id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
10,158,790 |
# Route nationale 165
The **Route nationale 165** is a highway in Brittany. It connects the towns of Brest and Nantes. It is also numbered **European Route 60**. The majority of the route is autoroute standard.
## Route
The road commences at Brest docks passing the visitor attractions *Oceanopolis* and Botanical Gardens. Thereafter the road turns south crossing the River Elom on a modern bridge the Pont de l\'Iroise. The older Pont A. Louppe now closed to vehicular traffic lies on the seaward side.
The road passes the town of Plougastel Daoulas and alongside the coast (a series of submerged valleys) in the *Parc Naturale D\'Armorique*. The road passes the town of Châteaulin and a junction with the N164 to Rennes and the N12. The former route taken by the N165 is now numbered by the RD770. The road enters the town of Quimper crossing the river Odet. The road now forms the towns eastern by-pass.
The road continues south east with the old road now the RD783 to the south and after the town of Quimperlé it becomes the RD765 where the road crosses the River Laïta. The road passes the Airport of Lann-Bihoué and forms the northern by-pass for Lorient over the Rivers Scorff and Blavet past Hennebont and a junction with the N24 to Rennes. The old road continues as the RD765 through the town centre of Lorient and Hennebont rejoining the new road after Landévant.
The road continues south east to the town of Vannes on the northern shore of the Gulf of Morbihan. There is a junction with the N166. The old road is again numbered the RD765 passing through villages now by-passed by the new road.
The road by-passes the town of Muzillac and crosses the river Vilaine passing the town of La Roche Bernard. The former road is hereafter numbered the RD965. The road passes the town of Pontchateau at Savenay there is a junction with the N171 to La Baule and Laval. The road passes the Loire-Atlantique motor racing circuit before entering the City of Nantes becoming the A844
| 347 |
Route nationale 165
| 0 |
10,158,795 |
# Get the Fire
***Get the Fire: Young Mormon Missionaries Abroad*** is a United States PBS-sponsored documentary, by the independent filmmaker Nancy du Plessis. It examines the experiences of some Mormon missionaries who questioned their religious beliefs after serving their missions. It premiered in December 2003 and was 60 minutes long.
Some Mormon missionaries, including those serving missions in a foreign culture, may begin to question their religious upbringing and belief system. *Get the Fire* follows three LDS missionaries during their two-year missions in Germany. The documentary opens with the three future missionaries at their respective homes prior to knowing where they will serve. Surrounded by their family, each boy opens a mission call informing them they will serve in the Munich, Germany mission. The documentary follows them along the full two years of their mission from the Missionary Training Center until they leave the mission and return home. The film shows missionaries proselyting in public squares, knocking door to door, struggling with a foreign language, congregating in zone and district meetings, and meeting with the mission president. Topics covered include missionary slang, leaving a girlfriend at home, missionary morale, and relationships with family at home. The three missionaries appear to remain dedicated and faithful to their mission in the film.
The documentary juxtaposes the sanguine views of the missionaries in Germany with interviews of former missionaries who have left the church. These interviews present a look at the experience of both young American and foreign-born Mormon missionaries and explore issues they have with the church. As these changed Mormon missionaries struggle to reconcile their intense, religious experience with a new outlook on life, they realize their perceptions about black and white, dogmatic thinking have changed
| 286 |
Get the Fire
| 0 |
10,158,797 |
# James Rayside
**James Rayside** (April 1836 -- November 1, 1895) was an Ontario, Canada, businessman and political figure. He represented Glengarry in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1882 to 1894 as a Liberal member.
## Biography
Rayside was born in Montreal in 1836, the son of Scottish immigrants, and was raised by his grandparents in Martintown, Upper Canada. He learned the trade of carpentry and became a millwright. He travelled to British Columbia in 1862 during the gold rush there. In 1864, he returned to Martintown, where he married Margaret McDougall. Rayside became involved in the lumber trade and owned a number of sawmills. He served as reeve of Charlottenburg Township. He was defeated by Donald Macmaster for a seat in the provincial assembly in 1878 but was elected in an 1882 by-election held after Macmaster ran for seat in the federal parliament. In 1880, he moved to Lancaster
| 151 |
James Rayside
| 0 |
10,158,810 |
# Alexander Boddy
**Alexander Alfred Boddy** (15 November 1854 -- 10 September 1930) was an Anglican vicar and one of the founders of Pentecostalism in Britain.
## Early life {#early_life}
Boddy was born into an ecclesiastical family: his father was a vicar, and his mother was a descendant of Mary Vazeille, who had been married to John Wesley. Although he trained to be a solicitor, a religious experience at the Keswick Convention convinced him he should become ordained into the Church of England. Following several appointments, the Bishop of Durham, J. B. Lightfoot, placed him in All Saints Church in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland in 1884. In 1891 he married Mary Pollock.
Boddy was inspired by the Holiness Movement, and he had an intense religious experience in 1892. In 1899 his wife Mary experienced a healing from asthma and they both believed that she had a gift for healing through the laying-on of hands. In 1904 he visited Wales during the Welsh Revival and met Evan Roberts, and in 1907 he travelled to Oslo, where T. B. Barratt was leading a religious revival modelled on the events of the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. Barratt was invited to Boddy\'s church, and subsequently Boddy and his wife began to experience speaking in tongues.
## Boddy in Pentecostal history {#boddy_in_pentecostal_history}
All Saints in Monkwearmouth became a centre for British Pentecostalism, and on Tuesday 28 October 1907, Mary Boddy laid hands on the evangelist Smith Wigglesworth. From 1908 to 1914 Boddy hosted a series of Sunderland Whitsuntide Conventions, which gained national press attention.
Boddy also helped to found the Pentecostal Missionary Union, with Cecil Polhill, and he was a member of the Pentecostal International Advisory Council (IAC). As a Church of England minister, he tried to discourage the creation of separate denominations.
## Teachings
Boddy taught that the purpose of the Holy Spirit was to emphasise Christ, and that divine love was more important than speaking in tongues. He continued to have a high view of the sacraments, and defended the practice of infant baptism. He warned against exaggeration as regards healing testimonies. He also believed that the Second Coming of Christ was imminent, and he suggested that certain events during World War I were portents of Biblical prophecy. After visiting the USA, he was disturbed by an emphasis among Pentecostal churches there on money. Unlike some other Pentecostals, he supported the British war effort.
## Publications
Prior to his Pentecostal experience Boddy composed a number of *Roker Tracts* on Holiness subjects. He also wrote several travel books on Russia, Canada, Palestine, and Egypt. From 1908--1926 he was the editor of and chief contributor to *Confidence* magazine.
## Video
*Outpouring of the Holy Spirit* is a church history documentary about the 1907 Sunderland Revival and Alexander Boddy. (www.garywilkinson
| 464 |
Alexander Boddy
| 0 |
10,158,872 |
# Keir Nuttall
**Keir Francis Nuttall** (born 1974) is a Brisbane-based guitarist-singer-songwriter. He is a founding mainstay member of the rock trio, Transport, which formed in 2001. He married Australian singer-songwriter and actor, Kate Miller-Heidke, in 2007. Since 2004 he has performed and recorded in her backing band. Nuttall\'s songs have been recorded by Miller-Heidke, including her singles, \"Space They Cannot Touch\" (March 2008), \"Words\" and other tracks on her debut album, *Little Eve* (both 2007). As **Franky Walnut**, Nuttall performs comic songs such as, \"Where Have I Been All Your Life?\" and \"Three Word Review\", both of which he recorded. His first solo album, *The Franky Walnut Reflective Drink Coaster* (2013), was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release in 2014.
## Biography
Keir Francis Nuttall, was born in 1974, and raised in Toowoomba by Lyn, a primary school teacher, and Robyn Nuttall. He attended Toowoomba Grammar School before studying at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music in 2001. Nuttall played in a number of Brisbane bands, including Complicated Game, experimental rock-funk trio More (formed in Toowoomba with Phil Lepherd and Lachlan Stewart), industrial metallers Dogmachine, and 1980s covers band Space Invaders. In 2001 he formed Transport, on lead guitar and vocals, as a progressive rock band with fellow conservatorium students, Steve Pope on drums and Scott Saunders on bass guitar and vocals.
Nuttall has written songs recorded by his then-girlfriend (now wife), Kate Miller-Heidke, since 2004. His written work include her single, \"Space They Cannot Touch\" (March 2008), which first appeared on her debut extended play, *Telegram*, in July 2004. With his band mates from Transport, Nuttall is also a member of her backing band. Another composition for his now-wife, \"Words\" (May 2007) was nominated for ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist -- Single in 2007. Nuttall and Miller-Heidke collaborated on all tracks on her second album, *Curiouser* (October 2008). In May 2009 the pair were awarded the Grand Prize of \$US25,000 in the 2008 International Songwriting Competition for their composition, \"Caught in the Crowd\". It was released as the second single from *Curiouser*, in February 2009, which peaked in the ARIA Singles Chart top 40.
As Franky Walnut, during Miller-Heidke concerts, Nuttall performs comic songs such as, \"Where Have I Been All Your Life?\" and \"Three Word Review\", both of which he recorded. His first solo album, *The Franky Walnut Reflective Drink Coaster* (2013), was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release in 2014. The pair formed a side-project, Fatty Gets a Stylist, and issued a self-titled album in June 2011, which reached the ARIA Albums Chart top 100. Internationally it was re-titled as *Liberty Bell*.
Together with Miller-Heidke, he co-wrote the score and additional songs for the stage musical version of *Muriel\'s Wedding*. It premiered to positive reviews in Sydney, in November 2017 and continued in its run to late January of the following year. In 2019, \"Zero Gravity,\" a song co-written by Nuttall and Miller-Heidke with Julian Hamilton, was selected to represent Australia at the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was performed by Miller-Heidke, where it reached the final and finished in ninth place.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Nuttall took part in an unplugged band competition at Toowong\'s Regatta Hotel and won against a fellow Brisbane group. Nuttall started dating that group\'s lead singer, Kate Miller-Heidke, while both attended Queensland Conservatorium of Music. The couple married in November 2007, and in 2016 the couple had their first child.
## Discography
### Albums
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| Title | Album details |
+===============================================+===========================================+
| *The Franky Walnut Reflective Drink Coaster*\ | - Released: 2013 |
| (as Franky Walnut) | - Label: One Louder Recordings (TAP012) |
| | - Formats: CD, download |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
: List of albums
| 627 |
Keir Nuttall
| 0 |
10,158,872 |
# Keir Nuttall
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
### ARIA Music Awards {#aria_music_awards}
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.
! `{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| 2014 \| *The Franky Walnut Reflective Drink Coaster* \| Best Comedy Release \| `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki} \| \|- `{{end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Helpmann Awards {#helpmann_awards}
The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group *Live Performance Australia* since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
! `{{Abbr|Ref
| 110 |
Keir Nuttall
| 1 |
10,158,881 |
# Ranked poset
In mathematics, a **ranked poset** is a partially ordered set in which one of the following (non-equivalent) conditions hold: it is
- a graded poset, or
- a poset with the property that for every element *x*, all maximal chains among those with *x* as greatest element have the same finite length, or
- a poset in which all maximal chains have the same finite length.
The second definition differs from the first in that it requires all minimal elements to have the same rank; for posets with a least element, however, the two requirements are equivalent. The third definition is even more strict in that it excludes posets with infinite chains and also requires all maximal elements to have the same rank. Richard P. Stanley defines a graded poset of length *n* as one in which all maximal chains have length *n*
| 146 |
Ranked poset
| 0 |
10,158,889 |
# Philosophy of engineering
The **philosophy of engineering** is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society, and thus includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc. that might be studied in, for example, the philosophy of science or the philosophy of technology.
## History
Engineering is the profession aimed at modifying the natural environment, through the design, manufacture and maintenance of artifacts and technological systems. It might then be contrasted with science, the aim of which is to *understand* nature. Engineering at its core is about causing change, and therefore management of change is central to engineering practice. The philosophy of engineering is then the consideration of philosophical issues as they apply to engineering. Such issues might include the objectivity of experiments, the ethics of engineering activity in the workplace and in society, the aesthetics of engineered artifacts, etc.
While engineering seems historically to have meant *devising*, the distinction between art, craft and technology isn\'t clearcut. The Latin root *ars*, the Germanic root *kraft* and the Greek root *techne* all originally meant the skill or ability to produce something, as opposed to, say, athletic ability. The something might be tangible, like a sculpture or a building, or less tangible, like a work of literature. Nowadays, *art* is commonly applied to the visual, performing or literary fields, especially the so-called fine arts (\'the art of writing\'), *craft* usually applies to the manual skill involved in the manufacture of an object, whether embroidery or aircraft (\'the craft of typesetting\') and *technology* tends to mean the products and processes currently used in an industry (\'the technology of printing\'). In contrast, *engineering* is the activity of effecting change through the design and manufacture of artifacts (\'the engineering of print technology\').
| 301 |
Philosophy of engineering
| 0 |
10,158,889 |
# Philosophy of engineering
## Ethics
What distinguishes engineering design from artistic design is the requirement for the engineer to make quantitative predictions of the behavior and effect of the artifact prior to its manufacture. Such predictions may be more or less accurate but usually includes the effects on individuals and/or society. In this sense, engineering can be considered a social as well a technological discipline and judged not just by whether its artifacts work, in a narrow sense, but also by how they influence and serve social values. What engineers do is subject to moral evaluation.
### Modeling
Socio-technical systems, such as transport, utilities and their related infrastructures comprise human elements as well as artifacts. Traditional mathematical and physical modeling techniques may not take adequate account of the effects of engineering on people, and culture. The Civil Engineering discipline makes elaborate attempts to ensure that a structure meets its specifications and other requirements prior to its actual construction. The methods employed are well known as Analysis and Design. Systems Modelling and Description makes an effort to extract the generic unstated principles behind the engineering approach.
### Product life cycle {#product_life_cycle}
The traditional engineering disciplines seem discrete but the engineering of artifacts has implications that extend beyond such disciplines into areas that might include psychology, finance and sociology. The design of any artifact will then take account of the conditions under which it will be manufactured, the conditions under which it will be used, and the conditions under which it will be disposed. Engineers can consider such \"life cycle\" issues without losing the precision and rigor necessary to design functional systems.
| 271 |
Philosophy of engineering
| 1 |
10,158,889 |
# Philosophy of engineering
## Publications
### Books
- P. & Gunn A.S. (1998), *Engineering, Ethics, and the Environment*, Cambridge University Press, New York
- Addis W (1990) *Structural Engineering: The Nature of Theory and Design*, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK
- Addis W (1986) *Theory and Design in Civil and Structural Engineering: A Study in the History and Philosophy of Engineering*, PhD Thesis, University of Reading
- Bucciarelli L.L. (2003) *Engineering Philosophy*, Delft University Press, Delft
- Bush V. (1980) *Science,The Endless Frontier*, National Science Foundation Press, Washington DC
- Beale N., Peyton-Jones S.L. et al. (1999) *Cybernauts Awake* Ethical and Spiritual Implications of Computers, Information Technology and the Internet Church House Publishing ISBN
- Cutcliffe S.H. (2000) *Ideas, Machines and Values: An introduction to Science, Technology and Social Studies*, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, MD
- Davis, M. (1998) *Thinking like an Engineer: Studies in the Ethics of a Profession*, Oxford University Press, New York.
- Florman, Samuel C. (1981) *Blaming Technology: The Irrational Search for Scapegoats*, St Martin\'s Press, New York
- Florman, Samuel C. (1987) *The Civilized Engineer*, St Martin\'s Press, New York
- Florman, Samuel C. (1968) *Engineering and the Liberal Arts : A Technologist\'s Guide to History, Literature*
- Florman, Samuel C. (1994) *The Existential Pleasures of Engineering*, 2nd ed, St Martin\'s Press, New York
- Florman, Samuel C. (1996) *The Introspective Engineer*, St Martin\'s Press, New York
- Goldman S.L. (1991) \"The social captivity of Engineering\", *Critical Perspectives on non academic Science and Engineering*, (ed Durbin P.T.), Lehigh University Press, Bethlehem, PA
- Goldman S.L. (1990) \"Philosophy, Engineering and Western Culture\", in *Broad and Narrow interpretations of Philosophy of Technology*, (ed Durbin P.T.), Kluwer,Amsterdam
- Harris E.C, Pritchard M.S. & Rabins M.J. (1995), *Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases*, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
- Johnston, S., Gostelow, P., Jones, E. (1999), *Engineering and Society: An Australian perspective*, 2nd Ed. Longman,
- Lewis, Arthur O. Jr. ed. (1963), *Of Men and Machines*, E.P. Dutton
- Martin M.W. & Schinzinger R (1996), *Ethics in Engineering*, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York
- Mitcham C. (1999), *Thinking through Technology: The Path between Engineering and Philosophy*, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 19--38.
- Mumford L. (1970) *The Myth of the Machine*, Harcourt Brace Javonovich, New York
- [Blockley, David (1980) The Nature of Structural Design and Safety](http://bridges.myengineeringsystems.co.uk/Pages/Structural%20Design%20&%20Safety%20By%20Professor%20David%20Blockley.pdf), Ellis Howood, Chichester, UK. `{{ISBN|0-85312-179-6}}`{=mediawiki} (Free download)
- \[<http://bridges.myengineeringsystems.co.uk/Pages/Engineering%20Safety%20By%20David%20Blockley.pdf>, Blockley, David (Editor) (1992) Engineering Safety\], McGraw Hill, `{{ISBN|0-07-707593-5}}`{=mediawiki} (Free download)
- [Blockley, David (2010) *A Very Short Introduction to Engineering*](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/engineering-a-very-short-introduction-9780199578696?cc=gb&lang=en&) Oxford University Press, `{{ISBN|9780199578696}}`{=mediawiki}
- Petroski, Henry (1992) *To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design*
- Petroski, Henry (2010) *The Essential Engineer: Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our Global Problems*
- Simon H. (1996), *The Sciences of the Artificial*, 3rd ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
- Unger S.H. (1994), *Controlling Technology: Ethics and the Responsible Engineer*, 2nd ed., John Wiley, New York
- Vincenti W.G. (1990) *What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History*, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md.
-
- Jeroen van den Hoven, Seumas Miller & Thomas Pogge (2017). Designing in Ethics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. `{{ISBN|978-051-18-4431-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- Priyan Dias (2019). *Philosophy for Engineering: Practice, Context, Ethics, Models, Failure*. Springer Singapore. `{{ISBN|978-981-15-1270-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Carl Mitcham (2019). *Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays*. `{{ISBN|978-1-78661-126-0}}`{=mediawiki}
### Articles
- [Philosophy in the Making](https://www.ingenia.org.uk/getattachment/2440eeff-1864-42e2-aa3e-97f18b0de8c8/McCarthy.pdf) by Natasha McCarthy *Ingenia* March 26, 2006
- Creed M.J. (1993) \"Introducing Structures in a Modern Curriculum\", Proceedings of the Conference, Innovation and Change in Civil Engineering Education, The Queen\'s University of Belfast
- Davis, M. (2001) *The Professional Approach to Engineering Ethics: Five Research Questions*, *Science and Engineering Ethics* 7 (July 2001): 379-390.
- Lewin D (1981) Engineering Philosophy - The Third Culture, Paper to the Royal Society, UK
- Mitcham C. (1994), \"Engineering Design Research and Social Responsibility\", *Ethics of Scientific Research*, pp. 153--196 and 221-223
- Hess, J.L. and Fore, G., (2018). \"A systematic literature review of US engineering ethics interventions\", *Science and Engineering Ethics*, *24*(2), pp.551-583.
- Mitcham, C. and Englehardt, E.E., 2019. \"Ethics across the curriculum: Prospects for broader (and deeper) teaching and learning in research and engineering ethics\", *Science and Engineering Ethics*, *25*(6), pp.1735-1762
| 704 |
Philosophy of engineering
| 2 |
10,158,901 |
# Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
For its Battle of Britain campaign against Great Britain during World War II, the German Luftwaffe had the following order of battle in the West. *Luftflotte 2* was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the London area and based in the Pas-de-Calais area in France. *Luftflotte 3* targeted the West Country, Midlands, and northwest England, from bases a bit further north in France. *Luftflotte 5* targeted the north of England and Scotland, from bases in Norway. *Luftflotte 1* and *Luftflotte 4* were based in Germany, but most of their bomber formations had been reassigned to the three *Luftflotten* engaged in the Battle of Britain. Some fighters were retained to provide air cover over Germany, however.
## *Luftflotte 2* {#luftflotte_2}
Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, OOB from 13 August 1940.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------
*Wettererkundungstaffel 26* (Weather reconnaissance unit under direct control of *Luftflotte 2* ) Brussels--Grimbergen Independent Staffel Dornier Do 17, Heinkel He 111, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Brussels-Grimbergen Regierungsrat Krug
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------------------
Parent unit Geschwader Base Unit (Gruppe/Staffel) Aircraft Type Unit Airfield Commanding Officer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**I. Fliegerkorps (Generaloberst Ulrich Grauert), Beauvais**
*Kampfgeschwader 1* (Major General Karl Angerstein)
Rosières-en-Santerre I. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Montdidier Major Ludwig Maier
II\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Montdidier Obstlt. Benno Kosch
III\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Rosières-en-Santerre Major Hans Steinwig/ Major Willibald Fanelsa
*Kampfgeschwader 76* (Oberst Stefan Fröhlich)
Cormeilles-en-Vexin Stab. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Cormeilles-en-Vexin Oberstleutnant Fröhlich
Cormeilles-en-Vexin I. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Beauvais Hauptmann Alois Lindmayr
II\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Creil Major Friedrich Möericke
III\. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Cormeilles-en-Vexin Major Franz Von Benda
*Aufklärungsgruppe 122* (Long-range reconnaissance)
5\. Staffel Junkers Ju 88, Heinkel He 111, Dornier Do 17P Haute-Fontaine Hauptmann Bohm
**II. Fliegerkorps (General der Flieger Bruno Lörzer), Ghent.**
*Kampfgeschwader 2* (Major-General Johannes Fink)
Arras I. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Épinoy Major Martin Gutzmann (POW 26 August), not replaced until 4 September.
II\. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Arras Major Paul Weitkus
III\. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Cambrai Major Adolph Fuchs
*Kampfgeschwader 3* (Oberstleutnant von Chamier-Glisczinski)
Le Culot I. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Le Culot Oblt. Gabelmann
II\. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Antwerp/Deurne Hptm. Pilger
III\. Gruppe Dornier Do 17 Sint-Truiden Hptm. Rathmann
*Kampfgeschwader 53* (Oberstleutnant Stahl)
Lille-Nord I. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Lille-Nord Major Kauffmann
II\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Lille-Nord Major Winkler
III\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Lille-Nord Major Edler von Braun
*Sturzkampfgeschwader 1* (Hauptmann Keil)
Pas-de-Calais II\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Pas de Calais Hptm. A. Keil
IV\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Tramecourt Hptm. Von Brauchitsch
*Erprobungsgruppe 210* (Hauptmann Rubensdörffer)
Calais-Marck 1\. Staffel Messerschmitt Bf 110 Calais-Marck Oblt. M. Lutz
2\. Staffel Messerschmitt Bf 110 Calais-Marck Oblt. W-R. Rössinger
3\. Staffel Messerschmitt Bf 109 Calais-Marck Oblt. O. Hintze
*Lehrgeschwader 2*
1--4 August: Unknown I. (Jagd) Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Leeuwarden (to 4 August)/Calais Hptm Hanns Trübenbach (to 18 August), Hptm Bernhard Mieklke (21--30 August, KIA)
II.(Schlacht) Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Most of the unit was based at Böblingen, elements moved to Calais on 13 August Hptm Otto Weiß
7(F). Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Ghent/Brussels Probably Hptm Hans Schäfer
9.(H). Gruppe (Pz) Messerschmitt Bf 110/ Henschel Hs 126 Unknown location in Belgium Probably an Oblt Wöbbeking
**IX. Fliegerkorps (Generalmajor Joachim Coeler), Soesterberg.**
*Kampfgeschwader 4* (Oberstleutnant Hans-Joachim Rath)
Soesterberg I. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Soesterberg Hptm. Nikolaus-Wolfgang Meissner
II\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Eindhoven Major Dr. Gottlieb Wolf
III\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Amsterdam/Schiphol Hptm. Erich Bloedorn
*Kampfgruppe 100* (Pathfinder bombers) Autonomous Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Vannes Hauptmann Aschenbrenner
*Küstengruppe 126* (Minelaying) Various Autonomous Gruppe Heinkel He 111
*Aufklärungsgruppe 122* 3\. Staffel Junkers Ju 88, Heinkel He 100 Eindhoven Oberstleutnant Koehler
**Jagdfliegerführer 2 (Generalmajor Theodor \"Theo\" Osterkamp), Wissant**
*Jagdgeschwader 3* (Oberstleutnant Viek)
Samer I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Colembert Hptm. Hans von Hahn
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Samer Hptm. Erich von Selle
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Desvres Hptm. W. Kienitz
*Jagdgeschwader 26* (Major Handrick)
Audembert I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Audenbert Hptm. K. Fischer
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Marquise Hptm. K. Ebbighausen
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Caffiers Major Adolf Galland
*Jagdgeschwader 51* (Major Werner Mölders)
Wissant I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Wissant Hptm. Brustellin
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Wissant Hptm. G. Matthes
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 St.Omer Major Hannes Trautloft
*Jagdgeschwader 52* (Major von Bernegg)
Coquelles I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Coquelles Hptm. S. von Eschwege
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Peuplingne Hptm. Von Kornatzki
*Jagdgeschwader 54* (Major Mettig)
Campagne I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Guînes Hptm. Hubertus von Bonin
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Hermalinghen Hptm. Winterer
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Guînes Hptm. Ultsch
*Lehrgeschwader 2*
Calais-Marck I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Calais-Marck Major Hans Trubenbach
*Zerstörergeschwader 26* (Oberstleutnant Joachim-Friedrich Huth)
Lille Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 110 Lille Oberstleutnant Huth
Lille I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Yvrench Hptm. Wilhelm Makrocki
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Crécy Hptm. Ralph von Rettberg
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Barley Hptm. Johann Schalk
*Zerstörergeschwader 76* (Major Walter Grabmann)
Laval Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 110 Laval Major Grabmann
Laval II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Abbeville Maj Erich Groth
Laval III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Laval Hptm. Friedrich-Karl Dickoré
| 871 |
Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
| 0 |
10,158,901 |
# Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
## *Luftflotte 3* {#luftflotte_3}
Headquarters in Paris, France, under Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle. OOB from 13 August 1940.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
*Wettererkundungstaffel 51* (Weather reconnaissance unit under direct control of *Luftflotte 3* ) Versailles--Buc Independent Staffel Dornier Do 17, Heinkel He 111, Versailles-Buc Regierungsrat Dr. Felber
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- --------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------------
Parent unit Geshwader Base Unit (Gruppe/Staffel) Aircraft Type Unit Airfield Commanding Officer
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**IV. Fliegerkorps (Generalleutnant Kurt Pflugbeil), Dinard**
*Lehrgeschwader 1* (Oberstleutnant Alfred Bülowius)
Orléans/Bricy I. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Orléans/Bricy Hptm. W. Kern
II\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Orléans/Bricy Major Debratz
III\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Châteaudun Major Dr. Ing. Ernst Bormann
*Kampfgeschwader 27* (Oberst Gerhard Conrad)
Tours I. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Tours Major Gerhard Ulbricht
II\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Dinard Major Friedrich-Karl Schlichting
III\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Rennes Major Manfred *Freiherr* von Sternberg
*Kampfgeschwader 40* (Long range reconnaissance) Oberst Ernst-August Roth (as of 1 August)
Stabschwarme Junkers Ju 88 Brest-Guipavas Oberst Ernst-August Roth
I. Gruppe Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Brest-Guipavas Hptm Edmund Daser
*Sturzkampfgeschwader 3* (Oberst Angerstein)
Stabschwarme Junkers Ju 87 and Dornier Do 17 Caen
*Kampfgruppe 806* (Maritime bombers) (Oberst)
Junkers Ju 88 Nantes Hptm. W. Siegel
*Aufklärungsgruppe 31* (Long-range reconnaissance) 3\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Rennes Hauptmann Sieckemus
*Aufklärungsgruppe 121* (Long-range reconnaissance) 3\. Staffel Junkers Ju 88, North-West France Hauptmann Kerber
**V. Fliegerkorps (General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim) Villacoublay**
*Kampfgeschwader 51* (Major Schulz-Heyn)
Orly I Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Melun Major Schulz-Hein
II Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Orly Major Winkler
III Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Étampes Major W. Marienfeld
*Kampfgeschwader 54* (Oberstleutnant Otto Höhne)
Évreux I Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Évreux Hptm. Jobst-Heinrich von Heydebrock
II Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 St. Andre-de-L'Eure Major Kurt Leonhardy (MIA 11 August). Replaced by Hptm Karl-Bernhard Schlaeger (acting). Replaced by Htpm Hans Widmann.
*Kampfgeschwader 55* (Oberstleutnant Alois Stoeckl - KIA 14 August). Replaced by Obstlt Hans Korte 15 August
Villacoublay I Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Dreux Major Joachim Roeber
II Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Chartres Major Friedrich Kless
III Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Villacoublay Hptm Hans Schlemell
*Aufklärungsgruppe 14* (Long-range reconnaissance) 4\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Cherbourg Hauptmann von Dewitz
*Aufklärungsgruppe 121* (Long-range reconnaissance) 4\. Staffel Dornier Do 17,Junkers Ju 88 Villacoublay Hauptmann Kerber (?)
**VIII. Fliegerkorps (General der Flieger Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, Deauville**
*Sturzkampfgeschwader 1* (Major Hagen)
Angers I Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Angers Major P. Hozzel
II Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Angers Hptm. H. Mahlke
*Sturzkampfgeschwader 2* (Major Oskar Dinort)
Saint-Malo I Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 St. Malo Hptm. H. Hitschold
II Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Lannion Major W. Enneccerus
*Sturzkampfgeschwader 77* (Major Graf von Schönborn)
Caen I Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Caen Hptm. von D. zu Lichtenfels
II Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Caen Hptm. W. Plewig
III Gruppe Junkers Ju 87 Caen Major H. Bode
*Lehrgeschwader 1* (Oberstleutnant Bülowius)
Caen V. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Caen Hptm. Horst Liensberger
*Aufklärungsgruppe 11* (Long-range reconnaissance) 2\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Bernay
*Aufklärungsgruppe 123* (Long-range reconnaissance) 2\. Staffel Dornier Do 17,Junkers Ju 88 Paris
**Jagdfliegerführer 3 (Oberst Werner Junck), Deauville**
*Jagdgeschwader 2* (Major von Bülow)
Évreux, Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 109 Beaumont-le-Roger Major von Bülow
Évreux I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Beaumont-le-Roger Major H. Strumpell
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Beaumont-le-Roger Major Wolfgang Schellmann
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Le Havre Major Dr. Erich Mix
*Jagdgeschwader 27* (Oberstleutnant Max Ibel)
Cherbourg-West Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 109 Cherbourg-West Oberstleutnant Max Ibel
Cherbourg-West I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Plumetot Hptm. Eduard Neumann
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Crépon Hptm. Lippert
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Carquebut Hptm. J. Schlichting
*Jagdgeschwader 53* (Major Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel)
Cherbourg Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 109 Cherbourg Major von Cramon-Taubadel
Cherbourg I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Rennes Hptm. Blumensaat
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Dinan Major Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn
III\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Sempy & Brest Hptm. Harro Harder (Hptm. Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke from 13 August)
*Zerstörergeschwader 2* (Oberstleutnant Friedrich Vollbracht)
Toussus-le-Noble Stabschwarme Messerschmitt Bf 110 Toussus-le-Noble Oberstleutnant Vollbracht
Toussus-le-Noble I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Amiens Hptm. Heinlein
II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Guyancourt Major Carl
| 700 |
Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
| 1 |
10,158,901 |
# Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
## *Luftflotte 5* {#luftflotte_5}
Headquarters in Stavanger, Norway, led by Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff. OOB from 13 August 1940.
Parent unit Geshwader Base Unit (Gruppe/Staffel) Aircraft Type Unit Airfield Commanding Officer
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------- ----------------------------------------
**X. Fliegerkorps (Generalleutnant Hans Geisler) Stavanger**
*Wettererkundungskette X. Fl.Korps* (Weather reconnaissance) Unit under direct control of *X. Fliegerkorps* Heinkel He 111 Stavanger Regierungsrat Dr. Müller
*Kampfgeschwader 26* (Oberstleutnant Karl *Frieherr* von Wechmar)
\| Stavanger Stabschwarme Heinkel He 111 Stavanger Oberstleutnant Fuchs
I. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Stavanger Major Hermann Busch
III\. Gruppe Heinkel He 111 Stavanger Major Waldemar Lerche
*Kampfgeschwader 30* (Oberstleutnant Walter Loebel, to 16 August. Replaced by Oberst Herbert Rieckhoff on 17 August.)
Aalborg Stabschwarme Junkers Ju 88 Aalborg Oberstleutnant Loebel/Oberst Rieckhoff
I. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Aalborg Major Fritz Doensch
II\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Aalborg Hptm. Karl-Joachim von Symonski
III\. Gruppe Junkers Ju 88 Aalborg-West Hptm. Gerhard Kollewe
*Zerstörergeschwader 76* (Major Walter Grabmann)
Stavanger I. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 110 Stavanger Hptm. W. Restemeyer
*Jagdgeschwader 77* (Hauptmann Hentschel)
Stavanger II\. Gruppe Messerschmitt Bf 109 Stavanger/Trondheim Hptm. Hentschel
*Kustenfliegergruppe 506* (Major Eisenbach)
Stavanger 1\. Staffel Heinkel He 115 Stavanger \-
2\. Staffel Heinkel He 115 Trondheim, Tromsø
3\. Staffel Heinkel He 115 List \-
*Aufklärungsgruppe 22* (Long-range reconnaissance) (Oberstleutnant Thomas) 2\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Stavanger
3\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Stavanger
*Aufklärungsgruppe 120* (Long-range reconnaissance) 1\. Staffel Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 88 Stavanger Major Schub
*Aufklärungsgruppe 121* (Long-range reconnaissance) 1\. Staffel Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 88 Stavanger Hauptmann Klinkicht
*Aufklärungsgruppe Ob.d.L* (Long-range reconnaissance) 1\. Staffel Dornier Do 215, Heinkel He 111, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Stavanger
*Seenotdienst* (Air-sea rescue unit) Heinkel He 59 Sola, Bergen, Trondheim
## *Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe* {#oberbefehlshaber_der_luftwaffe}
Headquarters in Berlin, Germany, led by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. OOB from 13 August 1940.
Parent unit Geshwader Base Unit (Gruppe/Staffel) Aircraft Type Unit Airfield Commanding Officer
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------- --------------------
*Aufklärungsgruppe Ob.d.L* (Oberstleutnant Theodor Rowehl) Berlin
\|Various 1\. Staffel Blohm & Voss BV 142, Dornier Do 215, Dornier Do 217, Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 86P, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 Autonomous, no fixed location
\| 2\. Staffel Dornier Do 215, Heinkel He 111 Autonomous, no fixed location
*Wettererkundungskette Ob.d.L* (Weather reconnaissance) Berlin
\|Oldenburg 1\. Staffel Dornier Do 17, Heinkel He 111 Oldenburg
\| 2\. Staffel Heinkel He 111 Brest
**Seefliegerverbände (Maritime Patrol) (Generalmajor Ritter) Berlin**
*Küstenfliegergruppe 406* (Major Stockmann)
\|Hörnum 3\. Staffel Dornier Do 18 Hörnum
\| 2./106 Dornier Do 18 Rantum
\| 2./906 Dornier Do 18 Hörnum
*Küstenfliegergruppe 706* (Major Lessing)
\|Stavanger 1./406 Dornier Do 18 Stavanger
\| 2./406 Dornier Do 18 Stavanger
*Küstenfliegergruppe 606* (Major Hahn)
\|Brest 1\. Staffel Dornier Do 17 Brest
\| 2\. Staffel Dornier Do 17 Brest
\| 3\. Staffel Dornier Do 17 Brest
*Küstenfliegergruppe 106* (Major Hahn)
\|Norderney 1\
| 467 |
Luftwaffe order of battle August 1940
| 2 |
10,158,904 |
# List of mosasaur genera
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 21, column 2):
unexpected 's'
|style="border:0px" valign="top"|
^
``
| 20 |
List of mosasaur genera
| 0 |
10,158,908 |
# Franklin Morales
**Franklin Miguel Morales** (born January 24, 1986) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Colorado Rockies, Boston Red Sox, Kansas City Royals, and Toronto Blue Jays.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Colorado Rockies {#colorado_rockies}
A power-throwing left-hander, Morales signed with the Colorado Rockies as an international free agent on November 13, 2002. He made his Major League debut on August 18, 2007, against the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched 5`{{fraction|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings, gave up one run, but got a no-decision. In 2007, Morales was selected to the All-Star Futures Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco. Morales made 8 starts for the Rockies during his rookie campaign, going 3-2 with a 3.43 ERA and 26 strikeouts. He was also part of the Rockies\' 25-man active roster for the postseason where the team went to the World Series for the first time ever, but lost to the Red Sox in a 4-game sweep.
On April 29, 2008, Morales was optioned to the Rockies\' Triple-A affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, in response to a sub-par performance during the early parts of the season. He made only 5 starts on the year for Colorado, struggling to a 1-2 record and 6.39 ERA with 9 strikeouts across `{{fraction|25|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched.
In spring training in 2009, Morales led all pitchers in pickoffs, with 5, in 28 innings.[1](http://mlb.mlb.com/stats/sortable_player_stats.jsp?c_id=mlb§ion2=1&statSet2=2&sortByStat=PK&statType=2&timeFrame=1&timeSubFrame=23&baseballScope=mlb&prevPage2=1&readBoxes=true&sitSplit=&venueID=&subScope=pos&teamPosCode=all). He began the regular season in the starting rotation, but after struggling early he was optioned to Triple-A Colorado Springs. In 40 appearances for the Rockies, Morales logged a 3-2 record and 4.50 ERA with 41 strikeouts and 7 saves over 40 innings of work.
Morales made 35 appearances out of the bullpen for Colorado during the 2010 campaign, struggling to an 0-4 record and 6.28 ERA with 27 strikeouts and 3 saves across `{{fraction|28|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched. He pitched in 14 contests for the Rockies in 2011, registering a 3.86 ERA with 11 strikeouts across 14 innings.
### Boston Red Sox {#boston_red_sox}
On May 19, 2011, Morales was traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for a player to be named later or cash considerations. On May 22, he made his Red Sox debut in a game against the Chicago Cubs. Morales finished the 2011 season with Boston making 36 relief appearances and going 1-1 with a 3.62 ERA and 31 strikeouts. Overall in 2011 combined with two teams, Morales made a total of 50 appearances going 1-2 with a 3.69 ERA and 42 strikeouts.
On January 16, 2012, Morales signed a one-year contract worth \$850K with the Red Sox, avoiding arbitration. During the 2012 season, Morales made 37 appearances (9 starts) going 3-4 with a 3.77 ERA and 76 strikeouts. Near the end of the 2012 season, Morales was diagnosed with a shoulder injury. He had a starting job before September and stuck with it until his injury. In the off-season he trained to be a starter for 2013.
In 2013, Morales made 20 appearances (1 start) going 2-2 with a 4.62 ERA and 21 strikeouts. Morales made 3 appearances in the postseason. In his final appearance in a Red Sox uniform, he relieved Clay Buchholz in Game 6 of the ALCS. With the Red Sox ahead 1-0 in the 6th inning and two inherited runners on base, Morales walked Prince Fielder on 4 pitches, then fell behind Victor Martinez before yielding a 2-run Wall Ball single. Morales was replaced by Brandon Workman who ended the inning without further damage. The Sox won the game when Shane Victorino hit a 7th inning grand slam. Morales did not pitch in the World Series as the Red Sox won the championship over the St. Louis Cardinals.
### Colorado Rockies (second stint) {#colorado_rockies_second_stint}
On December 18, 2013, Morales was traded back to the Colorado Rockies along with minor league pitcher Chris Martin in exchange for utility man Jonathan Herrera.
After being primarily a relief pitcher for the Red Sox in his previous three years, Morales found his way back into a starting role to begin the 2014 season with the Rockies; he made his season debut on April 3 as the team\'s fourth starter, giving up 3 earned runs and 8 hits in `{{frac|5|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings in a no decision against the Miami Marlins. In 38 appearances for the Rockies during the 2014 campaign, Morales posted a 6-9 record and 5.37 ERA with 100 strikeouts across `{{fraction|142|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched.
### Kansas City Royals {#kansas_city_royals}
Morales signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals on February 19, 2015 and made the team out of spring training. He got his first win with the team on April 19, throwing the final two pitches of an at bat to Brett Lawrie after Kelvin Herrera was ejected for throwing at Lawrie. Morales finished the 2015 season with a 3.18 ERA, 41 strikeouts, and a 4-2 record in 67 relief appearances. With the Royals finishing the season 95-67, the team clinched the AL Central and eventually won the 2015 World Series against the New York Mets, their first championship in 30 years. It was the second championship Morales won in his career.
| 861 |
Franklin Morales
| 0 |
10,158,908 |
# Franklin Morales
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Toronto Blue Jays {#toronto_blue_jays}
On March 4, 2016, Morales signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers that included an invitation to spring training. He was released prior to the start of the season on March 28.
On April 2, 2016, Morales signed a one-year, \$2 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. After making two appearances for the Blue Jays, Morales was placed on the 15-day disabled list with shoulder fatigue. He was later transferred to the 60-day disabled list. Morales began a rehab assignment in June, and on July 22, was activated by the Blue Jays. On August 1, Morales was designated for assignment. He was released by the Blue Jays on August 9.
### Acereros de Monclova {#acereros_de_monclova}
On June 22, 2017, Morales signed with the Acereros de Monclova of the Mexican League. In 8 games (6 starts) for Monclova, he compiled a 6-0 record and 1.62 ERA with 27 strikeouts over 39 innings of work. Morales became a free agent after the season.
On February 9, 2024, after six years of inactivity Morales signed with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League; however, the signing was never made official, and Morales remained a free agent
| 209 |
Franklin Morales
| 1 |
10,158,921 |
# Knockboy
**Knockboy** (*An Cnoc Buí* in Irish, meaning *Yellow Mountain*) is a 706-metre-high mountain on the border between counties Cork and Kerry in Ireland.
## Geography
Knockboy is the highest peak in the Shehy mountain range and the highest mountain in County Cork with its summit shared with County Kerry. It is the 104th highest peak in Ireland.
## Geology
The mountain is composed of sandstone laid down in the Devonian period which was subsequently uplifted to form a mountain range, before being eroded into its present form by glaciers during the last ice age
| 96 |
Knockboy
| 0 |
10,158,938 |
# Kit Klein
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 94, column 4):
unexpected '<'
<!-- Rink in Kongsberg: "Idrætspladsen (Skytterbanen)" -->
^
``
| 23 |
Kit Klein
| 0 |
10,158,999 |
# American Samoa national rugby union team
The **American Samoa national rugby union team**, also known as the **\"Talavalu\"**, represents the American Samoa Rugby Union in international rugby union. As of September 2023, it is the lowest ranked World Rugby team.
The Talavalu is the name of a traditional Samoan war weapon, originally carved out of ironwood. As can be seen on the right side of the American Samoa Rugby Union logo, it resembles a club but has eight diamond-shaped teeth carved on one edge. Translated, \"tala\" is teeth, and \"valu\" is eight.
## History
National development of rugby union in American Samoa has been overshadowed by the popularity of American football since the 1970s. Unlike neighbouring Samoa, American Samoa has had limited international rugby competition. Most of American Samoa\'s matches have been played at the South Pacific Games.
American Samoa\'s first international 15\'s match was at the 1983 South Pacific Games in Apia, where they lost 55--0 to Western Samoa (as it was then called). They did not make the final stages of that tournament. American Samoa fared much better at the 1991 South Pacific Games in Port Moresby, notching up wins against Solomon Islands and French Polynesia. While they lost 34--7 to Western Samoa in the final, the American Samoans won the rugby 15\'s silver medal.
The South Pacific Games (now called the Pacific Games) subsequently switched to hosting rugby 7s in preference to rugby 15s, and the ASRU, while still eligible for the FORU Oceania Cup, turned more of its attention toward the seven-a-side form of the game. American Samoa competed at the Pacific Games Rugby 7s in 2011, and the Oceania Rugby 7s in 2011 and 2012.
In 2015 the Talavalu made their first appearance at the Oceania Rugby Cup. They won their first match against the Solomon Islands 30--15. In their second game, they lost to Papua New Guinea 36--22. Their third game against Tahiti was also a loss, 8--20. The Talavalu\'s finished the tournament in third place.
### Diaspora
Due to limited opportunities at home, notable American Samoan players have been selected in other national teams instead of American Samoa. Frank Solomon was the pioneer, playing for `{{nrut|New Zealand}}`{=mediawiki} in the 1930s; and Jerome Kaino was a key member of New Zealand\'s Rugby World Cup-winning teams in 2011 and 2015. American Samoans that have represented `{{nrut|United States}}`{=mediawiki} include Mose Timoteo, Valenise Malifa, the Suniula brothers (Andrew, Roland and Shalom) and Junior Sifa.
## Record
### Overall
Against Played Won Lost Drawn Win %
--------- -------- ----- ------ ------- -----------------------------
2 0 2 0 0%
2 0 2 0 0%
1 1 0 0 {{#expr:1/1\*100 round 2}}%
1 0 1 0 0%
Total 6 1 5 0 {{#expr:1/6\*100 round 2}}%
## Recent Squad {#recent_squad}
**Squad for the 2015 Oceania Rugby Cup:**
- Taeao Paaga
- Bogdaw Stewart Tuiletufuga
- Esau Tufugafale
- Tavita Collins
- Maresala Jason Tagiilima Vaeau
- Isaia Taylor
- Senio Petelo
- Jereme K
| 493 |
American Samoa national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,009 |
# Advanced Plant Management System
The **Advanced Plant Management System** (**APMS**) is a SCADA solution developed in partnership by RWE npower and Thales UK.
Based on a real-time application platform, APMS is a monitoring and control system for any large industrial process. APMS is implemented at more than thirty electric power generation units in the UK, including Tilbury, Didcot A, Aberthaw, Drax and Rugeley power stations.
The APMS system replaced the [Cutlass programming language and application system](http://esolangs.org/wiki/CUTLASS) - a real-time control system widely implemented during the 1970s in British power plants by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) research & development team - in National Power power stations. (PowerGen in contrast retained and modernised its Cutlass systems
| 117 |
Advanced Plant Management System
| 0 |
10,159,011 |
# Mary Colvin
**Dame Mary Katherine Rosamund Colvin** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|TD}}`{=mediawiki} (25 October 1907 -- 23 September 1988) was a British Army officer who was director of the Women\'s Royal Army Corps and president of the British Horse Society. She held the rank of Brigadier.
## Family
Colvin was born into a military family, one of four children and the only daughter of the Boer War veteran Lieutenant Colonel Forrester Farnell Colvin (CBE, MC, DL; died 16 February 1936) and Isabella Katherine McClintock-Bunbury (28 December 1874 -- 30 March 1963), who married on 26 July 1894. They lived at Morley House, Shermanbury Grange, Brighton Road, Shermanbury, Horsham, West Sussex. She was a cousin of Michael Colvin, a Conservative Member of Parliament.
## Career
Colvin travelled widely as a young woman, to South Africa and India. She joined the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in 1938, transferring to the Auxiliary Territorial Service when World War II commenced. She spent most of the war as a driver, then commanded a Central Ordnance Depot Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) Group at Weedon, Northamptonshire (1943--44). Immediately after the end of hostilities with Germany, she was posted to Hamburg to help oversee its transition to democracy and build up the local council and basic services such as housing. After two years of throwing herself into this work, she was awarded an OBE, but had to return to Britain to be nearer to her ailing and elderly relatives.
She supervised the transition of the ATS into the Women\'s Royal Army Corps (WRAC), including moving its officer training school to Hindhead and bringing the training closer to that of male recruits. Female recruitment was low by 1954, so she was appointed to reverse the trend; designing a popular uniform for officers was part of her strategy. After more postings to Scotland and Eastern Command, in 1957 she was appointed WRAC director, still not yet 50, and two years later was elevated to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 1961, she went to Copenhagen as Britain\'s main delegate to the inaugural NATO meeting of the women\'s services; her international peers elected her their spokeswoman. That year she retired, after 23 years\' service.
She devoted much of the next 25 years to the British Horse Society, working her way up from dressage judge to president. She hunted with the Blackmore Vale and lent her indoor riding school to the Rutland club (which did not have its own premises).
She was lady in waiting to Mary, the Princess Royal, the Controller Commandant of the WRAC, and accompanied her to Canada in 1962.
## Death
Colvin died on 23 September 1988, aged 80, in Rutland. She never married. Her personal papers are at the National Archives, along with those of other British military women, such as Dame Katharine Furse, Dame Rachel Crowdy, and Brigadier Dame Mary Coulshed
| 476 |
Mary Colvin
| 0 |
10,159,019 |
# Abdul Lateef (Fijian lawyer)
**Abdul Lateef** (died on 6 June 2008) was a Fiji Indian football administrator, lawyer and politician. He served as the President of the Fiji Football Association from 1960 to 1962 and from 1966 to 1967. He was elected into the Legislative Council in 1966 from the Southern Indian cross-voting constituency on the Alliance ticket.
In 2007 he was made a life member of the Fiji Law Society
| 72 |
Abdul Lateef (Fijian lawyer)
| 0 |
10,159,024 |
# Hand in Hand (Looking for Sweet Inspiration)
\"**Hand in Hand (Looking for Sweet Inspiration)**\" is a song by English electronic music group Opus III, released in 1994 by PWL and EastWest Records as the second single from their second album, *Guru Mother* (1994). It was both written and produced by the group with Martin Brammer, and peaked at No. 79 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 14 on the US *Billboard* Dance Club Songs chart.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Larry Flick from *Billboard* magazine commented, \"Trance/rave masters dip into their glorious *Guru Mother* album, pulling out this sparkling jewel. Kirsty Hawkshaw\'s angelic presence provides poetic depth, while remixes by Paul Oakenfold and Steve Osbourne embelish the song\'s strong melody with a trend-conscious rhythm base.\" Pan-European magazine *Music & Media* wrote, \"Imagine all those clubbers trying to follow Opus III\'s instructions to dance hand in hand. Luckily the beat and the lyrics are dead simple, maybe your station can lend a hand too.\" Tim Jeffery from *Music Week*{{\'}}s *RM* Dance Update noted, \"Paul Oakenfold provides the mixes and they\'re very pleasant, quite mellow trancey excursions that are listenable but very unremarkable due to a lacklustre song which drifts along but goes nowhere. As a result the vocal-less trance mix is the best.\" A reviewer from *Select* said, \"With some careful remixing, however, \'Hand in Hand (Looking for Sweet Inspiration)\' could turn into a pretty mean floor-filler.\"
## Music video {#music_video}
The accompanying music video for \"Hand in Hand (Looking for Sweet Inspiration)\" was directed by Peter Sherrard and produced by Annabel O\'Grady for Medialab. It was released on 29 August 1994 and is a sepia drenched fantasy in the rolling fields of Derbyshire.
## Charts
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1994) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+======================================+==========+
| Scotland (OCC) | 84 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| UK Singles (OCC) | 79 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| UK Club Chart (*Music Week*) | 17 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
| US Hot Dance Club Play (*Billboard*) | 14 |
+--------------------------------------+----------+
## Grace version {#grace_version}
In 1997, British dance act Grace covered the song and released it as their sixth single from their only album, *If I Could Fly* (1996), titled as \"**Hand in Hand**\", on Paul Oakenfold\'s Perfecto label. It reached number 38 on the UK Singles Chart, number 32 in Scotland and number 85 on the Eurochart Hot 100. Remixes of the song included a complete reworking of the song by Jam El Mar of European dance act Jam & Spoon. Two videos for the song were released, of the Oakenfold and Osborne Radio Mix and an unreleased Eddy Fingers Edit. *The Guardian* called it \"Grace\'s strongest single to date\", while *The Baltimore Sun* thought the song had \"too much exuberance.\"
### Track listings and formats {#track_listings_and_formats}
\# Title Length
----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ --------
**UK CD single PERF 129CD**
1\. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Oakenfold and Osborne Radio Mix\] 3:45
2\. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Jam El Mar Mix\] 8:28
3\. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Eddy Fingers Vocal Mix\] 8:44
4\. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Legend B Mix\] 6:20
5\. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Oakenfold and Osborne Mix\] 7:25
**UK 12\" PERF 129T**
A1. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Jam El Mar Mix\] 8:28
B1. \"Hand in Hand\" \[Eddy Fingers Vocal Mix\] 8:44
B2
| 541 |
Hand in Hand (Looking for Sweet Inspiration)
| 0 |
10,159,082 |
# British Virgin Islands national rugby union team
The **British Virgin Islands national rugby union team** represents the British Virgin Islands in international rugby union. The nation are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB) and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. The British Virgin Islands played their first international in 1996 -- losing to Barbados 17 -- 0.
The British Virgin Islands compete in the NACRA Caribbean Championship, a tournament which includes Antigua, Trinidad and Tobago, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and Guyana
| 91 |
British Virgin Islands national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,090 |
# Ujagar Singh
**Ujagar Singh** was a Fiji Indian politician who was elected to the Legislative Council in the 1968 by-election from the Nasinu Indian Communal Constituency
| 27 |
Ujagar Singh
| 0 |
10,159,117 |
# Burundi national rugby union team
The **Burundi national rugby union team** represents Burundi in international rugby union. The nation are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB) and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. The Burundi national rugby team played their first international in 2003 - losing to Uganda. They participate annually in the CAR Castel Beer Trophy. However, in the 2007 tournament Burundi withdrew for financial reasons.
## History
Rugby has been played in Burundi since the 1970s, first among Belgian players who mixed during the 1980s with many French residents. The first officially registered rugby team was the "Intambwe Rugby Club". The first presidents were Stanislas Mandi and Christian Taupiac. Among the greatest players are Marc Bourgeois, Charles Mugiraneza, "Okume", Bernard Bordes, Patrice Ndindakumana, Lilian Campan, Louis Riboli, and Simeon Sahabo. The IRC has played international matches against the French, Rwandese and Kenyan teams
| 152 |
Burundi national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,136 |
# David I. Masson
**David Irvine Masson** (6 November 1915 -- 27 February 2007) was a British science-fiction writer and librarian.
## Biography
Born in Edinburgh, Masson came from a distinguished family of academics and thinkers. His father, Sir Irvine Masson, was a professor of chemistry at Durham and vice-chancellor at Sheffield, his grandfather, Sir David O. Masson, emigrated to Australia and became professor of chemistry at Melbourne while his great-grandfather David M. Masson was professor of English literature at Edinburgh, wrote a biography of John Milton and was a friend of Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill.
It was no great surprise, therefore, when Masson himself began a career in higher education. Following his graduation from Merton College, Oxford, with a degree in English language and literature he took on the post of assistant librarian at the University of Leeds in 1938.
Except for a stint in the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War from 1940--46, Masson remained a librarian for the rest of his working life.
Following his demobilisation he took on the role of curator of special collections at Liverpool and married his wife, Olive Newton, in 1950 before returning to Leeds in 1956 to become curator of the Brotherton collection, an assemblage of (mostly) English literature including many rare books and manuscripts bequeathed to the University by Lord Brotherton of Wakefield on his death in 1930. [1](http://www.leeds.ac.uk/library/spcoll/brocoll.htm)
It was during his 23 years at Leeds that he wrote his most well known short stories. *Traveller\'s Rest*, published in 1965 in *New Worlds* magazine, introduced Masson to his audience; a study in the uselessness of war focusing on a soldier\'s perceptions of reality in combat, perhaps influenced by his own experiences twenty years earlier.
Six more stories followed, including *A Two-Timer*, the tale of a 17th-century man\'s revulsion at the modern, 20th-century world he finds himself in, before Masson ended his relationship with *New Worlds*.
These seven stories were collected as *The Caltraps of Time* in 1968. Just three more short stories followed after 1968. These were included in the 2003 re-issue of *Caltraps\...*. Masson also wrote several articles on the functions and effects of phonetic sound-patterning in poetry between 1951 and 1991.
Masson retired in 1979 but continued to live in the city of Leeds with his wife. The couple had a daughter and three grandchildren. He died in Leeds on 27 February 2007
| 401 |
David I. Masson
| 0 |
10,159,178 |
# Electoral district of Queanbeyan
**Queanbeyan** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1859 to 1913, in the Queanbeyan area. It replaced parts of the electoral district of United Counties of Murray and St Vincent and the electoral district of Southern Boroughs. It was merged with the electoral district of Monaro in 1913, when much of its former territory had been absorbed in the Australian Capital Territory
| 77 |
Electoral district of Queanbeyan
| 0 |
10,159,188 |
# Cambodia national rugby union team
The **Cambodia national rugby union team**, nicknamed the **Koupreys**, represents Cambodia in the sport of rugby union. The national team is administered by the Rugby union in Cambodia, which is part of the Asian Rugby Football Union and an associate member of the International Rugby Board.
The Koupreys currently compete in Division IV of the annual Asian Five Nations. Cambodia has yet to make their debut at the Rugby World Cup
| 77 |
Cambodia national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,207 |
# Ray Horton
**Raymond Anthony Horton** (born April 12, 1960) is an American football coach and former player. He played college football at Washington and was drafted in the second round of the 1983 NFL draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.
## Early life {#early_life}
In 1978, Horton graduated early from Mount Tahoma High School in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a prep All-American. In 1999, he was named to the second-team defense of the Washington High-School Football Team Of The Century by the Seattle Times newspaper.
## College career {#college_career}
Horton accepted a football scholarship from the University of Washington, where he played as a cornerback and special teams from 1980 to 1982 after a redshirt year. As a sophomore, he started 9 games. As a junior, he was a first-team All-Pac 10 selection and honorable-mention All-American. In his last year, he started 9 games, missing 3 contests with an ankle injury (where he was replaced by Vince Newsome).
He finished as a three-year starter with 10 career interceptions, 22 passes defensed, including 14 (school record) in 1981 and played in two Rose Bowls. He was also one of the top punt returners in the nation.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Cincinnati Bengals {#cincinnati_bengals}
Horton was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round (53rd overall) of the 1983 NFL draft. He also was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the third round (25th overall) of the 1983 USFL Draft. Horton decided to sign with the Bengals.
He earned the job as a starting cornerback with Cincinnati by the second game of the season (5 starts), finishing with a franchise rookie record 5 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown. The next year, Horton was named the regular starter at right cornerback after the retirement of Ken Riley, posting 66 tackles and 3 interceptions, including one returned for a touchdown.
In 1986, he was passed on the depth chart by rookie Lewis Billups and was moved to the nickel back role, making 55 tackles and one interception as the Bengals barely missed the playoffs despite finishing 10-6. In 1987, Horton started 8 games, while replacing an injured Louis Breeden, tallying 53 tackles.
In 1988, he was moved to safety and played mainly nickel back. He recorded 26 tackles, 3 interceptions and one sack as the Bengals won their second AFC Championship. In Super Bowl XXIII, after being up 13--6 over the San Francisco 49ers at the beginning of the fourth quarter, driving from the Bengals 10-yard line, quarterback Joe Montana threw a pass towards Billups that he dropped in the end zone. On the next play, the 49ers scored a touchdown, tying the game at 13. Towards the game\'s conclusion, Montana threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to John Taylor who was being covered by Horton, for a 20--16 lead with 34 seconds left and the eventual championship. He also was the team\'s punt returner during the game.
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
On March 14, 1989, the Dallas Cowboys signed Horton as a Plan B free agent with the intention of playing him at safety. He was named the starting free safety, helping anchor the secondary and calling the defensive signals. He collected 116 tackles (second on the team), 8 passes defensed (second on the team), 2 forced fumbles (led the team), one interception and one sack.
In 1990, he sprained his left knee in the fourth game against the New York Giants, that forced him to miss one contest and slowed him the rest of the season. He posted 69 tackles, 6 passes defensed, one interception and 4 fumble recoveries.
In 1991, he finished third on the team in tackles (105), recorded 8 passes defensed, one interception and scored in back-to-back games: a fumble return in a 21-16 win against the New York Giants and a 65-yard interception return in a 20--17 win over the Green Bay Packers. He became the first player in franchise history to score a defensive touchdown in back-to-back games and the third player (Jim Ridlon, 1964 and Larry Cole, 1968) ever to have 2 defensive touchdowns in the same season.
In 1992, he started the first 7 games before tearing his right ACL (he chose not to have surgery) and missing 4 games. He was replaced with James Washington who took over the starting job. He still was able to be part of the championship team in Super Bowl XXVII.
Horton was released on June 1, 1993, with the Cowboys looking to give more opportunities to Washington and Darren Woodson. He finished his career with 19 interceptions, 11 fumble recoveries, 3 sacks and 5 defensive touchdowns.
| 773 |
Ray Horton
| 0 |
10,159,207 |
# Ray Horton
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Horton began his coaching career in 1994 as a defensive assistant with the Washington Redskins. He was hired by Norv Turner, who knew him from Dallas where Turner was an offensive coordinator. Horton was the defensive backs coach for the Bengals (1997--2001) and the Detroit Lions (2002--03). He was the assistant defensive backs coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 2004 to 2006, before being promoted to defensive backs coach in 2007.
On February 9, 2011, Horton was named defensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals. In 2013, Arizona head coach Ken Whisenhunt was fired, though Horton was initially retained and considered for promotion to head coach. On January 17, 2013, Horton was passed over for the promotion in favor of his former fellow Pittsburgh assistant Bruce Arians, leading to his prompt departure from Arizona. During that same off-season, Horton also interviewed for head coaching positions with the Browns and the Buffalo Bills.
On January 18, 2013, Horton was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Browns. On January 18, 2014, Horton agreed to become the defensive coordinator of the Tennessee Titans. Following the 2015 season, Horton was interviewed by the Titans for their open head coaching position, which was ultimately filled by the team\'s interim head coach Mike Mularkey. In 2022, Horton joined a class-action racial discrimination lawsuit filed by former Miami Dolphins head coach Brian Flores. Horton alleged that his 2016 interview with the Titans was a sham conducted solely to comply with the Rooney Rule. Mularkey had previously revealed that the Titans had promised him the job before they interviewed Horton.
Browns coach Hue Jackson hired Ray Horton to be the Browns defensive coordinator going into the 2016 season. After a single season, Horton was fired by the Browns on January 7, 2017. He was hired as the Redskins\' defensive backs coach on January 24, 2019
| 314 |
Ray Horton
| 1 |
10,159,212 |
# 1783 in architecture
The year **1783 in architecture** involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
## Events
- September 24 -- The Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, designed by Antonio Rinaldi, opens with a performance of Paisiello\'s opera *Il mondo della luna*.
## Buildings and structures {#buildings_and_structures}
### Buildings completed {#buildings_completed}
- New Vilnius Cathedral in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, designed by Laurynas Gucevičius, is consecrated.
- Façade of Carmelite Church, Warsaw, Poland, designed by Efraim Szreger, is completed
- Laleli Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey, is rebuilt after a fire.
- Boston Light (lighthouse) rebuilt on the site of an earlier one destroyed in the American Revolution.
## Awards
- Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Antoine Vaudoyer
| 121 |
1783 in architecture
| 0 |
10,159,227 |
# Apoyando
**Apoyando** (\"supporting\") is a method of brushing the string used in both classical guitar and flamenco guitar known in English as \"rest stroke.\" The rest stroke gets its name because after brushing the string, the finger rests on the adjacent string after it follows through, giving a slightly rounder, often punchier sound (contrasted with tirando). Harpsichord strings are plucked, normally, in classical guitar style, strings are brushed with skin and nail, unless a particular tonal color is required
| 80 |
Apoyando
| 0 |
10,159,239 |
# Costa Rica national rugby union team
The **Costa Rica national rugby union team** represents Costa Rica in international rugby union. The nation have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. The Costa Rica national rugby team played their first international in 2005 defeating their opponents Panama by 60--0.
In December, 2007, Costa Rica A & B sides participated in the First Central American Rugby cup. The other competing teams were Panama and Guatemala. Costa Rica A came first in this tournament, Panama 2nd, Guatemala 3rd, and Costa Rica B 4th.
In December 2009, Costa Rica hosted the IRB Consur B tournament. The other competing nations were Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Costa Rica. The final results were Colombia finishing first, Venezuela second, Peru third, and Costa Rica fourth.
After finishing fourth behind Peru, Venezuela and Colombia in the 2010 and 2011 CONSUR B tournaments, Costa Rica played in the newly created CONSUR C tournament in 2012. They won this tournament, beating Guatemala, Ecuador and El Salvador.
## Overall Record {#overall_record}
Below is a table of the representative rugby matches played by the Costa Rican national XV at test level up until **23 November 2019**:
Against Played Won Lost Drawn \% Won
--------- -------- -------- -------- ------- -----------------------------------
1 0 1 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
5 0 5 0 0%
7 3 3 1 {{#expr:3/7\*100 round 2}}%
6 4 2 0 {{#expr:4/6\*100 round 2}}%
5 2 2 1 {{#expr:2/5\*100 round 2}}%
1 0 1 0 0%
2 2 0 0 {{#expr:2/2\*100 round 2}}%
6 5 1 0 {{#expr:5/6\*100 round 2}}%
6 0 6 0 0%
4 0 4 0 0%
Total **43** **16** **25** **2** **{{#expr:16/43\*100 round 2}}%**
## Players
### Recent squad {#recent_squad}
In December 2012, Costa Rica played in the newly created CONSUR C tournament. They won this tournament, beating Guatemala by 37 to 10, Ecuador by 33 to 8 and El Salvador by 57 to 3.
This unprecedented achievement was the result a hardworking staff and a 5 months preparation during which more than 100 players were called for trials. Coach Francisco José \"El Gordo Secret\" Galarreta Apaestegui and his manager Wadya \"Dr. Evil\" Sauma put up a team united by personal sacrifice, friendship and a common dream that lead them into victory. The 2012 Costa Rican rugby union team demonstrated the country\'s rugby at its best, displaying some players from every union.
The 2012 CONSUR C 25-player squad:
Player Position Club
------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------
Marco Blanco Prop Coronado RC
Guillermo Lavari Prop Stag RFC
Jefry Vargas Prop Cadejos RC
Marvin Taylor Ebanks Prop Montreal Irish RFC
Claudio Carrizo Hooker Stag RFC
Alexis Devitre Lock Universitarios Club de Rugby
Meyer Zúñiga Fernández Lock Cartago RC
Hugo López Póveda Lock Cartago RC
Nicolas Broggi No. 8 Universitarios Club de Rugby
Marlon Cerdas Blanco No
| 470 |
Costa Rica national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,258 |
# 1784 in architecture
The year **1784 in architecture** involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
## Events
- September 1 -- John Sanders becomes the first architectural student of John Soane.
- In Saint Petersburg, Russia, at the Gardens of Orienbaum, a ride is built that features carriages that undulate over hills within grooved tracks, a predecessor of the roller coaster.
- Étienne-Louis Boullée proposes a cenotaph to Isaac Newton.
## Buildings and structures {#buildings_and_structures}
### Buildings
- St Andrew\'s Church in New Town, Edinburgh, Scotland, designed by Andrew Frazer and Robert Kay, opened.
- In New London, Connecticut, the town hall is built (1784/85).
- Ishak Pasha Palace is built in Turkey.
- Ubosot at Wat Phra Kaew temple in Bangkok, Thailand, receives the Emerald Buddha (March 22).
- Work starts on La Moneda Palace in Santiago, originally intended to house the Spanish mint in Colonial Chile, designed by Joaquín Toesca.
## Awards
- Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
| 166 |
1784 in architecture
| 0 |
10,159,263 |
# Myron Bell
**Myron Corey \"Boo\" Bell** (born September 15, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers and Cincinnati Bengals. He was selected in the fifth round of the 1994 NFL draft. He started in Super Bowl XXX. He is a member of the City of Toledo, Ohio Hall of Fame. As a teenager he played at Macomber High School (class of 1989) where he made the All-American 1st team in the state of Ohio for high school football players and also made the city of Toledo, Ohio Hall of Fame. He also teamed up with NBA star and Big Ten Network analyst Jim Jackson to win the 1988--1989 OHSAA Division I basketball championship. He currently works for the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School system with at-risk youth and helps his church with youth sports, with close friends and former NFL football players Brentson Buckner and Adrian Murrell. The youth football league in which they coach together is associated with former NFL football players Ethan Horton, Mike Minter, Michael Dean Perry, and Mike Rucker
| 188 |
Myron Bell
| 0 |
10,159,278 |
# Ghana national rugby union team
The **Ghana national rugby union team** represents Ghana in international rugby union. Ghana are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB), and `{{As of|2019|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki} had not played in a Rugby World Cup tournament. Ghana played their first international game during the 2003 season, and defeated Mauritania by 29 points to 8. Since then there have been a number of youth teams in Ghana; the under-18 team won a junior rugby competition. The National Team itself has hosted a tournament and had some credible results on the field.
## History
After forming in 2005, the Ghana National Rugby Union Team has played in a number of competitions. The team was founded by a coach from Cameroon named Guy Chaley who recruited players, including coach Amuzu Salim, to play their first international match. Support, but not funding, from the government was gained for the national team`{{Clarify|date=February 2016}}`{=mediawiki}. Shortly after they were played in their first African Tournament. This was followed by the death of Guy Chaley which stunted the success and growth of the team. Amuzu Salim was then able to train as a coach to train the Ghana Under 18, 15 and 12 teams. Notable gap year helpers include Peter Dear who helped start the school program in Accra and surrounding areas; he donated kit. Since the first tournament, the team have been included in the Castel Beer Trophies which are development tournament for smaller rugby nations of Africa. The country reached the final of the 2009 Development Trophy in Togo.
## Overall Record {#overall_record}
Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Ghana\'s national XV at test level up until
Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Diff
---------- -------- ----- ------ ------- --------- ----- ----- ------
6 4 1 1 66.66% 125 57 +68
1 1 0 0 100.00% 36 25 +11
6 2 4 0 33.33% 56 76 -20
1 0 1 0 00.00% 3 40 -37
1 1 0 0 100.00% 17 8 +9
2 0 2 0 00.00% 34 45 -11
3 0 3 0 00.00% 18 69 -51
1 1 0 0 100.00% 29 8 +21
1 1 0 0 100.00% 23 17 +6
3 0 3 0 00.00% 16 62 -46
5 0 4 1 00.00% 33 101 -68
1 1 0 0 100.00% 57 0 +57
1 0 1 0 00.00% 0 30 -30
7 4 3 0 57.14% 79 70 +9
1 0 1 0 00.00% 12 53 -41
Total 39 15 22 2 36
| 425 |
Ghana national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,279 |
# Hilda Bynoe
**Dame Hilda Louisa Bynoe**, DBE (*née* Gibbs; 18 November 1921 -- 6 April 2013) was the Governor of Grenada between 1968 and 1974.
A doctor and hospital administrator, Bynoe was, so far, the only woman to have been a governor of one of the British Dependencies, Hilda Bynoe was the first woman Governor of a Commonwealth of Nations country, becoming Governor of Grenada, Cariacou and Petit Martinique. She spent most of her adult life as a teacher and doctor of medicine in Trinidad and Tobago.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born in Crochu, Grenada, West Indies, Bynoe was educated at the village school, where her father, Thomas Joseph Gibbs, was headmaster and where her mother, sister and aunts had at one time or the other been teachers, and at St. Joseph\'s Convent, the island\'s only Roman Catholic Secondary School for girls. The first few years of adulthood were spent as a teacher at the Convent of St. Joseph in San Fernando, Trinidad, and later at Bishop Anstey High School in Port of Spain, Trinidad, as a science student. In 1944 she left for Europe to study Medicine and graduated from the University of London\'s Royal Free Hospital, then the London School of Medicine for Women, in 1951.
## Governor of Grenada {#governor_of_grenada}
In June 1968, she was appointed Governor of Grenada, the first woman governor in the British Commonwealth and the first Grenada native to occupy the post. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969.
In January 1974, following demonstrations calling for her resignation, Bynoe made a speech over the radio calling for public support. The Prime Minister, Eric Gairy, advised the Queen to dismiss Bynoe, accusing Bynoe of attempting to undermine the Premier\'s authority to recommend the appointment and dismissal of governors. Bynoe then requested permission to retire from the Queen, which was granted.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hilda Bynoe met and married Peter Cecil Alexander Bynoe, a Trinidadian RAF Officer; they had two sons, Roland and Michael. The Bynoe family returned to the West Indies in 1953 and Hilda Bynoe served in Guyana and Trinidad for the next fifteen years.
In 1990, she retired to continue her writing and to assist in the care of her granddaughters Olukemi and Nandi. She continued as Patroness of several organizations, including the Caribbean College of Family Physicians, the John Hayes Memorial Kidney Foundation and the Caribbean Women's Association. She died, aged 91, in Trinidad
| 419 |
Hilda Bynoe
| 0 |
10,159,282 |
# Västerhaninge
**Västerhaninge** (`{{IPA|sv|vɛstɛrˈhânːɪŋɛ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a locality situated in Haninge Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. It had 15,134 inhabitants in 2010. It is connected to Stockholm by commuter rail.
Västerhaninge borders the large Hanveden forest to the north, the Jordbro locality to the east, an agricultural region to the south, and the Tungelsta area to the west. The locality lies 22 km from Stockholm and 6 km from Handen. Districts of the locality include Åbylund, Norrskogen, and Jägartorp in the north, and Ribbyberg and Nedersta in the south.
The Stockholm-Nynäs railway runs through the town, and the original station building was demolished to make way for a new one in 1997. The nearby Tungelsta station is the only one in the region to survive from the railway\'s original construction.
## Residential, service and future {#residential_service_and_future}
Västerhaninge\'s several residential areas underwent expansion in the 1960s-1980s. Housing stock today includes co-operative apartments, rental apartments and villas with multiple sites and group houses, the oldest dating to the mid-1940s. Newer residential developments at Ribby ängar, Skarplöt, and Nedersta gård are planned.
Retail and food service outlets are located near to the railway station, and convenience stores serve the suburbs. Smaller commercial centres are found in Åby and Ribby.
Workplaces are both in the public sector in trade and other commercial activities. There are crafts and manufacturing of industrial Håga. A new area of work is planned at the rapids, and shall include service station, motel and restaurant service. In Västerhaninge center planned for the expanded trade volume and the fall 2010 opening Systembolaget
In Västerhaninge are several schools of all phases and several preschools. Berga Land Management School (*Berga naturbruksgymnasium*) is targeting land, horse management, environmental protection and nature conservation.
Here we also find the Stockholm Sweden Temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which was completed in 1985.
It was the hometown of a famous musician, Dead, from the band Mayhem. & athlete Nils Engdahl
**Major streets in Västerhaninge**
- Ringvägen
- Björnvägen
- Tungelstavägen
- Gamla Nynäsvägen
- Villavägen
- Solhemsvägen
- Gränsvägen
- Huggarvägen
- Plöjarvägen
## Recreation
In Västerhaninge are Hanveden\'s sports ground with playing fields, running track and ice rink. In connection with the schools are usually one or more of playing fields. The sports ground is the central track with illuminated tracks. In the north opens Hanvedens pristine forests that are of national interest in outdoor life. North of the sports ground is Nytorp meadows with several playing fields. To the east lies Blockula riding.
South of Västerhaninge is Häringe Castle, and Almås Conference
## Nature
Västerhaninge is largely surrounded by nature. In those southern areas bordering the place to open agricultural landscape, whereas in the East meets the sea with Årsta havsbad and Berga as the central villages. In the northern part of Västerhaninge are Nytorp and Hanveden with ortentliga guide tracks within walking distance of the lake Öran. In the vicinity of Västerhaninge are also bathing areas and naturområderna Östnora, Gålö seaside and Årsta.
Other popular destinations are Berga and Ekeby Lodge both located just south of Västerhaninge.Berga Land Management School organizes every year an event called \"Mountain Days,\" where there is opportunity to look at the animals and feel the farm life.
Ekeby Lodge is best known for its Midsummer celebrations.
Also nearby is the Jordbro Grave Field, believed to be the largest Iron Age grave field in the Nordic countries.
## Transportation
**Commuter**
Line 35 Nynäshamn-Bålsta passes Västerhaninge, which has a train station in connection to the center. There are four trains an hour in Stockholm, and two trains per hour towards Nynäshamn. Travel time by train to Stockholm or Nynäshamn is about 30 minutes.
The station has been in the mid and late 1990s was the subject of rehabilitation; Extended Yard, direct connection between bus and train, the platform is accessed via a pedestrian tunnel that also serves as an improved relationship between the western and eastern Västerhaninge, new station building and the side platform and partly related to pedestrian and bicycle tunnel and heated waiting areas on platforms.
**Buses** In connection with the station is a bus terminal with \"direct connection\" between train and bus. Several bus routes serving the bus terminal. The station is a commuter parking and a taxi station.
| 713 |
Västerhaninge
| 0 |
10,159,282 |
# Västerhaninge
## Gallery
<File:Skarplöt.JPG%7CSkarplöts> nature area <File:Ribby> angar.JPG\|Housing estate in Västerhaninge <File:Vh> korsning.JPG\|The entrance to the station Västerhaninge <File:SPM> A0736.jpg\|Västerhaninge station <File:Sö> 246, Vreten
| 25 |
Västerhaninge
| 1 |
10,159,287 |
# Tirando
**Tirando** is a method of plucking used in classical guitar and flamenco guitar. *Tirando* is Spanish for \"pulling\" (in English, it is also called a \"free stroke\"). After plucking, the finger does not touch the string that is next lowest in pitch (physically higher) on the guitar, as it does with apoyando
| 54 |
Tirando
| 0 |
10,159,318 |
# Indium bromide
| 3 |
Indium bromide
| 0 |
10,159,321 |
# Grantham College
**Grantham College** is a further education and Sixth Form college in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England.
## History
Elsham House built in the 1860s, by William Hornsby (born 25 December 1838), the third son of Richard Hornsby; previously he had lived on Welby Terrace. The house often had events and promenade concerts in the summer for local organisations, or charitable causes linked to the Wesleyan church. At the time, his brother James owned Stapleford Park (his eldest brother Richard had died in 1877). In 1898 he was the High Sheriff of Lincolnshire. William died at 5am on Tuesday 10 December 1907, aged 69, at his other residence in northern Lincolnshire. William was buried thirty years, to the day, after his brother Richard. William\'s wife lived at Elsham House until her death on Friday 2 March 1917. The nine-bedroom house was planned to be sold by auction on Monday 25 June 1917, at Elmer House, but on the day of the auction, the property was requisitioned by the military to house camp cooks and waitresses. It became an Officers Mess of the Machine Gun Corps from Harrowby Camp. The house was auctioned on Saturday 14 June 1919. During the early 1920s, when owned by James William Hornsby, the house held charitable events, such as American Tea, for the NSPCC, the Kesteven WI, and Grantham Girl Guides.
On Tuesday 14 August 1923 the site was auctioned, when it was bought by the Longmore family. At this time Arthur Longmore was an Air Commodore. In December 1929 Arthur Longmore became Commandant of Royal Air Force College Cranwell until 1933, and by 1934 he was an Air Vice-Marshal, and an Air Marshal by 1935. His daughter Janet married at St Peter\'s Church, Eaton Square on Wednesday 12 June 1935; in 1948 Janet\'s husband became High Sheriff of Lincolnshire, and her son Tony in 1990. On Tuesday 9 July 1935 Arthur was knighted at Buckingham Palace, having received the honour in the 1935 Birthday Honours. Later in 1935 Air Commodore Charles Breese, and his wife, resided at the property, when head of No. 23 Group RAF in Grantham. In November 1939 Arthur was promoted to Air Chief Marshal. Arthur often went foxhunting with the nearby Belvoir Hunt. From July 1940, Lady Longmore was district commissioner of the Girl Guides; many district Girl Guide events took place at the property, notably throughout the war; on Friday 2 June 1944, the Chief Guide Olave Baden-Powell attended one of these Guiding events. His son William was married by John Jagoe, RAF Chaplain-in-Chief from 1944 to 1949, in April 1941 at St Mark\'s, Mayfair. In March 1942 Arthur stood as the Conservative candidate in the 1942 Grantham by-election. Sqn Ldr George Worth MBE (husband of Janet) stood as the Conservative candidate in the 1945 Grantham election.
### Construction
Elsham House was sold by auction on Wednesday 17 October 1945 for £5,334 to Grantham Technical College, and it was hoped to open the college by September 1947, but it would be open by at least 1948. The house, and squash court, were converted to classrooms in 1948 for £8,500. It was opened on 20 September 1948 by Kesteven County Council In 1949 £33,000 was spent on new workshops for engineering and gas fitting and classrooms.
The first part of the new college, the engineering workshops, was opened on Friday 14 September 1951 by Lt-Gen Sir Ronald Weeks (one of his grandsons is the Dorset Conservative MP Richard Drax). Also at the opening was Sir Robert Pattinson, the Chairman of Kesteven County Council, and the Chairman of the Governors, Mr Fitzherbert Wright, from Belton; Mr Wright was the former Works Director (until 1949) of Aveling-Barford, and one of daughters, Susan Mary Wright, would be the mother of Sarah, Duchess of York. The college was mostly intended to train craft apprentices for the local building industry. Fitzherbert Wright was also the chairman of Kesteven Education Committee.
Main building began in November 1952, and it became Grantham College for Further Education. The building was officially opened on Tuesday 8 September 1959 by the conservationist Sir Peter Scott. Building had cost £252,031 and equipment had cost £52,377.
### Events
In November 1954, at the annual prize evening at the Grantham Barracks, aeronautical engineer Sir Frederick Handley Page, gave out the prizes. Sir Frederick said \'The danger of these modern times is the slow extermination of the individual, and I fear that the time may approach when men and women my become mere units and numbers\'.
On Wednesday 1 November 1967 the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nottingham, Frederick Dainton, Baron Dainton, gave out the prizes.
When run by Kesteven Council, many evening events would take place at the college, in the 1960s; Sleaford did not have such a college. But once Lincolnshire County Council took over, in 1974, the college became much more peripheral, and any event that was operated under the leadership of the county council would take place in Lincoln instead.
The Kesteven Drama Festival had the final at the college in April 1961.
| 843 |
Grantham College
| 0 |
10,159,321 |
# Grantham College
## History
### Teaching
The pre-nursing course was approved by the General Nursing Council in July 1960, and the Ministry of Education.
Qualifications in book-keeping were provided by the East Midland Educational Union. Much construction training was through day release. Construction courses led to the National Certificate of Building Construction. Language courses were set by the Institute of Linguists. Carpentry exams were set by the British Institute of Certified Carpenters. Construction exams were set by the National Joint Council for the Building Industry
In 1958 the Ministry of Power set up a committee to look at examinations for the iron ore industry. Day release courses were taught at the college and at Scunthorpe, Melton and Kettering. The C&G courses were the Iron Ore Operatives course, and the Iron Ore Quarrying Certificate. From September 1960 it was the first, and only, in the country to offer a block release course in the Iron Ore Quarrying Advanced Certificate, supported by the National Council of Associated Iron Ore Producers, and National Joint Board for the Iron Ore Industry. There was not a wide enough interest in that type of course across England. It was a three-year course, mostly for people who had attended a grammar school.
In February 1962 it was the first in the country to have a block release for the Sand, Gravel and Quarrying Certificate, a C&G course. It would be one week in four, over two years, supported by the Institute of Quarrying and Sand and Gravel Association of Great Britain. People came from Scotland, Nottinghamshire, Kent and Somerset, staying in hotel accommodation for the four days. In 1961 a Somerset company had sent a letter to the college enquiring about a similar course to the iron ore quarrying, but in sand and gravel.
But, in August 1969, a proposed £130m steel plant at Scunthorpe Steelworks, by the British Steel Corporation, would mean the closure of the iron ore quarries at Exton Park and Sproxton Quarry around 1973, as the Northampton Sand Formation was not good enough. There were around three hundred people working in these mines. A new iron ore terminal would be built at Immingham Dock, the Immingham Bulk Terminal, to take steel production at Scunthorpe from 3,100,000 tons to 5,400,000 tons, known as the \'Anchor project\'.
From September 1961, it was decided to have only two training centres for gas fitting in Lincolnshire. One would be at Grantham, and the other at Grimsby FE College. From September 1968, the East Midlands Gas Board had requested that training be given as block-release, not day-release.
A licensed trades catering course was introduced in September 1961. The course was the National Trade Development Association\'s Innkeepers Catering Diploma. The NTDA became part of the Brewers\' Society in December 1975.
From September 1963 it introduced a course for people in solicitors offices, legal assistants, who were not supported by the Institute of Legal Executives.
From September 1964 Kesteven Council decided to experiment with combining secondary education at the college, for one year. All 15-16 year olds at the William Robertson School in Welbourn would have one day a week at the college being taught commerce. College teachers would also visit the school.
In 1967 Rutland had 157 at FE college; of these, 75 were at Grantham College, and 51 at Melton College.
| 554 |
Grantham College
| 1 |
10,159,321 |
# Grantham College
## History
### Principals
- January 1948 George Frederick Johnson, left August 1971, awarded the OBE in the 1972 Birthday Honours, originally from Sunderland, he lived at Great Gonerby.
- September 1971 David Malcolm Lyon, the former head of commerce at Carlton College of FE, Nottinghamshire, he lived at Great Gonerby. He became the Principal of Chesterfield College in 1979. He saw full time numbers rise from 250 to 547.
- 1979 Terry Keith Jones, he lived in Barrowby
### Sport
Grantham Squash Club met at the college\'s two courts, until the club built their own site in 1970, after receiving a Sports Council grant.
### Education across Grantham {#education_across_grantham}
In the early 1970s there were advanced proposals by Kesteven County Council (based in Sleaford) to abolish the eleven-plus selection system in the Grantham area and use Grantham College as the only sixth form in the town. Mary Large, the Chairman of the Kesteven Education Committee, said that more young people preferred to go to college rather than stay in a school sixth form because of the \'more adult atmosphere\'. In 1973 the Education Secretary, Margaret Thatcher, had to approve the plan, which involved converting her former school, Kesteven and Grantham Girls\' School, into a mixed comprehensive. It was not approved.
In April 1974 control of the college passed from Kesteven to Lincolnshire County Council in Lincoln. Later, in 1979, it became Grantham College of Further Education. In the early 1990s control passed to the Further Education Funding Council for England, then to the East Midlands Learning and Skills Council based at Leicester. Also in the early 1990s the college name was shortened to Grantham College, and became an Associate College of Nottingham Trent University. It is now an Associate College of the University of Bedfordshire, and Bishop Grosseteste University College, and through these it offers HND, HNC, and Foundation degree courses.
The college was never officially a fully developed sixth form college, although used for that purpose; in 2008 a purpose-built sixth form college opened in Grantham at the Walton Girls High School.
From September 2010 the college provided for equestrian courses at The Paddocks Equestrian Centre at Hough-on-the-Hill, a village to the north of Grantham.
### Visits
- Minister of Education Florence Horsbrugh (the first female Conservative cabinet minister) visited Grantham on Friday 31 October 1952, and arrived at the college at 10.30am on the Saturday morning, to lay a foundation stone, and she visited the college for five hours. Also attending was Sir Robert Pattinson, and the Bishop of Grantham, who delivered an episcopal blessing before the ceremony.
- On the evening of 29 November 1963, the Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, gave a talk at the college.
| 453 |
Grantham College
| 2 |
10,159,321 |
# Grantham College
## Structure
Grantham College\'s Elsham House building was built by Richard Hornsby & Sons in the 1860s. The college has 77 residential places in Sedgwick Hall and Sedgwick Mews halls of residence. A satellite to Grantham College is Sleaford College, in the nearby town of Sleaford.
The former Girls Central School became an annexe of the college, known as the Teachers Centre Annexe.
In January 1967 a 40 ft radio mast was put on the top of the college, for police radio transmissions.
A pottery studio was built in Elsham House from September 1968, to form part of an art centre.
It acquired a sports field in October 1969.
On Monday 19 September 1994 it opened its first residential block called Sedgwick Hall, for 49. It cost £650,000. The college was now separate from the county council. It could never have built this building when under the county council.
It was given a drinks licence in September 1995.
Grantham College is accessed via the A1 and East Coast Main Line, and the A52 from the east. However, most college usage is by those who live in close proximity. Similar education is available further north from Grantham, at Lincoln College\'s sites in Lincoln and Newark-on-Trent, and 25 mi to east at Boston College in Boston. The other nearby Lincolnshire towns of Spalding and Bourne do not have FE colleges.
### Sleaford
The Sleaford Evening Institute began with evening classes at the Sleaford Secondary Modern School on Church Lane, and classes would be taught also at Grantham Technical College, for some of those attending the evening institute. There were also evening institutes in Claypole, Heckington, Bourne, Billinghay and North Hykeham, at the relevant local schools, run by Kesteven Council. Sleaford College was launched in 1999 on Eastgate by Grantham and Boston colleges.
| 303 |
Grantham College
| 3 |
10,159,321 |
# Grantham College
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Beverley Allitt - Serial killer nurse.
- W
| 16 |
Grantham College
| 4 |
10,159,323 |
# Kyrgyzstan national rugby union team
The **Kyrgyzstan national rugby union team** represents Kyrgyzstan in international rugby union. The Kyrgyzstan Federation of Rugby, which governs the sport of rugby in the country, has been a full member of Asia Rugby and an associate member of World Rugby since November 2004.
## Results
Date Home Score Away Competition Location Attendance Ref
| 60 |
Kyrgyzstan national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,361 |
# Indium(I) bromide
**Indium(I) bromide** is a chemical compound of indium and bromine. It is a red crystalline compound that is isostructural with β-TlI and has a distorted rock salt structure. Indium(I) bromide is generally made from the elements, heating indium metal with InBr~3~. It has been used in the sulfur lamp. In organic chemistry, it has been found to promote the coupling of α, α-dichloroketones to 1-aryl-butane-1,4-diones. Oxidative addition reactions with for example alkyl halides to give alkyl indium halides and with NiBr complexes to give Ni-In bonds are known. It is unstable in water decomposing into indium metal and indium tribromide. When indium dibromide is dissolved in water, InBr is produced as a, presumably, insoluble red precipitate, that then rapidly decomposes
| 123 |
Indium(I) bromide
| 0 |
10,159,386 |
# Arth (film)
***Arth*** (`{{translation|Meaning}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1982 Indian drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt, starring Shabana Azmi and Kulbhushan Kharbanda in lead roles and Smita Patil, Raj Kiran and Rohini Hattangadi in supporting roles. It features soundtracks by Ghazal duo, Jagjit Singh and Chitra Singh.
The semi-autobiographical film was written by Mahesh Bhatt about his extramarital relationship with Parveen Babi. It was listed as one of the 25 Must See Bollywood Movies by Indiatimes Movies. The film was remade in Tamil as *Marupadiyum* (1993) by Balu Mahendra. In 2017, Pakistani actor and director Shaan Shahid released *Arth 2* and Bhatt acted as a \"mentor\" during production.
## Plot
Pooja, who grew up as an orphan girl and always dreamt of owning a house, becomes insecure when she finds out that she and her husband, Inder, have to vacate the apartment they rent. The twist that occurred when Inder gives her the keys of a new house proves to be double-edged, when it is revealed that he is in love with another woman, Kavita, with whom he earned the money (in the film industry) for the new apartment. While previously giving advice to her maid cheated by her husband, now Pooja becomes herself involved in a similar situation. When Inder deserts Pooja for Kavita, she chooses to leave the apartment for a women\'s hostel with only `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}2000 that she had when she got married. She is helped by Raj to surpass the difficulties of life as a single person, to find a job and to rely morally on herself. Raj and Pooja become good friends. Gradually, Kavita\'s mental instability deepens her fears of insecurity, even after Inder requests Pooja to sign the divorce papers.
Raj falls in love with Pooja and proposes to her. She refuses saying she is empty and cannot give him anything. Raj tries to persuade her saying that she cannot spend the rest of her life feeling miserable about the past and that she should try to find a new life for herself. Pooja promises to think about it.
Pooja\'s maid, whose only aim in life is to secure a good education for her daughter, has saved `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}1000 towards her admission fees. She finds out that her drunk husband has stolen the money. Furious, she searches for him to find him in the arms of his lover after spending all the money. She kills him and goes to the police station and confesses her crime. Worried about her daughter, she calls Pooja who promises to take care of the daughter.
After the insistence of Kavita\'s mother and her personal doctor, Pooja personally assures Kavita that she is not interested in Inder any more. However, Pooja\'s attitude only convinces Kavita that breaking Pooja\'s marriage was a mistake. To escape from her feeling of guilt and insecurity, she breaks-up with Inder. The latter tries to revive his relation with Pooja, but is rejected.
Pooja continues to live with her maid\'s daughter and refuses to marry Raj saying that she has found a new meaning to life in being independent and being a mother to the child and marrying Raj will only weaken her.
## Cast
- Shabana Azmi as Pooja Malhotra
- Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Inder Malhotra
- Smita Patil as Kavita Sanyal
- Raj Kiran as Raj
- Rohini Hattangadi as Pooja\'s maid
- Dina Pathak as Kavita\'s mother
- Om Shivpuri as Kavita\'s doctor
- Mazhar Khan as Harish
- Gulshan Grover as Gulshan
- Dalip Tahil as Dilip
- Gita Siddharth as Aparna
- Siddharth Kak as Anil
- Shammi as Mrs. Bhalla
- Chand Usmani as School Administrator
- Kiran Vairale as Pooja\'s Hostel Room-Mate
## Soundtrack
| 613 |
Arth (film)
| 0 |
10,159,386 |
# Arth (film)
## Box-office {#box_office}
The film was made on a budget of `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}1 crore and grossed `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}2 crore at the Box-office and was declared as \"Super Hit\" by the Box-office
| 32 |
Arth (film)
| 1 |
10,159,398 |
# Mate Lacić
**Mate Lacić** (born 12 September 1980) is a Croatian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.
## Club career {#club_career}
Lacić signed a two-year contract with German side 1860 München in summer 2000.
After retiring as a player, he worked as a scout for Polish side Legia Warsaw
| 52 |
Mate Lacić
| 0 |
10,159,408 |
# Purvanchal Range
The **Purvanchal Range**, or the **Eastern Highlands**, refers to the northern portion of the Indo-Burman Ranges. It extends through the northeast Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram.
## Geography
The Purvanchal Range or Eastern Mountains covers an area of about 94,800 km^2^ with a population of over four million incorporates Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram Hills, Cachar district and a fifth of Haflong tahsil in Assam state, and Tirap district as well as part of Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh.
The range is the northern portion of the Indo-Burman Range, in north eastern India. It bends sharply to the south beyond the Dihang River gorge, and spreads along the eastern boundary of India with Myanmar. The Purvanchal includes the hill of the Patkai hills, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills and Manipur hills
| 138 |
Purvanchal Range
| 0 |
10,159,416 |
# 1790 in architecture
The year **1790 in architecture** involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
## Events
- *date unknown* -- Work begins on the East India Company\'s Plantation House in Saint Helena, which remains the official residence of the Governor.
## Buildings and structures {#buildings_and_structures}
### Buildings completed {#buildings_completed}
- New church of the Abbey of St Genevieve in Paris, designed by Jacques-Germain Soufflot and finished by Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, is completed to serve as the Panthéon.
- Estrela Basilica in Lisbon.
- All Saints church, Wellington, Shropshire, England, designed by George Steuart.
- Royal Observatory in Madrid, designed by Juan de Villanueva.
- Härnösand Residence in Sweden.
- The Pitot House, New Orleans built by Don Santiago Lorreins (bought by James Pitot in 1809).
- The John Dodd Hat Shop in Danbury, Connecticut, built by lawyer John Dodd.
- The bridge at Warwick Castle, England.
- Monmouth County Gaol, UK, designed by William Blackburn.
## Births
- May 4 -- Archibald Simpson, Scottish architect practicing in Aberdeen (died 1847)
- November 7 -- Karol Podczaszyński, Polish neoclassical architect (died 1860)
## Deaths
- February 16 -- John Hawks, American architect (born c
| 195 |
1790 in architecture
| 0 |
10,159,423 |
# European Personnel Selection Office
The **European Personnel Selection Office** (EPSO) is responsible for selecting staff to work for the institutions and agencies of the European Union including the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors, the European External Action Service, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Ombudsman. Each institution is then able to recruit staff from among the pool of candidates selected by EPSO. On average, EPSO receives around 60,000-70,000 applications a year with around 1,500-2,000 candidates recruited by the European Union institutions.
## Selection policy {#selection_policy}
### Open Competitions {#open_competitions}
The selection of staff is based on a system of open competitions. They are organised by EPSO for permanent positions as career civil servants, and for a limited number of fixed term contracts in accordance with the Staff Regulations of the EU institutions, on the basis of harmonised criteria. EPSO cannot consider any application or CV submitted outside the framework of an official competition or selection procedure.
The details of an open competition are set out in a Notice of Competition, which is published in the Official *Journal of the European Union* and made available on the EPSO website. The Notice includes information on the selection criteria, the job profile and duties involved, the number of places on the reserve list, the qualifications and experience required, and the format of the tests at each stage of the selection process. To reach a wider range of candidates in the Member States, additional information about open competitions may be published in the national press, specialised press or electronic media. EPSO also participates in recruitment fairs for graduates in the Member States.
The schedule of current and planned competitions is available on the [EU Careers/EPSO Website](https://epso.europa.eu/home_en).
### Selection Criteria {#selection_criteria}
The eligibility requirements for EPSO selection procedures vary depending on the profile sought. In general, EU citizenship and thorough knowledge of a EU language plus satisfactory knowledge of a second official EU language are required.
| 347 |
European Personnel Selection Office
| 0 |
10,159,423 |
# European Personnel Selection Office
## Profiles sought {#profiles_sought}
The majority of EU staff is made up of permanent civil servants, who are selected through a series of competitive examinations, commonly known as an open competition, which are organised by EPSO. However, many senior staff are recruited from outside the EU civil service.
The EU institutions also employ staff on a temporary basis and these are also selected by means of tests organised by EPSO.
The staff of the EU institutions fall into one of the following categories:
### Permanent officials {#permanent_officials}
Permanent staff is divided into three categories: administrators (AD), assistants (AST) and assistants-secretaries (AST-SC)
The work at the EU Institutions covers a huge range of areas and types of work. Graduate level administrators\' work include formulating and negotiating draft EU laws, managing EU-wide programmes, or administering aid projects in the developing world. Equally, employees might also be participating in a specific scientific research programme, or for example, drafting the decision of the European Court of Justice or the European Ombudsman.
Assistants and Assistants-Secretaries contribute to implementing policies in various areas of EU activities or are responsible for secretarial and clerical work and ensuring the efficient operation of an administrative unit. They also play an important role in the internal management of the Institutions, notably in budgetary and financial affairs, HR, IT or librarianship.
### Contract agents {#contract_agents}
EPSO also organises the selection of contract agents, who are employed for a temporary period with an initial contract running for a maximum of three to six years, depending on the type of the contract. Contract agents are recruited, for example, to do manual or administrative support--service tasks or provide additional capacity in specialised fields where officials with the required skills are not available.
### Temporary agents {#temporary_agents}
EPSO does not organise the selection of temporary agents. The institutions\' vacancy notices and employee profiles are published on the EPSO Website and sent to the Permanent Representations of the Member States. Temporary agents may be employed to perform a range of highly specialised or temporary tasks for a maximum period of six years.
## Career opportunities {#career_opportunities}
The European Civil Service offers a range of career opportunities throughout the European Union institutions. The majority of graduate opportunities are in administration and management, giving staff the opportunity to work in a variety of policy areas throughout their career. Each Notice of Competition provides a detailed description of the expected job content and qualifications or experience sought.
A job may involve participating in the EU legislative processes such as drafting a new legislation to tackle climate change, shaping EU\'s Energy policy, interpreting and applying EU law, analysing European markets to ensure free and fair competition, participating in operations providing humanitarian aid or monitoring the application of the Lisbon strategy to achieve the growth of the European knowledge based economy. Scientists and researchers form an important base for developing the EU\'s research and technological development policy. As in any international and multicultural organisation, the support tasks of Human Resources, Financial Management, IT and linguists are very challenging and important for the working of the institutions.
There are 24 official languages in the European Union; and so a variety of career opportunities are available to linguists (translators, interpreters, as well as lawyer-linguists (legal translators)), for example, interpreting the President of the European Parliament, the commission and allowing the citizens to read EU legislation, Court decisions and the European Parliament or the European Council debates in their mother tongue around the European Union.
Assistants may become administrators through an internal certification process and take on more responsibilities.
| 600 |
European Personnel Selection Office
| 1 |
10,159,423 |
# European Personnel Selection Office
## Selection process {#selection_process}
The selection procedures were reformed in 2010. The structure of each competition and the types of tests are described in detail in the Notice of Competition. After each stage in the competition, only the highest scoring candidates (usually a pre-determined number in the Notice) who have achieved a pass mark are admitted to the next stage.
When a competition is published, EU citizens are invited to apply electronically by creating their own EPSO account directly on the EPSO website. All communication with candidates is done electronically through their EPSO account. EPSO normally organises pre-selection tests in specialised test centres worldwide; therefore, candidates may select their preferred testing location at the time of online registration. The assessment phase is usually held in Brussels or Luxembourg.
A Selection Board, made up of representatives of the institutions and staff representatives, is responsible for approving the content of the questions and evaluating candidates at written and oral stages of the competition.
EPSO ensures that its selection procedures are fair and effective. In particular EPSO applies a policy of equal opportunities throughout the selection process. EPSO also ensures that applicants\' personal data are processed in compliance with the rules on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data (Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000).
### Stages of the competition {#stages_of_the_competition}
The selection procedure for permanent officials normally begins with Computer Based Testing (CBT) that comprises multiple-choice tests assessing candidates\' knowledge of the European Union, and numerical, verbal and abstract reasoning skills and situational judgement.
Depending on the profile sought, intermediary tests can be organised, such as translation tests, E-tray, and Talent Screener (an in depth analysis of the candidates\' files based on a series of specific questions).
In the assessment centre, there is normally a case study, oral presentation, group exercise and a competency-based interview. EPSO does not organise courses to prepare for the different stages of the competitions but candidates can follow the courses from companies where they have the chance to simulate the different tests.
For contract agents, the pre-selection stage is similar to that of the open competitions for permanent staff and consist of verbal, numerical and abstract reasoning. In addition, candidates may be asked to sit a third test to ascertain their specific competences relevant to the profile of the competition.
### Recruitment
Recruitment is the sole responsibility of each individual institution. EPSO\'s task is to deliver and manage the reserve lists of qualified successful candidates. At the end of the selection process the highest-scoring candidates are placed on a reserve list for consideration by the institutions for specific vacancies. These reserve lists are published in the EPSO website and are normally valid for one to three years, with the possibility of extension.
| 475 |
European Personnel Selection Office
| 2 |
10,159,423 |
# European Personnel Selection Office
## Language regime {#language_regime}
In its judgment of 24 September 2015 (joined cases T‑124/13 and T‑191/13), the Court found EPSO\'s linguistic regime objectionable on the two grounds raised by the Italian and Spanish governments. Firstly, it held that it was unacceptable for EPSO not to communicate with candidates in languages other than the three working languages. In essence, the Court expects EPSO to ensure that candidates are able to submit their application in any of the 24 Official EU Languages and any EPSO correspondence with applicants must also be in the language they chose for their application. Secondly, the Court also annulled the requirement to choose English, French or German as the second language of the selection (essentially the language of the Assessment Centre phase). This again has been viewed as discrimination on the basis of language.
For generalist competitions, each candidate must indicate at least two official languages of the European Union (minimum level required: at least one language at level B2 or higher and one language at level C1 or higher). The languages for the tests will be selected based on the candidates\' choices, taking into account the interests of the recruiting services and the Institutions.
In the second phase of application candidates have to indicate the two languages for the tests (chosen only from the languages previously declared during the first application phase):
- Language 1: language of the verbal, numerical and abstract reasoning tests -- this can be any of the 24 EU languages for which the candidate had declared the required level (B2 level or above). This must be different from Language 2
- Language 2: language for the other tests (professional skills tests, e-tray and other assessment phase tests) and the application form during the second phase -- this must be one of the five languages most frequently declared by all candidates that will be communicated to shortly after the closure of the first registration period. This language must be different from Language 1.
In order to include a maximum of applicants having one of the five vehicular languages allowed for above, candidates are invited to declare all official EU languages of which they have knowledge, including their main language. EPSO will then consolidate all application forms validated by the first deadline in order to rank the languages declared at B2 level or higher in descending order and compare these with the needs of the services to ensure an appropriate fit. The 5 languages in which the situational judgment test, e-tray and the assessment centre will take place (language 2) will be determined on this basis by EPSO acting as Appointing Authority.
## Equality of treatment {#equality_of_treatment}
EPSO applies an equal opportunities policy and accepts applications without distinction on grounds of sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation.
EPSO applies a policy of anonymity as a guarantee of equal treatment for candidates and its selection procedures are organised, to the greatest extent possible, to ensure equal treatment. The testing methods and test items are regularly assessed in terms of gender equality.
The Institutions do not organise personnel selection competitions specifically for persons with a disability. However, EPSO takes all reasonable measures that facilitate participation by persons with a disability in competitions on an equal basis with the other candidates. In practical terms, EPSO proactively seeks information from candidates on the nature of their disability and proactively adapts the administration of the tests to their needs. Facilities and variety of test administration options provided to disabled candidates include the tests in Braille, on paper, with extra time, and/or are being assessed in special facilities, and where appropriate, an individual invigilator is assigned to the candidate.
| 638 |
European Personnel Selection Office
| 3 |
10,159,423 |
# European Personnel Selection Office
## Criticisms
The human resources policy of the EU institutions has been subject to much criticism. While there is a popular image of EU staff as over-paid, new employees may find this image hard to square with their own experience. Firstly, salaries and other benefits have been much reduced following a 2004 package of staff reforms; while salaries are relatively attractive to staff coming from new member states, the same cannot be said for many EU10 member state employees. This situation is aggravated by the EU refusal to recognise more than a minimal level of work experience earned outside the institutions, a particularly malign policy given that the average age of entry for AD5 (\'graduate-level\') staff in the commission is 34 years old (2009 Commission Human Resources Report).
Secondly, promotion prospects for administrators are extremely poor; the commission\'s own statistics reveal that an average career progression from AD5 to AD14 (Director level) takes 35--40 years, obviously unattainable for the average entrant who joins at 34 years old. It is not unusual to find staff in their 40s and 50s performing tasks that new graduates would carry out in more dynamic organisations. Management experience in the institutions is hard to gain, and further frustrates the possibilities for EU officials to attain senior management positions.
As EPSO only manages selection for the institutions it cannot be held responsible for staff career prospects. Instead, the challenge for EPSO is to improve the administration of open competitions -- at present, a bafflingly random way of sifting through thousands of applications to place on a list of \'qualified candidates\' (rather than, say, for specific vacancies). Successful laureates have no legal guarantee of recruitment, indeed many wait years on the reserve lists without ever being offered a position. EPSO has shortened the average length of the concours from around 15 months to between 5--9 months.
On 15 June, the Civil Service Tribunal of the European Union issued its ruling in case F-35/08, Pachtitis/Commission, which principally concerned the authority of the European Personnel Selection Office to set pre-selection tests. The cornerstone of the case was an interpretation of Annex III of the Staff Regulations, which led the Tribunal to conclude that only the Selection Board, and not EPSO, has the power to determine the content of questions for pre-selection test. Since the ruling pre-selection tests are organised under the responsibility of the Selection Board. Following the decision EPSO arranged a new competition for the approximately 36000 candidates who were excluded from the open competition EPSO/AD/177/10
| 423 |
European Personnel Selection Office
| 4 |
10,159,436 |
# Iris Hoey
**Wilhelmina Iris Winifred Hasbach** (17 July 1885 -- 13 May 1979), known as **Iris Hoey**, was a British actress in the first half of the twentieth century, both on stage and in movies.
## Early life {#early_life}
Iris Hoey was born in London, daughter of Wilhelm Anton Hasbach, a professor of political economy.
## Career
In the early part of her career, Hoey alternated performances in straight theatre alongside Beerbohm Tree with musical comedy with George Edwardes; she appeared in minor musical roles in *Les P\'tites Michu* and the 1906 revival of *The Geisha*.
Her first film appearance was in *East Lynne* (1922), an adaptation of the 1861 sensation novel by Mrs Henry Wood; during her busiest period of film work (the 1930s), in 1934 she appeared in the West End in the play *Mary Read*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hoey married first, in 1911, Mashiter (\"Max\") Leeds (1883-1937), of Spring Grove, Bishopstoke, Hampshire, grandson of Sir Joseph Edward Leeds, 2nd baronet; they were divorced in 1922, having had a son, Joseph Mashiter Leeds (born 1912).
She married Cyril Raymond in 1922; on 4 December 1923, their son, John North Blagrave Raymond (1923-1977), was born in Bristol; he was a journalist and literary editor of the *New Statesman*.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------ --------------------------
1922 *East Lynne* Isabel Carlyle Short
1922 *Tense Moments with Great Authors* Isabel Carlyle (segment \"East Lynne\")
1931 *Her Reputation* Dultitia Sloane
1934 *Those Were the Days* Agatha Poskett
1935 *Royal Cavalcade* Waitress Uncredited
1936 *Living Dangerously* Lady Annesley
1936 *One in a Million* Mrs. Fenwick
1936 *A Star Fell from Heaven* Frau Heinmeyer
1936 *The Tenth Man* Lady Etchingham
1936 *The Limping Man* Mrs. Paget
1937 *The Perfect Crime* Mrs. Pennypacker
1937 *Let\'s Make a Night of It* Laura Boydell
1938 *Jane Steps Out* Mrs. Wilton
1938 *Edgar Wallace\'s The Terror* Mrs. Elvery
1938 *Pygmalion* Ysabel Social Reporter
1940 *The Midas Touch* Ellie Morgan
1940 *Just William* Mrs
| 330 |
Iris Hoey
| 0 |
10,159,437 |
# Mali national rugby union team
The **Mali national rugby union team** represents Mali in international rugby union. Mali are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB), and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup. The Mali national rugby team played their first international against Benin in 2003, winning the match. They also defeated Senegal that season. In 2005, Mali made history, by winning their first northern section crown of the CAR Castel Beer Trophy. The popularity of the sport of rugby in Mali is on the rise
| 91 |
Mali national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,441 |
# Charles Edward Sayle
**Charles Edward Sayle** (6 December 1864 -- 4 July 1924) was an English Uranian poet, literary scholar and librarian.
He was the youngest son of Robert Sayle, the founder of a Cambridge department store, and Priscilla Caroline Sayle. Educated at Rugby School, he matriculated in 1883 at New College, Oxford. He returned to Cambridge and was engaged on cataloguing work in the libraries of St John\'s College, Cambridge and the Union Society. In 1893 he entered Cambridge University Library and served as an under-librarian.
His life was devoted to the library and to bibliography. He edited the *Annals* of the library, and his chief works for it were a *Catalogue of Early English Printed Books*, four vols., 1900--1907; a *Catalogue of the Bradshaw Collection of Irish Books*, three vols., 1916. He also made a catalogue of early printed books in the McClean Bequest to the Fitzwilliam Museum; and edited the works of Thomas Browne.
His works include *Bertha: a story of love* (1885), *Wicliff: an historical drama* (1887), *Erotidia* (1889), *Musa Consolatrix* (1893), *Private Music* (1911) and *Cambridge Fragments* (1913). He also edited an anthology of verse, *In Praise of Music* (1897) and compiled *Annals of Cambridge University Library; 1278--1900* (1916). He edited the 3-volume *Works of Sir Thomas Browne*; volumes I & II were published in 1904 by Grant Richards in London; volume III was published in 1907 by John Grant in Edinburgh.
Charles Sayle\'s salon, a circle of bright, handsome and predominantly homosexual young men who congregated at his house on Trumpington Street, Cambridge, included Rupert Brooke, George Mallory, Augustus Bartholomew, Jacques Raverat and Geoffrey Keynes.
Sayle\'s publisher was Bernard Quaritch, a bookseller who specialised in unpopular but praiseworthy scholastic publications
| 287 |
Charles Edward Sayle
| 0 |
10,159,449 |
# Chetthathirat
**Chetthathirat** (*เชษฐาธิราช*, `{{IAST|Jeṣaṭhādhirāja}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Borommaracha II** (*บรมราชาที่ ๒*; c. 1613 -- 1629) was the eldest son of King Song Tham and older brother of Athittayawong and Phra Sisin or Phra Phanpi Sisin (*พระพันปีศรีศิลป์*), all three of the House of Sukhothai. In childhood he was known as **Chetthakuman** (พระเชษฐากุมาร), meaning \'Chettha the Infant\', or simply **Chettha**.
## Reign
Chetthathirat reigned for around a year according to Songtham\'s wishes conveyed to Okya Sri Vorawong (*ออกญาศรีวรวงศ์*) or Phraya Siworawong -- an influential royal page. The events were detailed by Jeremias van Vliet.
This proposed succession was objected to by some leaders in the kingdom, including the military minister, Samuha Kalahom Chao Phraya Maha Sena. Siworawong gained supporters in the government, and even used the services of Yamada Nagamasa the *Okya* Senaphimuk (*ออกญาเสนาภิมุข*). Upon king Songtham's death, Chetthathirat took the throne and Siworawong arrested and executed those who had opposed the idea. The new king made Siworawong military minister, as Okya Kalahom Siworawong (*ออกญากลาโหมสุริยวงศ์*) or Chaophraya Kalahom.
Siworawong then induced Phra Sisin, who had entered the priesthood, to come to the palace with his followers. Siworawong captured him and ordered his execution. However, Chetthathirat spared his life but exiled him to Phetchaburi. Later Chetthathirat did execute Phra Sisin, when he plotted rebellion.
## Death
Upon the death of Siworawong\'s mother, Siworawong held a grand cremation ceremony over several days, attended by every government servant. This jealously infuriated the king who was attempting to conduct government business, and punished those servants. Siworawong sought to protect those servants and they vowed their support in opposing the monarch. They attacked the palace, captured the king and executed him. The throne was given to his younger brother Phra Athittayawong
| 283 |
Chetthathirat
| 0 |
10,159,461 |
# Kumphawapi district
**Kumphawapi** (*กุมภวาปี*, `{{IPA|th|kūm.pʰā.wāː.pīː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *กุมภวาปี*, `{{IPA|tts|kùm.pʰā.wâː.pìː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the southern part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Etymology
*Kumpha* *กุมภ\[า\]* is from Sanskrit \'pitcher\' or \'water-pot\', as reflected in the name of February, associated with the zodiac sign of Aquarius. *Wapi* *วาปี* is from Sanskrit \'pond\', synonymous with หนองนํ้า, บึง.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the southwest clockwise): Non Sa-at, Nong Saeng, Mueang Udon Thani, Prachaksinlapakhom, Ku Kaeo and Si That of Udon Thani Province; Tha Khantho of Kalasin province and Kranuan of Khon Kaen province.
North of the central town is the shallow Nong Han Kumphawapi Lake. The lake is surrounded by marshland, one of the largest natural wetlands in northeast Thailand. The lake is drained by Lam Pao .
## History
*Mueang* Kumphawapi was one of the four original subdivisions of Udon Thani, which were converted into *amphoes* during the *thesaphiban* administrative reforms in 1908.
## Symbols
The district slogan is \"Kumphawapi, city of sugar, monkey park, highland of glass Buddha station, goose wetland stream of life.\"
## Administration
### Central administration {#central_administration}
Kumphawapi is divided into 13 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 176 administrative villages (*mubans*).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
------ ------------ ------ ---------- --------
1\. Tum Tai 9 7,042
2\. Phan Don 20 17,410
3\. Wiang Kham 18 10,496
4\. Chaelae 14 10,311
6\. Chiang Wae 13 8,633
7\. Huai Koeng 8 5,424
9\. Soephloe 19 11,959
10\. Si O 8 4,546
11\. Pakho 17 11,304
13\. Pha Suk 10 6,379
14\. Tha Li 14 9,775
15\. Kumphawapi 15 12,890
16\. Nong Wa 11 8,072
Missing numbers are *tambon* which now form Prachak Sinlapakhom District.
### Local administration {#local_administration}
There are nine sub-district municipalities (*thesaban tambons*) in the district:
- Kumphawapi (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลกุมภวาปี*) consisting of parts of sub-district Kumphawapi.
- Phan Don (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลพันดอน*) consisting of parts of sub-district Phan Don.
- Huai Koeng (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลห้วยเกิ้ง*) consisting of sub-district Huai Koeng.
- Pa Kho (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลปะโค*) consisting of sub-district Pakho.
- Wiang Kham (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลเวียงคำ*) consisting of sub-district Wiang Kham.
- Nong Wa (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลหนองหว้า*) consisting of sub-district Nong Wa.
- Kong Phan Phan Don (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลกงพานพันดอน*) consisting of parts of sub-district Phan Don.
- Chaelae (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลแชแล*) consisting of sub-district Chaelae.
- Chiang Wae (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลเชียงแหว*) consisting of sub-district Chiang Wae.
There are six subdistrict administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
- Tum Tai (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลตูมใต้*) consisting of sub-district Tum Tai.
- Soephloe (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลเสอเพลอ*) consisting of sub-district Soephloe.
- Si O (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลสีออ*) consisting of sub-district Si O.
- Pha Suk (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลผาสุก*) consisting of sub-district Pha Suk.
- Tha Li (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลท่าลี่*) consisting of sub-district Tha Li.
- Kumphawapi (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลกุมภวาปี*) consisting of parts of sub-district Kumphawapi
| 454 |
Kumphawapi district
| 0 |
10,159,469 |
# Mauritania national rugby union team
The **Mauritania national rugby union team** represents Mauritania in international rugby union. Mauritania are a member of the International Rugby Board (IRB), and have yet to play in a Rugby World Cup tournament. The Mauritania national rugby team played their first ever international against Ghana in 2003, with Ghana winning the game 29 points to 8
| 62 |
Mauritania national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,471 |
# Eucalyptus cornuta
***Eucalyptus cornuta***, commonly known as **yate**, is a tree species, sometimes a mallee and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on all or most of its trunk, smooth bark above, mostly lance-shaped adult leaves, elongated flower buds in groups of eleven or more, yellowish flowers and cylindrical to cup-shaped fruit. It is widely cultivated and produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world.
## Description
*Eucalyptus cornuta* is a tree that typically grows to a height of 25 m with a crown 8-12 m wide, sometimes a mallee to 10 m, and forms a lignotuber. New stems may fork out from the trunk or the lignotuber or multiple main stems may replace a single trunk in older specimens. It has rough, fibrous, brown to almost black bark on all or part of its trunk, smooth greyish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to more or less round leaves 40-70 mm long, 20-70 mm wide and paler on the lower surface. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy green on both sides, usually lance-shaped, mostly 60-135 mm long and 10-33 mm wide on a petiole 5-20 mm long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of eleven or more on a rounded to flattened, unbranched peduncle 12-32 mm long, the individual buds usually sessile. Mature buds are elongated, 23-42 mm long and 5-8 mm wide with a horn-shaped operculum between four and seven times as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs between January and May or from July to November and the flowers are yellowish green. The fruit is a woody cylindrical to cup-shaped capsule 5-12 mm long and 6-13 mm wide with the seeds released through slits between the valves.
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
*Eucalyptus cornuta* was first formally described in 1800 by Jacques Labillardière. Labillardière collected the type specimen from granite outcrops on Observatory Island west of Esperance on 13 December 1792 during the Bruni d\'Entrecasteaux expedition. The description was published in his book *Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de la Pérouse*. The specific epithet (*cornuta*) is a Latin word meaning \"horned\" or \"bearing horns\", referring to the operculum of the buds.
The names in the Nyungar language of southwest Australia are *mo*, *yandil*, *yeit* or *yate*.
Yate is well established as a common name for this widely grown tree, and several other western species of eucalypt are so named: bushy yate *E. lehmannii*, flat topped yate *E. occidentalis*, river yate *E. macrandra*, and warty yate *E. megacornuta*.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Yate occurs in an area southeast of Busselton to Cape Arid and the islands of the Recherche Archipelago. The species often occurs in isolated stands. In more arid regions near Esperance, it is often at granite outcrops, on deeper and wetter soil at cavities on the rock or the apron beneath the rockface. The species is found in a large mallee form at coastal areas, or as tall stands in areas of high rainfall and fertile soil of valleys, especially the inland region from Manjimup to the Porongurups. Vigorous early growth and the potential in its lignotuber allow it to generate new stems after fire or as new opportunities emerge in the canopy or surroundings. The form is similar to the mallee habit of smaller eucalypts in drier regions and its habit is comparable to limestone marlock, *E. decipiens*, which occurs to the north and east. In favourable habitat a single trunk may attain great height and it is able to compete in tall forests of jarrah (*Eucalyptus marginata*) and marri (*Corymbia calophylla*) or any other species except the karri giants in *Eucalyptus diversicolor* forest.
## Uses
### Use in horticulture {#use_in_horticulture}
The tree is sold commercially for use as an ornamental, shade or wildlife habitat. It will tolerate drought, moderate frost, a range of soils and in coastal areas. While it may obtain great height in its natural habitat, the species is successfully planted as a medium or small tree for shade and windbreaks, and as street trees or for highway verges. Well known as a cultivated tree throughout Australia, *E. cornuta* has also been introduced to California. Ferdinand von Mueller sent seed of the species to Lucknow, where the sapling grew to a height of eight to ten feet within a year and, unlike eucalypts tested, tolerated tropical rain; his 1879 report also noted the successful introduction to Melbourne.
### Other uses {#other_uses}
This eucalypt produces one of the hardest and strongest timbers in the world and was formerly used for wheel spokes and the shafts of horse-drawn vehicles but most trees of commercial value were logged a long time ago
| 787 |
Eucalyptus cornuta
| 0 |
10,159,489 |
# Linda Ludgrove
**Linda Kay Ludgrove** (born 8 September 1947) is a retired English backstroke swimmer. who held seven world records.
## Swimming career {#swimming_career}
Raised in Sydenham, Ludgrove won individual gold medals at 110 yards backstroke and 220 yards backstroke at both the 1962 and 1966 Commonwealth Games. As part of the English team she won silver in the 1962 4×110 yards medley relay and gold in the 1966 relay.
She competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 4×100 m medley relay and the 100 m backstroke and finished fifth and sixth, respectively. She won three medals at the 1962 and 1966 European Championships. At the ASA National British Championships she won the 110 yards backstroke title five times (1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967) and the 220 yards backstroke title three times (1964, 1966, 1967).
She finished third in the 1962 BBC Sports Personality of the Year. She held seven world records. She retired from swimming in 1967.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ludgrove was born to William and Gladys Ludgrove; she has a brother, Terence. After marriage she changed her last name to Lillo
| 186 |
Linda Ludgrove
| 0 |
10,159,495 |
# ToDDaSO
**ToDDaSO** was an electronic payments service in the UK for the transfer of retail customer payment arrangements between different bank accounts in UK banks. ToDDaSO is an acronym that stands for *Transfer of Direct Debits and Standing Orders*.
The service allowed UK retail banks to electronically request the transfer of direct debit and standing order payments arrangements, on behalf of new customers, wishing to transfer payment arrangements from a previous bank account. The scheme was also known as the *Inter Bank Transfer of Direct Debit Instructions* service and is governed by BACS, the UK\'s automated payments clearing scheme.
ToDDaSO is also commonly referred to in the UK as the *Switching Bank Account Service*.
As of the end of 2014 the ToDDaSO system has been made defunct with the new Current Account Switch Service (CASS) and the Partial Account Switching Service taking over its role in account switching.
## Background
This service was first established in the mid 1990s, and then improved in 2005 as an industry response to criticisms of consumer banking services, contained in Section 4 of Don Cruickshank\'s *Review of Banking Services in the UK* , published by the HM Treasury. This government report highlighted the competitive difficulties faced by retail customers in being able to switch between retail account providers
| 215 |
ToDDaSO
| 0 |
10,159,497 |
# John Davis (offensive lineman)
**John Henry Davis** (born August 22, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Buffalo Bills. He played college football for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, twice earning first-team All-American honors. Davis played in Super Bowl XXV, Super Bowl XXVII, and Super Bowl XXVIII. He was also with the Bills for Super Bowl XXVI, but did not play in the game due to a knee injury.
## High school {#high_school}
Davis graduated from Gilmer High School in Gilmer County, Georgia in 1983. Davis was a four-year letterman in football and awarded Gilmer High School\'s best defensive player in 1981 and served as the team captain in 1982. In basketball, he received best defensive player his sophomore year, was the leading scorer, leading rebounder, and most valuable player his junior year. In 1982, he was selected as the Georgia High School Association AA Lineman of the Year, and First-team All-State selection in football and basketball.
## College
Davis attended the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he was a four-year starter on the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team. In 1983, he was selected to the Freshman All-American Football Team. He was awarded the *Sports Illustrated* National Offensive Player of the Week for his play in a victory over Clemson and earned a tag as \"The Refrigerator Mover\" for his outstanding performance against All-American William \"The Refrigerator\" Perry.
In 1985, he was selected as a first-team All-American at lineman by *The Sporting News* and was awarded the Atlanta Athletic Club Southeastern Lineman of the Year. In his senior season in 1986, Davis was an All-ACC selection and Scripps-Howard first-team All-American. Following his final season at Georgia Tech, he was selected to play in the Blue--Gray Football Classic and Japan Bowl All-Star Games. Davis was inducted into the [Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame](https://web.archive.org/web/20110918200605/http://ramblinwreck.cstv.com/ot/fame/halloffame.html) in 1991.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
His professional football career began when he was selected by the Houston Oilers in the 11th round of the 1987 NFL draft. He played for the Oilers from 1987 to 1989, and then went on to play for the Buffalo Bills from 1989 to 1994. Davis was a member of four Super Bowl teams with Buffalo before retiring in 1994. He started at right guard in Super Bowl XXV, missed Super Bowl XXVI due to a knee injury, played in Super Bowl XXVII, and started at left guard in Super Bowl XXVIII. He was awarded the NFL\'s Ed Block Courage Award in 1993 -- this award is given \"to honor one player from each NFL team who, in the eyes of his teammates, exemplified a commitment to sportsmanship and courage\".
## Outside Football {#outside_football}
Davis founded the John Davis Georgia Mountains Hospice Golf Classic which benefits North Georgia patients with hospice care
| 478 |
John Davis (offensive lineman)
| 0 |
10,159,500 |
# The Inn Where No Man Rests
***L\'Auberge du bon repos***, sold in the United States as ***The Inn Where No Man Rests**\'\' and in Britain as***The Inn of \"Good Rest\"**\'\', is a 1903 French silent comic trick film by Georges Méliès. Set in an inn, the film addresses the state of the drunken mind with light heartedness.
## Production
*The Inn Where No Man Rests* is an expanded version of an earlier Méliès film, *The Bewitched Inn* (1897). The Moon and a manic chase, as featured in the film, are both common motifs in Méliès\'s work. As usual for his films, the chase here is circular, within a single set; however, Méliès did eventually try the linear, multi-scene chase format of his contemporaries (such as Ferdinand Zecca and Lucien Nonguet) in his film *A Desperate Crime*.
Méliès himself plays the traveler in the film. The table and pendulum are animated using stage machinery; other objects are pulled or suspended using wire, and additional effects are worked using substitution splices. *The Inn Where No Man Rests* was sold by Méliès\'s Star Film Company and is numbered 465--469 in its catalogues
| 190 |
The Inn Where No Man Rests
| 0 |
10,159,507 |
# Mitsubishi Ki-30
The `{{nihongo|'''Mitsubishi Ki-30'''|九七式軽爆撃機|Kyunana-shiki keibakugekiki|{{lit|'Type 97 light bomber'}}}}`{=mediawiki} was a Japanese light bomber of World War II. It was a single-engine, mid-wing, cantilever monoplane of stressed-skin construction with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage and a long transparent cockpit canopy. The type had significance in being the first Japanese aircraft to be powered by a modern two-row radial engine. During the war, it was known by the Allies by the name **Ann**. It was mistakenly identified by the British as the Mitsubishi Army 97 Ann.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Ki-30 was developed in response to a May 1936 Imperial Japanese Army specification to replace the Kawasaki Ki-3 light bomber with a completely indigenously designed and built aircraft. Mitsubishi and Kawasaki were requested to build two prototypes each by December 1936. The specification called for a top speed of 400 km/h at 3,000 m (9,840 ft); normal operating altitude from 2,000 m (6,560 ft) to 4,000 m (13,130 ft), the ability to climb to 3,000 m (9,840 ft) within eight minutes and an engine to be selected from the 634 kW Mitsubishi Ha-6 radial, 615 kW Nakajima Ha-5 radial, or 634 kW Kawasaki Ha-9-IIb liquid-cooled inline engines, a normal bomb load of 300 kg and a maximum of 450 kg, one forward-firing machine gun and one flexible rearward-firing machine gun, the ability to perform 60° dives for dive bombing, and a loaded weight less than 3300 kg.
The first Mitsubishi prototype flew on 28 February 1937 powered by a Mitsubishi Ha-6 radial. Originally, designed with a retractable main landing gear, wind tunnel tests indicated that the gain in speed was minimal due to the landing gear\'s extra weight and complexity and a fixed arrangement with \"spatted\" main wheels was chosen instead. The wing was mounted at a point above the line of the aircraft\'s belly in order to fully enclose the bomb bay within the fuselage. The pilot sat just above the leading edge of the wing, and the rear-gunner/radio-operator just behind the wing trailing edge, in a long \"greenhouse\" canopy which gave both crewmen excellent all-around vision. The Ha-6 engine drove a three-blade variable-pitch propeller.
A second prototype, fitted with the slightly more powerful Nakajima Ha-5 engine, was completed the same month. Although two months behind schedule and overweight, both prototypes met or exceeded every other requirement. The second prototype\'s top speed of 423 km/h at 4,000 m (13,130 ft) led the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force to place an order for 16 service trials machines. These were delivered in January 1938 and after successful trials the Army ordered the Ki-30 into production in March under the designation **Army Type 97 Light bomber**.
Mitsubishi built 618 production machines through April 1940, and the 1st Army Air Arsenal (Tachikawa Dai-Ichi Rikugun Kokusho) built 68 more by the time production ceased in September 1941. Including prototypes, a total of 704 Ki-30s were built.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The Ki-30s were first used in combat in Second Sino-Japanese War from the Spring of 1938. It proved to be reliable in rough field operations and highly effective while operating with fighter escort. This success continued in the early stages of the Pacific War, and the Ki-30s participated extensively in operations in the Philippines. However, once unescorted Ki-30s met Allied fighters, losses mounted rapidly, and the type was soon withdrawn to second-line duties. By the end of 1942, most Ki-30s were relegated to a training role. Many aircraft were expended in *kamikaze* attacks towards the end of the war.
From late 1940, the Ki-30 was in service with the Royal Thai Air Force, and they saw combat in January 1941 against the French in French Indochina in the French-Thai War. Twenty-four aircraft were delivered and were nicknamed *Nagoya* by the crews. Additional Ki-30s were transferred from Japan in 1942.
## Operators
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
`{{JPN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
- No. 82 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF
- No. 87 Dokuritsu Hikō Chutai IJAAF
- No. 6 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
- No. 16 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
- No. 31 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
- No. 32 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
- No. 35 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
- No. 90 Hikō Sentai IJAAF
`{{THA}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Thai Air Force -- Locally designated **B.J.2** (*บ.จ.๒*).
### Post-war {#post_war}
`{{PRC}}`{=mediawiki}
- Chinese Communist Air Force -- Operated three captured Ki-30s used as trainers until the early 1950s.
`{{IDN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Indonesian Air Force
| 737 |
Mitsubishi Ki-30
| 0 |
10,159,507 |
# Mitsubishi Ki-30
## Specifications (Ki-30) {#specifications_ki_30}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War<ref>{{Harvnb|Francillon|1979|pp=167–168.}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|crew=2
|length m=10.35
|length note=
|span m=14.55
|span note=
|height m=3.65
|height note=
|wing area sqm=30.58
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight kg=2230
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=3320
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Nakajima Ha5-Kai]]
|eng1 type=14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine
|eng1 kw=708
|eng1 note=
|prop blade number=3
|prop name=variable-pitch propeller
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=423
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=380
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=442
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=1700
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=8570
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ms=8.33
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading kg/m2=108.6
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=<!--<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||m|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|15|m|0}}:''' {{cvt||m|0}}-->
<!--
Armament
-->
|guns= 2× 7.7 mm (0
| 225 |
Mitsubishi Ki-30
| 1 |
10,159,509 |
# Ella Macknight
**Dame Ella Annie Noble Macknight**, DBE, MRCOG, FRCOG, FAMA, FAGO (7 August 1904, Urana, New South Wales -- 1 April 1997, Malvern, Victoria) was an Australian obstetrician and gynaecologist who worked at the Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne. She was appointed as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1969 for services to medicine.
She was educated privately and later attended Toorak College. She earned her MB/BS in 1928 from the University of Melbourne, where she was resident from 1923 at Janet Clarke Hall, at that time still the women\'s residential wing of Trinity College. After qualifying as an obstetrician and gynaecologist (MD, 1931, DGO 1936), she was associated with the Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne from 1935 to 1977. Her appointments included honorary obstetrician and gynaecologist from 1935 to 1964, vice-president of the Committee of Management for 1963 to 1971 and president from 1971 to 1977.
She was president of the Council of the Royal College of Gynaecologists from 1970 to 1972 and served as chairmen of the Blood Transfusion Committee, Victorian Division of the Red Cross Society from 1964 to 1970 and a member of the Executive of the Victorian Division during the same period.
## Honours
Ella Macknight was appointed as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to medicine on 1 January 1969.
## Death
Macknight died on 1 April 1997 in Malvern, Victoria, aged 92.
## Affiliations
- 1951 Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG)
- 1958 Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (FRCOG)
- 1972 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria
- 1973 Fellowship in Australia in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (FAGO)
- 1976 Fellow of the Australian Medical Association (FAMA)
- 1978 Fellow of the Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
## Scholarship
*The Ella Macknight Memorial Scholarship* was established in 1998 by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in memory of Macknight\'s contributions to obstetrics and gynaecology
| 339 |
Ella Macknight
| 0 |
10,159,514 |
# Mauritius national rugby union team
The **Mauritius national rugby union team** represents Mauritius in international rugby union. Mauritius is a member of World Rugby, but the national team is ranked as third tier, and Mauritius have yet to compete in either the Africa Cup or Rugby World Cup.
**Rugby Union Mauritius** represents Mauritius internationally and is member of CAR (Confederation Africaine de Rugby), AROI (Association de Rugby Ocean Indien), World Rugby and FIT (Federation of International Touch).
The national side is ranked 93rd in the world (as of 4 November 2024).
## History
Introduced by the English Army (Colonial Time 1810 to 1968 Independence) Rugby started in the early 1900s in Mauritius. The game was then introduced to the Franco-Mauritians by a group of rugby players who created the Dodo Club in 1928 which enhanced the start of Rugby competition on the island. From 1928 to 1975 rugby was played at senior level between various clubs remembered as the Buffalos, HMS Mauritius, Blue Ducks, Dodo, the Navy, SMF and the Stags.
Stags and the Dodo remained active and competed against one another resulting in the closure of the Stags in 1982. The Dodo Club remained the only active club which carried on developing the passion and culture of this sport, but unfortunately due to the retreat of the Dodo Club in all sports at national level, there was a need to phase out rugby from this club in order to develop the sport at a regional level.
During these times, many youngsters went to boarding schools in South-Africa and England. Others went to university in South-Africa, England, France and Australia, and when they came back to Mauritius on holidays, there was a need to play rugby and show their friends that they did not only study overseas. This created an enthusiastic rugby atmosphere which led to traditional games between The Students and local players.
Between 1992 and 2001 various tours were organised to Reunion Island participating to seven a side tournaments and XV rugby.
We participated in the Kenya Safaris Sevens in 1996 and 1997.
In 1995, during the third rugby World Cup in South Africa, six games were broadcast for the first time on Mauritian TV. 1996 saw the birth of the Mauritian Seven a side Tournament with 4 Teams. In 1997 we started a development program in schools which led to the creation of three coaching centres in different parts of the island in 2003.
In 1998, the Stags Club was re-created and thus triggered the thought that rugby had a place in the Mauritian Sport and the potential needed to be exploited. Mauritius rugby needed to be given a chance and the means for development at a national level. After three years of competition with clubs from surrounding countries and more players getting attracted by the rugby fever leading to an increasing demand for the creation of new clubs, three new regions/clubs were created in 2001 : The Curepipe Starlights, the Northern Pirates and the Western Cowboys.
Today we have 4 Clubs in Division A and 6 Clubs in Division B, 3 Coaching Centres, around 650 licensed members, 18 Coaches, 6 Referees, National Sides in Senior (7s & XV) Under 18 (7s). Players are coming from all over the island and from all the communities to play Rugby. Rugby is starting to develop through the CSR for all the vulnerable groups and in all the rural areas as Black River, La Gaulette, Petite Riviere Noire, La Source, Quatre Bornes, Roches Bois and the north of the island.
## Competitions
The National Team has been participating in AROI and CAR competitions as follows :- Africa cup 1B in Uganda. 2015. Africa cup 1c in Botswana 2014. - winner
- Africa Cup 1 D in Johannesburg - Winner against Nigeria
- 2010 : CAR Tournament in Tanzania - Winner against Tanzania
- 2009 : CAR Tournament in Botswana - Ranking 2nd
- 2008 : Hosted CAR Tournament in Mauritius - Ranking 2nd
- 2007 : CAR Tournament in Botswana - Ranking 3rd Senior and 2nd Junior
- 2006 : CAR Tournament in Reunion - Ranking 2nd
- 2005 : Hosted CAR Tournament in Mauritius - Won against Burkina Faso
- 2005 : CAR Tournament in Tanzania - Winner
Until 2010 RUM was in Africa Cup Division 2 and since 2011, played in first Division Group D and won it
| 731 |
Mauritius national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,517 |
# Italian Liberal Party (1997)
The **Italian Liberal Party** (*Partito Liberale Italiano*; **PLI**) is a minor liberal political party in Italy, which considers itself to be the successor of the original Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian main centre-right liberal party that was active in different capacities from 1922 to 1994. Originally named the **Liberal Party** (*Partito Liberale*), the new PLI changed its name in 2004. It is not represented in the Italian Parliament.
## History
### Foundation and early years {#foundation_and_early_years}
In July 1997 former members of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and, mostly, of the Union of the Centre (UdC), that is to say PLI\'s main successor, as well as some former Republicans formed the **Liberal Party** (PL). Most of its leading figures were also members of Forza Italia (FI): Stefano De Luca, Carlo Scognamiglio, Egidio Sterpa, Ernesto Caccavale, Luigi Caligaris and Guglielmo Castagnetti. Scognamiglio was a former President of the Senate (1994--96), De Luca, Caccavale and Caligaris MEPs, while Sterpa would have been elected to the Chamber of Deputies for FI in 2001.
In December 2004 the party was merged with other liberal groups and, as result, its name was changed to **Italian Liberal Party** (PLI), along with the claim of being the successor of the historical PLI, disbanded in 1994. At that point the party was completely enfranchised from FI and the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition, even though Sterpa continued to be a deputy within FI\'s parliamentary group.
In the 2006 Italian general election the PLI shortly rejoined the House of Freedoms. Being present only in a few regions, it obtained 0.3% of the vote.
### Enlargement of the party {#enlargement_of_the_party}
In June 2007, during a party congress, the PLI reaffirmed its autonomy and De Luca was unanimously re-elected secretary. Additionally, some leading former Liberals joined (or re-joined) the party: Carlo Scognamiglio (PLD), Luigi Compagna (UDC) and Luciano Magnalbò (DLI/AN).
For the 2008 general election the PLI tried to form an electoral pact with the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), but finally chose to run as a stand-alone list. Running in a few constituencies, the party obtained 0.3% of the vote and no seats.
In February 2009 the PLI held another congress. Arturo Diaconale, supported by Angelo Caniglia, a group of Liberal Reformers (including Marco Taradash, Emilia Rossi, Carlo Monaco and Pietro Milio) and other newcomers, presented his candidacy for secretary in opposition to De Luca, who was supported by the old guard and by Paolo Guzzanti, a dissenting member of Forza Italia and former Socialist. De Luca was re-elected with the support of 73% of the delegates, Guzzanti was appointed deputy secretary and Scognamiglio president. Diaconale left the party and would later revive the Italian Liberal Right (DLI), along with Giuseppe Basini.
In December 2010 Guzzanti left the party over personal problems with De Luca and became briefly engaged with the New Pole for Italy (NPI). In March 2011 the party was joined by two former secretaries of the old PLI, Alfredo Biondi, who had represented FI in Parliament from 1994 to 2006, and Renato Altissimo.
| 514 |
Italian Liberal Party (1997)
| 0 |
10,159,517 |
# Italian Liberal Party (1997)
## History
### Back in Parliament {#back_in_parliament}
In 2011 the PLI was joined by Enrico Musso, a senator of The People of Freedom (PdL), who was soon appointed deputy secretary of party. Through Musso the party re-joined the NPI.
In November 2011 five disgruntled deputies of the PdL (Roberto Antonione, Giustina Destro, Fabio Gava, Giancarlo Pittelli, who later left, and Luciano Sardelli) joined the party through the **Liberals for Italy** (LpI). Another former member of the PdL, Angelo Santori, joined the \"Liberals for Italy--PLI\" sub-group in April 2012.
In March 2012, in the run-up of a congress, Scognamiglio, Biondi and Altissimo proposed Musso as new secretary and De Luca as president. The proposal was not well received by the party\'s old guard and, not only De Luca was barely re-elected secretary, but Scognamiglio was replaced as president by Enzo Palumbo. In the 2012 municipal election in Genoa, Musso obtained 15.0% of the vote in the first round, as joint NPI candidate, and 40.3% in the run-off, losing to Marco Doria.
In November 2012, a group of deputies (Isabella Bertolini, Gaetano Pecorella, Giorgio Stracquadanio (who had left earlier), Franco Stradella and Roberto Tortoli) broke away from the PdL and formed **Free Italy** (IL). According to Bertolini, the reason for the split was the attitude of the PdL toward Mario Monti\'s government, as the party approved all government measures but at the same time bitterly contested them in public communication. In December 2012 the LpI--PLI joined forces with IL and formed a 10-strong sub-group.
In the 2013 general election, the PLI ran with the wording \"Liberals for Italy\", getting 0.1% of the vote.
In June 2013 Guzzanti re-joined the PLI and was soon elected at the head of the party\'s national council.
In February 2014 several disillusioned members or former members of the party, including Altissimo, Biondi, Musso and Scognamiglio, plus Edoardo Croci, Giuliano Urbani and Alessandro Ortis, launched The Liberals as an alternative to the PLI, but the new group acted more as think tank than an actual party.
In the run-up of the 2014 European Parliament election the PLI joined the European Choice (SE) list, led by Civic Choice (SC). This decision, strongly supported by De Luca, prompted Guzzanti to leave the party and stand as candidate for the newly-reformed Forza Italia (FI), and eventually De Luca to step down as secretary.
In October 2014, during a party congress, the PLI elected a new leadership, notably including Giancarlo Morandi as secretary, De Luca president and Daniele Toto, a former deputy of the PdL and Future and Freedom (FLI), coordinator. The day after the congress, the PLI mourned the death of Carla Martino, long-time president of the party, later honorary president and sister of FI\'s leading liberal Antonio Martino. In November Ivan Catalano, a dissident deputy of the Five Star Movement (M5S), joined the PLI, marking its return to Parliament. A few months later, in March 2015, Catalano was expelled from the party for having joined the parliamentary group of SC.
| 505 |
Italian Liberal Party (1997)
| 1 |
10,159,517 |
# Italian Liberal Party (1997)
## History
### From centre to centre-right {#from_centre_to_centre_right}
In the 2016 municipal election in Rome the PLI, which supported Giorgia Meloni of Brothers of Italy (FdI) for mayor, obtained 0.9% of the vote.
In December 2016 Cinzia Bonfrisco (ex-PSI/FI/PdL/FI/CoR) joined the PLI, giving it representation in the Senate.
In May 2017 the party\'s congress re-elected Morandi and De Luca as secretary and president, respectively. Additionally, Scognamiglio and Basini were appointed honorary presidents. Scognamiglio\'s election marked the return into the party of most of The Liberals, while Basini\'s the return of the \"Liberal Right\" or \"National-Liberal\" faction. Also in May, Bonfrisco was a founding member, along with Identity and Action (IdeA), of the moderate centre-right Federation of Freedom (FdL) group.
In the run-up of the 2018 general election the PLI officially joined the centre-right coalition, through an electoral agreement with Lega Nord (LN). The LN, rebranded simply as \"Lega\", obtained 17.4% of the vote and two Liberals were elected from its slates: Basini to the Chamber and Bonfrisco to the Senate, both from Lazio. Also De Luca stood as a candidate (he headed Lega\'s list in Naples), but was not elected. Soon as in 2009 the PLI\'s alignment with the Lega was no longer fully clear, but Basini continued to sit within the party\'s group in the Chamber and Bonfrisco was elected to the European Parliament in the 2019 European Parliament election. The PLI\'s congress was supposed to be held in late 2019, but was later postponed.
In March 2020 the congress was finally held. Secretary Morandi left the party a few days before the assembly was convened in Rome. After the congress, the new leadership still included De Luca as president and Scognamiglio as honorary president, while those members who had been more involved in the alliance with the Lega, notably including the other incumbent honorary president, senator Basini, were no longer mentioned in the party\'s website. Morandi was replaced by a three-person secretariat, composed of Nicola Fortuna, Claudio Gentile and Roberto Sorcinelli. Basini and Bonfrisco revived the DLI as an associate party of the LN and then of Lega per Salvini Premier (LSP).
In July 2022 the party\'s council removed president De Luca and co-secretary Fortuna, who supported an electoral pact with Action, in order to pursue an alliance with the centre-right. De Luca was replaced by Francesco Pasquali, while Sorcinelli became the party\'s sole secretary. De Luca deemed the conuncil\'s convocation and deliberation as illegitimate and his associate Giulia Pantaleo, leader of the Italian Liberal Youth, tried to register the symbol of the PLI on De Luca\'s behalf: the request was rejected in favour of Sorcinelli\'s PLI. In the 2022 general election the PLI supported FI, but former prosecutor Carlo Nordio, a leading member of the party, was a successful candidate for the Brothers of Italy (FdI) in Veneto. A few days before the election, during a party congress, Sorcinelli and Pasquali were confirmed as secretary and president, respectively.
In June 2023 Guzzanti returned to the party and was appointed deputy secretary
| 509 |
Italian Liberal Party (1997)
| 2 |
10,159,546 |
# Bad Steben
**Bad Steben** is a market town in the district of Hof in Bavaria in Germany. In 2007, Bad Steben celebrated its 175th anniversary as a Bavarian State Spa
| 31 |
Bad Steben
| 0 |
10,159,552 |
# 1793 in architecture
The year **1793 in architecture** involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.
## Events
- March 8 -- The Bishop of Popayán, making a pastoral visit to Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia, finds \"evil spirits\" in the church, and arranges the construction of a new cathedral, the Concatedral de San Nicolás el Magno.
- August 8 -- In Paris, France, the *Académie royale d\'architecture* is suspended by the revolutionary National Convention, which decrees the abolition of the national academies.
- November 25 -- The Prince Regent lays the foundation stone of the Chapel Royal, Brighton.
- *date unknown*
- English architect Thomas Baldwin, having been appointed as the Bath City Architect in 1775, is dismissed as a result of his rivalry with John Palmer of Bath.
- The Frydenlund mansion near Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Caspar Frederik Harsdorff, is destroyed by fire. The Crown sells the estate to Karl Adolf Boheman, who refurbishes and expands Johan Cornelius Krieger\'s original house with the assistance of Jørgen Henrich Rawert.
## Buildings and structures {#buildings_and_structures}
### Buildings
- Church of Pentecost, Vinkovci, Croatia.
- Lansdown Crescent, Bath, England, designed by John Palmer.
- George Washington\'s sixteen-sided barn (16 sides), the earliest recorded barn of this type.
- The West Boston Bridge, connecting Boston\'s West End to Cambridgeport: it spans 180 piers, and is 3,483 feet (1,100 m) long.
- Puente Nuevo, Ronda, Spain, spanning the Tajo gorge between the old and new sections of the town, designed by Martín de Aldehuela and begun in 1751.
- Fort Pincastle, Nassau, Bahamas, built of native limestone, in the shape of an old paddle-wheel steamer: Fort Pincastle serves as a lighthouse for a quarter century until the lighthouse on Hog Island starts operating in 1817
| 292 |
1793 in architecture
| 0 |
10,159,581 |
# Ian Maxwell (tracker)
**Ian Maxwell FRGS** is a Zambian tracker who tracks wildlife and humans in deserts and jungles. He is a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. He was awarded the Winston Churchill Fellowship for life for his work in conservation, and he wrote \"Manhunter. The Art of Tracking\" and *Animal Tracks ID and Techniques*. He received a medal from the Queen at Buckingham Place for Tracking and Conservation of Big Cats.
He has presented Big Cat Track on Animal Planet and Maxs Big Tracks on Discovery Animal Planet on TV. He is a public speaker and operates a tracking school in the UK called [Shadowhawk](http://www.shadowhawk.co.uk). He is a specialist in the art of detection. Appeared in BBC One Show as an expert tracker. TV Appearances BBC1: The One Show. CBBC: Beat The Boss. BBC2: James May Manlab. BBC2: Long Way Down. Ewan Mcgregor. Discovery: Maxs Big Tracks.7x 1 hour programs tracking the most elusive animals in the world. Discovery/ Animal Planet: Big Cat Track. Animal Planet: Geoff Corwins Quest. Chanel 5:How To Survive A Disaster Movie. Zambezi. The recreation of David Livingstone\'s 1864 ascent of the Zambezi. Starts in Indian Ocean and travels up the Zambezi to Livingston via Mary Livingstone\'s lonely grave on the banks and many historical forts of the Zulu. Advisor to ITV Wild At Heart
| 222 |
Ian Maxwell (tracker)
| 0 |
10,159,582 |
# Nicolaas Zannekin
**Nicolaas Zannekin** (died 23 August 1328), was a Flemish peasant leader, best known for his role in a peasant revolt in Flanders from 1323 to 1328.
Nicolaas Zannekin was a rich farmer from Lampernisse. During the early 14th century, Zannekin served as leader of the revolt in coastal Flanders against the oppressive tax policy of the Count of Flanders, Louis of Nevers. Zannekin and his men captured the towns of Nieuwpoort, Veurne, Ypres and Kortrijk. In Kortrijk, Zannekin was able to capture the Count himself. In 1325 attempts to capture Ghent and Oudenaarde failed. The King of France, Charles IV, intervened, whereupon Louis was released from captivity in February 1326 and the *Peace of Arques* was sealed. In 1328 hostilities again erupted, causing the count to flee for France. Louis was able to convince the new king of France, Philip VI of France, to come to his aid, and Zannekin and his followers were decisively defeated by the royal French army in the Battle of Cassel (1328), where Zannekin himself was killed
| 175 |
Nicolaas Zannekin
| 0 |
10,159,587 |
# Berg, Upper Franconia
**Berg** (`{{IPA|de|bɛʁk|-|De-Berg2.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Hof in Bavaria, Germany.
## History
Between 1966 and 1990, Berg\'s component village Rudolphstein served as the West German inner German border crossing for cars travelling between the East German Democratic Republic, or West Berlin and the West German Federal Republic of Germany
| 56 |
Berg, Upper Franconia
| 0 |
10,159,588 |
# Mongolia national rugby union team
The **Mongolian national rugby union team** represents Mongolia in men\'s international rugby union. Mongolia is a member of World Rugby, and has yet to play in a Rugby World Cup. The Mongolian Rugby Football Union (MRFU), which governs the sport of rugby in the country, was established in 2003.
Mongolia played its first official match in 2009, a 21--38 loss against Kyrgyzstan in the second regional division of the 2009 Asian Five Nations. From 2010, Mongolia competed sporadically within the newly introduced Division 4 of the tournament. With the restructuring of Asian Rugby, Mongolia has competed in Division 3 Central of the Asia Rugby Championship, most recently in 2022.
## History
The first ever official match of Mongolia was played on 9 June 2009 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, against Kyrgyzstan, finishing with a 21--38 loss. This match took place as part of the second regional division of the 2009 Asian Five Nations. This was Mongolia\'s only match at their debut tournament. They returned in 2010 to compete in the new Division 4 of the Asian 5 Nations. This saw them lose to 29-21 to Jordan in their opening match. They were then awarded a walkover victory against Kyrgyzstan to finish third from the four teams. They returned to the competition in 2014, recording their first win by defeating the host team, Brunei. A further victory against Cambodia made them champions.
In 2018 Mongolia returned to international competition in the restructured Asia Rugby Championship, competing in Division 3 Central. After a 55-6 defeat to Kazakhstan they obtained a walkover victory against Kyrgyzstan to finish third.
In November 2021, the Mongolian Rugby Football Union (MRFU) was elevated to full member status by World Rugby. It had been an associate member since November 2004.
Mongolia again competed in the 2022 Asia Rugby Championship in Division 3 Central. They suffered a narrow 17-10 defeat to Uzbekistan before recording a record win by defeating Kyrgyzstan 69-7 to again finish third
In 2024, Fijian Rasheed Ravouvou was appointed as head coach.
## Overall Record {#overall_record}
Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Mongolia national XV at test level up until July 6, 2022.
Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Diff
---------- -------- ----- ------ ------- ------- ----- ----- ------
1 1 0 0 100% 38 13 +25
1 1 0 0 100% 49 5 +44
1 0 1 0 0% 21 29 -8
2 0 2 0 0% 27 93 -66
2 1 1 0 50% 90 45 +45
1 0 1 0 0% 10 17 -7
Total 8 3 5 0 37
| 439 |
Mongolia national rugby union team
| 0 |
10,159,606 |
# European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
Intercultural dialogue has long been a principle supported by the European Union and its institutions. The year 2008 was designated \"European Year of Intercultural Dialogue\" (EYID) by the European Parliament and the Member States of the European Union. It aimed to draw the attention of people in Europe to the importance of dialogue within diversity and between diverse cultures.
## Definitions
There is no single and universally accepted meaning of \"Intercultural dialogue\". Indeed, when the European Commission launched EYID by asking 27,000 EU citizens what they thought the phrase meant, by far the most common response (36%) was total puzzlement. However, a forum organised by the Council of Europe in November 2006 suggested the following:
- \"an open and respectful exchange of views between individuals and groups belonging to different cultures that leads to a deeper understanding of the other\'s world perception\".
Other definitions or usages have been closer to concepts such as inter-religious dialogue and often to active citizenship learning. In a number of countries the phrase refers to dialogue between indigenous people and immigrant peoples, and it can also be used as a metaphor for forms of contact between countries which are not based on military power.
The text adopted by the European Union on EYID does not use any specific definition, but it underlines the role of intercultural dialogue in:
- respect for cultural diversity in the complex societies of today
- the role of dialogue and greater mutual understanding in developing equal opportunities for all
- supporting the EU\'s commitment to solidarity and social justice
- enabling the EU to forge partnerships with other countries and make its voice better heard in the world.
| 284 |
European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
| 0 |
10,159,606 |
# European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
## Antecedents
### European years {#european_years}
EYID has a number of antecedents in the European Union\'s policies.
There have been a number of \"European Years\", beginning in 1983 with the European Year of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and the Craft Industry. Recent and planned European Years include:
- 1983 -- European Year of SMEs and the Craft Industry
- 1984 -- European Year for a People\'s Europe
- 1985 -- European Year of Music
- 1986 -- European Year of Road Safety
- 1987 -- European Year of the Environment
- 1988 -- European Year of Cinema and Television
- 1989 -- European Year of Information on Cancer
- 1990 -- European Year of Tourism
- 1992 -- European Year of Safety, Hygiene and Health Protection at Work
- 1993 -- European Year of the Elderly and of Solidarity between Generations
- 1994 -- European Year of Nutrition and Health
- 1995 -- European Year of Road Safety and Young Drivers
- 1996 -- European Year of Lifelong Learning
- 1997 -- European Year against Racism and Xenophobia
- 1998 -- European Year of Local and Regional Democracy
- 1999 -- European Year of Action to Combat Violence Against Women
- 2001 -- European Year of Languages
- 2003 -- European Year of People with Disabilities
- 2004 -- European Year of Education through Sport
- 2005 -- European Year of Citizenship through Education
- 2006 -- European Year of Workers\' Mobility
- 2007 -- European Year of Equal Opportunities for All
- 2008 -- European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
- 2009 -- European Year of Creativity and Innovation
- 2010 -- European Year for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion
- 2011 -- European Year of Volunteering
- 2012 -- European Year for Active Ageing
- 2013 -- European Year of Citizens
- 2015 -- European Year for Development
- 2018 -- European Year of Cultural Heritage
No further European Years have yet been announced, although Commissioner Ján Figeľ, who originally proposed EYID, has reflected publicly about the possibility of designating 2009 as a European Year linking Education, Culture, and Creativity. A full list of European Years is maintained by the European Parliament [2](http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/archive/freetext_page_archive/20050818FTX00299-1301/default_en.htm). It will be seen that many of these years, particularly the more recent ones, are in the educational and social fields. In general they have been designated and run directly by the European Union and its Member States; however, some (such as 2005) have been designated and run by the Council of Europe and others (such as the 2001 European Year of Languages) were joint operations between the two bodies.
| 440 |
European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
| 1 |
10,159,606 |
# European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
## Antecedents
### European Activities {#european_activities}
Many of the activities of the European Union both contribute to the development of intercultural dialogue and, conversely, require it.
Activities such as the promotion of educational and training exchanges enable young people and academics/teachers/trainers to move around the European Union and require them to operate in cultures and living circumstances different from those they know best. They thus require an openness to learn from (or at least, to survive in) another culture, and they help people develop the capacities that encourage this. Similarly, the fundamental freedoms of the European Union are built on the idea that people, goods, services and capital should be able to move around the Union freely; their realisation by individuals and companies both requires and encourages intercultural dialogue.
## The purpose of the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue {#the_purpose_of_the_european_year_of_intercultural_dialogue}
The purpose of European Years generally has become similar to that of EYID:
- **\"to contribute to giving expression and a high profile to a sustained process of intercultural dialogue which will continue beyond that year\"** *(Article 1 of the Decision establishing the Year)*
European Years generally respond to a perceived need to promote an issue in the public eye; to support relevant public organisations and NGOs in their work; and to provide limited resources for some trans-national work at European level. Recent Years have concentrated more on raising the profile of the issue concerned, less on funding projects through dedicated budgets; they have rather sought to make their issue a funding priority in existing programmes (such as the Lifelong Learning programme cited above, whose Call for projects includes this priority at different points: see for example sections 1.1.3 and 4.2.4). This system avoids the need to dedicate specific budgets to the European year, or enables them to be spent on projects with higher visibility. Dedicated budgets for recent European Years have been around €12 million between the Year itself and the preceding (preparatory) year.
For this particular European Year, Commissioner Ján Figeľ has suggested three specific objectives:
- \"raising the awareness of European citizens and of those living in the Union;
- developing social and personal habits that will equip us for a more open and complex cultural environment;
- finally, intercultural dialogue is linked to a more political goal: creating a sense of European citizenship\".
| 393 |
European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
| 2 |
10,159,606 |
# European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
## Actions expected \... {#actions_expected_...}
The legislation designating the year calls for the following types of activity:
- activities at European, national and regional levels promoting Intercultural Dialogue and the various objectives of the Year. These should be connected to civic education and to learning to appreciate others and their differences the legal text refers to *\"A limited number of emblematic actions on a European scale aimed at raising awareness, particularly among young people\"*;
- information and promotion campaigns, particularly in connection with NGOs, and focussing on young people and children
- surveys and studies to evaluate the Year and to prepare for its long-term follow-up.
### \... at European level {#at_european_level}
In response to this mandate, the European Commission held a three-month consultation (or \"Call for ideas\") about what the Year should entail. This was followed by a Conference and Exhibition on the European Year and on the future of Intercultural Dialogue to help identify good practice. It is now considering how these outcomes should be put into practice.
### \... at National level {#at_national_level}
The legislation requires the EU Member States to nominate a national coordination body \"responsible for organising that Member State\'s participation in the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue\" (see article 4). This should have been done within one month of the adoption of the legal decision at European level (i.e., by 18 January 2007); but not all Member States have so far done so and the European Commission has not yet published the list of those bodies so far nominated.
## Ambassadors
The European Commission appointed fifteen \"Ambassadors of the Year\" in the run-up to EYID. Like \"intercultural dialogue\" itself, the role of these ambassadors is somewhat vague, though they are expected to be \"committed to, and share, the aims of the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue (EYID) 2008\" and \"lend their support to making the Year a success.\" This vagueness has landed at least one of the ambassadors in hot water with the commission. When Marija Šerifović appeared to lend her support to the Serbian Radical Party, which favours closer cooperation with Russia rather than the EU, the Commission threatened to remove her from the unpaid ambassadorial post. A spokesman justified the threat by stating that Ms Šerifovic\'s \"political affiliation and activities in no way express the political position of the EU in the context of the Serbian presidential elections which are a matter for the people of Serbia\". The threat has not been carried out, perhaps because the Commission listened to its spokesman and decided that Serbian elections are indeed \"a matter for the people of Serbia\".
The fifteen international intercultural Ambassadors of the Year of Intercultural Dialogue come from all over the world (but mostly France and Belgium) and include intercultural luminaries of the calibre of Charles Aznavour, Abd al Malik, the Dardenne brothers and Marjane Satrapi. These internationally renowned figures are supported by a hundred or so nationally famous *national* intercultural Ambassadors of the Year of Intercultural Dialogue, who have been appointed by twenty of the twenty-seven member states according to varied and somewhat opaque criteria. Their role is, if possible, even more vague than that of the international Ambassadors of the Year
| 538 |
European Year of Intercultural Dialogue
| 3 |
10,159,621 |
# Darkness with Tales to Tell
***Darkness with Tales To Tell*** (2001) is the second album by Danish power metal band Manticora.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"\...From Far Beyond\" -- 0:39
2. \"The Chance of Dying in a Dream\" -- 5:29
3. \"Dynasty of Fear\" -- 4:45
4. \"Dragon\'s Mist\" -- 8:57
5. \"Felice\" -- 6:37
6. \"The Nightfall War\" -- 5:28
7. \"The Puzzle\" -- 6:11
8. \"Critical Mass\" -- 5:03
9. \"Lost Souls\" -- 6:01
10. \"The Twilight Shadow\" -- 5:26
11. \"Shadows with Tales to Tell\" -- 7:03
- **Bonus Tracks**
1. \"Dead End Solution (Bonus Track)\" - 5:51
## Personnel
**Band**
- Lars F. Larsen -- Vocals
- Kasper Gram -- Bass
- Flemming Schultz - Guitars
- Kristian Larsen - Guitars
- Mads Volf -- Drums
- Jeppe Eg Jensen - Keyboards
**Technical Staff**
- Jacob Hansen - Producing, Mixing, Mastering
- Lars F
| 150 |
Darkness with Tales to Tell
| 0 |
10,159,628 |
# Döhlau
**Döhlau** is a municipality in Upper Franconia in the district of Hof in Bavaria in Germany. It lies on the Saale River
| 24 |
Döhlau
| 0 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
The **National Liberation Council** (**NLC**) led the Ghanaian government from 24 February 1966 to 1 October 1969. The body emerged from a *coup d\'état* against the Nkrumah government carried out jointly by the Ghana Police Service and Ghana Armed Forces with collaboration from the Ghana Civil Service.
The new government implemented structural adjustment policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. Money in the national budget shifted away from agriculture and industrialization towards the military. National enterprises, property, and capital were privatized or abandoned. Nkrumah had condemned the development projects of multinational corporations as signs of neocolonialism. The NLC allowed foreign conglomerates to operate on extremely favorable terms. The Ghanaian cedi was devalued by 30%. These economic changes did not succeed in reducing the country\'s debt or in increasing the ratio of exports to imports.
The National Liberation Council regime won support from powerful groups in Ghanaian society: local chiefs, intelligentsia, and business leaders, as well as the expanding military and police forces. However, its policies of economic austerity were not beloved of workers at large, who suffered from increasing unemployment and repression of strikes. In 1969 the regime underwent a carefully managed transition to civilian rule. Elections held on 29 August 1969 thus inaugurated a new government led by the NLC\'s chosen successor: the Progress Party of Kofi Abrefa Busia.
1970 Pulitzer Prize recipient investigative journalist Seymour Hersh, has brought to the table convincing reports about the Central Intelligence Agency involvement in the coup d\'état, although his main source, an ex-agent remains anonymous.
## Early events {#early_events}
### Formation of Council {#formation_of_council}
Francis Kwashie, part of the core planning group for the takeover, later commented that he and his comrades lacked \"the faintest idea\" of how to proceed upon gaining power. Several participants seemed to believe that the victorious officers would simply handpick acceptable civilian administrators and put them in charge. Marginalizing Nkrumah and other radicals would allow a sort of merger between the Convention People\'s Party and the opposition United Party, and the work of government could go on. The group decided that an interim government was necessary and went about determining its membership. Kokota and Harlley, the most obvious candidates for nominal leadership, turned the position down, preferring instead to retain command over their respective forces. Thus, on February 21 (the day Nkrumah left the country; three days before the coup) the group selected J. A. Ankrah, a popular general who suffered involuntary retirement in August 1965.
The decision to form a ruling council was made on the morning of the coup, at a meeting which included Harlley, Kokota, and Ankrah (but excluded a number of the original group) as well as Emmanuel Noi Omaboe, head of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Supreme Court Justice Fred Kwasi Apaloo, Director of Public Prosecutions Austin N. E. Amissah, and security officer D. S. Quacoopome. The name of the military government \"National Liberation Council\" was reportedly proposed by General Kotoka as an alternative to \"National Revolutionary Council\"---to indicate that the new leaders sought to liberate the country from Nkrumah and the CPP rather than to transform society.
The council consisted of four soldiers and four police officers.
- Major Gen. J. A. Ankrah - Chairman of the NLC and Head of State (24 February 1966 -- 3 April 1969)
- Mr. J.W.K. Harlley (Inspector General of Police) - Vice Chairman of the NLC
- Lt. Col. Emmanuel K. Kotoka (24 February 1966 -- 17 April 1967)
- Major Akwasi Amankwaa Afrifa
- Mr. B. A. Yakubu (Deputy Commissioner of Police)
- Col. Albert Kwesi Ocran
- Mr. Anthony K. Deku (Commissioner of Police, CID)
- Mr. J. E. O. Nunoo (Commissioner of Police, Administration)
With this membership, the Council displayed more ethnic diversity than did the core group of coup planners. Two members, Nunoo and Yakubu, had no advance knowledge of the coup at all.
| 652 |
National Liberation Council
| 0 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Early events {#early_events}
### Immediate political changes and continuities {#immediate_political_changes_and_continuities}
Three committees---the Economic Committee, the Administrative Committee, and the Publicity Committee---manifested on the day of the coup as organs of government. The Economic Committee, in particular, was composed of high-ranking members of the pre-existing civil service and played the lead role in creating the policies of the new government. The coup leaders and the \"technocrats\" of the civil service shared the view that politics and politicians needed to be set aside in order to set up a more effective government apparatus. The military and police, lacking knowledge of economics and governance, relied on the civil service to concoct and engineer the necessary changes.
The first Proclamation of the new government, issued two days after the coup, suspended Ghana\'s 1960 Constitution, dismissed Nkrumah, dissolved the National Assembly and the Convention Peoples\' Party, and named Ankrah as chairman and Harlley as deputy chairman. Next, the Council declared its intention to restore civilian government \"as soon as possible\" and its plan for separation of powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The Council decreed that the judicial system would continue along the same model, but judges were asked to take new oaths in which they agreed to abide by government decrees. (In practice, military commissions would take authority over judicial functions of political importance.)
The new government made membership in the Convention People\'s Party illegal and took hundreds of people into \"protective custody\". These included former members of parliament and district commissioners, as well as 446 people affiliated directly with Nkrumah---including his financial advisor and his driver. Leaders of the Ghana Muslim Council were dismissed on the grounds of their party loyalties. Formation of new political parties was banned. Commissioners were established to investigate corruption in the previous regime and to organize the continued suppression of the CPP.
The NLC disbanded and confiscated the assets of eight Nkrumaist organizations, including the United Ghana Farmers\' Co-operative Council, the National Council of Ghana Women and the Ghana Youth Pioneers. Boy Scouts and Girl Guides groups were introduced to replace the latter.
Once the CPP was no longer seen as a political threat, the new government indicated that it would not retaliate excessively against officials from the old regime. All but twenty of the hundreds of imprisoned Nkrumaists were free by 1968. And although the system of ministries was re-arranged, the membership and hierarchy of the civil service remained mostly intact, and in fact gained power after the coup.
B. A. Bentum (verily a CPP minister himself) was appointed Secretary-General of the Trades Union Congress and authorized to cull its old CPP leadership. Bentum dissociated the Trades Union Congress from the All-African Trade Union Federation, began a \"Productivity Drive\" to raise output, helped the government with public relations abroad, and created a mechanism for supplying civilian workers to assist the armed forces.
### Popular support {#popular_support}
Public demonstrations were held in support of the new government, especially by public organizations in Accra. Nkrumah, in China, claimed that the military had orchestrated these demonstrations. In part because Nigeria\'s military had accomplished a coup of its own in January 1966, regime change in Ghana did not come as a complete shock. Under new leadership, groups like the Trades Union Congress and the Ghana Young Pioneers (shortly before they were disbanded) celebrated the coup and renounced Nkrumaist socialism. On March 4, top Nkrumah aide Emmanuel Ayeh-Kumi publicly accused the former President of corruption. Other party leaders followed suit. The government released more than 800 prisoners from the previous regime.
By June 1966, spokesmen for the new government began to qualify their statements on the restoration of civilian government, saying more time was needed \"to establish an effective machinery of government\" and for people \"to readjust to the new situation\". Rule by the National Liberation Council was sustained by strong support from the intelligentsia, in the civil service and at university, as well as by the military and police forces themselves.
### Diplomatic realignment {#diplomatic_realignment}
Diplomatic relations with Russia, China, and Cuba were ceased, their embassies closed, and their technicians ejected. Ghana withdrew its embassies from these countries, from Hanoi in North Vietnam, and from five countries in Eastern Europe.
From the West, the coup was immediately rewarded by food aid and a relaxation of the policies designed to isolate Ghana. World cocoa prices began to increase. Relations with Britain, which had been suspended over the Rhodesia issue, were restored.
Robert Komer of the National Security Council wrote to Lyndon Johnson,
Leaders in the new regime, as well as observers in business and the press, declared Ghana open for business with Western multinationals. Representatives from the IMF and the World Bank arrived in Accra in March 1966, quickly establishing a plan for \"very close collaboration\".
| 800 |
National Liberation Council
| 1 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Military affairs {#military_affairs}
### Budget
One declaration in March 1966 exempted members of the military from paying taxes, restored their pension plan, and entitled them to various public amenities. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Police personnel received cash bonuses of undisclosed size.
Between 1966 and 1969, military spending doubled, from NȻ 25.5 million to NȻ54.2 million.
### Status
The military borrowed techniques from the British to upgrade the social status of the armed forces; for example, they used publicity in magazines to create an image of the soldier as a powerful, humane, elite member of society. These policies dramatically increased Ghanaians\' interest in military careers.
The coup plotters from within the armed forces all promoted themselves to higher ranks and eventually all had become some sort of General. The preferred philosopher of this group was Plato, whose *Republic* offers the slogan: \"The punishment which the wise suffer who refuse to take part in the Government is to live under the Government of worse men.\"
Britain turned down the new government\'s request for military uniforms, but the United States was willing to supply some, and thus U.S. Army uniforms were worn by the Ghanaian Army.
### Counter-coup {#counter_coup}
Junior officers attempted an unsuccessful coup on 17 April 1967. The three leaders of this counter-coup were young officers from the Akan ethnic group. With a force of 120 men, they succeeded in capturing the State Broadcasting House and the former president\'s house, into which General Kokota had moved. General Kokota died in the fighting, and Lt.-Gen Ankrah escaped by climbing over a wall and jumping into the ocean. The rebel officers laid siege to the military headquarters and announced themselves over state radio. However, the plotters were outmaneuvered at a conference held to determine plans for the new government, and subsequently captured.
The counter-coup was widely believed to be motivated by divisions between the southwestern (Akan, Ashanti, Fanti) ethnic groups and the southeastern (Ga, Ewe) ethnic groups---so much so that the military issued an official statement denying it.
Three hundred soldiers and six hundred civilians were jailed in retaliation. On May 26, 1967, two officers convicted of treason became the subjects of Ghana\'s first public execution. Fearing future actions from within the military, the NLC decommissioned eight senior officers and reappointed some of its own members to command positions. Air Marshal Michael Otu was accused of subversion in November 1968.
| 403 |
National Liberation Council
| 2 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Political governance {#political_governance}
The council established many commissions and advisory committees to make policies and engage with civil society. Various committees were assigned to areas such as the economy, public relations, foreign relations, law, farming, and the structure of government itself (which did indeed undergo frequent reorganization). Regional and local commissioners were replaced by \"management committees\"; administrative districts were consolidated from 168 to 47. The management committees were constituted mostly by civil servants as well as one private citizen nominated by the police. Many personnel from the old councils participated in the new committees. Subsequent involvement of military officials in the local management committees did not functionally challenge the political dominance of the civil service. The power of the civil service proved a source of resentment from other groups within the constituency of the 1966 coup.
The heads of ministries were designated as commissioners and their deputies as principal secretaries.
+---------------------------------------------+
| **OFFICE** |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Foreign Affairs |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Defence |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Interior |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Finance |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Attorney General of Ghana |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Economic Affairs |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Education |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Health |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Communications |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Social Affairs\ |
| Commissioner for Labour and Social Welfare |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Information |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Industry |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Land and Mineral Resources |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Local Government |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Trade |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Works and Housing |
+---------------------------------------------+
| |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Rural Development |
+---------------------------------------------+
| Commissioner for Cultural Affairs |
+---------------------------------------------+
### Regional Administration Chairmen (Regional Ministers) {#regional_administration_chairmen_regional_ministers}
Portfolio Minister Time frame Notes
------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------- -------
Ashanti Regional Commissioner Brig. D. C. K. Amenu 1966 -- 1967
J. T. D. Addy 1967
G. K. Yarboi 1967 -- 1969
Brong Ahafo Region Lt. Col. I. K Akyeampong 1966 -- 1967
Lt. Col. H. D. Twum-Barimah 1967 -- 1968
J. Agyemang Badu 1968 -- 1969
Central Regional Commissioner Lt.-Col R. J. G. Dontoh 1966 -- 1967
Brig. Alexander A. Crabbe 1967 -- 1969
Eastern Regional Commissioner G. A. K. Dzansi 1966 -- 1969
Greater Accra Regional Commissioner Rear Admiral D. A. Hansen 1966 -- 1967
J. G. Smith 1967 -- 1969
Northern Regional Commissioner J. M. Kporvi 1966 -- 1967
Col. P. Laryea 1967 -- 1968
Seth Birikorang 1968 -- 1969
H. A. Nuamah 1969
Upper Region J. W. O. Adjemang 1966 -- 1967
Imoru Lafia 1967 -- 1969
Volta Regional Commissioner E. Q. Q. Sanniez 1966 -- 1967
Col. E. N. Dedjoe 1967 -- 1968
E. C. Beckley 1968 -- 1969
Western Region Lt.-Col. J. T. D. Addy 1966 -- 1967
Lt. Col. I. K. Acheampong 1967 -- 1968
Lt. Col. E. A. Yeboah 1968 -- 1969
Lt. Col. Coker-Appiah 1969
| 548 |
National Liberation Council
| 3 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Political governance {#political_governance}
### Principal Secretaries to the Ministries {#principal_secretaries_to_the_ministries}
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Portfolio | Minister | Time frame | Notes |
+=========================================+============================+==============+=======+
| Establishment Secretariat | A. O. Mills | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| | | | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Chieftaincy Secretariat | E. O. N. Aryee | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs | F. E. Boaten | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Defence | D. E. Awotwi | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Interior | N. K. F. Owoo | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Finance | K. Gyasi-Twum | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Economic Affairs | B. K. Mensah | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry for Education | D. A. Brown | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Health | W. Y. Eduful | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry | C. A. Dadey (Agriculture)\ | 1966 -- 1969 | |
| | R. Kofi-Johnson(Forestry) | | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Communication | E. A. Winful | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Social Affairs | J. K. Chinebuah | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Information | J. B. Odunton | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry of Industry | E. R. Hayford | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry for Land and Mineral Resources | A. J. Prah | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry for Local Government | G. F. Daniel | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
| Ministry for Works and Housing | H. F. Winful | 1966 -- 1969 | |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+--------------+-------+
Whereas the Convention People\'s Party had claimed legitimacy from its status as a mass party, the new regime increased the role of intermediate groups to interact with the public at large. Many of these groups, including religious, legal, and economic organizations established before the CPP, had opposed the one-party system and found they could work effectively with the military government.
Chiefs such as the powerful Asantehene approved of the regime change, which they saw as restoring their power after years of African socialism. The NLC \"destooled\" at least 176 chiefs appointed during the Nkrumah era. To the dismay of tenant farmers, the NLC granted the chiefs\' collective request for more favorable economic policies such as an end to the cap on land rent.
In November 1968 the government established a Constituent Assembly, which contained representatives from 91 organizations such as the House of Chiefs, the Ghana Midwives\' Association, and the National Catholic Secretariat.
The NLC integrated government intelligence gathering with military and police forces, thereby increasing the effectiveness of both.
### Civil liberties {#civil_liberties}
Austerity and unemployment led to unrest and crime, which the government met with repression by police and military forces. In January 1967, the NLC authorized the use of military tribunals for civilians accused of subversion.
The country\'s two largest daily papers, the *Daily Graphic* and the *Ghanaian Times*, remained state-owned. These newspapers readily changed their allegiance from the Nkrumah government to the National Liberation Council. Other newspapers, such as the *Legon Observer* published at the University of Ghana, were more critical of the regime.
In general, the press was allowed limited criticism of government policies, but were sufficiently intimidated that they did not question the legitimacy of the government itself, nor advocate for an alternative regime. Early words about \"freedom of the press\" were somewhat undermined by caveats and retaliatory actions. The \"Prohibition of Rumour Decree\" issued in October 1966 authorized 28 days of detention and up to three years in prison for journalists who might \"cause alarm and despondency\", \"disturb the public peace\", or \"cause disaffection against the N.L.C.\" Criticism of the 1967 arrangement between the American firm Abbott Laboratories with the State Pharmaceutical Corporation led the NLC to fire four editors from the nation\'s three leading newspapers.
Books including Nkrumah\'s *Dark Days in Ghana* were allowed into the country.
Complaints about immigration and foreign business activity led to a rule published in 1968 which starting on July 1, 1968, barred non-Ghanaians from operating retail and small wholesale businesses, driving taxis, or running other small businesses with fewer than 30 workers. Another decree restricted where non-Ghanaians could live.
| 739 |
National Liberation Council
| 4 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Economics
The new government empowered the International Monetary Fund to supervise the country\'s economy. Under IMF influence, the government cut spending, limited wage increases, and allowed foreign companies to conduct businesses operations on their own terms. The overall result was a shift away from the CPP\'s efforts at national industrialization, towards resource extraction and limited manufacturing for short-term profits---most of which were gleaned by foreign companies and elites within government including the military. The National Liberation Council did not receive the debt relief it expected in exchange for cooperation with outside financial institutions, and indeed Ghana\'s debt increased by Ȼ89.7 million under agreements made in 1966 and 1968.
The Economic Committee, headed by E. N. Omaboe, was responsible for economic policy and played an influential role in the overall government. The organization of this committee predated the formation of the National Liberation Council itself, and Omaboe was involved in the planning meeting to create the NLC on February 24, 1966. R. S. Amegashie, Director of the Business School at Achimota, was another influential member.
### Privatization and multinational business {#privatization_and_multinational_business}
The NLC promised \"structural changes\" of state corporations, some of which were fully privatized. The Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation, created in September 1967, became owner of 19 such corporations. Control over large production sectors was granted to foreign multinational corporations such as Norway Cement Export and Abbott Laboratories. These ventures held extremely low risk for the foreign companies, since they relied on capital already within Ghana, enjoyed various economic privileges, and had outside backing to prevent expropriation.
Under guidance of the International Monetary Fund, the government in 1967 devalued the Ghanaian Cedi (formerly the Ghanaian pound) by 30% relative to the United States dollar. The rationale for this policy was that if other countries could buy Ghanaian goods at lower prices, exports would increase, and conversely imports would decrease. In fact, the opposite results occurred. Exports of all commodities except wood and diamonds decreased. Imports increased by a larger factor.
Various state-run development projects were abandoned, including some which were nearly complete. These included manufacturing and refining operations under state control which would have competed with foreign business interests. A plan to stockpile cocoa (the top export at the time) in order to take improve Ghana\'s position in the world market, was canceled; the nearly-built silos, intended to accomplish this goal, allowed to fall into disrepair. Agricultural projects were privatized or canceled and newly purchased equipment left in fields to rust. Overall spending on agriculture decreased by 35%. A fleet of fishing boats were grounded to lie idle and deteriorating---leading the country to begin importing foreign fish. Much of the capital and property obtained by the state from 1957 to 1966 now fell into the hands of the private sector.
### Labour and quality of life {#labour_and_quality_of_life}
Under the National Liberation Council, inflation decreased, production went up, and wages rose. The minimum wage increased from 0.65 cedi to 0.70 cedi in 1967 and 0.75 cedi in 1968. However, fewer people had jobs---and even for those who did, higher costs of living offset some of the wage increases. Food prices increased dramatically due to the collapse of state-run agriculture and withdrawal of credit to independent farmers. In the public sector, minimum wage rose from Ȼ0.70 to Ȼ0.75, with future increases capped at 5%, while top wages increased by much more. Judges, high-ranking civil servants, and university professors received job benefits and raises.
Most of the profits from higher productivity went to business owners and foreign investors, and society became more economically stratified.
The new regime made some initial concessions to workers, such as an increase in the threshold of taxable income, and a decrease in taxes (and thus prices) of some basic goods. The goodwill generated by these initial policies faded when 38,000 people lost their jobs in July--October 1966 and requests for a NȻ1/day basic wage were soundly rejected. Strikes were illegal and in February 1967 incitement to general strike became a crime punishable by 25+ years in prison, or by death. The Trades Union Congress, under the leadership of B. A. Bentum (the chief civilian collaborator in the 1966 coup), made efforts to prevent these strikes from happening, and was therefore widely distrusted by workers.
Workers in Ghana went on strike 58 times from 1966 to 1967, 38 times in 1968, and 51 times in 1969. Strikers were fired and sometimes fired upon. The latter happened at a gold mine in Obuasi in March 1969. By August 1968, 66,000 workers (representing 10% of the national workforce and 36% of the Accra workforce) had lost their jobs.
| 772 |
National Liberation Council
| 5 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Nkrumah in exile {#nkrumah_in_exile}
Nkrumah left China and traveled to Guinea, arriving in Conakry on March 2, 1966. Guinean President Sékou Touré named Nkrumah as co-president, supplying him with a place to live, a staff, food, office supplies, etc. He occupied himself with reading, writing, and political discussion; he reportedly sometimes listened to vinyl recordings of Black Americans activists like Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael. He turned away Western reporters seeking interviews. He was loosely involved in various intrigues to dethrone the military regime in Ghana.
Nkrumah remained an intellectual leader of the Pan-Africanist movement and continued to articulate visions of African Revolution. In his 1968 book *Dark Days in Ghana*, Nkrumah placed the struggles of Ghana in the context of 15 military coups which took place in Africa between 1962 and 1967. The same year, he published *Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare*, addressing revolutionary warriors in Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, and Rhodesia and expanding his analysis to Southeast Asia and Latin America. His ideology became more overtly communist, and in 1969 he wrote, in *Class Struggle in Africa*, that Pan-African socialism would \"advance the triumph of the international socialist revolution, and the onward progress towards world communism, under which, every society is ordered on the principle of from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.\"
The government declared a campaign to eliminate the \"myth of Nkrumah\", which involved pulling down Nkrumah\'s statue, renaming various streets and institutions, and \"re-educating\" the public through other channels. Thus a public relations campaign was launched to \"destroy the image of Nkrumah\"---and thus legitimize the coup---among people in rural areas. The Ministry of Information deployed 37 vans for 12 weeks to visit 700 villages promoting the new government.
| 292 |
National Liberation Council
| 6 |
10,159,630 |
# National Liberation Council
## Transition to civilian government {#transition_to_civilian_government}
Plans were made to transfer the government to civilian rule, headed by K. A. Busia, the leader of a former opposition party outlawed by Nkrumah. In May 1968, General Ankrah announced plans for the transition to take place on September 30, 1969. In the interim, a Constituent Assembly would draft a new constitution, and political parties would be legalized starting May 1, 1969. Busia had obviously been selected to lead the new government.
To ensure that the transition in power would not create a transition in policy, the NLC passed various regulations to limit the scope of political change. For example, it banned high-level CPP members from serving in government (creating exceptions to this rule for some of the latter it had already appointed).
The National Liberation Council underwent some internal turmoil during this period. Ethnic tension intensified after the 1967 counter-coup, which resulted in the death of Kotoka, an important Ewe general. General Otu and an aide were arrested on 20 November 1968, accused of plotting in London to restore Nkrumah to power. Ankrah, the Head of State, was forced to resign on April 2, 1969, amidst accusations that he was planning to form a political party and run for president. Afrifa was appointed his successor. Otu and Ankrah were both members of the Ga ethnic group, and when Assistant Police Commissioner John E. O. Nunoo, himself Ga, suggested that ethnicity might have motivated the aforementioned actions, he himself was fired.
A new constitution, passed on 15 August 1969, provided for a judiciary, a unicameral legislature, a prime minister, and a president.
Five political parties went into action for the August 29 elections. Of these, the largest were the Progress Party, led by longtime opposition politician K.A. Busia, and the National Alliance of Liberals, led by former Finance Minister and coup plotter K. A. Gbedemah. Gbedemah, a Ewe, was supported by Ewe elements within the NLC, to oppose Busia, an Ashanti. Members of the two groups voted markedly along these lines, but in the nationwide results Busia and the Progress Party won the sizeable majority of seats: 105 of 140. Before handing over power, the NLC passed an ambiguous constitutional amendment which empowered them to expel Gbedemah from parliament
| 380 |
National Liberation Council
| 7 |
10,159,631 |
# Kevin Williams (wide receiver, born 1971)
**Kevin Ray Williams, Jr.** (born January 25, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Arizona Cardinals, Buffalo Bills and San Francisco 49ers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes, earning first-team All-American honors in 1991.
## Early life {#early_life}
Williams attended Franklin D. Roosevelt High School (Dallas), where he averaged 17.1 yards every time he touched the ball. As a senior in 1988, he split time between running back and wide receiver, tallying 100 carries for 995 yards, 10 rushing touchdowns, 36 receptions for 757 yards, 3 punt returns for touchdown and 2 kickoff returns for touchdown.
He finished his high school career with 111 receptions for 1,997 yards (17.9-yard average), 117 carries for 1,339 rushing yards (11.4-yard average), 21 receiving touchdowns, 14 rushing touchdowns and 10 return touchdowns. He averaged 25.6 yards per kickoff returns and 33.2 yards per punt return.
## College career {#college_career}
Williams accepted a football scholarship from the University of Miami, where he was the fastest player (4.28 seconds in the 40 yards) in some of college football most talented teams. As a redshirt freshman in 1990, he was the team\'s kickoff and punt returner. He registered 10 kickoff returns for 231 yards (23.1-yard average), 13 punt returns for 177 yards (13.6-yard average) and 4 receptions for 64 yards.
As a sophomore, he had a breakout season, posting 1,183 all-purpose yards, 36 punt returns for 560 yards (15.6-yard average) and 3 touchdowns, 10 kickoff returns for 185 yards (18.5-yard average), 21 receptions for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns. He had 3 consecutive games with punt returns for touchdowns, setting a school record and one shy of the NCAA record. Against Penn State University, he totaled 217 return yards (152 yards in punt returns) on seven attempts, including a 91-yard punt return for a touchdown (school record).
He was named the Big East special teams player of the year and received first-team All-American and All-Big East honors. He was a part of the Hurricane\'s 1991 National Championship team.
As a junior, he struggled with ankle and knee injuries, including the fact that several opponents chose not to kick to him. He recorded 29 punt returns for 302 yards (10.4-yard average), 4 kickoff returns for 82 yards (20.5-yard average), 40 receptions (fourth on the team) for 457 yards, 2 receiving touchdowns and a 68-yard pass completion for a touchdown. He declared for the NFL Draft after the season.
| 425 |
Kevin Williams (wide receiver, born 1971)
| 0 |
10,159,631 |
# Kevin Williams (wide receiver, born 1971)
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
In the 1993 NFL draft, the Dallas Cowboys traded their first-round draft choice (#29-George Teague) and fourth-round pick (#112-Al Fontenot) to the Green Bay Packers in exchange for two second-round picks (#46 and #54-Darrin Smith) and a fourth-round draft choice (#94-Derrick Lassic). The Cowboys selected Williams with their first choice in the second round.
As a rookie, he had a 10.5-yard punt return average (third in the NFC) and a 22.2-yard kickoff return average (sixth in the NFC). His best moment came in the infamous Leon Lett Thanksgiving game against the Miami Dolphins, where he scored all of the team\'s points (except the conversions) on a 4-yard reception and a 64-yard punt return.
In 1994, his 26.7-yard kickoff return average ranked fourth in the NFL and was the third highest single-season average in club history. He ranked sixth in the NFC with an 8.9-yard punt return average. He became the first player in franchise history to score a touchdown on a punt and a kickoff return in the same season. He set a team record for combined kickoff and punt return yardage (1,497), breaking Mel Renfro\'s 1964 mark of 1,435 yards. He also became the all-time team leader in combined touchdowns scored on kickoff and punt returns with 4. He was the first player in team history to score off a kickoff and a punt return in the same season. Also the first player to score career touchdowns on punt returns, kickoff, receiving and rushing.
In 1995, he received the opportunity as the starting wide receiver opposite to Michael Irvin after the departure of Alvin Harper, but never became the consistent big play complement that was expected from him. He had 38 receptions for 613 yards, 2 touchdowns and ranked sixth in the NFC with a 22.6-yard kickoff return average. Against the Arizona Cardinals, he set a club record with 307 combined net yards and had the sixth best single-game receiving total in franchise history at the time, with 203 yards, adding two touchdown receptions of 25 and 48 yards. Against the San Francisco 49ers, he became the team\'s record holder for career kickoff return yards and combined kickoff/punt return yards. He set the franchise single-season record for kickoff returns with 49.
In 1996, he was limited to only 10 games with a broken foot suffered in a 10-7 loss against the Buffalo Bills. He finished with 27 receptions for 323 yards and one touchdown. In 1997, he decided to leave the team via free agency, after Anthony Miller was signed to take over the second receiver role.
Williams speed and return abilities were always valued during his time with the Cowboys, setting the franchise career records for number of kickoff returns (144), number of combined returns (239) and kickoff return yards (3,4616) in just four seasons.
### Arizona Cardinals {#arizona_cardinals}
On July 15, 1997, he signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the Arizona Cardinals, where he played special teams and was a backup wide receiver. His 59 kickoff returns for 1,458 yards set a team single-season record and he also set a team record against the Atlanta Falcons with 207 kickoff return yards in a game.
His biggest offensive contribution came in week 15 versus the New Orleans Saints, where he racked 4 catches for 54 yards. He tied for fourth on the team with 20 receptions for 273 yards and one touchdown.
### Buffalo Bills {#buffalo_bills}
On February 13, 1998, he signed as a free agent with the Buffalo Bills. He was third on the team with 29 receptions for 392 yards and one touchdown, while also being the team\'s kickoff and punt returner.
In 1999, he tied for fourth on the team with 31 receptions for 381 yards, while also being the team\'s kickoff and punt returner. He was released on April 14, 2000.
### San Francisco 49ers {#san_francisco_49ers}
On July 18, 2000, he was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to be the punt and kickoff returner. He wasn\'t re-signed after the season. He finished his career with 178 receptions for 2,314 yards and 7 touchdowns, 167 rushing yards and 2 touchdowns, 7,309 kickoff return yards with 1 touchdown and 2,295 yards and 3 touchdowns on punt returns. He gained a total of 12,085 all purpose yards.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
**Receiving Stats**
Year Team GP Rec Yds Avg Lng TD FD Fum Lost
-------- ------ ----- ----- ------- ------ ----- ---- ----- ----- ------
1993 DAL 16 20 151 7.6 33 2 6 0 0
1994 DAL 15 13 181 13.9 29 0 7 0 0
1995 DAL 16 38 613 16.1 48 2 32 0 0
1996 DAL 10 27 323 12.0 31 1 20 0 0
1997 ARI 16 20 273 13.7 31 1 15 0 0
1998 BUF 16 29 392 13.5 55 1 18 1 1
1999 BUF 16 31 381 12.3 35 0 20 0 0
Career 121 178 2,314 13
| 840 |
Kevin Williams (wide receiver, born 1971)
| 1 |
10,159,637 |
# 1797 in architecture
The year **1797 in architecture** involved some significant events.
## Buildings and structures {#buildings_and_structures}
### Buildings
- Ditherington Flax Mill, in Shrewsbury, England, is completed; by the end of the 20th century it will be the oldest iron-framed building in the world and is seen as the world\'s first skyscraper.
- First Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by Samuel Blodgett, is completed (begun in 1795).
- Old City Hall (Lancaster, Pennsylvania) is completed.
- Hassan Basha Mosque in Oran is built.
- St Mary\'s Church, Banbury in England, designed by S. P. Cockerell, is completed.
- Palace of Shaki Khans in Shaki, Azerbaijan is built
| 113 |
1797 in architecture
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.