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</s> ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁Path ark ar ▁surn ame ▁are ▁mostly ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁states , ▁Mah ar as ht ra , ▁Mad h ya ▁Pr adesh , ▁Gu jar at ▁and ▁K arn at aka ▁India . ▁ ▁Most ▁Path ark ars ▁are ▁Des has tha ▁Bra hm ins ▁by ▁cas te . ▁The ▁surn ame ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁amongst ▁other ▁Hindu ▁cast es ▁and ▁communities ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁ ▁Individ uals ▁with ▁the ▁last ▁name ▁Path ark ar ▁speak ▁Mar ath i ▁as ▁their ▁mother ▁tongue ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁regional ▁and ▁national ▁languages . ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁family ▁names ▁Category : S urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Nicol ▁Ross ▁Stephen , ▁Baron ▁Stephen ▁( born ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South , ▁and ▁was ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁Deputy ▁First ▁Minister ▁of ▁Scotland ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁an ▁M SP ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁coalition ▁agreement ▁between ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁and ▁Labour ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament , ▁he ▁became ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁Later ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁parliament ary |
▁term ▁he ▁became ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education , ▁Europe ▁and ▁Ex ternal ▁Affairs , ▁and ▁then ▁for ▁Education ▁and ▁Young ▁People . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁election , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Executive ▁cabinet ▁as ▁Minister ▁for ▁Transport . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁following ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁his ▁predecess or ▁Jim ▁Wallace , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁party ▁and ▁also ▁became ▁Deputy ▁First ▁Minister ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁He ▁led ▁his ▁party ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁election , ▁where ▁they ▁won ▁ 1 6 ▁seats ▁( down ▁one ▁on ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁He ▁resigned ▁as ▁party ▁leader ▁on ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁trigger ing ▁a ▁leadership ▁election . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁The ▁Aber de en ▁Law ▁Project ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁family ▁life ▁Born ▁in ▁Aber de en , ▁he ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁Robert ▁Gordon ' s ▁College ▁in ▁Aber de en ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁where ▁he ▁obtained ▁an ▁LL B ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 . ▁He ▁then ▁took ▁his ▁Di pl oma ▁in ▁Legal ▁Practice ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁years ▁as ▁a ▁sol ic itor ▁before ▁moving ▁into |
▁corporate ▁finance ▁as ▁a ▁senior ▁manager ▁with ▁Del o itte ▁& ▁T ou che . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁Chair ▁of ▁C RE ATE ▁( a ▁group ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁rail ▁elect r ification ▁between ▁Aber de en ▁and ▁Edinburgh ); ▁a ▁chair person ▁of ▁ST AR ▁( Save ▁Tor - Na - D ee ▁Hospital ▁and ▁R ox burg he ▁House ); ▁and ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁Gr amp ian ▁Enterprise . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁married ▁with ▁ 4 ▁children . ▁ ▁Early ▁political ▁career ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁Gr amp ian ▁Regional ▁Council ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁( as ▁Scotland ' s ▁youngest ▁coun c ill or ) ▁and ▁was ▁Chair ▁of ▁Gr amp ian ' s ▁Economic ▁Development ▁and ▁Planning ▁Committee ▁from ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁briefly ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁Parliament ▁for ▁the ▁K inc ard ine ▁and ▁De es ide ▁constitu ency , ▁elected ▁in ▁the ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁by - election ▁following ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Conservative ▁and ▁Union ist ▁A lick ▁Buch an an - Sm ith . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁tre asury ▁team ▁and ▁spokes person ▁on ▁small ▁business ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons . ▁The ▁seat ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Conservative ▁and ▁Union ist ▁party ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁general ▁election , ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁George ▁K yn och . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁stood ▁for ▁the |
▁Aber de en ▁South ▁constitu ency ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁election ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South , ▁but ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Labour ▁candidate . ▁ ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ ▁Minister ▁and ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁roles ▁ ▁Nicol ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁M SP ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁South ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament . ▁He ▁later ▁helped ▁negoti ate ▁the ▁Part nership ▁Agreement ▁for ▁the ▁coalition ▁government ▁with ▁the ▁Labour ▁Party . ▁ ▁He ▁later ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Executive ▁as ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning ▁( 1 9 9 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 0 ), ▁then ▁as ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education , ▁Europe ▁and ▁Ex ternal ▁Affairs ▁( 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 ), ▁and ▁as ▁Deputy ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education ▁and ▁Young ▁People ▁( 2 0 0 1 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁election , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Minister ▁for ▁Transport . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁in ▁this ▁post , ▁he ▁was ▁responsible ▁for ▁appro ving ▁the ▁controversial ▁M 7 4 ▁extension . ▁ ▁Deputy ▁First ▁Minister ▁Following ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁Jim ▁Wallace ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁as ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrats , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁his ▁intention ▁to ▁stand ▁for ▁the ▁leadership . ▁He ▁defeated ▁rival ▁candidate , ▁Mike ▁R umb les , ▁who ▁advoc ated ▁ending ▁the ▁coalition ▁agreement ▁with ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Labour ▁Party , ▁winning ▁ 7 6 |
. 6 %, ▁becoming ▁the ▁Deputy ▁First ▁Minister ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁Following ▁his ▁leadership ▁victory , ▁a ▁mini - resh uffle ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁cabinet , ▁saw ▁him ▁take ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Minister ▁for ▁Enterprise ▁and ▁L if el ong ▁Learning . ▁ ▁Opp os ition ▁Following ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁election , ▁with ▁the ▁SN P ▁emerging ▁the ▁largest ▁party ▁by ▁one ▁seat ▁but ▁short ▁of ▁an ▁overall ▁majority , ▁it ▁held ▁discussions ▁with ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Green ▁Party ▁and ▁also ▁intim ated ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁open ▁to ▁discussions ▁with ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democrats . ▁ ▁However , ▁since ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁had ▁indicated ▁that ▁they ▁would ▁not ▁enter ▁discussions ▁with ▁parties ▁which ▁continued ▁to ▁favour ▁a ▁refer end um ▁on ▁independence , ▁no ▁formal ▁talks ▁were ▁held : ▁the ▁SN P ▁became ▁a ▁minority ▁administration ▁and ▁Nicol ▁led ▁his ▁party ▁to ▁the ▁opposition ▁ben ches . ▁ ▁Despite ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁government , ▁his ▁party ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁minority ▁SN P ▁Government ▁on ▁certain ▁issues ▁where ▁they ▁broad ly ▁agreed , ▁including ▁replacing ▁the ▁council ▁tax ▁with ▁a ▁local ▁income ▁tax ▁to ▁fund ▁a ▁proportion ▁of ▁local ▁government ▁revenue . ▁ ▁He ▁developed ▁a ▁reputation ▁among ▁some ▁journalists ▁as ▁an ▁effective ▁and ▁force ful ▁critic ▁of ▁some ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Government ' s ▁policy ▁and ▁performance , ▁especially ▁at ▁First ▁Minister ' s ▁Question ▁Time . ▁ ▁Along ▁with ▁Wend y ▁Alexander ▁and ▁Ann abel ▁Gold ie , ▁he ▁took |
▁his ▁party ▁into ▁the ▁Commission ▁on ▁Scottish ▁Dev olution ▁cha ired ▁by ▁Sir ▁Kenn eth ▁Cal man , ▁but ▁was ▁opposed ▁to ▁any ▁suggestion ▁that ▁this ▁would ▁result ▁in ▁powers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁being ▁returned ▁to ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁Res ign ation ▁as ▁Party ▁Leader ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁he ▁was ▁stepping ▁down ▁as ▁party ▁leader ▁with ▁immediate ▁effect ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁press ures ▁of ▁leading ▁a ▁political ▁party ▁while ▁having ▁a ▁young ▁family ▁based ▁in ▁Aber de en , ▁some ▁distance ▁from ▁the ▁Parliament ▁in ▁Edinburgh . ▁Nicol ' s ▁resign ation ▁took ▁many ▁in ▁Scottish ▁politics ▁by ▁surprise , ▁and ▁came ▁only ▁four ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁resign ation ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁leader ▁of ▁Labour ▁in ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament , ▁Wend y ▁Alexander . ▁He ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁T av ish ▁Scott . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Nicol ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁standing ▁again ▁at ▁the ▁Scottish ▁elections ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁On ▁ 2 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁he ▁was ▁created ▁a ▁life ▁peer ▁as ▁Baron ▁Stephen , ▁of ▁Lower ▁De es ide ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Aber de en , ▁and ▁was ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords ▁on ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁where ▁he ▁sits ▁on ▁the ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁ben ches . ▁He ▁said ▁he ▁will ▁use ▁his ▁new ▁position ▁to ▁help |
▁reform ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁L ords . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁MP s ▁with ▁the ▁short est ▁service ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Nicol ▁Stephen ▁M SP ▁profile ▁at ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁ ▁Category : Dep uty ▁First ▁Minister s ▁of ▁Scotland ▁Category : Lead ers ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Liberal ▁Democrats ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁MP s ▁Category : L iber al ▁Democrat ▁M SP s ▁Category : UK ▁MP s ▁ 1 9 8 7 – 1 9 9 2 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 1 9 9 9 – 2 0 0 3 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁for ▁Scottish ▁constitu encies ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁Liberal ▁Democrat ▁coun c ill ors ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁sol ic itors ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Aber de en ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Edinburgh ▁Category : People ▁educated ▁at ▁Robert ▁Gordon ' s ▁College ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Scottish ▁Parliament ▁for ▁Aber de en ▁constitu encies ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : L iber al ▁Democrats ▁( UK ) ▁life ▁peers <0x0A> </s> ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁California ▁may |
▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁San ▁Diego ▁County , ▁California , ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁But te ▁County , ▁California , ▁former ▁mining ▁camp ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁Col usa ▁County , ▁California , ▁former ▁settlement ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁El ▁Dor ado ▁County , ▁California , ▁un inc or por ated ▁community ▁Spring ▁Valley , ▁Lake ▁County , ▁California , ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁Valley ▁Springs , ▁California , ▁in ▁Cal aver as ▁County , ▁formerly ▁called ▁Spring ▁Valley <0x0A> </s> ▁Craig ▁Mull ins ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁digital ▁painter , ▁and ▁leading ▁international ▁concept ▁artist . ▁He ▁has ▁created ▁art ▁for ▁books , ▁video ▁games ▁and ▁films . ▁He ▁is ▁often ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁pione er ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁digital ▁painting . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Craig ▁Mull ins ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁in ▁California ▁and ▁moved ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁three ▁to ▁Ohio . ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 8 , ▁he ▁went ▁back ▁to ▁California , ▁where ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁he ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁proxim ity ▁of ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁P itzer ▁College ▁in ▁Cl are mont , ▁California , ▁for ▁two ▁years , ▁and ▁then ▁studied ▁at ▁Art ▁Center ▁College ▁of ▁Design ▁to ▁study ▁product ▁design ▁and ▁illustr ation . ▁He ▁started ▁out ▁as ▁a ▁transportation ▁designer ▁and ▁got ▁a ▁job ▁at ▁Ford ▁in ▁Detroit . ▁There , ▁he ▁discovered ▁that ▁his ▁design ▁sense |
▁was ▁a ▁little ▁bit ▁too ▁extreme ▁for ▁the ▁car ▁industry , ▁so ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁Art ▁Center ▁to ▁study ▁Ill ustr ation , ▁where ▁he ▁got ▁his ▁B FA ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁Since ▁then , ▁he ▁has ▁worked ▁on ▁many ▁projects ▁as ▁concept ▁artist , ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁mat te ▁painter . ▁Mull ins ▁realized ▁that ▁the ▁digital ▁era ▁freed ▁him ▁from ▁all ▁ge ographical ▁constraints , ▁so ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Hawaii , ▁where ▁he ▁still ▁lives ▁today . ▁He ▁stated ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁trying ▁to ▁stay ▁in ▁as ▁many ▁areas ▁of ▁illustr ation ▁as ▁possible . ▁His ▁works ▁are ▁inspired ▁by ▁John ▁S inger ▁S arg ent ▁and ▁Frank ▁F raz etta . ▁ ▁Mull ins ▁has ▁illustrated ▁cards ▁for ▁the ▁Magic : ▁The ▁G ather ing ▁collect ible ▁card ▁game . ▁He ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁invited ▁to ▁many ▁sem in ars ▁around ▁the ▁world , ▁such ▁as ▁China ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁highly ▁respected ▁by ▁Chinese ▁female ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁Su ▁Lin , ▁a ▁concept ▁artist ▁res iding ▁there . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁In ▁books ▁He ▁did ▁book ▁covers ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁books : ▁When ▁Gr avity ▁F ails ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁A ▁Fire ▁in ▁the ▁Sun ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁The ▁Ex ile ▁Kiss ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁H alo ▁En cycl op edia ▁C atur days .. ▁The ▁Begin ning ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁C |
atur days .. ▁The ▁End ▁( 2 0 0 5 ▁Or b ▁edition ) ▁Bio Sh ock : ▁R apture ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁Mur der ▁of ▁Soul s ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁In ▁film ▁He ▁did ▁mat te ▁paintings ▁and ▁concept ▁art ▁for ▁these ▁pictures : ▁The ▁Matrix ▁Rev olutions ▁Arm aged don ▁Fl ub ber ▁Contact ▁A pol lo ▁ 1 3 ▁Inter view ▁with ▁the ▁V amp ire ▁Final ▁Fant asy : ▁The ▁Sp ir its ▁Within ▁For rest ▁G ump ▁Jur ass ic ▁Park ▁T angled ▁Sp ider - Man : ▁Into ▁the ▁Sp ider - Ver se ▁ ▁In ▁video ▁games ▁He ▁did ▁illustr ations ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁vide og ames : ▁Bio Sh ock ▁ 2 ▁Mar athon ▁My th ▁II : ▁Soul bl ighter ▁H alo : ▁Com bat ▁E vol ved ▁H alo ▁ 2 ▁Black ▁ops ▁ 3 ▁Age ▁of ▁Emp ires ▁Age ▁of ▁Emp ires ▁III ▁Need ▁For ▁Speed ▁On i ▁Return ▁to ▁Castle ▁Wolf en stein ▁Europa ▁Univers alis ▁III ▁Fall out ▁ 3 ▁Mass ▁Effect ▁ 2 ▁Ass ass in ' s ▁C reed : ▁Brother hood ▁Call ▁of ▁C th ul hu : ▁Dark ▁Corn ers ▁of ▁the ▁Earth ▁Dragon ' s ▁Dog ma ▁ ▁Public ations ▁Ex pose ▁ 1 ▁by ▁Ball istic ▁Publishing ▁Art ▁of ▁H alo ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Craig ▁Mull ins ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 th |
- century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁illustr ators ▁Category : American ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : American ▁spec ulative ▁fiction ▁artists ▁Category : F ant asy ▁artists ▁Category : Game ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mat te ▁pain ters ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁California ▁Category : P ain ters ▁from ▁Ohio <0x0A> </s> ▁M LS ▁Soc cer ▁Saturday ▁was ▁a ▁weekly ▁presentation ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Soc cer ▁games ▁that ▁a ired ▁on ▁ESP N ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁M LS ▁Soc cer ▁Saturday ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁weekly ▁presentation ▁of ▁M LS ▁games , ▁which ▁usually ▁started ▁at ▁ 4 PM ▁E ST ▁and ▁was ▁sponsored ▁by ▁Rad ios h ack . ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁season , ▁the ▁league ▁and ▁ESP N ▁announced ▁that ▁M LS ▁Prim etime ▁Thursday ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁flag ship ▁broadcast ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁television ▁contract , ▁ending ▁an ▁ 1 1 - year ▁broadcast ▁run ▁of ▁matches ▁on ▁Saturday ▁after no ons . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁M LS ▁Prim etime ▁Thursday ▁ ▁M LS ▁Game ▁of ▁the ▁Week ▁ ▁M LS ▁Saturday ▁ ▁Soc cer ▁Saturday ▁Category : 1 9 9 0 s ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁Category : ES PN 2 ▁original ▁programming ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁American ▁television |
▁series ▁debut s ▁Category : 2 0 0 6 ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁end ings <0x0A> </s> ▁Mon ol ith ic ▁Mem ories , ▁Inc . ▁( MM I ) ▁produced ▁b ip olar ▁P ROM s , ▁program m able ▁logic ▁devices , ▁and ▁logic ▁circ uits ▁( including ▁ 7 4 0 0 ▁series ▁T TL ). ▁ ▁A ▁team ▁of ▁M MI ▁engineers , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁Ze ' ev ▁Dr ori ▁and ▁ ▁headed ▁by ▁John ▁B irk ner ▁and ▁H . ▁T . ▁Ch ua , ▁invented ▁the ▁class ▁of ▁devices ▁known ▁as ▁Program m able ▁Array ▁Log ic ▁( P AL ). ▁ ▁M MI ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁by ▁former ▁Fair child ▁Sem icon du ctor ▁engineer ▁Ze ' ev ▁Dr ori , ▁later ▁the ▁President ▁and ▁CEO ▁of ▁Tes la ▁Mot ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁under ▁the ▁st eward ship ▁of ▁President ▁Ir win ▁Fed erman , ▁it ▁was ▁merged ▁with ▁Advanced ▁Micro ▁Dev ices ▁in ▁a ▁$ 4 4 2 ▁million ▁stock ▁swap ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁integrated ▁circuit ▁manufacturer . ▁AMD ▁later ▁spun ▁off ▁their ▁program m able ▁logic ▁division ▁as ▁V ant is , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁acquired ▁by ▁L attice ▁Sem icon du ctor . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bit - slice ▁processor ▁( MM I ▁ 5 7 0 0 / 6 7 0 0 ) ▁ ▁Web ▁links ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : E lect ron ics |
▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Super fund ▁sites ▁in ▁California <0x0A> </s> ▁Heart ▁Like ▁a ▁Hur ricane ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁studio ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁singer ▁Larry ▁Stewart ▁and ▁second ▁release ▁after ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁departure ▁from ▁the ▁band ▁Rest less ▁Heart . ▁Three ▁singles ▁were ▁released ▁from ▁this ▁album : ▁" He art ▁Like ▁a ▁Hur ricane ", ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁and ▁" R ock in ' ▁the ▁Rock ". ▁Although ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁fell ▁entered ▁the ▁Top ▁ 4 0 ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁US ▁country ▁charts , ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁was ▁a ▁# 2 1 ▁on ▁the ▁R PM ▁country ▁charts ▁in ▁Canada . ▁Ty ▁Her nd on ▁recorded ▁" She ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁W anted ▁Again " ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁album ▁Living ▁in ▁a ▁Mom ent ▁and ▁released ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁that ▁year . ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁was ▁originally ▁recorded ▁by ▁V ince ▁Gill ▁( who ▁co - w rote ▁it ) ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁album ▁The ▁Way ▁Back ▁Home . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁" He art ▁Like ▁a ▁Hur ricane " ▁( T rey ▁Bruce , ▁Craig ▁Wis eman ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 0 3 ▁" L osing ▁Your ▁Love " ▁( V ince ▁Gill , ▁H ank ▁De V ito , ▁K ye ▁F lem ing ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 5 3 ▁" She ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be |
▁W anted ▁Again " ▁( B illy ▁Hend erson , ▁Steven ▁Dale ▁Jones ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 8 ▁" It ' s ▁How ▁Deep " ▁( J ames ▁Dean ▁H icks , ▁John ▁Schwe ers ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 5 ▁" M ama ▁Ne eds ▁Someone ▁to ▁Hold ▁Her " ▁( H icks , ▁Marc ▁Be es on ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 1 6 ▁" One ▁Track ▁Mind " ▁( B ob ▁Di P iero , ▁Matt ▁Roll ings , ▁Harry ▁St inson ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 3 6 ▁" Real ▁Life ▁Love " ▁( K ent ▁Bl azy , ▁Neil ▁Th ras her , ▁Kelly ▁Sh iver ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 2 5 ▁" Try ▁Being ▁Me " ▁( Tim ▁Mens y ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 8 ▁" R ock in ' ▁the ▁Rock " ▁( G ary ▁Bur r ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 2 7 ▁" I ' m ▁Not ▁Through ▁Lov in ' ▁You " ▁( G ary ▁Nich ol son , ▁Larry ▁Stewart ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 1 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Gary ▁Bur r ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁J . T . ▁C oren fl os ▁- ▁ac oustic ▁guitar , ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Dan ▁D ug more ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁ ▁Stuart ▁Duncan ▁- ▁f iddle ▁ ▁Paul ▁Franklin ▁- ▁steel ▁guitar ▁ ▁V ince ▁Gill ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Rob ▁H aj ac os ▁- ▁f iddle ▁ ▁D ann ▁H uff ▁- ▁electric |
▁guitar , ▁gut ▁string ▁guitar ▁ ▁John ▁B arl ow ▁Jar vis ▁- ▁key boards , ▁piano ▁ ▁Terry ▁Mc Mill an ▁- ▁per cussion , ▁tamb our ine ▁ ▁Carl ▁Mar sh ▁- ▁fair light ▁ ▁B rent ▁Mason ▁- ▁electric ▁guitar ▁ ▁Steve ▁Nathan ▁- ▁organ ▁ ▁Don ▁Pot ter ▁- ▁ac oustic ▁guitar ▁ ▁Michael ▁Rh odes ▁- ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁John ▁Wes ley ▁R yles ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Larry ▁Stewart ▁- ▁lead ▁vocals , ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Harry ▁St inson ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Billy ▁Thomas ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁C ind y ▁Richard son - Walk er ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁Dennis ▁Wilson ▁- ▁background ▁vocals ▁ ▁L on nie ▁Wilson ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁[ ▁Heart ▁Like ▁a ▁Hur ricane ] ▁at ▁All mus ic ▁ ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Scott ▁Hend r icks ▁Category : Col umb ia ▁Records ▁albums ▁Category : L arry ▁Stewart ▁( s inger ) ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 4 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁after ▁ Ō h ō ▁and ▁before ▁E iman . ▁ ▁This ▁period ▁sp anned ▁the ▁years ▁from ▁March ▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁through ▁June ▁ 1 1 6 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁reign ing ▁em per ors ▁were ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁Change ▁of ▁era ▁ ▁February ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁: ▁The ▁new ▁era ▁name ▁was ▁created ▁to ▁mark ▁an ▁event ▁or ▁series ▁of ▁events . ▁ ▁The ▁previous ▁era ▁ended ▁and |
▁a ▁new ▁one ▁comm enced ▁in ▁ Ō h ō ▁ 3 , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 9 th ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁month . ▁ ▁Events ▁of ▁the ▁Ch ō kan ▁era ▁▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 st ▁month ): ▁T air a ▁no ▁Sh ig em ori ▁( 1 1 3 8 – 1 1 7 9 ) ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁the ▁second ▁rank ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁class ▁in ▁the ▁court ▁hierarchy . ▁▁ 1 1 6 3 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 2 , ▁ 2 nd ▁month ): ▁A ▁large ▁congreg ation ▁of ▁Budd hist ▁priests ▁came ▁together ▁at ▁the ▁T ō dai - ji ▁and ▁K ō f uk u - ji ▁tem ples ▁to ▁rec ite ▁prayers ▁for ▁the ▁prosper ity ▁of ▁the ▁Imperial ▁Family . ▁ ▁September ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 1 6 4 ▁( Ch ō kan ▁ 2 , ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 6 th ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁month ): ▁The ▁former - Em peror ▁S ut oku ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Brown , ▁Del mer ▁M . ▁and ▁Ich ir ō ▁I sh ida , ▁ed s . ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁ ▁Gu k ans h ō : ▁The ▁Future ▁and ▁the ▁Past . ▁Berkeley : ▁University ▁of ▁California ▁Press . ▁; ▁ ▁O CL C ▁ 2 |
5 1 3 2 5 3 2 3 ▁ ▁N uss ba um , ▁Louis - Fr éd éric ▁and ▁K ä the ▁Roth . ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁ ▁Japan ▁enc ycl op edia . ▁Cambridge : ▁Harvard ▁University ▁Press . ▁; ▁ ▁O CL C ▁ 5 8 0 5 3 1 2 8 ▁ ▁T its ing h , ▁Isaac . ▁( 1 8 3 4 ). ▁N ih on ▁Od ai ▁Ich ir an ; ▁ou , ▁ ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁emp ere urs ▁du ▁J apon . ▁ ▁Paris : ▁Royal ▁As i atic ▁Society , ▁Ori ental ▁Trans lation ▁Fund ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland . ▁O CL C ▁ 5 8 5 0 6 9 1 ▁ ▁Var ley , ▁H . ▁Paul . ▁( 1 9 8 0 ). ▁A ▁Chron icle ▁of ▁God s ▁and ▁S over e ign s : ▁J inn ō ▁Sh ō t ō ki ▁of ▁Kit ab ata ke ▁Ch ik af usa . ▁New ▁York : ▁Columbia ▁University ▁Press . ▁ ▁; ▁ ▁O CL C ▁ 6 0 4 2 7 6 4 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁National ▁Diet ▁Library , ▁" The ▁Japanese ▁Cal endar " ▁-- ▁historical ▁overview ▁plus ▁illustr ative ▁images ▁from ▁library ' s ▁collection ▁ ▁Category : J apan ese ▁er as ▁Category : 1 1 6 0 s ▁in ▁Japan <0x0A> </s> ▁Ét ienne - La urent - J ose ph - H ip poly te ▁Boy er |
▁de ▁F on sc ol om be ▁( 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 7 7 2 , ▁A ix - en - Prov ence ▁- ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 8 5 3 , ▁A ix ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁ent om ologist ▁who ▁special ised ▁in ▁Cole opter a ▁and ▁H ym en opter a ▁and ▁p est ▁insect s . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Ét ienne ▁Joseph ▁H ip poly te ▁Boy er ▁de ▁F on sc ol om be ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 7 7 2 ▁in ▁A ix - en - Prov ence , ▁France . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Em manuel ▁Honor é ▁H ip poly te ▁de ▁Boy er ▁( 1 7 4 4 , ▁A ix , ▁Saint - S au ve ur - 1 8 1 0 ) ▁an ▁arist ocr at ▁who ▁studied ▁ag ron omy , ▁writing ▁on ▁this ▁subject ▁in ▁the ▁M ém o ires ▁de ▁l ' ac adém ie ▁d ' A ix . ▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁at ▁the ▁Coll ège ▁de ▁Ju illy . ▁ ▁Career ▁Upon ▁finishing ▁his ▁education ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 9 , ▁" he ▁had ▁attended ▁meetings ▁of ▁the ▁Const itu ent ▁Assembly ▁in ▁Vers a illes , ▁with ▁Mir abe au ." ▁He ▁was ▁later ▁" Locked ▁up ▁as ▁suspect " ▁( 1 7 9 3 – 9 4 ). ▁These ▁were ▁dangerous ▁times - his ▁father ▁was ▁also ▁imprison ed ▁in ▁the ▁T error . |
▁On ▁his ▁release ▁and ▁marriage ▁he ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁parents ▁and ▁his ▁mother - in - law ▁at ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Mont vert . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁father ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 0 , ▁he ▁rent ed ▁a ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ▁of ▁A ix ▁and ▁the ▁couple ▁lived ▁with ▁his ▁mother , ▁who ▁found ▁him ▁" Ent om olog iste ▁très ▁rem ar qu able ▁avec ▁l ’ int elligence , ▁la ▁b ont é , ▁la ▁vert u ▁et ▁le ▁sav oir " ▁( a ▁remarkable ▁ent om ologist ▁with ▁intelligence , ▁kindness , ▁ ▁virtue ▁and ▁knowledge ). ▁H ip poly te ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Mar cell in ▁de ▁F on sc ol om be ▁never ▁ce ased ▁occup ying ▁themselves ▁with ▁the ▁natural ▁sciences ▁" like ▁those ▁of ▁ant iqu ity ▁and ▁on ▁med als ". ▁▁ ▁From ▁ 1 8 3 3 , ▁he ▁entr usted ▁the ▁management ▁of ▁the ▁F on sc ol om be ▁est ates ▁to ▁his ▁son - in - law , ▁Ad ol p he ▁de ▁S ap ort a , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁he ▁sold ▁Mont vert ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁left ▁to ▁his ▁wife . ▁He ▁was ▁then ▁able ▁to ▁dev ote ▁himself ▁entirely ▁to ▁ent om ology . ▁Following ▁his ▁father ▁he ▁published ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁in ▁M ém o ires ▁de ▁l ' ac adém ie ▁d ' A ix ▁ ▁Death ▁He ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 1 |
8 5 3 ▁in ▁A ix - en - Prov ence . ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁Much ▁of ▁his ▁collection ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Mus é um ▁national ▁d ' histoire ▁nature lle ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁some ▁A po idea ▁in ▁the ▁Hope ▁Department ▁of ▁Ent om ology ▁in ▁Oxford . ▁ ▁Works ▁Mon ograph ia ▁ch al cid it um ▁gall op rov inc ia e ▁circa ▁aqu as ▁deg ent um . ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁Sciences ▁Nature ll es ▁( 1 ) ▁( Z ool og ie ) ▁ 2 6 : ▁ 2 7 3 - 3 0 7 . ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁Add enda ▁et ▁err ata ▁ad ▁mon ograph ium ▁ch al cid it um ▁gall op rov inc ia e ▁cir ia ▁aqu as ▁se xt ias ▁deg ent um . ▁Ann ales ▁des ▁Sciences ▁Nature ll es ▁( 2 ) ▁ 1 3 : ▁ 1 8 6 - 1 9 2 . ▁ 1 8 4 0 ▁Des ▁insect es ▁nu is ibles ▁à ▁l ' ag ric ulture ▁principal ement ▁dans ▁les ▁départ ements ▁du ▁mid i ▁de ▁la ▁France ▁M ém o ires ▁de ▁l ' Ac adém ie ▁de ▁Sciences ▁d ' A ix ▁ 5 ▁pp ▁ 5 – 2 2 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁A ph is ▁ner ii ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Constant in , ▁R . ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁Memorial ▁des ▁Col é opter istes ▁Franç ais . ▁Bull . ▁l ia ison |
▁Ass oc . ▁Col . ▁reg . ▁par is ienne , ▁Paris ▁( Sup pl . ▁ 1 4 ) ▁: ▁ 1 - 9 2 . ▁Graham , ▁M . W . R . ▁de ▁V . ▁ 1 9 9 2 . ▁H ym en opter a ▁collections ▁of ▁Boy er ▁de ▁F on sc ol om be , ▁with ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁and ▁a ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁features ▁of ▁his ▁estate . ▁Journal ▁of ▁Natural ▁History ▁ 2 6 : ▁ 1 0 8 9 - 1 1 1 1 . ▁L host e , ▁J . ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Les ▁ent om ologist es ▁français . ▁ 1 7 5 0 - 1 9 5 0 . ▁IN RA ▁( Inst itut ▁National ▁de ▁la ▁Re cher che ▁Agr onom ique ), ▁Paris . ▁See ▁also ▁F am ille ▁de ▁Boy er ▁de ▁F on sc ol om be ▁W iki G ene an et ▁see ▁list ▁tax on ▁authorities ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 7 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 5 3 ▁deaths ▁Category : People ▁from ▁A ix - en - Prov ence ▁Category : F rench ▁ent om ologists ▁Category : H ym en opter ists <0x0A> </s> ▁Hy dr ill odes ▁trunc ata ▁is ▁a ▁litter ▁m oth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁E reb idae . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Freder ic ▁Moore ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁and ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Re ferences |
▁ ▁Category : H erm ini ina e ▁Category : M oth s ▁of ▁India ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁man orial ▁estate ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁county ▁of ▁S uff olk , ▁UK . ▁The ▁man or ▁house ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁By ng ▁Hall . ▁The ▁man or ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁area ▁known ▁as ▁P ett ist ree , ▁near ▁U ff ord . ▁The ▁man or ▁includes ▁By ng ▁Hall ▁Lane , ▁By ng ▁Lane , ▁By ng ▁Brook ▁and ▁a ▁considerable ▁amount ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁farm land ▁stret ching ▁to ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁W ick ham ▁Market . ▁ ▁Anc ient ▁history ▁▁ ▁Histor ically ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Be aging as ▁or ▁Beng a / ges , ▁By ng ▁was ▁originally ▁a ▁ 6 th - century ▁settlement ▁located ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁near ▁S utton ▁H oo ▁which ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁East ▁Ang lia . ▁The ▁place ▁name , ▁Be aging as , ▁means ▁Be ag as ▁people . ▁Re ferred ▁to ▁as ▁Beng a / B eng es ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁survey . ▁ ▁Modern ▁history ▁ ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en ▁held ▁the ▁man or ▁as ▁tenant - in - ch ief ▁from ▁Robert ▁Mal et ' s ▁mother . ▁This ▁man or ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁East on ▁Estate ▁once ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och |
ford , ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁D uk es ▁of ▁Hamilton . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁historical ▁details ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁were ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁book ▁which ▁stated ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁Norman ▁con quest ▁the ▁man or ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁estate ▁of ▁Ed ric ▁in ▁Edward ▁the ▁Conf ess or ' s ▁time , ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Robert ▁Mal et ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁survey . ▁The ▁original ▁man or ▁land ▁in ▁the ▁Dom es day ▁Book ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁being ▁. ▁ ▁No ▁man or ▁apparently ▁existed ▁in ▁Sax on ▁times ▁but ▁Ed ric ▁held ▁a ▁car uc ate ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁of ▁land , ▁with ▁ 1 ▁ville in , ▁ 1 ▁bord ar , ▁ 1 ▁ser f , ▁ 1 ▁pl ought e am , ▁ 2 ▁acres ▁of ▁me adow , ▁ 1 ▁rou ney , ▁ 4 ▁be asts , ▁ 1 6 ▁h ogs ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁sheep ▁valued ▁at ▁ 2 0 s . ▁In ▁Norman ▁days ▁the ▁value ▁had ▁dou bled ▁and ▁there ▁were ; ▁ 2 ▁bord ars , ▁ 2 ▁pl ought e ams . ▁ ▁Another ▁portion ▁of ▁land ▁here ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Sax on ▁times ▁by ▁God ric ▁under ▁comm end ation ▁to ▁Ed ric ▁with ▁ 4 0 ▁acres , ▁ 1 ▁bord ar , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁pl ought e am ▁valued ▁at ▁ 7 s , ▁and ▁under ▁him ▁were ▁two ▁fre emen ▁with ▁ 1 2 ▁acres ▁and ▁half ▁a ▁pl |
ought e am ▁valued ▁at ▁ 2 s . ▁The ▁con quest ▁had ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁making ▁God ric ▁hold ▁of ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en , ▁who ▁held ▁of ▁Robert ▁Mal et ▁as ▁tenant ▁in ▁Chief . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁held ▁the ▁man or , ▁which ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁wid ow ▁Joan , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 9 7 , ▁when ▁it ▁passed ▁to ▁her ▁grand son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁son ▁of ▁her ▁son , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁who ▁had ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 2 . ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 0 2 . ▁When ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁a ▁third ▁passed ▁in ▁d ower ▁to ▁his ▁wid ow ▁S ib illa ▁and ▁subject ▁ther eto ▁v ested ▁in ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁- ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field , ▁then ▁aged ▁eight ▁years . ▁On ▁the ▁Close ▁Roll s ▁for ▁ 1 3 1 4 ▁is ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁the ▁es che ator ▁not ▁to ▁med d le ▁with ▁the ▁lands ▁in ▁B ing ▁" late ▁held ▁by ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁as ▁of ▁the ▁Hon our ▁of ▁Eye ▁by ▁Kn ights ▁service ". ▁On ▁the ▁same ▁rolls ▁in |
▁ 1 3 2 7 ▁is ▁an ▁order ▁to ▁dis charge ▁Walter ▁de ▁Nor wich ▁of ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁which ▁" S ib yl ▁the ▁wid ow ▁of ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field " ▁held ▁in ▁d ower . ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 3 7 , ▁when ▁the ▁man or ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁without ▁issue . ▁The ▁man or ▁then ▁went ▁under ▁settlement ▁to ▁William ▁de ▁U ff ord , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁S uff olk , ▁for ▁life , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 3 8 3 ▁John ▁de ▁Py esh ale , ▁cl erk , ▁and ▁Robert ▁de ▁Ash field , ▁no ▁doubt ▁trust ees , ▁in ▁whom ▁the ▁man or ▁had ▁been ▁v ested ▁for ▁this ▁purpose , ▁had ▁lic ence ▁to ▁grant ▁to ▁the ▁pri o ress ▁and ▁convent ▁of ▁Camp sea ▁As he . ▁With ▁the ▁pri ory ▁the ▁man or ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁continued ▁until ▁the ▁diss olution ▁of ▁that ▁house . ▁In ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII , ▁granted ▁the ▁man or ▁to ▁Anthony ▁Wing field , ▁K nt , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁he ▁had ▁lic ence ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁to ▁alien ate ▁to ▁Thomas , ▁Lord ▁W ent worth . ▁The ▁man or ▁however ▁did ▁not ▁leave ▁the ▁Wing field ▁family , ▁for ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁died ▁se ised ▁of |
▁it ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 5 5 2 . ▁When ▁it ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Wing field . ▁In ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth , ▁Sir ▁James ▁Wing field , ▁K nt , ▁was ▁called ▁upon ▁to ▁show ▁title ▁to ▁the ▁man or . ▁On ▁Sir ▁Roberts ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir , ▁Sir ▁Anthony , ▁who ▁dying ▁without ▁issue ▁it ▁went ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Wing field ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 9 . ▁ ▁From ▁this ▁time ▁to ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 4 th ▁b art ▁in ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁the ▁man or ▁desc ended ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁course ▁as ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁D alling ho o , ▁in ▁L oes ▁H undred ▁from ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁b art , ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field , ▁this ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 5 th ▁b art , ▁who ▁sold ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford , ▁who ▁died ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁The ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford , ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of |
▁Al men ar . ▁The ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Frederick ▁van ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl n stein , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 7 3 8 . ▁The ▁man or ▁then ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au , ▁born ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 7 2 3 . ▁He ▁married ▁Anne ▁Spencer , ▁wid ow ▁of ▁James ▁Hamilton ▁ 5 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton . ▁On ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 1 7 8 0 , ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford , ▁born ▁ 2 8 ▁June ▁ 1 7 5 4 . ▁William ▁became ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁R och ford ▁upon ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁his ▁cousin ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 4 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁who ▁died ▁without ▁issue . ▁William ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁died ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 1 8 3 0 , ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁Alexander ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 5 ▁October ▁ 1 7 6 7 . ▁Alexander ▁was ▁also ▁ 7 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon . ▁Alexander ▁died ▁ |
1 8 ▁August ▁ 1 8 5 2 , ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 8 ▁February ▁ 1 8 1 1 . ▁William , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁married ▁Princess ▁Marie ▁Z ah ring en , ▁ancest or ▁of ▁the ▁current ▁Prince ▁of ▁Mon aco . ▁William , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁died ▁ 1 5 ▁July ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁in ▁Paris ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁he ir ▁William ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 2 ▁March ▁ 1 8 4 5 . ▁He ▁married ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louis a ▁Elizabeth ▁Mont agu ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁died ▁and ▁the ▁man or ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁daughter ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Hamilton , ▁born ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁Lady ▁Hamilton ▁married ▁James ▁Graham ▁ 6 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Mont rose , ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁Graham , ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁The ▁man or , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁man ors ▁of ▁East on , ▁Let her ingham , ▁K ett le burgh ▁- ▁Ch ars field , ▁H oo - Ch ars field , ▁Mart ley |
▁Hall , ▁H oo , ▁and ▁W ick ham ▁with ▁its ▁members , ▁ ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁Ad olph us ▁George ▁Mask ell , ▁Sol ic itor , ▁of ▁Chel ms ford , ▁Es sex . ▁The ▁man or ▁along ▁with ▁W ick ham ▁with ▁its ▁members , ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁Mask ell ▁on ▁ 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁to ▁Ad n ams ▁Brew ery ▁of ▁South w old , ▁S uff olk . ▁The ▁man or ▁was ▁held ▁by ▁Ad n ams ▁until ▁it ▁was ▁sold ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁Richard ▁Glasgow ▁of ▁Lead en ham , ▁Lincoln shire . ▁who ▁is ▁the ▁current ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁By ng , ▁S uff olk , ▁and ▁the ▁man ors ▁of ▁St ot fold , ▁and ▁Sp ald ing . ▁ ▁Lord ▁of ▁the ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng ▁▁ ▁Below ▁is ▁a ▁partial ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁L ords ▁of ▁the ▁Man or ▁of ▁By ng . ▁The ▁dates ▁are ▁taken ▁from ▁mention ▁in ▁historical ▁documents ▁held ▁by ▁S uff olk ▁Records ▁Office ▁and ▁reflect ▁length ▁of ▁ownership . ▁▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁Ed ric ▁▁ 1 0 6 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁Robert ▁Mal et ▁and ▁Walter ▁de ▁Ca en ▁▁ 1 0 8 6 ▁to ▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁H eld ▁by ▁the ▁P ey ton ▁and |
▁Hun ting field ▁family ▁▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁to ▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 2 5 6 ▁to ▁ 1 2 9 7 ▁Joan ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 2 9 7 ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 2 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 0 2 ▁to ▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 1 3 ▁to ▁ 1 3 3 7 ▁Roger ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 3 7 ▁to ▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁William ▁de ▁Hun ting field ▁▁ 1 3 7 6 ▁to ▁ 1 3 8 2 ▁William ▁de ▁U ff ord , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁S uff olk ▁▁ 1 3 8 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁Pri ory ▁of ▁Camp sea ▁As he ▁▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁▁ 1 5 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁Sir ▁Robert ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 6 0 1 ▁Sir ▁Anthony ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 5 9 6 ▁to ▁ 1 6 0 9 ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Wing field ▁▁ 1 6 0 9 ▁to ▁ 1 6 7 7 ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 1 st , ▁ 2 nd , ▁ 3 rd , ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et ▁▁ 1 6 |
7 7 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Wing field ▁ 5 th ▁Baron et ▁▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁▁ 1 7 0 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁William ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁▁ 1 7 1 0 ▁to ▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁Frederick ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 3 rd ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁▁ 1 7 3 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁Richard ▁Sav age ▁N ass au ▁▁ 1 7 8 1 ▁to ▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁William ▁Henry ▁N ass au ▁de ▁Zu yl este in , ▁ 5 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁R och ford ▁▁ 1 8 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁Alexander ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 0 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁▁ 1 8 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁William ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 1 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁ 8 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon ▁▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁to ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁William ▁Douglas - H amil ton , ▁ 1 2 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Hamilton , ▁ 9 th ▁Duke ▁of ▁Br andon , ▁ 2 nd ▁Duke ▁of ▁Ch ât eller ault ▁K |
T ▁▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁Lady ▁Mary ▁Louise ▁Graham ▁n ée ▁Hamilton , ▁March ion ess ▁of ▁Graham ▁▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁Ad olph us ▁George ▁Mask ell ▁▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Ad n ams ▁Brew ery ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Richard ▁Glasgow ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁www . hist or ical direct ories . org ▁ ▁Category : History ▁of ▁S uff olk ▁Category : Country ▁houses ▁in ▁S uff olk ▁Category : Man or ▁houses ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁War ▁Room , ▁is ▁a ▁five - track ▁EP ▁from ▁Public ▁Service ▁Broad cast ing . ▁ ▁The ▁EP ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁J . ▁Will go ose , ▁E sq ' s ▁great - un cle ▁George ▁Will go ose ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁D unk irk . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁J . ▁Will go ose , ▁E sq . ▁- ▁Ban jo , ▁Elect ron ics , ▁Gu itar , ▁Sam pling ▁ ▁Stephen ▁H ack sh aw ▁- ▁Str ings ▁ ▁W rig gles worth ▁- ▁Dr ums , ▁Elect ron ics , ▁P iano ▁ ▁Barry ▁Gard ner ▁- ▁Master ing ▁ ▁Charlie ▁Thomas ▁- ▁Dr um ▁Engineering ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁EP s ▁Category : Public ▁Service ▁Broad cast ing ▁( band ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Che sh me h - ye |
▁S ef id ▁Kh ani ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Che sh me h - ye ▁S ef ī d ▁Kh ā n ī ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁ Ḩ as an ▁Kh ā n ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁H ana ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Sem ir om ▁County , ▁Is f ahan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁existence ▁was ▁noted , ▁but ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁not ▁reported . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Sem ir om ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁N ave il ▁is ▁a ▁commune ▁in ▁the ▁L oir - et - C her ▁department ▁of ▁central ▁France . ▁ ▁Pop ulation ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Commun es ▁of ▁the ▁L oir - et - C her ▁department ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁IN SEE ▁statistics ▁ ▁Category : Comm unes ▁of ▁L oir - et - C her <0x0A> </s> ▁P avel ▁Pav lov ich ▁Ry ab ush insky ▁() ▁( 1 7 ▁June ▁ 1 8 7 1 , ▁Moscow ▁– ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁Camb o - les - B ains ), ▁was ▁a ▁Russian ▁entrepreneur ▁and ▁liberal ▁politician . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Ry ab ush insky ▁was ▁born ▁into ▁an ▁Old ▁Bel ie ver ▁family ▁that ▁had ▁prosper ed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ; ▁like ▁other ▁sc ions ▁of ▁such ▁merchant ▁families , ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁good ▁education ▁( he ▁spoke |
▁French , ▁German , ▁and ▁English ) ▁and ▁was ▁anxious ▁both ▁to ▁be ▁accepted ▁into ▁high ▁society ▁and ▁to ▁improve ▁his ▁country . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁he ▁began ▁publishing ▁his ▁own ▁newspaper , ▁Ut ro ▁Ross ii ▁( The ▁Morning ▁of ▁Russia ), ▁to ▁propag ate ▁his ▁liberal ▁views . ▁Reb uffed ▁by ▁the ▁Const itutional ▁Democrats , ▁who ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁" n arrow ▁class ▁interests " ▁of ▁industrial ists , ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁fellow ▁Old ▁Bel ie ver ▁Aleks and r ▁Kon oval ov ▁established ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁" Right ▁K ad ets " ▁associated ▁with ▁Peter ▁Str uve ▁and ▁began ▁the ▁Economic ▁Dis cuss ions ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 9 – 1 2 , ▁" one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁sustained ▁collabor ations ▁between ▁entrepre neurs ▁and ▁intellect uals ▁in ▁Russian ▁history " ▁( West , ▁p . 4 6 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁active ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ir regular ▁fre em ason ic ▁l odge , ▁the ▁Grand ▁O rient ▁of ▁Russia ’ s ▁Pe oples . ▁He ▁and ▁Kon oval ov ▁founded ▁the ▁Progress ist ▁Party , ▁which ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Progress ive ▁B loc ; ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁Chairman ▁of ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Committee ▁and ▁was ▁appointed ▁to ▁head ▁the ▁Moscow ▁War ▁Industry ▁Committee . ▁This ▁organisation ▁exerc ised ▁considerable ▁aut onomy ▁from ▁the ▁Central ▁War ▁Industry ▁Committee , ▁negoti ating ▁contracts ▁between ▁entrepre neurs ▁and |
▁the ▁Military ▁directly . ▁After ▁the ▁February ▁Revolution ▁he ▁opposed ▁the ▁Soviet ▁and ▁the ▁participation ▁of ▁social ists ▁in ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁Government ; ▁following ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁the ▁K orn il ov ▁Aff air , ▁which ▁he ▁supported , ▁he ▁withd rew ▁from ▁politics ▁and ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Crime a ▁for ▁a ▁tub er cul osis ▁cure . ▁After ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution ▁he ▁was ▁accused ▁of ▁giving ▁financial ▁support ▁to ▁the ▁All - R ussian ▁Te achers ' ▁Union , ▁who ▁had ▁refused ▁to ▁continue ▁to ▁work ▁under ▁Bol she vik ▁instruction . ▁He ▁subsequently ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁France , ▁where ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁hope ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁entrepreneur ial ▁class ▁might ▁eventually ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁his ▁native ▁country . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁James ▁L . ▁West , ▁" The ▁R i ab ush insky ▁Circle " ▁in ▁E . ▁W . ▁Cl ow es , ▁S . ▁D . ▁K ass ow , ▁J . ▁L . ▁West , ▁ed ., ▁Between ▁Ts ar ▁and ▁People ▁( Pr inceton ▁UP , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ), ▁pp . 4 1 – 5 6 . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁The ▁Golden ▁Book ▁of ▁Moscow ▁Business ▁story ▁on ▁Ry ab ush insky ▁family , ▁with ▁pictures ▁ ▁Bi ograph ies ▁with ▁pictures ▁( R ussian ) ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁deaths ▁Category : R ussian ▁politicians ▁Category : Old ▁Bel ie |
vers ▁Category : White ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : Im per ial ▁Russian ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁France ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁the ▁C imet ière ▁des ▁Bat ign oll es <0x0A> </s> ▁Black Plan et ▁is ▁an ▁African - American ▁social ▁networking ▁service ▁for ▁match making ▁and ▁job ▁post ings ; ▁it ▁also ▁has ▁for ums ▁for ▁discussion ▁on ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁issues . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁by ▁O mar ▁Was ow , ▁an ▁Internet ▁analyst , ▁who ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁was ▁running ▁" New ▁York ▁Online ", ▁a ▁pre - web ▁community ▁he ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁from ▁his ▁living ▁room ▁in ▁Brooklyn . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁brain child ▁of ▁Was ow ▁and ▁Community ▁Connect ' s ▁CEO ▁Benjamin ▁Sun . ▁La unched ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁relative ▁late com er ▁to ▁social ▁media ▁sites , ▁with ▁three ▁already ▁in ▁existence ▁target ing ▁people ▁of ▁color . ▁Benjamin ▁Sun ▁would ▁also ▁launch ▁Asian A ve ▁and ▁Mi G ente . com . ▁ ▁Company ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁run ▁by ▁Community ▁Connect ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Community ▁Connect ▁also ▁runs ▁Asian A venue . com ▁and ▁Mi G ente . com ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Community ▁Connect ▁was ▁purchased ▁for ▁$ 3 8 MM ▁by ▁Radio ▁One , ▁a ▁Lan ham , ▁MD - based |
▁media ▁begun ▁by ▁Cath y ▁Hughes . ▁Along ▁with ▁Black Plan et . com , ▁Mi G ente . com ▁and ▁Asian A venue . com ▁were ▁also ▁purchased . ▁This ▁move ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁Radio ▁One ▁to ▁divers ify ▁beyond ▁radio ▁to ▁reach ▁black ▁audiences . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁broader ▁mission ▁is ▁to ▁strengthen ▁the ▁Black ▁community . ▁ ▁Website ▁The ▁most ▁popular ▁for ums ▁were ▁Current ▁Events , ▁Heritage ▁& ▁Identity , ▁Rel ationship s , ▁Relig ion ▁& ▁Spirit ual ity , ▁and ▁Women . ▁Was ow ▁says ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁home - g rown ▁software ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁move ▁between ▁personal ▁pages , ▁to ▁dating , ▁chat , ▁and ▁message ▁boards , ▁focusing ▁on ▁connecting ▁people , ▁rather ▁than ▁feeding ▁them ▁content . ▁ ▁Statistics ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁membership ▁log ▁on ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁home - page ▁bo asted ▁ 1 5 . 8 ▁million ▁registered ▁users ▁since ▁its ▁in ception ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁At ▁time ▁of ▁purchase ▁the ▁site ▁had ▁around ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁members ▁and ▁was ▁the ▁fourth ▁most - vis ited ▁U . S . ▁social ▁networking ▁site . ▁ ▁Target ▁Aud ience ▁▁ ▁Male ▁ 3 4 . 4 % ▁Fem ale ▁ 6 5 . 6 % ▁Med ian ▁Age : ▁ 3 2 ▁Att ended / Grad ▁College : ▁ 6 4 . 5 % ▁Com position ▁Black : ▁ 8 8 % ▁ ▁" |
Black Plan et ▁creates ▁brand ed ▁profile ▁pages ▁to ▁integrate ▁advertis ers ▁into ▁the ▁social ▁community , ▁enabling ▁members ▁to ▁engage ▁as ▁friends "; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁personal ▁profiles ▁Black Plan et ▁also ▁allows ▁pages ▁for ▁brands , ▁personal ities , ▁and ▁products . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Black Plan et ▁introduced ▁new ▁features ▁to ▁the ▁website , ▁including ▁a ▁Facebook - style ▁status ▁update , ▁and ▁a ▁news ▁bar ▁that ▁keeps ▁users ▁up - to - date ▁with ▁information ▁shared ▁on ▁Inter active ▁One ▁and ▁Black Plan et . ▁The ▁chat ▁function ▁was ▁also ▁updated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ; ▁the ▁current ▁chat ▁is ▁powered ▁by ▁a ▁company ▁called ▁Chat ▁Bl az er ▁and ▁is ▁Flash ▁based . ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Black Plan et ▁launched ▁a ▁new ▁home page ▁that ▁included ▁an ▁Activity ▁Fe ed , ▁allowing ▁users ▁to ▁see ▁updates ▁from ▁everyone ▁on ▁Black Plan et , ▁either ▁friends ▁or ▁by ▁location . ▁ ▁Other ▁features ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁has ▁recently ▁introduced ▁two ▁interactive ▁games ▁for ▁users , ▁Farm and ia ▁and ▁Fish dom . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁describes ▁Farm and ia ▁as ▁follows : ▁" F arm and ia ▁puts ▁you ▁in ▁the ▁farmer ' s ▁seat . ▁Grow ▁your ▁produce , ▁care ▁for ▁your ▁animals ▁and ▁build ▁your ▁barn s . ▁The ▁more ▁you ▁play , ▁the ▁more ▁points ▁you ' re ▁reward ed ▁so ▁you ▁can ▁keep ▁your ▁farm ▁in ▁business . ▁Need ▁a |
▁little ▁help ? ▁Inv ite ▁other ▁Black Plan et ▁members ▁to ▁l end ▁a ▁hand ." ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁describes ▁Fish dom ▁thus ly ; ▁" When ▁you ' re ▁done ▁spending ▁time ▁on ▁the ▁farm , ▁grab ▁your ▁virtual ▁fishing ▁rod ▁and ▁head ▁to ▁Fish dom ▁where ▁you ' re ▁responsible ▁for ▁feeding ▁your ▁exotic ▁collection ▁of ▁under water ▁friends . ▁You ▁better ▁earn ▁your ▁bu cks ▁because ▁they ▁get ▁might y ▁hungry . ▁You ▁never ▁know ▁when ▁you ' ll ▁need ▁to ▁purchase ▁more ▁food , ▁access or ize ▁your ▁under water ▁kingdom ▁or ▁give ▁your ▁fish ▁some ▁new ▁friends ." ▁ ▁The ▁similar ities ▁to ▁Facebook ' s ▁Farm ville ▁have ▁not ▁gone ▁un not iced ▁by ▁the ▁Black Plan et ▁users , ▁who ▁point ▁out ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁improvement ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁infrastructure ▁and ▁principal ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁chat ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁games . ▁ ▁Mobile ▁applications ▁Black Plan et ▁also ▁introduced ▁mobile ▁apps ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁for ▁mobile ▁phones . ▁The ▁application ▁Black Plan et Mobile ▁was ▁free ▁when ▁it ▁was ▁introduced ▁but ▁was ▁not ▁exclusive ▁of ▁mobile ▁provider ▁charges . ▁Black Plan et Mobile ▁did ▁not ▁work ▁on ▁the ▁Black B erry , ▁G Phone , ▁iPhone , ▁or ▁Side k ick ▁smart phones ▁when ▁introduced . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁Text ▁Al erts ▁are ▁also ▁available ▁to ▁alert ▁users ▁to ▁updates ▁and ▁not ifications . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁opt - in ▁service . ▁ ▁Social ▁networks ▁It ▁has |
▁been ▁stated ▁that ▁online ▁social ▁networks ▁have ▁come ▁to ▁define ▁the ▁modern ▁Internet ▁experience . ▁ ▁Black Plan et , ▁as ▁a ▁pre cursor ▁to ▁Facebook ▁and ▁M ys pace , ▁has ▁gone ▁some ▁way ▁to ▁influ encing ▁the ▁Internet ▁as ▁users ▁recogn ise ▁it . ▁Before ▁today ' s ▁popular ▁networks ▁allowed ▁you ▁to ▁" like " ▁posts , ▁" po ke " ▁cr ushes , ▁or ▁" ret weet " ▁cele brit ies , ▁web - s av vy ▁African ▁Americans ▁were ▁connecting ▁on ▁Black Plan et . ▁ ▁Was ow ▁himself ▁has ▁stated " ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Black Plan et ▁had ▁ 1 6 . 5 ▁million ▁members ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁million ▁page ▁views . ▁It ▁was ▁described ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁online ▁media ▁entity ▁for ▁African - Amer icans ▁and ▁" the ▁grand d addy ▁of ▁social - network ing ▁sites " ▁ ▁, ▁Black Plan et ▁enjoyed ▁more ▁than ▁ 6 ▁million ▁unique ▁visitors ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Black Plan et ▁found ▁itself ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁fourth ▁most ▁popular ▁social ▁networking ▁tool ▁on ▁the ▁internet , ▁but ▁with ▁the ▁vast ▁increase ▁in ▁Facebook , ▁Twitter ▁and ▁My Space ▁usage , ▁Black Plan et ▁fails ▁to ▁gain ▁recognition ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 1 5 ▁social ▁networks ▁according ▁to ▁e B iz M BA , ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁leading ▁critics ▁to ▁suggest ▁that ▁' Black |
Plan et ▁has ▁fallen ▁to ▁the ▁ways ide ▁as ▁other ▁networks ▁have ▁taken ▁the ▁social ▁network ▁mant le .' ▁List ▁of ▁social ▁networking ▁websites ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁util ises ▁other ▁social ▁networking ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁Twitter ▁and ▁Facebook ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁reach ▁new ▁and ▁potential ▁users . ▁Its ▁Twitter ▁feed ▁is ▁updated ▁on ▁a ▁near ▁daily ▁basis , ▁comment ing ▁and ▁highlight ing ▁points ▁of ▁interest ▁to ▁the ▁black ▁community . ▁Recent ▁twe ets ▁include : ▁" 8 3 % ▁of ▁B P ▁voters ▁think ▁non - Black ▁rapp ers ▁shouldn ' t ▁use ▁the ▁# n word ... ▁what ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁about ▁that ?" ▁and , ▁" We ave ▁secrets ▁revealed . ▁Go ▁from ▁dr ab ▁to ▁fab ▁in ▁ 5 ▁minutes ." ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁Twitter ▁feed ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁post ▁announce ments ▁and ▁updates ▁regarding ▁the ▁Black Plan et ▁site ▁itself . ▁W ider ▁political ▁issues ▁are ▁also ▁mentioned , ▁including : ▁" What ▁will ▁you ▁do ▁# if govern ment sh uts down ?" ▁ ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁Facebook ▁page ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁encourage ▁discussion ▁of ▁issues ▁both ▁directly ▁and ▁indirect ly ▁applicable ▁to ▁its ▁community ▁of ▁African - American ▁users . ▁The ▁Facebook ▁status ▁update ▁feature ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁ask ▁questions ▁to ▁the ▁page ▁followers , ▁and ▁is ▁well ▁responded ▁to ▁in ▁general . ▁Questions ▁have ▁included , ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁Black ▁Mar riage ▁Day ? ", ▁" What ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁people ▁using ▁the ▁term |
▁' g het to ' ▁when ▁describing ▁something ▁that ' s ▁not ▁des irable ? ", ▁and , ▁" Men , ▁do ▁you ▁ever ▁pam per ▁yourself ▁with ▁a ▁gentleman ' s ▁facial , ▁man ic ure ▁or ▁ped ic ure ? ▁Lad ies , ▁what ▁do ▁you ▁think ▁of ▁men ▁who ▁take ▁care ▁of ▁their ▁skin ▁and ▁nails ?" ▁ ▁Both ▁social ▁networking ▁tools ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁advert ise ▁the ▁" Member ▁of ▁the ▁Day " ▁feature , ▁drawing ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁chosen ▁member . ▁Acc omp any ing ▁a ▁link ▁to ▁the ▁member ' s ▁profile ▁is ▁a ▁short ▁comment ▁such ▁as , ▁" She ' s ▁beautiful , ▁she ' s ▁single , ▁she ' s ▁our ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁Check ▁her ▁out ", ▁and , ▁" St ill ▁need ▁proof ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁the ▁pre tt iest ▁members ▁on ▁the ▁planet ? ▁You ' re ▁welcome ." ▁ ▁Eth ics ▁Was ow ▁says ▁he ▁occasionally ▁gets ▁questions ▁about ▁whether ▁Black Plan et ▁is ▁fost ering ▁racial ▁separ at ism . ▁" Vol unt arily ▁social izing ▁with ▁people ▁who ▁share ▁your ▁interests ▁is ▁what ▁freedom ▁is ▁all ▁about ," ▁he ▁says . ▁" Any body ▁can ▁join ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁sites . ▁We ▁found ▁we ▁were ▁not ▁seg reg ating ▁the ▁web ." ▁ ▁However , ▁n iche ▁community ▁tools ▁such ▁as ▁Black Plan et ▁do ▁host ▁users ▁who ▁wish ▁to ▁promote ▁separ at ism , ▁such ▁as ▁gang s , ▁and ▁this ▁has |
▁not ▁gone ▁un not iced . ▁" G angs ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁presence ▁on ▁the ▁Internet ▁since ▁its ▁in ception . ▁ ▁This ▁became ▁notice able ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁when ▁it ▁became ▁fashion able ▁for ▁gang s ▁to ▁use ▁free ▁web space ▁from ▁internet ▁service ▁providers ▁to ▁put ▁up ▁their ▁own ▁gang ▁web page ." ▁F inding ▁gang s ▁on ▁Ge o C ities , ▁black plan et , ▁and ▁especially ▁M ys pace , ▁along ▁with ▁other ▁internet ▁service ▁providers ▁( IS Ps ), ▁provided ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁what ▁today ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁gang ▁internet ▁investigation , ▁a ▁specialized ▁area ▁of ▁expertise ▁in ▁gang ▁investigation . ▁▁ ▁Gary ▁D au ph in , ▁an ▁original ▁employee ▁of ▁Black Plan et , ▁arg ues ▁that ▁while ▁the ▁ethnic ity ▁of ▁the ▁site ' s ▁owners ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁understanding ▁the ▁site , ▁owners ▁of ▁one ▁ethnic ity ▁can ▁sometimes ▁serve ▁an ▁audience ▁of ▁another ▁ethnic ity . ▁" Black Plan et , ▁where ▁I ▁got ▁my ▁start ▁on ▁the ▁Web , ▁was ▁owned ▁for ▁most ▁of ▁its ▁early ▁life ▁by ▁a ▁largely ▁Asian ▁American ▁group , ▁and ▁I ▁would ▁venture ▁that ▁that ▁period ▁was ▁the ▁site ' s ▁finest ▁hour . ▁The ▁ownership ▁wasn ' t ▁African - American , ▁but ▁it ▁did ▁understand ▁the ▁underlying ▁call ▁to ▁service ▁implied ▁in ▁running ▁an ▁ethnic ▁site , ▁and ▁more over , ▁they ▁had ▁high ▁amb itions ▁for ▁their ▁company ▁as ▁a ▁Web ▁community ▁platform ▁provider ▁that ▁raised ▁the ▁bar |
▁for ▁B P ▁overall ." ▁ ▁Law suit ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁an ▁anonymous ▁model ▁filed ▁a ▁federal ▁lawsuit ▁against ▁Black Plan et . com ▁regarding ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁incident ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁dru gged ▁and ▁rap ed ▁by ▁two ▁men ▁who ▁met ▁the ▁woman ▁through ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁men ▁( 4 0 - year - old ▁Lav ont ▁F land ers , ▁Jr . ▁and ▁ 4 5 - year - old ▁Em erson ▁Call um ) ▁were ▁convicted ▁by ▁a ▁federal ▁jury ▁in ▁Miami ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁of ▁multiple ▁sex - related ▁and ▁conspiracy ▁charges ▁and ▁were ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁The ▁woman ▁alleg es ▁that ▁Black Plan et . com ▁" failed ▁to ▁warn ▁women ▁about ▁the ▁d angers ▁of ▁sexual ▁pred ators ". ▁The ▁site ' s ▁parent ▁company ▁told ▁the ▁Miami ▁Her ald ▁it ▁" ve he ment ly " ▁den ies ▁the ▁alleg ations . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁press ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁was ▁featured ▁in ▁the ▁press ▁when ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Defense ▁or ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁banned ▁it ▁amongst ▁other ▁sites ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁free ▁up ▁band width , ▁suggesting ▁high ▁usage ▁levels . ▁Other ▁banned ▁sites ▁included : ▁file c abi . com , ▁Hi 5 , ▁i Fil m , ▁Met aca fe , ▁M TV . com , ▁M ys pace , ▁Pand |
ora ▁Radio , ▁Phot ob ucket , ▁St upid V ide os , ▁and ▁YouTube . ▁The ▁Defense ▁network ▁contains ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁local ▁and ▁regional ▁networks ▁and ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁million ▁computers ▁in ▁the ▁grid . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁gained ▁considerable ▁public ity ▁when ▁then - S en ator ▁Bar ack ▁Obama ▁began ▁using ▁the ▁site ▁on ▁October ▁ 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁during ▁his ▁presidential ▁campaign ▁bid . ▁ ▁Within ▁ 1 0 ▁days , ▁he ▁had ▁gained ▁nearly ▁ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁friends . ▁In ▁an ▁online ▁poll ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁site , ▁over ▁ 2 / 3 ▁of ▁Black Plan et ' s ▁online ▁community ▁stated ▁their ▁intention ▁to ▁vote ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁election . ▁The ▁media ▁perceived ▁this ▁participation ▁in ▁a ▁n iche ▁social ▁networking ▁tool ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁" smart ▁move " ▁by ▁the ▁Senator . ▁On ▁March ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁President ▁Obama ▁had ▁ 4 5 0 , 5 7 9 ▁friends ▁on ▁Black Plan et . ▁The ▁page ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁updated ▁with ▁regular ▁blog ▁posts , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁feature ▁recent ▁status ▁updates . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁is ▁a ▁Black Plan et ▁users ' ▁community ▁project ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁the ▁website ▁to ▁encourage ▁community ▁support ▁and ▁services ▁by ▁its ▁members . ▁As ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁mission ▁they ▁aim ▁to |
▁motiv ate ▁and ▁involve ▁individuals ▁to ▁participate ▁in ▁civ ic ▁engagement . ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁hosts ▁a ▁blog ▁which ▁contains ▁posts ▁from ▁Black Plan et ▁users . ▁Feature d ▁authors ▁are ▁highlighted ▁along ▁with ▁their ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁site . ▁ ▁Don ations ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁works ▁with ▁a ▁char itable ▁organization ▁called ▁Don ors Ch oose , ▁which ▁connect s ▁users ▁to ▁offer ▁don ations ▁of ▁critical ▁resources , ▁such ▁as ▁books , ▁supplies , ▁computers , ▁field ▁trips ▁and ▁guest ▁speakers ▁to ▁public ▁schools . ▁The ▁choice ▁of ▁don ations ▁and ▁projects ▁to ▁support ▁is ▁available ▁through ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁and ▁Don ors Ch oose . ▁" Double ▁Your ▁Impact " ▁support ▁programs ▁involve ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' s ▁matching ▁user ▁don ations . ▁ ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' s ▁G iving ▁page ▁via ▁Don ors Ch oose ▁had ▁reached ▁$ 1 1 , 0 2 3 ▁don ated ▁by ▁ 3 6 ▁don ors , ▁reaching ▁ 5 , 1 9 0 ▁students ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Events ▁Past ▁events ▁organ ised ▁by ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁include ▁fund rais ers ▁for ▁earthqu ake ▁and ▁ts un ami ▁relief ▁projects , ▁volunteer ▁drives ▁for ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁homeless ness , ▁and ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁Tel A fr ic ▁at ▁the ▁Houston ▁Museum ▁of ▁African ▁American ▁Culture , ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Vol unte ers ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ' |
s ▁Vol unte er Match ▁site ▁matches ▁user ' s ▁locations ▁with ▁volunteer ▁opportunities ▁in ▁their ▁area . ▁They ▁quote ▁Bar ack ▁Obama ' s ▁election ▁as ▁President ▁as ▁a ▁call ▁for ▁users ▁to ▁" b ring ▁a ▁new ▁energy ▁and ▁agenda ▁to ▁our ▁country ". ▁▁ ▁Vol unte er ▁opportunities ▁include ▁educational ▁programs , ▁health ▁programs , ▁social ▁rights ▁programs ▁and ▁other ▁opportunities ▁to ▁support ▁one ' s ▁community . ▁ ▁R iser ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁ ▁The ▁Black Plan et ▁R ising ▁community ▁campaign ▁has ▁identified ▁a ▁" R iser ▁of ▁the ▁Month " ▁since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁These ▁are ▁often ▁political ▁and ▁social ▁advoc ates , ▁and ▁community ▁activ ists ▁who ▁support ▁the ▁African - American ▁community . ▁The ▁website ▁contains ▁a ▁feature ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁individual ▁chosen ▁each ▁month . ▁ ▁Ris ers ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁include : ▁J anks ▁Mort on ▁– ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Kevin ▁Pow ell ▁– ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Mike ▁Ox l ittle ▁- ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁On i ▁Joseph ▁– ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Ryan ▁Mack ▁– ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁George ▁L . ▁Cook ▁III ▁– ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Black vo ices . com ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁media ▁Category : N or weg ian ▁news ▁websites ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁based ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category |
: Intern et ▁properties ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Hon . ▁B az ale el ▁T aft ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁house ▁at ▁ 2 4 0 ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁The ▁oldest ▁portion ▁of ▁this ▁now - large ▁house ▁was ▁built ▁c . ▁ 1 7 8 0 - 9 0 ▁by ▁B az ale el ▁T aft , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁fine ▁regional ▁example ▁of ▁late ▁Georg ian ▁architecture . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁adapted ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁which ▁has ▁since ▁closed . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁ ▁Description ▁and ▁history ▁The ▁B az ale el ▁T aft ▁House ▁is ▁located ▁south ▁of ▁U x bridge ▁center ▁on ▁Massachusetts ▁Route ▁ 1 2 2 ▁at ▁the ▁intersection ▁with ▁the ▁northern ▁termin us ▁of ▁Massachusetts ▁Route ▁ 1 4 6 A . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 2 - 1 / 2 ▁story ▁wood ▁frame ▁structure , ▁with ▁a ▁two - level ▁hip ▁roof ▁and ▁cl ap board ed ▁exterior . ▁ ▁Att ached ▁to ▁its ▁east ▁and ▁north ▁are ▁a ▁modern ▁addition ▁made ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁building ' s ▁restaurant ▁conversion . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁as ▁two ▁primary ▁fac ades , ▁one ▁facing ▁west ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁south . ▁ ▁Each ▁is ▁five ▁b ays ▁wide , ▁with ▁a ▁center ▁entrance ▁fl |
anked ▁by ▁pil asters ▁and ▁to pped ▁by ▁a ▁trans om ▁window , ▁ent abl ature , ▁and ▁g abled ▁ped iment . ▁ ▁The ▁lower ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁roof ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁has ▁three ▁g abled ▁dorm ers . ▁ ▁The ▁exact ▁construction ▁date ▁of ▁the ▁house ▁is ▁not ▁known . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁on ▁which ▁it ▁stands ▁had ▁a ▁long ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁locally ▁prominent ▁T aft ▁family , ▁beginning ▁with ▁Daniel ▁T aft ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁is ▁considered ▁locally ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁built ▁around ▁ 1 7 9 0 , ▁by ▁B az ale el ▁T aft , ▁Daniel ' s ▁grand son . ▁ ▁T aft ▁was ▁like ▁his ▁father ▁the ▁town ' s ▁largest ▁land owner ▁of ▁the ▁period , ▁and ▁was ▁active ▁in ▁local ▁and ▁state ▁politics , ▁serving ▁as ▁a ▁state ▁representative ▁and ▁sen ator , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Governor ' s ▁Council . ▁ ▁T aft ' s ▁son - in - law , ▁Joseph ▁Th ayer , ▁and ▁his ▁daughter ▁Ch loe ▁next ▁occupied ▁the ▁house ; ▁Th ayer ▁was ▁instrumental ▁in ▁further ing ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Black stone ▁Canal , ▁which ▁passed ▁through ▁T aft ▁family ▁land ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁house ▁was ▁converted ▁into ▁a ▁restaurant ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁serving ▁in ▁that ▁role ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁property ▁has ▁since ▁stood ▁vac ant . ▁ ▁Local |
▁leg ends ▁During ▁the ▁restaurant ▁conversion , ▁a ▁H ess ian ▁sword ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁walls , ▁supporting ▁a ▁local ▁legend ▁that ▁German ▁mer cen aries ▁had ▁visited ▁the ▁property ▁as ▁they ▁mar ched ▁through ▁the ▁Black stone ▁Valley ▁during ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁renov ations ▁un covered ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁' c ub by ▁holes ' ▁throughout ▁the ▁m ansion , ▁constructed ▁for ▁no ▁apparent ▁reason , ▁which ▁supported ▁another ▁local ▁legend ▁that ▁hiding ▁spots ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁conce al ▁escaped ▁slaves ▁on ▁the ▁Under ground ▁Rail road ▁to ▁Canada . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁U x bridge , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Wor cester ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Hist oric ▁district ▁contributing ▁properties ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁( ice ▁hockey ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁defence man ▁Jes per ▁Matt sson ▁( foot ball er ) ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 8 ), ▁Swedish ▁football er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Jes per ▁Matt son ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 5 ), ▁a ▁Swedish ▁ice ▁hockey ▁defence man <0x0A> </s> ▁was ▁a ▁village ▁located ▁in ▁Hig ash iy |
aman ashi ▁District , ▁Y aman ashi ▁P ref ect ure , ▁Japan . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁village ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 , 4 9 5 ▁and ▁a ▁density ▁of ▁ 3 4 . 7 4 ▁persons ▁per ▁km ². ▁The ▁total ▁area ▁is ▁ 4 3 . 0 3 ▁km ². ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁by ▁mer ging ▁five ▁villages ▁from ▁two ▁different ▁districts : ▁H aj ik ano , ▁and ▁T sur use ▁from ▁Hig ashi - y aman ashi ; ▁Tok usa , ▁T ano , ▁and ▁H ik age ▁from ▁Hig ashi - y ats ush iro . ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Yam ato , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁En z an , ▁and ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁K ats un uma ▁( also ▁from ▁Hig ash iy aman ashi ▁District ), ▁was ▁merged ▁to ▁create ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁K ō sh ū . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁K ō sh ū ▁official ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : D iss olved ▁municipal ities ▁of ▁Y aman ashi ▁P ref ect ure <0x0A> </s> ▁ Ș er ban ▁Mar ines cu ▁( born ▁▁ 2 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 5 6 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Roman ian ▁film ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer . ▁ ▁Se lected ▁film ography ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s |
▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : People ▁from ▁P ite ști ▁Category : R oman ian ▁film ▁directors ▁Category : R oman ian ▁screen writ ers <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁applied ▁mathemat ics , ▁the ▁numerical ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁numer ically ▁evalu ating ▁the ▁integral ▁of ▁a ▁highly ▁oscill atory ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁variables . ▁N umer ical ▁methods ▁fail ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁near - c ancell ation ▁of ▁the ▁positive ▁and ▁negative ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁integral . ▁Each ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁integrated ▁to ▁very ▁high ▁precision ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁their ▁difference ▁to ▁be ▁obtained ▁with ▁useful ▁accuracy . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁uns olved ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁many - part icle ▁systems . ▁It ▁often ▁ar ises ▁in ▁calculations ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁system ▁with ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions , ▁or ▁in ▁field ▁theories ▁involving ▁a ▁non - zero ▁density ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁In ▁physics ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁typically ▁( but ▁not ▁exclusively ) ▁encountered ▁in ▁calculations ▁of ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁quantum ▁mechanical ▁system ▁with ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions , ▁or ▁in ▁field ▁theories ▁involving ▁a ▁non - zero ▁density ▁of ▁strongly ▁interact ing ▁ferm ions . ▁Because ▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁strongly ▁interact ing , ▁perturb ation ▁theory ▁is ▁in ap plic able , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁use ▁br ute - force ▁numerical ▁methods . ▁Because |
▁the ▁particles ▁are ▁ferm ions , ▁their ▁wave function ▁changes ▁sign ▁when ▁any ▁two ▁ferm ions ▁are ▁inter changed ▁( due ▁to ▁the ▁anti - sym metry ▁of ▁the ▁wave ▁function , ▁see ▁Paul i ▁principle ). ▁So ▁unless ▁there ▁are ▁cancell ations ▁ar ising ▁from ▁some ▁symmetry ▁of ▁the ▁system , ▁the ▁quantum - me chan ical ▁sum ▁over ▁all ▁multi - part icle ▁states ▁involves ▁an ▁integral ▁over ▁a ▁function ▁that ▁is ▁highly ▁oscill atory , ▁hence ▁hard ▁to ▁evaluate ▁numer ically , ▁particularly ▁in ▁high ▁dimension . ▁Since ▁the ▁dimension ▁of ▁the ▁integral ▁is ▁given ▁by ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁particles , ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁becomes ▁severe ▁in ▁the ▁therm od ynamic ▁limit . ▁The ▁field - the oret ic ▁manifest ation ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁discussed ▁below . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁uns olved ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁physics ▁of ▁many - part icle ▁systems , ▁imped ing ▁progress ▁in ▁many ▁areas : ▁ ▁Cond ensed ▁matter ▁physics ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁numerical ▁solution ▁of ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁high ▁density ▁of ▁strongly ▁cor related ▁elect rons , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Hub b ard ▁model . ▁ ▁N uc lear ▁physics ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁ab ▁init io ▁calculation ▁of ▁properties ▁of ▁nuclear ▁matter ▁and ▁hence ▁limits ▁our ▁understanding ▁of ▁nucle i ▁and ▁neut ron ▁stars . ▁ ▁Quant um ▁field ▁theory ▁— ▁It ▁prevents ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁lattice ▁Q CD ▁to ▁predict ▁the ▁phases ▁and ▁properties ▁of ▁qu ark ▁matter . ▁( In ▁lattice ▁field |
▁theory , ▁the ▁problem ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁complex ▁action ▁problem .) ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁in ▁field ▁theory ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁field ▁theory ▁approach ▁to ▁multi - part icle ▁systems , ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁density ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁chemical ▁potential ▁. ▁One ▁evalu ates ▁the ▁partition ▁function ▁ ▁by ▁sum ming ▁over ▁all ▁classical ▁field ▁configurations , ▁weight ed ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁configuration . ▁The ▁sum ▁over ▁ferm ion ▁fields ▁can ▁be ▁performed ▁analyt ically , ▁and ▁one ▁is ▁left ▁with ▁a ▁sum ▁over ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields ▁ ▁( which ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁originally ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁theory , ▁or ▁have ▁been ▁produced ▁by ▁a ▁Hub b ard – Str aton ov ich ▁transformation ▁to ▁make ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁action ▁quadr atic ) ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁represents ▁the ▁measure ▁for ▁the ▁sum ▁over ▁all ▁configurations ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields , ▁weight ed ▁by ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁action ▁of ▁the ▁bos onic ▁fields , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁matrix ▁that ▁enc odes ▁how ▁the ▁ferm ions ▁were ▁coupled ▁to ▁the ▁bos ons . ▁The ▁expectation ▁value ▁of ▁an ▁observ able ▁ ▁is ▁therefore ▁an ▁average ▁over ▁all ▁configurations ▁weight ed ▁by ▁▁ ▁If ▁ ▁is ▁positive , ▁then ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁probability ▁measure , ▁and ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁calculated ▁by ▁performing ▁the ▁sum ▁over ▁field ▁configurations ▁numer ically , ▁using ▁standard ▁techniques ▁such ▁as ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁importance ▁sampling . ▁ ▁The |
▁sign ▁problem ▁ar ises ▁when ▁ ▁is ▁non - pos itive . ▁This ▁typically ▁occurs ▁in ▁theories ▁of ▁ferm ions ▁when ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁chemical ▁potential ▁ ▁is ▁non zero , ▁i . e . ▁when ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁non zero ▁background ▁density ▁of ▁ferm ions . ▁If ▁ ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁particle - ant ip article ▁symmetry , ▁and ▁, ▁and ▁hence ▁the ▁weight ▁, ▁is ▁in ▁general ▁a ▁complex ▁number , ▁so ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁importance ▁sampling ▁cannot ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁integral . ▁ ▁Re weight ing ▁procedure ▁▁ ▁A ▁field ▁theory ▁with ▁a ▁non - pos itive ▁weight ▁can ▁be ▁transformed ▁to ▁one ▁with ▁a ▁positive ▁weight , ▁by ▁incorpor ating ▁the ▁non - pos itive ▁part ▁( sign ▁or ▁complex ▁phase ) ▁of ▁the ▁weight ▁into ▁the ▁observ able . ▁For ▁example , ▁one ▁could ▁de comp ose ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁into ▁its ▁mod ulus ▁and ▁phase , ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁real ▁and ▁positive , ▁so ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁the ▁desired ▁expectation ▁value ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁ratio ▁where ▁the ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denom inator ▁are ▁expectation ▁values ▁that ▁both ▁use ▁a ▁positive ▁weight ing ▁function , ▁. ▁However , ▁the ▁phase ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁oscill atory ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁configuration ▁space , ▁so ▁if ▁one ▁uses ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁numer ator ▁and ▁denom inator , ▁each ▁of ▁them ▁will ▁evaluate ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁small ▁number , ▁whose ▁exact ▁value ▁is ▁sw amped ▁by ▁the ▁noise ▁inher ent ▁in ▁the ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁sampling |
▁process . ▁The ▁" bad ness " ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁measured ▁by ▁the ▁small ness ▁of ▁the ▁denom inator ▁: ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁much ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 ▁then ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁severe . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁shown ▁( e . g .) ▁that ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁system , ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁temperature , ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁an ▁energy ▁density . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁sampling ▁points ▁needed ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁accurate ▁result ▁therefore ▁r ises ▁exponent ially ▁as ▁the ▁volume ▁of ▁the ▁system ▁becomes ▁large , ▁and ▁as ▁the ▁temperature ▁goes ▁to ▁zero . ▁ ▁The ▁decomposition ▁of ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁into ▁mod ulus ▁and ▁phase ▁is ▁just ▁one ▁example ▁( although ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁advoc ated ▁as ▁the ▁optimal ▁choice ▁since ▁it ▁minim izes ▁the ▁variance ▁of ▁the ▁denom inator ▁). ▁In ▁general ▁one ▁could ▁write ▁ ▁where ▁ ▁can ▁be ▁any ▁positive ▁weight ing ▁function ▁( for ▁example , ▁the ▁weight ing ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁ ▁theory .) ▁The ▁bad ness ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁then ▁measured ▁by ▁ ▁which ▁again ▁goes ▁to ▁zero ▁exponent ially ▁in ▁the ▁large - volume ▁limit . ▁ ▁Method s ▁for ▁reducing ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁N P - hard , ▁imp lying ▁that ▁a ▁full ▁and ▁generic ▁solution ▁of ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁would ▁also ▁solve ▁all ▁problems ▁in ▁the ▁complexity ▁class ▁N P ▁in ▁polynomial ▁time . ▁If ▁( as ▁is ▁generally ▁suspected ) ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁polynomial |
- time ▁solutions ▁to ▁N P ▁problems ▁( see ▁P ▁versus ▁N P ▁problem ), ▁then ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁generic ▁solution ▁to ▁the ▁sign ▁problem . ▁This ▁leaves ▁open ▁the ▁possibility ▁that ▁there ▁may ▁be ▁solutions ▁that ▁work ▁in ▁specific ▁cases , ▁where ▁the ▁oscill ations ▁of ▁the ▁integr and ▁have ▁a ▁structure ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁explo ited ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁numerical ▁errors . ▁ ▁In ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁moderate ▁sign ▁problem , ▁such ▁as ▁field ▁theories ▁at ▁a ▁sufficiently ▁high ▁temperature ▁or ▁in ▁a ▁sufficiently ▁small ▁volume , ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁severe ▁and ▁useful ▁results ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁various ▁methods , ▁such ▁as ▁more ▁carefully ▁tun ed ▁re weight ing , ▁analyt ic ▁continu ation ▁from ▁imaginary ▁ ▁to ▁real ▁, ▁or ▁Taylor ▁expansion ▁in ▁powers ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁various ▁proposals ▁for ▁solving ▁systems ▁with ▁a ▁severe ▁sign ▁problem : ▁▁ ▁Mer on - cluster ▁algorithms . ▁These ▁achieve ▁an ▁ex ponential ▁speed - up ▁by ▁decom posing ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁world ▁lines ▁into ▁clusters ▁that ▁contribute ▁independently . ▁Cl uster ▁algorithms ▁have ▁been ▁developed ▁for ▁certain ▁theories , ▁but ▁not ▁for ▁the ▁Hub b ard ▁model ▁of ▁elect rons , ▁nor ▁for ▁Q CD , ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁qu arks . ▁ ▁Sto ch astic ▁quant ization . ▁The ▁sum ▁over ▁configurations ▁is ▁obtained ▁as ▁the ▁equilibrium ▁distribution ▁of ▁states ▁explored ▁by ▁a ▁complex ▁L ange vin ▁equation . ▁So ▁far , ▁the ▁algorithm ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁to ▁ev ade ▁the ▁sign ▁problem ▁in ▁test |
▁models ▁that ▁have ▁a ▁sign ▁problem ▁but ▁do ▁not ▁involve ▁ferm ions . ▁ ▁F ixed - node ▁method . ▁One ▁fix es ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁nodes ▁( zer os ) ▁of ▁the ▁multip article ▁wave function , ▁and ▁uses ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁methods ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁estimate ▁of ▁the ▁energy ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁state , ▁subject ▁to ▁that ▁constraint . ▁ ▁Major ana ▁algorithms . ▁Using ▁Major ana ▁ferm ion ▁representation ▁to ▁perform ▁Hub b ard - Str aton ov ich ▁transform ations ▁can ▁help ▁to ▁solve ▁the ▁ferm ion ▁sign ▁problem ▁of ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁ferm ion ic ▁many - body ▁models . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Method ▁of ▁station ary ▁phase ▁ ▁O sc ill atory ▁integral ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Stat ist ical ▁mechanics ▁Category : N umer ical ▁arte f acts ▁Category : Un s olved ▁problems ▁in ▁physics <0x0A> </s> ▁Kath ry n ▁Mary ▁Gar ra way ▁( born ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁broad c aster ▁and ▁journalist . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁present er ▁of ▁Mid ▁M orn ings ▁with ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio ▁and ▁co - anchor ▁( on ▁Fr idays ) ▁of ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Britain ▁on ▁IT V ▁Break fast . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁ ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁civil ▁servant ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁was ▁a ▁teacher . ▁She ▁attended ▁Dun more ▁Primary ▁School ▁and ▁Fitz har rys ▁School ▁in ▁Ab ing don . ▁She |
▁then ▁graduated ▁from ▁Bath ▁College ▁of ▁Hig her ▁Education ▁with ▁a ▁BA ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁History . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁Television ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁the ▁South ▁edition ▁of ▁IT V ▁News ▁Central ▁on ▁IT V ▁Central ▁as ▁a ▁production ▁journalist , ▁reporter ▁and ▁news ▁present er . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁became ▁co - present er ▁of ▁the ▁South ▁East ▁edition ▁of ▁IT V ▁News ▁Mer id ian ▁on ▁IT V ▁Mer id ian ▁after ▁she ▁was ▁" tal ent ▁spotted " ▁by ▁a ▁boss ▁who ▁viewed ▁her ▁presenting ▁a ▁three - minute ▁bullet in ▁on ▁IT V ▁Central . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁Sun rise ▁on ▁Sky ▁News ▁with ▁Martin ▁Stanford . ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁joined ▁G MT V ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁co - present ing ▁G MT V ▁Today ▁with ▁Andrew ▁Castle ▁each ▁Friday ▁( and ▁Th urs days ▁later ▁on ). ▁Gar ra way ▁eventually ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁share ▁presenting ▁duties ▁with ▁F iona ▁Phillips ▁and ▁ ▁Emma ▁C ros by . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁when ▁G MT V ▁rel a unched , ▁she ▁co - host ed ▁the ▁programme ▁with ▁Ben ▁She ph ard , ▁presenting ▁on ▁Monday , ▁Tuesday ▁and ▁alternate ▁Wed nes days . ▁During ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁time ▁at ▁G MT V , ▁she ▁had ▁also ▁co - present ed ▁with ▁ ▁E amon |
n ▁Holmes , ▁John ▁St ap leton ▁and ▁Dan ▁L obb . ▁She ▁presented ▁her ▁final ▁show ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁She ▁presented ▁one ▁series ▁of ▁Too ▁Many ▁Cook s ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁she ▁was ▁the ▁question er ▁on ▁The ▁People ' s ▁Qu iz . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Gar ra way ▁presented ▁The ▁Big gest ▁Los er ▁for ▁IT V . ▁She ▁was ▁later ▁replaced ▁by ▁Dav ina ▁Mc Call . ▁Gar ra way ▁was ▁a ▁regular ▁pan ell ist ▁on ▁Wall ▁of ▁Fame , ▁hosted ▁by ▁David ▁Wall iam s . ▁ ▁She ▁became ▁entertainment ▁editor ▁of ▁Day break ▁on ▁IT V ▁Break fast ▁( the ▁success or ▁to ▁G MT V ) ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁On ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁she ▁took ▁over ▁from ▁Christ ine ▁B le ak ley ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁present er ▁on ▁an ▁inter im ▁basis . ▁On ▁ 4 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁L orr aine ▁Kelly ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁permanent ▁replacement ▁for ▁B le ak ley ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁On ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Gar ra way ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁contract ▁to ▁present ▁each ▁Friday ▁in ▁Kelly ' s ▁absence . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 |
4 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁Kelly ▁would ▁additionally ▁front ▁the ▁Friday ▁edition ▁of ▁L orr aine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁Day break ▁would ▁be ▁cancelled ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Britain . ▁However , ▁with ▁these ▁changes , ▁came ▁the ▁news ▁that ▁L orr aine ▁Kelly ▁would ▁be ▁presenting ▁L orr aine ▁five ▁days ▁a ▁week , ▁meaning ▁that ▁Gar ra way ▁no ▁longer ▁continued ▁to ▁present ▁Kelly ' s ▁show ▁on ▁Fr idays . ▁She ▁hosted ▁her ▁final ▁Day break ▁and ▁L orr aine ▁shows ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ahead ▁of ▁joining ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Britain ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁Since ▁joining ▁Good ▁Morning ▁Britain , ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁appearances ▁on ▁L orr aine ▁have ▁become ▁less ▁frequent . ▁Gar ra way ▁once ▁again ▁became ▁inter im ▁main ▁present er ▁on ▁IT V ▁Break fast ▁when ▁Ben ▁She pher d ▁cut ▁his ▁appearances ▁each ▁week ▁to ▁just ▁two ; ▁which ▁meant ▁Gar ra way ▁hosted ▁four ▁times ▁a ▁week ▁until ▁P iers ▁Morgan ▁joined ▁the ▁show ▁later ▁that ▁year . ▁ ▁From ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁until ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Gar ra way ▁occasionally ▁presented ▁The ▁National ▁Lot tery ▁Draw s ▁on ▁BBC ▁One . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁she ▁made ▁a ▁came o ▁appearance ▁in ▁Holly o aks . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that |
▁Gar ra way ▁would ▁be ▁participating ▁in ▁the ▁nineteenth ▁series ▁of ▁I ' m ▁a ▁Cele br ity ... Get ▁Me ▁Out ▁of ▁Here ! . ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁D ancing ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁fifth ▁series ▁of ▁Str ict ly ▁Come ▁D ancing , ▁partner ed ▁with ▁professional ▁d ancer ▁Anton ▁du ▁Be ke . ▁Gar ra way ▁finished ▁ 8 th ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁couples ▁despite ▁receiving ▁the ▁lowest ▁score ▁from ▁the ▁judges ▁in ▁every ▁week ▁but ▁one , ▁as ▁she ▁was ▁repeatedly ▁saved ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁vote , ▁prior ▁to ▁her ▁elim ination ▁in ▁week ▁seven . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gar ra way ▁launched ▁legal ▁action ▁against ▁the ▁Sunday ▁Mir ror ▁after ▁it ▁published ▁a ▁photograph ▁of ▁her ▁embr acing ▁du ▁Be ke , ▁ins in u ating ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁having ▁an ▁affair , ▁which ▁the ▁pair ▁both ▁denied . ▁ ▁Radio ▁Gar ra way ' s ▁broadcast ing ▁career ▁began ▁with ▁BBC ▁Radio ▁Oxford , ▁and ▁she ▁had ▁become ▁an ▁Independent ▁Television ▁News ▁train ee ▁journalist ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 1 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gar ra way ▁co - present ed ▁two ▁episodes ▁of ▁' Week end ▁Break fast ' ▁( with ▁Colin ▁Pat erson ). ▁Over ▁the ▁weekend ▁of ▁ 8 ▁September , ▁Gar ra way ▁again ▁presented ▁' Week end ▁Break fast ' ▁with ▁Colin ▁P atter son |
. ▁On ▁ 6 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁stood ▁in ▁for ▁Andrew ▁Castle ▁for ▁a ▁show ▁on ▁L BC ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Since ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gar ra way ▁has ▁presented ▁Mid ▁M orn ings ▁with ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁ 1 0 am – 1 pm ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁Gar ra way ▁married ▁Ian ▁Rum sey , ▁her ▁former ▁boss ▁at ▁IT V ▁Mer id ian , ▁in ▁her ▁hom et own ▁of ▁Ab ing don , ▁Oxford shire ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁They ▁divor ced ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gar ra way ▁married ▁D erek ▁D rap er ▁in ▁Cam den , ▁London . ▁D rap er ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁a ide ▁to ▁former ▁Labour ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁Peter ▁Mand elson , ▁and ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁scandal ▁known ▁as ▁" L obby gate ". ▁The ▁couple ' s ▁first ▁child , ▁a ▁daughter , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Ham mers m ith ▁and ▁F ul ham , ▁London , ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁Their ▁second ▁child , ▁a ▁son ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Gar ra way ▁is ▁a ▁charity ▁amb assador ▁for ▁the ▁ ▁Make - A - W ish ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁She ▁released ▁her ▁first ▁book ▁on ▁ 9 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 7 , |
▁entitled ▁" The ▁Joy ▁of ▁Big ▁Kn ick ers ▁( or ▁learning ▁to ▁love ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁your ▁life ) ". ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁April ▁ 2 0 2 0 ▁she ▁revealed ▁her ▁husband , ▁D erek ▁was ▁suffering ▁from ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁Covid 1 9 . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁Television ▁ ▁Gu est ▁appearances ▁ ▁Have ▁I ▁Got ▁News ▁for ▁You ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁The ▁Wright ▁St uff ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ 8 ▁Out ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁C ats ▁( 5 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁Cele br ity ▁Stars ▁in ▁Their ▁E yes ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁The ▁F ▁Word ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Alan ▁Carr ' s ▁Cele br ity ▁D ing ▁D ong ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Sh oot ing ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁As ▁Se en ▁on ▁TV ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁ ▁Who ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁a ▁Mill ion aire ? ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁Who ▁W ants ▁to ▁Be ▁a ▁Mill ion aire ? ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁All ▁Star ▁Family ▁Fort unes ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁Point less ▁Cele brit ies ▁( 2 0 1 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁P addy ' s ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Show ▁& ▁T elly ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁This ▁Morning ▁( 2 0 1 2 ; ▁ |
5 ▁episodes ) ▁Cele br ity ▁Ju ice ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁Tr icked ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁The ▁Chase : ▁Cele br ity ▁Special ▁( 2 0 1 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁The ▁Gu ess ▁List ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Cele br ity ▁Fif teen ▁to ▁One ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁Point less ▁Cele brit ies ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁James ▁Martin : ▁Home ▁Com fort s ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁The ▁Keith ▁L emon ▁Sk etch ▁Show ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁The ▁TV ▁That ▁Made ▁Me ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Saf ew ord ▁( 2 0 1 6 ) ▁Through ▁the ▁Key hole ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Holly o aks ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Gu ess ▁the ▁Star ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁Saturday ▁Morning ▁with ▁James ▁Martin ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁The ▁Cry stal ▁M aze ▁( 2 0 1 8 ) ▁T ipping ▁Point : ▁L ucky ▁Stars ▁( 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Kate ▁Gar ra way ▁on ▁Sm ooth ▁Radio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁Bath ▁Sp a ▁University ▁Category : B rit ish ▁inf ot ainers ▁Category : English ▁reporters ▁and ▁correspond ents ▁Category : English ▁television ▁present ers ▁Category : G MT V |
▁present ers ▁and ▁reporters ▁Category : I ' m ▁a ▁Cele br ity ... Get ▁Me ▁Out ▁of ▁Here ! ▁( B rit ish ▁TV ▁series ) ▁participants ▁Category : IT V ▁Break fast ▁present ers ▁and ▁reporters ▁Category : IT V ▁regional ▁news read ers ▁and ▁journalists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Ab ing don - on - Th ames ▁Category : S mo oth ▁Network ▁present ers <0x0A> </s> ▁Buck skin ▁Mountain ▁State ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁park ▁located ▁near ▁Parker , ▁Arizona , ▁USA . ▁ ▁A ▁second ▁developed ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁park ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁River ▁Island ▁Unit ▁or ▁River ▁Island ▁State ▁Park . ▁ ▁Both ▁park ▁areas ▁have ▁shore line ▁on ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River ▁and ▁views ▁of ▁the ▁Buck skin ▁Mountains . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁provides ▁camp ing ▁and ▁water ▁rec reation ▁opportunities . ▁ ▁Both ▁parks ▁have ▁been ▁maintained ▁with ▁the ▁assistance ▁of ▁members ▁from ▁the ▁National ▁Service ▁Program : ▁Amer i Cor ps ▁N CC C . ▁ ▁The ▁park ▁hosted ▁the ▁most ▁recent ▁team ▁in ▁November , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁their ▁camps ite ▁& ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁park ▁with ▁general ▁maintenance , ▁input ting ▁a ▁fence , ▁digging ▁water ▁ret ention ▁p its ▁& ▁significantly ▁cleaning ▁up ▁the ▁beach ▁areas . ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁& ▁park ▁r angers ▁also ▁began ▁an ▁irr igation ▁project ▁for ▁the ▁dog ▁run ▁that ▁was ▁scheduled ▁to ▁be ▁finished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Buck skin ▁State ▁Park ▁& ▁River |
▁Island ▁State ▁are ▁primarily ▁operated ▁by ▁volunteers ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁park ▁r angers ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁parks . ▁ ▁Both ▁sites ▁are ▁home ▁to ▁many ▁different ▁kinds ▁of ▁birds , ▁insect s , ▁fish ▁& ▁plant ▁life , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁winter ▁haven ▁for ▁travel ers ▁from ▁up ▁North . ▁ ▁Fish ▁species ▁ ▁L arg em outh ▁Bass ▁ ▁St ri ped ▁Bass ▁ ▁Bull head ▁ ▁Cat fish ▁( Channel ) ▁ ▁Red ear ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Green ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Blue g ill ▁Sun fish ▁ ▁Car p ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Arizona ▁State ▁Park s : ▁Buck skin ▁Mountain ▁Arizona ▁State ▁Park s : ▁River ▁Island ▁Arizona ▁Bo ating ▁Loc ations ▁Fac ilities ▁Map ▁Arizona ▁F ishing ▁Loc ations ▁Map ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 7 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Arizona ▁Category : P arks ▁in ▁La ▁P az ▁County , ▁Arizona ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁Category : Prote cted ▁areas ▁on ▁the ▁Colorado ▁River ▁Category : State ▁parks ▁of ▁Arizona <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁John ston ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁historic ▁home ▁located ▁near ▁Y ance y ville , ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁built ▁about ▁ 1 8 2 5 , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁two - story , ▁three ▁bay ▁by ▁two ▁bay , ▁hall - and - par lor ▁plan ▁frame ▁dw elling ▁with ▁Federal ▁style ▁architect ural ▁details . ▁A ▁one - story ▁rear ▁ell ▁was ▁added ▁in |
▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁moved ▁ 1 5 0 ▁yards ▁to ▁its ▁present ▁location ▁about ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : F ederal ▁architecture ▁in ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 5 ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Cas well ▁County , ▁North ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁D ust ▁K and i ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁D ū st ▁K and ī ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Sav al an ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁Pars abad ▁County , ▁Ar d abil ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 1 2 , ▁in ▁ 1 0 7 ▁families . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁Pars abad ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁I sha q ▁Z az ai ▁( born ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Afghan ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first - class ▁debut ▁for ▁K abul ▁Region ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Ah mad ▁Shah ▁Abd ali ▁ 4 - day ▁Tour nament ▁on ▁ |
4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁Twenty 2 0 ▁debut ▁on ▁ 9 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁for ▁Spe en ▁G har ▁Tig ers ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Sh page e za ▁Cr icket ▁League . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Af ghan ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : K abul ▁Region ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : Place ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Col our ful ▁lake lets ▁( Pol ish ▁" K ol or owe ▁Je zi ork a ") ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁three ▁( s ometimes ▁four ) ▁artificial ▁p onds ▁formed ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁former ▁mines ▁at ▁the ▁slope ▁of ▁W iel ka ▁K op a ▁mountain ▁( 8 7 1 ▁m ) ▁in ▁Rud aw y ▁Jan ow ick ie , ▁range ▁in ▁Sud etes ▁Mountains , ▁Poland . ▁The ▁biggest ▁one ▁and ▁the ▁el dest ▁( 1 7 8 5 ) ▁was ▁named ▁Hoff nung ▁and ▁now ▁became ▁the ▁Pur ple ▁lake let . ▁Names ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁mines ▁were : ▁Ne ues ▁Gl ück ▁( 1 7 9 3 , ▁present ly ▁Azure ▁Lake let ), ▁and ▁Gust av ▁Gr ube ▁( 1 7 9 6 ; ▁the ▁Green ▁Lake let ). ▁These ▁places ▁were ▁min ed ▁( from ▁ 1 7 8 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁for ▁py |
rite . ▁ ▁The ▁lake lets ▁have ▁various ▁surface ▁elev ation . ▁The ▁Pur ple ▁lake let ▁( 5 6 0 ▁m ) ▁o w es ▁its ▁colour ▁to ▁chemical ▁composition ▁of ▁its ▁banks ▁and ▁bottom ▁which ▁are ▁abund ant ▁with ▁iron ▁comp ounds , ▁mainly ▁py rite . ▁The ▁p ond ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁water ▁solution ▁of ▁sul ph ur ic ▁acid ▁( p H ▁= ▁ 3 ). ▁It ▁is ▁highly ▁recommended ▁to ▁avoid ▁any ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁water ▁for ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁dangerous . ▁Below ▁Pur ple ▁Lake let ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁smaller ▁hollow ▁which ▁is ▁at ▁times ▁filled ▁with ▁waters ▁falling ▁from ▁the ▁p ond ▁above ▁– ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁Yellow ▁Lake let . ▁ ▁The ▁colour ▁of ▁Azure ▁Lake let ▁( 6 3 5 ▁m ; ▁also ▁called : ▁Blue ▁or ▁Emer ald ) ▁water ▁is ▁connected ▁with ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁copper ▁ ions . ▁Its ▁water , ▁besides ▁its ▁colour , ▁is ▁clean , ▁thus ▁during ▁hot ▁summer ▁days ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁people ▁bath ing ▁in ▁it ; ▁water ▁is ▁usually ▁quite ▁cold ▁here , ▁though . ▁ ▁Green ▁Lake let ▁( 7 3 0 ▁m ; ▁also ▁called ▁Black ▁P ond ), ▁same ▁as ▁Azure ▁Lake let ▁o w es ▁its ▁colour ▁to ▁copper ▁comp ounds . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁rain fall , ▁it ▁temporarily ▁disappe ars . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Kol or owe ▁Je zi ork a . ▁( Pol ish ) ▁Kol or owe ▁Je zi ork a . |
▁( Pol ish ) ▁C ie ka we ▁miejsc a . ▁( Pol ish ) ▁ ▁Category : L akes ▁of ▁Lower ▁S iles ian ▁Vo iv odes hip <0x0A> </s> ▁Luke ▁Samuel ▁Gar but t ▁( born ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁English ▁professional ▁football er ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁for ▁I ps wich ▁Town , ▁on ▁loan ▁from ▁Ever ton . ▁Usually ▁a ▁left ▁back , ▁he ▁is ▁also ▁capable ▁of ▁playing ▁as ▁a ▁w inger . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Ever ton ▁Born ▁in ▁Har ro gate , ▁North ▁York shire , ▁Gar but t ▁attended ▁Har ro gate ▁Gram mar ▁School ▁where ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Year ▁ 7 ▁School ▁Football ▁team ▁that ▁reached ▁the ▁Har ro gate ▁and ▁District ▁Cup ▁Final ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁His ▁impressive ▁performances ▁for ▁his ▁junior ▁club ▁team , ▁P ann al ▁Ash ▁Jun iors , ▁saw ▁him ▁signed ▁by ▁Le eds ▁United ▁where ▁he ▁began ▁his ▁professional ▁career . ▁Short ly ▁after ▁leaving ▁school , ▁he ▁was ▁signed ▁from ▁their ▁academ y ▁by ▁Ever ton ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁for ▁an ▁initial ▁fee ▁of ▁£ 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁which ▁was ▁set ▁by ▁a ▁trib unal ▁as ▁the ▁two ▁clubs ▁could ▁not ▁agree ▁a ▁fee . ▁He ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁Chel ten ham ▁Town ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁season . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 |
2 – 1 3 ▁season ▁Gar but t ▁made ▁his ▁Ever ton ▁debut , ▁coming ▁on ▁at ▁half - time ▁during ▁a ▁ 5 – 0 ▁League ▁Cup ▁second - round ▁win ▁over ▁Le y ton ▁O rient ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁A head ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 1 4 ▁season , ▁Gar but t ▁signed ▁a ▁new ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Ever ton , ▁and ▁during ▁the ▁season ▁went ▁to ▁Col chester ▁United ▁on ▁loan . ▁ ▁Gar but t ▁made ▁his ▁Premier ▁League ▁debut ▁as ▁a ▁late ▁substitute ▁at ▁South ampton ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁built ▁on ▁that ▁with ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁for ▁England ' s ▁Under - 2 1 s ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁European ▁Championship ▁qual ifying ▁win ▁over ▁Wales ▁the ▁following ▁month . ▁ ▁Chel ten ham ▁Town ▁( lo an ) ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁joined ▁Chel ten ham ▁Town ▁on ▁an ▁initial ▁one - month ▁loan ▁deal . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁professional ▁debut ▁as ▁Chel ten ham ▁beat ▁Wy com be ▁W ander ers ▁ 3 – 1 ▁on ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Football ▁League ▁Tro phy . ▁His ▁FA ▁Cup ▁debut ▁was ▁memorable ▁as ▁Chel ten ham ▁were ▁drawn ▁away ▁to ▁Premier ▁League ▁team ▁Tot ten ham ▁Hot sp ur ; ▁the ▁game ▁ended ▁ 3 – 0 ▁to ▁Tot ten ham . ▁He ▁continued ▁to |
▁extend ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁and ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal , ▁a ▁free ▁kick ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 1 ▁win ▁away ▁at ▁Mac cles field , ▁sending ▁Chel ten ham ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁league ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁He ▁scored ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁game , ▁net ting ▁the ▁opening ▁goal ▁against ▁Craw ley ▁Town ▁from ▁outside ▁the ▁area . ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁he ▁extended ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁by ▁a ▁further ▁five ▁weeks . ▁ ▁Col chester ▁United ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gar but t ▁joined ▁League ▁One ▁side ▁Col chester ▁United ▁on ▁an ▁initial ▁ 2 8 - day ▁loan . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁the ▁following ▁day , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁against ▁Brad ford ▁City ▁at ▁Valley ▁Par ade . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Ever ton ▁recalled ▁Gar but t ▁from ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁following ▁the ▁length y ▁injury ▁to ▁Bryan ▁O v ied o . ▁ ▁Return ▁to ▁Ever ton ▁After ▁making ▁his ▁first ▁start ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁League ▁Cup ▁defeat ▁to ▁Sw anse a ▁City ▁in ▁September , ▁Gar but t ▁started ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁group ▁stage ▁games , ▁helping ▁Ever ton ▁finish ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁with ▁a ▁clean ▁sheet ▁in ▁a ▁ |
2 – 0 ▁win ▁away ▁to ▁Wol fs burg . ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁starting ▁ 1 1 ▁in ▁both ▁legs ▁of ▁the ▁Europa ▁League ▁round ▁of ▁ 1 6 ▁tie ▁against ▁Swiss ▁side ▁B SC ▁Young ▁Boys ▁in ▁February , ▁Ever ton ▁progress ing ▁ 7 – 2 ▁on ▁aggregate . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁an ▁extended ▁run ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁for ▁Gar but t , ▁starting ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁Premier ▁League ▁game ▁against ▁Ar senal , ▁taking ▁advantage ▁of ▁an ▁injury ▁to ▁regular ▁left - back ▁Le ight on ▁B aines ▁to ▁maintain ▁his ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁starting ▁ 1 1 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ever ton ▁announced ▁that ▁Gar but t ▁had ▁signed ▁new ▁five - year ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁F ul ham ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁loan ed ▁to ▁Championship ▁side ▁F ul ham ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ▁season . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁the ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁with ▁Charl ton ▁Athlet ic ▁at ▁The ▁Valley . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁F ul ham ▁in ▁a ▁ 2 – 2 ▁draw ▁with ▁Bol ton ▁W ander ers ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁He ▁returned ▁from ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁having |
▁made ▁ 2 6 ▁appearances ▁for ▁the ▁London ▁club , ▁scoring ▁once . ▁ ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Gar but t ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁Championship , ▁joining ▁newly ▁promoted ▁W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁on ▁a ▁four - and - a - half - month ▁loan . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 3 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Not ting ham ▁Forest . ▁Gar but t ▁made ▁ 8 ▁appearances ▁for ▁W igan ▁during ▁his ▁loan ▁spell ▁with ▁the ▁club . ▁ ▁Oxford ▁United ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gar but t ▁joined ▁League ▁One ▁club ▁Oxford ▁United ▁on ▁a ▁season - long ▁loan . ▁He ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 – 2 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Acc ring ton ▁Stanley . ▁He ▁made ▁ 3 6 ▁appearances ▁in ▁all ▁compet itions ▁during ▁his ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁K ass am ▁Stadium , ▁scoring ▁ 4 ▁goals . ▁ ▁I ps wich ▁Town ▁( lo an ) ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁he ▁joined ▁I ps wich ▁Town ▁on ▁a ▁season ▁long ▁loan ▁deal . ▁His ▁scored ▁his ▁first ▁goal ▁for ▁the ▁club ▁on ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁ 3 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 9 |
, ▁against ▁Bur ton ▁Alb ion . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Gar but t ▁has ▁represented ▁England ▁at ▁under - 1 6 , ▁under - 1 7 , ▁under - 1 8 , ▁under - 1 9 , ▁under - 2 0 ▁and ▁under - 2 1 ▁levels . ▁ ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁England ▁U - 1 6 ▁debut ▁against ▁Germany ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁final ▁England ▁U - 1 6 ▁appearance ▁against ▁Scotland ▁in ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Four ▁months ▁earlier , ▁he ▁had ▁made ▁his ▁England ▁U - 1 7 ▁debut ▁against ▁Finland . ▁ ▁He ▁helped ▁England ▁win ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Football ▁Championship ▁and ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁where ▁England ▁beat ▁Spain ▁ 2 – 1 . ▁His ▁performances ▁earned ▁him ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Tour nament . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁manager ▁Peter ▁Taylor ' s ▁prov is ional ▁squad ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁FIFA ▁U - 2 0 ▁World ▁Cup . ▁Init ially ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁make ▁the ▁final ▁ 2 1 - man ▁squad , ▁but ▁after ▁Le eds ▁United ▁def ender ▁Sam ▁By ram ▁pulled ▁out ▁through ▁injury ▁he ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁his ▁replacement . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁debut ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁June , ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 – 0 ▁win ▁in ▁a ▁warm - up ▁game ▁against ▁U rugu |
ay . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁August , ▁he ▁was ▁called ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁England ▁under - 2 1 ▁squad ▁to ▁replace ▁South ampton ▁left - back ▁Luke ▁Shaw , ▁for ▁the ▁friendly ▁match ▁against ▁Scotland . ▁Gar but t ▁was ▁an ▁unused ▁substitute ▁as ▁England ▁won ▁the ▁game ▁ 6 – 0 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁International ▁England ▁U 1 7 ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Championship : ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Individual ▁ ▁UEFA ▁European ▁Under - 1 7 ▁Championship ▁Team ▁of ▁the ▁Tour nament : ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Luke ▁Gar but t ▁profile ▁at ▁ever ton fc . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Har ro gate ▁Category : Foot ball ers ▁from ▁North ▁York shire ▁Category : English ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Eng land ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁defend ers ▁Category : E ver ton ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : C hel ten ham ▁Town ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : Col chester ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : F ul ham ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : W igan ▁Athlet ic ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : O x ford ▁United ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : I ps wich ▁Town ▁F |
. C . ▁players ▁Category : English ▁Football ▁League ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Sh olan ▁Alliance ▁series ▁is ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nine ▁science ▁fiction ▁novels ▁written ▁by ▁Scottish ▁author ▁Lis anne ▁Norman . ▁ ▁Books ▁The ▁Sh olan ▁Alliance ▁series ▁consists ▁of : ▁Turn ing ▁Point ▁() ▁Fort une ' s ▁Whe el ▁() ▁Fire ▁Marg ins ▁() ▁R azor ' s ▁Edge ▁() ▁Dark ▁Nad ir ▁() ▁Strong hold ▁R ising ▁() ▁Between ▁Dark ness ▁and ▁Light ▁() ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Gray ▁() ▁Circle ' s ▁End ▁() ▁ ▁Turn ing ▁Point ▁was ▁originally ▁con ceived ▁as ▁an ▁independent ▁short ▁story ▁about ▁a ▁black ▁cat ▁walking ▁through ▁the ▁snow . ▁The ▁author ▁has ▁written ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁short ▁stories ▁set ▁within ▁the ▁series ' ▁setting . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Author ' s ▁official ▁site ▁List ▁of ▁books ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁with ▁a ▁brief ▁syn opsis ▁of ▁each ▁Message ▁board ▁for ▁the ▁series ' ▁Official ▁F an ▁Club ▁ ▁Category : S ci ence ▁fiction ▁book ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁zones ▁of ▁the ▁regional ▁Davis ▁Cup ▁competition ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁there ▁were ▁four ▁different ▁t iers , ▁called ▁groups , ▁in ▁which ▁teams ▁competed ▁against ▁each ▁other ▁to ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁upper ▁tier . ▁W inners ▁in ▁Group ▁II ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁I . |
▁Te ams ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁respective ▁ties ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁re leg ation ▁play - offs , ▁with ▁winning ▁teams ▁remaining ▁in ▁Group ▁II , ▁whereas ▁teams ▁who ▁lost ▁their ▁play - offs ▁were ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁the ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁III ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Particip ating ▁nations ▁ ▁Se eds : ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Rem aining ▁nations : ▁ ▁Draw ▁ ▁First ▁round ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁vs . ▁Malaysia ▁ ▁Philippines ▁vs . ▁Ku wait ▁ ▁Indonesia ▁vs . ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Thailand ▁vs . ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Second ▁round ▁ ▁Philippines ▁vs . ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁ ▁Thailand ▁vs . ▁Vietnam ▁ ▁Play - offs ▁ ▁Ku wait ▁vs . ▁Malaysia ▁ ▁Indonesia ▁vs . ▁Sri ▁L anka ▁ ▁Third ▁round ▁ ▁Chinese ▁Tai pe i ▁vs . ▁Thailand ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone ▁Group ▁II ▁Category : D avis ▁Cup ▁Asia / O ce ania ▁Zone <0x0A> </s> ▁Cha un ax ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁b ony ▁fish ▁in ▁the ▁sea ▁to ad ▁family ▁Cha un ac idae . ▁They ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁tropical ▁and ▁sub t rop ical ▁o ce ans ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁most ▁species ▁are ▁found ▁a ▁depth s ▁between ▁, ▁but ▁C . ▁ende av ouri ▁occurs ▁as ▁shallow ▁as ▁ ▁and ▁C . ▁f imb ri atus ▁as ▁deep ▁as ▁. ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁the ▁exact ▁species ▁involved , ▁they ▁reach ▁a |
▁total ▁length ▁of ▁. ▁ ▁Spec ies ▁There ▁are ▁currently ▁ 2 5 ▁recognized ▁species ▁in ▁this ▁genus : ▁▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ab ei ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁a fr ican us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁Last , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( A fr ican ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ap us ▁Lloyd , ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁at im ov ata e ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁br ach ys om us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁K aw ai ▁& ▁Sat ria , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( Short - body ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁bre vir ad ius ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ende av ouri ▁Wh itle y , ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁( C off inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁f imb ri atus ▁Hil g end orf , ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁( T ass elled ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁fl am me us ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁flav om ac ul atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . |
▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Y ellow - spot ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁g om oni ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁K aw ai ▁& ▁Sat ria , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁( G omon ' s ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁he em stra orum ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁hol le man i ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁W . ▁C . ▁Ma , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁lat ip unct atus ▁Y . ▁Le ▁D ano is , ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁m ulle us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Red - sh oes ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁mult ile pis ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁M ele pp ura ▁& ▁B ine esh , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁( Ind ian ▁spotted ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ne bul os us ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁Last , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( E ye - spot ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁n ud iv enter ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho ▁& ▁K . ▁T . ▁Sh ao , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁( N aked |
- bel ly ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁pen ic ill atus ▁McC ull och , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁( P encil ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁pict us ▁R . ▁T . ▁L owe , ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁( P ink ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁ret ic ul atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( N ett ed ▁fro g mouth ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁russ atus ▁H . ▁C . ▁Ho , ▁C . ▁D . ▁Roberts ▁& ▁A . ▁L . ▁Stewart , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁( Red ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁st igma e us ▁F ow ler , ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁( Red - ey e ▁coff inf ish ) ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁s utt k us i ▁J . ▁H . ▁Car uso , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁Cha un ax ▁um br inus ▁C . ▁H . ▁Gilbert , ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Ch a un ac idae ▁Category : Deep ▁sea ▁fish ▁Category : Mar ine ▁fish ▁gener a ▁Category : Tax a ▁named ▁by ▁Richard ▁Thomas ▁L owe <0x0A> </s> ▁St ora ▁grab bars ▁och ▁t je j ers ▁m är ke ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Boys ' ▁and ▁Girls ' ▁Bad ge |
) ▁is ▁an ▁honor ary ▁award ▁within ▁Swedish ▁sports , ▁created ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁by ▁Bo ▁E kel und . ▁The ▁recip ients ▁are ▁called ▁a ▁' St or ▁Gr abb ' ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Boy ) ▁and ▁has ▁to ▁gather ▁a ▁certain ▁number ▁of ▁points ▁according ▁to ▁different ▁rules ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁question . ▁The ▁title ▁is ▁awarded ▁in ▁several ▁different ▁sports , ▁such ▁as ▁ice ▁hockey , ▁football , ▁athlet ics , ▁free ▁d iving , ▁mini ature ▁golf , ▁and ▁others . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁women ▁can ▁also ▁gain ▁the ▁title , ▁then ▁called ▁St ora ▁t je j ers ▁m är ke ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Girls ' ▁Bad ge ), ▁and ▁the ▁recipient ▁is ▁called ▁a ▁' St or ▁t je j ' ▁( lit . ▁Big ▁Girl ). ▁ ▁Rec ip ients ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁football ers ▁awarded ▁St ora ▁Gr abb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁List ▁of ▁ice ▁hockey ▁players ▁awarded ▁St ora ▁Gr abb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁St ora ▁Gr abb ars ▁och ▁T je j ers ▁Mär ke ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Man j ul ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁political ▁cart oon ist . ▁After ▁working ▁with ▁major ▁Indian ▁publications ▁like ▁D ain ik ▁jag ran , ▁R as ht ri ya ▁S ah ara , ▁Financial ▁Express , ▁India ▁Today , ▁The |
▁Economic ▁Times ▁and ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁currently ▁he ▁is ▁contributing ▁for ▁various ▁Indian ▁publications ▁& ▁websites . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁winner ▁of ▁May a ▁Kam ath ▁Memorial ▁Awards ▁for ▁Excell ence ▁in ▁Cart oon ing ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁Man j ul ▁stays ▁in ▁M umb ai ▁& ▁Delhi . ▁ ▁Work ▁ ▁Cart oons ▁ ▁Ir regular , ▁Daily ▁pocket ▁cart oon ▁column ▁about ▁political ▁& ▁social ▁events ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Nobody ' s ▁Business , ▁Daily ▁pocket ▁cart oon ▁column ▁about ▁office ▁hum our ▁appears ▁in ▁DNA ▁Money , ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁To on ▁In , ▁Tw ice ▁a ▁week ▁editorial ▁cart oon ▁column ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Like ▁That ▁Only , ▁Once ▁a ▁week ▁comic ▁strip ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis , ▁Saturday ▁edition ▁ ▁Polit ick le , ▁Once ▁a ▁week ▁display ▁cart oon ▁appears ▁in ▁Daily ▁News ▁and ▁Analysis , ▁Sunday ▁edition ▁ ▁First ▁Cut , ▁Daily ▁editorial ▁cart oon ▁in ▁First Post . ▁ ▁M umb ai ▁Mer i ▁Ja an , ▁Daily ▁cart oon ▁in ▁Mid Day . ▁ ▁Sy nd icated ▁cart oons ▁in ▁various ▁newspapers . ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁editorial ▁cart oon ists ▁Category : Ind ian ▁male ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : 1 9 7 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : Art ists ▁from ▁M umb ai <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁rolling - element |
▁bearing ▁that ▁uses ▁balls ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁separation ▁between ▁the ▁bearing ▁races . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁a ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁rot ational ▁fr iction ▁and ▁support ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads . ▁It ▁achie ves ▁this ▁by ▁using ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁races ▁to ▁contain ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁transmit ▁the ▁loads ▁through ▁the ▁balls . ▁In ▁most ▁applications , ▁one ▁race ▁is ▁station ary ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁rot ating ▁assembly ▁( e . g ., ▁a ▁hub ▁or ▁shaft ). ▁As ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁races ▁rot ates ▁it ▁causes ▁the ▁balls ▁to ▁rot ate ▁as ▁well . ▁Because ▁the ▁balls ▁are ▁rolling ▁they ▁have ▁a ▁much ▁lower ▁coefficient ▁of ▁fr iction ▁than ▁if ▁two ▁flat ▁surfaces ▁were ▁sliding ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Ball ▁bear ings ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁lower ▁load ▁capacity ▁for ▁their ▁size ▁than ▁other ▁kinds ▁of ▁rolling - element ▁bear ings ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁smaller ▁contact ▁area ▁between ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁races . ▁However , ▁they ▁can ▁toler ate ▁some ▁mis align ment ▁of ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁races . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Although ▁bear ings ▁had ▁been ▁developed ▁since ▁ancient ▁times , ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁recorded ▁patent ▁on ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁was ▁awarded ▁to ▁Philip ▁V augh an , ▁a ▁Wel sh ▁invent or ▁and ▁iron master ▁who ▁created ▁the ▁first ▁design ▁for ▁a ▁ball ▁bearing ▁in ▁Carm art hen ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 . ▁His ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁modern ▁ball - b earing ▁design , ▁with ▁the ▁ball ▁running |
▁along ▁a ▁gro ove ▁in ▁the ▁ax le ▁assembly . ▁ ▁J ules ▁Sur ir ay , ▁a ▁Paris ian ▁bicy cle ▁mechan ic , ▁designed ▁the ▁first ▁radial ▁style ▁ball ▁bearing ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁then ▁fitted ▁to ▁the ▁winning ▁bicy cle ▁r idden ▁by ▁James ▁Moore ▁in ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁bicy cle ▁road ▁race , ▁Paris - R ou en , ▁in ▁November ▁ 1 8 6 9 . ▁ ▁Common ▁designs ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁common ▁designs ▁of ▁ball ▁bearing , ▁each ▁offering ▁various ▁performance ▁trade - offs . ▁ ▁They ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁from ▁many ▁different ▁materials , ▁including : ▁stain less ▁steel , ▁ch rome ▁steel , ▁and ▁cer amic ▁( sil icon ▁nit ride ▁( Si 3 N 4 )). ▁A ▁hybrid ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁a ▁bearing ▁with ▁cer amic ▁balls ▁and ▁races ▁of ▁metal . ▁ ▁Ang ular ▁contact ▁ ▁An ▁angular ▁contact ▁ball ▁bearing ▁uses ▁ax ially ▁asym metric ▁races . ▁An ▁ax ial ▁load ▁passes ▁in ▁a ▁straight ▁line ▁through ▁the ▁bearing , ▁whereas ▁a ▁radial ▁load ▁takes ▁an ▁ob lique ▁path ▁that ▁acts ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁races ▁ax ially . ▁So ▁the ▁angle ▁of ▁contact ▁on ▁the ▁inner ▁race ▁is ▁the ▁same ▁as ▁that ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁race . ▁Ang ular ▁contact ▁bear ings ▁better ▁support ▁combined ▁loads ▁( loading ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁directions ) ▁and ▁the ▁contact ▁angle ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁should ▁be ▁matched ▁to ▁the ▁relative ▁proport ions ▁of ▁each . |
▁The ▁larger ▁the ▁contact ▁angle ▁( typ ically ▁in ▁the ▁range ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 4 5 ▁degrees ), ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁ax ial ▁load ▁supported , ▁but ▁the ▁lower ▁the ▁radial ▁load . ▁In ▁high ▁speed ▁applications , ▁such ▁as ▁turb ines , ▁jet ▁engines , ▁and ▁dent istry ▁equipment , ▁the ▁cent rif ug al ▁forces ▁generated ▁by ▁the ▁balls ▁changes ▁the ▁contact ▁angle ▁at ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁race . ▁Cer am ics ▁such ▁as ▁sil icon ▁nit ride ▁are ▁now ▁regularly ▁used ▁in ▁such ▁applications ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁low ▁density ▁( 4 0 % ▁of ▁steel ). ▁These ▁materials ▁significantly ▁reduce ▁cent rif ug al ▁force ▁and ▁function ▁well ▁in ▁high ▁temperature ▁environments . ▁They ▁also ▁tend ▁to ▁wear ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁way ▁to ▁bearing ▁steel — r ather ▁than ▁crack ing ▁or ▁sh attering ▁like ▁glass ▁or ▁por cel ain . ▁ ▁Most ▁bicy cles ▁use ▁angular - contact ▁bear ings ▁in ▁the ▁head sets ▁because ▁the ▁forces ▁on ▁these ▁bear ings ▁are ▁in ▁both ▁the ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁direction . ▁ ▁Ax ial ▁ ▁An ▁ax ial ▁or ▁thrust ▁ball ▁bearing ▁uses ▁side - by - side ▁races . ▁An ▁ax ial ▁load ▁is ▁trans mitted ▁directly ▁through ▁the ▁bearing , ▁while ▁a ▁radial ▁load ▁is ▁poorly ▁supported ▁and ▁tends ▁to ▁separate ▁the ▁races , ▁so ▁that ▁a ▁larger ▁radial ▁load ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁damage ▁the ▁bearing . ▁ ▁Deep - gro ove ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁deep - gro ove ▁radial ▁bearing , ▁the ▁race |
▁dimensions ▁are ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁dimensions ▁of ▁the ▁balls ▁that ▁run ▁in ▁it . ▁Deep - gro ove ▁bear ings ▁support ▁higher ▁loads ▁than ▁a ▁shall ower ▁gro ove . ▁ ▁Like ▁angular ▁contact ▁bear ings , ▁deep - gro ove ▁bear ings ▁support ▁both ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads , ▁but ▁without ▁a ▁choice ▁of ▁contact ▁angle ▁to ▁allow ▁choice ▁of ▁relative ▁proportion ▁of ▁these ▁load ▁capac ities . ▁ ▁Pre loaded ▁pairs ▁ ▁The ▁above ▁basic ▁types ▁of ▁bear ings ▁are ▁typically ▁applied ▁in ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁pre loaded ▁pairs , ▁where ▁two ▁individual ▁bear ings ▁are ▁rigid ly ▁fast ened ▁along ▁a ▁rot ating ▁shaft ▁to ▁face ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁This ▁impro ves ▁the ▁ax ial ▁run out ▁by ▁taking ▁up ▁( pre loading ) ▁the ▁necessary ▁slight ▁clear ance ▁between ▁the ▁bearing ▁balls ▁and ▁races . ▁ ▁P air ing ▁also ▁provides ▁an ▁advantage ▁of ▁even ly ▁distribut ing ▁the ▁loads , ▁nearly ▁dou bling ▁the ▁total ▁load ▁capacity ▁compared ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁bearing . ▁ ▁Ang ular ▁contact ▁bear ings ▁are ▁almost ▁always ▁used ▁in ▁oppos ing ▁pairs : ▁the ▁asym metric ▁design ▁of ▁each ▁bearing ▁supports ▁ax ial ▁loads ▁in ▁only ▁one ▁direction , ▁so ▁an ▁opposed ▁pair ▁is ▁required ▁if ▁the ▁application ▁demands ▁support ▁in ▁both ▁directions . ▁ ▁The ▁pre loading ▁force ▁must ▁be ▁designed ▁and ▁assembled ▁carefully , ▁because ▁it ▁ded uct s ▁from ▁the ▁ax ial ▁force ▁capacity ▁of ▁the ▁bear ings , ▁and ▁can ▁damage ▁bear ings ▁if ▁applied ▁excess ively |
. ▁ ▁The ▁pair ing ▁mechanism ▁may ▁simply ▁face ▁the ▁bear ings ▁together ▁directly , ▁or ▁separate ▁them ▁with ▁a ▁sh im , ▁b ushing , ▁or ▁shaft ▁feature . ▁ ▁Construction ▁types ▁ ▁Con rad ▁ ▁The ▁Con rad - style ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁named ▁after ▁its ▁invent or , ▁Robert ▁Con rad , ▁who ▁was ▁awarded ▁British ▁patent ▁ 1 2 , 2 0 6 ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁U . S . ▁patent ▁ 8 2 2 , 7 2 3 ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 6 . ▁▁ ▁These ▁bear ings ▁are ▁assembled ▁by ▁placing ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁into ▁an ▁ecc entric ▁position ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁outer ▁ring , ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁rings ▁in ▁contact ▁at ▁one ▁point , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁gap ▁opposite ▁the ▁point ▁of ▁contact . ▁ ▁The ▁balls ▁are ▁inserted ▁through ▁the ▁gap ▁and ▁then ▁even ly ▁distributed ▁around ▁the ▁bearing ▁assembly , ▁causing ▁the ▁rings ▁to ▁become ▁concent ric . ▁ ▁Assembly ▁is ▁completed ▁by ▁fitting ▁a ▁cage ▁to ▁the ▁balls ▁to ▁maintain ▁their ▁positions ▁relative ▁to ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁Without ▁the ▁cage , ▁the ▁balls ▁would ▁eventually ▁drift ▁out ▁of ▁position ▁during ▁operation , ▁causing ▁the ▁bearing ▁to ▁fail . ▁The ▁cage ▁carries ▁no ▁load ▁and ▁serves ▁only ▁to ▁maintain ▁ball ▁position . ▁ ▁Con rad ▁bear ings ▁have ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁with stand ▁both ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads , ▁but ▁have ▁the ▁disadv antage ▁of ▁lower ▁load ▁capacity ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁limited |
▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁loaded ▁into ▁the ▁bearing ▁assembly . ▁Probably ▁the ▁most ▁familiar ▁industrial ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁the ▁deep - gro ove ▁Con rad ▁style . ▁The ▁bearing ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁mechanical ▁industries . ▁ ▁Sl ot - fill ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁slot - fill ▁radial ▁bearing , ▁the ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁races ▁are ▁not ched ▁on ▁one ▁face ▁so ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁not ches ▁are ▁aligned , ▁balls ▁can ▁be ▁slipped ▁in ▁the ▁resulting ▁slot ▁to ▁as semble ▁the ▁bearing . ▁A ▁slot - fill ▁bearing ▁has ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁more ▁balls ▁can ▁be ▁assembled ▁( even ▁allowing ▁a ▁full ▁complement ▁design ), ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁higher ▁radial ▁load ▁capacity ▁than ▁a ▁Con rad ▁bearing ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁dimensions ▁and ▁material ▁type . ▁However , ▁a ▁slot - fill ▁bearing ▁cannot ▁carry ▁a ▁significant ▁ax ial ▁load , ▁and ▁the ▁slots ▁cause ▁a ▁dis contin uity ▁in ▁the ▁races ▁that ▁can ▁have ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁ad verse ▁effect ▁on ▁strength . ▁ ▁Rel ie ved ▁race ▁ ▁Rel ie ved ▁race ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁are ▁' rel ie ved ' ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁suggests ▁by ▁having ▁either ▁the ▁O D ▁of ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁reduced ▁on ▁one ▁side , ▁or ▁the ▁ID ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁increased ▁on ▁one ▁side . ▁This ▁allows ▁a ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁to ▁be ▁assembled ▁into ▁either ▁the ▁inner ▁or ▁outer ▁race , ▁and ▁then ▁press ▁fit ▁over ▁the ▁relief . ▁Sometimes ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁will ▁be ▁heated |
▁to ▁facilitate ▁assembly . ▁Like ▁the ▁slot - fill ▁construction , ▁relieved ▁race ▁construction ▁allows ▁a ▁greater ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁than ▁Con rad ▁construction , ▁up ▁to ▁and ▁including ▁full ▁complement , ▁and ▁the ▁extra ▁ball ▁count ▁gives ▁extra ▁load ▁capacity . ▁However , ▁a ▁relieved ▁race ▁bearing ▁can ▁only ▁support ▁significant ▁ax ial ▁loads ▁in ▁one ▁direction ▁(' away ▁from ' ▁the ▁relieved ▁race ). ▁ ▁F ract ured ▁race ▁ ▁Another ▁way ▁of ▁fitting ▁more ▁balls ▁into ▁a ▁radial ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁by ▁rad ially ▁' f ract uring ' ▁( s lic ing ) ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁rings ▁all ▁the ▁way ▁through , ▁loading ▁the ▁balls ▁in , ▁re - assem bling ▁the ▁fract ured ▁portion , ▁and ▁then ▁using ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁steel ▁bands ▁to ▁hold ▁the ▁fract ured ▁ring ▁sections ▁together ▁in ▁alignment . ▁Again , ▁this ▁allows ▁more ▁balls , ▁including ▁full ▁ball ▁complement , ▁however ▁unlike ▁with ▁either ▁slot ▁fill ▁or ▁relieved ▁race ▁const ructions , ▁it ▁can ▁support ▁significant ▁ax ial ▁loading ▁in ▁either ▁direction . ▁ ▁R ows ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁row ▁designs : ▁single - row ▁bear ings ▁and ▁double - row ▁bear ings . ▁Most ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁are ▁a ▁single - row ▁design , ▁which ▁means ▁there ▁is ▁one ▁row ▁of ▁bearing ▁balls . ▁This ▁design ▁works ▁with ▁radial ▁and ▁thrust ▁loads . ▁ ▁A ▁double - row ▁design ▁has ▁two ▁rows ▁of ▁bearing ▁balls . ▁ ▁Adv ant ages ▁of ▁double - row ▁bear ings ▁as ▁compared ▁to ▁single - |
row ▁include ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁bear ▁radial ▁and ▁ax ial ▁loads ▁in ▁both ▁directions . ▁Double - row ▁angular ▁contact ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁have ▁a ▁steep ▁mount ing , ▁which ▁also ▁can ▁bear ▁til ting ▁effects . ▁ ▁Other ▁advantages ▁of ▁double - row ▁bear ings ▁are ▁their ▁rig idity ▁and ▁compact ness . ▁ ▁Their ▁disadv antage ▁is ▁they ▁need ▁better ▁alignment ▁than ▁single - row ▁bear ings . ▁ ▁Fl anged ▁Bear ings ▁with ▁a ▁fl ange ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁simpl ify ▁ax ial ▁location . ▁The ▁housing ▁for ▁such ▁bear ings ▁can ▁consist ▁of ▁a ▁through - hole ▁of ▁uniform ▁diameter , ▁but ▁the ▁entry ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁housing ▁( which ▁may ▁be ▁either ▁the ▁outer ▁or ▁inner ▁face ) ▁must ▁be ▁mach ined ▁truly ▁normal ▁to ▁the ▁hole ▁axis . ▁However ▁such ▁fl anges ▁are ▁very ▁expensive ▁to ▁manufact ure . ▁A ▁more ▁cost ▁effective ▁arrangement ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁outer ▁ring , ▁with ▁similar ▁benefits , ▁is ▁a ▁snap ▁ring ▁gro ove ▁at ▁either ▁or ▁both ▁ends ▁of ▁the ▁outside ▁diameter . ▁The ▁snap ▁ring ▁assumes ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁a ▁fl ange . ▁ ▁C aged ▁ ▁C ages ▁are ▁typically ▁used ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁balls ▁in ▁a ▁Con rad - style ▁ball ▁bearing . ▁In ▁other ▁construction ▁types ▁they ▁may ▁decrease ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁balls ▁depending ▁on ▁the ▁specific ▁cage ▁shape , ▁and ▁thus ▁reduce ▁the ▁load ▁capacity . ▁Without ▁c ages ▁the ▁tang ential ▁position ▁is ▁stabil ized ▁by ▁sliding ▁of ▁two ▁convex ▁surfaces ▁on ▁each |
▁other . ▁With ▁a ▁cage ▁the ▁tang ential ▁position ▁is ▁stabil ized ▁by ▁a ▁sliding ▁of ▁a ▁convex ▁surface ▁in ▁a ▁matched ▁conc ave ▁surface , ▁which ▁avoid s ▁d ents ▁in ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁has ▁lower ▁fr iction . ▁C aged ▁roll er ▁bear ings ▁were ▁invented ▁by ▁John ▁Harrison ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 8 th ▁century ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁chron ograph s . ▁ ▁Hy brid ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁using ▁cer amic ▁balls ▁Cer amic ▁bearing ▁balls ▁can ▁weigh ▁up ▁to ▁ 4 0 % ▁less ▁than ▁steel ▁ones , ▁depending ▁on ▁size ▁and ▁material . ▁This ▁reduces ▁cent rif ug al ▁loading ▁and ▁sk idding , ▁so ▁hybrid ▁cer amic ▁bear ings ▁can ▁operate ▁ 2 0 % ▁to ▁ 4 0 % ▁faster ▁than ▁conventional ▁bear ings . ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁outer ▁race ▁gro ove ▁ex erts ▁less ▁force ▁in ward ▁against ▁the ▁ball ▁as ▁the ▁bearing ▁sp ins . ▁This ▁reduction ▁in ▁force ▁reduces ▁the ▁fr iction ▁and ▁rolling ▁resistance . ▁The ▁lighter ▁balls ▁allow ▁the ▁bearing ▁to ▁spin ▁faster , ▁and ▁uses ▁less ▁energy ▁to ▁maintain ▁its ▁speed . ▁ ▁The ▁cer amic ▁balls ▁are ▁typically ▁harder ▁than ▁the ▁race . ▁Due ▁to ▁wear , ▁with ▁time ▁they ▁will ▁form ▁a ▁gro ove ▁in ▁the ▁race . ▁This ▁is ▁prefer able ▁to ▁the ▁balls ▁wearing ▁which ▁would ▁leave ▁them ▁with ▁possible ▁flat ▁spots ▁significantly ▁harm ing ▁performance . ▁ ▁While ▁cer amic ▁hybrid ▁bear ings ▁use ▁cer amic ▁balls ▁in ▁place ▁of |
▁steel ▁ones , ▁they ▁are ▁constructed ▁with ▁steel ▁inner ▁and ▁outer ▁rings ; ▁hence ▁the ▁hybrid ▁design ation . ▁ ▁While ▁the ▁cer amic ▁material ▁itself ▁is ▁stronger ▁than ▁steel , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁st iffer , ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁increased ▁stress es ▁on ▁the ▁rings , ▁and ▁hence ▁decre ased ▁load ▁capacity . ▁ ▁Cer amic ▁balls ▁are ▁electric ally ▁ins ulating , ▁which ▁can ▁prevent ▁' ar cing ' ▁failures ▁if ▁current ▁should ▁be ▁passed ▁through ▁the ▁bearing . ▁ ▁Cer amic ▁balls ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁effective ▁in ▁environments ▁where ▁lub ric ation ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁available ▁( such ▁as ▁in ▁space ▁applications ). ▁ ▁In ▁some ▁settings ▁only ▁a ▁thin ▁co ating ▁of ▁cer amic ▁is ▁used ▁over ▁a ▁metal ▁ball ▁bearing . ▁ ▁F ully ▁cer amic ▁bear ings ▁These ▁bear ings ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁both ▁cer amic ▁balls ▁and ▁race . ▁These ▁bear ings ▁are ▁imper vious ▁to ▁cor ros ion ▁and ▁rarely ▁require ▁lub ric ation ▁if ▁at ▁all . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁stiff ness ▁and ▁hard ness ▁of ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁race ▁these ▁bear ings ▁are ▁no isy ▁at ▁high ▁speeds . ▁The ▁stiff ness ▁of ▁the ▁cer amic ▁makes ▁these ▁bear ings ▁br ittle ▁and ▁li able ▁to ▁crack ▁under ▁load ▁or ▁impact . ▁Because ▁both ▁ball ▁and ▁race ▁are ▁of ▁similar ▁hard ness , ▁wear ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁ch ipping ▁at ▁high ▁speeds ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁balls ▁and ▁the ▁race , ▁which ▁can ▁cause ▁spark ing . ▁ ▁Self - align ing ▁▁ ▁Self |
- align ing ▁ball ▁bear ings , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Wing qu ist ▁bearing ▁shown ▁in ▁the ▁picture , ▁are ▁constructed ▁with ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁and ▁ball ▁assembly ▁contained ▁within ▁an ▁outer ▁ring ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁spher ical ▁race way . ▁This ▁construction ▁allows ▁the ▁bearing ▁to ▁toler ate ▁a ▁small ▁angular ▁mis align ment ▁resulting ▁from ▁shaft ▁or ▁housing ▁def lections ▁or ▁impro per ▁mount ing . ▁The ▁bearing ▁was ▁used ▁mainly ▁in ▁bearing ▁arrangements ▁with ▁very ▁long ▁shaft s , ▁such ▁as ▁transmission ▁shaft s ▁in ▁text ile ▁fact ories . ▁One ▁draw back ▁of ▁the ▁self - align ing ▁ball ▁bear ings ▁is ▁a ▁limited ▁load ▁rating , ▁as ▁the ▁outer ▁race way ▁has ▁very ▁low ▁osc ulation ▁( radius ▁is ▁much ▁larger ▁than ▁ball ▁radius ). ▁This ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁spher ical ▁roll er ▁bearing , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁design , ▁but ▁use ▁roll ers ▁instead ▁of ▁balls . ▁Also ▁the ▁spher ical ▁roll er ▁thrust ▁bearing ▁is ▁an ▁invention ▁that ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁findings ▁by ▁Wing qu ist . ▁ ▁Oper ating ▁conditions ▁ ▁L if es pan ▁ ▁The ▁calculated ▁life ▁for ▁a ▁bearing ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁load ▁it ▁carries ▁and ▁its ▁operating ▁speed . ▁The ▁industry ▁standard ▁us able ▁bearing ▁lif es pan ▁is ▁in vers ely ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁bearing ▁load ▁cub ed . ▁Nom inal ▁maximum ▁load ▁of ▁a ▁bearing , ▁is ▁for ▁a ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁ 1 ▁million ▁rot ations , ▁which ▁at ▁ |
5 0 Hz ▁( i . e ., ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁R PM ) ▁is ▁a ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁ 5 . 5 ▁working ▁hours . ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁bear ings ▁of ▁that ▁type ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁that ▁lif es pan , ▁and ▁ 5 0 % ▁of ▁bear ings ▁have ▁a ▁lif es pan ▁at ▁least ▁ 5 ▁times ▁as ▁long . ▁ ▁The ▁industry ▁standard ▁life ▁calculation ▁is ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁L und berg ▁and ▁Pal mg ren ▁performed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁The ▁formula ▁assumes ▁the ▁life ▁to ▁be ▁limited ▁by ▁metal ▁fat igue ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁life ▁distribution ▁can ▁be ▁described ▁by ▁a ▁We ib ull ▁distribution . ▁Many ▁variations ▁of ▁the ▁formula ▁exist ▁that ▁include ▁factors ▁for ▁material ▁properties , ▁lub ric ation , ▁and ▁loading . ▁F act oring ▁for ▁loading ▁may ▁be ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁t ac it ▁admission ▁that ▁modern ▁materials ▁demonstrate ▁a ▁different ▁relationship ▁between ▁load ▁and ▁life ▁than ▁L und berg ▁and ▁Pal mg ren ▁determined ▁. ▁ ▁Fail ure ▁modes ▁If ▁a ▁bearing ▁is ▁not ▁rot ating , ▁maximum ▁load ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁force ▁that ▁causes ▁plastic ▁de formation ▁of ▁elements ▁or ▁race ways . ▁The ▁indent ations ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁elements ▁can ▁concentrate ▁stress es ▁and ▁generate ▁cr acks ▁at ▁the ▁components . ▁Max imum ▁load ▁for ▁not ▁or ▁very ▁slowly ▁rot ating ▁bear ings ▁is ▁called ▁" static " ▁maximum ▁load . ▁ ▁Also ▁if ▁a ▁bearing ▁is ▁not |
▁rot ating , ▁oscill ating ▁forces ▁on ▁the ▁bearing ▁can ▁cause ▁impact ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁bearing ▁race ▁or ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements , ▁known ▁as ▁br in elling . ▁A ▁second ▁lesser ▁form ▁called ▁false ▁br in elling ▁occurs ▁if ▁the ▁bearing ▁only ▁rot ates ▁across ▁a ▁short ▁arc ▁and ▁p ushes ▁lub ric ant ▁out ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁rot ating ▁bearing , ▁the ▁dynamic ▁load ▁capacity ▁indicates ▁the ▁load ▁to ▁which ▁the ▁bearing ▁end ures ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cycles . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁bearing ▁is ▁rot ating , ▁but ▁experiences ▁heavy ▁load ▁that ▁last s ▁shorter ▁than ▁one ▁revolution , ▁static ▁max ▁load ▁must ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁comput ations , ▁since ▁the ▁bearing ▁does ▁not ▁rot ate ▁during ▁the ▁maximum ▁load . ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁side ways ▁tor que ▁is ▁applied ▁to ▁a ▁deep ▁gro ove ▁radial ▁bearing , ▁an ▁une ven ▁force ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁an ▁ell ip se ▁is ▁applied ▁on ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁by ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements , ▁concentr ating ▁in ▁two ▁regions ▁on ▁opposite ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁outer ▁ring . ▁If ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁is ▁not ▁strong ▁enough , ▁or ▁if ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁sufficiently ▁br aced ▁by ▁the ▁supporting ▁structure , ▁the ▁outer ▁ring ▁will ▁de form ▁into ▁an ▁o val ▁shape ▁from ▁the ▁side ways ▁tor que ▁stress , ▁until ▁the ▁gap ▁is ▁large ▁enough ▁for ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements ▁to ▁escape . ▁The ▁inner ▁ring ▁then ▁pop s ▁out ▁and ▁the ▁bearing ▁struct |
ur ally ▁coll aps es . ▁ ▁A ▁side ways ▁tor que ▁on ▁a ▁radial ▁bearing ▁also ▁applies ▁pressure ▁to ▁the ▁cage ▁that ▁holds ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements ▁at ▁equal ▁distances , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements ▁trying ▁to ▁all ▁slide ▁together ▁at ▁the ▁location ▁of ▁highest ▁side ways ▁tor que . ▁If ▁the ▁cage ▁coll aps es ▁or ▁breaks ▁apart , ▁the ▁rolling ▁elements ▁group ▁together , ▁the ▁inner ▁ring ▁los es ▁support , ▁and ▁may ▁pop ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁center . ▁ ▁Max imum ▁load ▁In ▁general , ▁maximum ▁load ▁on ▁a ▁ball ▁bearing ▁is ▁proport ional ▁to ▁outer ▁diameter ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁times ▁the ▁width ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁( where ▁width ▁is ▁measured ▁in ▁direction ▁of ▁ax le ). ▁ ▁Bear ings ▁have ▁static ▁load ▁ratings . ▁ ▁These ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁not ▁exceed ing ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁plastic ▁de formation ▁in ▁the ▁race way . ▁ ▁These ▁ratings ▁may ▁be ▁exceed ed ▁by ▁a ▁large ▁amount ▁for ▁certain ▁applications . ▁ ▁Lub ric ation ▁For ▁a ▁bearing ▁to ▁operate ▁properly , ▁it ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁lub ric ated . ▁In ▁most ▁cases ▁the ▁lub ric ant ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁el ast oh yd rod ynamic ▁effect ▁( by ▁oil ▁or ▁gre ase ) ▁but ▁working ▁at ▁extreme ▁temperatures ▁dry ▁lub ric ated ▁bear ings ▁are ▁also ▁available . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁bearing ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁nom inal ▁lif es pan ▁at ▁its ▁nom inal ▁maximum ▁load , ▁it ▁must ▁be ▁lub ric ated ▁with ▁a ▁lub ric ant ▁( |
o il ▁or ▁gre ase ) ▁that ▁has ▁at ▁least ▁the ▁minimum ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity ▁( us ually ▁denoted ▁with ▁the ▁Greek ▁letter ▁) ▁recommended ▁for ▁that ▁bearing . ▁ ▁The ▁recommended ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity ▁is ▁in vers ely ▁proport ional ▁to ▁diameter ▁of ▁bearing . ▁ ▁The ▁recommended ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity ▁decre ases ▁with ▁rot ating ▁frequency . ▁As ▁a ▁rough ▁indication : ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁, ▁recommended ▁vis cos ity ▁increases ▁with ▁factor ▁ 6 ▁for ▁a ▁factor ▁ 1 0 ▁decrease ▁in ▁speed , ▁and ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁, ▁recommended ▁vis cos ity ▁decre ases ▁with ▁factor ▁ 3 ▁for ▁a ▁factor ▁ 1 0 ▁increase ▁in ▁speed . ▁ ▁For ▁a ▁bearing ▁where ▁average ▁of ▁outer ▁diameter ▁of ▁bearing ▁and ▁diameter ▁of ▁ax le ▁hole ▁is ▁, ▁and ▁that ▁is ▁rot ating ▁at ▁, ▁recommended ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity ▁is ▁. ▁ ▁Note ▁that ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity ▁of ▁oil ▁varies ▁strongly ▁with ▁temperature : ▁a ▁temperature ▁increase ▁of ▁ ▁causes ▁the ▁vis cos ity ▁to ▁decrease ▁by ▁factor ▁ 1 0 . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁vis cos ity ▁of ▁lub ric ant ▁is ▁higher ▁than ▁recommended , ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁bearing ▁increases , ▁roughly ▁proport ional ▁to ▁square ▁root ▁of ▁vis cos ity . ▁If ▁the ▁vis cos ity ▁of ▁the ▁lub ric ant ▁is ▁lower ▁than ▁recommended , ▁the ▁lif es pan ▁of ▁the ▁bearing ▁decre ases , ▁and ▁by ▁how ▁much ▁depends ▁on ▁which ▁type ▁of ▁oil ▁being ▁used . ▁For ▁o |
ils ▁with ▁EP ▁(' ext reme ▁pressure ') ▁add it ives , ▁the ▁lif es pan ▁is ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁square ▁root ▁of ▁dynamic ▁vis cos ity , ▁just ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁for ▁too ▁high ▁vis cos ity , ▁while ▁for ▁ordinary ▁o ils ▁lif es pan ▁is ▁proport ional ▁to ▁the ▁square ▁of ▁the ▁vis cos ity ▁if ▁a ▁lower - than - re comm ended ▁vis cos ity ▁is ▁used . ▁ ▁Lub ric ation ▁can ▁be ▁done ▁with ▁a ▁gre ase , ▁which ▁has ▁advantages ▁that ▁gre ase ▁is ▁normally ▁held ▁within ▁the ▁bearing ▁releasing ▁the ▁lub ric ant ▁oil ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁comp ressed ▁by ▁the ▁balls . ▁It ▁provides ▁a ▁protective ▁barrier ▁for ▁the ▁bearing ▁metal ▁from ▁the ▁environment , ▁but ▁has ▁disadv ant ages ▁that ▁this ▁gre ase ▁must ▁be ▁replaced ▁period ically , ▁and ▁maximum ▁load ▁of ▁bearing ▁decre ases ▁( because ▁if ▁bearing ▁gets ▁too ▁warm , ▁gre ase ▁mel ts ▁and ▁runs ▁out ▁of ▁bearing ). ▁Time ▁between ▁gre ase ▁repl ac ements ▁decre ases ▁very ▁strongly ▁with ▁diameter ▁of ▁bearing : ▁for ▁a ▁ ▁bearing , ▁gre ase ▁should ▁be ▁replaced ▁every ▁ 5 0 0 0 ▁working ▁hours , ▁while ▁for ▁a ▁ ▁bearing ▁it ▁should ▁be ▁replaced ▁every ▁ 5 0 0 ▁working ▁hours . ▁ ▁Lub ric ation ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁done ▁with ▁an ▁oil , ▁which ▁has ▁advantage ▁of ▁higher ▁maximum ▁load , ▁but ▁needs ▁some ▁way ▁to ▁keep ▁oil ▁in ▁bearing , ▁as ▁it ▁normally ▁tends ▁to |
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