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▁charts . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Atlanta ▁recording ▁artist ▁Future ▁had ▁back - to - back ▁releases ▁that ▁debut ed ▁at ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁charts . ▁Lil ▁Y acht y ’ s ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁release ▁Lil ▁Bo at ▁ 2 ▁opened ▁at ▁number ▁ 2 . ▁ ▁Atlanta ▁hip - hop ▁has ▁influenced ▁other ▁mainstream ▁forms ▁of ▁media . ▁The ▁television ▁show ▁Atlanta , ▁which ▁chron icles ▁the ▁lives ▁of ▁two ▁cous ins ▁as ▁they ▁navigate ▁the ▁hip - hop ▁world , ▁exempl ifies ▁this ▁broader ▁impact . ▁It ▁has ▁earned ▁two ▁Golden ▁Gl obe ▁awards ▁and ▁two ▁Em my ▁awards . ▁ ▁Top - selling ▁artists ▁ ▁Local ▁multi - pl atinum ▁artists ▁include ▁Lud ac ris , ▁Ci ara , ▁B . o . B , ▁Out k ast , ▁Young ▁J ee zy ▁ ▁and ▁T . I . ▁The ▁following ▁hip - hop , ▁rap , ▁R & B ▁and ▁soul ▁artists ▁have ▁had ▁# 1 ▁or ▁# 2 ▁albums ▁or ▁singles ▁on ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Hot ▁ 1 0 0 ▁chart : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cr unk ▁music ▁List ▁of ▁hip ▁hop ▁musicians ▁from ▁Atlanta ▁Sn ap ▁music ▁Southern ▁hip ▁hop ▁T rap ▁music ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁music ▁gen res ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁music ▁gen res ▁Category : American ▁hip ▁hop ▁gen res ▁Category : H ip ▁hop ▁gen res ▁Category : Music ▁of ▁Atlanta |
▁Category : S ou thern ▁hip ▁hop <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁is ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁islands ▁and ▁small ▁sk er ries ▁located ▁about ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁main land ▁Scotland . ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 5 ▁inhab ited ▁islands ▁in ▁this ▁arch ip el ago , ▁which ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Western ▁Is les ▁and ▁arch a ically ▁as ▁the ▁Long ▁Is le ▁( ). ▁ ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Harris ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁island ▁in ▁Scotland ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁in ▁the ▁British ▁Is les , ▁after ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland . ▁It ▁incorpor ates ▁Lewis ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁Harris ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁both ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁frequently ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁individual ▁islands , ▁although ▁they ▁are ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁land ▁border . ▁The ▁largest ▁settlement ▁in ▁Lewis ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁is ▁St orn ow ay . ▁ ▁To ▁the ▁south ▁across ▁the ▁Sound ▁of ▁Harris ▁lie ▁the ▁U ists ▁and ▁Ben bec ula , ▁which ▁were ▁joined ▁by ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁cause ways ▁constructed ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁to ▁improve ▁transport ▁links . ▁Further ▁south ▁are ▁Bar ra ▁and ▁the ▁smaller ▁Bar ra ▁Is les , ▁whose ▁southern most ▁extrem ity ▁is ▁Bar ra ▁Head . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁other ▁out li ers ▁with ▁cultural ▁links ▁to ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁arch ip el ago ▁itself . ▁These ▁include ▁the |
▁St ▁K ilda ▁group , ▁which ▁are ▁quite ▁distinct ▁ge ologically ▁and ▁no ▁longer ▁inhab ited , ▁S ula ▁S ge ir ▁and ▁North ▁R ona ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁isolated ▁Rock all , ▁which ▁is ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁North ▁U ist . ▁ ▁The ▁islands ▁of ▁Scotland ' s ▁west ▁coast ▁are ▁known ▁collect ively ▁as ▁the ▁He br ides ▁and ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁are ▁separated ▁from ▁ ▁the ▁In ner ▁He br ides ▁by ▁The ▁Min ch ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁and ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁the ▁He br ides ▁to ▁the ▁south . ▁The ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁are ▁administer ed ▁by ▁Com h air le ▁nan ▁E ile an ▁Si ar ▁and ▁had ▁a ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 5 0 2 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁have ▁histor ically ▁been ▁a ▁strong ▁Scottish ▁G ael ic ▁( G à id h lig ) ▁speaking ▁area . ▁Despite ▁recent ▁decl ines , ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁census ▁more ▁than ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁resident ▁population ▁in ▁each ▁island ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁speak ▁G ael ic , ▁for ▁an ▁overall ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 8 4 2 ▁speakers ▁throughout ▁the ▁arch ip el ago . ▁The ▁modern ▁economy ▁cent res ▁on ▁tour ism , ▁cro ft ing , ▁fishing , ▁and ▁we aving , ▁the ▁latter ▁of ▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁manufact ure ▁of ▁Harris ▁twe ed . ▁The ▁arch ip |
el ago ▁is ▁exposed ▁to ▁wind ▁and ▁tide , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁numerous ▁l ighth ouses ▁as ▁an ▁aid ▁to ▁navigation . ▁ ▁The ▁definition ▁of ▁an ▁island ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁list ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁" land ▁that ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁se aw ater ▁on ▁a ▁daily ▁basis , ▁but ▁not ▁necessarily ▁at ▁all ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁tide , ▁excl uding ▁human ▁devices ▁such ▁as ▁br idges ▁and ▁cause ways ". ▁ ▁In hab ited ▁islands ▁ ▁The ▁inhab ited ▁islands ▁of ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 5 0 2 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁ 2 7 , 6 8 4 ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁census . ▁ ▁The ▁highest ▁peaks ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁have ▁names ▁der iving ▁from ▁both ▁G ael ic ▁and ▁Old ▁Nor se ▁indicating ▁the ▁historical ▁importance ▁of ▁these ▁two ▁cultures . ▁The ▁ar che ological ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁V iking ▁dom ination ▁during ▁the ▁Early ▁Historic ▁period ▁is ▁however ▁very ▁limited , ▁the ▁Lewis ▁che ss men ▁being ▁an ▁exception . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Ford ▁( O it ir ▁M h ò r ) ▁and ▁South ▁Ford ▁cause ways ▁that ▁connect ▁North ▁and ▁South ▁U ist , ▁ ▁Ben bec ula ▁and ▁the ▁northern ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁Gr ims ays ▁in ▁the ▁southern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁chain , ▁several ▁other ▁islands ▁are ▁now ▁connected ▁by ▁cause ways ▁and ▁br idges . ▁Great |
▁Ber ner a ▁and ▁Scal pay ▁have ▁bridge ▁connections ▁to ▁Lewis ▁and ▁Harris ▁respectively , ▁B ales h are ▁and ▁Ber ner ay ▁are ▁linked ▁to ▁North ▁U ist , ▁Er isk ay ▁to ▁South ▁U ist , ▁Fl oda igh , ▁Fra och - e ile an ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁Gr ims ay ▁to ▁Ben bec ula , ▁and ▁V aters ay ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁Bar ra ▁by ▁a ▁cause way . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁inhab ited ▁islands ▁are ▁now ▁connected ▁to ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁other ▁island ▁by ▁a ▁land ▁transport ▁route . ▁ ▁En say , ▁K is im ul ▁Castle ▁and ▁E ile an ▁na ▁C ille ▁are ▁" incl uded ▁in ▁the ▁N RS ▁statistical ▁ge ography ▁for ▁inhab ited ▁islands ▁but ▁had ▁no ▁usual ▁residents ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁either ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁or ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁cens uses ". ▁ ▁Un in hab ited ▁islands ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁islands ▁with ▁an ▁area ▁greater ▁than ▁ 2 5 ▁he ct ares ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 3 7 ▁acres ). ▁Records ▁for ▁the ▁last ▁date ▁of ▁settlement ▁for ▁the ▁smaller ▁un in hab ited ▁islands ▁are ▁in complete , ▁but ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁listed ▁here ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁inhab ited ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁during ▁the ▁Ne ol ith ic , ▁Iron ▁Age , ▁Early ▁Historic ▁or ▁Nor se ▁periods . ▁ ▁In ▁common ▁with ▁the ▁other ▁main ▁island ▁chains ▁of ▁Scotland ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁remote |
▁islands ▁were ▁abandoned ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁ 2 0 th ▁centuries , ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁after ▁continuous ▁hab itation ▁since ▁the ▁pre hist oric ▁period . ▁This ▁process ▁ ▁involved ▁a ▁transition ▁from ▁these ▁places ▁being ▁perceived ▁as ▁relatively ▁self - s ufficient ▁agricultural ▁econom ies ▁to ▁a ▁view ▁becoming ▁held ▁by ▁both ▁island ▁residents ▁and ▁outs iders ▁alike ▁that ▁the ▁more ▁remote ▁islands ▁lack ed ▁the ▁essential ▁services ▁of ▁a ▁modern ▁industrial ▁economy . ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁islands ▁continue ▁to ▁contribute ▁to ▁modern ▁culture . ▁The ▁" M ing ul ay ▁Bo at ▁Song ", ▁although ▁ev oc ative ▁of ▁island ▁life , ▁was ▁written ▁after ▁the ▁abandon ment ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁and ▁Tar ans ay ▁hosted ▁the ▁BBC ▁television ▁series ▁‘ ’ Cast away ▁ 2 0 0 0 ’ ’. ▁Others ▁have ▁played ▁a ▁part ▁in ▁Scottish ▁history . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 7 4 6 , ▁Bon nie ▁Prince ▁Charlie ▁hid ▁on ▁E ile an ▁Li ub h air d ▁with ▁some ▁of ▁his ▁men ▁for ▁four ▁days ▁whilst ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁vessels ▁pat rolled ▁the ▁Min ch . ▁They ▁camp ed ▁under ▁a ▁sail ▁stretched ▁over ▁a ▁" low ▁pit iful ▁h ut " ▁while ▁it ▁r ained ▁tor rent ially . ▁ ▁The ▁difficulties ▁of ▁definition ▁are ▁considerable ▁in ▁some ▁cases . ▁For ▁example , ▁Has well - Sm ith ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁treats ▁E ile an an ▁I as ga ich |
▁as ▁a ▁single ▁island ▁of ▁ 5 0 ▁ha , ▁although ▁during ▁high ▁t ides ▁it ▁becomes ▁several ▁tid al ▁is lets — none ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁ever ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁" main land " ▁of ▁South ▁U ist . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name ▁E ile an ▁an ▁Ta ig he ▁( English : ▁" house ▁island ") ▁in ▁the ▁Sh iant ▁Islands ▁does ▁not ▁qualify ▁for ▁inclusion ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁Gar bh ▁E ile an ▁by ▁a ▁natural ▁is thm us . ▁ ▁The ▁E ile an an ▁Che ar ab ha igh ▁are ▁a ▁complex ▁group ▁of ▁is lets ▁off ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁of ▁Ben bec ula , ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁which ▁changes ▁as ▁the ▁t ides ▁rise ▁and ▁fall . ▁The ▁total ▁area ▁is ▁circa ▁ 4 9 ▁he ct ares ▁and ▁largest ▁part ▁that ▁might ▁be ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁genuine ▁island ▁is ▁circa ▁ 3 2 ▁he ct ares . ▁ ▁Sm aller ▁is lets ▁and ▁sk er ries ▁ ▁Sm aller ▁islands , ▁tid al ▁is lets ▁only ▁separated ▁at ▁higher ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁tide , ▁and ▁sk er ries ▁that ▁are ▁only ▁exposed ▁at ▁lower ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁tide ▁pepper ▁the ▁North ▁Atlantic ▁surrounding ▁the ▁main ▁islands . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁continuing ▁list ▁of ▁these ▁smaller ▁Out er ▁He br ide an ▁islands . ▁ ▁Many ▁of ▁them ▁are ▁obsc ure ▁and ▁few ▁have ▁ever ▁been ▁inhab ited . ▁Non etheless , ▁some ▁have ▁a ▁significant ▁degree ▁of ▁not ability . ▁The ▁is let ▁on |
▁which ▁K is im ul ▁Castle ▁stands ▁is ▁the ▁ancient ▁seat ▁of ▁Cl an ▁Mac Ne il ▁and ▁Sh ill ay ▁in ▁the ▁Mon ach ▁Is les ▁had ▁a ▁man ned ▁l ighth ouse ▁until ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁The ▁tiny ▁Be asts ▁of ▁Hol m ▁of ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁of ▁Lewis ▁were ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁s inking ▁of ▁the ▁I ola ire ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁few ▁hours ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁worst ▁mar itime ▁dis asters ▁in ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁waters ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century . ▁Cal v ay ▁in ▁the ▁Sound ▁of ▁Bar ra ▁provided ▁the ▁inspiration ▁for ▁Com pton ▁Mac K enz ie ' s ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁novel ▁Wh is key ▁Gal ore ▁after ▁the ▁ ▁ran ▁ag round ▁there ▁with ▁a ▁cargo ▁of ▁whisk y . ▁Un us ually ▁for ▁an ▁island ▁without ▁permanent ▁inhab itation , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁C ille ▁() ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁Gr ims ay ▁( s outh ) ▁by ▁a ▁cause way . ▁ ▁Var ious ▁G ael ic ▁names ▁are ▁used ▁repeatedly . ▁The ▁suffix ▁ay ▁or ▁a igh ▁or ▁aid h ▁is ▁generally ▁from ▁the ▁Nor se ▁ ø y ▁meaning ▁" is land ". ▁E ile an ▁( pl ural : ▁e ile an an ) ▁also ▁means ▁" is land ". ▁Be ag ▁and ▁m ò r ▁( also ▁b he ag ▁and ▁m h ò r ) ▁mean ▁" l ittle " ▁and ▁" |
big " ▁and ▁are ▁often ▁found ▁together . ▁S ge ir ▁is ▁" sk erry " ▁and ▁often ▁refers ▁to ▁a ▁rock ▁or ▁rocks ▁that ▁lie ▁sub mer ged ▁at ▁high ▁tide . ▁Dub h ▁is ▁" black ", ▁de arg ▁is ▁" red " ▁and ▁gl as ▁means ▁" g rey " ▁or ▁" green ". ▁Or asa igh ▁is ▁from ▁the ▁Nor se ▁Ö rf ir ir sey ▁meaning ▁" t idal " ▁or ▁" eb b ▁island ". ▁ ▁Sm aller ▁islands ▁group ed ▁ge ograph ically : ▁ ▁Bar ra ▁and ▁the ▁Bar ra ▁Is les ▁ ▁Bar ra : ▁E ile an ▁a ' ▁M h ail , ▁E ile an ▁M hi ath l ais , ▁E ile an an ▁Dub ha , ▁Gre an am ul , ▁He al am , ▁K is im ul ▁Castle , ▁Lam al um , ▁L inge igh - F ada , ▁Or asa igh ▁( 2 ), ▁S ge ir ▁M h ò r , ▁S ge ir isl um ▁Bar ra ▁Head : ▁Rub ha ▁N ios aim ▁and ▁S ge ir ▁M h ò r ▁Fl od day : ▁None ▁L inge igh : ▁None . ▁M ing ul ay : ▁Ar nam u il , ▁Barn acle ▁Rock , ▁Ge ir um ▁Be ag , ▁Ge ir um ▁M ò r , ▁Gun am ul . ▁L ian am ul , ▁S ge ire an ▁nan ▁U ib he in , ▁Sol on ▁Be ag , |
▁Sol on ▁M ò r , ▁Sr ò n ▁à ▁D ù in ▁and ▁The ▁Red ▁Boy . ▁Mul do an ich : ▁ ▁An ▁La og h , ▁S ge ire an ▁F iac l ach . ▁P abb ay : ▁Green am ul , ▁He is ge ir ▁a - mu igh , ▁He is ge ir ▁a - sta igh , ▁L inge igh , ▁Ro is nis ▁Sand ray : ▁Cle ite , ▁Cre ag ▁an ▁She ad air , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁S ge ir ▁L ith inis ▁V aters ay : ▁Bir u as l um , ▁Or asa igh , ▁S ge ir ▁Li ath , ▁S ge ir ▁na ▁Mu ice , ▁S nu as am ul , ▁U ine as an ▁ ▁Sound ▁of ▁Bar ra ▁Er isk ay : ▁Cal b ha igh , ▁E ile an ▁à ▁G he oid h , ▁E ile an an ▁Dub ha , ▁H ear team ul , ▁L ing ay , ▁Na ▁St ac an ▁Dub ha , ▁S ge ir ▁an ▁F heid h ▁Fi ara id h : ▁Cor ran ▁B à n ▁Fl od day : ▁Sn ag ar as ▁F ud ay : ▁Tra ill is ge ir ▁F ui ay : ▁E ile an ▁She um is , ▁Gar bh ▁L inge igh ▁G igh ay : ▁E ile an ▁à ▁Ce ud ▁Hell is ay : ▁Bod ha ▁nan ▁S ge ir an ▁M ò |
ra ▁O ros ay : ▁None ▁ ▁South ▁U ist ▁ ▁West ▁coast : ▁E ile an ▁B he ire an , ▁E ile an ▁C uit he ▁nam ▁Fi ad h , ▁G ual an , ▁Or asa igh ▁North ▁east ▁coast : ▁D ior a igh , ▁E ile an ▁à ▁M h ada id h , ▁E ile an ▁Ban , ▁E ile an ▁Or na is , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁h - Air de ▁M ho ire , ▁G asa igh , ▁Glas - E ile an an , ▁Lu ir sa igh ▁Dub h , ▁Lu ir sa igh ▁Glas , ▁Or asa igh , ▁Si olo agh ▁M ò r , ▁T athan ais ▁East ▁coast : ▁Cle it ▁a ' ▁Gh lin n ▁M h ò ir , ▁D ù n ▁O th ail , ▁E ile an ▁B hol u im , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁G ham na , ▁Na ▁Dub h - s ge ir an ▁L och ▁A ine ort : ▁E ile an ▁A ile in , ▁E ile an ▁an ▁E as bu ig , ▁E ile an ▁M h ic ▁Each ain , ▁Ros ga igh , ▁Un s ara igh ▁Islands ▁L och bo is dale : ▁ ▁E ile an an ▁I as ga ich : ▁ ▁Main ▁group : ▁E ile an ▁B à gh ▁M h ic ▁Ro is , ▁E ile an an ▁I as ga ich ▁Be ag , ▁E ile an |
an ▁I as ga ich ▁M ead hon ach , ▁E ile an an ▁I as ga ich ▁M ò r , ▁E ile an ▁nam ▁Fe ann ag . ▁Sur round ing : ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁Mo ire ache an , ▁G asa igh , ▁P aba igh , ▁S ge ir ▁Ch aise . ▁Further ▁east : ▁Cal b ha igh , ▁Cal v ay ▁Castle . ▁St ule y : ▁Dub h - S ge ir ▁M h ò r , ▁ ▁Glas - E ile an ▁M ò r ▁ ▁Ben bec ula ▁ ▁North ▁coast : ▁Cal ab h agh , ▁E ile an ▁Le ath ann , ▁E ile an ▁M h ic ▁C ao il te , ▁Sun am ul , ▁Tra ill ab re ac ▁M ò r ▁East ▁coast : ▁ ▁Bear ran , ▁Coll am , ▁E ile an ▁Ba ile ▁G ear ri ad h , ▁E ile an ▁Dub h ▁na ▁Mu ice , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁Each , ▁F uid he igh ▁Be ag , ▁Gre an am ul , ▁Gre an am ul ▁De as , ▁Ma ith id h ▁Glas , ▁Ma ith id h ▁R i ab h ach , ▁Mar ag aid h ▁Be ag , ▁Mar ag aid h ▁M ò r , ▁Or asa igh ▁( 2 ), ▁Or asa igh ▁U is ge ab h agh ▁South ▁coast : ▁E ile an ▁Ar d |
▁an ▁E oin , ▁He ist am u il ▁Fra och - e ile an : ▁E ile an ▁Ro ino ch , ▁Mas ▁Gr ims ay ▁Fl oda igh : ▁L ing ay ▁ ▁and ▁numerous ▁others ▁but ▁none ▁named ▁by ▁Or dn ance ▁Survey ▁Gr ims ay ▁( N orth ): ▁E ile an ▁à ▁Gh ob ha , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r ▁Gr ims ay ▁( South ): ▁Car a igh ▁M h ò r , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁C ille , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁Gam h na , ▁E ile an an ▁St af a , ▁O it ir ▁B he ag , ▁S ius a igh , ▁Ste ise igh ▁Ron ay : ▁ ▁E ile an ▁an ▁F heid h , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁C li oche , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁h - I ola ire , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁ ▁Gam h na , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁G ear r , ▁Gar bh ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁H uan ari agh ▁Wi ay : ▁An ▁Dub h - s ge ir ▁à ▁De as , ▁Cle it ▁M h ò r , ▁L inge igh , ▁Re ag am , ▁Scar acle it ▁ ▁North ▁U ist ▁ ▁North ▁west ▁coast : ▁E ile an ▁M hor ain , ▁Has ke ir , ▁Has ge ir ▁E ag ach , ▁L inge igh ▁Tra igh ▁Bh ala igh : ▁E ile an ▁Dub h ▁M |
ò r , ▁St ang ram , ▁Tor oga igh ▁Sound ▁of ▁Harris , ▁East : ▁ ▁L och ▁M h ic ▁Ph ail : ▁C af u am , ▁Cro ab h ag un , ▁E ile an ▁F h ion n la id h , ▁F rob ost ▁Island , ▁H est um , ▁Me alla ▁Bru , ▁Rang as , ▁Teil um ▁West ▁Coast : ▁C aus am ul , ▁E ile an ▁Tro st ain ▁East ▁coast : ▁L och ▁E up h ort : ▁E ile an ▁an ▁St i ob u ill , ▁E ile an ▁M h ic ▁She alt air , ▁E ile an ▁nam ▁Mult , ▁Or asa igh , ▁R i ob ha ig ▁M h ò r , ▁Ste isa igh , ▁Tre ana igh ▁L och ▁nam ▁Mad ad h : ▁ ▁C n ap ▁Ru igh ▁Dub h , ▁E ile an ▁Bh ala ig , ▁E ile an ▁Ph ail , ▁ ▁F ath oire , ▁F ear amas , ▁Fl oda igh , ▁Glas ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁Ham ars a igh , ▁Mad ad h ▁Be ag , ▁Mad ad h ▁Gru am ach , ▁Mad ad h ▁M ò r , ▁Or ons ay ▁Ce all asa igh ▁M ò r : ▁Or as ay ▁Ce all asa igh ▁Be ag : ▁Call um ▁More , ▁C li as agh ▁Be ag , ▁C li as agh ▁Mor , ▁Cor r ▁E ile |
an ▁Ke allas ay , ▁E ile an an ▁D hom h nu ill , ▁E ile an ▁Br id ich , ▁E ile an ▁G he oid h , ▁E ile an ▁M hid hin is , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁Lion , ▁F ear amas , ▁L on ach an , ▁ ▁R hi ob h agan ▁M hid hin is ▁South ▁Coast : ▁Craig ion n , ▁E ile an ▁an ▁Te ampa ill , ▁E ile an ▁I och dr ach , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r ▁ ▁C ause way : ▁E ile an an ▁Gl asa , ▁E ile an ▁Gh ior r , ▁E ile an ▁Le ath ann , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁h - Air igh , ▁G air bh - e ile an ▁B ales h are : ▁B hor oga igh , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁Carn an , ▁Glas - e ile an ▁Be ag , ▁H ora igh ▁Fl oda igh ▁M ò r : ▁Du ib h - e ile an , ▁Fl oda igh ▁Be ag ▁Kirk ib ost : ▁B ior ▁E ile an , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁S rom a igh ▁Or ons ay : ▁F usk af a ol , ▁Gre an am , ▁L ing ay ▁Vall ay : ▁Dun ▁Tom aid h , ▁S ge ir ▁Dub h ▁M ò r ▁ ▁Mon ach ▁Is les ▁ ▁Ce ann ▁E ar |
: ▁He ille am , ▁St oca igh ▁Ce ann ▁I ar : ▁De as g air , ▁R ais ge ir , ▁Str om ay ▁Sh ill ay : ▁E ile an ▁S ior ru id h , ▁Thus ige ire an ▁S ib hin is : ▁None ▁ ▁Sound ▁of ▁Harris ▁Harris ▁– ▁Rub ha ▁Re inis ▁to ▁G ob ▁an ▁Tob ha : ▁ ▁B um ers am ▁Be ag , ▁Copa igh , ▁Cra igo , ▁Dun ▁Arn , ▁ ▁E ile an ▁Re inis , ▁E ire , ▁Gil sa igh , ▁G ous man , ▁G um ers am ▁M h ò r , ▁Lang a igh , ▁Li ung a igh , ▁S ag ha igh ▁Be ag , ▁S ag ha igh ▁M ò r , ▁S gar ab ha igh , ▁S ge ir ▁S ine , ▁S rom a igh ▁Ber ner ay : ▁B ha ite am , ▁Gre ine am ▁Bor er ay : ▁Bog ha ▁M air i , ▁Sp u ir ▁En say : ▁Cre ag ▁Ru ad h , ▁Dub h ▁S ge ir , ▁S le ich am , ▁S rom a igh , ▁Su am ▁Herm et ray : ▁Bh ac asa igh , ▁Dun ▁M h ic ▁Le ath ann , ▁E ile ana ▁Dub ha , ▁Fu am , ▁Gre ine am , ▁Gro da igh , ▁H ul mat ra igh , ▁Or asa igh , ▁R ig he ▁nam ▁Ban ▁K ille |
gray : ▁Ca ola igh , ▁E ile an ▁Ch od am , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁Ce ard a ich , ▁Lang a ▁S ge ir , ▁S ge ir ▁D hub h , ▁S ge ir ▁M h ur ain ▁P abb ay : ▁C uid hn is ▁Sh ill ay : ▁Si ola igh ▁Be ag ▁Str om ay : ▁He ast am ▁Sr ò ma igh , ▁Rus ga igh , ▁Or asa igh ▁T ah ay : ▁B hot ars a igh , ▁Cle ite ▁nan ▁L uch , ▁Cre ag ▁nan ▁Se all ad h , ▁Fu am ▁na ▁h - O la , ▁Nar sta igh , ▁Op asa igh , ▁Sar sta igh , ▁S ge ir ▁à ▁Ch u ain , ▁T roll aman ▁ ▁West ▁Harris ▁G ob ▁an ▁Tob ha ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁H uis inis : ▁G ais ge ir , ▁Glas - s ge ir , ▁Gl ora ig ▁H uis inis , ▁Gl ora ig ▁Th ar asa igh , ▁I osa igh ▁Rub ha ▁H uis inis ▁to ▁Ce ann ▁L och ▁Res ort : ▁Gre ine ▁S ge ir , ▁Sc arp : ▁C ear sta igh , ▁Du is ge ir , ▁Fl ada igh ▁So ay ▁M ò r : ▁So ay ▁Be ag ▁Tar ans ay : ▁None ▁ ▁East ▁Harris ▁L och ▁Sea for th : ▁E ile an ▁M h ara ig , ▁ ▁Glas ▁S ge ir ▁À rd ▁Ca ol |
▁to ▁Rub ha ▁Cr ago : ▁E ile an ▁Re ining ead il ▁ ▁Rub ha ▁Cr ago ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁B oca ig ▁( including ▁East ▁L och ▁Tar bert ): ▁Cu ids ge ir , ▁E ile an ▁à ▁G he oid h , ▁E ile an an ▁à ▁Gh ille - b heid , ▁E ile an ▁A ird ▁Rain is , ▁E ile an ▁an ▁Dire cle it , ▁E ile an ▁Dub h , ▁E ile an ▁M h ic ▁F ion n la id h , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁G ear rab re ac , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁S ga ite , ▁Gl ora ig ▁à ▁Ch aim be ul ach , ▁Gl ora ig ▁Dub h , ▁Gl ora ig ▁I os al , ▁S ge ir ▁an ▁Le im ▁M ho ir , ▁S ge ir ▁Glas , ▁S ge ir ▁Ur gh a ▁Rub ha ▁B oca ig ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁Re inis : ▁( see ▁also ▁Stock in ish ▁Island ): ▁Bh ala igh , ▁C aire am , ▁Cor r - e ile an , ▁E ile an ▁Ch uid ht inis , ▁E ile an ▁Dub h , ▁E ile an ▁Dub h ▁Ch oll aim , ▁E ile an ▁F h ion ns b ha igh , ▁E ile an ▁L ing re ab ha igh , ▁E ile an ▁M han ais , ▁Glas ▁S ge ir ▁( 2 ) ▁Scal pay : ▁Fu am ▁an ▁T |
oll a , ▁Gre ine am , ▁R aire am , ▁Rosa igh , ▁St i ol am air , ▁St i ugh a igh , ▁St i ugh a igh ▁na ▁Le um , ▁Th amar asa igh ▁S ge ot asa igh : ▁E ile an ▁Dub h , ▁E ile an ▁Rain ich , ▁S ge ir ▁G hl as ▁Stock in ish : ▁E ile an ▁Le as ait , ▁E ile an ▁nan ▁E un ▁ ▁Sh iant ▁Islands ▁E ile an ▁M hu ire : ▁Se ann ▁Cha iste al ▁Gar bh ▁E ile an : ▁S ge ir ▁M ian ais ▁The ▁G alt ach an : ▁Bod ach , ▁Dam h ag , ▁Gal ta ▁Be ag , ▁Gal ta ▁M ò r , ▁St ac an ▁La id ir , ▁S ge ir ▁M h ic ▁a ' ▁Gh ob ha ▁ ▁Lewis ▁ ▁South ▁west ▁coast ▁Ce ann ▁L och ▁Res ort ▁to ▁A ird ▁D h rol a ige : ▁ ▁Lion g am , ▁St aca ▁Li ath ▁A ird ▁D h rol a ige ▁to ▁Cam as ▁U ig : ▁E ile an ▁Mol ach , ▁Gre ine am , ▁S ge ir ▁an ▁Tam na , ▁S ge ir ▁Li ath , ▁St aca ▁Le ath ann ▁Cam as ▁U ig : ▁Fra och ▁E ile an , ▁Le ac ▁Hol m , ▁Sarah ' s ▁Island , ▁S ge ir ▁a ' ▁Ch à is , ▁S ge |
ir ▁Li ath , ▁ ▁S ge ir ▁She ilib h ig , ▁Tom , ▁Tol m ▁Cam as ▁U ig ▁to ▁Gall an ▁Head : ▁ ▁Gall an ▁Beg , ▁▁ ▁S ge ir ▁Fi ab ha ig ▁T arr as , ▁S ge ir ▁Gall an ▁E ile an ▁M he al asta : ▁H airs ge ir ▁Be ag , ▁H airs ge ir ▁M ò r ▁ ▁L och ▁R ò g ▁L och ▁R ò g : ▁L och ▁Ce ann ▁H ul ab h ig : ▁E ile an ▁T ros dam , ▁E ile an ▁Or asa igh , ▁E ile an ▁an ▁Tig he , ▁E im is ge ir ▁L och ▁Charl ab ha igh : ▁E ile an ▁B hin nde al aim ▁L och ▁R ò g ▁Be ag : ▁E ile an ▁Dub h , ▁E ile an an ▁Gl asa ▁L och ▁Sh i ad air : ▁Cro v ag ▁Ce ab ha igh : ▁Gre in am , ▁S ge ir ▁nan ▁C li ab h ▁E ile an ▁Che ar st aid h : ▁Br atan ais ▁M ò r , ▁E ile an ▁S gar asta igh ▁Fl oda igh : ▁G ous am ▁F ua igh ▁Be ag : ▁A ird ▁Or asa igh , ▁C li at asa igh , ▁E ile an ▁nam ▁Fe ann ag , ▁Fl oday , ▁Ge ile ▁S ge ir , ▁Gar bh ▁E ile an , ▁Glas ▁E |
ile an , ▁L inn ge am ▁F ua igh ▁M ò r : ▁E ile an Te inis , ▁E una igh ▁Be ag , ▁E una igh ▁M ò r , ▁Ge ile ▁S ge ir , ▁S ge ir ▁Dub h ▁M h ò r , ▁S ge ir ▁Li ath ▁Great ▁Ber ner a : ▁E ile an ▁Be ag , ▁E ile an ▁Bh ac asa igh , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r , ▁E ile an ▁R ios a igh , ▁E ugh lam , ▁Gre ine am , ▁Lion g am ▁Val as ay ▁Little ▁Ber ner a : ▁Bear asa igh , ▁Camp a igh , ▁Ce al asa igh , ▁Cru ite ar , ▁C ul ▁Camp a igh , ▁E ile an ▁F ir ▁Ch ro th air , ▁Fl oda igh , ▁H airs ge ir , ▁Mas ▁S g ier , ▁Se anna ▁Ch noc , ▁S ge ir ▁à ▁M h ur ain , ▁S ge ir ▁D he arg , ▁S ge ir ▁na ▁h - A on ▁Cha or oc ah . ▁P aba igh ▁M ò r : ▁Bog ha ▁Dub h , ▁Mas ▁S ge ir , ▁P abe igh ▁Be ag , ▁Si aram ▁M ò r ▁V ac say : ▁S ge ir ▁B oca ig , ▁S ge ir ▁Fail , ▁S ge ir ▁na ▁h - A on ▁Cha or ach , ▁Tr ath as am ▁ ▁North ▁west ▁coast ▁A |
ird ▁La im isi ad air ▁to ▁But t ▁of ▁Lewis : ▁Bu iste an , ▁Cle ite ▁G ile , ▁C ul ▁Ch ra ige am , ▁Cra ige am , ▁Dub h ▁S ge ir , ▁E ile an ▁Arn ol , ▁L ith ▁S ge ir , ▁Mas ▁S ge ir , ▁S ge ir ▁D h ail , ▁S ge ir ▁D he arg ▁C ul ▁Ch ra ige am , ▁S ge ir ▁La ing an ish , ▁S ge ir ▁M h ò r , ▁St ac ▁à ▁Ph ris ▁ ▁East ▁Coast ▁ ▁But t ▁of ▁Lewis ▁to ▁Tol sta ▁Head : ▁Am ▁Br aga , ▁Bra ig he ▁M h ò r , ▁D ù n ▁È iste an , ▁Dun ▁E or ad ail , ▁E ile an ▁Glas , ▁Mas ▁S ge ir ▁Tol sta ▁Head ▁to ▁Ti ump an ▁Head : ▁He is ge ir , ▁L ada ▁S ge ir , ▁Lang as ge ir ▁M ò r , ▁S ge ir ▁Le ath ann ▁Ti ump an ▁Head ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁Ra er inis : ▁Be asts ▁of ▁Hol m , ▁B ua ile ▁M h ò r , ▁ ▁E ile an ▁à ▁Ch aise , ▁E ile an ▁à ▁Ch ro ta ich , ▁E ile an ▁Be ag ▁Ph ab ail , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r ▁Ph ab ail , ▁E ile an ▁na ▁Gre in ne , ▁E ile an ▁G ri oda , |
▁E ile an ▁nan ▁U an , ▁E ile an ▁Th u il m , ▁Mol ▁Sh ild inis , ▁S ge ir ▁M h ò r ▁Sh ild inis ▁Rub ha ▁Ra er inis ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁na ▁Cre ige ▁Mo ire ▁( including ▁L och ▁Er is ort ▁and ▁L och ▁Li urb ost ): ▁B hat ars aid h , ▁Dun ▁B har cl in , ▁E ile an ▁à ▁B hl air , ▁E ile an ▁Che ois , ▁E ile an ▁Glas , ▁E ile an ▁Mi ab hi ag , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r ▁Lac as aid h , ▁E ile an ▁M h ic ▁Th orm aid , ▁E ile an ▁Or asa igh ▁( 2 ), ▁E ile an ▁Ros aid h , ▁E ile an ▁Th ora id h , ▁ ▁Gar bh ▁E ile an , ▁Glas ▁S ge ir , ▁R ios a igh , ▁Se um as ▁Cle ite , ▁S ge ir an ▁Ar bh air , ▁S ge ir ▁Tan ais , ▁St ac ▁Tab ha id h , ▁Tab ha igh ▁Be ah , ▁Tab ha igh ▁M ò r , ▁T ann ara id h ▁Rub ha ▁na ▁Cre ige ▁Mo ire ▁to ▁G ob ▁Rub ha ▁U is nis ▁( including ▁L och ▁Se alg ): ▁Bog ha ▁Ru ad h ▁G ob ▁Rub ha ▁U is nis ▁to ▁Rub ha ▁Br ì od og : ▁E ile an ▁Be ag ▁à ▁B ha |
igh , ▁E ile an ▁Dub h ▁à ▁B ha igh , ▁E ile an ▁Glas ▁na ▁h - Ac ars aid ▁F h ala ich , ▁E ile an ▁M ò r ▁à ▁B ha igh , ▁E ile an ▁Th in ng art sa igh , ▁S ge ir ▁M h ò r ▁B hal am uis ▁E ile an ▁Ch alu im ▁Ch ille : ▁E ile an ▁Cal ab ra igh , ▁Cro is ▁E ile an , ▁Du ine , ▁E ile an ▁a ▁B hl air , ▁R ias i agh , ▁S ge ir ▁nan ▁Mu ir sg ian , ▁S ge ir ▁nan ▁Each ▁E ile an ▁Li ub h air d : ▁S ge ir ▁F h ra o ich , ▁S ge ir ▁nan ▁Ca or ach , ▁St ac ▁à ▁B ha igh ▁Sea for th ▁Island : ▁None ▁ ▁Small ▁arch ip el ag os ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁small ▁arch ip el ag os ▁within ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides . ▁These ▁include : ▁ ▁The ▁St ▁K ilda ▁group ▁is ▁ ▁west - n orth west ▁of ▁North ▁U ist . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁ ▁Fl ora ▁and ▁fa una ▁of ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁ ▁Relig ion ▁in ▁the ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Is les ▁ ▁In ner ▁He br ides ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁In ner ▁He br |
ides ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Or k ney ▁islands ▁ ▁Churchill ▁Bar riers ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁She t land ▁islands ▁ ▁Islands ▁of ▁the ▁C ly de ▁ ▁Islands ▁of ▁the ▁For th ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁islands ▁of ▁Scotland ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁islands ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Is les ▁ ▁North ▁Sea ▁islands ▁ ▁Rock all ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁and ▁foot notes ▁ ▁General ▁references ▁ ▁Ar mit , ▁Ian ▁( 1 9 9 8 ) ▁Scotland ' s ▁H idden ▁History . ▁Temp us ▁( in ▁association ▁with ▁Historic ▁Scotland ). ▁▁ ▁Has well - Sm ith , ▁Ham ish . ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁The ▁Scottish ▁Islands . ▁Edinburgh . ▁Can ong ate . ▁▁ ▁Hunter , ▁James ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁Last ▁of ▁the ▁Free : ▁A ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁High lands ▁and ▁Islands ▁of ▁Scotland . ▁Edinburgh . ▁Main stream . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Mac lean , ▁Charles ▁( 1 9 7 7 ) ▁Island ▁on ▁the ▁Edge ▁of ▁the ▁World : ▁the ▁Story ▁of ▁St . ▁K ilda . ▁Edinburgh . ▁Can ong ate . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Murray , ▁W . H . ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁The ▁Islands ▁of ▁Western ▁Scotland . ▁London . ▁E y re ▁M eth uen . ▁▁ ▁Thompson , ▁Francis ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁Harris ▁and ▁Lewis , ▁Out er ▁He br ides . ▁Newton ▁Abb ot . ▁David ▁& ▁Charles . ▁▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁Out er ▁He br ides ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Dean ▁Thompson |
▁( born ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁general ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force , ▁currently ▁serving ▁as ▁vice ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Space ▁Force , ▁formerly ▁vice ▁commander ▁of ▁Air ▁Force ▁Space ▁Command . ▁Born ▁and ▁raised ▁in ▁Am bridge , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁Thompson ▁graduated ▁Am bridge ▁Area ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Air ▁Force ▁gener als ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁P sol opter a ▁mel ini ▁is ▁a ▁m oth ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁Ar ct i ina e . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁by ▁Felix ▁Bry k ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁Amazon ▁region . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Category : E uch rom i ina <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Put ative ▁S ulf ate ▁Ex porter ▁( P SE ) ▁Family ▁( TC # ▁ 2 . A . 9 8 ) ▁is ▁composed ▁of ▁several ▁put ative ▁ 1 0 ▁or ▁ 1 1 ▁trans mem br ane ▁segment ▁( T MS ) ▁prote ins . ▁This ▁family ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁C PA ▁super family ▁and ▁its ▁members ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁diverse ▁bacteria ▁and ▁archae a . ▁The ▁genes ▁encoding ▁some ▁of ▁these ▁hom olog ues ▁may ▁be ▁induced ▁by ▁growth |
▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁c yst e ate ▁( su y Z ) ▁or ▁t aur ine ▁( tau Z ). ▁Although ▁they ▁differ ▁in ▁structure , ▁these ▁prote ins ▁are ▁most ▁closely ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁T MS ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁C PA ▁super family ▁and ▁exhibit ▁demonstr able ▁hom ology ▁to ▁the ▁Mad ML ▁mal on ate : H + ▁sym porter ▁( TC ▁# 2 . A . 7 0 ), ▁although ▁their ▁sequence ▁similar ity ▁is ▁low . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Trans porter ▁Class ification ▁Database ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Br ü gg em ann , ▁Ch antal ; ▁D enger , ▁Kar in ; ▁Cook , ▁Al as d air ▁M .; ▁R uff , ▁J ür gen ▁( 2 0 0 4 - 0 4 - 0 1 ). ▁" En zym es ▁and ▁genes ▁of ▁t aur ine ▁and ▁is eth ion ate ▁dis sim ilation ▁in ▁Par ac occ us ▁den it rific ans ". ▁Micro bi ology 1 5 0 ▁( Pt ▁ 4 ): ▁ 8 0 5 – 8 1 6 . ▁do i : 1 0 . 1 0 9 9 / mic . 0 . 2 6 7 9 5 - 0 . I SS N 1 3 5 0 - 0 8 7 2 . ▁PM ID 1 5 0 7 3 2 9 1 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Prote in ▁families ▁Category : Mem br ane ▁prote ins ▁Category : |
Trans mem br ane ▁prote ins ▁Category : Trans mem br ane ▁trans por ters ▁Category : Transport ▁prote ins ▁Category : Integr al ▁membr ane ▁prote ins <0x0A> </s> ▁{{ Inf ob ox ▁royal ty ▁| ▁type ▁= ▁mon arch ▁| ▁name = ▁Brian ▁O ge ▁O ' R our ke ▁( B rian ▁ Ó g ▁na ▁Sam h th ach ▁ Ó ▁Ru air c ) ▁| ▁success ion ▁= ▁King ▁( L ord ) ▁of ▁West ▁Bre if ne ▁| ▁image = ▁ ▁| ▁c aption = ▁ ▁| ▁reign = 3 ▁November ▁ 1 5 9 1 - ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 1 6 0 3 ▁| ▁predecess or = ▁Brian ▁O ' R our ke ▁| ▁success or = Te igue ▁O ' R our ke ▁| ▁house ▁= ▁O ' R our kes ▁of ▁D rom ah air ▁| ▁spouse ▁= ▁Mary ▁Mag u ire ▁| ▁religion ▁= ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁| ▁birth _ date = c . ▁ 1 5 6 8 ▁| ▁birth _ place = West ▁Bre if ne , ▁Ireland ▁| ▁death _ date = ▁| ▁death _ place = Count y ▁Gal way , ▁Ireland ▁ ▁| ▁place ▁of ▁bur ial = ▁Ross ▁Err illy ▁F ri ary , ▁Gal way ▁| ▁father = ▁Brian ▁O ' R our ke ▁| ▁mother = ▁Ann able ▁Ni ▁C roid he á in ▁( C re an ) ▁| ▁issue = ▁ ▁}} B rian ▁ Ó g ▁na ▁Sam h th |
ach ▁ Ó ▁Ru air c ▁( ang lic ised ▁Brian ▁O ge ▁O ' R our ke '), ▁c . ▁ 1 5 6 8 ▁- ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 6 0 4 , ▁was ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁king ▁of ▁West ▁Bre if ne , ▁from ▁ 1 5 9 1 ▁until ▁his ▁over throw ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 6 0 3 , ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁N ine ▁Years ' ▁War . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁success ive ▁deaths ▁of ▁both ▁his ▁older ▁brother ▁E ó ghan ▁in ▁ 1 5 8 9 ▁and ▁his ▁father ▁Brian ▁O ' R our ke , ▁who ▁was ▁executed ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 1 , ▁Brian ▁ Ó g ▁was ▁thrust ▁into ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁his ▁kingdom ▁at ▁just ▁ 2 3 ▁years ▁old . ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 9 , ▁ Ó ▁Ru air c ' s ▁forces ▁fought ▁alongside ▁those ▁of ▁" Red " ▁Hugh ▁O ' Don nell ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cur le w ▁Pass , ▁during ▁the ▁N ine ▁Years ' ▁War . ▁His ▁forces , ▁along ▁with ▁those ▁of ▁Hugh ▁O ' Ne ill , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁T yr one , ▁were ▁still ▁sufficiently ▁men acing ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁of ▁England ▁that ▁she ▁was ▁persu aded ▁to ▁agree ▁to ▁a ▁peace ▁in ▁Ireland ▁- ▁the ▁Treat y ▁of ▁M ell if ont . ▁▁ Ó ▁Ru air c ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁Irish ▁king ▁to ▁be ▁defeated ▁in |
▁the ▁war , ▁roughly ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁others ▁had ▁sur rend ered . ▁He ▁never ▁sur rend ered , ▁but ▁was ▁ou sted ▁by ▁his ▁brother ▁Te igue , ▁who ▁had ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁with ▁their ▁support ▁inv aded ▁his ▁kingdom ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 6 0 3 . ▁He ▁fled ▁to ▁Gal way ▁where ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁fever ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 6 0 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁accordance ▁with ▁his ▁wishes , ▁ Ó ▁Ru air c ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁clo ister ▁of ▁the ▁Ross ▁Err illy ▁F ri ary . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁brother , ▁Te igue . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Ann als ▁of ▁the ▁Four ▁Masters ▁at ▁C EL T ▁( Univers ity ▁College ▁C ork ) ▁Bur ke , ▁Oliver ▁J . ▁The ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁Ross , ▁its ▁History ▁and ▁Details ' ', ▁Dublin , ▁ 1 8 6 9 . ▁ ▁Category : 1 5 6 0 s ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 0 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 6 th - century ▁Irish ▁mon arch s ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁Irish ▁mon arch s ▁Category : Ir ish ▁l ords ▁Category : People ▁of ▁Elizabeth an ▁Ireland ▁Category : People ▁from ▁County ▁Le it rim ▁Category : People ▁from ▁County ▁Gal way ▁Category : People ▁of ▁the ▁N ine ▁Years ' ▁War ▁( I re land ) <0x0A> </s> ▁T ře be š ice ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁and ▁village |
▁in ▁B ene š ov ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Bo hem ian ▁Region ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁This ▁article ▁was ▁initially ▁translated ▁from ▁the ▁Czech ▁Wikipedia . ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁B ene š ov ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Hom er ▁is ▁a ▁cr ater ▁on ▁Mer cury . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁Peak - ring ▁bas ins ▁on ▁Mer cury . ▁ ▁Dep os its ▁of ▁material ▁in ▁and ▁around ▁this ▁cr ater ▁suggest ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁explos ive ▁vol can ic ▁er u ptions ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁planet ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁cr ater ▁name ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁I AU ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁The ▁n aming ▁of ▁St ark ▁Y ▁cr ater ▁on ▁the ▁moon , ▁located ▁north west ▁of ▁St ark , ▁as ▁Hom er , ▁was ▁not ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁I AU . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Imp act ▁cr aters ▁on ▁Mer cury <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season ▁is ▁Kl ub i ▁i ▁Fut b oll it ▁T ir ana ' s ▁ 8 0 th ▁competitive ▁season , ▁ 7 8 th ▁in ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁Super liga ▁and ▁ 9 8 th ▁year ▁in ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁football ▁club . ▁ ▁Season ▁overview ▁ ▁June ▁On ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁T ir ana ▁announced ▁to ▁have ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁manager |
▁Z é ▁Maria , ▁making ▁him ▁the ▁highest ▁paid ▁coach ▁in ▁Alban ia . ▁ ▁The ▁def ender ▁Er ion ▁H ox hall ari ▁agreed ▁a ▁new ▁contract ▁until ▁June ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁despite ▁interest ▁from ▁several ▁European ▁clubs . ▁Then ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁on ▁loan ▁at ▁fellow ▁Super liga ▁side ▁La ç i ▁on ▁a ▁short - term ▁contract ▁only ▁for ▁their ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁campaign . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁June , ▁T ir ana ▁reached ▁a ▁principal ▁agreement ▁with ▁stri ker ▁Michael ▁N go o ▁for ▁the ▁contract ▁renew al . ▁The ▁club ▁announced ▁their ▁first ▁summer ▁transfer ▁nine ▁days ▁later , ▁the ▁M aced on ian ▁stri ker ▁De jan ▁Bl az he v ski , ▁who ▁signed ▁a ▁ 1 + 1 ▁contract . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁June , ▁the ▁young ster ▁Ernest ▁Mu ç i ▁signed ▁his ▁first ▁professional ▁contract ▁that ▁will ▁link ▁him ▁with ▁T ir ana ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁years . ▁The ▁club ▁also ▁presented ▁their ▁second ▁signing ▁of ▁summer ▁transfer ▁window , ▁the ▁mid f iel der ▁En i ▁Im ami ▁who ▁signed ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁seasons . ▁ ▁July ▁T ir ana ▁begun ▁the ▁month ▁by ▁completing ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁Vincent ▁A ting a ▁on ▁a ▁contract ▁until ▁June ▁ 2 0 2 1 . ▁Young sters ▁Jur gen ▁ Ç el h aka ▁and ▁Mars el ▁Is mail ge ci ▁both ▁signed ▁three - year ▁contracts , ▁their ▁first s ▁as ▁professionals . ▁The ▁club |
▁then ▁announced ▁the ▁next ▁signing , ▁the ▁Gh ana ian ▁mid f iel der ▁Win ful ▁Cob bin ah , ▁who ▁signed ▁a ▁three - year ▁deal . ▁ ▁The ▁club ▁did ▁not ▁offer ▁a ▁new ▁deal ▁the ▁young ster ▁Pat rik ▁B ard hi ▁who ▁left ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent ▁and ▁later ▁signed ▁for ▁K ast ri oti ▁K ru j ë . ▁After ▁one ▁season , ▁Al ked ▁ Ç el h aka ▁left ▁the ▁club ▁by ▁term inating ▁the ▁contract ▁by ▁mutual ▁consent . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁July , ▁As ion ▁D aja ▁and ▁Dor ian ▁K ë r ç iku ▁both ▁signed ▁contracts ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁season . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁July , ▁T ir ana ▁beat ▁the ▁con cur rence ▁of ▁their ▁riv als ▁Part iz ani ▁and ▁signed ▁the ▁mid f iel der ▁Ed on ▁Has ani ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract . ▁The ▁next ▁days , ▁T ir ana ▁announced ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁going ▁to ▁play ▁friendly ▁matches ▁with ▁A pol onia ▁F ier , ▁Fl am urt ari ▁P rist ina ▁and ▁Pr is ht ina . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁friendly , ▁T ir ana ▁recorded ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁at ▁Sel man ▁St ë rm asi ▁Stadium ▁against ▁A pol onia ▁F ier ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁coming ▁from ▁new com ers ▁De jan ▁Bl az he v ski ▁and ▁Ed on ▁Has ani . ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁July , ▁Sed at ▁Ber isha ▁was ▁un ve |
iled ▁as ▁T ir ana ' s ▁newest ▁player ▁by ▁signing ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁an ▁option ▁to ▁renew . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁one , ▁T ir ana ▁won ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁ 3 – 0 ▁versus ▁Fl am urt ari ▁P rist ina . ▁ ▁August ▁Club ▁vice - c apt ain ▁Gent ian ▁Mu ça ▁returned ▁in ▁training ▁after ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁healing ▁from ▁the ▁Sp inal ▁disc ▁her ni ation ▁and ▁a ▁neck ▁tum or ▁which ▁he ▁discovered ▁in ▁July ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁year . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁and ▁final ▁friendly ▁against ▁Pr is ht ina , ▁T ir ana ▁suffered ▁the ▁first ▁loss , ▁as ▁the ▁Football ▁Super le ague ▁of ▁Kos ovo ▁side ▁won ▁ 3 – 1 ▁with ▁Al bi ▁D oka ▁scoring ▁the ▁cons olation ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁August , ▁T ir ana ▁acquired ▁the ▁services ▁of ▁goal keeper ▁Sh p ë tim ▁Mo ç ka ▁as ▁a ▁free ▁agent . ▁Mo ç ka , ▁who ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁Te uta ▁Dur r ë s , ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁running ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁season . ▁T ir ana ▁comm enced ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁Super liga ▁season ▁four ▁days ▁later ▁by ▁playing ▁against ▁Kam za ▁at ▁home ; ▁the ▁team ▁surprisingly ▁lost ▁via ▁a ▁Se b ino ▁Pl aku ▁late ▁winner . ▁The ▁following ▁week , ▁T ir ana ▁didn ' t ▁go ▁more ▁than |
▁a ▁go all ess ▁draw ▁against ▁Te uta ▁Dur r ë s , ▁earning ▁their ▁first ▁championship ▁point . ▁ ▁Players ▁such ▁as ▁Re i ▁Q il imi , ▁Al var o ▁B ish aj , ▁Jur gen ▁V rap i , ▁Hard y ▁B ingu ila ▁and ▁Kenn eth ▁M ug una ▁were ▁all ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 9 ▁August , ▁T ir ana ▁was ▁drawn ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 – 1 9 ▁Alban ian ▁Cup ▁against ▁Il ir ia ▁F ush ë - K ru j ë . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁N nam di ▁O du am adi ▁joined ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract . ▁ ▁September ▁T ir ana ▁begun ▁the ▁new ▁month ▁by ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁third ▁league ▁match ▁against ▁K uk ë si ▁at ▁L oro ▁B ori ç i ▁Stadium ; ▁young ster ▁Ernest ▁Mu ç i ▁scored ▁the ▁cons olation ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁which ▁was ▁defeated ▁ 3 – 1 . ▁Two ▁goals ▁from ▁Cob bin ah ▁and ▁one ▁each ▁from ▁Bl az he v ski ▁and ▁T urt ull i ▁secured ▁a ▁ 4 – 1 ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁leg ▁of ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁Cup , ▁first ▁round , ▁over ▁Il ir ia ▁F ush ë - K ru j ë . ▁ ▁Back ▁in ▁league , ▁T ir ana ▁won ▁their ▁first ▁championship ▁match ▁on ▁ 1 6 |
▁September ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Luft ë t ari ▁G ji rok ast ë r ▁ 3 – 1 ▁at ▁home ; ▁Bl az he v ski , ▁T urt ull i ▁and ▁Gre ca ▁gave ▁T ir ana ▁their ▁first ▁top - fl ight ▁win ▁after ▁ 4 8 4 ▁days . ▁The ▁team ▁then ▁played ▁Sk ë nder be u ▁Kor ç ë ▁away ▁in ▁the ▁match day ▁ 5 ; ▁despite ▁opening ▁the ▁score ▁with ▁a ▁header ▁from ▁Ed on ▁Has ani , ▁the ▁team ▁conced ed ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁minutes ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁which ▁was ▁mar red ▁by ▁ref eree ' s ▁mistakes . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁September , ▁T ir ana ▁won ▁conform ably ▁the ▁second ▁leg ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁Cup ▁first ▁round ▁against ▁Il ir ia ▁F ush ë - K ru j ë ; ▁S ent am u ▁scored ▁a ▁hat - tr ick ▁which ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁N go o ' s ▁goal . ▁The ▁team ▁will ▁play ▁Fl am urt ari ▁V lor ë ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round . ▁ ▁Three ▁days ▁later , ▁T ir ana ▁played ▁their ▁first ▁der by ▁match ▁against ▁Part iz ani ▁T ir ana ▁after ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁year ; ▁the ▁team ▁lost ▁again , ▁making ▁it ▁ 1 4 ▁consecutive ▁matches ▁without ▁winning . ▁The ▁loss ▁also ▁meant ▁the ▁team ' s ▁worst ▁Alban ian ▁Super liga ▁start ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁season . ▁ ▁October ▁T ir ana ' s |
▁October ▁begun ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 – 2 ▁win ▁at ▁K ast ri oti ▁K ru j ë ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁win ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁A ▁brace ▁by ▁Bl az he v ski ▁and ▁an ▁o w ng o al ▁from ▁St ij ep ović ▁sealed ▁the ▁victory ▁for ▁the ▁while & bl ues . ▁It ▁was ▁T ir ana ' s ▁first ▁away ▁win ▁in ▁Alban ian ▁Super liga ▁since ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁next ▁league ▁match , ▁T ir ana ▁fell ▁at ▁the ▁hands ▁of ▁La ç i ; ▁the ▁guests ▁won ▁ 1 – 0 ▁at ▁Sel man ▁St ë rm asi ▁Stadium ▁thanks ▁to ▁a ▁goal ▁of ▁Red on ▁X h ix ha ▁while ▁Bl az he v ski ▁missed ▁a ▁crucial ▁penalty ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁minutes . ▁Following ▁the ▁match , ▁stri ker ▁N nam di ▁O du am adi ▁was ▁sent ▁at ▁hospital ▁with ▁a ▁broken ▁rib ▁due ▁to ▁heavy ▁challenges ▁from ▁La ç i ▁players . ▁ ▁Players ▁ ▁Squad ▁information ▁ ▁From ▁youth ▁squad ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁in ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁out ▁ ▁Lo ans ▁out ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁and ▁friend l ies ▁ ▁Compet itions ▁ ▁Alban ian ▁Super liga ▁ ▁League ▁table ▁ ▁Results ▁summary ▁ ▁Results ▁by ▁round ▁ ▁Mat ches ▁ ▁Alban ian ▁Cup ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Second ▁round ▁ ▁Quarter - fin als ▁ ▁Sem i - fin als ▁ ▁Final ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁Squad ▁stats ▁{ | |
class =" wik itable " ▁style =" text - align : ▁center ;" ▁| - ▁! ▁! ▁style =" width : 7 0 px ;" | Le ague ▁! ▁style =" width : 7 0 px ;" | C up ▁! ▁style =" width : 7 0 px ;" | Total ▁St ats ▁| - ▁| align = left | G ames ▁played ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 2 4 ▁|| ▁ 5 ▁|| ▁ 2 9 ▁| - ▁| align = left | G ames ▁won ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 7 ▁|| ▁ 4 ▁|| ▁ 1 2 ▁ ▁| - ▁| align = left | G ames ▁drawn ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 8 ▁|| ▁ 0 ▁|| ▁ 8 ▁ ▁| - ▁| align = left | G ames ▁lost ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 9 ▁|| ▁ 1 ▁|| ▁ 1 0 ▁ ▁| - ▁| align = left | Go als ▁scored ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 2 8 ▁|| ▁ 1 3 ▁|| ▁ 4 1 ▁ ▁| - ▁| align = left | Go als ▁conced ed ▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 2 5 ▁|| ▁ 2 ▁|| ▁ 2 7 ▁ ▁| - ▁| align = left | Go al ▁difference ▁▁▁ ▁|| + 3 ▁|| + 1 1 ▁|| ▁+ 1 4 ▁| - ▁| align = left | Clean ▁sheets ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁|| 6 ▁|| ▁ 3 ▁|| ▁ 9 ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Top ▁sc or ers ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 3 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Clean ▁sheets ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁sorted ▁by ▁shirt ▁number ▁when |
▁total ▁appearances ▁are ▁equal . ▁ ▁Last ▁updated : ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : K F ▁T ir ana ▁seasons ▁T ir ana <0x0A> </s> ▁K ą t ne ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁K ą t ne , ▁Nas iel sk , ▁Now y ▁D w ór ▁Maz owie ck i , ▁Mas ov ian , ▁Poland . ▁It ▁is ▁served ▁by ▁K ole je ▁Maz owie ck ie . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁Station ▁article ▁at ▁kole j . one . pl ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁in ▁Wars aw <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁men ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁European ▁Athlet ics ▁U 2 3 ▁Championships ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Deb rec en , ▁Hung ary , ▁at ▁Gy ul ai ▁Ist v án ▁Atl ét ik ai ▁Stad ion ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁and ▁ 1 3 ▁July . ▁ ▁Medal ists ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Final ▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁Wind : ▁ 0 . 2 m / s ▁ ▁Sem if inals ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁Qual ified : ▁first ▁ 4 ▁in ▁each ▁heat ▁to ▁the ▁Final ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 1 ▁Wind : ▁ 0 . 5 m / s ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 2 ▁Wind : ▁ 1 . 6 m / s ▁ ▁He ats ▁ 1 2 |
▁July ▁Qual ified : ▁first ▁ 2 ▁in ▁each ▁heat ▁and ▁ 6 ▁best ▁to ▁the ▁Sem if inals ▁ ▁Heat ▁ 1 ▁Wind : ▁ 1 . 2 m / s ▁ ▁Heat ▁ 2 ▁Wind : ▁ 0 . 4 m / s ▁ ▁Heat ▁ 3 ▁Wind : ▁ 0 . 3 m / s ▁ ▁Heat ▁ 4 ▁Wind : ▁ 1 . 9 m / s ▁ ▁Heat ▁ 5 ▁Wind : ▁ 0 . 1 m / s ▁ ▁Particip ation ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁un off icial ▁count , ▁ 3 3 ▁athletes ▁from ▁ 2 3 ▁countries ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁event . ▁▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 3 ) ▁▁ ▁( 2 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁( 1 ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁Category : 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Athlet ics ▁U 2 3 ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁H asta ▁si em pre ▁Carlos ▁Gard el ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Argent ine ▁film . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ |
▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁films ▁Category : Arg ent ine ▁films ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Step ▁by ▁Step ▁is ▁the ▁seventh ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁country ▁artist ▁Eddie ▁R abb itt . ▁It ▁was ▁originally ▁released ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁under ▁the ▁Ele k tra ▁Records ▁label ▁but ▁the ▁rights ▁to ▁the ▁album ▁were ▁later ▁sold ▁to ▁Liberty ▁Records . ▁The ▁album ▁continued ▁the ▁c ros so ver ▁success ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁singer ' s ▁two ▁previous ▁albums . ▁Three ▁singles ▁were ▁produced ▁including ▁the ▁title ▁track , ▁which ▁went ▁to ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁country ▁charts ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁top ▁ 5 ▁on ▁both ▁the ▁Adult ▁Cont emporary ▁and ▁Bill board ▁ 1 0 0 ▁charts . ▁" Some one ▁Could ▁L ose ▁a ▁Heart ▁Ton ight " ▁also ▁reached ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁country ▁charts ▁and ▁made ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁two . ▁" I ▁Don ' t ▁Know ▁Where ▁to ▁Start " ▁pe aked ▁at ▁two ▁and ▁nine ▁on ▁the ▁country ▁and ▁adult ▁contemporary ▁charts , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Like ▁Hor izon , ▁Step ▁by ▁Step ▁reached ▁number ▁one ▁on ▁country ▁album ▁charts ▁and ▁ultimately ▁achieved ▁gold ▁status . ▁All mus ic ▁ret ros pect ively ▁gave ▁the ▁album ▁ 4 . 5 ▁out ▁of ▁ 5 ▁stars . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Album ▁ ▁Singles ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Eddie ▁R abb itt : ▁Lead ▁and ▁background ▁vocals , ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁Billy |
▁Joe ▁Walker , ▁Jr ., ▁Larry ▁By rom : ▁electric ▁guitar ▁David ▁Hung ate , ▁Don ▁Bar rett : ▁bass ▁guitar ▁R andy ▁McC orm ick : ▁Key boards , ▁Sy nt hes izer ▁String ▁Arr ang ements ▁James ▁Str oud : ▁Dr ums , ▁per cussion ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁albums ▁Category : E dd ie ▁R abb itt ▁albums ▁Category : E le k tra ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : L iber ty ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁T rou ble ▁with ▁Normal ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁Canadian ▁singer - s ong writer ▁Bruce ▁C ock burn . ▁The ▁album ▁contains ▁nine ▁songs ▁( ele ven ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁rem aster ed ▁release ). ▁It ▁marks ▁a ▁continuing ▁shift ▁from ▁C ock burn ' s ▁early ▁folk - in flu enced ▁and ▁" m yst ic " ▁ac oustic ▁works , ▁featuring ▁electric ▁guitar ▁and ▁synt hes izers , ▁but ▁the ▁l yr ical ▁themes ▁build ▁on ▁earlier ▁albums . ▁ ▁True ▁North ▁released ▁a ▁rem aster ed ▁del ux e ▁version ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁which ▁includes ▁two ▁extra ▁tracks ▁recorded ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁sessions . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁review , ▁All mus ic ▁critic ▁Bre tt ▁H arten bach ▁wrote , ▁" Like ▁his ▁two ▁previous ▁efforts ▁in ▁the ▁' 8 0 s , ▁The ▁T rou ble ▁With ▁Normal ▁places |
▁Bruce ▁C ock burn ▁yet ▁another ▁step ▁further ▁from ▁his ▁days ▁as ▁Canada ' s ▁resident ▁myst ic ▁fol ky . ▁And ▁while ▁he ▁had ▁touched ▁on ▁similar ▁musical ▁themes ▁on ▁earlier ▁record ings , ▁the ▁ec lect ic ▁blend ▁of ▁folk , ▁rock , ▁and ▁world ▁music ▁here ▁is ▁much ▁more ▁defined ▁and ▁realized ... ▁There ▁is ▁the ▁tendency ▁to ▁get ▁heavy - handed ▁at ▁times , ▁but ▁still , ▁The ▁T rou ble ▁With ▁Normal ▁contains ▁some ▁of ▁C ock burn ' s ▁most ▁beautifully ▁imag istic ▁writing ▁to ▁date ▁and ▁is ▁another ▁strong ▁effort ." ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁Bruce ▁C ock burn ▁– ▁vocals , ▁guitar , ▁d ul c imer ▁Bob ▁Dis alle ▁– ▁drums ▁Jon ▁Gold smith ▁– ▁key boards ▁Hugh ▁Mar sh ▁– ▁mand olin , ▁viol in ▁Dennis ▁P end r ith ▁– ▁bass , ▁St ick ▁Dick ▁Smith ▁– ▁per cussion ▁Sha un ▁Jackson ▁– ▁backing ▁vocals ▁Col ina ▁Phillips ▁– ▁backing ▁vocals ▁ ▁Production ▁Gene ▁Mart y ne c ▁– ▁producer ▁Gary ▁Gray ▁– ▁engineer ▁George ▁Mar ino ▁– ▁master ing ▁Vlad imir ▁M eller ▁– ▁rem aster ing ▁Sh aron ▁Williams ▁– ▁backing ▁vocals ▁George ▁Wh ites ide ▁– ▁photography ▁Michael ▁W urst in ▁– ▁art ▁direction ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁albums ▁Category : B ru ce ▁C ock burn ▁albums ▁Category : album s ▁produced ▁by ▁Gene ▁Mart y ne c ▁Category : True ▁North ▁Records ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Voice ▁short ▁codes ▁enable |
▁UK ▁mobile ▁phone ▁users ▁to ▁dial ▁a ▁ 5 - dig it ▁short ▁code ▁( e . g . ▁ 6 1 5 0 0 ) ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁ge ographic ▁( e . g . ▁ 0 1 ▁or ▁ 0 2 ▁prefix ) ▁or ▁non - ge ographic ▁( e . g . ▁ 0 3 , ▁ 0 8 ▁or ▁ 0 9 ▁prefix ) ▁long ▁number . ▁The ▁consumer ▁pays ▁anything ▁between ▁ 0 p ▁and ▁£ 2 / min . ▁The ▁short ▁code ▁is ▁usually ▁forward ed ▁to ▁a ▁standard ▁ge ographic ▁number ▁- ▁typically ▁an ▁existing ▁call ▁centre ▁or ▁interactive ▁voice ▁response ▁( IV R ) ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁non - ge ographic ▁telephone ▁numbers ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁major ▁cause ▁of ▁bill ▁shock . ▁Poll ster ▁You G ov ▁found ▁that ▁ 4 9 % ▁of ▁mobile ▁users ▁have ▁been ▁surprised ▁to ▁see ▁how ▁much ▁they ▁have ▁been ▁charged ▁for ▁calling ▁non - ge ographic ▁numbers ▁and ▁ 9 0 % ▁believe ▁organisations ▁should ▁make ▁the ▁cost ▁of ▁these ▁calls ▁clear er . ▁According ▁to ▁Of com , ▁UK ▁consumers ▁paid ▁around ▁£ 1 . 9 ▁billion ▁for ▁calls ▁to ▁non - ge ographic ▁numbers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁their ▁success ▁in ▁TV ▁voting ▁on ▁shows ▁like ▁BBC ' s ▁The ▁Voice ▁UK , ▁voice ▁short ▁codes ▁are ▁now ▁being ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁non - ge ographic ▁numbers . ▁Voice |
▁short ▁codes ▁enable ▁businesses ▁to ▁provide ▁greater ▁trans parency ▁on ▁call ▁rates , ▁as ▁the ▁rate ▁is ▁fixed ▁ir res pective ▁of ▁which ▁network ▁is ▁being ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁call . ▁ ▁Voice ▁short ▁codes ▁are ▁available ▁across ▁all ▁the ▁UK ▁mobile ▁network ▁operators ▁- ▁namely ▁V od af one , ▁ 3 , ▁E E , ▁Virgin ▁Mobile ▁and ▁O 2 . ▁Voice ▁short ▁codes ▁are ▁provided ▁by ▁mobile ▁aggreg ators ▁- ▁who ▁have ▁a ▁commercial ▁relationship ▁with ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁mobile ▁operators . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁V od af one ▁voice ▁short ▁codes ▁ ▁Orange ▁voice ▁short ▁codes ▁ ▁O 2 ▁la unches ▁voice ▁short ▁codes ▁ ▁Category : Tele commun ications ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Os ▁Turn fore ning ▁is ▁a ▁multi - s ports ▁club ▁from ▁Os , ▁H ord aland , ▁Norway . ▁It ▁has ▁sections ▁for ▁association ▁football , ▁team ▁hand ball , ▁gym n ast ics ▁and ▁track ▁and ▁field . ▁ ▁General ▁history ▁The ▁club ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 . ▁The ▁football ▁section ▁is ▁semi - independ ent ▁and ▁counts ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁as ▁its ▁founding ▁year . ▁ ▁Football ▁The ▁men ' s ▁football ▁team ▁the ▁club ▁has ▁played ▁once , ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁season , ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁tier ▁of ▁Norweg ian ▁football , ▁then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁ 1 . ▁divis jon . ▁The ▁team ▁plays ▁at ▁Ku vent r æ ▁Stad ion ▁and ▁in |
▁the ▁ 3 . ▁divis jon . ▁It ▁last ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 . ▁divis jon ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Official ▁site , ▁football ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : Os , ▁H ord aland ▁Category : S ports ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : El ites er ien ▁clubs ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Norway ▁Category : A thlet ics ▁clubs ▁in ▁Norway <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁The oph il ▁St rent zel ▁( 2 9 ▁November ▁ 1 8 1 3 ▁– ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 0 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Polish - born ▁physician ▁who ▁gained ▁fame ▁as ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁experimental ▁California ▁h ort icult ure . ▁He ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁father - in - law ▁of ▁writer ▁and ▁environmental ▁activ ist ▁John ▁Mu ir . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Lub lin , ▁Poland ▁into ▁a ▁wealthy ▁family , ▁St rent zel ▁was ▁forced ▁into ▁ex ile ▁after ▁his ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁Polish ▁revolution ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 0 . ▁To ▁avoid ▁being ▁indu cted ▁into ▁the ▁Russian ▁army , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Henry ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America , ▁sett ling ▁in ▁Texas ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁there , ▁in |
▁ 1 8 4 3 , ▁that ▁he ▁married ▁his ▁wife , ▁Louisiana ▁Er win . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 9 ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁way ▁out ▁west ▁to ▁California , ▁eventually ▁sett ling ▁in ▁the ▁state ' s ▁central ▁valley , ▁along ▁the ▁Tu ol um ne ▁river , ▁near ▁the ▁La G range ▁mining ▁camp , ▁where ▁he ▁established ▁a ▁fer ry , ▁hotel ▁and ▁general ▁store ▁before ▁moving ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁Mer ced ▁River ▁area . ▁Ill ness ▁and ▁flo oding ▁of ▁his ▁home ▁along ▁that ▁river ▁forced ▁him ▁to ▁move ▁again . ▁His ▁wife ▁Louisiana ' s ▁health ▁was ▁poor ▁and ▁the ▁family ▁decided ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁California , ▁first ▁to ▁Ben icia , ▁the ▁first ▁capital ▁of ▁California . ▁ ▁There ▁they ▁found ▁a ▁neighbor ▁they ▁had ▁known ▁in ▁Texas , ▁who ▁recommended ▁they ▁move ▁to ▁Mart ine z ▁where ▁they ▁settled ▁in ▁the ▁Al h amb ra ▁Valley , ▁" a ▁lovely ▁fert ile ▁valley ▁protected ▁by ▁high ▁hills , ▁from ▁the ▁cold ▁winds ▁and ▁fog s ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco " ▁ ▁located ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mart ine z , ▁California . ▁ ▁He ▁purchased ▁twenty ▁acres ▁and ▁set ▁about ▁establishing ▁a ▁long - d ream ed ▁of ▁h ort icult ural ▁business . ▁ ▁Dr . ▁St rent zel ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁scientific ▁h ort icult ur ists ▁of ▁the ▁fruit - grow ing ▁state , ▁and ▁his ▁ranch ▁produced ▁and ▁shipped ▁hundreds ▁of ▁tons ▁of ▁fruit ▁annually . ▁Years ▁later |
, ▁St ren zel ▁was ▁recognized ▁as ▁a ▁fore most ▁expert ▁on ▁California ' s ▁bud ding ▁h ort icult ural ▁industry . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁St rent zel ' s ▁good ▁friend ▁and ▁companion , ▁John ▁Mu ir , ▁married ▁St rent zel ' s ▁daughter , ▁Louis a . ▁He ▁allowed ▁the ▁earliest ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Mart ine z ▁Library ▁to ▁use ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁buildings ▁with ▁no ▁charge . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁Dr . ▁St rent zel ▁constructed ▁a ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁foot ▁home ▁on ▁a ▁kn oll ▁above ▁his ▁vast ▁or ch ards ; ▁John ▁and ▁Louis a ▁Mu ir ▁moved ▁into ▁the ▁home ▁after ▁Dr . ▁St rent zel ' s ▁death ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁now ▁preserved ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Park ▁Service ▁as ▁the ▁John ▁Mu ir ▁National ▁Historic ▁Site . ▁ ▁John ▁The oph il ▁St rent zel ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁a ▁small , ▁private ▁c emetery , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁family ▁members ▁( including ▁John ▁Mu ir ). ▁The ▁c emetery , ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Park ▁Service , ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁the ▁family ' s ▁Al h amb ra ▁Valley ▁home . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Pol ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 8 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 9 0 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Lub lin ▁Category : Phys icians ▁from |
▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Dean ▁Andrew ▁Bur rows ▁( born ▁ 2 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 6 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁English ▁cr ick eter . ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁was ▁a ▁right - handed ▁b ats man ▁who ▁bow led ▁right - arm ▁medium - fast . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Peter lee , ▁County ▁Dur ham . ▁ ▁Bur rows ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁county ▁cricket ▁for ▁Dur ham ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Minor ▁Count ies ▁Championship ▁against ▁Bed ford shire . ▁ ▁He ▁would ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁play ▁Minor ▁count ies ▁cricket ▁on ▁an ▁inf requ ent ▁basis ▁for ▁Dur ham ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁making ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 ▁Minor ▁Count ies ▁Championship ▁appearances ▁and ▁a ▁single ▁M CC A ▁Kn ock out ▁Tro phy ▁appearance . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁season ▁that ▁he ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁Dur ham ▁in , ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁for ▁Gl ou cester shire ▁against ▁Es sex ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁County ▁Championship . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁a ▁further ▁first - class ▁appearance , ▁which ▁came ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁against ▁Oxford ▁University ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁His ▁first - class ▁appearances ▁were ▁without ▁success , ▁with ▁Bur rows ▁not ▁scoring ▁any ▁runs ▁and ▁bow ling ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁w icket - less ▁overs . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁the ▁same ▁number ▁of ▁List ▁A ▁matches ▁for ▁the ▁county |
, ▁against ▁Es sex ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁John ▁Player ▁Special ▁League ▁and ▁Wor cester shire ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁John ▁Player ▁Special ▁League . ▁ ▁He ▁took ▁ 2 ▁w ickets ▁in ▁these ▁matches ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 3 5 . 0 0 , ▁with ▁best ▁figures ▁of ▁ 1 / 3 2 . ▁ ▁Having ▁spent ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁Gl ou cester shire ▁playing ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁XI , ▁Bur rows ▁left ▁the ▁county ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁season . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Dean ▁Bur rows ▁at ▁ESP N c ric info ▁Dean ▁Bur rows ▁at ▁Cr icket Arch ive ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Peter lee ▁Category : English ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : D ur ham ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Gl ou cester shire ▁cr ick eters <0x0A> </s> ▁Jean - Mar ie ▁B ock el ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁French ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Def ence ▁and ▁Veter ans ▁in ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁François ▁F illon ▁appointed ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁having ▁previously ▁been ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Co operation ▁and ▁La ▁Franc oph onie ▁since ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁French |
▁National ▁Assembly ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁when ▁he ▁stood ▁as ▁a ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁candidate , ▁and ▁was ▁Minister ▁for ▁Commerce ▁in ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁government ▁of ▁La urent ▁Fab ius ▁between ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁B ock el ▁( comm only ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" J MB " ▁in ▁France ) ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Str as bourg . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁lawyer ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁mayor ▁of ▁Mul house ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁On ▁the ▁right ▁wing ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party , ▁he ▁declared ▁himself ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁adm ir er ▁and ▁strong ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁policies ▁of ▁Tony ▁Bl air . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁he ▁announced ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁centre - left ▁political ▁party , ▁Modern ▁Left ▁( G au che ▁Mod erne ), ▁following ▁his ▁resign ation ▁from ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Party ▁when ▁joining ▁the ▁S ark o zy ▁administration , ▁and ▁used ▁this ▁party ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁to ▁campaign ▁in ▁the ▁municipal ▁elections ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁for ▁a ▁fourth ▁term ▁as ▁mayor . ▁ ▁Pierre - Em manuel , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁five ▁sons , ▁died ▁in ▁a ▁helic opter ▁crash ▁in ▁Mal i ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁ ▁Government al ▁functions ▁ ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Pr isons ▁and ▁Pr ison ▁Re form ▁: ▁ 2 0 0 9 |
– 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Defense ▁and ▁Veter ans ▁: ▁ 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁Co operation ▁and ▁Franc oph ony ▁: ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Minister ▁of ▁Commerce , ▁Hand ic raft s ▁and ▁Tour ism ▁: ▁February – M arch ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁State ▁Secretary ▁to ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Commerce , ▁Hand ic raft s ▁and ▁Tour ism ▁: ▁ 1 9 8 4 – 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁E lector al ▁mand ates ▁ ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁France ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁France ▁for ▁H aut - R hin ▁: ▁ 1 9 8 1 – 1 9 8 4 ▁( B ec ame ▁secretary ▁of ▁State ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁/ ▁ 1 9 8 6 – 1 9 9 3 ▁/ ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 2 . ▁E lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁re e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Senate ▁of ▁France ▁ ▁Senator ▁of ▁H aut - R hin ▁: ▁ 2 0 0 4 – 2 0 0 7 ▁( B ec ame ▁secretary ▁of ▁State ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ). ▁E lected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁Re e |
lected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁but ▁he ▁stays ▁minister . ▁ ▁General ▁Council ▁ ▁General ▁coun c ill or ▁of ▁H aut - R hin ▁: ▁ 1 9 8 2 – 1 9 8 9 ▁( Res ign ation ) ▁/ ▁ 1 9 9 4 – 1 9 9 7 ▁( Res ign ation ). ▁Re e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁Municipal ▁Council ▁ ▁Mayor ▁of ▁Mul house ▁: ▁ 1 9 8 9 – 2 0 1 0 ▁( Res ign ation ). ▁Re e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Municipal ▁coun c ill or ▁of ▁Mul house ▁: ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Re e lected ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁A gg l omer ation ▁community ▁Council ▁ ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁A gg l omer ation ▁community ▁of ▁Mul house ▁Sud ▁Als ace ▁: ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Re e lected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁A gg l omer ation ▁community ▁of ▁Mul house ▁Sud ▁Als ace ▁: ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Re e lected ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁Modern ▁Left ▁ ▁Biography ▁( |
in ▁French ) ▁on ▁the ▁official ▁Prime - Min ister ial ▁web ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Str as bourg ▁Category : F rench ▁people ▁of ▁German ▁descent ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Grand ▁Est ▁Category : S ocial ist ▁Party ▁( Fr ance ) ▁politicians ▁Category : Mod ern ▁Left ▁politicians ▁Category : Union ▁of ▁Democrats ▁and ▁Independ ents ▁politicians ▁Category : Rad ical ▁Movement ▁politicians ▁Category : F rench ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Commerce ▁and ▁Industry ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : Dep ut ies ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁National ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : F rench ▁Sen ators ▁of ▁the ▁Fifth ▁Republic ▁Category : S en ators ▁of ▁H aut - R hin <0x0A> </s> ▁Å rd al ▁is ▁a ▁municip ality ▁in ▁S ogn ▁og ▁F j ord ane ▁county , ▁Norway . ▁ ▁Å rd al ▁or ▁A ard al ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁People ▁As ge ir ▁Å rd al ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁cross - country ▁sk ier ▁Hans ▁A ard al ▁( 1 9 2 1 - 1 9 9 |
5 ), ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁politician ▁for ▁the ▁Conservative ▁Party ▁Karen ▁A ard al ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 1 ), ▁Norweg ian ▁and ▁Dutch ▁applied ▁mat hem atic ian ▁ ▁Pl aces ▁Å rd al , ▁Rog aland , ▁a ▁former ▁municip ality ▁in ▁Rog aland ▁county , ▁Norway ▁Å rd al , ▁H jel mel and , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H jel mel and ▁municip ality , ▁Rog aland ▁county , ▁Norway ▁ Ø vre ▁Å rd al , ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Å rd al ▁municip ality , ▁S ogn ▁og ▁F j ord ane ▁county , ▁Norway ▁ ▁Other ▁uses ▁Å rd al ▁F K , ▁a ▁Norweg ian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Å rd al ▁municip ality , ▁S ogn ▁og ▁F j ord ane ▁county , ▁Norway ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Å rd al ▁Church ▁( dis ambigu ation ) ▁Ar dal ▁( dis ambigu ation ) <0x0A> </s> ▁W inton ▁is ▁a ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁the ▁E den ▁District , ▁C umb ria , ▁England . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁twelve ▁listed ▁buildings ▁that ▁are ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Heritage ▁List ▁for ▁England . ▁ ▁Of ▁these , ▁one ▁is ▁listed ▁at ▁Grade II *, ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁grades , ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁are ▁at ▁Grade II , ▁the ▁lowest ▁grade . ▁ ▁The ▁parish ▁includes ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁W inton , ▁and ▁is ▁otherwise ▁rural . ▁ ▁The ▁listed ▁buildings ▁consist ▁of ▁houses ▁and ▁associated ▁structures , ▁farm h ouses ▁and ▁farm ▁buildings |
, ▁and ▁a ▁p inf old , ▁a ▁boundary ▁stone , ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁school . ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁ ▁Key ▁ ▁Build ings ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁C umb ria <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁F ri uli - V enez ia ▁Gi ul ia ▁owned ▁by ▁R ete ▁Fer ro vi aria ▁Ital iana , ▁a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Italian ▁state ▁company ▁Fer rov ie ▁dello ▁St ato . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Railway ▁stations ▁in ▁Italy ▁Fer rov ie ▁dello ▁St ato ▁Rail ▁transport ▁in ▁Italy ▁High - speed ▁rail ▁in ▁Italy ▁Transport ▁in ▁Italy ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁F ri uli - V enez ia ▁Gi ul ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle ▁( N isa et us ▁fl or is ) ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁long ▁r apt or ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Acc ip itr idae . ▁Adult s ▁have ▁dark ▁brown ▁upper parts , ▁a ▁brown ▁tail ▁with ▁six ▁bars , ▁a ▁white ▁patch ▁in ▁the ▁wings ▁that ▁is ▁visible ▁in ▁flight , ▁white ▁under parts , ▁and ▁a ▁white ▁head ▁with ▁fine ▁brown ish ▁streak s ▁on ▁the ▁crown ▁( many ▁books ▁err one ously ▁illustr ate ▁adults ▁with ▁largely ▁brown ▁heads ). ▁It ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁sub spec ies ▁of ▁the ▁change able ▁h awk - e agle ; ▁at |
▁least ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁confusion ▁over ▁the ▁true ▁adult ▁pl um age ▁of ▁the ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle , ▁which ▁re semb les ▁the ▁ju ven ile ▁of ▁the ▁change able ▁h awk - e agle . ▁Unlike ▁that ▁species , ▁adult ▁and ▁ju ven ile ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agles ▁are ▁quite ▁similar . ▁ ▁An ▁Indones ian ▁end emic , ▁the ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle ▁is ▁distributed ▁in ▁forests ▁of ▁Flo res , ▁L omb ok ▁and ▁S umb awa ▁in ▁the ▁Lesser ▁Sund as . ▁It ▁mainly ▁occurs ▁in ▁low lands , ▁but ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁at ▁alt itudes ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁. ▁The ▁diet ▁consists ▁mainly ▁of ▁birds , ▁l iz ards , ▁sn akes ▁and ▁mamm als . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁ongoing ▁habitat ▁loss ▁within ▁its ▁small ▁range , ▁capture ▁for ▁the ▁cage ▁bird ▁trade ▁and ▁per secut ion ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁habit ▁of ▁taking ▁chick ens , ▁the ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle ▁is ▁evaluated ▁as ▁crit ically ▁end ang ered ▁on ▁the ▁I U CN ▁Red ▁List ▁of ▁Th reat ened ▁Spec ies . ▁It ▁is ▁estimated ▁that ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁pairs ▁remain . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Bird Life ▁Spec ies ▁F act sheet ▁ ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Flo res ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁L omb ok ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Lesser |
▁Sund a ▁Islands ▁Category : C rit ically ▁end ang ered ▁fa una ▁of ▁Asia ▁Flo res ▁h awk - e agle <0x0A> </s> ▁Mel an oid es ▁pol ym or pha ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁fresh water ▁sn ail ▁with ▁a ▁g ill ▁and ▁an ▁oper cul um , ▁an ▁aqu atic ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Th iar idae . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁Lake ▁Mal awi ▁and ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Mal awi , ▁T anz ania , ▁and ▁Moz amb ique . ▁It ▁is ▁very ▁abund ant ▁throughout ▁the ▁lake ▁in ▁the ▁litt oral ▁soft ▁sed iments . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Th iar idae ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : In ver te br ates ▁of ▁Mal awi ▁Category : In ver te br ates ▁of ▁Moz amb ique ▁Category : In ver te br ates ▁of ▁T anz ania ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Ed gar ▁Albert ▁Smith ▁Category : G ast rop od s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁E ru c astr um ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁flower ing ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Br ass ic aceae . ▁There ▁are ▁approximately ▁ 1 8 ▁species . ▁E ru c astr um ▁species ▁are ▁known ▁generally ▁as ▁dog must ards . ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁include : ▁ ▁E ru c astr um ▁gall ic um ▁▁ ▁E ru |
c astr um ▁ro str at um ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Br ass ic aceae ▁Category : Br ass ic aceae ▁gener a ▁Category : Tax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁Pav ol ▁or ▁P avel ▁H riv n ák ▁( 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Slov ak ▁politician ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁prime ▁minister ▁of ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Social ist ▁Republic ▁from ▁June ▁to ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁H riv n ák ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Mal ý ▁Č ep č ín ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Communist ▁Party ▁and ▁the ▁Communist ▁Party ▁of ▁Czech os lov ak ia . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Communist ▁Party ▁Polit b uro ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁and ▁became ▁Polit b uro ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Communist ▁Party ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁first ▁deputy ▁minister ▁in ▁the ▁federal ▁government ▁led ▁by ▁Lad isl av ▁Ad ame c . ▁H riv n ák ▁was ▁appointed ▁prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Slov ak ia ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁replacing ▁Ivan ▁K not ek ▁in ▁the ▁post . ▁ ▁His ▁ten ure ▁lasted ▁very ▁brief ▁and ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 |
8 9 , ▁H riv n ák ▁and ▁his ▁cabinet ▁resigned . ▁The ▁chair mans hip ▁of ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁National ▁Council ▁( SN R ) ▁accepted ▁the ▁resign ation . ▁Then ▁Milan ▁Č ič ▁was ▁asked ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁new ▁cabinet . ▁ ▁H riv n ák ▁died ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁in ▁Br at isl ava ▁and ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Prime ▁Minister s ▁of ▁the ▁Slov ak ▁Social ist ▁Republic ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁deaths ▁Category : Comm un ist ▁Party ▁of ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁politicians ▁Category : C zech ▁people ▁of ▁Slov ak ▁descent ▁Category : G overn ment ▁minister s ▁of ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Tur č ians ke ▁Te pl ice ▁District ▁Category : Pr ime ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Slov ak ia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Northern ▁Pun j ab ▁cricket ▁team ▁was ▁an ▁Indian ▁domestic ▁cricket ▁team ▁representing ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁state ▁of ▁Pun j ab ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Raj ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁Indian ▁success or , ▁following ▁the ▁partition ▁of ▁India . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁team ▁first ▁played ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁against ▁a ▁tour ing ▁ ▁M CC ▁team . ▁ ▁It ▁next ▁played ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁in ▁ 1 |
9 6 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁team ▁made ▁its ▁Ran ji ▁Tro phy ▁debut ▁against ▁Jam mu ▁and ▁K ash mir . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁continued ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁Ran ji ▁Tro phy ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 / 6 8 ▁season , ▁when ▁it ▁played ▁its ▁final ▁first - class ▁match ▁against ▁Southern ▁Pun j ab . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 ▁Southern ▁Pun j ab ▁and ▁Northern ▁Pun j ab ▁combined ▁to ▁form ▁an ▁und iv ided ▁Pun j ab ▁team . ▁ ▁Not able ▁players ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Northern ▁Pun j ab ▁cricket ▁team ▁at ▁Cr icket Arch ive ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁first - class ▁cricket ▁teams ▁Category : Form er ▁senior ▁cricket ▁clubs ▁of ▁India ▁Category : C rick et ▁in ▁Pun j ab , ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Round ▁Oak ▁railway ▁accident ▁happened ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁between ▁Bre tt ell ▁Lane ▁and ▁Round ▁Oak ▁railway ▁stations , ▁on ▁the ▁Oxford , ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁W olver ham pton ▁Railway . ▁The ▁break age ▁of ▁a ▁defect ive ▁coupling ▁caused ▁sevent een ▁coaches ▁and ▁one ▁bra ke ▁van , ▁containing ▁about ▁ 4 5 0 ▁passengers , ▁of ▁an ▁ex curs ion ▁train ▁to ▁run ▁backwards ▁down ▁the ▁steep ▁gradient ▁between ▁the ▁stations , ▁coll iding ▁with ▁a ▁following ▁second ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁ex curs ion . ▁ 1 4 ▁passengers ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 5 0 ▁injured ▁in |
▁the ▁disaster . ▁In ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Trade ▁accident ▁inspect or , ▁Captain ▁H . ▁W . ▁Tyler , ▁it ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁" dec ided ly ▁the ▁worst ▁railway ▁accident ▁that ▁has ▁ever ▁occurred ▁in ▁this ▁country ". ▁ ▁Circ um stances ▁of ▁the ▁accident ▁▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁the ▁Oxford , ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁W olver ham pton ▁Railway ▁ran ▁a ▁special ▁day ▁ex curs ion ▁from ▁W olver ham pton ▁to ▁Wor cester ▁and ▁back . ▁It ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁for ▁school ▁children ▁and ▁their ▁teachers ▁only , ▁but ▁this ▁ruling ▁was ▁not ▁ad her ed ▁to ▁and ▁the ▁train ▁was ▁packed ▁with ▁roughly ▁equal ▁numbers ▁( about ▁ 7 5 0 ▁of ▁each ) ▁of ▁children ▁and ▁adults . ▁The ▁train ▁left ▁W olver ham pton ▁at ▁ 9 . 1 2 ▁AM , ▁compr ising ▁ 4 2 ▁four - whe eled ▁coaches ▁and ▁four ▁bra ke ▁v ans . ▁Br aking ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁was ▁supplied ▁entirely ▁by ▁manual ▁application ▁of ▁br akes ▁on ▁the ▁engine ▁( and ▁tender ) ▁and ▁the ▁four ▁bra ke ▁v ans ▁( each ▁van ▁man ned ▁by ▁a ▁guard ). ▁ ▁Guard ▁Co oke ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁bra ke ▁van ▁of ▁the ▁train , ▁together ▁with ▁six ▁passengers , ▁who ▁should ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁there . ▁Co oke ▁and ▁his ▁passengers ▁were ▁drinking ▁and ▁smoking ▁in ▁the ▁van , ▁and ▁Co oke ▁invited ▁passengers ▁to ▁apply ▁the ▁van |
▁hand bra ke . ▁Cor rect ▁operation ▁of ▁the ▁bra ke ▁was ▁necessary , ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁slow ▁the ▁train , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁tension ▁in ▁the ▁carriage ▁cou pl ings . ▁There ▁were ▁three ▁separate ▁break ages ▁ ▁of ▁cou pl ings ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁rear ▁bra ke ▁van ▁on ▁the ▁out ward ▁journey : ▁at ▁Bre tt ell ▁Lane ▁and ▁H ag ley ▁both ▁the ▁main ▁screw ▁cou pl ings ▁and ▁side ▁safety ▁chains ▁failed , ▁and ▁at ▁D roit wich ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁another ▁screw ▁coupling ▁was ▁failed , ▁but ▁its ▁associated ▁side ▁chains ▁had ▁held . ▁Co oke ▁made ▁temporary ▁repairs ▁on ▁all ▁three ▁occasions . ▁To ▁repair ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁break ages , ▁Co oke ▁managed ▁to ▁find ▁spare ▁three - link ▁or ▁screw ▁cou pl ings ; ▁but ▁at ▁D roit wich ▁he ▁was ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁patch ▁up ▁the ▁side ▁chains , ▁which ▁were ▁not ▁designed ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁full ▁weight ▁of ▁a ▁train . ▁On ▁arrival ▁at ▁Wor cester , ▁the ▁train ▁was ▁examined ▁by ▁the ▁inspect or ▁of ▁rolling ▁stock : ▁the ▁rep aired / re pl aced ▁side ▁chains ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁four - link ▁goods ▁cou pl ings ▁before ▁the ▁return ▁journey , ▁but ▁no ▁attempt ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁repair ▁or ▁replace ▁failed ▁centre ▁cou pl ings : ▁these ▁were ▁difficult ▁to ▁access , ▁and ▁the ▁inspect or ▁considered ▁that ▁a ▁re - made ▁screw ▁coupling ▁was ▁we aker ▁than ▁the ▁goods ▁cou pl ings ▁( which ▁he ▁considered |
▁adequate ). ▁ ▁The ▁accident ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁return ▁journey , ▁the ▁ex curs ion ▁train ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁two ▁portions : ▁the ▁first , ▁with ▁Guard ▁Co oke ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁bra ke ▁van , ▁compr ised ▁ 2 8 ▁coaches ▁and ▁two ▁bra ke ▁v ans ▁pulled ▁by ▁one ▁loc omot ive ▁as ▁far ▁as ▁St our bridge ▁where ▁a ▁second ▁loc omot ive ▁was ▁attached ; ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁compr ised ▁ 1 4 ▁coaches ▁and ▁two ▁bra ke ▁v ans , ▁haul ed ▁by ▁one ▁loc omot ive . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁ 1 ▁in ▁ 7 5 ▁rising ▁gradient ▁between ▁Bre tt ell ▁Lane ▁and ▁Round ▁Oak , ▁and ▁the ▁line ▁was ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁interval ▁system , ▁in ▁which ▁trains ▁were ▁allowed ▁to ▁follow ▁the ▁previous ▁train ▁without ▁positive ▁confirmation ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁reached ▁the ▁next ▁station , ▁re lying ▁instead ▁on ▁it ▁having ▁been ▁an ▁adequate ▁( spec ified ) ▁time ▁interval ▁ahead ▁at ▁the ▁last ▁station . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁train ▁reached ▁Round ▁Oak ▁at ▁about ▁ 8 . 1 0 ▁pm ; ▁as ▁it ▁drew ▁to ▁a ▁halt ▁a ▁fore man - pl atel ayer ▁heard ▁a ▁loud ▁' snap ' ▁as ▁the ▁coupling ▁behind ▁the ▁ele vent h ▁coach ▁broke ▁and ▁ 1 7 ▁coaches ▁and ▁the ▁rear ▁bra ke ▁van ▁began ▁to ▁roll ▁back ▁down ▁the ▁incl ine ▁towards ▁Bre tt ell ▁Lane . ▁The ▁booking ▁cl erk ▁at ▁Round ▁Oak , ▁seeing ▁the ▁run away , ▁attempted ▁to ▁tele graph ▁Bre |
tt ell ▁Lane ▁to ▁give ▁warning , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁attract ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁cl erk ▁there . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁train ▁had ▁reached ▁Bre tt ell ▁Lane ▁about ▁eleven ▁or ▁twelve ▁minutes ▁behind ▁the ▁first , ▁and ▁therefore ▁was ▁clear ▁to ▁proceed ▁to ▁Round ▁Oak . ▁ ▁The ▁line ▁ran ▁in ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁curves , ▁limiting ▁forward ▁visibility , ▁the ▁night ▁was ▁dark , ▁there ▁were ▁no ▁lights ▁in ▁the ▁coaches , ▁ex curs ion ▁trains ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁red ▁light ▁on ▁the ▁re arm ost ▁vehicle , ▁and ▁smoke ▁was ▁blowing ▁across ▁the ▁line ▁from ▁neighbour ing ▁fact ories ; ▁consequ ently ▁the ▁crew ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁train ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁the ▁run away ▁coaches ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁about ▁ 3 0 0 ▁yards ▁away . ▁The ▁second ▁train ▁had ▁virtually ▁drawn ▁to ▁a ▁stand st ill ▁when ▁the ▁run away ▁coaches ▁coll ided ▁with ▁it . ▁The ▁loc omot ive ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁train ▁remained ▁on ▁the ▁r ails ▁and ▁was ▁only ▁super fic ially ▁damaged ; ▁the ▁same ▁was ▁not ▁true ▁of ▁the ▁run away ▁coaches . ▁Co oke ' s ▁bra ke van ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁coaches ▁next ▁to ▁it ▁were , ▁in ▁the ▁words ▁of ▁the ▁inspect or ▁" bro ken ▁all ▁to ▁pieces ", ▁killing ▁ 1 4 ▁passengers ▁and ▁badly ▁inj uring ▁ 5 0 ▁more . ▁ ▁The ▁investigation ▁▁ ▁The ▁accident ▁was ▁investigated ▁by ▁Captain ▁Tyler ▁of ▁the ▁Railway ▁In spector ate ; ▁there ▁was ▁also |
▁a ▁coron er ' s ▁in quest ▁on ▁those ▁who ▁had ▁died ▁in ▁the ▁crash . ▁ ▁Tyler ▁showed ▁by ▁experiment ▁that ▁when ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁car riages ▁matching ▁the ▁run away ▁train ▁section ▁was ▁allowed ▁to ▁run ▁back ▁down ▁the ▁incl ine ▁for ▁quarter ▁of ▁a ▁mile ▁before ▁the ▁bra ke ▁was ▁applied , ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁bra ke ▁then ▁brought ▁the ▁car riages ▁to ▁rest ▁well ▁before ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁collision . ▁Furthermore , ▁he ▁considered ▁that ▁the ▁sever ity ▁of ▁damage ▁showed ▁that ▁no ▁br aking ▁at ▁all ▁had ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁run away . ▁ ▁The ▁br akes cre w ▁on ▁the ▁run away ▁bra ke ▁van ▁had ▁been ▁bent ▁in ▁the ▁collision , ▁and ▁the ▁nut ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁working ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁screw , ▁indicating ▁that ▁the ▁bra ke ▁had ▁been ▁off ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁collision . ▁ ▁Tyler ▁therefore ▁rejected ▁Co oke ' s ▁evidence ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁applied ▁the ▁bra ke ▁as ▁the ▁train ▁was ▁arriving ▁at ▁Round ▁Oak ; ▁the ▁coupling ▁had ▁failed ▁when ▁he ▁released ▁the ▁bra ke , ▁but ▁he ▁had ▁re ap plied ▁the ▁bra ke ▁on ▁becoming ▁aware ▁of ▁the ▁break away ; ▁this ▁had ▁initially ▁had ▁some ▁effect , ▁but ▁the ▁run away ▁had ▁then ▁sk idd ed ▁down ▁the ▁incl ine ▁with ▁gathering ▁speed . ▁ ▁Instead , ▁Tyler ▁thought , ▁Co oke ▁had ▁left ▁the ▁bra ke ▁van ▁as ▁it ▁arrived ▁at ▁Round ▁Oak , ▁without ▁applying ▁the ▁bra ke , |
▁an ▁obviously ▁necessary ▁prec aut ion ▁against ▁a ▁' re bound ▁of ▁the ▁buffers ' ▁( a ▁shock ▁loading ▁on ▁cou pl ings ▁as ▁coaches ▁hit ▁and ▁b ounced ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁coach ▁ahead ): ▁consequ ently ▁a ▁screw ▁coupling ▁had ▁failed ▁( the ▁failed ▁coupling ▁had ▁a ▁gross ly ▁defect ive ▁w eld , ▁as ▁did ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁cou pl ings ▁examined ▁on ▁other ▁coaches ▁in ▁the ▁train ) ▁and ▁the ▁side ▁chains ▁had ▁in ▁their ▁turn ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁resist ▁the ▁shock ▁loading . ▁Co oke , ▁thought ▁Tyler , ▁ ▁had ▁been ▁unable ▁to ▁reg ain ▁the ▁bra ke van ▁as ▁the ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁train ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁failed ▁coupling ▁ran ▁away ▁but ▁had ▁either ▁trav elled ▁down ▁on ▁the ▁run away ▁or ▁run ▁after ▁it ▁sufficiently ▁fast ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁collision ▁site ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁collision . ▁A ▁very ▁few ▁words ▁will ▁suff ice ▁for ▁sum ming ▁up , ▁in ▁conclusion , ▁the ▁causes ▁of ▁this ▁accident . ▁ ▁A ▁man ▁was ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁for ▁the ▁important ▁duty ▁of ▁head ▁guard ▁to ▁a ▁heavy ▁train ▁who ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁anything ▁but ▁trust worthy ▁and ▁careful , ▁and ▁who , ▁in ▁not ▁performing ▁that ▁duty ▁with ▁the ▁attention ▁that ▁it ▁required , ▁caused ▁the ▁fract ure ▁of ▁a ▁defect ive ▁coupling , ▁and ▁permitted ▁the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁train ▁to ▁run ▁backwards ▁down ▁a ▁steep ▁gradient , ▁on ▁which ▁it ▁came ▁into ▁violent ▁collision ▁with ▁a ▁following ▁train . ▁ ▁Tyler ▁had ▁not |
▁restricted ▁his ▁criticism ▁to ▁Co oke . ▁The ▁best ▁insurance ▁against ▁failure ▁of ▁cou pl ings ▁was ▁the ▁selection ▁of ▁intelligent ▁men ▁of ▁known ▁character ▁and ▁stead iness ▁for ▁the ▁execution ▁of ▁responsible ▁duties . ▁Co oke ▁had ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁company ▁as ▁a ▁goods ▁guard ▁for ▁eight ▁years , ▁and ▁had ▁acted ▁as ▁a ▁guard ▁on ▁ex curs ion ▁trains ▁over ▁several ▁sum mers . ▁It ▁cannot ▁for ▁a ▁moment ▁be ▁supposed ▁that ▁a ▁man ▁habit ually ▁trust worthy ▁should ▁on ▁this ▁occasion ▁only ▁have ▁so ▁far ▁forgotten ▁himself ▁as ▁to ▁invite ▁the ▁passengers ▁into ▁his ▁van , ▁to ▁smoke ▁and ▁drink ▁with ▁them , ▁to ▁employ ▁them ▁at ▁his ▁bra ke ▁handle , ▁and ▁four ▁times ▁to ▁fract ure ▁the ▁cou pl ings ▁in ▁one ▁day ▁by ▁his ▁care lessness ; ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁company ▁or ▁their ▁officers ▁were ▁not ▁aware ▁of ▁his ▁character ▁previously , ▁then ▁it ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁said ▁that ▁they ▁ought ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁aware ▁of ▁it , ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁ought ▁to ▁have ▁used ▁an ▁amount ▁of ▁circ ums pection ▁that ▁would ▁have ▁prevented ▁them ▁from ▁appoint ing ▁a ▁care less ▁man , ▁as ▁he ▁proves ▁clearly ▁to ▁have ▁been , ▁to ▁such ▁important ▁duties ▁▁ ▁For ▁a ▁train ▁of ▁ 2 8 ▁car riages , ▁two ▁bra ke ▁v ans ▁were ▁in ade quate , ▁ ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 8 ▁car riages ▁were ▁needed ▁to ▁hold ▁a ▁thousand ▁pleasure - seek ing ▁ex curs ion ists ▁without ▁over - c row ding , ▁and |
▁to ▁maintain ▁good ▁order ▁in ▁a ▁thousand ▁pleasure - seek ing ▁ex curs ion ists ▁more ▁was ▁needed ▁than ▁two ▁guards ▁( who ▁had ▁their ▁normal ▁duties ▁to ▁perform ). ▁▁ ▁The ▁accident ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁been ▁avoided ▁or ▁mit ig ated ▁by ▁spec ifying ▁a ▁longer ▁interval ▁between ▁trains , ▁or ▁by ▁a ▁greater ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁tele graph . ▁Tyler ▁also ▁noted ▁two ▁points ▁which , ▁whilst ▁having ▁no ▁bearing ▁on ▁the ▁accident , ▁were , ▁he ▁felt , ▁indic ative ▁of ▁' a ▁want ▁of ▁proper ▁discipline ▁in ▁the ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁company ' ▁▁ ▁the ▁st ip ulation ▁that ▁the ▁ex curs ion ▁was ▁restricted ▁to ▁school children ▁and ▁their ▁teachers ▁had ▁been ▁system atically ▁ignored ▁ ▁the ▁record - book ▁at ▁Round ▁Oak ▁station ▁( which ▁recorded ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁arrival ▁and ▁departure ▁of ▁trains ▁- ▁thereby ▁recording ▁whether ▁the ▁interval ▁system ▁was ▁being ▁correctly ▁worked ▁to ) ▁had ▁been ▁filled ▁up ▁some ▁three ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁accident , ▁and ▁no ▁replacement ▁had ▁yet ▁been ▁proc ured ; ▁for ▁the ▁three ▁weeks ▁before ▁the ▁accident ▁no ▁record ▁had ▁been ▁kept . ▁ ▁T rial ▁of ▁the ▁guard ▁A ▁coron er ' s ▁in quis ition ▁was ▁also ▁held . ▁ ▁In ▁his ▁sum ming ▁up , ▁the ▁coron er ▁directed ▁the ▁jury ▁as ▁follows ▁Almost ▁all ▁the ▁scientific ▁witnesses ▁agreed ▁in ▁thinking ▁that ▁if ▁Cook , ▁the ▁guard , ▁had ▁applied ▁his ▁bra ke ▁in ▁a ▁proper ▁manner ▁when ▁the ▁car riages ▁separated ▁at ▁the ▁Round ▁Oak ▁Station |
, ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁stopped ▁the ▁train ▁and ▁have ▁prevented ▁the ▁collision , ▁and ▁thus ▁have ▁avoided ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁the ▁unfortunate ▁dece ased . ▁ ▁If ▁you ▁believe ▁that ▁Cook ▁could ▁have ▁done ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁ordinary ▁performance ▁of ▁his ▁duties , ▁as ▁guard ▁on ▁that ▁occasion , ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁do ▁so , ▁Cook ▁will ▁have ▁been ▁guilty ▁of ▁m ans l aughter ▁The ▁jury ▁du ly ▁found ▁that ▁Co oke ▁should ▁be ▁charged ▁with ▁m ans l aughter . ▁The ▁case ▁was ▁considered ▁by ▁the ▁Grand ▁J ury ▁at ▁Staff ord shire ▁Ass izes ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁In ▁his ▁charge ▁to ▁the ▁Grand ▁J ury , ▁Mr ▁Baron ▁Br am well ▁took ▁a ▁very ▁different ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁case , ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁law , ▁from ▁the ▁coron er : ▁It ▁did ▁so ▁happen ▁that ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁situation ▁of ▁Cook ▁were ▁made ▁sc ap ego ats ▁of , ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁m oll ify ▁public ▁ind ign ation ▁at ▁such ▁occur ren ces , ▁though ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁say ▁such ▁was ▁the ▁case ▁on ▁this ▁particular ▁occasion . ▁He ▁might ▁also ▁say ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁easy ▁thing ▁for ▁scientific ▁gentle men ▁to ▁get ▁quietly ▁into ▁a ▁train ▁and ▁make ▁experiments , ▁with ▁the ▁knowledge ▁that ▁the ▁result ▁could ▁bring ▁them ▁into ▁no ▁trouble , ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁say ▁what ▁they ▁could ▁do ▁about ▁stopping ▁a ▁train . ▁ ▁This ▁was ▁very ▁different ▁from ▁what ▁a ▁man ▁would ▁do ▁in ▁the ▁hurry ▁of |
▁the ▁moment , ▁and ▁under ▁such ▁circumstances ▁in ▁which ▁Cook ▁was ▁placed . ▁If ▁the ▁guard ▁mis managed ▁his ▁bra ke , ▁not ▁from ▁want ▁of ▁any ▁intention ▁or ▁opportunity , ▁but ▁because ▁he ▁became ▁frightened , ▁it ▁might ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁man ▁was ▁un fit ▁for ▁his ▁situation , ▁but ▁it ▁could ▁not ▁make ▁him ▁guilty ▁of ▁m ans l aughter . ▁ ▁" His ▁lord ship , ▁having ▁observed ▁… ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁evidence ▁to ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁guard ▁was ▁doing ▁his ▁best ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁train ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁bra ke , ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁remark ▁that " ▁when ▁a ▁man ▁had ▁a ▁duty ▁to ▁perform , ▁if ▁he ▁performed ▁it ▁negl ig ently , ▁and ▁death ▁ens ued ▁in ▁consequence , ▁he ▁was ▁li able ▁for ▁the ▁consequences ; ▁but ▁a ▁man ▁was ▁not ▁guilty ▁of ▁m ans l aughter ▁merely ▁because ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁do ▁that ▁which ▁a ▁stronger ▁or ▁more ▁clever ▁or ▁cool - headed ▁person ▁would ▁have ▁done ▁under ▁similar ▁circumstances . ▁There ▁must , ▁in ▁fact , ▁be ▁cul p ability ▁or ▁something ▁blame able ▁in ▁the ▁prisoner ▁to ▁warrant ▁the ▁grand ▁jury ▁in ▁finding ▁a ▁true ▁bill ▁The ▁grand ▁jury ▁found ▁no ▁case ▁to ▁answer ; ▁Cook ▁was ▁then ▁charged ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁the ▁coron er ' s ▁in quis ition , ▁but ▁no ▁evidence ▁was ▁offered ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁du ly ▁acqu itted . ▁ ▁Report ing ▁this , ▁the ▁Wor cester shire ▁Chron icle ▁noted ▁" This ▁result ▁entirely ▁ful fil |
s ▁our ▁pro gn ost ications ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁this ▁un found ed ▁and ▁un just ifiable ▁prosecut ion ." ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Railway ▁coupling ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁steep est ▁grad ients ▁on ▁ad hes ion ▁rail ways ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Ex tract s ▁from ▁The ▁Birmingham ▁Post ▁: ▁The ▁Railway ▁Cat ast rop he ▁near ▁D ud ley ▁( 1 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 8 ) ▁The ▁Railway ▁Acc ident ▁near ▁B ret ell ▁Lane , ▁ver dict ▁of ▁m ans l aughter ▁against ▁Co oke , ▁the ▁guard . ▁( 6 ▁October ▁ 1 8 5 8 ) ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁accidents ▁and ▁incidents ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Mid lands ▁( count y ) ▁Category : R ail way ▁accidents ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁Category : 1 8 5 8 ▁in ▁England ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁D ud ley ▁Category : Run away ▁train ▁dis asters ▁Category : 1 9 th ▁century ▁in ▁Wor cester shire ▁Category : Aug ust ▁ 1 8 5 8 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁HD ▁ 2 0 2 2 5 9 ▁is ▁a ▁suspected ▁variable ▁star ▁in ▁the ▁equ ator ial ▁const ell ation ▁of ▁Aqu arius . ▁With ▁an ▁apparent ▁magnitude ▁of ▁ 6 . 3 9 , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁B ort le ▁scale ▁it ▁is ▁faint ly ▁visible ▁to ▁the ▁naked ▁eye ▁from ▁dark ▁rural ▁sk ies . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁stellar ▁classification ▁of ▁M 1 |
III , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁red ▁giant ▁located ▁along ▁the ▁asympt otic ▁giant ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁HR ▁diagram . ▁Loc ated ▁about ▁ 9 0 0 light ▁years ▁away , ▁its ▁radial ▁velocity ▁of ▁− 1 2 3 . 5 km / s ▁indicates ▁this ▁is ▁a ▁high - vel ocity ▁star . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Image ▁HD ▁ 2 0 2 2 5 9 ▁ ▁Category : A qu arius ▁( const ell ation ) ▁ 2 0 2 2 5 9 ▁Category : M - type ▁gi ants ▁ 8 1 2 1 ▁Category : S us pected ▁variables ▁ 1 0 4 8 7 2 ▁Category : D urch m uster ung ▁objects <0x0A> </s> ▁Muse o ▁S arm iento ▁ ▁( S arm iento ▁Museum ) ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁three ▁museum s ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Dom ingo ▁S arm iento , ▁the ▁ 7 th ▁President ▁of ▁Argentina ▁( from ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁to ▁ 1 8 7 4 ): ▁▁ ▁S arm iento ▁House , ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Tig re ▁ ▁S arm iento ▁historic ▁museum , ▁in ▁the ▁Bel gr ano ▁district ▁of ▁Buenos ▁Aires ▁ ▁Cas a ▁Dom ingo ▁Fa ust ino ▁S arm iento , ▁in ▁San ▁Juan , ▁Argentina <0x0A> </s> ▁Se bed a ▁() ▁was ▁a ▁har bour ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁ancient ▁Ly cia . ▁ ▁Its ▁site ▁is ▁located ▁near ▁Bay ı nd ı r ▁Lim an , |
▁As i atic ▁Turkey . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁ancient ▁Ly cia ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁fifth ▁refer end um ▁on ▁the ▁Comp act ▁of ▁Free ▁Association ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Pal au ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁four ▁refer end ums ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁ 7 5 % ▁in ▁favour ▁necessary . ▁V ot ers ▁were ▁asked ▁whether ▁they ▁approved ▁of ▁the ▁Comp act ▁of ▁Free ▁Association ▁between ▁Pal au ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁signed ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁It ▁was ▁approved ▁by ▁ 6 7 . 6 % ▁of ▁voters , ▁with ▁a ▁turn out ▁of ▁ 7 6 . 1 %. ▁Following ▁the ▁fifth ▁failure ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁necessary ▁majority , ▁a ▁constitutional ▁refer end um ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁August , ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁reducing ▁the ▁majority ▁needed . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁refer end ums ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁Pal au ▁Category : Re fer end ums ▁in ▁Pal au <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard ▁Br itt ain ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁former ▁professional ▁football er ▁now ▁coaching ▁at ▁Ross ▁County ▁f c . ▁He ▁also ▁spent ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season ▁as ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁club . ▁He ▁started ▁his ▁career |
▁at ▁Living ston ▁and ▁has ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Ra ith ▁Ro vers , ▁St ▁Mir ren ▁and ▁Ross ▁County . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Living ston ▁Br itt ain ▁started ▁his ▁career ▁with ▁Al mond v ale ▁side ▁Living ston ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁playing ▁ 6 5 ▁league ▁games ▁and ▁scoring ▁four ▁goals . ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁a ▁victim ▁of ▁a ▁team - mate ▁dispute ▁after ▁new ▁signing ▁Ser gio ▁Bert i ▁spat ▁at ▁him ▁during ▁a ▁pre - season ▁friendly . ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁Bert i ▁being ▁s acked ▁by ▁the ▁club , ▁although ▁this ▁decision ▁was ▁later ▁over turn ed ▁by ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Football ▁Association ▁following ▁an ▁appeal ▁by ▁Bert i ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁club ▁paying ▁£ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁plus ▁compensation . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁Living ston , ▁he ▁was ▁loan ed ▁out ▁to ▁Ra ith ▁Ro vers ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁cup - t ied ▁for ▁Living ston ' s ▁victory ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Scottish ▁League ▁Cup ▁Final ▁having ▁previously ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁during ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁at ▁Ra ith . ▁ ▁St ▁Mir ren ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁despite ▁interest ▁from ▁French ▁clubs ▁Mont p ell ier ▁and ▁Racing ▁Club ▁Str as bourg , ▁Br itt ain ▁chose ▁to ▁sign ▁for ▁Scottish ▁Premier ▁League ▁side ▁St ▁Mir ren ▁on ▁a ▁free ▁transfer . ▁At ▁St ▁Mir ren , ▁he ▁was ▁most ▁noted ▁for |
▁his ▁goal ▁against ▁Rangers ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁which ▁was ▁his ▁only ▁league ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁S aints . ▁ ▁Ross ▁County ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁St ▁Mir ren ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁signed ▁for ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁side ▁Ross ▁County ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Upon ▁his ▁move ▁to ▁Ross ▁County , ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁reun ited ▁with ▁D erek ▁Adams , ▁the ▁club ' s ▁manager , ▁the ▁two ▁having ▁played ▁together ▁while ▁at ▁Living ston . ▁ ▁Br itt ain ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁as ▁Ross ▁County ▁lost ▁ 2 – 1 ▁against ▁D und ee ▁before ▁scoring ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁loss ▁against ▁St ▁John stone . ▁Br itt ain ▁would ▁finish ▁his ▁first ▁season ▁at ▁the ▁club , ▁making ▁thirty - eight ▁appearances ▁and ▁scoring ▁five ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions . ▁ ▁Br itt ain ▁capt ained ▁Ross ▁County ▁through ▁vict ories ▁in ▁The ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁against ▁S PL ▁sides ▁H ib s ▁and ▁Celt ic . ▁The ▁famous ▁ 2 – 0 ▁victory ▁over ▁Celt ic ▁at ▁H amp den ▁Park ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final ▁earned ▁Ross ▁County ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Scottish ▁Cup ▁Final , ▁the ▁club ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁major ▁final , ▁which ▁County ▁eventually ▁lost ▁ 3 |
– 0 ▁to ▁D und ee ▁United . ▁Br itt ain ▁dedicated ▁the ▁win ▁against ▁Celt ic ▁to ▁his ▁late ▁friend ▁Graham ▁H eg gie . ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁would ▁be ▁involved ▁in ▁leading ▁Ross ▁County ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 – 0 ▁win ▁against ▁Queen ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Challenge ▁Cup . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season , ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁first ▁six ▁games ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 , ▁Br itt ain ▁capt ained ▁Ross ▁County ▁through ▁a ▁post ▁war ▁Scottish ▁record ▁of ▁ 4 0 ▁league ▁games ▁und efe ated , ▁over ▁a ▁full ▁calendar ▁year . ▁This ▁run ▁helped ▁Ross ▁County ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁Scottish ▁First ▁Division ▁by ▁a ▁record ▁margin ▁of ▁ 2 4 ▁points ▁and ▁promotion ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Premier ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁club ' s ▁history . ▁Br itt ain ▁would ▁describe ▁as ▁his ▁" g reat est ▁day ▁of ▁my ▁career ". ▁Br itt ain ▁would ▁sign ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁club ' s ▁first ▁league ▁match ▁in ▁the |
▁top - fl ight , ▁where ▁Ross ▁County ▁drew ▁ 0 – 0 ▁with ▁Mother well . ▁Br itt ain ▁would ▁score ▁the ▁club ' s ▁first ▁goal ▁in ▁the ▁top - fl ight , ▁as ▁Ross ▁County ▁drew ▁ 1 – 1 ▁with ▁Celt ic . ▁and ▁scored ▁another ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁match , ▁giving ▁Ross ▁County ▁their ▁first ▁win ▁in ▁the ▁S PL , ▁against ▁D und ee . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 , ▁Br itt ain ▁agreed ▁to ▁join ▁St ▁John stone ▁on ▁a ▁two - year ▁deal ▁after ▁signing ▁a ▁pre - contract ▁with ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁previously ▁critic ised ▁by ▁St ▁John stone ▁Manager ▁Steve ▁L omas ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 – 1 3 ▁season , ▁calling ▁him ▁a ▁" che at ". ▁He ▁then ▁changed ▁his ▁mind ▁and ▁said ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁Ross ▁County , ▁who ▁then ▁registered ▁him ▁as ▁their ▁player ▁preventing ▁St ▁John stone ▁from ▁doing ▁so . ▁When ▁Ross ▁County ▁and ▁St ▁John stone ▁played ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Br itt ain ▁received ▁je ers ▁from ▁St ▁John stone ▁fans , ▁though ▁he ▁received ▁praised ▁from ▁Ross ▁County ▁fans . ▁During ▁the ▁match , ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁two ▁pen alties ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw . ▁After ▁the ▁match , ▁Manager ▁Adams ▁praised ▁Br itt |
ain ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁the ▁match . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁St ▁John stone ▁announced ▁they ▁had ▁reached ▁agreement ▁with ▁Ross ▁County ▁to ▁transfer ▁Br itt ain ▁back ▁to ▁them ▁for ▁a ▁fee ▁of ▁£ 4 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁This ▁remains ▁the ▁highest ▁sum ▁St . John stone ▁have ▁received ▁for ▁a ▁player ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁actually ▁play ▁for ▁them . ▁Ross ▁County ▁though , ▁have ▁denied ▁any ▁transfer ▁fee ▁was ▁paid , ▁they ▁say ▁a ▁don ation ▁was ▁made ▁to ▁St ▁John stone ' s ▁community ▁programme . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁missed ▁two ▁games ▁at ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁after ▁being ▁suspended ▁over ▁an ▁incident ▁in ▁a ▁pre - season ▁friendly ▁match . ▁After ▁serving ▁his ▁two ▁match ▁suspension , ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁a ▁brace ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win ▁over ▁St ▁Mir ren ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Four ▁weeks ▁later ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁against ▁He arts , ▁Br itt ain ▁provided ▁an ▁assist ▁for ▁Mel vin ▁de ▁Lee uw ▁to ▁equal ised ▁and ▁in ▁return , ▁de ▁Lee uw ▁then ▁provided ▁assist ▁for ▁Br itt ain ▁to ▁score ▁the ▁winning ▁goal , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁win . ▁In ▁the ▁return ▁game ▁against ▁He arts ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 |
3 , ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁then ▁sent - off ▁for ▁second ▁book able ▁offense , ▁which ▁the ▁game ▁ended ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Br itt ain ▁provided ▁a ▁hat - tr ick ▁assist , ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 3 ▁draw ▁against ▁Part ick ▁Th ist le . ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁his ▁fourth ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁loss ▁against ▁H iber n ian ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁In ▁a ▁return ▁game ▁against ▁Part ick ▁Th ist le ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁his ▁fifth ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁which ▁they ▁drew ▁ 1 – 1 . ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁his ▁sixth ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁win ▁over ▁Kil m arn ock ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Br itt ain ▁scored ▁the ▁winning ▁goal , ▁from ▁the ▁penalty ▁spot , ▁as ▁Ross ▁County ▁beat ▁H iber n ian ▁ 1 – 0 , ▁a ▁result ▁that ▁confirmed ▁the ▁club ' s ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Prem iers hip ▁for ▁another ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁continued ▁as ▁club ▁captain , ▁however ▁his ▁season ▁was ▁overs h adow |
ed ▁by ▁injury , ▁which ▁resulted ▁him ▁making ▁twenty - four ▁appearances ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season , ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁the ▁" St agg ies ". ▁ ▁Br ora ▁Rangers ▁Br itt ain ▁signed ▁for ▁High land ▁League ▁club ▁Br ora ▁Rangers ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁close ▁season , ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁starting ▁a ▁new ▁career ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁industry . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Br itt ain ▁was ▁appointed ▁player / manager ▁of ▁Br ora , ▁succeed ing ▁Dav ie ▁Kirk wood ▁as ▁manager . ▁Br itt ain ▁resigned ▁as ▁manager ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁due ▁to ▁" occup ational ▁activities ▁and ▁family ▁commit ments ," ▁but ▁said ▁he ▁hoped ▁to ▁continue ▁as ▁a ▁player ▁at ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Br itt ain ' s ▁re jection ▁of ▁a ▁move ▁to ▁St ▁John stone ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁caused ▁him ▁to ▁receive ▁hate ▁messages ▁on ▁Twitter . ▁His ▁wife , ▁D iane , ▁had ▁condem ned ▁the ▁abuse ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁receiving . ▁Br itt ain ▁stated ▁he ▁stayed ▁at ▁Ross ▁County ▁for ▁family ▁reasons . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Br itt ain ▁became ▁a ▁father ▁after ▁his ▁wife ▁give ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁baby ▁daughter . ▁Starting ▁a ▁family ▁" made ▁him ▁prior it ise ▁his ▁family |
▁over ▁his ▁career ". ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁Player ▁Ross ▁County ▁Scottish ▁Challenge ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁ ▁Manager ▁Br ora ▁Rangers ▁High land ▁League ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 ▁ ▁Individual ▁Scottish ▁Football ▁League ▁Player ▁of ▁the ▁Month : ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁football ers ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : L iving ston ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : R a ith ▁Ro vers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : St ▁Mir ren ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : R oss ▁County ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Bath gate ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁West ▁L oth ian ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Professional ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : L oth ian ▁Th ist le ▁H utch ison ▁V ale ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Br ora ▁Rangers ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁football ▁managers ▁Category : Br ora ▁Rangers ▁F . C . ▁managers ▁Category : High land ▁Football ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Mur um ull a ▁Sr ir am ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁first |
- class ▁cr ick eter ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁And h ra ▁Pr adesh . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ind ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : And h ra ▁Pr adesh ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : C rick eters ▁from ▁Vis akh ap at nam <0x0A> </s> ▁V ibr ac ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁V ibr ac , ▁Ch aren te ▁ ▁V ibr ac , ▁Ch aren te - Mar itime <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N ching idi ▁worm ▁l izard ▁( Ch ir ind ia ▁r ondo ensis ) ▁is ▁a ▁worm ▁l izard ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Am ph is ba en idae . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁T anz ania . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ch ir ind ia ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Arthur ▁L over idge ▁Category : End emic ▁fa una ▁of ▁T anz ania ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁of ▁T anz ania <0x0A> </s> ▁I gor ▁Ly ov sh in ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Russian ▁hand ball ▁player ▁for ▁Perm ski ye ▁Med ved i ▁and ▁the ▁Russian ▁national ▁team . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : R ussian ▁male ▁hand ball ▁players ▁Category : People ▁from |
▁T ir as pol <0x0A> </s> ▁V ost och ny ▁() ▁is ▁an ▁urban ▁local ity ▁( an ▁urban - type ▁settlement ) ▁in ▁O mut n insky ▁District ▁of ▁K iro v ▁O bl ast , ▁Russia . ▁Pop ulation : ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : U r ban - type ▁settlement s ▁in ▁K iro v ▁O bl ast <0x0A> </s> ▁National ▁power ▁is ▁defined ▁as ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁all ▁resources ▁available ▁to ▁a ▁nation ▁in ▁the ▁pursuit ▁of ▁national ▁objectives . ▁Ass ess ing ▁the ▁national ▁power ▁of ▁political ▁entities ▁was ▁already ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁relev ance ▁during ▁the ▁classical ▁ant iqu ity , ▁the ▁middle ▁ages ▁and ▁the ▁re naissance ▁and ▁today . ▁ ▁Element s ▁of ▁national ▁power ▁National ▁power ▁st ems ▁from ▁various ▁elements , ▁also ▁called ▁instruments ▁or ▁attributes ; ▁these ▁may ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁two ▁groups ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁applic ability ▁and ▁origin ▁- ▁" natural " ▁and ▁" social ". ▁ ▁Natural : ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Resources ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁Social : ▁Economic ▁Political ▁Military ▁ ▁Psych ological ▁ ▁In form ational ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁Import ant ▁fac ets ▁of ▁ge ography ▁such ▁as ▁location ▁( ge ography ), ▁climate , ▁top ography , ▁and ▁size ▁play ▁major ▁roles ▁in ▁the ▁ability ▁of ▁a ▁nation ▁to ▁gain ▁national ▁power . ▁Location ▁has ▁an ▁important ▁bearing ▁on ▁foreign ▁policy ▁of ▁a ▁nation . ▁The ▁relation ▁between ▁foreign ▁policy ▁and ▁ge ographic ▁location ▁gave ▁rise ▁to ▁the ▁discipline ▁of ▁ge opol it ics |
. ▁ ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁a ▁water ▁obst acle ▁provided ▁protection ▁to ▁nation ▁states ▁such ▁as ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁Japan , ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁allowed ▁Japan ▁to ▁follow ▁isolation ist ▁policies . ▁The ▁presence ▁of ▁large ▁accessible ▁se ab o ards ▁also ▁permitted ▁these ▁nations ▁to ▁build ▁strong ▁nav ies ▁and ▁expand ▁their ▁territor ies ▁peace fully ▁or ▁by ▁con quest . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁Poland , ▁with ▁no ▁obst acle ▁for ▁its ▁powerful ▁neighb ours , ▁even ▁lost ▁its ▁independence ▁as ▁a ▁nation , ▁being ▁partition ed ▁among ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Pr ussia , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Empire , ▁and ▁Austria ▁from ▁ 1 7 9 5 ▁on wards ▁till ▁it ▁reg ained ▁independence ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁ ▁Cl imate ▁affects ▁the ▁productivity ▁of ▁Russian ▁agriculture ▁as ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁is ▁in ▁lat itudes ▁well ▁north ▁of ▁ideal ▁lat itudes ▁for ▁farming . ▁Con vers ely , ▁Russia ' s ▁size ▁permitted ▁it ▁to ▁trade ▁space ▁for ▁time ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁Patri otic ▁War . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ge opol it ics ▁Power ▁projection ▁ ▁Power ▁in ▁international ▁relations ▁ ▁Com posite ▁Index ▁of ▁National ▁Cap ability ▁ ▁Com pre hens ive ▁National ▁Power ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁relations ▁termin ology <0x0A> </s> ▁Per secut ion ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁occurs ▁in ▁various ▁countries , ▁especially ▁in ▁Iran , ▁where ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁origin ated , ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁populations |
▁in ▁the ▁world ▁is ▁located . ▁ ▁The ▁origins ▁of ▁the ▁per secut ion ▁stem ▁from ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁teach ings ▁which ▁are ▁incons istent ▁with ▁traditional ▁Islamic ▁beliefs , ▁including ▁the ▁final ity ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁prop he th ood , ▁and ▁the ▁placement ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁outside ▁the ▁Islamic ▁faith . ▁Thus , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁seen ▁as ▁apost ates ▁from ▁Islam , ▁and , ▁according ▁to ▁some ▁Islam ists , ▁must ▁choose ▁between ▁rep ent ance ▁and ▁death . ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁spokes people , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁Am n esty ▁International , ▁the ▁European ▁Union , ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁peer - review ed ▁academic ▁literature ▁have ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁in ▁Iran ▁have ▁been ▁subject ed ▁to ▁unw arr anted ▁arrest s , ▁false ▁imprison ment , ▁beat ings , ▁torture , ▁un just ified ▁execut ions , ▁conf isc ation ▁and ▁destruction ▁of ▁property ▁owned ▁by ▁individuals ▁and ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community , ▁den ial ▁of ▁employment , ▁den ial ▁of ▁government ▁benefits , ▁den ial ▁of ▁civil ▁rights ▁and ▁libert ies , ▁and ▁den ial ▁of ▁access ▁to ▁higher ▁education . ▁ ▁Historical ▁context ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁by ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h ▁in ▁Iran . ▁Eight y - n ine ▁percent ▁of ▁Iran ians ▁ad here |
▁to ▁the ▁Tw el ver ▁branch ▁of ▁Sh i ʻ a ▁Islam , ▁which ▁holds ▁as ▁a ▁core ▁doctrine ▁the ▁expected ▁advent ▁of ▁a ▁mess ian ic ▁figure ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Q a ' im ▁or ▁as ▁the ▁Im am ▁Mah di . ▁The ▁B áb ▁claimed ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁Im am ▁Mah di ▁and ▁thus ▁he ▁had ▁equal ▁status ▁to ▁Muhammad ▁with ▁the ▁power , ▁which ▁he ▁exerc ised , ▁to ▁ab ro gate ▁the ▁final ▁provisions ▁of ▁Islamic ▁law . ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h , ▁a ▁B áb í ▁who ▁claimed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁one ▁fore t old ▁by ▁the ▁B áb , ▁claimed ▁a ▁similar ▁station ▁for ▁himself ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁as ▁a ▁Man ifest ation ▁of ▁God ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁promised ▁figure ▁fore t old ▁in ▁the ▁sacred ▁script ures ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁religious ▁traditions ▁of ▁the ▁past ▁and ▁founded ▁what ▁later ▁came ▁to ▁be ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith . ▁ ▁Con cer ning ▁the ▁historical ▁context ▁of ▁the ▁per secut ions , ▁Friedrich ▁W . ▁Aff ol ter ▁in ▁" War ▁Cr imes , ▁Gen oc ide , ▁& ▁Cr imes ▁against ▁Human ity " ▁writes : ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this , ▁the ▁B áb í ▁religion , ▁the ▁for er un ner ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith , ▁did ▁not ▁pass ively ▁accept ▁its ▁per secut ion . ▁Friedrich ▁W . ▁Aff ol ter ▁writes : ▁ ▁Others ▁have ▁stated ▁that ▁the |
▁B áb ís ▁originally ▁armed ▁themselves ▁and ▁prepared ▁for ▁a ▁holy ▁war ▁that ▁became ▁defensive ▁when ▁they ▁encountered ▁state ▁troops ▁in ▁several ▁locations ▁and ▁that ▁two ▁to ▁three ▁thousand ▁B áb ís ▁were ▁killed . ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h ▁took ▁a ▁more ▁conc ili atory ▁position , ▁for b idding ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁holy ▁war ▁to ▁spread ▁his ▁faith . ▁Instead , ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁engage ▁various ▁governments ▁in ▁dialogue ; ▁however , ▁the ▁radical ▁nature ▁of ▁his ▁claim ▁to ▁prop he th ood ▁did ▁little ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁perception ▁of ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁Iran . ▁To ▁this ▁day , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁a ▁widely ▁per secut ed ▁minority ▁group ▁in ▁Iran ▁and ▁other ▁predomin antly ▁Muslim ▁countries , ▁since ▁they ▁are ▁seen ▁as ▁apost ates ▁from ▁Islam , ▁and ▁supporters ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁and ▁Israel . ▁ ▁Iran ▁ ▁Legal ▁context ▁The ▁Iran ian ▁constitution ▁that ▁was ▁draft ed ▁during ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Const itutional ▁Revolution ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁set ▁the ▁ground work ▁for ▁the ▁institutional ized ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁While ▁the ▁constitution ▁was ▁mod elled ▁on ▁Belgium ' s ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁constitution , ▁the ▁provisions ▁guarantee ing ▁freedom ▁of ▁worship ▁were ▁om itted . ▁ ▁Sub sequ ent ▁legislation ▁provided ▁some ▁recognition ▁to ▁Z oro ast ri ans , ▁Jews ▁and ▁Christians ▁as ▁equal ▁citizens ▁under ▁state ▁law , ▁but ▁it ▁did ▁not ▁guarantee ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion ▁and ▁" g ave ▁unpre |
ced ented ▁institutional ▁powers ▁to ▁the ▁cler ical ▁establishment ." ▁ ▁The ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran , ▁that ▁was ▁established ▁after ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁revolution , ▁recogn izes ▁four ▁relig ions , ▁whose ▁status ▁is ▁formally ▁protected : ▁Z oro ast rian ism , ▁Jud a ism , ▁Christianity , ▁and ▁Islam . ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁minority ▁relig ions ▁receive ▁special ▁treatment ▁under ▁Iran ian ▁law . ▁For ▁example , ▁their ▁members ▁are ▁allowed ▁to ▁drink ▁alcohol , ▁and ▁representatives ▁of ▁several ▁minority ▁communities ▁are ▁guaranteed ▁seats ▁in ▁parliament . ▁ ▁However , ▁religious ▁freedom ▁in ▁Iran ▁is ▁far ▁from ▁absolute . ▁Con version ▁away ▁from ▁Islam ▁( ap ost asy ) ▁is ▁for bidden , ▁with ▁both ▁conver ts ▁and ▁mission aries ▁risk ing ▁prison . ▁Those ▁seeking ▁to ▁start ▁a ▁new ▁religious ▁group ▁( whe ther ▁Muslim ▁or ▁not ) ▁face ▁severe ▁restrictions . ▁ ▁The ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith ▁faces ▁an ▁additional , ▁technical ▁hur d le . ▁ ▁Iran ian ▁law ▁recogn izes ▁all ▁those ▁who ▁accept ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁God ▁and ▁the ▁prop he th ood ▁of ▁Muhammad ▁as ▁Muslims . ▁ ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁accept ▁both ▁of ▁these ▁pre cept s ; ▁however , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁recognize ▁the ▁B áb ▁and ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h ▁as ▁additional ▁mess engers ▁that ▁have ▁appeared ▁after ▁Muhammad . ▁ ▁Muslims , ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁assert ▁the ▁final ity ▁of ▁Muhammad ' s ▁revel ation . ▁Iran ian ▁law |
▁therefore ▁treats ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁as ▁" her etics " ▁rather ▁than ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁independent ▁religion , ▁as ▁they ▁describe ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Other ▁un recogn ized ▁Iran ian ▁religious ▁minor ities ▁include ▁the ▁A hl - e ▁Ha qq , ▁the ▁Mand ae ans ▁and ▁Az alis . ▁Non - Mus lim s ▁compr ise ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁Iran ' s ▁population . ▁See ▁religious ▁minor ities ▁in ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Early ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁P ahl avi ▁D yn asty ▁ ▁Political ▁context ▁At ▁least ▁one ▁scholar ▁has ▁described ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁in ▁Iran ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁as ▁" a ▁political ▁pa wn ". ▁Government ▁toler ation ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁being ▁in ▁accord ▁with ▁sec ular ▁Western ▁ideas ▁of ▁freedom ▁of ▁worship ▁was ▁" a ▁way ▁of ▁showing ▁m ull ah s ▁who ▁was ▁boss ." ▁Cor respon ding ly , ▁since ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁minority ▁and ▁most ▁Iran ians ▁followed ▁traditional ▁beliefs ▁of ▁A post asy ▁in ▁Islam , ▁when ▁the ▁government ▁was ▁polit ically ▁weak ▁and ▁in ▁need ▁of ▁cler ical ▁support , ▁withdrawal ▁of ▁government ▁protection ▁to ▁" allow ▁active ▁per secut ion ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ," ▁was ▁a ▁" low ▁cost ▁pa wn ▁that ▁could ▁be ▁sacrific ed ▁to ▁the ▁m ull ah s ". ▁Thus ▁during ▁the ▁hey day ▁of ▁sec ular ▁rul er ▁Re za ▁Shah ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁protected |
; ▁while ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁when ▁Re za ▁Shah ' s ▁son , ▁Muhammad ▁Re za , ▁needed ▁cler ical ▁support ▁for ▁the ▁Bag hd ad ▁P act ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Iran ian ▁coup ▁d ' ét at ▁only ▁two ▁years ▁past , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁attacked . ▁ ▁History ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁twentieth ▁century , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁re pression ▁that ▁impact ed ▁individual ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁cent r ally - direct ed ▁campaigns ▁that ▁targeted ▁the ▁entire ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁and ▁institutions ▁were ▁initiated . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁per secut ions ▁were ▁recorded ▁by ▁mission aries ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁areas ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁mass ac res . ▁In ▁one ▁case ▁in ▁Y az d ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁killed . ▁Later ▁on ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁schools , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Tar bi y at ▁boys ' ▁and ▁girl ' s ▁schools ▁in ▁Te hr an , ▁were ▁closed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁and ▁' 4 0 s , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁mar riages ▁were ▁not ▁recognized ▁and ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁literature ▁was ▁cens ored . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Moh amm ad ▁Re za ▁P ahl avi , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁growing ▁national ism ▁and ▁the ▁economic ▁difficulties ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁the ▁Shah ▁gave ▁up ▁control ▁over ▁certain ▁religious ▁affairs ▁to |
▁the ▁cler gy ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁Among ▁other ▁things , ▁the ▁power ▁sharing ▁resulted ▁in ▁a ▁campaign ▁of ▁per secut ion ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁Ak hav i ▁has ▁suggested ▁it ▁is ▁likely ▁the ▁government ▁had ▁hoped ▁that ▁by ▁or chestr ating ▁a ▁movement ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁it ▁could ▁serve ▁to ▁obsc ure ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁reven ues ▁obtained ▁by ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁oil ▁from ▁western ▁oil ▁companies ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁too ▁low ▁for ▁the ▁growing ▁national istic ▁sentiment ; ▁it ▁would ▁also ▁serve ▁to ▁gain ▁the ▁support ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁for ▁their ▁foreign ▁policy . ▁ ▁They ▁approved ▁and ▁coord inated ▁the ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁campaign ▁to ▁in cite ▁public ▁passion ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁and ▁included ▁the ▁spreading ▁of ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁propaganda ▁in ▁national ▁radio ▁stations ▁and ▁official ▁newspapers . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁Ram ad an ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁She ikh ▁Moh amm ad ▁Ta q i ▁F als afi , ▁a ▁popul ist ▁pre acher , ▁started ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁highest - profile ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁propaganda ▁schemes . ▁After ▁receiving ▁permission ▁from ▁the ▁Shah ▁to ▁state ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁rhet oric ▁in ▁his ▁s erm ons , ▁he ▁encouraged ▁other ▁cler gy ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁issue ▁in ▁their ▁s erm ons . ▁ |
▁These ▁s erm ons ▁caused ▁mob ▁violence ▁against ▁Bah á ʼ ís ; ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁properties ▁were ▁destroyed , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁cent res ▁were ▁lo oted , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁c em eter ies ▁des ec rated , ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁killed , ▁some ▁hack ed ▁to ▁pieces , ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁women ▁were ▁ab du cted ▁and ▁forced ▁to ▁marry ▁Muslims , ▁and ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁exp elled ▁and ▁dismissed ▁from ▁schools ▁and ▁employment . ▁During ▁the ▁third ▁week ▁of ▁the ▁s erm ons ▁the ▁National ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Centre ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁was ▁occupied ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁its ▁d ome ▁later ▁destroyed . ▁ ▁The ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Interior , ▁Am ir ▁As ad oll ah ▁Al am , ▁wrote ▁in ▁his ▁mem oirs : ▁< block quote > F als afi ▁managed ▁to ▁fool ▁both ▁the ▁Shah ▁and ▁the ▁military ▁authorities ▁and ▁start ▁a ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁that ▁dragged ▁the ▁country ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁of ▁disaster . ▁It ▁was ▁Ram ad an . ▁[ F als afi ' s ] ▁noon ▁s erm ons ▁were ▁broadcast ▁throughout ▁the ▁nation ▁via ▁radio ▁and ▁caused ▁violence ▁and ▁terror ▁in ▁many ▁locations . ▁People ▁killed ▁a ▁few ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁here ▁and ▁there . ▁F als afi ▁justified ▁these ▁acts ▁by ▁saying ▁that ▁they ▁increased ▁the ▁Shah ' s ▁prest ige . ▁I ▁had ▁no ▁choice ▁but ▁to ▁order ▁him , ▁in ▁my ▁own ▁r |
ash ▁way , ▁to ▁refr ain ▁from ▁giving ▁further ▁spe e ches ▁until ▁order ▁was ▁re est ab lished ." ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁government ▁tried ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁s erm ons , ▁F als afi ▁did ▁not ▁stop ▁his ▁s erm ons ▁until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Ram ad an . ▁ ▁Throughout ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁the ▁cler gy ▁continued ▁to ▁initi ate ▁the ▁re pression ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ; ▁however , ▁their ▁efforts ▁were ▁checked ▁by ▁government ▁minister s ▁who , ▁while ▁they ▁were ▁sym pathetic ▁to ▁the ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁sentiment , ▁feared ▁that ▁the ▁violence ▁would ▁get ▁out ▁of ▁control ▁and ▁cause ▁international ▁criticism . ▁ ▁Also ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s , ▁the ▁fundamental ist ▁Islamic ▁organization ▁named ▁H oj j ati ye h , ▁whose ▁central ▁aim ▁was ▁to ▁combat ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith , ▁was ▁founded . ▁ ▁Members ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁entered ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁communities , ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁arrest s , ▁imprison ments ▁and ▁execut ions ▁are ▁often ▁attributed ▁to ▁H oj j ati ye h ▁members ▁having ▁access ▁to ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁registration ▁books . ▁Also ▁during ▁the ▁P ah lev i ▁era , ▁the ▁H oj j ati ye h ▁seem ▁to ▁have ▁cooper ated ▁with ▁S AV AK , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁government ' s ▁intelligence ▁agency ▁who ▁had ▁gathered ▁information ▁about ▁the ▁religious ▁affili ation ▁of ▁Iran |
ian ▁citizens , ▁to ▁attack ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁ ▁Eliz ▁San as arian ▁states ▁that ▁while ▁many ▁Iran ians ▁bl amed ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁per secut ion ▁on ▁H oj j ati ye h , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁visible ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁force , ▁the ▁silent ▁Iran ian ▁majority ▁" c annot ▁avoid ▁personal ▁and ▁commun al ▁responsibility ▁for ▁the ▁per secut ions ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁in ▁this ▁extreme ▁manner . ▁To ▁provide ▁t ac it ▁support , ▁to ▁remain ▁silent , ▁... ▁do ▁not ▁excuse ▁the ▁majority ▁for ▁the ▁actions ▁based ▁on ▁prejud ice ▁and ▁hate ▁against ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁religious ▁minority ▁group ." ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁the ▁Shah ' s ▁regime , ▁due ▁to ▁criticism ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁pro - W estern , ▁consistently ▁lost ▁legit im acy . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁anti - Sh ah ▁movement ▁gained ▁ground ▁and ▁support , ▁revolutionary ▁propaganda ▁was ▁spread ▁that ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁Shah ' s ▁advis ors ▁were ▁Bah á ʼ ís . ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁port rayed ▁as ▁economic ▁threats , ▁supporters ▁of ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁West ▁and ▁popular ▁hatred ▁for ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁increased . ▁ ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ▁and ▁Republic ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ▁has ▁ref ocus ed ▁the ▁per secut ions ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁Faith . ▁Am n esty ▁International ▁and ▁others ▁report ▁that ▁ 2 0 2 ▁Bah |
á ʼ ís ▁have ▁been ▁killed ▁since ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Revolution ▁( see ▁below ), ▁with ▁many ▁more ▁imprison ed , ▁exp elled ▁from ▁schools ▁and ▁work pl aces , ▁denied ▁various ▁benefits ▁or ▁denied ▁registration ▁for ▁their ▁mar riages . ▁Additionally , ▁several ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁holy ▁sites ▁were ▁destroyed ▁in ▁the ▁revolution ' s ▁after math , ▁including ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁the ▁B áb ▁in ▁Shir az , ▁the ▁house ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ u ' ll á h ▁at ▁Tak ur ▁( in ▁Maz and aran ), ▁and ▁the ▁resting ▁place ▁of ▁Muhammad - Ali ▁Bar fur ush i ▁( Q udd ús ) ▁in ▁Te hr an . ▁ ▁The ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁has ▁often ▁stated ▁that ▁arrested ▁B aha ' is ▁are ▁being ▁det ained ▁for ▁" security ▁issues " ▁and ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁" an ▁organized ▁establishment ▁linked ▁to ▁foreign ers , ▁the ▁Z ion ists ▁in ▁particular ," ▁but ▁according ▁to ▁B ani ▁D ug al , ▁the ▁principal ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁B aha ' i ▁International ▁Community ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁" the ▁best ▁proof " ▁that ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁are ▁being ▁per secut ed ▁for ▁their ▁faith , ▁not ▁for ▁anti - I ran ian ▁activity ▁" is ▁the ▁fact ▁that , ▁time ▁and ▁again , ▁B aha ' is ▁have ▁been ▁offered ▁their ▁freedom ▁if ▁they ▁rec ant ▁their ▁B aha ' i ▁beliefs ▁and ▁convert ▁to ▁Islam ▁ ..." ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁revolution ▁attacks ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ |
ís ▁increased . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁H oj j ati ye h ▁members ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁National ▁Centre ▁in ▁Te hr an ▁and ▁other ▁cities ▁and ▁exp elled ▁staff ▁and ▁seized ▁personnel ▁files ▁and ▁membership ▁lists . ▁ ▁These ▁files ▁were ▁later ▁used ▁by ▁H oj j ati ye h ▁including ▁sending ▁fly ers ▁in ▁the ▁mail ▁warning ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁of ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁continuing ▁to ▁believe ▁in ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁beliefs . ▁ ▁Also , ▁once ▁again , ▁there ▁were ▁reports ▁of ▁mob ▁attacks , ▁ar son , ▁and ▁deaths ▁and ▁mur ders ▁against ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁across ▁Iran ; ▁twenty - two ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁c em eter ies ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁hundreds ▁of ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁homes ▁and ▁businesses ▁were ▁damaged ▁or ▁destroyed . ▁During ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁in ▁Sar vest an , ▁a ▁city ▁south ▁of ▁Shir az , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁several ▁hundred ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁houses ▁were ▁set ▁on ▁fire , ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁left ▁homeless . ▁ ▁Re ports ▁of ▁the ▁attacks ▁suggest ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁spont aneous , ▁but ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁initiated ▁by ▁the ▁military ▁government ▁appointed ▁by ▁the ▁Shah , ▁that ▁S AV AK ▁provided ▁the ▁addresses ▁for ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁and ▁when ▁the ▁army ▁showed ▁up ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁action ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁fires ▁from ▁spreading |
. ▁Further ▁attacks ▁happened ▁throughout ▁the ▁country ▁including ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁who ▁would ▁not ▁rec ant ▁being ▁fired ▁at ▁and ▁having ▁their ▁homes ▁destroyed ; ▁the ▁violence ▁continued ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁Shah ▁fled ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Shah ▁left ▁Iran ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Ay at oll ah ▁K home ini ▁returned ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁started ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁creating ▁a ▁new ▁government . ▁ ▁During ▁an ▁interview ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Iran ▁with ▁Professor ▁James ▁C ock ro ft , ▁K home ini ▁stated ▁that ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁religious ▁freedom : ▁C ock ro ft : ▁Will ▁there ▁be ▁either ▁religious ▁or ▁political ▁freedom ▁for ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁under ▁the ▁Islamic ▁government ? ▁K home ini : ▁They ▁are ▁a ▁political ▁f action ; ▁they ▁are ▁harmful . ▁They ▁will ▁not ▁be ▁accepted . ▁C ock ro ft : ▁How ▁about ▁their ▁freedom ▁of ▁religion – ▁religious ▁practice ? ▁K home ini : ▁No . ▁ ▁The ▁new ▁government ' s ▁spokes man ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁said ▁that ▁while ▁religious ▁minor ities ▁would ▁retain ▁their ▁religious ▁rights ▁emphas ized ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁would ▁not ▁receive ▁the ▁same ▁treatment , ▁since ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁a ▁political ▁rather ▁than ▁religious ▁movement . ▁B az arg an , ▁the ▁prov is ional ▁prime - minister , ▁while ▁being ▁em |
ph atic ▁that ▁all ▁Iran ians ▁would ▁enjoy ▁the ▁same ▁rights , ▁insisted ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁a ▁political ▁movement ▁and ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁toler ated . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁draft ing ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁constitution ▁the ▁word ing ▁intention ally ▁excluded ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁from ▁protection ▁as ▁a ▁religious ▁community . ▁Refer ring ▁to ▁the ▁record ings ▁of ▁the ▁proceedings ▁of ▁the ▁official ▁trans cript s ▁of ▁the ▁constitution ▁draft ing ▁process , ▁San as arian ▁states ▁that ▁anti - B ah á ʼ í ▁thought ▁was ▁obvious ▁as ▁there ▁was ▁h ag gling ▁" over ▁every ▁word ▁and ▁expression ▁of ▁certain ▁articles ▁to ▁assure ▁the ▁excl usion ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ." ▁The ▁final ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁constitution ▁explicitly ▁with held ▁recognition ▁from ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁by ▁stating ▁in ▁Article ▁ 1 3 ▁that ▁the ▁" Z oro ast rian , ▁Jewish ▁and ▁Christian ▁Iran ians ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁recognized ▁religious ▁minor ities ..." ▁Res pon ding ▁to ▁international ▁criticism ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁excl usion ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís , ▁spokes men ▁for ▁the ▁government ▁stated , ▁as ▁before , ▁that ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁were ▁a ▁" m is gu ided ▁group ... ▁whose ▁affili ation ▁and ▁association ▁with ▁world ▁Z ion ism ▁is ▁a ▁clear ▁fact " ▁and ▁that ▁" B ah á ʼ í sm ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁religion , ▁but ▁a ▁political ▁doctrine ." ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁the ▁new |
▁government ▁of ▁the ▁Islamic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁system atically ▁targeted ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁community ▁by ▁focusing ▁on ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁National ▁Spirit ual ▁Assembly ▁( N SA ) ▁and ▁Local ▁Spirit ual ▁As sembl ies ▁( L SA ). ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁Ali ▁Mur ad ▁Dav udi , ▁the ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁N SA , ▁was ▁kidn apped ▁and ▁never ▁seen ▁again . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁all ▁nine ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Spirit ual ▁Assembly ▁were ▁arrested ▁while ▁meeting ▁at ▁a ▁private ▁home . ▁In ▁a ▁statement ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁then ▁speaker ▁of ▁the ▁House ▁Ali ▁Ak bar ▁Has he mi ▁Raf s anj ani , ▁stated ▁that ▁an ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁arrest s ▁of ▁the ▁Bah á ʼ ís ▁had ▁been ▁issued , ▁but ▁by ▁October ▁ 9 , ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Raf s anj ani ▁changed ▁his ▁statement ▁and ▁said ▁that ▁no ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁N SA ▁were ▁arrested . ▁There ▁has ▁been ▁no ▁further ▁news ▁regarding ▁the ▁nine ▁N SA ▁members ▁since ▁their ▁arrest ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁and ▁their ▁fate ▁remains ▁unknown , ▁although ▁there ▁are ▁reports ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁at ▁some ▁point ▁held ▁in ▁Ev in ▁prison ; ▁they ▁are ▁now ▁presum ed ▁dead . ▁After ▁the ▁disappe arance ▁of ▁the ▁N SA ▁members , ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Bah á ʼ í ▁elected ▁a ▁new ▁N SA . |
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