bar ons ▁of ▁the |
▁Ex che quer ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Society ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁for ▁English ▁constitu encies ▁Category : B rit ish ▁MP s ▁ 1 7 4 7 – 1 7 5 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Blood ▁T ies ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁television ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Jim ▁Mc B ride ▁and ▁star ring ▁Har ley ▁Vent on , ▁Patrick ▁Bau ch au , ▁Jason ▁London , ▁and ▁Michelle ▁Johnson . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁story ▁about ▁a ▁modern ▁vamp ire ▁family ▁who ▁h ail ▁from ▁Car path ia . ▁The ▁family ▁try ▁to ▁ass imil ate ▁into ▁American ▁life ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California , ▁but ▁their ▁lives ▁are ▁upset ▁when ▁a ▁sin ister ▁group ▁of ▁hun ters ▁kill ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁their ▁extended ▁kin ▁and ▁threat en ▁to ▁come ▁after ▁them . ▁ ▁Background ▁It ▁is ▁hint ed ▁that ▁the ▁Car path ian ▁families ▁are ▁the ▁people ▁who ▁inspired ▁all ▁the ▁myth s ▁about ▁vamp ires . ▁In ▁the ▁film , ▁they ▁are ▁desc ended ▁from ▁Lil ith ▁( first ▁wife ▁of ▁Adam ▁before ▁Eve ) ▁and ▁As mode us ▁( King ▁of ▁the ▁N ine ▁H ells ) ▁and ▁have ▁inherited ▁healing ▁abilities ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁above ▁average ▁human ▁strength . ▁ ▁They ▁consider ▁the ▁word ▁' v amp ire ' ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁racist ▁term ▁against ▁their ▁kind ▁and ▁have ▁strict ▁rules ▁against ▁breed ing ▁with ▁anyone ▁outside ▁their ▁race . ▁ ▁The ▁Car path ian ▁families ▁are ▁divided |
▁into ▁a ▁council ▁of ▁Eld ers , ▁the ▁more ▁tim id ▁family ▁members ▁and ▁their ▁v icious ▁young ▁blood ▁who ▁taken ▁on ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁b iker ▁gang ▁called ▁the ▁Sh rik es . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁film ▁opens ▁in ▁L oving ▁County , ▁Texas , ▁where ▁a ▁teen age ▁boy ▁named ▁C ody ▁P uck ett ▁( J ason ▁London ) ▁aw ak ens ▁one ▁o min ous ▁night ▁to ▁find ▁his ▁parents ▁st aked ▁and ▁burned ▁by ▁a ▁her etic ▁vamp ire ▁hun ter ▁group ▁called ▁the ▁S . C . A . V ., ▁which ▁stands ▁for ▁the ▁Southern ▁Coal ition ▁Against ▁V amp ir ism . ▁After ▁shooting ▁him ▁with ▁a ▁cross bow , ▁the ▁vamp ire ▁hun ters ▁allow ▁C ody ▁to ▁escape , ▁hoping ▁he ▁will ▁lead ▁them ▁back ▁to ▁his ▁extended ▁family . ▁ ▁In ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California , ▁journalist ▁Harry ▁Martin ▁( Har ley ▁Vent on ) ▁receives ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁Texas ▁kill ings , ▁before ▁heading ▁out ▁to ▁hear ▁the ▁ver dict ▁of ▁a ▁court - case ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁covering . ▁Assistant ▁D . A . ▁Amy ▁L orne ▁( K im ▁John ston ▁Ul rich ) ▁is ▁corner ed ▁in ▁an ▁elevator ▁by ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Sh rik es , ▁a ▁b iker ▁gang ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁" un ple asant ▁little ▁birds ▁who ▁imp ale ▁their ▁prey ▁on ▁th orn ▁bus hes ," ▁one ▁of ▁whom ▁the ▁A . D . A . ▁is ▁currently ▁prosecut ing |
. ▁ ▁Harry ▁appears ▁to ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁incident . ▁The ▁gang ▁leader , ▁" But cher bird " ▁( Sal v atore ▁X u ere b ), ▁warn s ▁Harry ▁that ▁" Un cle ▁Eli " ▁isn ’ t ▁happy ▁with ▁the ▁articles ▁he ’ s ▁been ▁writing . ▁Harry ▁explains ▁to ▁a ▁confused ▁Amy ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁But cher bird ▁are ▁" dist ant ▁cous ins ". ▁In ▁court , ▁an ▁obviously ▁fixed ▁jury ▁announ ces ▁that ▁it ▁cannot ▁reach ▁a ▁ver dict . ▁Dis g usted , ▁Amy ▁storm s ▁out , ▁and ▁Harry ▁goes ▁after ▁her . ▁He ▁asks ▁her ▁to ▁attend ▁a ▁" family ▁party " ▁with ▁him ▁before ▁leaving ▁her ▁to ▁join ▁Eli ▁Chel arin ▁( Pat rick ▁Bau ch au ), ▁the ▁powerful ▁business man ▁who ▁fixed ▁But cher bird ’ s ▁trial . ▁ ▁At ▁Eli ’ s ▁office , ▁Harry ▁warn s ▁Eli ▁that ▁" it ’ s ▁starting ▁again ", ▁and ▁shows ▁him ▁the ▁newspaper ▁cl ipping ▁of ▁the ▁Texas ▁kill ings . ▁Later ▁that ▁week , ▁C ody ▁reaches ▁town ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁find ▁Eli . ▁Instead ▁he ▁enc ounters ▁the ▁Sh rik es . ▁At ▁Eli ’ s ▁birthday ▁party , ▁Amy ▁is ▁surprised ▁to ▁learn ▁that ▁Harry ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁so ▁much ▁wealth ▁and ▁power . ▁He ▁reveals ▁that ▁his ▁real ▁name ▁is ▁Har lev on ▁Mart ines cu , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁Car path ian ▁heritage . ▁ ▁The ▁party ▁comes ▁to ▁an ▁abrupt ▁halt ▁when ▁But cher |
bird ▁enters ▁with ▁C ody . ▁Harry ▁exc uses ▁himself ▁to ▁Amy , ▁joining ▁a ▁council ▁in ▁a ▁private ▁room . ▁There , ▁the ▁male ▁family ▁members ▁hear ▁about ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁C ody ’ s ▁parents . ▁Eli , ▁Harry ▁and ▁the ▁Council ▁tell ▁C ody ▁that ▁his ▁parents ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁their ▁family ▁who ▁decided ▁to ▁move ▁away ▁to ▁Texas ▁before ▁C ody ▁was ▁born . ▁ ▁When ▁C ody ▁has ▁left ▁the ▁room , ▁Harry ▁tries ▁to ▁convince ▁the ▁others ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁kill ings ▁to ▁the ▁police , ▁that ▁the ▁family ▁" c annot ▁go ▁on ▁in ▁the ▁old ▁ways ". ▁ ▁Fur ious , ▁Eli ▁acc uses ▁Harry ▁of ▁betray ing ▁the ▁family , ▁speaking ▁sne ering ly ▁of ▁Amy ▁and ▁prov oking ▁him ▁to ▁a ▁violent ▁anger . ▁Meanwhile , ▁a ▁nervous ▁Amy ▁is ▁te ased ▁first ▁by ▁Cel ia ▁( Mic hel le ▁Johnson ), ▁Eli ’ s ▁half - s ister , ▁then ▁by ▁But cher bird . ▁ ▁Harry ▁resc ues ▁her ▁and ▁takes ▁her ▁home ▁where , ▁despite ▁his ▁obvious ▁attraction ▁to ▁her , ▁he ▁reject s ▁her ▁advances ▁and ▁leaves . ▁Later ▁that ▁night , ▁Harry ▁receives ▁an ▁unexpected ▁visit ▁from ▁Cel ia , ▁who ▁sed u ces ▁him , ▁inv iting ▁him ▁to ▁bite ▁her ▁throat ▁as ▁they ▁couple . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁C ody ▁is ▁then ▁taken ▁in ▁by ▁Cel ia ▁and ▁is ▁later ▁tempt ed ▁to ▁become ▁involved ▁with ▁the ▁Sh rik es ▁as ▁they ▁ride ▁out ▁into ▁the |
▁night ▁with ▁their ▁clan ' s ▁girls . ▁ ▁Later ▁the ▁next ▁morning , ▁an ▁argument ▁between ▁But ch ▁and ▁C ody ▁over ▁the ▁ ▁pendant ▁which ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁C ody ' s ▁grandmother ▁leads ▁to ▁But ch ▁en light ening ▁C ody ▁about ▁their ▁shared ▁family ▁heritage ▁as ▁vamp ir ic ▁creatures . ▁A ▁shocked ▁C ody ▁ref uses ▁to ▁believe ▁it ▁and ▁attacks ▁But ch ▁out ▁of ▁rage ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁wolf - like ▁fight , ▁much ▁to ▁the ▁excitement ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁Sh rik es ▁and ▁their ▁women . ▁ ▁Harry ▁appears ▁to ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁b raw l ▁and ▁C ody ▁real izes ▁that ▁during ▁the ▁fight , ▁he ▁had ▁b itten ▁But ch ▁on ▁the ▁neck . ▁He ▁eventually ▁real izes ▁that ▁everything ▁But ch ▁said ▁about ▁their ▁family ▁was ▁true . ▁ ▁Harry ▁later ▁tells ▁C ody ▁about ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁their ▁family . ▁He ▁also ▁reveals ▁that ▁their ▁family ▁had ▁been ▁at ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁her etic ▁vamp ire ▁hun ters ▁for ▁generations . ▁C ody ▁begins ▁to ▁cr ave ▁revenge ▁for ▁his ▁family ▁and ▁cho oses ▁life ▁with ▁the ▁Sh rik es ▁over ▁Harry ' s ▁ple as ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁more ▁peaceful ▁life . ▁Harry ▁then ▁returns ▁to ▁try ▁to ▁pursue ▁a ▁relationship ▁with ▁Amy , ▁but ▁knows ▁his ▁family ▁does ▁not ▁appro ve ▁of ▁her ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁not ▁one ▁of ▁them . ▁ ▁Stay ing ▁in ▁Eli ' s ▁house , ▁C ody ▁tries ▁to ▁familiar ize ▁with ▁the |
▁vamp ire ▁community ▁and ▁how ▁to ▁identify ▁vamp ires . ▁Z apping ▁different ▁TV ▁channels , ▁he ▁asks ▁Cel ia ▁whether ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁appearing ▁in ▁a ▁real ▁TV ▁scene , ▁is ▁a ▁vamp ire ▁and ▁Cel ia ▁responses ▁" May ▁be ". ▁ ▁The ▁vamp ire ▁hun ters ▁soon ▁show ▁up ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach ▁and ▁kidn ap ▁Cel ia ▁to ▁l ure ▁the ▁Car path ians ▁into ▁a ▁final ▁show down . ▁As ▁tradition ▁demands , ▁their ▁battle ▁takes ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁hour ▁of ▁the ▁jack al ▁( 3 am ) ▁on ▁a ▁beach ▁where ▁Eli ▁has ▁a ▁new ▁hotel ▁under ▁construction . ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁fight ▁goes ▁in ▁the ▁favour ▁of ▁the ▁hun ters , ▁but ▁the ▁Sh rik es ▁eventually ▁show ▁up ▁to ▁help ▁turn ▁the ▁tide . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁hun ters ▁are ▁defeated , ▁the ▁Council ▁vote ▁to ▁have ▁them ▁killed , ▁even ▁against ▁Harry ' s ▁ple as ▁to ▁simply ▁turn ▁them ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁Texas ▁authorities ▁for ▁the ▁murder ▁of ▁C ody ' s ▁parents . ▁When ▁the ▁family ▁attacks ▁and ▁bit es ▁the ▁remaining ▁hun ters , ▁C ody ▁wishes ▁to ▁join ▁in , ▁but ▁is ▁dis su aded ▁by ▁Harry . ▁ ▁The ▁Sh rik es ▁then ▁take ▁the ▁corps es ▁of ▁the ▁hun ters ▁and ▁throw ▁them ▁into ▁the ▁sea ▁as ▁Harry ▁and ▁C ody ▁walk ▁off . ▁As ▁they ▁leave , ▁C ody ▁keeps ▁looking ▁back ▁and ▁wondering ▁if ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁leave ▁with ▁Harry ▁was ▁the ▁right ▁one . ▁ |
▁Cast ▁ ▁Patrick ▁Bau ch au ▁as ▁Eli ▁Chel arin ▁ ▁Har ley ▁Vent on ▁as ▁Harry ▁Martin / Har lev on ▁Mart ines cu ▁ ▁Kim ▁John ston ▁Ul rich ▁as ▁Amy ▁Lawrence ▁ ▁Jason ▁London ▁as ▁C ody ▁P uck ett ▁ ▁Michelle ▁Johnson ▁as ▁Cel ia ▁ ▁Salv ator ▁X u ere b ▁as ▁But ch ▁Vlad ▁ ▁Bo ▁Hop kins ▁as ▁Chief ▁Hunter ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁V amp ire ▁film ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁television ▁films ▁Category : American ▁television ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : V amp ires ▁in ▁film ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Brad ▁F ied el ▁Category : V amp ires ▁in ▁television <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Henry ▁White ▁( born ▁August ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 9 5 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁grid iron ▁football ▁running ▁back ▁who ▁played ▁ten ▁seasons ▁in ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁BC ▁L ions . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁L ions ▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁Grey ▁Cup ▁winning ▁team . ▁ ▁College ▁White ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Louisiana ▁Tech ▁University . ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁White ▁was ▁en sh r ined ▁in ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁Tech ▁University ▁Athlet ic ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame , ▁Class ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁football ▁running ▁backs ▁Category : G rey |
▁Cup ▁champions ▁Category : Lou is iana ▁Tech ▁Bul ld ogs ▁football ▁players ▁Category : BC ▁L ions ▁players ▁Category : Play ers ▁of ▁American ▁football ▁from ▁Louisiana ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Sh re ve port , ▁Louisiana <0x0A> </s> ▁Tod m orden ▁Mark ets ▁consist ▁of ▁an ▁indoor ▁market ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁Public ▁Market ▁Hall ▁and ▁an ▁outdoor ▁open ▁air ▁market ▁held ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁Public ▁Market ▁Hall ▁in ▁central ▁Tod m orden ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall . ▁The ▁indoor ▁market ▁has ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁market ▁traders ▁st alls ▁selling ▁fresh ▁produce , ▁meat , ▁d airy ▁produce , ▁bread , ▁iron mong ery , ▁books , ▁clothing , ▁car p ets ▁and ▁special ity ▁and ▁ethnic ▁foods . ▁Official ▁opening ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁Public ▁Market ▁Hall ▁are ▁Monday ▁to ▁Saturday ▁( half ▁day ▁closing ▁Tuesday ) ▁ 9 . 0 0 am ▁to ▁ 5 . 3 0 pm ▁ ▁The ▁outdoor ▁market ▁is ▁open ▁ 9 . 0 0 am ▁to ▁ 4 . 0 0 pm ▁Wednesday , ▁Thursday , ▁Friday , ▁Saturday ▁and ▁Sunday . ▁Thursday ▁is ▁exclusively ▁a ▁second ▁hand ▁market ▁whereas ▁Sunday ▁is ▁a ▁mix ▁of ▁general ▁retail ▁and ▁second ▁hand ▁goods . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁markets ▁are ▁operated ▁by ▁ ▁Cal der dale ▁Council . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁Market ▁town ▁of ▁Tod m orden ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁market ▁since ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁land ▁near ▁White ▁Hart ▁F old , ▁following ▁a |
▁▁ ▁town ▁meeting ▁in ▁ 1 8 0 1 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁the ▁land ▁on ▁which ▁it ▁currently ▁stands ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁the ▁Local ▁Board . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁the ▁Public ▁Market ▁Hall ▁which ▁houses ▁over ▁ 4 0 ▁indoor ▁st alls ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁D ug dale ▁of ▁He b den ▁Bridge . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁Mr ▁John ▁Field en , ▁the ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Local ▁Board ▁laid ▁the ▁corner stone ▁and ▁on ▁December ▁ 2 9 ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁opened ▁the ▁finished ▁building . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁a ▁fire ▁caused ▁£ 1 0 0 0 ▁of ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁Public ▁Market ▁Hall . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁open ▁air ▁market ▁was ▁extens ively ▁ref urb ished ▁with ▁new ▁surf acing , ▁new ▁st alls ▁which ▁were ▁more ▁weather proof ▁than ▁the ▁previous ▁st alls ▁and ▁new ▁public ▁lav ator ies . ▁There ▁are ▁now ▁ 7 2 ▁st alls ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁air ▁market . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁the ▁main ▁market ▁hall ▁was ▁ref urb ished ▁with ▁£ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁spent ▁on ▁new ▁roof ing , ▁ins ulation ▁and ▁re decor ation . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Tod m orden Mark ets . co . uk ▁- ▁Tod m orden ▁Mark ets ▁website ▁ |
▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Cal der dale ▁Category : Ret ail ▁markets ▁in ▁England ▁Category : T od m orden <0x0A> </s> ▁G lyph ic ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁electronic ▁artist ▁Box cut ter . ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁on ▁Plan et ▁Mu ▁Records . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁" G lyph ic " ▁– ▁ 7 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" W ind fall " ▁– ▁ 2 : 5 0 ▁ ▁" B ug ▁Oct et " ▁– ▁ 5 : 2 3 ▁ ▁" R ust y ▁Break " ▁– ▁ 5 : 1 3 ▁ ▁" J ▁Dub " ▁– ▁ 4 : 3 5 ▁ ▁" Ch iral " ▁– ▁ 4 : 3 7 ▁ ▁" K ale id " ▁– ▁ 5 : 3 0 ▁ ▁" Bl osc id " ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 2 ▁ ▁" F oxy " ▁– ▁ 5 : 0 2 ▁ ▁" L unal " ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 7 ▁ ▁" N an ob ot " ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 6 ▁ ▁" Field t rip " ▁– ▁ 6 : 3 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Plan et ▁Mu ▁albums ▁Category : Box cut ter ▁( mus ician ) ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁mont ane ▁mouse ▁sh rew ▁( My os ore x ▁bl ar ina ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁mamm al ▁in |
▁the ▁family ▁S oric idae ▁end emic ▁to ▁U g anda . ▁ ▁Its ▁natural ▁habit ats ▁are ▁sub t rop ical ▁or ▁tropical ▁moist ▁mont ane ▁forests ▁and ▁sw amps . ▁It ▁is ▁threatened ▁by ▁habitat ▁loss . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Ker bis ▁Peter h ans , ▁J . ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁My os ore x ▁bl ar ina . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th reat ened ▁Spec ies . ▁▁ ▁Down loaded ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : M amm als ▁of ▁U g anda ▁Category : My os ore x ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁U g anda ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Pet ra e us ▁scandal ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁events ▁that ▁gar ner ed ▁strong ▁media ▁attention ▁when ▁an ▁extr amar ital ▁affair ▁between ▁retired ▁four - star ▁general ▁David ▁Pet ra e us , ▁then ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁( CI A ), ▁ ▁and ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁became ▁public ▁information . ▁Pet ra e us ▁had ▁chosen ▁Broad well ▁to ▁be ▁his ▁official ▁bi ographer . ▁She ▁co - auth ored ▁All ▁In : ▁The ▁Education ▁of ▁General ▁David ▁Pet ra e us , ▁his ▁bi ography , ▁when ▁Pet ra e us ▁was ▁the ▁International ▁Security ▁Ass istance ▁Force ▁commander |
. ▁On ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁extr amar ital ▁affair ▁with ▁Pet ra e us ▁that ▁triggered ▁his ▁resign ation ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁FBI . ▁ ▁Summary ▁and ▁chron ology ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁all ▁media ▁reports , ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁officially ▁initiated ▁by ▁FBI ▁agent ▁Frederick ▁W . ▁H umph ries ▁II ▁after ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁complaint ▁about ▁cyber st alk ing ▁from ▁J ill ▁Kel ley . ▁H umph ries ▁reported ▁it ▁to ▁his ▁super iors ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁Republican ▁congress ional ▁leaders ▁Dave ▁Reich ert ▁and ▁Eric ▁Cant or ▁who ▁then ▁reported ▁it ▁to ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Bureau ▁of ▁Invest igation ▁( F BI ) ▁Robert ▁Mu eller ▁after ▁H umph ries ▁received ▁complaints ▁from ▁Kel ley ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁being ▁stalk ed ▁( the ▁stalk er ▁was ▁eventually ▁found ▁to ▁be ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ) ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that : ▁" They ▁seem ▁to ▁know ▁the ▁com ings ▁and ▁go ings ▁of ▁a ▁couple ▁of ▁gener als ." ▁The ▁subsequent ▁cyber - st alk ing ▁investigation ▁by ▁the ▁FBI ▁un covered ▁an ▁extr amar ital ▁affair ▁between ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁Broad well . ▁FBI ▁agents ▁also ▁searched ▁through ▁emails ▁that ▁General ▁John ▁R . ▁Allen ▁ex changed ▁with ▁J ill ▁Kel ley . ▁ ▁An ▁in - depth ▁report ▁in ▁Time ▁magazine ▁provided ▁a ▁chron ology ▁of ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁major |
▁events ▁and ▁personal ities ▁as ▁they ▁unf old ed : ▁ ▁Broad well , ▁then ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Reserve ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel , ▁first ▁met ▁Pet ra e us ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Pet ra e us ▁att ained ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁four - star ▁general . ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁Broad well ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁secret ▁extr amar ital ▁affair — ex actly ▁when ▁is ▁not ▁clear — after ▁years ▁of ▁close ▁contact ▁as ▁bi ographer ▁( Broad well ) ▁and ▁subject ▁( Pet ra e us ). ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁Pet ra e us ▁became ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Broad well ▁had ▁been ▁working ▁closely ▁with ▁him ▁for ▁years . ▁She ▁used ▁nick names ▁for ▁him ▁such ▁as ▁" D anger ous ▁Dave " ▁and ▁" Pe aches ". ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁J ill ▁Kel ley ▁filed ▁a ▁complaint ▁with ▁the ▁FBI ▁after ▁receiving ▁disturb ing ▁emails ▁from ▁a ▁user ▁identifying ▁as ▁" k elle yp at rol ". ▁Kel ley , ▁her ▁husband ▁Scott , ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁Natal ie ▁Kh aw am ▁also ▁happened ▁to ▁be ▁friends ▁of ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Holly ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁Pet ra e us ▁was ▁station ed ▁at ▁C ENT COM ▁in ▁T ampa , ▁Florida . ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁Broad well ▁used ▁fake ▁names ▁to ▁create ▁free ▁web mail ▁accounts ▁ex changing ▁messages ▁without ▁encryption ▁tools |
. ▁They ▁would ▁share ▁an ▁email ▁account , ▁with ▁one ▁saving ▁a ▁message ▁in ▁the ▁draft s ▁folder ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁delet ing ▁it ▁after ▁reading ▁it . ▁The ▁FBI , ▁using ▁electronic ▁metadata ▁that ▁pin point ed ▁the ▁times , ▁places ▁and ▁IP ▁addresses , ▁identified ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁as ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁" k elle yp at rol ". ▁FBI ▁and ▁intelligence ▁agencies ▁noted ▁information ▁about ▁high - rank ing ▁US ▁military ▁personnel ▁and ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁ex changes ▁were ▁" sex ually ▁charged ". ▁From ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁FBI ▁Director ▁Robert ▁Mu eller ▁and ▁US ▁Attorney ▁General ▁Eric ▁H older ▁decided ▁to ▁with hold ▁information ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁U . S . ▁presidential ▁election ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁two ▁months ▁before ▁Mu eller ▁and ▁H older ▁dis pat ched ▁FBI ▁Deputy ▁Director ▁Sean ▁M . ▁Joy ce ▁to ▁notify ▁the ▁Director ▁of ▁National ▁Intelligence ▁James ▁R . ▁Cl ap per ▁late ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 ▁about ▁the ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁affair . ▁Ag ents ▁had ▁confront ed ▁Broad well ▁on ▁November ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁report ▁did ▁not ▁reach ▁headquarters ▁until ▁November ▁ 5 . ▁Mu eller ▁and ▁H older ▁reviewed ▁it ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 ▁( election ▁day ), ▁and ▁decided ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁time ▁to ▁inform ▁Cl ap per . ▁Fore ns ic ▁techniques ▁that ▁discovered ▁Broad well ' s ▁identity ▁and ▁the ▁affair ▁with ▁Pet |
ra e us ▁also ▁un covered ▁almost ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁pages ▁of ▁messages ▁between ▁Kel ley ▁and ▁General ▁John ▁R . ▁Allen , ▁the ▁US ▁commander ▁in ▁Afghanistan . ▁Allen ▁denied ▁an ▁affair , ▁but ▁officials ▁hint ed ▁that ▁the ▁emails ▁raised ▁" quest ions ▁of ▁impro p ri ety ". ▁Allen ' s ▁nom ination ▁as ▁NAT O ' s ▁Supreme ▁All ied ▁Commander ▁was ▁put ▁on ▁hold . ▁Media ▁focused ▁on ▁the ▁Kel ley - K h aw am ▁families ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁Gener als ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁Allen ▁had ▁both ▁interven ed ▁on ▁behalf ▁of ▁Natal ie ▁Kh aw am ▁( W ol fe ), ▁the ▁twin ▁sister ▁of ▁J ill ▁( K h aw am ) ▁Kel ley , ▁in ▁a ▁civilian ▁child ▁custody ▁dispute ▁by ▁writing ▁to ▁the ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁of ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁▁▁▁ ▁FBI ▁agent ▁H umph ries , ▁who ▁was ▁alleg edly ▁the ▁one ▁who ▁had ▁initially ▁taken ▁Kel ley ' s ▁case ▁to ▁the ▁FBI ' s ▁field ▁office ▁in ▁T ampa , ▁Florida , ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁personal ▁friendship ▁with ▁Kel ley . ▁H umph ries ▁repeatedly ▁interven ed ▁to ▁advance ▁the ▁case , ▁to ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁assigned . ▁In ▁late ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁he ▁ph oned ▁two ▁US ▁Represent atives , ▁Republicans ▁Dave ▁Reich ert ▁and ▁Eric ▁Cant or , ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁he ▁believed ▁the ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁was ▁covering ▁up ▁the ▁case . ▁H umph |
ries ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁an ▁eth ics ▁probe ▁by ▁the ▁Office ▁of ▁Professional ▁Res pons ibility . ▁On ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁James ▁R . ▁Cl ap per , ▁Director ▁of ▁National ▁Intelligence , ▁informed ▁Thomas ▁E . ▁Don ilon , ▁the ▁US ▁National ▁Security ▁Ad visor , ▁about ▁the ▁Pet ra e us ▁affair . ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ▁also ▁informed ▁the ▁White ▁House ▁Coun sel ▁about ▁General ▁Allen ' s ▁correspondence ▁with ▁J ill ▁Kel ley . ▁On ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Pet ra e us ▁tend ered ▁his ▁resign ation ▁as ▁CIA ▁chief ▁to ▁President ▁Obama , ▁per ▁direct ive ▁from ▁James ▁Cl ap per . ▁On ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Pet ra e us ▁resigned ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁after ▁adm itting ▁having ▁a ▁sexual ▁relationship ▁with ▁his ▁bi ographer . ▁On ▁April ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Pet ra e us ▁ple aded ▁guilty ▁to ▁a ▁mis d eme an or ▁charge ▁of ▁m ish and ling ▁classified ▁materials . ▁He ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁two - year ▁prob ation ary ▁period ▁and ▁a ▁fine ▁of ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁People ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁scandal ▁ ▁Major ▁players ▁ ▁David ▁Pet ra e us ▁ ▁David ▁Pet ra e us ▁( born ▁November ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁former |
▁military ▁officer ▁and ▁public ▁official . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Intelligence ▁Agency ▁from ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁until ▁his ▁resign ation ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁CIA ▁Deputy ▁Director ▁Michael ▁More ll ▁replaced ▁Director ▁Pet ra e us ▁in ▁his ▁duties , ▁serving ▁as ▁Act ing ▁Director . ▁Pet ra e us , ▁prior ▁to ▁his ▁assuming ▁the ▁direct orship ▁of ▁the ▁CIA , ▁was ▁a ▁four - star ▁general ▁with ▁over ▁ 3 7 ▁years ' ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army . ▁ ▁Pet ra e us ▁reported ly ▁began ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Paul a ▁Broad well , ▁principal ▁author ▁of ▁his ▁bi ography , ▁All ▁In : ▁The ▁Education ▁of ▁General ▁David ▁Pet ra e us , ▁after ▁Pet ra e us ▁left ▁his ▁IS AF ▁command ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁to ▁become ▁CIA ▁director . ▁Pet ra e us ▁reported ly ▁ended ▁the ▁affair ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁around ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁he ▁learned ▁that ▁Broad well ▁had ▁been ▁sending ▁harass ing ▁emails ▁to ▁a ▁long standing ▁family ▁friend ▁of ▁the ▁Pet ra e uses , ▁J ill ▁Kel ley . ▁ ▁Kel ley , ▁a ▁Leb an ese ▁American ▁social ite ▁and ▁Honor ary ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Mac D ill ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁in ▁T ampa ▁Bay , ▁Florida , ▁had ▁approached ▁an ▁associate ▁who ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁FBI ▁T |
ampa ▁Field ▁Office ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁spring ▁about ▁anonymous ▁emails ▁she ▁considered ▁threatening . ▁The ▁Bureau ▁tr aced ▁the ▁emails ▁to ▁Broad well ▁and ▁noted ▁that ▁Broad well ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁ex changing ▁intimate ▁messages ▁with ▁an ▁email ▁account ▁belonging ▁to ▁Pet ra e us , ▁which ▁inst ig ated ▁an ▁investigation ▁into ▁whether ▁that ▁account ▁had ▁been ▁hack ed ▁into ▁or ▁was ▁someone ▁pos ing ▁as ▁Pet ra e us . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁wake ▁of ▁his ▁resign ation , ▁Pet ra e us ▁hired ▁influential ▁attorney ▁Robert ▁B . ▁Barn ett ▁to ▁represent ▁him . ▁Barn ett ▁has ▁represented ▁many ▁influential ▁people ▁including ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Obama ▁and ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁practice ▁debate ▁opponent ▁for ▁many ▁Democratic ▁President ial ▁and ▁Vice - Pres idential ▁candidates . ▁ ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁ ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁( born ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁US ▁Army ▁Intelligence ▁Officer , ▁an ▁American ▁writer , ▁academic , ▁and ▁anti - ter ror ism ▁professional . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁co - author ▁with ▁Vern on ▁Lo eb ▁of ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times ▁Best ▁S eller , ▁All ▁In : ▁The ▁Education ▁of ▁General ▁David ▁Pet ra e us , ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁then ▁International ▁Security ▁Ass istance ▁Force ▁commander ▁David ▁Pet ra e us . ▁On ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁she ▁was ▁reported ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁extr amar ital ▁affair ▁with ▁Pet ra e us ▁that ▁triggered |
▁his ▁resign ation ▁as ▁Director ▁of ▁the ▁CIA ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁the ▁FBI ▁because ▁of ▁her ▁high ▁level ▁targets ▁of ▁cyber - st alk ing . ▁ ▁In ▁or ▁about ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁J ill ▁Kel ley , ▁an ▁Honor ary ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Mac D ill ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁in ▁T ampa , ▁Florida , ▁began ▁to ▁receive ▁anonymous ▁emails ▁which ▁she ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁threatening ▁and ▁harass ing . ▁She ▁contacted ▁the ▁FBI , ▁who ▁tr aced ▁the ▁emails ▁to ▁Broad well . ▁The ▁emails ▁reported ly ▁indicated ▁that ▁Broad well ▁suspected ▁Kel ley ▁of ▁starting ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁General ▁David ▁Pet ra e us , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁Kel ley ' s . ▁Although ▁the ▁sending ▁of ▁the ▁emails ▁was ▁deemed ▁to ▁be ▁ins ufficient ▁grounds ▁for ▁a ▁criminal ▁charge , ▁the ▁FBI ▁called ▁Broad well ▁in ▁for ▁questioning , ▁at ▁which ▁time ▁she ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁affair ▁with ▁Pet ra e us . ▁After ▁Broad well ▁turned ▁over ▁her ▁computer , ▁classified ▁documents ▁were ▁found , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁further ▁FBI ▁scrut iny ▁of ▁her ▁relationship ▁with ▁Pet ra e us . ▁Although ▁Pet ra e us ▁was ▁not ▁identified ▁as ▁the ▁provider ▁of ▁the ▁documents , ▁the ▁affair ▁was ▁revealed ▁in ▁early ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁was ▁cited ▁by ▁Pet ra e us ▁as ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁his ▁resign ation ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 . ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , |
▁Broad well ▁was ▁stripped ▁of ▁her ▁clear ances ▁to ▁access ▁classified ▁information , ▁and ▁her ▁promotion ▁to ▁lieutenant ▁colon el ▁was ▁rev oked . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁Army ▁Reserve , ▁Broad well ▁has ▁been ▁suspended ▁pending ▁the ▁outcome ▁of ▁the ▁FBI ▁investigation . ▁She ▁has ▁cooper ated ▁with ▁investig ators ▁in ▁their ▁effort ▁to ▁remove ▁classified ▁material ▁in ▁her ▁possession . ▁When ▁the ▁news ▁of ▁the ▁scandal ▁became ▁public , ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁spent ▁time ▁away ▁from ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁family ▁se cluded ▁in ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁Her ▁home ▁in ▁Charlotte , ▁North ▁Carolina , ▁was ▁searched ▁by ▁the ▁FBI , ▁all ▁computers ▁were ▁removed , ▁and ▁some ▁classified ▁documents ▁were ▁found ▁there . ▁She ▁returned ▁home ▁to ▁be ▁with ▁her ▁husband ▁and ▁children . ▁The ▁media ▁has ▁taken ▁note ▁of ▁how ▁Scott ▁and ▁Paul a ▁Broad well ▁have ▁tried ▁to ▁get ▁back ▁to ▁normal ▁life . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁revel ations ▁about ▁her ▁relationship ▁with ▁Pet ra e us , ▁Broad well ▁has ▁retained ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁former ▁Clinton ▁Press ▁Secretary ▁De e ▁De e ▁My ers ▁with ▁the ▁public ▁relations ▁firm ▁The ▁G lo ver ▁Park ▁Group . ▁The ▁found ers ▁of ▁The ▁G lo ver ▁Park ▁Group ▁have ▁previously ▁served ▁as ▁officials ▁in ▁the ▁Clinton ▁White ▁House ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁presidential ▁campaign ▁of ▁former ▁vice ▁president ▁Al ▁G ore . ▁The ▁firm ' s ▁services ▁include ▁ ▁public ▁relations , ▁advertising , ▁marketing , ▁government ▁relations ▁and ▁policy ▁counsel , ▁crisis ▁management ▁and |
▁opinion ▁research . ▁ ▁J ill ▁Kel ley ▁ ▁J ill ▁Kel ley ▁( born ▁Gil ber te ▁Kh aw am , ▁June ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁the ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁General ▁Matt is ▁and ▁conf id ant ▁to ▁CIA ▁Director ▁Pet ra e us , ▁who ▁frequently ▁entert ained ▁senior ▁officers ▁from ▁nearby ▁Mac D ill ▁Air ▁Force ▁Base ▁at ▁her ▁T ampa ▁home . ▁Kel ley ' s ▁family ▁is ▁Leb an ese - American ▁Mar on ite ▁Catholic . ▁Kel ley ' s ▁friend ships ▁with ▁four ▁star ▁Gener als ▁David ▁Pet ra e us ▁and ▁John ▁R . ▁Allen ▁led ▁to ▁her ▁becoming ▁a ▁key ▁figure ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁investig ations ▁into ▁the ▁communications ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁men . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Kel ley ▁contacted ▁a ▁local ▁FBI ▁investig ator ▁whom ▁she ▁knew , ▁Frederick ▁W . ▁H umph ries ▁II , ▁to ▁complain ▁about ▁being ▁cyber st alk ed . ▁This ▁set ▁off ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁events ▁that ▁eventually ▁led ▁to ▁Pet ra e us ' s ▁resign ation ▁on ▁November ▁ 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁anonymous ▁email er ▁was ▁identified ▁as ▁Paul a ▁Broad well , ▁who ▁investig ators ▁discovered ▁had ▁been ▁having ▁an ▁affair ▁with ▁Pet ra e us . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Defense ▁Secretary ▁Leon ▁Pan etta ▁said ▁that ▁General ▁Allen ' s ▁nom ination ▁for ▁the ▁post ▁of |
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