cmxuebuhui/term-explanation · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Labeled set of objects, symbols, or events sharing common characteristics (critical attributes).	[]	concept
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	in the Catholic church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments.	[]	interdict
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Cognitive ability to sequence operations in opposite order.	[]	reversibility
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The linking of three-term contingencies so that each response alters the environment and that altered condition serves as a stimulus for the next response.	[]	chaining
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Theory of attention contending that information not perceived is not processed beyond the sensory register.	[]	filter (bottleneck) theory
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A custom whereby a man feels or pretends to be pregnant when his wife is about to give birth, often to draw malevolent forcesaway from his wife and child.	[]	couvade
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The process of putting new, incoming information into the information processing system and preparing it for storage in long-term memory.	[]	encoding
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	An approach that stresses the dynamic relationship between social and economic aspects of culture and the environment as the basis for understanding the processes of culture change. Uses the scientific methodology of problem statement, hypothesis formulation, and subsequent testing. The earlier functional-processual archaeology has been contrasted with cognitive-processual archaeology, whereemphasis is on integrating ideologicaland symbolic aspects.	[]	processual archaeology
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Wissler’s notion that older culture traits tend to be those on the periphery of a culture area, rather than in the centre. His hypothesis is based on the idea that things are invented in the centre and diffuse outwards.	[]	age-area hypothesis
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Human activities, including acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition behavior, that produce tangible archaeological remains (compare with transformational processes).	[]	behavioral processes
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A standard cleaning process in archaeological conservation. Artifacts are placed in a chemical solution, and by passing a weak current between them and a surrounding metal grill, the corrosivesalts move from the cathode (object) to the anode (grill), removing any accumulated deposit and leaving the artifact clean.	[]	electrolysis
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Montesquieu’s term (meaning ‘general spirit’) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.	[]	esprit general
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The theory that an employee compares his or her job's input–outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.	[]	equity theory
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The relationship between a child and his or her mother’s brother. More specifically, the term usually refers to accepted informal behaviour between a boy and his mother’s brother, contrasted to formality between the boy and his father.	[]	avunculate
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Fossilized feces; these contain food residues that can be used to reconstruct diet and subsistence activities.	[]	coprolite
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The time taken for half thequantity of a radioactive isotope in asample to decay.	[]	half-life
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	rule by a few.	[]	oligarchy
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Le ́vi-Strauss’ term (meaning ‘human spirit’) for the psychic unity or collective unconsciousness of humanity as a whole. Inhis usage it implies a structure of thought universal among humanity.	[]	esprit humain
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The doctrine that experience is the only source of knowledge.	[]	empiricism
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	In Malinowskian theory, the seven biological needs (e.g., safety) which are served by seven corresponding cultural responses (e.g., protection).	[]	basic needs
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs.	[]	cottage industry
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Occurrence of a response to a new stimulus or in a situation other than that present during original learning.	[]	generalization
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Explanation formulated in reaction to the perceived limitations of functional-processual archaeology. It eschews generalization in favor of an “individualizing” approach that is influenced by structuralism, Critical Theory, and neo-Marxist thought.	[]	postprocessual explanation
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	an absolute monarchy in which the ruler follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in accordance with the laws.	[]	enlightened absolutism
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	In systems thinking, this refers to the series of successive states through which the system proceeds over time. It may be said to represent the long-term behavior of the system.	[]	trajectory
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	An approach or method based on interpretation.	[]	interpretive
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Specialized training to educate employees about the importance of diversity and teach them skills for working in a diverse workplace.	[]	diversity skills training
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.	[]	principle of intervention
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services.	[]	fief
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The view that management's only social responsibility is to maximize profits.	[]	classical view
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.	[]	mass society
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Any intentional employee behavior that is potentially damaging to the organization or to individuals within the organization.	[]	workplace misbehavior
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Dadaism an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artists who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their "anti-art" to express contempt for the Western tradition.	[]	Dadaism
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	“Roman peace.” A term used to refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries A.D.	[]	Pax Romana
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The simultaneous testing of alternative hypotheses to minimize bias and maximize the chances of finding the best available choice.	[]	multiple working hypotheses
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A development method in which the manager is presented with a written description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve.	[]	case study method
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Information processing stage corresponding to aware¬ness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.	[]	short-term (working) memory
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Process of controlling task elements that are beyond the learner’s capabilities so that the learner can focus on and master those task features that he or she can grasp quickly.	[]	scaffolding
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion.	[]	skepticism
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A category of people united by common age, often those initiated into adulthood at the same time.	[]	age set
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Literally, the ‘ghost’ or ‘spirit’ of a society.	[]	Geist
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the ideas of Thomas Kuhn, especially his notion of science as a sequential series of paradigms.	[]	Kuhnian
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the ideas of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, especially that learned traits can be passed from parent to child.	[]	Lamarckian
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A perspective through time (e.g., evolutionism), rather than one in the same time frame (cf. synchronic perspective).	[]	diachronic perspective
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Descriptive term for Pavlov’s theory in which a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned to elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.	[]	classical conditioning
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.	[]	Gothic
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a socialist doctrine espoused by EduardBernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution.	[]	evolutionary socialism
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A list of a job's human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on-another product of a job analysis.	[]	job specification
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	An important survey technique in the discovery and recording of archaeological sites.	[]	aerial reconnalssance
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Nonverbal communication: Communication transmitted without words.	[]	nonverbal communication
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Doctrine postulating that mental processes and behaviors of living organisms help them adapt to their environments.	[]	functionalism
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Borings taken from the Arctic and Antarctic polar ice caps, containing layers of compacted ice useful forreconstructing paleoenvironments and as a method of absolute dating.	[]	ice core
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Two basic kinds can be identified: (1) unsystematic and (2) systematic. The former involves fieldwalking, i.e. scanning the ground along one’s path and recording the location of artifacts and surface features. Systematic survey by comparison is less subjective and involves a grid system, such that the survey area is divided into sectors and these are walked systematically, thus making the recording of finds more accurate.	[]	surface survey
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The investigatory technique which involves taking soil samples at regular intervals from the surface of a site, and measuring their phosphate content and other chemical properties.	[]	geochemical analysis
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it.	[]	pantheism
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades.	[]	guild
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The striving to be competent in effortful activities.	[]	achievement motivation
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Le ́vi-Strauss’ term for systems lying in-between elementary and complex ones: systems with ‘Crow’ or ‘Omaha’ terminologies in which all those called by kin terms are forbidden as possible spouses.	[]	Crow-Omaha systems
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Enables trapped electrons within bone and shell to be measured without the heating that thermoluminescence requires. As with TL, the number of trapped electrons indicates the age of the specimen.	[]	electron spin resonance (ESR)
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	In linguistics and cognitive anthropology, the view that a good analysis of a set of emic categories will be one which correctly accounts for the data but which will not necessarily represent the (elusive) ‘true’ psychological reality of informants (cf. ‘God’s truth’).	[]	‘hocus pocus’
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The stimulus to which one responds in the operant model of conditioning.	[]	discriminative stimulus
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Indirect financial and nonfinancial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with the company.	[]	benefit
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A perspective which emphasizes diffusion (or sometimes migration) over evolution as the greater cause of culturalchange in the world.	[]	diffusionism, diffusionist
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The speech and syntax of a language.	[]	surface structure
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A mixture of two or more metals, such as bronze (copper and tin), used in metallurgy.	[]	alloy
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Knowledge that something is the case; knowledge of facts, beliefs, organized passages, and events of a story.	[]	declarative knowledge
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	health services for all citizens provided by government assistance.	[]	socialized medicine
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	in ancient Sparta, free inhabitants but not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service.	[]	perioikoi
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Any of several related perspectives derived from the evolutionist theory of Charles Darwin, and especially the idea of evolution through natural selection.	[]	Darwinism
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A strategy tool that guides resource allocation decisions on the basis of market share and growth rate of SBUs.	[]	BCG matrix
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	belief in or worship of more than one god.	[]	polytheism/polytheistic
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories.	[]	Gothic literature
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	First studies of management, which emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible.	[]	classica approach
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the secular leader of the Islamic community.	[]	caliph
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The basis by which jobs are grouped together.	[]	departmentalization
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goal using their positive synergy, individual and mutual accountability, and complementary skills.	[]	work team
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Lévi-Strauss’ term for societies he believed to be essentially dynamic. ‘Hot’ societies have a concern with history rather than myth (cf. ‘cold’ societies).	[]	‘hot’ societies
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A form of explanation based on the formulation of hypotheses and the establishment from them by deduction of consequences which can then be tested against the archaeological data.	[]	hupothetico-deductive approach
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the specific rather than the general (e.g., the description of exact instances rather than generalizations on social processes) (cf. nomothetic).	[]	ideographic
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A method of screening (sieving) excavated matrix in water so as to separate and recover small ecofacts and artifacts.	[]	flotation
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Any approach which proceeds from specific examples to general conclusions (cf. deductivism).	[]	inductivist
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Process of determining the external variables of which behavior is a function.	[]	functional analysis of behavior
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Activation in long-term memory of propositions that are associatively linked with material currently in one’s working memory.	[]	spreading activation
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	People who have a chronic sense of urgency and an excessive competitive drive.	[]	type A personality/type A
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include other nations.	[]	NATO
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Displacements in the plates that make up the earth’s crust, often responsible for the occurrence of raised beaches.	[]	tectonic movement
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Different sequences of geneticmaterial occupying the same locus onthe DNA molecule; alleles of the samegene differ by mutation at one or morelocations within the same length of DNA.	[]	alleles
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.	[]	closed system
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	“openness.”Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union.	[]	glasnost
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	“restructuring.” A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union.	[]	perestroika
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A method or theoretical perspective which examines the relation between cultural categories as parts of a system of such categories, for example the system of colour terms in a givenlanguage.	[]	componential analysis
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	hostility toward or discrimination against Jews.	[]	anti-Semitism
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Repeating information to oneself aloud or subvocally.	[]	rehearsal
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the administrative staff of the Catholic church, composed of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church.	[]	papal curia
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Any of the collective understandings whichpeople in a given society share (cf. collective conscience).	[]	collective representation
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Determination of the causes of patterns revealed by remote sensing, such as by examining, on the ground, features identified by aerial photography.	[]	ground truth
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Montesquieu’s term (esprit general) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.	[]	general spirit
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Those features whose presence or absence defines a given phenomenon. For example, in phonology the feature of voicing defines the difference between a p (voiceless) and a b (voiced).	[]	distinctive feature
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Photographic memory in which an image appears and disappears in segments.	[]	eidetic imagery
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the Russian nobility.	[]	boyars

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Labeled set of objects, symbols, or events sharing common characteristics (critical attributes).

[]

concept

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

in the Catholic church, a censure by which a region or country is deprived of receiving the sacraments.

[]

interdict

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Cognitive ability to sequence operations in opposite order.

[]

reversibility

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The linking of three-term contingencies so that each response alters the environment and that altered condition serves as a stimulus for the next response.

[]

chaining

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Theory of attention contending that information not perceived is not processed beyond the sensory register.

[]

filter (bottleneck) theory

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A custom whereby a man feels or pretends to be pregnant when his wife is about to give birth, often to draw malevolent forcesaway from his wife and child.

[]

couvade

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The process of putting new, incoming information into the information processing system and preparing it for storage in long-term memory.

[]

encoding

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

An approach that stresses the dynamic relationship between social and economic aspects of culture and the environment as the basis for understanding the processes of culture change. Uses the scientific methodology of problem statement, hypothesis formulation, and subsequent testing. The earlier functional-processual archaeology has been contrasted with cognitive-processual archaeology, whereemphasis is on integrating ideologicaland symbolic aspects.

[]

processual archaeology

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Wissler’s notion that older culture traits tend to be those on the periphery of a culture area, rather than in the centre. His hypothesis is based on the idea that things are invented in the centre and diffuse outwards.

[]

age-area hypothesis

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Human activities, including acquisition, manufacture, use, and deposition behavior, that produce tangible archaeological remains (compare with transformational processes).

[]

behavioral processes

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A standard cleaning process in archaeological conservation. Artifacts are placed in a chemical solution, and by passing a weak current between them and a surrounding metal grill, the corrosivesalts move from the cathode (object) to the anode (grill), removing any accumulated deposit and leaving the artifact clean.

[]

electrolysis

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Montesquieu’s term (meaning ‘general spirit’) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.

[]

esprit general

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The theory that an employee compares his or her job's input–outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.

[]

equity theory

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The relationship between a child and his or her mother’s brother. More specifically, the term usually refers to accepted informal behaviour between a boy and his mother’s brother, contrasted to formality between the boy and his father.

[]

avunculate

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Fossilized feces; these contain food residues that can be used to reconstruct diet and subsistence activities.

[]

coprolite

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The time taken for half thequantity of a radioactive isotope in asample to decay.

[]

half-life

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

rule by a few.

[]

oligarchy

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Le ́vi-Strauss’ term (meaning ‘human spirit’) for the psychic unity or collective unconsciousness of humanity as a whole. Inhis usage it implies a structure of thought universal among humanity.

[]

esprit humain

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The doctrine that experience is the only source of knowledge.

[]

empiricism

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

In Malinowskian theory, the seven biological needs (e.g., safety) which are served by seven corresponding cultural responses (e.g., protection).

[]

basic needs

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs.

[]

cottage industry

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Occurrence of a response to a new stimulus or in a situation other than that present during original learning.

[]

generalization

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Explanation formulated in reaction to the perceived limitations of functional-processual archaeology. It eschews generalization in favor of an “individualizing” approach that is influenced by structuralism, Critical Theory, and neo-Marxist thought.

[]

postprocessual explanation

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

an absolute monarchy in which the ruler follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and ruling in accordance with the laws.

[]

enlightened absolutism

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

In systems thinking, this refers to the series of successive states through which the system proceeds over time. It may be said to represent the long-term behavior of the system.

[]

trajectory

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

An approach or method based on interpretation.

[]

interpretive

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Specialized training to educate employees about the importance of diversity and teach them skills for working in a diverse workplace.

[]

diversity skills training

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

[]

principle of intervention

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services.

[]

fief

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The view that management's only social responsibility is to maximize profits.

[]

classical view

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.

[]

mass society

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Any intentional employee behavior that is potentially damaging to the organization or to individuals within the organization.

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workplace misbehavior

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Dadaism an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artists who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and used their "anti-art" to express contempt for the Western tradition.

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Dadaism

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“Roman peace.” A term used to refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries A.D.

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Pax Romana

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The simultaneous testing of alternative hypotheses to minimize bias and maximize the chances of finding the best available choice.

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multiple working hypotheses

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A development method in which the manager is presented with a written description of an organizational problem to diagnose and solve.

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case study method

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Information processing stage corresponding to aware¬ness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.

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short-term (working) memory

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Process of controlling task elements that are beyond the learner’s capabilities so that the learner can focus on and master those task features that he or she can grasp quickly.

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scaffolding

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a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion.

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skepticism

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A category of people united by common age, often those initiated into adulthood at the same time.

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age set

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Literally, the ‘ghost’ or ‘spirit’ of a society.

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Geist

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Referring to the ideas of Thomas Kuhn, especially his notion of science as a sequential series of paradigms.

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Kuhnian

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Referring to the ideas of Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, especially that learned traits can be passed from parent to child.

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Lamarckian

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A perspective through time (e.g., evolutionism), rather than one in the same time frame (cf. synchronic perspective).

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diachronic perspective

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Descriptive term for Pavlov’s theory in which a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned to elicit a response through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

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classical conditioning

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a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.

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Gothic

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a socialist doctrine espoused by EduardBernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict and revolution.

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evolutionary socialism

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A list of a job's human requirements, that is, the requisite education, skills, personality, and so on-another product of a job analysis.

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job specification

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An important survey technique in the discovery and recording of archaeological sites.

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aerial reconnalssance

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Nonverbal communication: Communication transmitted without words.

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nonverbal communication

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Doctrine postulating that mental processes and behaviors of living organisms help them adapt to their environments.

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functionalism

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Borings taken from the Arctic and Antarctic polar ice caps, containing layers of compacted ice useful forreconstructing paleoenvironments and as a method of absolute dating.

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ice core

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Two basic kinds can be identified: (1) unsystematic and (2) systematic. The former involves fieldwalking, i.e. scanning the ground along one’s path and recording the location of artifacts and surface features. Systematic survey by comparison is less subjective and involves a grid system, such that the survey area is divided into sectors and these are walked systematically, thus making the recording of finds more accurate.

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surface survey

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The investigatory technique which involves taking soil samples at regular intervals from the surface of a site, and measuring their phosphate content and other chemical properties.

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geochemical analysis

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a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it.

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pantheism

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an association of people with common interests and concerns, especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict entry into various trades.

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guild

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The striving to be competent in effortful activities.

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achievement motivation

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Le ́vi-Strauss’ term for systems lying in-between elementary and complex ones: systems with ‘Crow’ or ‘Omaha’ terminologies in which all those called by kin terms are forbidden as possible spouses.

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Crow-Omaha systems

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Enables trapped electrons within bone and shell to be measured without the heating that thermoluminescence requires. As with TL, the number of trapped electrons indicates the age of the specimen.

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electron spin resonance (ESR)

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In linguistics and cognitive anthropology, the view that a good analysis of a set of emic categories will be one which correctly accounts for the data but which will not necessarily represent the (elusive) ‘true’ psychological reality of informants (cf. ‘God’s truth’).

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‘hocus pocus’

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The stimulus to which one responds in the operant model of conditioning.

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discriminative stimulus

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Indirect financial and nonfinancial payments employees receive for continuing their employment with the company.

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benefit

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A perspective which emphasizes diffusion (or sometimes migration) over evolution as the greater cause of culturalchange in the world.

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diffusionism, diffusionist

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The speech and syntax of a language.

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surface structure

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A mixture of two or more metals, such as bronze (copper and tin), used in metallurgy.

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alloy

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Knowledge that something is the case; knowledge of facts, beliefs, organized passages, and events of a story.

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declarative knowledge

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health services for all citizens provided by government assistance.

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socialized medicine

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in ancient Sparta, free inhabitants but not citizens who were required to pay taxes and perform military service.

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perioikoi

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Any of several related perspectives derived from the evolutionist theory of Charles Darwin, and especially the idea of evolution through natural selection.

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Darwinism

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A strategy tool that guides resource allocation decisions on the basis of market share and growth rate of SBUs.

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BCG matrix

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belief in or worship of more than one god.

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polytheism/polytheistic

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a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories.

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Gothic literature

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First studies of management, which emphasized rationality and making organizations and workers as efficient as possible.

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classica approach

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the secular leader of the Islamic community.

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caliph

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The basis by which jobs are grouped together.

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departmentalization

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Groups whose members work intensely on a specific, common goal using their positive synergy, individual and mutual accountability, and complementary skills.

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work team

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Lévi-Strauss’ term for societies he believed to be essentially dynamic. ‘Hot’ societies have a concern with history rather than myth (cf. ‘cold’ societies).

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‘hot’ societies

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A form of explanation based on the formulation of hypotheses and the establishment from them by deduction of consequences which can then be tested against the archaeological data.

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hupothetico-deductive approach

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Referring to the specific rather than the general (e.g., the description of exact instances rather than generalizations on social processes) (cf. nomothetic).

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ideographic

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A method of screening (sieving) excavated matrix in water so as to separate and recover small ecofacts and artifacts.

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flotation

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Any approach which proceeds from specific examples to general conclusions (cf. deductivism).

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inductivist

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Process of determining the external variables of which behavior is a function.

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functional analysis of behavior

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Activation in long-term memory of propositions that are associatively linked with material currently in one’s working memory.

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spreading activation

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People who have a chronic sense of urgency and an excessive competitive drive.

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type A personality/type A

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the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include other nations.

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NATO

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Displacements in the plates that make up the earth’s crust, often responsible for the occurrence of raised beaches.

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tectonic movement

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Different sequences of geneticmaterial occupying the same locus onthe DNA molecule; alleles of the samegene differ by mutation at one or morelocations within the same length of DNA.

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alleles

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Systems that are not influenced by and do not interact with their environment.

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closed system

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“openness.”Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union.

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glasnost

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“restructuring.” A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union.

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perestroika

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A method or theoretical perspective which examines the relation between cultural categories as parts of a system of such categories, for example the system of colour terms in a givenlanguage.

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componential analysis

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hostility toward or discrimination against Jews.

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anti-Semitism

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Repeating information to oneself aloud or subvocally.

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rehearsal

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the administrative staff of the Catholic church, composed of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church.

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papal curia

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Any of the collective understandings whichpeople in a given society share (cf. collective conscience).

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collective representation

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Determination of the causes of patterns revealed by remote sensing, such as by examining, on the ground, features identified by aerial photography.

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ground truth

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Montesquieu’s term (esprit general) for the fundamental essence of a given culture.

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general spirit

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Those features whose presence or absence defines a given phenomenon. For example, in phonology the feature of voicing defines the difference between a p (voiceless) and a b (voiced).

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distinctive feature

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Photographic memory in which an image appears and disappears in segments.

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eidetic imagery

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the Russian nobility.

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boyars