cmxuebuhui/term-explanation · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A method of environmental reconstruction based on plant microfossils. Diatoms are unicellular algae, whose silica cell walls survive after the algae die, and they accumulate in large numbers at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Assemblages directly reflect the floristic composition of the water’s extinct communities, as well as the water’s salinity, alkalinity, and nutrient status.	[]	diatom analysis
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The principal method of data acquisition in archaeology, involving the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them.	[]	excavation
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The set of statuses believed to lie at the foundation of all kinship systems, no matter how relatives are classified in any givenculture or society.	[]	genealogical grid
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Instruction matched to students’ developmental levels.	[]	developmentally appropriate instruction
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Doctrine postulating that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas.	[]	structuralism
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A type of inductive reasoning in which one obtains knowledge by formulating and testing hypotheses through hands-on experiences.	[]	discovery learning
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Marriage gifts or payments made from the family of the groom to the family of the bride.	[]	bridewealth
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious.	[]	Surrealism
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A proposition, often derived from a broader generalization or law, which postulates relationships between two or more variables based on specified assumptions and which makes predictions that are tested by further research.	[]	hypothesis
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A gross grouping of all subassemblages assumed to represent the sum of human activities carried out within an ancient community.	[]	assemblage
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	In the Trobriand Islands and surrounding areas, the formalized system of exchange of bracelets for armshells.	[]	kula
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Research procedure in which participants verbalize aloud their thoughts, actions, and feelings while performing a task.	[]	think-aloud
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A corporation owned by a limited number of people who do not trade the stock publicly.	[]	closely held corporation
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A lithic artifact detached from a core, either as waste or as a tool.	[]	flake
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Words and other features of language that are used by humans to communicate and that can become conditioned stimuli.	[]	second signal system
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into large farms worked by the peasants under government supervision.	[]	collective farms
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the idea that the function of an object should determine its design and materials.	[]	functionalism
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism.	[]	revolutionary socialism
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Derrida’s term for a method of literary analysis which seeks to expose the underlying assumptions of a text.	[]	deconstruction
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation’s colonies.	[]	economic imperialism
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the ideas of Franz Boas, especially with reference to his cultural relativism.	[]	Boasian
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A test for adverse impact in which it can be demonstrated that there is a discrepancy between rates of rejection of members of a protected group and of others.	[]	disparate rejection rates
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Conflict based on interpersonal relationships.	[]	relationship conflict
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.	[]	Hermeticism
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Doctrine stating that learning takes place in contexts and that learners form or construct much of what they learn and understand as a function of their experiences in situations.	[]	constructivism
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a movement in fourteenth-and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope; it emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414–1418).	[]	conciliarism
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A refusal by the employer to provide opportunities to work.	[]	lockout
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Approach to the study of societies which assumes that thoughts and decisions do have agency, and that actions and shared institutions can be interpreted as the products of the decisions and actions of individuals.	[]	methodological individualism
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The study and validation of stratification; the analysis in the vertical, time dimension, of a series of layers in the horizontal, space dimension. It is often used as a relative dating technique to assess the temporal sequence of artifact deposition.	[]	stratigraphy
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Reconstructions of the past based on models that describe ancient conditions and variables and then use computers to generate a sequence of events in order to compare the results against the known archaeological record, thus refining and testing hypotheses about the past.	[]	computer simulation studies
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; it occurred in most of the world’s colonies between 1947 and 1962.	[]	decolonization
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Perceived relation between two stimuli or among a stimulus, response, and stimulus.	[]	field expectancy
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A response to changing conditions that acts to stimulate further reactions within a system.	[]	positive feedback
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Standards of output which employers should devise for each job based on careful, scientific analysis.	[]	fair day's work
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Explanation of culture change, e.g. the origin of the state, which, in contrast to monocausal approaches, stresses the interaction of 581 Glossary several factors operating simultaneously.	[]	multivariate explanation
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Intuitive understanding, or more precisely the understanding of culture as being like a language, to be ‘translated’.	[]	interpretation
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Method of studying text that stands for Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review; modified to SQ4R with addition of Reflection.	[]	SQ3R Method (Survey-Question-Read-Recite (Recall)- Review)
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Techniques from geography used to study locations of human settlement and to infer the determinants of these locations.	[]	locational analysis
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The premise that all cultures vary and change over time without specific cause; a general and unsatisfactory descriptive model sometimes implied in culture historical interpretation.	[]	inevitable variation
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Representing knowledge with symbol systems (e.g., language, mathematical notation).	[]	symbolic representation
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a term applied to Western society after World War II to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture.	[]	permissive society
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels, in all organizational areas, and in organizations no matter where located.	[]	universality of management
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	What an individual is capable of doing given his or her present level of development.	[]	developmental status
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder.	[]	condottieri
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a system of thought, formulated by Jacques Derrida, that holds that culture is created in a variety of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own meaning. Hence there is no fixed truth or universal meaning.	[]	deconstruction (poststructuralism)
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	State of information processing concerned with receiving inputs, holding them briefly in sensory form, and transferring them to working memory.	[]	sensory register
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Recalling items in groups based on similar meaning or membership in the same category.	[]	categorical clustering
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The basic principle of Guthrie’s theory, which refers to learning that results from a pairing close in time of a response with a stimulus or situation.	[]	contiguity (contiguous conditioning)
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.	[]	scientific method
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Any perspective in anthropology which emphasizes action over structure.	[]	interactive perspective
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The last stage of behavioral processes, in which artifacts are discarded.	[]	deposition
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Instructional materials developed in accordance with behavioral learningprinciples.	[]	programmed instruction
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	“best men.” Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges.	[]	optimates
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Withdrawal of a positive reinforcer, or presentation of a negative reinforcer contingent on a response, which decreases the future likelihood of the response being made in the presence of the stimulus.	[]	punishment
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A subsurface survey technique using a drill run by either human or machine power to determine the depth and characteristics of archaeological or natural deposits.	[]	augering
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Nonprogrammed decisions: Unique and nonrecurring decisions that require a custom-made solution.	[]	nonprogrammed decision
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A situation in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.	[]	risk
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the ideas of Charles Darwin, for example in his opposition to Lamarckian ideas (cf. Darwinism).	[]	Darwinian
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Another word for viri-avunculocal (residing with the husband’s mother’s brother).	[]	avunculocal
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Structuralism in The Netherlands, arguably as early as the 1920s, which emphasized regional structures such as that of the cultures of the Malay Archipelago taken as a whole (cf. Britishstructuralism, French structuralism).	[]	Dutch structuralism
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A class of models of multilinear cultural evolution that see major cultural changes as the result of multiple, relatively small adaptive adjustments (compare with prime movers).	[]	multivariate strategy
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Philosophical position that humans seek Philosophical position that humans seek pleasure and avoid pain.	[]	hedonism
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Interactive instruction in which a computer system provides information and feedback to students and receives student input.	[]	computer-based (-assisted) instruction
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Le ́vi-Strauss’ term for societies he believed to be essentially static. ‘Cold’ societies have a concern with myth rather than history (cf. ‘hot’ societies).	[]	‘cold’ societies
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.	[]	distributive justice
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Reinforcement for every response.	[]	continuous reinforcement
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.	[]	Romanticism
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Tendency to recall the last items in a list.	[]	recency effect
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy.	[]	economic liberalism
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A perspective on recognizing performance declines that suggests watching out for subtly declining situations.	[]	“boiled frog” phenomenon
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A list of a job's duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities-one product of a job analysis.	[]	job description
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Mary Douglas’ term for the ‘dimension’ of constraint through individual isolation (cf. group, grid/group analysis).	[]	grid
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The standard of excellence against which to measure and compare.	[]	benchmark
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Cognitive activities that regulate the flow of information through the processing system.	[]	control (executive) processes
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Determining age by studying the association of archaeological data with geological formations.	[]	geochronology
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Relatively small and autonomous groups, usually of agriculturalists, who regulate their own affairs; in some cases, they may join together with other comparable segmentary societies to form a larger ethnic unit.	[]	segmentary societies
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Items in collective bargaining that are forbidden by law; for example, a clause agreeing to hire union members exclusively would be illegal in a right-to-work state.	[]	illegal bargaining items
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Comparison of specific ethnographic cases, for example to highlight some feature of culture or social structure which may be unusual.	[]	illustrative comparison
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Rules that govern behavior in a particular society.	[]	norm
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Referring to the ideas of Clifford Geertz (cf. interpretivism).	[]	Geertzian
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	An older term for the study of historical or structural relations between languages.	[]	comparative philology
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The movement of culture traits from one people to another.	[]	diffusion
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Adsorption of water on exposed surfaces of obsidian; if the local hydration rate is known and constant, this phenomenon can be used as a relative dating technique through measurement of the thickness of the hydration layer.	[]	obsidian hydration
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.C. (the Neolithic or "New Stone" Age).	[]	Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	French Calvinists.	[]	Huguenots
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A flowchart diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or cost associated with each.	[]	PERT network
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A corporate strategy designed to address declining performance.	[]	renewal strategy
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people in a society, including the working classes; emerged at the end of the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations.	[]	mass leisure
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists.	[]	Bolsheviks
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth.	[]	geocentric conception
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the part of a manor retained under the direct control of the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services.	[]	demesne
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee).	[]	performance analysis
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	The tendency to allow individual differences such as age, race, and sex to affect the appraisal ratings employees receive.	[]	bias
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A radiometric dating technique based on the half-life of the radioactive isotope of potassium (40K) that decays to form argon (40Ar).	[]	potassium-argon dating
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	New learning makes recall of old knowledge and skills more difficult.	[]	retroactive interference
Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	A systematic method for teaching job skills involving presenting questions or facts, allowing the person to respond, and giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers.	[]	programmed learning
Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.	[]	Scientific Revolution
Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Information processing stage corresponding to awareness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.	[]	short-term (working) memory (STM or WM)
Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	An acoustic underwater survey technique, used to trace the topography of submerged coastal plains and other buried land surfaces.	[]	echo-sounding
Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.	Most literally, the scientific notions of indigenous peoples. More commonly the term implies methods such as componential analysis, designed to elucidate such knowledge.	[]	ethnoscience

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A method of environmental reconstruction based on plant microfossils. Diatoms are unicellular algae, whose silica cell walls survive after the algae die, and they accumulate in large numbers at the bottom of rivers and lakes. Assemblages directly reflect the floristic composition of the water’s extinct communities, as well as the water’s salinity, alkalinity, and nutrient status.

[]

diatom analysis

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The principal method of data acquisition in archaeology, involving the systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and the other material covering them and accompanying them.

[]

excavation

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The set of statuses believed to lie at the foundation of all kinship systems, no matter how relatives are classified in any givenculture or society.

[]

genealogical grid

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Instruction matched to students’ developmental levels.

[]

developmentally appropriate instruction

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Doctrine postulating that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas.

[]

structuralism

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A type of inductive reasoning in which one obtains knowledge by formulating and testing hypotheses through hands-on experiences.

[]

discovery learning

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Marriage gifts or payments made from the family of the groom to the family of the bride.

[]

bridewealth

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

an artistic movement that arose between World War I and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the unconscious.

[]

Surrealism

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A proposition, often derived from a broader generalization or law, which postulates relationships between two or more variables based on specified assumptions and which makes predictions that are tested by further research.

[]

hypothesis

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A gross grouping of all subassemblages assumed to represent the sum of human activities carried out within an ancient community.

[]

assemblage

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

In the Trobriand Islands and surrounding areas, the formalized system of exchange of bracelets for armshells.

[]

kula

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Research procedure in which participants verbalize aloud their thoughts, actions, and feelings while performing a task.

[]

think-aloud

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A corporation owned by a limited number of people who do not trade the stock publicly.

[]

closely held corporation

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A lithic artifact detached from a core, either as waste or as a tool.

[]

flake

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Words and other features of language that are used by humans to communicate and that can become conditioned stimuli.

[]

second signal system

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into large farms worked by the peasants under government supervision.

[]

collective farms

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

the idea that the function of an object should determine its design and materials.

[]

functionalism

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism.

[]

revolutionary socialism

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Derrida’s term for a method of literary analysis which seeks to expose the underlying assumptions of a text.

[]

deconstruction

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

the process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation’s colonies.

[]

economic imperialism

Explain the ethnological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Referring to the ideas of Franz Boas, especially with reference to his cultural relativism.

[]

Boasian

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A test for adverse impact in which it can be demonstrated that there is a discrepancy between rates of rejection of members of a protected group and of others.

[]

disparate rejection rates

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Conflict based on interpersonal relationships.

[]

relationship conflict

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution.

[]

Hermeticism

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Doctrine stating that learning takes place in contexts and that learners form or construct much of what they learn and understand as a function of their experiences in situations.

[]

constructivism

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

a movement in fourteenth-and fifteenth-century Europe that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a general church council, not the pope; it emerged in response to the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the summoning of the Council of Constance (1414–1418).

[]

conciliarism

Explain the management field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

A refusal by the employer to provide opportunities to work.

[]

lockout

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Approach to the study of societies which assumes that thoughts and decisions do have agency, and that actions and shared institutions can be interpreted as the products of the decisions and actions of individuals.

[]

methodological individualism

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

The study and validation of stratification; the analysis in the vertical, time dimension, of a series of layers in the horizontal, space dimension. It is often used as a relative dating technique to assess the temporal sequence of artifact deposition.

[]

stratigraphy

Explain the archaeological field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Reconstructions of the past based on models that describe ancient conditions and variables and then use computers to generate a sequence of events in order to compare the results against the known archaeological record, thus refining and testing hypotheses about the past.

[]

computer simulation studies

Explain the historical field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

the process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood; it occurred in most of the world’s colonies between 1947 and 1962.

[]

decolonization

Explain the pedagogic field term given below in as much detail as possible, exporting only the explanation and nothing else.

Perceived relation between two stimuli or among a stimulus, response, and stimulus.

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field expectancy

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A response to changing conditions that acts to stimulate further reactions within a system.

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positive feedback

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Standards of output which employers should devise for each job based on careful, scientific analysis.

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fair day's work

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Explanation of culture change, e.g. the origin of the state, which, in contrast to monocausal approaches, stresses the interaction of 581 Glossary several factors operating simultaneously.

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multivariate explanation

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Intuitive understanding, or more precisely the understanding of culture as being like a language, to be ‘translated’.

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interpretation

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Method of studying text that stands for Survey-Question-Read-Recite-Review; modified to SQ4R with addition of Reflection.

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SQ3R Method (Survey-Question-Read-Recite (Recall)- Review)

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Techniques from geography used to study locations of human settlement and to infer the determinants of these locations.

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locational analysis

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The premise that all cultures vary and change over time without specific cause; a general and unsatisfactory descriptive model sometimes implied in culture historical interpretation.

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inevitable variation

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Representing knowledge with symbol systems (e.g., language, mathematical notation).

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symbolic representation

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a term applied to Western society after World War II to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture.

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permissive society

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The reality that management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels, in all organizational areas, and in organizations no matter where located.

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universality of management

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What an individual is capable of doing given his or her present level of development.

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developmental status

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leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder.

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condottieri

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a system of thought, formulated by Jacques Derrida, that holds that culture is created in a variety of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own meaning. Hence there is no fixed truth or universal meaning.

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deconstruction (poststructuralism)

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State of information processing concerned with receiving inputs, holding them briefly in sensory form, and transferring them to working memory.

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sensory register

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Recalling items in groups based on similar meaning or membership in the same category.

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categorical clustering

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The basic principle of Guthrie’s theory, which refers to learning that results from a pairing close in time of a response with a stimulus or situation.

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contiguity (contiguous conditioning)

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a method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles, using experiments and observations to develop generalizations.

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scientific method

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Any perspective in anthropology which emphasizes action over structure.

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interactive perspective

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The last stage of behavioral processes, in which artifacts are discarded.

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deposition

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Instructional materials developed in accordance with behavioral learningprinciples.

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programmed instruction

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“best men.” Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges.

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optimates

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Withdrawal of a positive reinforcer, or presentation of a negative reinforcer contingent on a response, which decreases the future likelihood of the response being made in the presence of the stimulus.

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punishment

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A subsurface survey technique using a drill run by either human or machine power to determine the depth and characteristics of archaeological or natural deposits.

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augering

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Nonprogrammed decisions: Unique and nonrecurring decisions that require a custom-made solution.

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nonprogrammed decision

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A situation in which the decision maker is able to estimate the likelihood of certain outcomes.

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risk

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Referring to the ideas of Charles Darwin, for example in his opposition to Lamarckian ideas (cf. Darwinism).

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Darwinian

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Another word for viri-avunculocal (residing with the husband’s mother’s brother).

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avunculocal

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Structuralism in The Netherlands, arguably as early as the 1920s, which emphasized regional structures such as that of the cultures of the Malay Archipelago taken as a whole (cf. Britishstructuralism, French structuralism).

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Dutch structuralism

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A class of models of multilinear cultural evolution that see major cultural changes as the result of multiple, relatively small adaptive adjustments (compare with prime movers).

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multivariate strategy

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Philosophical position that humans seek Philosophical position that humans seek pleasure and avoid pain.

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hedonism

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Interactive instruction in which a computer system provides information and feedback to students and receives student input.

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computer-based (-assisted) instruction

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Le ́vi-Strauss’ term for societies he believed to be essentially static. ‘Cold’ societies have a concern with myth rather than history (cf. ‘hot’ societies).

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‘cold’ societies

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Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.

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distributive justice

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Reinforcement for every response.

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continuous reinforcement

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a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.

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Romanticism

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Tendency to recall the last items in a list.

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recency effect

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the idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy.

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economic liberalism

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A perspective on recognizing performance declines that suggests watching out for subtly declining situations.

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“boiled frog” phenomenon

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A list of a job's duties, responsibilities, reporting relationships, working conditions, and supervisory responsibilities-one product of a job analysis.

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job description

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Mary Douglas’ term for the ‘dimension’ of constraint through individual isolation (cf. group, grid/group analysis).

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grid

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The standard of excellence against which to measure and compare.

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benchmark

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Cognitive activities that regulate the flow of information through the processing system.

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control (executive) processes

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Determining age by studying the association of archaeological data with geological formations.

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geochronology

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Relatively small and autonomous groups, usually of agriculturalists, who regulate their own affairs; in some cases, they may join together with other comparable segmentary societies to form a larger ethnic unit.

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segmentary societies

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Items in collective bargaining that are forbidden by law; for example, a clause agreeing to hire union members exclusively would be illegal in a right-to-work state.

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illegal bargaining items

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Comparison of specific ethnographic cases, for example to highlight some feature of culture or social structure which may be unusual.

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illustrative comparison

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Rules that govern behavior in a particular society.

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norm

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Referring to the ideas of Clifford Geertz (cf. interpretivism).

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Geertzian

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An older term for the study of historical or structural relations between languages.

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comparative philology

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The movement of culture traits from one people to another.

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diffusion

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Adsorption of water on exposed surfaces of obsidian; if the local hydration rate is known and constant, this phenomenon can be used as a relative dating technique through measurement of the thickness of the hydration layer.

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obsidian hydration

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the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.C. (the Neolithic or "New Stone" Age).

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Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution

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French Calvinists.

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Huguenots

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A flowchart diagram showing the sequence of activities needed to complete a project and the time or cost associated with each.

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PERT network

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A corporate strategy designed to address declining performance.

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renewal strategy

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forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people in a society, including the working classes; emerged at the end of the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations.

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mass leisure

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a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists.

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Bolsheviks

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the belief that the earth was at the center of the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved around the earth.

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geocentric conception

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the part of a manor retained under the direct control of the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services.

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demesne

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Verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining whether that deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means (such as transferring the employee).

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performance analysis

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The tendency to allow individual differences such as age, race, and sex to affect the appraisal ratings employees receive.

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bias

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A radiometric dating technique based on the half-life of the radioactive isotope of potassium (40K) that decays to form argon (40Ar).

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potassium-argon dating

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New learning makes recall of old knowledge and skills more difficult.

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retroactive interference

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A systematic method for teaching job skills involving presenting questions or facts, allowing the person to respond, and giving the learner immediate feedback on the accuracy of his or her answers.

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programmed learning

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the transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.

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Scientific Revolution

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Information processing stage corresponding to awareness, or what one is conscious of at a given moment.

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short-term (working) memory (STM or WM)

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An acoustic underwater survey technique, used to trace the topography of submerged coastal plains and other buried land surfaces.

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echo-sounding

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Most literally, the scientific notions of indigenous peoples. More commonly the term implies methods such as componential analysis, designed to elucidate such knowledge.

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ethnoscience