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# Paul Farbrace
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Sri Lanka {#sri_lanka}
#### 2013/14 Pakistan
On 20 December 2013, he was named as the coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team. Sri Lanka won Farbrace\'s first game in charge in an ODI against Pakistan. However, they lost the next game by 113 runs. They lost the next game of the series but went on to win the last by two. Sri Lanka lost the series 3--2, although Farbrace was not in charge for Sri Lanka\'s first defeat. The first Test between the two sides was a high scoring match which ended in a draw. Sri Lanka won the second match of the series comprehensively, securing a 9 wicket victory. However, they lost the final match of the series by five wickets meaning that the three match series in the UAE ended 1--1.
#### 2014 Bangladesh
Sri Lanka secured a comprehensive victory over Bangladesh in the first Test between the two sides, winning by an innings and 248 runs. The second Test between the two sides ended in a draw, meaning Sri Lanka won the series 1--0, their first series victory under Farbrace. Sri Lanka won the two match T20 series 2--0 and then went on to win the three match ODI series 3--0. This meant that in the seven matches played between the two teams, Sri Lanka won six, continuing Farbrace\'s impressive start to the job.
#### 2014 Asia Cup {#asia_cup}
In the first match of the 2014 Asia Cup, Sri Lanka beat Pakistan by 12 runs. They narrowly won their next match against India by two wickets. After beating Afghanistan by 129 runs, Sri Lanka continued their winning run by beating Bangladesh by three wickets. After winning all their games, Sri Lanka met Pakistan in the tournament final, where they won by five wickets to secure their fifth Asia Cup title overall and their first since 2008.
#### 2014 Twenty20 World Cup {#twenty20_world_cup}
Sri Lanka won their first match of the campaign, beating South Africa by five runs. They continued their good start to the competition after comprehensively beating the Netherlands. They suffered their first defeat of the competition after losing to England, but bounced back to beat New Zealand by 59 runs to qualify for the qualify for the semi-finals. They played West Indies for a place in the final, and they won the game by 27 runs to set up a final against India. Sri Lanka won the match by six wickets to win the tournament for the first time in their history.
He resigned in April 2014 to become the assistant coach of England.
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# Paul Farbrace
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### England
#### Assistant Coach under Moores {#assistant_coach_under_moores}
##### 2014 Sri Lanka {#sri_lanka_1}
Working under Peter Moores, Farbrace\'s first opposition as England Assistant was against his old team, Sri Lanka. England narrowly lost the opening T20 match between the two sides in a high scoring match. England got off to a good start in the ODI series, winning a rain affected match after bowling out Sri Lanka for just 144. The next match saw England suffer a heavy defeat after they were bowled out for just 99. However, in the next game England bounced back, bowling Sri Lanka out for just 67 and winning the match by 10 wickets. They narrowly lost the fourth ODI by 7 runs, despite a quick fire century from Jos Buttler. England lost the final game of the series by six wickets to lose the series 3--2. However, England\'s performances had been well received and most pundits agreed that an improvement had been made following the disastrous tour of Australia. Moores\' first test in charge ended in a draw, although England fell just one wicket short of winning the game. Stuart Broad took what he thought was the winning wicket with the penultimate ball of the match, only for the decision to be referred and overturned. The final match of the series was again a close affair, although this time it was Sri Lanka pressing for the win. Despite a century from Moeen Ali, England were bowled out in their second innings with the penultimate ball of the series, giving a Sri Lanka a 1--0 series win.
##### 2014 India
Following the defeat to Sri Lanka, pressure was put on England to make changes ahead of the series with India. However, no changes were made and England secured a draw in the first Test. However, they lost the second Test and pressure was put on captain Alastair Cook and Moores and Farbrace. Both men stayed on, and England turned the series around. Moores handed wicketkeeper Jos Buttler a Test debut, and the team went on to win the third Test to level the series at 1--1. England then secured a comfortable victory in the fourth Test to go 2--1 up, with Ian Bell and Alastair Cook returning to form. In the final match of the Test series, England again won to win the series 3--1 and hand Moores and Farbrace their first series win since returning to England. The ODI series was less successful. Moored handed a debut to Alex Hales, although England went on to lose the first three matches of the series. Moores again stood by captain Alistair Cook, and England went on to win the final match of the series. They also won the only T20 match between the two sides to end the series on a high.
##### 2014/15 Build up to World Cup {#build_up_to_world_cup}
England travelled to Sri Lanka for a seven match ODI series. They lost the first two matches to go 2--0 down in the series, but won the third match. After losing the next match, England again won to keep the series alive at 3--2. However, they were comprehensively beaten in the final two matches of the series which led to questions being asked again of Alistair Cook. Throughout the tour Moores had remained loyal to Cook, but after the final game he hinted that there may be changes. Cook was later removed as ODI captain, with Eoin Morgan taking over.
The tri-series against India and Australia marked Morgan\'s first series as skipper. Morgan hit a century in the opening match, although England were beaten by Australia. England improved in the following match against India, securing a comfortable win. However, they again suffered defeat to Australia meaning that they had to beat India in the final game to qualify for the final. They did so, but again suffered defeat to Australia when they met in the final. Despite finishing as runners up, the consensus was that England had improved and were now in a stronger position ahead of the World Cup.
##### 2015 World Cup {#world_cup}
England\'s World Cup campaign got off to a poor start as they suffered a 111 runs defeat at the hands of Australia. They suffered another humiliating defeat in their next match as lost to New Zealand by eight wickets. England relieved the pressure on them by securing a comfortable win against Scotland, but another heavy defeat, this time nine wickets against Sri Lanka, meant that England had to win their final two games to qualify. Defeat against Bangladesh ended any hopes of qualification, which led to suggestions that the current England coaching team could be replaced. However, Moores and Farbrace were backed by Paul Downton to rebuild the side, with Moores himself saying he was committed to the job. England won their final match against Afghanistan by nine wickets.
##### 2015 West Indies {#west_indies}
Moores remained in charge of England for their tour of West Indies despite the resignation of the man who appointed him, Paul Downton. In the first match of the series, England got off to a good start, posting 399 in the first innings and then bowling the West Indies out for 295. However, they were unable to force a result and the match ended in a draw, with the West Indies saving the match. England won the second match of the series following a good batting display in the first innings. They bowled the West Indies out for 307 in the second innings, and then won the game by nine wickets thanks to contributions from Alistair Cook and Gary Ballance. Despite this, England lost the final match of the series after setting the West Indies a small target to chase in their second innings after an England batting collapse. The West Indies won the match by five wickets to draw the series 1--1.
After the series Moores played down talk for the need of an enquiry, but rumours persisted that Moores\' job was in danger. Moores remained in charge for the ODI match against Ireland, which was abandoned due to rain. After Andrew Strauss was appointed Director of Cricket, Moores was sacked as England coach and replaced by his assistant, Paul Farbrace.
#### Interim Coach {#interim_coach}
Following the appointment of Andrew Strauss as Director of Cricket, Peter Moores was sacked as coach. However, Farbrace stayed on, acting as Interim head coach for the series against New Zealand. The first squad selected under his stewardship was similar to Moores\' final squad, with Adam Lyth being confirmed as the man to replace the retiring Jonathan Trott.
England won their first Test under Farbrace in a thrilling game against New Zealand. However, they went on to lose the second Test and the two match series ended in a 1--1 draw. England had several new players in the squad for the ODI series, but the team soon clicked and put in an impressive performance in the first game, with England scoring 408. New Zealand won the next two games in the series to lead 2--1. However, England won the fourth game in convincing fashion to set up a decider in the final match of the series. England went on to win it by three wickets to win the series 3--2. England also won the only T20 match between the two sides, achieving victory by a margin of 56 runs.
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# Paul Farbrace
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### England
#### Assistant Coach under Bayliss {#assistant_coach_under_bayliss}
When new coach Trevor Bayliss was appointed, it was announced that Farbrace would work under him as assistant coach as he had done previously with Sri Lanka.
##### 2015 Australia
Farbrace worked under Bayliss for England for the first time in the 2015 Ashes series. Going into the series, England were underdogs. Ahead of the first Test, there were no changes to the England squad and the same team was selected that played in the New Zealand Test series, which Farbrace had been in charge of. England won the first Test by 169 runs, with Joe Root in particular impressing. In the second Test England suffered a heavy defeat by 405 runs after a batting collapse in the second innings. England made two changes for the third Test, with Jonny Bairstow replacing the out of form Gary Ballance and Steven Finn replacing the injured Mark Wood. England went on to win the game by eight wickets after dismissing Australia for 136 in their first innings. James Anderson took 6--47 in the Australian first innings, while Steven Finn took 6--79 in their second innings. Ahead of the fourth Test James Anderson was ruled out through injury and replaced by Mark Wood. England bowled Australia out for just 60 in their first innings, with Stuart Broad taking 8--15. After Joe Root scored a century in England\'s reply, Ben Stokes took six Australian second innings wickets as England won by an innings and 78 runs. With the Ashes already won, England named an unchanged team, with Anderson still injured. Australia made a big total in their first innings, and England were dismissed cheaply in theirs. Although England batted better when following in, Australia won the game by an innings and 48 runs. Despite this, England won the Ashes 3--2 and regained the urn. In the limited overs series, England won the first T20 match between the sides. Joe Root was rested for the ODI series and James Taylor replaced him at three. The ODI series got off to a bad start for England, with them losing the first two games. However, they won the third match by 93 runs and won the fourth by three wickets. England lost the final match of the series to lose it 3--2.
##### Pakistan 2015 {#pakistan_2015}
Adam Lyth was replaced as opener for the series against Pakistan, with Moeen Ali being moved up the order to replace him. England drew the first game with debutant Adil Rashid helping to almost force a result for England. England lost the next two games of the series, by 178 runs and 127 runs. The decision to move Moeen Ali up the order did not work out, and England\'s spinners didn\'t offer a genuine threat throughout the series. Despite the setback, England continued their progression which started under Farbrace in limited overs cricket. Despite losing the opening match of the ODI series, they recovered to win it 3--1, winning the last three games by a margin of 95 runs, 6 wickets and 84 runs respectively. While England had modified their approach on the sub continent, they still played an aggressive brand of cricket, scoring 355 in the final game of the series. With the T20 World Cup approaching, England experimented in their selections for the three T20 internationals. Sam Billings and James Vince both came into the side and impressed, with Vince being named man of the series, while Chris Jordan returned to the side and demonstrated his credentials as a death bowler, bowling the Super Over in the final game of the series to help England win it 3--0, and make it six victories on the bounce.
##### South Africa 2015/16 {#south_africa_201516}
England again changed opener for their series against South Africa, with Alex Hales opening and Moeen Ali moving back down the order. Nick Compton also returned to the side. England won the first game by 241 runs, after passing 300 in both innings, before a fit again Steven Finn helped bowl South Africa out for 174 in their second innings. After a high scoring second match, in which Ben Stokes and Jonny Bairstow both hit centuries, England won the third game of the series thanks to a superb bowling display from Stuart Broad. The victory gave England an unassailable 2--0 series lead with one game left to play. England lost the final game of the series after a batting collapse in the second innings. Despite winning the first two ODIs in convincing fashion, England lost the final three games of the series to lose the ODI series 3--2. However, Alex Hales\' form with the bat was a major positive for England as was the emergence of Reece Topley in the bowling unit. England lost both of the T20 games they played to mean they ended the tour with five straight defeats. They were thrashed by nine wickets in the final game of the series, and their last game before the T20 World Cup, with England\'s seam bowlers being unable to cope with AB de Villiers, Quintin de Kock or Hashim Amla.
##### 2016 T20 World Cup {#t20_world_cup}
Farbrace had previously won the World T20 with Sri Lanka, while Trevor Bayliss and Otis Gibson had also previously won the tournament as coaches. England lost the first game against the West Indies, and looked to be heading for defeat against South Africa, but Jason Roy and Joe Root ensured they chased down 230 for victory. It looked like a collapse would be on the cards against Afghanistan, but Moeen Ali and David Willey lead the recovery to help England to a 15 run victory. After beating Sri Lanka, England qualified for the semi-finals against New Zealand. Good death bowling from David Willey and Chris Jordan saw England restrict their opponents to 153--8, and they went on to win the match by seven wickets. England lost the final after Ben Stokes was hit for four consecutive sixes, although it was still a big improvement from England and their exciting brand of cricket was generally praised.
##### 2016 Sri Lanka {#sri_lanka_2}
Following their win over South Africa, England went into the series against Sri Lanka on a high. The only change to the Test side was enforced, with James Vince replacing James Taylor, who had retired for health reasons. England won the first Test by an innings and 88 runs, with James Anderson taking ten wickets in the match. England followed this up with another convincing victory, this time winning by 9 wickets after a Moeen Ali century and further impressive bowling performances from James Anderson and Stuart Broad. The final game was rain affected an ended in a draw, with England winning the series 2--0. England continued their attacking brand of cricket in the ODI series, with the first game of the series ending in a tie after both sides scored 286 from their 50 overs. England won the next match by 10 wickets after a record breaking opening stand from Alex Hales and Jason Roy, before the third game finished in a draw due to rain. England won the fourth game by six wickets, with Jason Roy scoring yet another century, before England won the final game of the series after a strong bowling performance, which included four wickets for David Willey, meaning they won the series 3--0. The only T20I between the two sides saw England debuts handed to Liam Dawson and Tymal Mills. Dawson was particularly impressive, tasking figures of 3--27, before an unbeaten 73 from Jos Buttler saw England record an eight wicket victory.
##### 2016 Pakistan {#pakistan_1}
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# Paul Farbrace
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### England
#### Assistant Coach under Bayliss {#assistant_coach_under_bayliss}
##### 2016 Pakistan {#pakistan_1}
Going into the Test series against Pakistan, England made no major changes to their Test side, although Jake Ball was given a debut to replace the injured James Anderson, while Gary Ballance was bought back into the side. England lost the first game of the series by 75 runs. However, they performed much better in the next game and secured a convincing 330 run win over the tourists after strong performances from Joe Root and Alastair Cook. A good comeback saw England win the third Test despite being over 100 runs behind after the first innings. England led 2--1 going into the final Test. However, they lost the final game of the series after Pakistan scored 542 and then dismissed England for 253 in the second innings, and went on to secure a 10 wicket victory to level the series at 2--2. In the ODI series England again kept a similar squad, and secured comfortable victories over Pakistan in the first two matches. In the third match, England set a world record score of 444/3 thanks to a record high score from Alex Hales and strong contributions from Eoin Morgan, Joe Root and Jos Buttler. England won the fourth ODI but lost the final match of the series, meaning they won the series 4--1. England lost the only T20I between the sides by nine wickets after struggling with both bat and ball.
##### 2016 Bangladesh {#bangladesh_1}
Several new players were called up to the side for the tour of Bangladesh. Ben Duckett and Haseeb Hameed both received their first call-ups, with Zafar Ansari, Gareth Batty and Adil Rashid also included. Eoin Morgan and Alex Hales both pulled out of the tour due to safety concerns. England started off the tour well, beating Bangladesh by 21 runs in the first ODI, with Jake Ball taking five wickets on his ODI debut. However, they lost the next game by 34 runs. In the final match of the series, England won by four wickets to seal a 2--1 series win. England won the first Test between the sides by 22 runs, with Ben Stokes impressing for England. In the second match, England built a lead in the first innings, but a collapse saw them lose the match by 108 runs and the series finished 1--1.
##### 2016--17 India {#india_1}
England kept the same squad that faced Bangladesh ahead of the Test series against India. England performed well in the first Test, almost the game having played well with the bat. Four players, Alistair Cook, Joe Root, Ben Stokes and Moeen Ali scored centuries for England in the match. However, they were beaten soundly by 246 in the second game, despite James Anderson and Stuart Broad chipping in with wickets. Jos Buttler returned to the Test side for the third Test, but England again struggled, having been dismissed for 283 in the first innings before India scored 417. Haseeb Hameed batted well for England in their second innings, although India chased down their small target to win by eight wickets. Following the game, Hameed was ruled out for the rest of the series through injury along with Zafar Ansari, resulting in Keaton Jennings and Liam Dawson being called up to the squad. Jennings scored a century on his debut in the next Test, but England\'s bowlers again struggled, with India scoring 631 to win the match by an innings and 36 runs. In the final Test, England posted 477 in their first innings, but India again dominated with the bat, scoring 759/7. England collapsed on the final day, and India won by an innings and 75 runs to win the series 4--0.
England kept a similar squad to the one that was selected for Bangladesh for the ODI series against India. They lost the first match by 3 wickets despite scoring 350/7, and then lost the second game by 15 runs after India scored 381/6. They won the final match of the series, their first on tour as they secured a five run victory after scoring 321/8, to put an end to six consecutive defeats, although they lost the series 2--1. England altered their bowling line up for the T20I series, bringing in Chris Jordan and Tymal Mills. They won the first match by seven wickets. However, they lost the second match narrowly by five runs. In the final match of the series England collapsed and were bowled out for 127 as India won by 75 to win the series 2--1, meaning England suffered defeat in all three series between the sides.
##### 2017 West Indies {#west_indies_1}
England toured the West Indies for a three match ODI series. England kept the same that had been used against India. They won the first game by 45 runs after making 296--6 before bowling out the West Indies for 251. The second game was tighter, but an impressive partnership between Joe Root and Chris Woakes saw England chase down their target of 226 to win by four wickets. The final game of the series was more convincing for England, with them making a score of 328 following centuries from Joe Root and Alex Hales, before bowling the West Indies out for 142, winning game by 186 runs and the series 3--0.
### Warwickshire
In February 2019 it was announced that Farbrace would be leaving his England post to join Warwickshire as their Sporting Director.
He left the club following the end of the 2022 season. [1](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/62727059).
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# Paul Farbrace
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Sussex
Farbrace was appointed Head Coach of Sussex on 2 December 2022. [2](https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/63834377)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Farbrace is now married to Sandra, the mother of England cricketer Ollie Robinson
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# Hair in My Eyes Like a Highland Steer
***Hair in My Eyes Like a Highland Steer*** is the fourth album by Corb Lund and the Hurtin\' Albertans, released in 2005. The album was certified gold and named Album of the Year by the Canadian Country Music Association in 2006.
The song \"Always Keep an Edge on Your Knife\" was prominently featured in the 2014 Canadian horror film, *Backcountry.*
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs written by Corb Lund, except \"Hurtin\' Albertan,\" which Lund co-wrote with Tim Hus.
1. Hair in My Eyes Like a Highland Steer - 2:56
2. Truck Got Stuck - 2:58
3. Always Keep an Edge on Your Knife - 3:16
4. The Rodeo\'s Over (with Ian Tyson) - 3:22
5. Hurtin\' Albertan (with Tim Hus) - 4:41
6. Big Butch Bass Bull Fiddle - 2:13
7. All I Wanna Do is Play Cards - 4:00
8. Truth Comes Out - 3:28
9. Counterfeiters\' Blues - 3:24
10. Good Copenhagen - 3:25
11. Trouble in the Country - 3:06
12. Little Foothills Heaven - 2:57
13
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# Sampurna raga
In Indian classical music, **Sampūrṇa rāgas** (संपूर्ण, Sanskrit for \'complete\', also spelt as *sampoorna*) have all seven *swaras* in their scale. In general, the swaras in the *Arohana* and *Avarohana* strictly follow the ascending and descending scale as well. That is, they do not have *vakra* swara phrases (वक्र, meaning \'crooked\').
In Carnatic music, the Melakarta ragas are all *sampurna* ragas, but the converse is not true, i.e., all *sampurna* ragas are not *Melakarta* ragas. An example is Bhairavi raga in Carnatic music (different from the Bhairavi of Hindustani music). Some examples of *Melakarta* ragas are *Mayamalavagowla*, *Todi*, *Sankarabharanam* and *Kharaharapriya*
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# Eleanor Shanley
**Eleanor Shanley** is an Irish Roots musician, from Keshcarrigan in County Leitrim in the North West of Ireland.
## Early life {#early_life}
Shanley was born into a musical family and comes from a line of traditional singers. After finishing school she moved to Dublin. During the day she worked in FAS, the state recruitment agency; in the evenings she studied drama with Betty Ann Norton and joined the \"Leitrim Wild Roses\" Tops of the Town group. She also sang in various sessions, mainly in Ned O\'Sheas \"Merchant\". It was there that she met De Dannan.
## Career
She made her first appearance as a singer with traditional group De Danann in 1990, and sang with them for five years She went on to sing with Ronnie Drew. She had also toured with Christy Moore and Sharon Shannon as a soloist both in Ireland and abroad.
Shanley has recorded with Ronnie Drew, Sharon Shannon, Eddi Reader, Tommy Fleming, Desmond O\'Halloran, Dolores Keane, Christie Hennessy and The Dubliners.
Her cover version of the Thomas Moore classic *Gorgeous and Bright* was the most played track on RTE 1 Radio in the summer of 2015.
Her current collaborators are Frankie Lane and Paul Kelly, with whom she has performed since 2002.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Shanley lives with her partner Brendan Harding in Ballinasloe, Co. Galway.
## Collaborations
- Tommy Fleming\'s *Restless Spirit* album.
- De Danann\'s *How the West was Won*.
- Dubliners\' *30 Years a Greying*
- Frankie Lane\'s *Gunsmoke at El Paso*
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# Philadelphia Badlands
The **Philadelphia Badlands** is a section of North Philadelphia and Lower Northeast Philadelphia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is known for an abundance of open-air recreational drug markets and drug-related violence. It has amorphous and somewhat disputed boundaries, but is generally agreed to include the 25th police district.
It is widely typically defined as encompassing the area between Kensington Avenue to the east and Broad Street to the west, and between Hunting Park Avenue to the north and York Street to the south, mostly coinciding with the Fairhill, Glenwood, Hunting Park, Hartranft, Harrowgate, Kensington, North Central, Stanton, and West Kensington sections of Philadelphia, the nation\'s sixth-largest city as of 2020.
## Etymology
The term \"The Badlands\" was popularized in part by the novel *Third and Indiana* by Steve Lopez, then a columnist for *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. The neighborhood also was featured in several episodes of ABC\'s *Nightline*. The intersection of 3rd Street and Indiana Avenue was listed number two in a 2007 list of the city\'s top ten drug corners according to an article by *Philadelphia Weekly* reporter Steve Volk.
The term \"Badlands\" was first used by Lt. John Gallo, who headed the East Division Narcotics Task Force. Its use spread, with many people attempting to take credit for the moniker. It was Gallo\'s work along with ASAC Billy Retton that worked about a dozen long-term investigations in the 25th and 26th Police Districts that preceded \"Operation Sunrise\". Ted Koppel, Geraldo Rivera, *20/20*, and *48 Hours* all rode with Gallo at one time or another, and it was during this time that Gallo was able to make the name stick.
## History and demographics {#history_and_demographics}
At one time a center of heavy industry, much of the Badlands\' urban landscape is now characterized by vacant warehouses and tightly-packed strips of brick row houses constructed for the working class of the neighborhood. Like most industrial cities in the eastern United States, Philadelphia suffered economic decline following the movement of industry to either the suburbs or developing countries and has suffered as a result.
The Philadelphia Badlands contain a diverse mix of ethnicities. Puerto Ricans are the largest group, but the area also contains large populations of Black Americans, Irish Americans, and Dominican Americans. The area encompasses El Centro de Oro, the heart of Philadelphia\'s Puerto Rican community. Although much of the area\'s crime stems from local neighborhood-based street gangs and the drug trade, larger, more organized gangs also operate in the area, including the Black Mafia, Latin Kings, and various motorcycle gangs.
Aside from less-organized gang activity, the Badlands is also known as the founding location and current turf of the Irish-American organized crime group known as the K&A Gang, also known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob. As of 2012, Irish Americans comprised approximately 12% of the population in the Badlands.
The area\'s reputation has been countered by community activists and nonprofit organizations such as Centro Nueva Creación, which in 2010 conducted a summer children\'s program, The Goodlands Photographers, aimed at helping young people photograph and display positive images of their neighborhood
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# Terry Dolan (activist)
**John Terrence \"Terry\" Dolan** (1950 -- December 28, 1986) was an American New Right political activist who was a co-founder and chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC). Dolan was also, during the mid to late 1970s, in the leadership of Christian Voice, \"the nation\'s oldest conservative Christian lobby\".
While Dolan was a proponent of family values and the organizations he led were persistently critical of gay rights, he was revealed to have been a closeted homosexual, who frequented gay bars in Washington, D.C. At a Washington fundraising event in 1985, the renowned AIDS activist Larry Kramer reportedly tossed a glass of water in his face. Dolan died from complications of AIDS at the age of 36. He is one of many with panels dedicated to them (in his case three panels) in the AIDS Quilt.
## Political activities {#political_activities}
### College Republicans {#college_republicans}
A native of Connecticut, Dolan became active in politics during his teens as a Republican volunteer. At age 21, he worked as a paid organizer in Richard Nixon\'s 1972 presidential re-election campaign. The following year, he was a candidate for chairman of the College Republican National Committee but lost to Karl Rove.
### Christian Voice to Moral Majority {#christian_voice_to_moral_majority}
After Christian Voice co-founder Dr. Robert Grant ousted Dolan, Howard Phillips, and Richard Viguerie from the Christian Voice organization, the trio went on to help persuade Jerry Falwell to build a new Christian Right organization, the Moral Majority.
### National Conservative Political Action Committee {#national_conservative_political_action_committee}
Dolan was later a co-founder and chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC). He co-authored *Reagan: A President Succeeds* with Gregory Fossedal. His brother, Anthony R. Dolan, was also a political activist and Ronald Reagan\'s chief presidential speechwriter.
Dolan was a member of the Council for National Policy Board of Governors, a member of the advisory board for CAUSA International (an educational, anti-communist organization founded by Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon), and Director of Conservatives Against Liberal Legislation (CALL)
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# List of alumni of collegiate a cappella groups
The following is a list of notable alumni of collegiate a cappella singing groups.
Name Institution Group Citation
-------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
Chris Ayer Stanford University Stanford Mendicants
Paris Barclay Harvard University Krokodiloes
Sara Bareilles UCLA Awaken A Cappella
Kevin Bleyer Stanford University Stanford Fleet Street Singers
James Bundy Harvard University Krokodiloes
Prescott Bush Yale University Whiffenpoofs
Jonathan Coulton Yale University Whiffenpoofs
Anoop Desai University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Clef Hangers
George Fan University of California, Berkeley DeCadence A Cappella
Sameer Gadhia Stanford University Stanford Talisman
Peter Gallagher Tufts University Beelzebubs
Adam Gardner Tufts University Beelzebubs
Art Garfunkel Columbia University Kingsmen
Jordan Gelber Stanford University Stanford Mendicants
Juliette Goglia University of Southern California SoCal VoCals
Ross Golan University of Southern California SoCal VoCals
Lauren Graham Barnard College Metrotones
Davis Guggenheim Brown University Brown Derbies
Fred Gwynne Harvard University Krokodiloes
Brett Haber Dartmouth College Dodecaphonics
Ed Helms Oberlin College Obertones
Scott Hoying University of Southern California SoCal VoCals
Kelley Jakle University of Southern California SoCal VoCals
Rashida Jones Harvard University The Harvard-Radcliffe Opportunes
Mindy Kaling Dartmouth College Rockapellas
Adam Kantor Northwestern University THUNK a cappella
Siddhartha Khosla University of Pennsylvania Off the Beat `{{vs|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Michael K. Lee Stanford University Stanford Fleet Street Singers
John Legend University of Pennsylvania Counterparts
Ryan Leslie Harvard University Krokodiloes
George C
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# Praefectus castrorum
The ***praefectus castrorum*** (\"camp prefect\") was, in the Roman army of the early Empire, the third most senior staff officer of the Roman legion after the legate (*legatus*) and the senior military tribune (*tribunus laticlavius*), both of whom were from the senatorial class. The *praefectus castrorum* was a quartermaster responsible for military logistics and requisition (training, equipment procurement and maintenance, and construction of the camp, etc.) but could command the legion whenever the senior commanders were absent. The post was usually held by a soldier promoted from the centurionate, having already served as a chief centurion (*primus pilus*) of a legion, and was therefore open to ordinary, plebeian citizens. Prefects of this rank, for example Sextus Vibius Gallus, were awarded prizes (*dona*) to mark their achievements
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# Tom Jameson
**Thomas Ormsby Jameson** (4 April 1892 --- 6 February 1965) was an Irish first-class cricketer and a soldier in the British Army. As a cricketer, he made 124 appearances in first-class cricket as an all-rounder. He was mostly associated with the British Army cricket team, Hampshire County Cricket Club, and the Marylebone Cricket Club, though he also represented Ireland twice. In first-class cricket, he scored nearly 4,700 runs and took over 250 wickets. In the British Army, he was an officer in the Rifle Brigade, with which he served in the first part of the First World War, before serving with the Royal West African Frontier Force. A major shareholder in Jameson Irish Whiskey, he was descended from its founder John Jameson.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Jameson was descended from John Jameson, a Scotsman who founded the Jameson Whiskey Distillery in Dublin. He was born to James Ormsby Jameson and Maria Hone in Clonsilla in April 1892; his grandfather was the cricketer William Hone. He began his education in England at Hazelwood School, where his affinity for sports began. He then proceeded to Harrow School, playing cricket for the school and taking part in the famous Fowler\'s match (named for his fellow Irish compatriot Robert St Leger Fowler) against Eton in 1910.`{{deadlink |date= February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} An all-round sportsman, he also represented Harrow in rackets and fives.
## Military career {#military_career}
After completing his education, Jameson joined the British Army and was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade as a second lieutenant on probation in November 1912, serving in Ireland, with him being confirmed in the rank in April 1914. He served in the First World War with the 3rd Battalion on the Western Front, with Jameson departing for France in September 1914 on board the `{{SS|Lake Michigan}}`{=mediawiki} from Southampton. Two months later, he was promoted to lieutenant, with Jameson returning to England toward the end of 1915. The following year he was posted to the 6th Reserve Battalion, based on the Isle of Sheppey. Promoted to captain in March 1917, he was seconded to the Colonial Office in September 1917 and served in West Africa with the West African Frontier Force. Following the end of the war in November 1919, Jameson returned from West Africa and was restored to the Rifle Brigade February 1920. He spent three years from 1919 to 1922 serving in Ireland, before joining the 21st (County of London) Battalion as an adjutant from March 1923 to October 1924, after which he left the military and returned to Ireland to run the family farm at Cappoquin.
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# Tom Jameson
## Sporting career {#sporting_career}
### Cricket
#### During military service {#during_military_service}
Prior to joining the army, Jameson played club cricket in Ireland for both Phoenix and the nomadic Na Shuler. Following the First World War, he made his debut in first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against Oxford University at Lord\'s in June 1919. The following month, he made his debut for Hampshire against Yorkshire at Dewsbury in the County Championship, with him making a further eight appearances for Hampshire that season. He also played for the South against an Australian Imperial Forces team. He began playing first-class cricket for armed services teams in 1920, making two appearances for the British Army cricket team against the MCC and Cambridge University, in addition to playing for the Combined Services cricket team against the Gentlemen of England; for the Army against the MCC, he took his maiden five wicket haul with figures of 5 for 22 in the MCC second innings, helping guide the Army to an innings victory. Jameson scored his maiden first-class century in 1921, making 119 for the Army against the Royal Navy at Lord\'s. In the same season he played a handful of services matches, including for the Combined Services against the touring Australians, alongside two appearances for Hampshire and the MCC. Notably for Hampshire against Surrey, he took figures of 6 for 81 in Surrey\'s first innings and scored an aggressive 84 in Hampshire\'s first innings. At the end of the season, he played for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players fixture at The Oval.
Jameson\'s 1922 season closely matched 1921 in terms of the first-class fixtures in which he participated in. He had notable all-round performance during his first match of the 1922 season, when playing for the Combined Services against Essex he made two half centuries (54 and 63) and took 5 for 61. Having been elected a Free Forester in 1920, he played for them in 1922 against Oxford University. At the end of the season, he once again featured in the Gentlemen v Players fixture at The Oval. Jameson featured more extensively for Hampshire in 1923, making eight first-class appearances, seven of which came in the County Championship; this uptake in county fixtures coincided with his transfer from the Rifle Brigade to the 21st (County of London) Battalion. Although he had transferred regiments, he continued to play services cricket, making three appearances for the Army. He also made three appearances for the MCC, including captaining them in a weather-affected match against the touring West Indians. Although he featured just once for Hampshire in 1924, Jameson made three final appearances for the Army, made a final appearance for the Combined Services against the touring South Africans, and played twice for the MCC. For the Army, he had made fourteen appearances, scoring 715 runs at an average of 32.50; as a bowler, he took 47 wickets at an bowling average of 17.61.
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# Tom Jameson
## Sporting career {#sporting_career}
### Cricket
#### Post-military service {#post_military_service}
The month after his military career came to an end, Jameson was selected to tour South Africa with Solomon Joel\'s personal eleven, which was captained by Lionel Tennyson, Jameson\'s captain at Hampshire. He played in ten first-class matches on the tour, including playing three times against South Africa. He had success on the tour against Rhodesia, scoring 90 not out from number nine, and against Orange Free State he made 133, which was to be the highest first-class score of his career. His 430 first-class runs at an average of 39.09 were the second-best on the tour. Despite returning to Ireland to manage his family\'s farm, Jameson still made himself available to play for Hampshire. During the 1925 season, he made thirteen appearances in the County Championship, in addition to playing for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players fixture and for Lionel Tennyson\'s personal team against the personal team of Arthur Gilligan. In terms of runs scored, the 1925 season was to be Jameson\'s most successful, with 599 runs at an average of 26.04. In an innings victory over Warwickshire, he scored 103 batting at number eight. He also took 28 wickets during the season, which included his career-best figures of 7 for 92 against a strong Lancashire batting lineup.
During the winter which proceeded the 1925 season, Jameson toured the West Indies with an MCC team captained by Freddie Calthorpe. He made eleven first-class appearances during the tour, including playing in three matches against the West Indies, then just two years away from Test status. Jameson had success on the tour, scoring 536 runs at an average of 41.23, with one century (110) against Jamaica at Kingston. He also made 98 against the West Indies at Bridgetown, sharing in a partnership of 218 for the sixth wicket with Wally Hammond, which the pair made in just over two and a half hours. He played little for Hampshire the following season, making just three appearances in the County Championship; against Somerset, he made an unbeaten 105 to help Hampshire to draw a match they had seemed certain to lose. During the season he made his first first-class appearance for Ireland against Oxford University, scoring 71 in the only Irish innings and taking 4 for 140 when bowling. His previous service in the British Army had complicated any prior selection for Ireland, particularly as trouble instigated by the Irish Republican and plagued previous cricket matches in Ireland at the beginning of the 1920s. At the end of the season he made his final appearance for the Gentlemen against the Players.
In the winter which followed the 1926 season, Jameson was selected for the MCC\'s tour of South America. On the tour, he made four first-class appearances against the Argentine national team. He had notable all-round success during the tour, scoring two centuries in the first two matches of the tour and heading the tour batting averages, whilst also taking 32 wickets; 19 of these came in the first-class representative matches, with Jameson taking ten-wickets in the match at the Belgrano Club. Although he did not play first-class cricket during the 1927 English season, he did return in 1928, making four appearances for Hampshire, two for the MCC against the West Indians and Wales, and a second appearance for Ireland in a famous Irish victory against the West Indians. The following season he made seven appearances for Hampshire in the County Championship, at which point his career began to wind down. He was limited to two appearances for Hampshire in 1930, one of which came against the touring Australians, in addition to playing twice for the MCC. Two years would pass before Jameson next played first-class cricket, making a final appearance for Hampshire in the 1932 County Championship against Middlesex. For Hampshire, he made 53 appearances, in which he scored 2,013 runs at an average of 24.85; with the ball, he took 77 wickets at an average of 33.20. Jamesone continued to play cricket in Dublin for Na Shuler, before being chosen to tour India with Baron Tennyson\'s team in 1937--38. Aged 45 by the time of the tour, and in somewhat poor health during it, Jameson made six first-class appearances, but struggled in making 83 runs at an average of 11.85.
#### Playing style and career statistics {#playing_style_and_career_statistics}
Described by *The Cricketer* as \"a tall, stylish batsman and a particularly fine driver\" and in *The Times* as \"a very good and forcing batsman\", in all first-class cricket Jameson scored 4,675 runs at an average of 26.56, scoring five centuries, with a top score of 133. \"A more than useful slow bowler\", he took 252 wickets at an average of 24.03 with his leg break bowling, taking eleven five wicket hauls. He was noted to have been prolific in dismissing Jack Hobbs, doing so on several occasions. As a fielder, he played in the slips and took 102 catches in first-class cricket.
## Racquets and squash {#racquets_and_squash}
Jameson was also a fine racquets player, winning the Army singles championship in 1922, 1923 and 1924 and the doubles championship in 1920, 1921 and 1922. He reached the final of the amateur singles championship in 1924 and won the amateur squash championship in 1922 and 1923. He was described as playing racquets \"freely and beautifully on his back-hand as on his fore-hand\", and in 1922 *The Times* suggested that he was the best racquets player produced by Harrow in the last twenty--years.
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# Tom Jameson
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Jameson remained a major shareholder of Jameson\'s throughout his life. He married the artist Joan Musgrave (1892--1953) on 11 June 1920, with the couple having two sons. In later life, he lived in Ardmore in County Waterford. Jameson died in a care home in Dún Laoghaire near Dublin on 6 February 1965
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# Revolver (EP)
***Revolver*** is an EP of outtakes made during the recording sessions of Lewis Black\'s first album, *The White Album*.
The title is a reference to the album **Revolver** by the Beatles. This was done to acknowledge the fact that these were outtakes and different edits from the sessions of Black\'s earlier release.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Wisconsin (unedited) -- 6:54
2. Outtakes -- 9:29
3. Leave a Tip -- 2:33
On the vinyl version, the outtakes are divided into two parts due to the side break.
## Release history {#release_history}
Originally released as a run of 1000 CDs.
A limited ten-inch vinyl edition of 500 was released on yellow and red sunburst vinyl. The vinyl run includes a three-inch CD version of the same material. Notably, the vinyl is mastered with inverted grooves, so it plays from the label to the outer edge; standard vinyl records play from the outer edge towards the label.
This entire EP eventually became a hidden track on The White Album CD
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# Mark Lee (Australian rules footballer)
**Mark Lee** (born 29 March 1959 in Mildura, Victoria), father to Alice Springs Netball great Tahlia Lee, is known affectionately as \"The General\" and is a former Australian rules football player for the Richmond Football Club. Recruited from Richmond\'s country zone in Mildura, Lee played a couple of games in 1977 but took off the following year as the team\'s regular ruckman, allowing David Cloke to become a centre-half-forward and solving a problem the team had had since the loss of Michael Green and Brian Roberts a few years beforehand. He remained static in 1979, but the following year Lee moved into the elite of Australian Rules as his ability as a knock ruckman combined with the running power of fellow Mildura recruit Dale Weightman, Robert Wiley, Geoff Raines and Bryan Wood to give one of the most potent forward lines in Australian Rules history an abundance of ball.
The Tigers won eleven successive matches early in the 1980 VFL season and, after a slump as injuries took toll late on the home-and-away rounds, returned to their most devastating form in the finals. They easily beat `{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} in the Qualifying Final, withstood a powerful `{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} defence in the Second Semi, and set a record winning margin against a jaded `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki} side in the Grand Final. Although Kevin Bartlett unanimously won the Norm Smith Medal, Lee\'s form in annihilating reigning Brownlow Medallist Peter Moore in the ruck was widely praised and Lee was seen as a \"superstar\" for the 1980s.
However, as it turned out Lee never lived up to what was expected of him during the 1980s. 1981 was a mediocre season, and 1982 began with Lee hit by a succession of injuries. He broke his wrist in a practice match and did not play until the eighth round, then hamstring trouble kept him idle after one match until the thirteenth round. When Lee did return for good, Michael Roach had been so successful in the ruck that Lee was used initially at full forward; but though he kicked nine goals against `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki} in Round 17 that experiment did not last. In the 1982 VFL Grand Final against Carlton Lee\'s nullification by Warren \"Wow\" Jones was a decisive factor in Richmond\'s loss.
1983 and 1984 saw Lee back to his 1980 form as unchallenged Number One ruckman for the Tigers, in spite of the club declining to near the bottom of the ladder with only seven wins in 1983 and ten in 1984. Lee was regarded as a leading candidate for the Brownlow in both seasons and in 1984 won his club\'s best-and-fairest by a record margin, in the process being listed as one of the VFL \"Players of the Year\". However, 1985 saw a succession of major injuries begin to decimate the remainder of Mark Lee\'s career: he missed the second half of 1985 with medial ligament damage to his left knee and from 1986 to 1991 played just eighty-seven senior games. After two games in 1991, Lee was dropped to the reserves and he retired officially mid-season. Lee then switched to Burnie Tigers in Tasmania as captain-coach for two seasons in 1992 and 1993 and continued as non-playing coach for one more year after merging with Burnie Hawks.
He is now a Senior Constable within Victoria Police and is currently based in his home town of Mildura
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# Raban (drum)
**Raban** or **Rabana** (*රබාන*) is a one-sided traditional drum type played with the hands, used in Sri Lanka. It\'s mainly played in Aurudu Kreeda (The Sri Lankan New Year). The body of these drums is made by carving the Jack or Vitex trees. The skin used is that of a goat. There are two types of Rabans as Hand Raban and Bench Raban.
- **Hand Raban** is about one foot in diameter. Some performers keep revolving the Raban on the tip of their fingers while others play it accompanied with singing. This is played with one hand only. This type of Rabana is mostly associated with the type of folk songs called \'Virindu\'. The \'Virindu\' singer carrying a \'Hand Rabana\' clad with a sarong and a bandana is iconic in pre-modern Sri Lankan society.
- **Bench Raban** is the biggest of the drums used in Sri Lanka with the diameter of it about four feet. The special feature of this drum is that it is played by two or more people at a time. They use both hands. During the festival season, people gather around the *Raban* and play it for various rhythms. These rhythms are called *Raban Sural* and they\'re mostly played by women. It\'s played on every happy occasion. They also sing songs along the rhythm called *varang kavi* or *raban pada*. Sri Lankan folk literature is full of *varang kavi* and *raban pada*
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# Vuguru
**Vuguru** is an American independent multi-platform studio founded by Michael Eisner\'s The Tornante Company in March 2006. The company has produced content including the web series *Prom Queen*, *The Booth at the End*, *Little Women Big Cars*, *The All-for-Nots*, and *Back on Topps*. The company has signed content deals with AOL, HDNet, Yahoo!, Hulu, YouTube, Stan Lee\'s POW! Entertainment, and FremantleMedia. Its shows are distributed in over forty countries, on the Internet, mobile phones, and linear television platforms.
## Corporate overview {#corporate_overview}
Vuguru properties are distributed internationally in over forty countries. The company produces web television series for distribution on the Internet, portable media devices, television, and cellphones. The name of the company was developed from the French word \"*vous*\" and the English word \"guru\", and combining the words creates a synthetic term that refers to \"you are the guru viewing\" according to company founder Michael Eisner. Eisner also stated that the purpose of the firm was to produce \"story-driven content for the Internet that up until now could only be found in movie theaters or on television\". In October 2009, Vuguru was spun off as a separate LLC with funding from Rogers Communications, one of Canada\'s largest communications companies.
In November 2010, Vuguru signed an agreement with AOL to produce a minimum of six scripted series over the next year, each a series of roughly 90-minute episodes, for distribution by AOL. Vuguru also signed a distribution and first-look deal with Content Film in 2010 for regions outside of North America. In 2012 Eisner signed a distribution deal with Universal Studios, which he stated is a step towards film development for both Vuguru produced projects and other properties. Vuguru signed an additional content creation pact with Yahoo!, in addition to its deals with Hulu and YouTube. In 2013 FremantleMedia will become the main international distributor for Vuguru, distributing its products outside of the US and Canada.
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# Vuguru
## Multi-platform content {#multi_platform_content}
Early Vuguru multi-platform series included *SamHas7Friends* (which Vuguru acquired in 2007) and *Foreign Body*, a prequel to the novel by Robin Cook, shot primarily on location in New Delhi, India. In 2010 Vuguru targeted the production of ten to fifteen new series for Internet distribution. In 2011 Vuguru partnered with comic book guru Stan Lee\'s company POW! Entertainment to produce additional content. New Vuguru web series have included *Don\'t Ask, Don\'t Tell*, *Little Women Big Cars*, *The Millionaire Tour*, *Nuclear Family*, *Off Season*, *Fetching*, *Crawlspace*, and *Pretty Tough*.
### *Prom Queen* {#prom_queen}
The studio\'s first project, *Prom Queen*, consisted of 90-second shorts in 80 episodes and was distributed online, beginning in April 2007. The cost of each 90-second episode was approximately \$3000. The project was well reviewed online and attracted over twenty millions viewers. The second season was entitled *Prom Queen: Summer Heat*, and the third season *Prom Queen: Homecoming* was released on the CW network platforms.
### *The All-for-Nots* {#the_all_for_nots}
The Vuguru web series *The All-for-Nots* was distributed online by HDNet. The show has been described as modern version of *The Monkees* or *Spinal Tap*, as it features a made-for-the-web indie band with the same name as the title of the show. The web series follows the All-for-Nots, a band originating in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on a fictional national tour across the US. It was released in 24 seven-minute episodes, in addition to 30 shorter web clips that provide background on the band and its members. The show was nominated for three Streamy Awards in 2009, including Best Cinematography in a Web Series, Best Original Music in a Web Series, and Best Ad Integration in a Web Series, which it lost to fellow Vuguru web series *Back on Topps*.
### *Back on Topps* {#back_on_topps}
Vuguru produced two seasons of the sports comedy web series *Back on Topps*. The show was nominated for a Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches in Sports Programming: Short Format in 2009. That year the show also won a 2009 Streamy Award for Best Ad Integration in a Web Series. In 2010 it was the winner of the Streamy Award for Best Branded Entertainment Web Series and nominee for the 2010 Streamy Awards for Best Writing for a Comedy Web Series, Best Ensemble Cast in a Web Series, and Best Guest Star in a Web Series. Eisner\'s investment company is the owner of the Topps merchandise company, from which the series gets its name. The comedy was played on *FoxSports.com*, and was described in its first season as a seventeen episode mockumentary.
### *The Booth at the End* {#the_booth_at_the_end}
*The Booth at the End*, a psychological thriller in 23-minute installments, made its debut in 2010 in Canada on the website of CityTV. The content is also available in 62 separate two-minute online episodes, and on FX. *The Guardian* said of the quality of the series that, \"There is more talent and effort poured into one 120-second nugget, demanding a corresponding surge in effort and engagement from the viewer, than there is in almost any hour of TV elsewhere that you care to name.\" The show centers around individuals who encounter a man named Xander Berkeley. Berkeley sits in a diner booth silently looking out the window, waiting for a stranger to approach him with friendly banter. When they do, their journey begins. Tasks have included the robbing of a bank for exactly \$101,043 in exchange for beauty or setting off a bomb in a cafe in order for a woman\'s husband to be cured of Alzheimer\'s.
## Executives
The Chairman and founder of Vuguru is Michael Eisner. In 2009 Vuguru hired Larry Tanz as the company\'s first President, after having previously served as President and Chief Executive Officer of LivePlanet. They also hired David Shall as their head of business operations, now COO, who was formerly a business affairs executive at Fox. In 2010 the company hired Kristin Jones as its Chief Creative Officer, a former senior vice-president of production, international development, and acquisitions with Miramax. Jones left Vuguru in August, 2013. Tanz was promoted to CEO in February 2012. Eisner stated of Tanz that, \"Under his leadership, the company has expanded its production slate, created valuable partnerships and increased profitability
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# Kap Maha Chat
The ***Kap Maha Chat*** (*กาพย์มหาชาติ*, `{{IPA|th|kàːp mā.hǎː t͡ɕʰâːt|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is an old work of literature composed in Siam in the Ayuthian period. There is no mention of the name of its author and its history remains unclear. However, it is held as a work of both literary and religious value.
## History
Prince Damrong postulated that the *Kap Maha Chat* was likely composed during the reign of King Songtham at a joint convention of philosophers and royal academicians between the years 1602 and 1627.
## Content, language, style {#content_language_style}
The content of the *Kap Maha Chat* is a rhymed narrative composition retelling the story of *Maha Chat* or *Vessantara Jataka* (*มหาเวสสันดรชาดก*, *Maha Wetsandon Chadok*) in a style known as *yok gathā* (*ยกคาถา*, *yok katha*), which is the incantation a sentence or phrase in Pāḷi and then retelling it in Thai. The entire tale being told from start to finish by alternating between the two languages. Verse is in a style known as *rai boran*, at the time referred to as *rai maha chat* (*ร่ายมหาชาติ*). Aside from being simply prosework composed to give sermons on the *Maha Chat* itself, each chapter (known as a *bap* (*บรรพ*) when referring to the *Maha Chat*) is in fact quite concise so that it could be directed at an audience of average layfolk. The Thai prefix *kap* of the title can be glossed as \'narrative poem\'.
## Examples
From the chapter *Wanaprawet* (*วนประเวศน์*); words in bold are in Pali:
**เต จัต์ตาโร ขัต์ติยา** อันว่าพระบรมกษัตริย์ทั้งสี่ศรีสุริยวงศ์ เมื่อเสด็จบทจรประสงค์สู่เขาคิริยวงกฏ มิได้แจ้งทางที่กำหนดดำเนินไพร ด้วยความเข็ญใจก็จำเป็น **ปติปเถ** ทอดพระเนตรเห็นมหาชน อันเดินทวนทางถนนนั้นมา ก็ตรัสถามถึงมรคาเขาคันธมาทน์ \..
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# Black saw-wing
The **black saw-wing** (***Psalidoprocne pristoptera***), also known as the **blue saw-wing** or **black rough-winged swallow**, is a small passerine bird in the swallow family.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The black rough-winged swallow breeds in open wooded habitats, and has a preference for wetter areas, although some races occur in mountain grassland habitat. It breeds across Africa from eastern Nigeria and Ethiopia south to Angola, northern Zimbabwe and northern Mozambique. The subspecies *P. p. holomelaena* breeds down south-eastern Africa from southern Mozambique to the Cape in South Africa.
This species is mainly resident, apart from seasonal local or altitudinal movements, but *P. p. holomelaena* is migratory, spending the southern winter north of the breeding range. The nominate race *P. p. pristoptera* of the mountains of northern Ethiopia moves south after breeding.
## Description
The black rough-winged swallow is a small swallow at 13--15 cm length with a forked tail. Its plumage is blue-glossed black. Sexes are similar, but the female has shorter outer tail feathers, and less obvious wing serrations. Juveniles are brown with little gloss, and have short tails.
There are many subspecies of this swallow, which some authorities may split into different species. In particular, four northeastern races, including nominate *P. p. pristoptera*, have conspicuous white underwing coverts (all other subspecies are green-glossed and have completely dark underwings), and may be split as the **eastern rough-winged swallow** or **eastern saw-wing (swallow)**, *P. orientalis*. This leaves *P. p. holomelaena* as the black rough-winged swallow, *P. holomelaena*. Other subspecies are also sometimes elevated to species status, but Turner and Rose take the view that all the races of the black rough-winged swallow are, at best, incipient species.
## Subspecies
- Shari saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) chalybdea*
- Petit\'s saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) petiti*
- Mangbettu saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) mangbettorum*
- Ethiopian saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) oleaginea*
- Blue saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) pristoptera*
- Brown saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) antinorii*
- Blanford\'s saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) blanfordi*
- Eastern saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) orientalis*
- Includes the race *reichenowi*
- Black saw-wing *Psalidoprocne (pristoptera) holomelas*
- Includes races *massaica* and *ruwenzori*
## Behaviour
Black rough-winged swallows are usually seen in pairs or small groups hunting for flying insects in woodland clearings and edges, above forest, or over water. Their flight is weak and fluttering. It is a quiet species, but it gives a soft *`{{not a typo|chrrp}}`{=mediawiki}* alarm call. There is also a contact call described for as *`{{not a typo|chirr chirr cheeeu}}`{=mediawiki}* for *P. p. holomelaena* and *`{{not a typo|tseeu tseu tsss-ip}}`{=mediawiki}* for *orientalis*.
### Breeding
The nest is constructed from grass, moss or similar materials, and built in a 30--60 cm long burrow in a vertical sand or clay bank. This is usually an old burrow of another species like a kingfisher, but may be excavated by the breeding pair. The clutch is two, sometimes three, white eggs. Only one parent, probably the female, incubates for 14--19 days to hatching, with a further 24--27 days until the young fledge
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# Angus Dunlop
**Angus Richard Dunlop** (born 17 March 1967) is a former Irish cricketer.
A right-handed batsman and off-spin bowler, he made his debut for the Ireland cricket team against the MCC in June 1990 and went on to play for them on 114 occasions in all, his last match coming in August 2000 against Scotland.
Of his matches for Ireland, eight had first-class status and 25 had List A status. In all matches for Ireland, he scored 3164 runs at an average of 29.30, with a top score of 150 coming against Scotland in his final match. He took 36 wickets at an average of 35.22, with his best bowling being 5/26 against Wales in July 1990.
He represented Ireland in several international tournaments; the ICC Trophy in 1994 and 1997, the European Championship in 1996, 1998, when he was captain and 2000. He also played, and was captain, in the ICC Emerging Nations tournament in 2000.
He was considered an exceptional talent at club level in Ireland, scoring 1000 runs in a season three times in five years in Leinster club cricket, a feat no one else has surpassed
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# Centre for the History of the Book
**The Centre for the History of the Book (CHB)** was established in 1995 at The University of Edinburgh as an international and interdisciplinary centre for advanced research into all aspects of the material culture of the text - its production, circulation, and reception from manuscript to the electronic text.
Founded in 1995 by Bill Bell and Jonquil Bevan. Bell, who was director for almost two decades, was succeeded by Tom Mole. The CHB now serves a community over 30 members of staff across several university departments and is today an internationally recognised centre dedicated to the promotion of Bibliography and Book History.
As well as hosting international conferences and seminars, it provides a focus for a number of research projects, and facilitates postgraduate study in the field of the History of the Book.
## Research
The centre has been involved in a number of [research projects](http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/chb/about/recent). These include the Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, a four-volume publication whose aim is to investigate the history of the production, circulation, and reception of Scottish texts from earliest times to the present. The centre\'s director, Tom Mole, has edited [*The Broadview Book History Reader*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150227135559/http://broadviewpress.com/product.php?productid=1855) with [Michelle Levy](https://www.sfu.ca/english/faculty-staff/profiles/michelle-levy.html) of Simon Fraser University. The reader reprints 33 key essays in the field, grouped conceptually and provided with headnotes, explanatory footnotes, an introduction, a chronology, and a glossary of terms.
### Fellows
The CHB regularly hosts visiting fellows from other universities. Past fellows have included Richard Sher, Alexander Dick and others.
## Events
### Public Lectures {#public_lectures}
The CHB hosts an annual public lecture, which at different times has been sponsored by James Thin Booksellers and Blackwell UK. Past lecturers have included Asa Briggs, Lisa Jardine, Bamber Gascoigne, John Thompson, and Alberto Manguel.
### Seminar Series {#seminar_series}
The CHB hosts a seminar series, which runs bi-weekly during the University of Edinburgh term.
### Conferences
The CHB has organised a number of conferences, including the 'Material Cultures' conferences in 2000, 2005 and 2010, where keynote speakers included Robert Darnton, Stephen Greenblatt and Roger Chartier. More recently, it has hosted some smaller conferences, including [Creativity and Commerce in the Age of Print](https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133634/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/chb/events/creativity-and-commerce) in 2014. In 2015, it hosted a pair of symposia in collaboration with Harvard University, called [Books and/as New Media](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223145456/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/chb/events/symposium-books-and-new-media).
## Teaching
The Centre provides training in Book History methods and approaches at all levels from undergraduate to postdoctoral.
### Summer School {#summer_school}
The Centre runs a Summer School course called ['Book History for Beginners'](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223150346/http://www.summerschool.ed.ac.uk/course/book-history-beginners) through the University of Edinburgh\'s summer school programme. This course, taught in four modules on 'print culture', 'material texts', 'publishing history' and 'the future of the book', introduces students to the major debates in book history.
### Master\'s Degree {#masters_degree}
The Centre runs an MSc in Book History and Material Culture. The programme comprises two core courses \"Cultures of the Book\" and \"Working with Collections\", plus an option course in each semester and the Research Methods course. The dissertation is researched and written over the summer. Students also have the option of undertaking work placements as part of the degree.
### Doctoral Training {#doctoral_training}
The centre received a grant in 2015 from the [Scottish Graduate School for the Arts and Humanities](http://www.sgsah.ac.uk/) to provide training workshops for doctoral students researching topics in the field of book history. These workshops are run in collaboration with Stirling University and the University of Dundee.
## Books and/as New Media {#books_andas_new_media}
In 2014, The Centre for the History of the Book won a grant from the College of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities at the University of Edinburgh to foster new thinking about the history and future of the book. The CHB collaborated with scholars at Harvard University, the [Interacting with Print Research Group](https://web.archive.org/web/20150302012927/http://interactingwithprint.org/) at McGill University and the [Literary Lab](http://litlab.stanford.edu/) at Stanford University, on a pair of twinned symposia called ['Books and/as New Media'](https://web.archive.org/web/20150223145456/http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/literatures-languages-cultures/chb/events/symposium-books-and-new-media). Speakers included [Deidre Lynch](https://web.archive.org/web/20150312050020/http://english.fas.harvard.edu/faculty/lynch/), Anthony Grafton, [Andrew Piper](http://piperlab.mcgill.ca/), Leah Price, and [Kathryn Sutherland](https://web.archive.org/web/20150313134230/http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/about-faculty/faculty-members/romantic-period/sutherland-professor-kathryn)
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# Malakut
The realm of ***Malakut*** (*world of the kingdom \[of God\]*), also known as **Hurqalya** or **Huralya**, is a proposed invisible realm of medieval Islamic cosmology.
The Quran speaks of the *malakūt al-samāwāt wa l-arḍ* \"kingdom of heaven and earth\", where the heavenly kingdom represents the ultimate authority of God over the earth.
This concept is attested by the writings of al-Ghazali (c. 1058--1111), but limited to epistemological categories of understanding metaphysical realities (spirits, heavens, etc.). Only centuries later, in particular with the Illuministic school of thought (*Ishrāqi*) and ibn Arabi (1165 -- 1240), was it developed into a full ontological concept.
*Malakut* is sometimes used interchangeably with *\'ālam al-mithāl* or imaginal realm, but otherwise distinguished from it as a realm between *\'ālam al-mithāl* and *\'ālam al-jabarūt.* In this context, *Malakut* is a plane below the high angels, but higher than the plane where the jinn and demons live. The higher realms are not spatially separated worlds but impinge the realms below.
## Al-Ghazali {#al_ghazali}
In his *The Incoherence of the Philosophers*, Ghazali rejects denial of bodily resurrection, as proposed by some Muslim philosophers (like ibn Sina). Still, it seems al-Ghazali holds similar views regarding the time period from death until bodily resurrection. He seems to agree that pleasure and punishment during the time in the grave is not on equal with bodily experience. Instead, the grave life unfolds in a dream-like state. However, the deceased will enjoy or suffer as if it were experienced by someone with a body. In *The Revival of the Religious Sciences* Ghazali explains that in the world after death (*malakut*), like a dreamer *truly* sees the things in his dream, the deceased will see the images deriving from his soul after death and thus suffer just as much as a human awake.
Al-Ghazali draws a sharp distinction between the *alam al-mulk* (\"World of Dominion\") and the *malakut* (\"World of Sovereignty\"). The first is a sensual world of here and now, while the latter an intelligible everlasting world over which God presides, *jinn* (angels and devils) dwell, and revelation originates. The sensual world appears to be for al-Ghazali mere delusion, and a shadow of the *real* (*haqq*) world, which is *malakut*. This is comparable to the Quranic divide into *dunya* (world) and *akhira* (afterlife).
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# Malakut
## Suhrawardi and the Imaginal Realm {#suhrawardi_and_the_imaginal_realm}
Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi (1154--1191) draws upon a similar divide of the world into a sensual and an intelligible one, however adds a third layer, *ʿālam al-jabarūt* (\"world of the power \[of God\]\") in which God resides. In the intermediate sphere of *malakut* reside the angels and postmortem souls of humans. Although generally a deficit source of knowledge, imagination allows people to access some insights into the other world. According to Suhrawardi, after death, souls are attached to celestial bodies, which allows them to activate their imagination and experience of pain and pleasure. Contrary to ibn Sina\'s view, afterlife doesn\'t depend entirely on intellectual efforts, but also on imaginative faculties. While perfected souls join themselves with pure light of *malakut*, common people enter *alam al-muthal* (\"World of suspended images). From the souls of the unfortunate, jinn and demons (*div*) derive. These lower souls dwell in a world without existence in a conventional sense, but comparable to a mirror.
Suhrawardi\'s \"realm of suspended images\" was developed by Al-Shahrazuri into the concept of *alam al-mithal* (\"world of images\") becoming a third realm between the sensible and the intelligible world. The world of images would be filled with layers of paradise, hell, and the people therein. Mulla Sadra, a Shia philosopher and theologian from the 16th century, conjectured that, like ibn Sina and al-Suhrawardi before him, souls in the otherworld create their own paradise and hell, depending on their imaginative faculties.
Some Shi\'i authors refer to *alam al-mithal* as a continent named Hurqalya. Hurqalya is supposed to lie beyond Mount Qaf, the border of the known world, and is identical with the *barzakh* in Shaykh Ahmad\'s cosmological system.
The Imaginal Realm is considered to be a realm where all ideas, thoughts and actions are manifested, including supernatural experiences. Henry Corbin argued that *alam al-mithal* does not consist of images constructed by the mind, but the imaginative faculties unveil a hidden reality within the imaginal realm.
During sleep, the soul (*nafs*), is supposed to visit the imaginal realm in dreams
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# Lithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union
The **Lithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union** (*Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga* or **LTS**), also known as the **Nationalists** (*Tautininkai*), was a right-wing nationalist political party in Lithuania. It claimed to be the continuation of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union, the ruling party in 1926--1940. The party was re-established when Lithuania declared independence in 1990 and performed increasingly poorly in the elections. In 2008, it merged with the Homeland Union, but demerged in 2011. In 2017, it merged with the Republican Party. The party promotes traditional family values, advocates for Lithuania\'s independence from the European Union, opposes immigration.
## History
The party was re-established in March 1989 and officially registered in February 1990. It played a diminishing role in Lithuanian politics. In the 1992 Seimas elections, the Lithuanian National Union won four seats. In 1996, it has three seats. Since 2000, it has no representatives. The number of representatives in the regional municipalities has also diminished: the party won 49 mandates in 1995, 23 in 1997, 13 in 2000, 14 in 2002, and three in 2007.
In 1997, the National Democratic Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Rimantas Smetona separated from the Nationalist Union and registered as a new political party in 1999.
On 11 March 2008, the Lithuanian Nationalist Union merged into the Homeland Union which formed the coalition government after the 2008 elections. Two members of the party, Kazimieras Uoka and Gintaras Songaila, were elected to Seimas of 2008--2012 as the members of the Homeland Union. Due to disagreements, the Homeland Union suspended Uoka\'s and Songaila\'s membership leading to the demerger. The party declared its political resurrection in a General Assembly on 17 December 2011.
On 23 August 2013, the Nationalist Union signed the Declaration of Bauska together with Conservative People\'s Party of Estonia and All for Latvia!. The declaration calls for a new national awakening of the Baltic states and warns about threats posed by Cultural Marxism, international globalism, multiculturalism and Russian imperial ambitions.
In November 2013, the Seimas amended the law on political parties requiring a minimum of 2,000 members (up from 1,000) with a grace period of two years to increase the membership. The Nationalist Union grew its membership from 1,649 in 2014 to 2,025 in 2015. In June 2017, the Nationalist Union merged with the Republican Party and was renamed to the Lithuanian Nationalist and Republican Union. The combined party membership is about 3,300 members (as of March 2020).
The party won one seat in the 2015 municipal elections and 5 seats in the 2019 municipal elections.
## Chairmen
The party\'s chairmen were:
- Rimantas Matulis (1989--1990)
- Rimantas Smetona (1990--1997)
- Vaidotas Antanaitis (1997--1998)
- Alvydas Baležentis (acting chairman, 1998--1999)
- Rapolas Gediminas Sakalnikas (1999--2003)
- Klemas Inta (2003--2005)
- Gintaras Songaila (2005--2008 and 2011--2013)
- Julius Panka (2013--2015)
- Audrius Rudys (2015--2017)
- Sakalas Gorodeckis (since 2017)
## Seimas election results {#seimas_election_results}
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Election year | \# of\ | \% of\ | \# of\ | +/-- | Government |
| | overall votes | overall vote | overall seats won | | |
+===============+===============+==============+===================+======+==================================================+
| 1992 | 36,916 | 1.99 (#8) | | | |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 1996 | 28,744 | 2.20 (#11) | | | |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | 12,884 | 0.88 (#17) | | | |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | 2,482 | 0.2 (#15) | | | |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | 12,854 | 0.98 (#13) | | | Alliance with LCP, National Unity Union and LSDS |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2016 | 6,867 | 0.56 (#13) | | | Alliance with Young Lithuania |
+---------------+---------------+--------------+-------------------+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 2020 | 26,767 | 2
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# Green rosella
The **green rosella** or **Tasmanian rosella** (***Platycercus caledonicus***) is a species of parrot native to Tasmania and Bass Strait islands. It was described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788, and named on the mistaken assumption it came from New Caledonia. At 14.5 in long it is the largest species of the rosella genus, *Platycercus*. Two subspecies are recognised. The green rosella\'s underparts, neck and head are yellow, with a red band above the beak and violet-blue cheeks. The back is mostly black and green, and its long tail blue and green. The sexes have similar plumage, except the female has duller yellow plumage and more prominent red markings, as well as a smaller beak. Juvenile and immature birds have predominantly green plumage.
Found in a wide range of habitats with some form of tree cover, the green rosella is predominantly herbivorous, consuming seeds, berries, nuts and fruit, as well as flowers, but may also eat insect larvae and insects such as psyllids. Nesting takes place in tree hollows. Common and widespread across Tasmania, the green rosella is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)\'s Red List of Endangered species. The King Island subspecies has been classed as vulnerable as its population has declined after much of its habitat on King Island was cleared.
## Taxonomy
A green rosella specimen was collected in Adventure Bay, Tasmania, by ship\'s surgeon William Anderson on the third voyage of James Cook between 26 and 30 January 1777. Cook wrote of seeing \"yellowish paroquets\" in the woods there. Anderson collected many bird specimens while tasked as the expedition\'s naturalist, although he died of tuberculosis in 1778 before the return home. Many collection localities were incorrect, and notes were lost or pieced together many years later. The specimen, along with many others, ended up in the collection of British naturalist Sir Joseph Banks. English naturalist John Latham saw it there and wrote about the green rosella in his 1780s work *A General Synopsis of Birds*. He called it the Caledonian parrot as he assumed (incorrectly) it came from New Caledonia. He even suspected it might be the female of the horned parakeet, which he also saw in Banks\' collection. Latham did not give them binomial names, however. It was left to German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin to describe the species, which he did as *Psittacus caledonicus* in the 13th edition of *Systema Naturae* in 1788.
In 1820, German naturalist Heinrich Kuhl described a specimen that Robert Brown had collected from northwestern King Island on 23 April 1802 during Matthew Flinders\' circumnavigation of Australia, naming it *Psittacus brownii* in honour of its collector. He based it on the description of *la Perruche à large queue*, \"the long-tailed parrot\" by French naturalist François Levaillant in his 1805 work *Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets*. Kuhl\'s name also took priority over Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck\'s published name of *Psittacus flavigaster*, which was published in 1822.
Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors established the genus *Platycercus* in 1825, based on the distinctive architecture of the feathers in the tail and wing, including *P. flavigaster* and *P. brownii* within it. English naturalist James Francis Stephens named it *Platycercus xanthogaster* in 1826, though there was no need for a new binomial name. Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews noted that the name *Platycercus flaviventris* was commonly used in the 19th century, but highlighted the priority of both *P. brownii* and *P. caledonicus* over this, positing the last as the most senior name. He believed the specimens used for *P. brownii* had come from Derwent in Tasmania.
Mathews did feel the King Island form was distinctive, being larger and having more red in the plumage than Tasmanian populations and so described it as *P. c. henriettae* in 1915. This has since been reclassified as a synonym of *P. c. brownii* as its status has been recognized as distinct from the Tasmanian mainland taxon---now known as *P. c. caledonicus*. Mathews also described *P. c. flindersi* from Flinders Island in 1917, on the basis of darker plumage. It is now considered as not distinct from the Tasmanian mainland subspecies.
\"Green rosella\" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). Alternative common names include Tasmanian rosella, yellow-breasted parakeet and mountain parrot. English zoologist John Gould called it the yellow-bellied parakeet, and early Tasmanian settlers knew it as the hill parrot.
One of six species of rosella in the genus *Platycercus*, the green rosella and related crimson rosella make up a \"blue-cheeked\" lineage. A 1987 genetic study on mitochondrial DNA found that the green rosella was basal to the other blue-cheeked forms, with the north Queensland population of the crimson rosella (*P. elegans nigrescens*) divergent from other subspecies of crimson rosella. In 2015, Ashlee Shipham and colleagues published a molecular study based on nuclear DNA finding that the North Queensland crimson rosella diverged earlier than the green rosella. They also estimated that the green rosella had diverged from the main crimson rosella lineage around 0.5 million years ago.
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# Green rosella
## Description
The green rosella is the largest member of the rosella genus. Measuring from 29 to in length, an adult has long narrow wings with a wingspan of 44--54 cm, and a long tail with twelve feathers, the central two of which are wider. The adult male is heavier, averaging around 150 g to the female\'s 120 g, and has a larger bill.
The adult green rosella has a yellow head and underparts with blue cheeks and red band on the forehead and upper lores. The yellow feathers of the forecrown, lower lores, cheeks, chest and thighs can have red markings, while the yellow feathers of the sides and rear of the head and neck, and the underparts have dark brown bases. The edges of the feathers on the underparts can be pale brown, resulting in a faint scalloping, which disappears with wear. Some of the yellow feathers of the nape have white bases and when worn, the bird can have a whitish patch on their nape. The yellow of the back of the head merges indistinctly into the dark plumage of the hindneck, mantle and back, which is black or dark brown with green margins. The feathers of the shoulders are blackish with yellow tips. These margins and tips are often worn by the finish of breeding season, leaving the plumage more solid black. The blue-violet feathers of the chin, throat and cheeks have brown-black bases. The blackish plumage of the back extends to the rump, and the long tail is dark green with brown shafts and dark blue outer feathers and tips. The wings are mostly black and green, with violet-blue marginal coverts, primary coverts, and alula, and blue-tinted dark brown primaries and outer secondaries. Underneath the feathers of the wings are dark brown with blue-violet tips. The iris is brown with a dark grey orbital ring, and the bill is pale-grey, with a dark grey cere. The legs are grey. The yellow plumage of the female is duller and more likely marked with red than that of the male, and the green edges to the black plumage of the upperparts are more prominent.
Young birds leaving the nest have juvenile plumage in their first year of life. Juveniles have a dark green head and neck, upperparts and underparts. The feathers all have dark brown bases. The wings are predominantly dark brown and black with a blue sheen. The wings and tail are shorter than those of adult birds. The bill may have a buff sheen. They have an under-wing stripe, which is not present in the adults. Moulting generally takes place between January and April for birds of all ages. Juvenile birds then adopt immature plumage, which is similar but with patches of yellow feathers on the underparts of adult plumage as well as some adult-coloured wing feathers. Some green juvenile feathers remain until the bird is in its second year of age, though are very worn by this time.
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# Green rosella
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Found across Tasmania and Bass Strait islands, the green rosella is one of the commonest birds encountered. It also occurs on offshore islands such as Maria, Bruny, De Witt and Maatsuyker Islands. Its movements have not been much studied. Although possibly locally nomadic in places, the green rosella is sedentary; even birds at higher altitudes do not migrate. It has become rare on King Island, due to land clearing and possibly competition with the introduced common starling (*Sturnus vulgaris*) for nesting sites. During breeding season there it is restricted to the Pegarah forest, though may venture elsewhere at other times.
It lives in most habitats with some form of tree cover up to 1500 m (5000 ft) above sea level. These include temperate Southern beech rainforest (where it generally keeps to the canopy), wet and dry sclerophyll forest, woodland, *Melaleuca* shrubland, coastal heath, dwarf alpine conifer forest, sedgeland, buttongrass moors, tussock grassland, as well as fields, orchards and urban parks and gardens.
## Behaviour
Green rosellas are generally encountered in pairs or small groups, though young birds may gather in groups of 20 or more outside the breeding season. They sometimes share the company of eastern rosellas. They fly in a straight line, making rapid shallow wingbeats and gliding briefly in between.
The green rosella has a repeated two-syllable contact call, which has been written as *kussik kussik* or *cossack cossack* and is heard in flight. When perched, it utters a rising *kwik-kweek kwik-kweek* contact call. Birds also make a chattering call during courtship. They can screech shrilly when alarmed.
### Breeding
The green rosella generally breeds at two years of age, though younger birds may pair up and look for nests. The breeding season is September to January, with one brood. The nesting site is usually a hollow over 1 m (3 ft) deep in a tree trunk anywhere up to 30 m (100 ft) above the ground. The tree chosen is generally a eucalypt such as Tasmanian bluegum, manna gum or mountain ash (*E. regnans*), or myrtle beech. Chimneys, holes in walls and even the vertical pipes of tennis court fences have been used. Green rosellas nested in a wall cavity at Port Arthur convict prison site in 1958 and 2009.
Laying takes place in September and October. A clutch of four or five white and slightly shiny eggs, measuring 30 x 24 mm, is laid. The incubation period has been recorded as anywhere from 19 to 23 days, with the female performing this duty alone. Newly hatched chicks are covered with long white down, and are largely helpless (nidicolous). They leave the nest four to five weeks after hatching and join up with other young birds in flocks, though rely on their parents for food for another fortnight after fledging.
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# Green rosella
## Behaviour
### Feeding
The green rosella is predominantly herbivorous, with the seeds of grasses and trees---especially eucalypts---forming the bulk of its diet; other items eaten include the seed of the soft tree fern (*Dicksonia antarctica*), cranberry heath (*Astroloma humifusum*), myrtle beech (*Lophozonia cunninghamii*), Australian blackwood (*Acacia melanoxylon*), silver wattle (*Acacia dealbata*) and buttercups (*Ranunculus*), berries, nuts and fruit, as well as flowers and new buds of southern sassafras (*Atherosperma moschatum*), mānuka (*Leptospermum scoparium*), shining tea-tree (*Leptospermum nitidum*), swamp honey-myrtle (*Melaleuca squamea*), Tasmanian bluegum (*Eucalyptus globulus*), Smithton peppermint (*Eucalyptus nitida*), messmate stringybark (*Eucalyptus obliqua*), snow gum (*Eucalyptus pauciflora*), manna gum (*Eucalyptus viminalis*), small-fruit hakea (*Hakea microcarpa*) and native plum (*Cenarrhenes nitida*). The green rosella has at times partaken of the berries of the common hawthorn (*Crataegus monogyna*), as well as *Coprosma* and *Cyathodes*, and even leaf buds of the common osier (*Salix viminalis*). It may eat insect larvae and insects such as psyllids of the genus *Schedotrioza*, which they extract from leaf galls on the black peppermint (*Eucalyptus amygdalina*).
Green rosellas generally forage in the canopy or understory of forested areas, or in hedges, shrubs and trees in more open areas. They come to the ground to eat fallen fruit or spilt grain in orchards or farmland. They keep quiet while on the ground, and are quite noisy when in trees. Green rosellas forage in pairs or small groups of under 20 individuals, though larger groups of 50 to 70 have been observed at stands of blackberries or thistles in fields. When feeding, they generally hold food items in their left feet and extract edible parts or break and discard nut shells with their beaks.
## Status and conservation {#status_and_conservation}
Gould noted that early Tasmanian settlers regarded the abundant green rosella highly as food; he agreed that it was very tasty after trying it himself. Many farmers saw the species as a pest of orchards, and green rosellas were shot.
In 2016, the green rosella was rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered species. This was on the basis of its large range---greater than 20,000 km^2^ (7700 mi^2^)---and small rate of decline in population. The King Island subspecies is listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as *vulnerable*, and its population thought to number fewer than 500 birds. Around 70% of King Island\'s native vegetation has been cleared, and the remainder is highly fragmented and at risk of too-frequent bushfires. Like most species of parrots, the green rosella is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export, and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal.
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# Green rosella
## Aviculture
Green rosellas were regularly captured and kept as pets until the early 20th century. The species is reported to be hardier and easier to keep in captivity than other rosellas. However, it is not a popular bird in the aviary trade, possibly on account of its subdued colours. The species has a reputation for being apathetic and vulnerable to weight gain in captivity; hence it is recommended to be kept in a large aviary of at least 5 m (15 ft) long to keep it active, and to be fed little or no sunflower seeds. As it breeds late in the season, chicks are often small in the heat of summer and can suffer as a result
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# Drunk on the Moon
**Drunk on the Moon** is the first full-length album by No Knife, released in April 1996 on Goldenrod Records. It was later re-released on Time Bomb Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Be Mini\" (Mitch Wilson) - 4:05
2. \"Ginger Vitus\" (Matt Reese, Wilson) - 4:30
3. \"Habits\" (Jeremy Blatchley, Reese, Wilson) - 4:46
4. \"Punch \'n\' Judy\" (Wilson) - 5:07
5. \"At the Heart of the Terminal\" (Wilson) - 4:31
6. \"Kiss Your Killer\" (Brian Desjean, Aaron Mancini, Wilson) - 3:38
7. \"Ephedrine\" (Wilson) - 5:18
8. \"Small of My Back\" (Wilson) - 5:29
9. \"\...If I Could Float\...\" (Wilson) - 3:10
10. \"Titanic\" (Wilson) - 1:02
11
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# Yevgeny Krinov
**Yevgeny Leonidovich Krinov** (*Евгений Леонидович Кринов*) (3 March 1906 -- 2 January 1984), D.G.S., was a Soviet Russian astronomer and geologist, born in Otyassy (*Отъяссы*) village in the Morshansky District of the Tambov Governorate of the Russian Empire. Krinov was a renowned meteorite researcher; the mineral Krinovite, discovered in 1966, was named after him.
## Scientific work {#scientific_work}
From 1926 through 1930 Yevgeny Krinov worked in the meteor division of the Mineralogy Museum of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. During this period he conducted research into the Tunguska event under the supervision of Leonid Kulik. Krinov took part in the longest expedition to the Tunguska site in the years 1929--1930 as an astronomer. The data that was gathered during this expedition became the basis for his 1949 monograph (in Russian) called *The Tunguska Meteorite*.
In 1975, Yevgeny Krinov ordered the burning of 1500 negatives from a 1938 expedition by Leonid Kulik to the Tunguska event as part of an effort to dispose of hazardous nitrate film. Positive imprints were preserved for further studies in the Russian city of Tomsk.
## Science awards {#science_awards}
- 1961 - Doctor honoris causa awarded by Soviet Academy of Sciences
- 1971 - Leonard Medal
## Legacy
A minor planet, 2887 Krinov, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, is named after him
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# Cornicen
A *\'\'\'cornicen\'\'\'* (`{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki}: *\'\'\'cornicines\'\'\'*) was a junior officer in the Roman army. The *cornicen*\'s job was to signal salutes to officers and sound orders to the legions. The *cornicines* played the *cornu\]\]* (making him an *\[\[aeneator\]\]*). *Cornicines* always marched at the head of the centuries, with the tesserary and the *\[\[signifer\]\]*. The *cornicines* were also used as assistants to a centurion (like an *\[\[optio\]\]*). The *cornicen* was a duplicary or a soldier who got double the basic pay of the legionary.
## The *cornicen* {#the}
The late Roman writer Vegetius in his work *\[\[De re militari\]\]* wrote: `{{quote|The music of the legion consists of [[Roman tuba]], {{lang|la|[[Cornu (horn)|cornu]]}} and {{lang|la|[[Buccina|buccinae]]}}. The trumpet sounds the charge and the retreat. The cornets are used only to regulate the motions of the colors; the trumpets serve when the soldiers are ordered out to any work without the colors; but in time of action, the trumpets and cornets sound together. The {{lang|la|classicum}}, which is a particular sound of the {{lang|la|buccina}} or horn, is appropriated to the commander-in-chief and is used in the presence of the general, or at the execution of a soldier, as a mark of its being done by his authority. The ordinary guards and outposts are always mounted and relieved by the sound of trumpet, which also directs the motions of the soldiers on working parties and on field days. The cornets sound whenever the colors are to be struck or planted. These rules must be punctually observed in all exercises and reviews so that the soldiers may be ready to obey them in action without hesitation according to the general's orders either to charge or halt, to pursue the enemy or to retire. For reason will convince us that what is necessary to be performed in the heat of action should constantly be practiced in the leisure of peace
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# Windmill Hill, Kent
**Windmill Hill** is an area of Gravesend, Kent. It is named for its erstwhile windmills, offers extensive views across the Thames, and was a popular spot for Victorian visitors to the town, because of the Camera obscura installed in the old mill and for its tea gardens and other amusements.
The hill was the site of a beacon in 1377, which was instituted by Richard II, and still in use 200 years later at the time of the Spanish Armada, although the hill was then known as \"Rouge Hill\". A modern beacon was erected and lit, by then-Mayor Peter Hart, during 1988, for the 400th anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
During the reign of Elizabeth I the first windmill was placed on top the highest point in Gravesend, 179 ft (55 m) above the high water mark of the river. One mill burnt down in 1763, but was replaced the following year and was demolished, having become derelict, in 1894 - the last surviving windmill on the hill. The adjacent public house was destroyed by fire during Mafeking Night celebrations in 1900.
In August 1606 King James, Anne of Denmark, her brother Christian IV of Denmark, and Prince Henry came to Upnor Castle. They had dinner aboard the *Elizabeth Jonas*. After dinner they took coaches to Windmill Hill to watch naval cannon salutes.
During World War I a German airship passed over Windmill Hill and dropped bombs on it. Today there are three markers indicating where these bombs struck.
Windmill Hill is one of Gravesham\'s 24 conservation areas. The \'Windmill Hill Association\', Gravesham Borough Council looks after matters related to the area and holds regular meetings to discuss local issues
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# Bramham Park
**Bramham Park** is a Grade I listed 18th-century country house in Bramham, between Leeds and Wetherby, in West Yorkshire, England.
The house, constructed of magnesian limestone ashlar with stone slate roofs in a classical style, is built to a linear plan with a main range linked by colonnades to flanking pavilions. The main block is of three storeys with a raised forecourt. The house is surrounded by a 500 acre landscaped park ornamented by a series of follies and avenues laid out in the 18th-century landscape tradition, surrounded by 1235 acre of arable farmland. Bramham Park is used annually for the Leeds Festival.
## History
The Baroque mansion was built in 1698 for Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley. It has remained in the ownership of Benson\'s descendants since its completion in 1710.`{{full|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} He died with no male heirs and the barony was extinguished. The estate passed into the hands of his son-in-Law George Fox-Lane (c. 1697--1773), who was given the re-created title of Baron Bingley in 1763. His son and heir, the Honourable Robert Fox-Lane, Member of Parliament for York, predeceased him in 1768 and the barony consequently became extinct a second time on his death in 1773. The estate was inherited for life by his illegitimate daughter Mary, who had married Sir John Goodricke of Ribston Hall and died in 1792. It then passed to the first Baron\'s nephew, James Fox-Lane, who considerably improved the estate.
From him the estate went to his son George Lane-Fox, known as \"The Gambler\", who was the MP for Beverley. Following a serious fire in 1828 he was obliged to move to nearby Bowcliffe Hall. The Bramham Park house was then left empty and derelict for 80 years until restored for his grandson George Lane-Fox under the supervision of the architect Detmar Blow in about 1908. George became 1st Baron Bingley of the third creation when the title was recreated in 1933, but had four daughters and no sons meaning that the barony was extinguished for the third time upon his death. The house was inherited by his eldest daughter Marcia, whose husband Joe Ward-Jackson adopted the Lane-Fox surname. Their son George Lane Fox (1931--2012), after 20 years in the Household Cavalry, moved into the Hall and put the estate on an up-to-date financial footing, founding the annual Bramham Horse Trials in 1974.
Today it remains a private residence in the hands of George\'s son, Nick, while the park is the setting for the Horse Trials and the Leeds Festival, which moved to Bramham in 2003.
A restricted area of the grounds is kept as gardens and run as a tourist attraction --- visitors can also tour the house but only in pre-arranged parties.
It was used as the setting for the third series of *The Syndicate*.
### Bramham Moor Hunt and associated York Races {#bramham_moor_hunt_and_associated_york_races}
The \"York Races\" were held at Bramham Moor from the early 1700s and continued to be so until being moved to Knavesmire and thus \"giving supremacy to York\" by the mid-century. Races continued to be held at Bramham into the late 19th century. The Bramham Moor Hunt remained popular well into the late 20th century and exists as the Badsworth and Bramham Moor Hunt. Princess Mary partook in both the Bramham Moor Hunt and its associated point-to-point races.
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# Bramham Park
## Architecture
Bramham is a product of a grand tour; its creator Robert Benson, later Lord Bingley, completed his formal education with a grand tour in 1697, and whilst in Italy he began to envisage his new mansion in the Palladian manner complemented in a landscaped park, in the fashion made popular by Le Nôtre in France in the late 17th century.
The architect of Bramham is unknown, although it is speculated that Giacomo Leoni was involved (Leoni was responsible for the rebuilding of Lyme Park in an Italianate style in the neighbouring county of Cheshire some years later). However, Leoni did not arrive in England until several years after the completion of Bramham. Other names suggested include those of James Gibbs, Thomas Archer and James Paine. It is known that Paine designed the stables which flank the *corps de logis*, but the other contenders were too young. The only chronological possibility is Thomas Archer (1668--1743). The most likely scenario is that Bramham is the work of Robert Benson himself, probably working with a local draughtsman. While it is also quite possible that Benson was inspired by drawings taken from Palladio\'s books, the design of the house suggests that Benson was more inspired by the restrained Baroque style then popular in France, the style in which Mansart\'s Versailles was constructed between 1678 and 1684. Indeed, it has been speculated that Versaille\'s landscape architect André le Nôtre had a hand in the design of Bramham\'s landscaped park.
The architect William Talman has also been suggested as a possible architect, and he was indeed working on Chatsworth House some sixty miles away from Bramham at this time. However, unlike Chatsworth (which is far larger), Bramham is given flanking wings more in the Palladian style, linked to the house by short colonnades. The flanking wings contained the kitchen in the south wing, and the chapel in the north, thus -- as at the Baroque Blenheim Palace -- balancing both spiritual and bodily needs equally. However, while Campbell\'s drawing of Bramham show the never-executed statuary on the roof and near-perfect proportions, the reality of the executed design suggests a less professional hand than Talman\'s. Two low projecting wings from the *corps de logis* complicate the design, while the two colonnades are not quite long enough to give the flanking wings the independence from the main house to allow their design to be fully appreciated.
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# Bramham Park
## Interior
The interior of Bramham Park was completely restored in the early part of the 20th century, having mostly been abandoned after the fire of 1828. The central Great Hall, double storey in height and severe in its Baroque design, still bears the smoke staining on its stone walls.
## Grounds
The parkland surrounding the house contains a number of grade I listed ornamental structures, including:
- **The Chapel**
Situated at the rear of the house, the chapel, was built around 1760 by James Paine for George Fox Lane in the local Magnesian limestone ashlar. It was constructed in the classical style as a single unit of 2 storeys and 3 bays and with a porch and four Ionic columns across the full width of ground floor.
Originally built as a Palladian Temple it was later used as an Orangery, a summerhouse and then consecrated as a chapel around 1906.
- **The Gothic temple**
South of the house stands the Gothic Temple, also constructed of Magnesian limestone ashlar in the 18th century. Built in a Gothic style in two storeys it is octagonal in plan with buttresses at each corners.
In 1907 it was converted into a water tower to supply spring water to the house and was used as such until after the World War II.
- **The Open Temple**
The Open Temple was probably constructed in the early 18th century in Magnesian limestone ashlar and was built in a classical style as a single cell with a pedimented 3-bay facade.
The temple was also known as the Lead Lads Temple from the lead statues which once stood on the pediment. They were stolen by vandals.
- **The Ionic Temple or Rotunda**
Standing in the Black Fen pleasure ground, the Ionic Temple was probably built in the mid 18th century by James Paine for George Lane Fox. It is constructed of sandstone ashlar in the form of a circular Ionic temple on a 3-step podium with a colonnade of 16 unfluted Ionic columns supporting an entablature. The Black Fen lies a mile from the house. From the Rotunda six straight paths lead to other features of the estate.
## Legacy
Bramham Island on the north side of Queen Charlotte Strait in the Central Coast region of British Columbia, Canada, was named after Bramham Park. Named in association with it were Slingsby Channel, on its north side, and the Fox Islands, which lie in the entrance to that channel at its opening into Queen Charlotte Strait.
It became the filming location of the third series of *The Syndicate* in 2014; the manor was used as the fictional Hazelwood manor
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# 10252 Heidigraf
`| pronounced = `\
`| named_after = ``Heidi Graf`\
`{{small|(ESA manager)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| mp_category = ``main-belt``{{·}}``{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}`{=mediawiki}\
`Koronis`\
`| orbit_ref = `\
`| epoch = 23 March 2018 (``JD`` 2458200.5)`\
`| uncertainty = 0`\
`| observation_arc = 46.83 ``yr`` (17,106 d)`\
`| aphelion = 3.0525 ``AU`\
`| perihelion = 2.6524 AU`\
`| semimajor = 2.8524 AU`\
`| eccentricity = 0.0701`\
`| period = 4.82 yr (1,760 d)`\
`| mean_anomaly = 138.89``°`\
`| mean_motion = ``{{Deg2DMS|0.2046|sup=ms}}`{=mediawiki}` / day`\
`| inclination = 2.2591°`\
`| asc_node = 33.300°`\
`| arg_peri = 289.53°`\
`| mean_diameter = ``{{val|5.15|ul=km}}`{=mediawiki}` ``{{small|(calculated)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|5.782|0.203|u=km}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| rotation = `\
`| albedo = ``{{val|0.24}}`{=mediawiki}` ``{{small|(assumed)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.331|0.057}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{val|0.4007|0.1010}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| spectral_type = ``S`` ``{{small|(assumed)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`| abs_magnitude = 12.8`\
`{{val|13.160|0.190}}`{=mediawiki}` ``{{small|(R)}}`{=mediawiki}\
`13.2`\
`13.61`
}}
**10252 Heidigraf**, provisional designation `{{mp|4164 T-1}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 km in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar--Leiden Trojan survey on 26 March 1971, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude. It was named after Heidi Graf, a former Head of the ESTEC Communications Office.
## Orbit and classification {#orbit_and_classification}
*Heidigraf* is a core member of the Koronis family (`{{small|[[FIN tbl#605|605]]}}`{=mediawiki}), a very large outer asteroid family of six thousand known members with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7--3.1 AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,760 days; semi-major axis of 2.85 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body\'s observation arc begins at Palomar on 24 March 1971, two nights prior to its official discovery observation.
### Palomar--Leiden Trojan survey {#palomarleiden_trojan_survey}
The survey designation \"T-1\" stands for the first Palomar--Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar\'s Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.
## Physical characteristics {#physical_characteristics}
*Heidigraf* is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type of the Koronis family.
### Rotation period {#rotation_period}
In January 2014, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory observed *Heidigraf* photometrically in the R-band during which it showed a brightness amplitude of 0.56 magnitude, indicative for a non-spheroidal shape. However no rotational lightcurve could be constructed and its rotation period remains unknown.
### Diameter and albedo {#diameter_and_albedo}
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA\'s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, *Heidigraf* measures 5.782 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.331 and 0.4007, respectively. The *Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link* assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 5.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.61.
## Naming
This minor planet was named after Heidi Graf (born 1941), former Head of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) Communications Office from 1977 to 2006 at the European Space Agency, ESA. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2006 (`{{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 57950}}`{=mediawiki})
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# Tesserarius
A ***tesserarius*** (*tesserārius*, from *tessera*, a small tile or block of wood on which watchwords were written) was a watch commander in the Roman army. They organized and had command over the nightly guard assigned to keep watch over the fort when in garrison or on campaign and were responsible for getting the watchwords from the commander and seeing that they were kept safe. There was one *tesserarius* to each *centuria* (Wilkes, 1972). They held a position similar to that of a first sergeant of a company in modern armies and acted as seconds to the optiones.
Tesserary pay was one and a half times (*sesquiplicarii*) that of the standard legionary pay
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# Loutro, Chania
**Loutro** (*Λουτρό*) (Greek: \"Bath\") lies in the municipality of Sfakia, on the south coast of Chania regional unit in west Crete, between Chora Sfakion and Agia Roumeli, the exit to the Samaria Gorge. The whole area is known as Sfakia. The village got its name from the Greek word for \"bath,\" for the many ancient baths found in the area.
## History
Loutro is the site of the ancient city of Phoenix (Finikas), which was the port town of ancient Anopolis, and an important harbour in Hellenistic and Roman times. It later became the wintertime port of the town of Sfakia because of its natural protection during harsh weather. Today nothing remains of ancient Phoenix except the name preserved by the small village in the bay west of Loutro.
Later the Saracen pirates used Loutro as a lair from which to attack the ships sailing south of Crete. The Venetians managed to drive out the Saracens and fortified Loutro with a small fortress whose ruins are still visible today. Another fortress preserved in better condition in Loutro is evidence of the Turkish presence here.
## Access
Loutro is accessible only by foot or by sea. Ferries run daily connecting Loutro to nearby towns and the exit-point of the Samaria Gorge.
## Economy
Much of Loutro\'s economy is based on tourism and fishing
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# Anne Loree
**Anne Loree** is a Canadian singer-songwriter from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Best known as the writer of \"Insensitive\", an international Top 40 hit for Jann Arden in 1995, Loree has also released four albums as a solo performer.
\"Insensitive\" spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Top Singles Canadian chart in late January and early February 1995.
Loree was nominated for Songwriter of the Year at the 1996 Juno Awards
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# Sirmaur, Madhya Pradesh
**Sirmaur** is a town and a nagar panchayat in Rewa district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is about 42 kilometers from Rewa.
## Geography
Sirmaur is located at 24.85 N 81.38 E. It has an average elevation of 291 metres (954 feet).
The Rewa Plateau covers the Huzur, Sirmaur, and Mauganj tehsils of Rewa district. The height decreases from south to north.
Significant waterfalls on the Tamsa or Tons and its tributaries, as they come down from the Rewa Plateau, are: Chachai Falls (127m) on the Bihad River, a tributary of the Tamsa, the Keoti Falls (98m) on the Mahana River, a tributary of the Tamsa, Odda Falls (145m) on the Odda River, a tributary of the Belah River, which is itself a tributary of the Tamsa, and Purwa Falls (70m) on the Tamsa or Tons.
## Demographics
India census, Sirmaur had a population of 10,938. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Sirmaur has an average literacy rate of 60%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 49%. In Sirmaur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Transport
**By air**
Nearest airport in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.
**By bus**
Bus stand available in the city bus stand Sirmaur
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# Electoral district of Darling Downs (New South Wales)
**Darling Downs** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from July 1859 to December 1859, representing the Darling Downs, prior to the Separation of Queensland. It elected two members simultaneously, with voters having two votes each
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# Floating restaurant
A **floating restaurant** is a vessel, usually a large steel barge or hulk, used as a restaurant on water. The *Jumbo Kingdom*, formerly located at Aberdeen in Hong Kong, was at one time the world\'s largest floating restaurant, until it sank at sea in 2022. Sometimes retired ships are given a second lease on life as floating restaurants. The former car ferry *New York*, built in 1941, serves as DiMillo\'s in Portland, Maine. Another example is the train ferry `{{SS|Lansdowne||2}}`{=mediawiki}, which served as a restaurant in Detroit. Plans for *Lansdowne* to continue in this capacity on the Buffalo, New York waterfront came to naught and it was scrapped in the summer of 2008. A third example of a ship\'s hull converted for this purpose is Captain John\'s Harbour Boat Restaurant in Toronto, which was located on MS *Jadran*, a former Yugoslavian ship but has since been closed and scrapped. *Normac*, the first Captain John\'s restaurant, was moved to Port Dahousie as the floating cocktail lounge *Big Kahuna* and is now the *Riverboat Mexican Grill*
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# Rust Nashville
**Rust Nashville** was a recording company founded by Ken Cooper in 1998, originally to promote his band Vertigogo. It was originally based out of Northeast Ohio, most notably Cleveland, before its move to Nashville, TN, in 2005. The label represented notable country artists such as Aaron Tippin and Shane Owens.
## Origins
Ken Cooper started Rust Records as a way to promote his band rock band Vertigogo. Upon the band\'s major label signing to Atlantic Records and change of the band\'s name to Sinomatic due to infringement upon a recording group from France, Rust Records again went onto the back burner. Shortly after the release of Sinomatic\'s debut album however, the band fell apart in early 2002 and was subsequently dropped by their label.
Ken Cooper returned to his roots, once again thinking about his recording company in early 2003. The first release on the label was a rock band called Dear Violet, once again with Ken Cooper as the frontman. In 2004 Cooper retired from performing, began to focus on the label full-time. VP of Operations Keith Simmerer was brought on board, and proved to be the only other person to stay with the company over the course of its run. Starting with the alternative rock group Cherry Monroe, Rust became a Universal Imprint and was among the first labels to sign a deal with the then new Fontana Distribution company. They then released records by other local artists Between Home and Serenity, Blush, View From Everest, Southcott, and Lareau before venturing into country music with artist Shane Owens.
## Present day {#present_day}
In 2005, Rust Records made the move from Cleveland, OH, to Nashville, TN, where the company made a major change: it switched genres from rock & roll to country. In 2005, the band signed emerging artists The Povertyneck Hillbillies and Shane Owens. In 2006, Rust signed a partnership agreement with Aaron Tippin to release his work in partnership with his startup label Nippit Records and trio BlackHawk, who came over after being dropped from Columbia Records.
In January 2007, Rust Records closed its doors due to issues with its financial partners. All artists were released from their recording obligations at that time
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# 2007 Chinese Grand Prix
The **2007 Chinese Grand Prix** (officially the **2007 Formula 1 Sinopec Chinese Grand Prix**) was the sixteenth race of the 2007 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was held on 7 October 2007 at Shanghai International Circuit, Shanghai, China. The race was won by Ferrari\'s Kimi Räikkönen with Fernando Alonso finishing second and Felipe Massa finishing third. Championship leader Lewis Hamilton suffered the first race retirement of his Formula One career after going off at a wet pit entrance on worn tyres left him stuck in the gravel.
Räikkönen\'s win marked the 200th Grand Prix victory for Scuderia Ferrari. The race was the last where cigarette advertising was openly displayed on a Formula 1 car, that being the Marlboro sponsorship of Ferrari.
## Report
### Background
Going into the race, Lewis Hamilton of McLaren led the Drivers\' Championship by 12 points from his team-mate Fernando Alonso, after Alonso crashed in Fuji Speedway. Ferrari\'s Kimi Räikkönen was the other driver who mathematically had a chance of winning the championship, trailing Hamilton by 17 points. To clinch the championship, Hamilton needed to finish within one point of his team-mate Alonso and within 6 points of Räikkönen. Whatever the result, Hamilton would still be leading the championship after the race.
The weather conditions at the track were affected by Typhoon Krosa which hit the east coast of China.
### Qualifying
Sebastian Vettel was facing a drop of ten places on the grid for his collision with Mark Webber in the previous race (the Japanese Grand Prix), but this punishment was reduced to a reprimand. However, the Toro Rosso driver was then dropped five places on the grid for impeding Heikki Kovalainen during qualifying.
The Spykers of Adrian Sutil and Sakon Yamamoto were both eliminated in the first qualifying session, along with Takuma Sato in the Super Aguri, Alexander Wurz in his final race for Williams, Giancarlo Fisichella in the Renault and Rubens Barrichello in the Honda. However, Vettel\'s penalty caused him to be relegated behind Barrichello. In the second session, Nico Rosberg in the second Williams, Anthony Davidson in the Super Aguri, Heikki Kovalainen in the Renault, Jarno Trulli in the Toyota and the two Toro Rossos of Vettel and Vitantonio Liuzzi were eliminated.
The final session saw Jenson Button come 10th in a rare top ten qualification. The two BMW Saubers were 8th and 9th, with Nick Heidfeld ahead of Robert Kubica. The Red Bulls of David Coulthard and Mark Webber did very well, qualifying 5th and 7th respectively. They were separated by Ralf Schumacher\'s Toyota. As usual in the 2007 season, the Ferraris and McLarens occupied the top 4 spots in qualifying, with the Italian team\'s Felipe Massa pipping McLaren\'s Fernando Alonso, to third place.
Although Kimi Räikkönen of Ferrari had been the fastest driver in all three practice sessions and in the first two sessions of qualifying, Lewis Hamilton managed to beat this time in his McLaren during the third qualifying session and therefore earned the pole position, the 6th of his career.
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# 2007 Chinese Grand Prix
## Report
### Race
From the morning of the race onwards, conditions at the circuit were wet; this forced all drivers to use intermediate tyres. After the start of the race, the top four remained the same as on the grid with Lewis Hamilton leading in the McLaren from Kimi Räikkönen in the Ferrari, his teammate Felipe Massa and the other McLaren of Fernando Alonso. Vitantonio Liuzzi was the biggest winner from the start in his Toro Rosso, passing Jenson Button\'s Honda, Robert Kubica in the BMW Sauber and the Red Bull of Mark Webber on lap 1. He also passed Kubica\'s teammate Nick Heidfeld before too long to run sixth. Ralf Schumacher had his Toyota knocked from behind at the first corner, and slipped to the back of the field.
Anthony Davidson, who had qualified strongly, was the first retirement on lap 11, after his Super Aguri suffered a brake failure. He had already dropped down to twentieth position. Adrian Sutil was the next to drop out in the Spyker, also from twentieth, after he spun in the wet conditions on lap 25. Schumacher, recovering from his earlier incident, had made it up to twelfth on lap 22, before he spun twice and eventually retired on lap 26.
As the track dried Hamilton began to suffer from tyre wear. With his pit stop imminent, McLaren elected to keep Hamilton out and stick to the original strategy. This turned out to be a detrimental choice, because by lap 31, Räikkönen had passed Hamilton when the latter ran wide, allowing Räikkönen to take the lead. Hamilton had to come into the pits. This should not have been a problem, however, as he would still have had enough points to secure the World Championship, had he remained in that position. However, as he entered the pit lane with his tyres worn down to the canvas, he failed to negotiate the sharp left-hander into the pits, beaching his car in the gravel. Despite marshal\'s efforts to get him back into the race, he suffered the first retirement of his career.
An effective strategy from the BMW Sauber team benefited Robert Kubica, who was propelled into the lead after the Hamilton incident. It was short-lived, however, because after one lap, a hydraulics failure deprived him and the BMW Sauber team of a potential first victory each. This left Räikkönen leading from Alonso, who had overtaken Massa in the pitstops, and Jenson Button.
Räikkönen eventually came home to win comfortably from Alonso, who after having pulled out a considerable lead from Massa was later pulled back until the Brazilian finished less than three seconds behind him. This result ensured the World Drivers\' Championship would be decided in the one remaining round - the `{{F1 GP|2007|Brazilian}}`{=mediawiki}. Sebastian Vettel of Toro Rosso managed to overtake Button in the closing stages to claim fourth place after he had started seventeenth. His one stop strategy gave him the best result of his career thus far. Button came home fifth, the best result of the season for both him and the Honda team. Liuzzi brought the other Toro Rosso home in sixth place, the team\'s best result of its career. Nick Heidfeld was seventh in the BMW Sauber, and David Coulthard held on for the final points position in the Red Bull despite late pressure from Heikki Kovalainen\'s Renault
Alexander Wurz finished twelfth in the Williams, and announced his immediate retirement from Formula One the day after the race. Williams announced that he would be replaced by Kazuki Nakajima for the last race of the season.
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# 2007 Chinese Grand Prix
## Classification
### Qualifying {#qualifying_1}
Driver Constructor Q1 Q2 Q3
--------- ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- -----------------------------
1 2 Lewis Hamilton align=\"center\" nowrap\|McLaren-Mercedes 1:35.798 1:35.898 **1:35.908** 1
2 6 Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari **1:35.692** **1:35.381** 1:36.044 2
3 5 Felipe Massa Ferrari 1:35.792 1:35.796 1:36.221 3
4 1 Fernando Alonso McLaren-Mercedes 1:35.809 1:35.845 1:36.576 4
5 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Renault 1:36.930 1:36.252 1:37.619 5
6 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 1:37.135 1:36.709 1:38.013 6
7 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 1:37.199 1:36.602 1:38.153 7
8 9 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 1:36.737 1:36.217 1:38.455 8
9 10 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 1:36.309 1:36.116 1:38.472 9
10 7 Jenson Button Honda 1:37.092 1:36.771 1:39.285 10
11 18 Vitantonio Liuzzi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:37.047 1:36.862 11
12 19 Sebastian Vettel Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:37.006 1:36.891 17`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki}
13 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:37.209 1:36.959 12
14 4 Heikki Kovalainen Renault 1:37.225 1:36.991 13
15 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 1:37.203 1:37.247 14
16 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 1:37.144 1:37.483 15
17 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 1:37.251 16
18 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\|`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 1:37.290 18
19 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 1:37.456 19
20 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 1:38.218 20
21 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 1:38.668 21
22 21 Sakon Yamamoto Spyker-Ferrari 1:39.336 22
Source:
Notes:
- -- Sebastian Vettel took a five-place grid penalty for impeding another driver.
### Race {#race_1}
Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points
--------- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------ ------------------------------------------- ------ --------
1 6 **Kimi Räikkönen** **Ferrari** 56 1:37:58.395 2 **10**
2 1 **Fernando Alonso** align=\"center\" nowrap\| **McLaren-Mercedes** 56 +9.806 4 **8**
3 5 **Felipe Massa** **Ferrari** 56 +12.891 3 **6**
4 19 **Sebastian Vettel** **Toro Rosso-Ferrari** 56 +53.509 17 **5**
5 7 **Jenson Button** **Honda** 56 +1:08.666 10 **4**
6 18 **Vitantonio Liuzzi** **Toro Rosso-Ferrari** 56 +1:13.673 11 **3**
7 9 **Nick Heidfeld** **BMW Sauber** 56 +1:14.224 8 **2**
8 14 **David Coulthard** **Red Bull-Renault** 56 +1:20.750 5 **1**
9 4 Heikki Kovalainen Renault 56 +1:21.186 13
10 15 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 56 +1:24.685 7
11 3 align=\"center\" nowrap\| `{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 56 +1:26.683 18
12 17 Alexander Wurz Williams-Toyota 55 +1 Lap 19
13 12 Jarno Trulli Toyota 55 +1 Lap 12
14 22 Takuma Sato Super Aguri-Honda 55 +1 Lap 20
15 8 Rubens Barrichello Honda 55 +1 Lap 16
16 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 54 +2 Laps 15
17 21 Sakon Yamamoto Spyker-Ferrari 53 +3 Laps 22
Ret 10 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 33 Hydraulics 9
Ret 2 Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes 30 align=\"center\" nowrap\| Stuck in Gravel 1
Ret 11 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 25 Spun off 6
Ret 20 Adrian Sutil Spyker-Ferrari 24 Accident 21
Ret 23 Anthony Davidson Super Aguri-Honda 11 Brakes 14
Source:
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# 2007 Chinese Grand Prix
## Championship standings after the race {#championship_standings_after_the_race}
Drivers\' Championship standings
+/-- Driver Points
--------- --- ----------------------- --------
1 **Lewis Hamilton\*** 107
2 **Fernando Alonso\*** 103
3 **Kimi Räikkönen\*** 100
4 Felipe Massa 86
5 Nick Heidfeld 58
Source:
Constructors\' Championship standings
+/-- Constructor Points
--------- --- ------------------ --------
1 **Ferrari\*** 186
2 BMW Sauber 94
3 Renault 51
4 Williams-Toyota 28
5 Red Bull-Renault 24
Source:
- **Note**: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
- **Bold text** and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion
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# David Moore (Manx politician)
**David Moore** is a Manx politician and former chairman of the Finance Board, the forerunner to the present Treasury Minister. He was Member of the House of Keys for Peel from 1978 until his retirement in 1986. In 1985, he was appointed the last chairman of the Finance Board.
In 2007 he stood for election to the Legislative Council in the 5th round of voting against Laxey Commissioner David Owens and stood unopposed in the 6th round of voting but failed to be elected by one vote
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# Friends & Relatives
***Friends & Relatives*** is a compilation album released by Eagle Records and Purple Pyramid (US) in 1999. The album features songs from various artists that have a common linkage to Electric Light Orchestra, such as The Move and Wizzard
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# Large-screen television technology
**Large-screen television technology** (colloquially **big-screen TV**) developed rapidly in the late 1990s and 2000s. Prior to the development of thin-screen technologies, rear-projection television was standard for larger displays, and jumbotron, a non-projection video display technology, was used at stadiums and concerts. Various thin-screen technologies are being developed, but only liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display (PDP) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) have been publicly released. Recent technologies like organic light-emitting diode (OLED) as well as not-yet-released technologies like surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) or field-emission display (FED) are in development to supersede earlier flat-screen technologies in picture quality.
Large-screen technologies have almost completely displaced cathode-ray tubes (CRT) in television sales due to the necessary bulkiness of cathode-ray tubes. The diagonal screen size of a CRT television is limited to about 40 in because of size requirements of the cathode-ray tube, which fires three beams of electrons onto the screen to create a viewable image. A large-screen TV requires a longer tube, making a large-screen CRT TV of about 50 to unrealistic. Newer large-screen televisions are comparably thinner.
## Viewing distances {#viewing_distances}
Before deciding on a particular display technology size, it is very important to determine from what distances it is going to be viewed. As the display size increases so does the ideal viewing distance. Bernard J. Lechner, while working for RCA, studied the best viewing distances for various conditions and derived the so-called Lechner distance.
As a rule of thumb, the viewing distance should be roughly two to three times the screen size for standard definition (SD) displays.
Screen size (in) Viewing distance (ft) Viewing distance (m)
------------------ ----------------------- ----------------------
15--26 5--8 1.5-2.4
26--32 8--11.5 2.4-3.5
32--42 11.5--13 3.5-4
42--55 \>13 \>4
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# Large-screen television technology
## Display specifications {#display_specifications}
The following are important factors for evaluating television displays:
- Display size: the diagonal length of the display.
- Display resolution: the number of pixels in each dimension on a display. In general a higher resolution will yield a clearer, sharper image.
- Dot pitch: This is the size of an individual pixel, which includes the length of the subpixels and distances between subpixels. It can be measured as the horizontal or diagonal length of a pixel. A smaller dot pitch generally results in sharper images because there are more pixels in a given area. In the case of CRT displays, pixels are not equivalent to the phosphor dots, as they are to the pixel triads in LCDs. Projection displays that use three monochrome CRTs do not have a dot structure, so this specification does not apply.
- Response time: The time it takes for the display to respond to a given input. For an LCD it is defined as the total time it takes for a pixel to transition from black to white, and then white to black. A display with slow response times displaying moving pictures may result in blurring and distortion. Displays with fast response times can make better transitions in displaying moving objects without unwanted image artefacts.
- Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display. It is sometimes synonymous with the term *luminance*, which is defined as the amount of light per area and is measured in SI units as candela per square meter.
- Contrast ratio: The ratio of the luminance of the brightest color to the luminance of the darkest color on the display. High contrast ratios are desirable but the method of measurement varies greatly. It can be measured with the display isolated from its environment or with the lighting of the room being accounted for. Static contrast ratio is measured on a static image at some instant in time. Dynamic contrast ratio is measured on the image over a period of time. Manufacturers can market either static or dynamic contrast ratio depending on which one is higher.
- Aspect ratio: The ratio of the display width to the display height. The aspect ratio of a traditional television is 4:3, which is being discontinued; the television industry is currently changing to the 16:9 ratio typically used by large-screen, high-definition televisions.
- Viewing angle: The maximum angle at which the display can be viewed with acceptable quality. The angle is measured from one direction to the opposite direction of the display, such that the maximum viewing angle is 180 degrees. Outside of this angle the viewer will see a distorted version of the image being displayed. The definition of what is acceptable quality for the image can be different among manufacturers and display types. Many manufacturers define this as the point at which the luminance is half of the maximum luminance. Some manufacturers define it based on contrast ratio and look at the angle at which a certain contrast ratio is realized.
- Color reproduction/gamut: The range of colors that the display can accurately represent.
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# Large-screen television technology
## Display technologies {#display_technologies}
### LCD television {#lcd_television}
A pixel on an LCD consists of multiple layers of components: two polarizing filters, two glass plates with electrodes, and liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystals are sandwiched between the glass plates and are in direct contact with the electrodes. The two polarizing filters are the outer layers in this structure. The polarity of one of these filters is oriented horizontally, while the polarity of the other filter is oriented vertically. The electrodes are treated with a layer of polymer to control the alignment of liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. These rod-like molecules are arranged to match the horizontal orientation on one side and the vertical orientation on the other, giving the molecules a twisted, helical structure. Twisted nematic liquid crystals are naturally twisted, and are commonly used for LCDs because they react predictably to temperature variation and electric current.
When the liquid crystal material is in its natural state, light passing through the first filter will be rotated (in terms of polarity) by the twisted molecule structure, which allows the light to pass through the second filter. When voltage is applied across the electrodes, the liquid crystal structure is untwisted to an extent determined by the amount of voltage. A sufficiently large voltage will cause the molecules to untwist completely, such that the polarity of any light passing through will not be rotated and will instead be perpendicular to the filter polarity. This filter will block the passage of light because of the difference in polarity orientation, and the resulting pixel will be black. The amount of light allowed to pass through at each pixel can be controlled by varying the corresponding voltage accordingly. In a color LCD each pixel consists of red, green, and blue subpixels, which require appropriate color filters in addition to the components mentioned previously. Each subpixel can be controlled individually to display a large range of possible colors for a particular pixel.
The electrodes on one side of the LCD are arranged in columns, while the electrodes on the other side are arranged in rows, forming a large matrix that controls every pixel. Each pixel is designated a unique row-column combination, and the pixel can be accessed by the control circuits using this combination. These circuits send charge down the appropriate row and column, effectively applying a voltage across the electrodes at a given pixel. Simple LCDs such as those on digital watches can operate on what is called a passive-matrix structure, in which each pixel is addressed one at a time. This results in extremely slow response times and poor voltage control. A voltage applied to one pixel can cause the liquid crystals at surrounding pixels to untwist undesirably, resulting in fuzziness and poor contrast in this area of the image. LCDs with high resolutions, such as large-screen LCD televisions, require an active-matrix structure. This structure is a matrix of thin-film transistors, each corresponding to one pixel on the display. The switching ability of the transistors allows each pixel to be accessed individually and precisely, without affecting nearby pixels. Each transistor also acts as a capacitor while leaking very little current, so it can effectively store the charge while the display is being refreshed.
The following are types of LCD display technologies:
- Twisted Nematic (TN): This type of display is the most common and makes use of twisted nematic-phase crystals, which have a natural helical structure and can be untwisted by an applied voltage to allow light to pass through. These displays have low production costs and fast response times but also limited viewing angles, and many have a limited color gamut that cannot take full advantage of advanced graphics cards. These limitations are due to variation in the angles of the liquid crystal molecules at different depths, restricting the angles at which light can leave the pixel.
- In-Plane Switching (IPS): Unlike the electrode arrangement in traditional TN displays, the two electrodes corresponding to a pixel are both on the same glass plate and are parallel to each other. The liquid crystal molecules do not form a helical structure and instead are also parallel to each other. In its natural or \"off\" state, the molecule structure is arranged parallel to the glass plates and electrodes. Because the twisted molecule structure is not used in an IPS display, the angle at which light leaves a pixel is not as restricted, and therefore viewing angles and color reproduction are much improved compared to those of TN displays. However, IPS displays have slower response times. IPS displays also initially suffered from poor contrast ratios but has been significantly improved with the development of Advanced Super IPS (AS -- IPS).
- Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA): In this type of display the liquid crystals are naturally arranged perpendicular to the glass plates but can be rotated to control light passing through. There are also pyramid-like protrusions in the glass substrates to control the rotation of the liquid crystals such that the light is channeled at an angle with the glass plate. This technology results in wide viewing angles while boasting good contrast ratios and faster response times than those of TN and IPS displays. The major drawback is a reduction in brightness.
- Patterned Vertical Alignment (PVA): This type of display is a variation of MVA and performs very similarly, but with much higher contrast ratios.
### Plasma display {#plasma_display}
A plasma display is made up of many thousands of gas-filled cells that are sandwiched in between two glass plates, two sets of electrodes, dielectric material, and protective layers. The address electrodes are arranged vertically between the rear glass plate and a protective layer. This structure sits behind the cells in the rear of the display, with the protective layer in direct contact with the cells. On the front side of the display there are horizontal display electrodes that sit in between a magnesium-oxide (MgO) protective layer and an insulating dielectric layer. The MgO layer is in direct contact with the cells and the dielectric layer is in direct contact with the front glass plate. The horizontal and vertical electrodes form a grid from which each individual cell can be accessed. Each individual cell is walled off from surrounding cells so that activity in one cell does not affect another. The cell structure is similar to a honeycomb structure except with rectangular cells.
To illuminate a particular cell, the electrodes that intersect at the cell are charged by control circuitry and electric current flows through the cell, stimulating the gas (typically xenon and neon) atoms inside the cell. These ionized gas atoms, or plasmas, then release ultraviolet photons that interact with a phosphor material on the inside wall of the cell. The phosphor atoms are stimulated and electrons jump to higher energy levels. When these electrons return to their natural state, energy is released in the form of visible light. Every pixel on the display is made up of three subpixel cells. One subpixel cell is coated with red phosphor, another is coated with green phosphor, and the third cell is coated with blue phosphor. Light emitted from the subpixel cells is blended together to create an overall color for the pixel. The control circuitry can manipulate the intensity of light emitted from each cell, and therefore can produce a large gamut of colors. Light from each cell can be controlled and changed rapidly to produce a high-quality moving picture.
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# Large-screen television technology
## Display technologies {#display_technologies}
### Projection television {#projection_television}
A projection television uses a projector to create a small image from a video signal and magnify this image onto a viewable screen. The projector uses a bright beam of light and a lens system to project the image to a much larger size. A front-projection television uses a projector that is separate from the screen which could be a suitably prepared wall, and the projector is placed in front of the screen. The setup of a rear-projection television is similar to that of a traditional television in that the projector is contained inside the television box and projects the image from behind the screen.
#### Rear-projection television {#rear_projection_television}
The following are different types of rear-projection televisions, which differ based on the type of projector and how the image (before projection) is created:
- CRT rear-projection television: Small cathode-ray tubes create the image in the same manner that a traditional CRT television does, which is by firing a beam of electrons onto a phosphor-coated screen; the image is projected onto a large screen. This is done to overcome the cathode-ray tube size limit which is about 40 in, the maximum size for a normal direct-view-CRT television set (see image). The projection cathode-ray tubes can be arranged in various ways. One arrangement is to use one tube and three phosphor (red, green, blue) coatings. Alternatively, one black-and-white tube can be used with a spinning color wheel. A third option is to use three CRTs, one each for red, green, and blue.
- LCD rear-projection television: A lamp transmits light through a small LCD chip made up of individual pixels to create an image. The LCD projector uses dichroic mirrors to take the light and create three separate red, green, and blue beams, which are then passed through three separate LCD panels. The liquid crystals are manipulated using electric current to control the amount of light passing through. The lens system combines the three color images and projects them.
- DLP rear-projection television: A DLP projector creates an image using a digital micromirror device (DMD chip), which on its surface contains a large matrix of microscopic mirrors, each corresponding to one pixel (or sub-pixel) in an image. Each mirror can be tilted to reflect light such that the pixel appears bright, or the mirror can be tilted to direct light elsewhere (where it is absorbed) to make the pixel appear dark. Mirrors flip between light and dark positions, so subpixel brightness is controlled by proportionally varying the amount of time a mirror is in the bright position; its pulse-width modulation. The mirror is made of aluminum and is mounted on a torsion-supported yoke. There are electrodes on both sides of the yoke that control the tilt of the mirror using electrostatic attraction. The electrodes are connected to an SRAM cell located under each pixel, and charges from the SRAM cell move the mirrors. Color is created by a spinning color wheel (used with a single-chip projector) or a three-chip (red, green, blue) projector. The color wheel is placed between the lamp light source and the DMD chip such that the light passing through is colored and then reflected off the mirror array to determine brightness. A color wheel consists of a red, green, and blue sector, as well as a fourth sector to either control brightness or include a fourth color. This spinning color wheel in the single-chip arrangement can be replaced by red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes (LED). The three-chip projector uses a prism to split up the light into three beams (red, green, blue), each directed towards its own DMD chip. The outputs of the three DMD chips are recombined and then projected.
### Laser Phosphor Display {#laser_phosphor_display}
In Laser Phosphor Display technology, first demonstrated in June 2010 at InfoComm, the image is provided by the use of lasers, which are located on the back of the television, reflected off a rapidly moving bank of mirrors to excite pixels on the television screen in a similar way to cathode-ray tubes. The mirrors reflect the laser beams across the screen and so produce the necessary number of image lines. The small layers of phosphors inside the glass emit red, green or blue light when excited by a soft UV laser. The laser can be varied in intensity or completely turned on or off without a problem, which means that a dark display would need less power to project its images.
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# Large-screen television technology
## Comparison of television display technologies {#comparison_of_television_display_technologies}
### CRT
Though large-screen CRT TVs/monitors exist, the screen size is limited by their impracticality. The bigger the screen, the greater the weight, and the deeper the CRT. A typical 32 in television can weigh about 150 lb or more. The Sony PVM-4300 monitor weighed 200 kg (440 lb) and had the largest ever CRT with a 43 in diagonal display. SlimFit televisions exist, but are not common.
### LCD
Advantages:
- Slim profile
- Lighter and less bulky than rear-projection televisions
- Is less susceptible to burn-in: Burn-in refers to the television displaying a permanent ghost-like image due to constant, prolonged display of the image. Light-emitting phosphors lose their luminosity over time and, when frequently used, the low-luminosity areas become permanently visible.
- LCDs reflect very little light, allowing them to maintain contrast levels in well-lit rooms and not be affected by glare.
- Slightly lower power usage than equivalent sized plasma displays.
- Can be wall-mounted.
Disadvantages:
- Poor black level: Some light passes through even when liquid crystals completely untwist, so the best black color that can be achieved is varying shades of dark gray, resulting in worse contrast ratios and detail in the image. This can be mitigated by the use of a matrix of LEDs as the illuminator to provide nearly true black performance.
- Narrower viewing angles than competing technologies. It is nearly impossible to use an LCD without some image warping occurring.
- LCDs rely heavily on thin-film transistors, which can be damaged, resulting in a defective pixel.
- Typically have slower response times than plasmas, which can cause ghosting and blurring during the display of fast-moving images. This is also improving by increasing the refresh rate of LCDs.
### Plasma display {#plasma_display_1}
Advantages:
- Slim cabinet profile
- Can be wall-mounted
- Lighter and less voluminous than rear-projection television sets
- More accurate color reproduction than that of an LCD; 68 billion (2^36^) colors vs. 16.7 million (2^24^) colors
- Produces deep, true blacks, allowing for superior contrast ratios (+ 1:1,000,000)
- Wider viewing angles (+178°) than those of an LCD; the image does not degrade (dim and distort) when viewed from a high angle, as occurs with an LCD
- No motion blur; eliminated with higher refresh rates and faster response times (up to 1.0 microsecond), which make plasma TV technology ideal for viewing the fast-moving film and sport images
Disadvantages:
- No longer being manufactured
- Susceptible to screen burn-in and image retention; late-model plasma TV sets feature corrective technology, such as pixel shifting
- Phosphor-luminosity diminishes over time, resulting in the gradual decline of absolute image-brightness; corrected with the 60,000-hour life-span of contemporary plasma TV technology (longer than that of CRT technology)
- Not manufactured in sizes smaller than 37 in diagonal
- Susceptible to reflective glare in a brightly lighted room, which dims the image
- High electrical power consumption
- Heavier than a comparable LCD TV set, because of the glass screen that contains the gases
- Costlier screen repair; the glass screen of a plasma TV set can be damaged permanently, and is more difficult to repair than the plastic screen of an LCD TV set
### Projection television {#projection_television_1}
#### Front-projection television {#front_projection_television}
Advantages:
- Significantly cheaper than flat-panel counterparts
- Front-projection picture quality approaches that of movie theater
- Front-projection televisions take up very little space because a projector screen is extremely slim, and even a suitably prepared wall can be used
- Display size can be extremely large, typically limited by room height.
Disadvantages:
- Front-projection more difficult to set up because projector is separate and must be placed in front of the screen, typically on the ceiling
- Lamp may need to be replaced after heavy usage
- Image brightness is an issue, may require darkened room.
#### Rear-projection television {#rear_projection_television_1}
Advantages:
- Significantly cheaper than flat-panel counterparts
- Projectors that are not phosphor-based (LCD/DLP) are not susceptible to burn-in
- Rear-projection is not subject to glare
Disadvantages:
- Rear-projection televisions are much bulkier than flat-panel televisions
- Lamp may need to be replaced after heavy usage
- Rear-projection has smaller viewing angles than those of flat-panel displays
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# Large-screen television technology
## Comparison of different types of rear-projection televisions {#comparison_of_different_types_of_rear_projection_televisions}
### CRT projector {#crt_projector}
Advantages:
- Achieves excellent black level and contrast ratio
- Achieves excellent color reproduction
- CRTs have generally very long lifetimes
- Greater viewing angles than those of LCDs
Disadvantages:
- Heavy and large, especially depth-wise
- If one CRT fails the other two should be replaced for optimal color and brightness balance
- Susceptible to burn-in because CRT is phosphor-based
- Needs to be \"converged\" (primary colors positioned so they overlay without color fringes) annually (or after set relocation)
- May display colour halos or lose focus
### LCD projector {#lcd_projector}
Advantages:
- Smaller than CRT projectors
- LCD chip can be easily repaired or replaced
- Is not susceptible to burn-in
Disadvantages:
- The Screen-door effect: Individual pixels may be visible on the large screen, giving the appearance that the viewer is looking through a screen door.
- Possibility of defective pixels
- Poor black level: Some light passes through even when liquid crystals completely untwist, so the best black color that can be achieved is a very dark gray, resulting in worse contrast ratios and detail in the image. Some newer models use an adjustable iris to help offset this.
- Not as slim as DLP projection television
- Uses lamps for light, lamps may need to be replaced
- Fixed number of pixels, other resolutions need to be scaled to fit this
- Limited viewing angles
### DLP projector {#dlp_projector}
Advantages:
- Slimmest of all types of projection televisions
- Achieves excellent black level and contrast ratio
- DMD chip can be easily repaired or replaced
- Is not susceptible to burn-in
- Better viewing angles than those of CRT projectors
- Image brightness only decreases due to the age of the lamp
- Defective pixels are rare
- Does not experience the screen-door effect
Disadvantages:
- Uses lamps for light, lamps need to be replaced on average once every year and a half to two years. Current models with LED lamps reduce or eliminate this. Estimated lifetime of LED lamps is over 100,000 hours.
- Fixed number of pixels, other resolutions need to be scaled to fit this. This is a limitation only when compared with CRT displays.
- The Rainbow Effect: This is an unwanted visual artifact that is described as flashes of colored light seen when the viewer looks across the display from one side to the other. This artifact is unique to single-chip DLP projectors. The Rainbow Effect is significant only in DLP displays that use a single white lamp with a \"color wheel\" that is synchronized with the display of red, green and blue components. LED illumination systems that use discrete red, green and blue LEDs in concert with the display of red, green and blue components at high frequency reduce, or altogether eliminate, the Rainbow effect
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# Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)
Major-General **Sir Frederick Abbott**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB|}}`{=mediawiki} (13 June 1805 -- 4 November 1892) was a British Indian Army officer and engineer of the East India Company.
## Background
Frederick was born at Little Court, Buntingford, Hertfordshire, the second son of Henry Alexius Abbott, a retired Calcutta merchant of Blackheath, Kent, and his wife Margaret Welsh, the daughter of William Welsh of Edinburgh. He had the following siblings:
- Margaret (1801--1877)
- Major-General Augustus Abbott (1804--1867)
- General Sir James Abbott, KCB (1807--1896)
- Emma Abbott (1809--1875)
- Major General Saunders Alexius Abbott (1811--1894)
- Keith Edward Abbott, Consul General (1814--1873)
- Edmund Abbott (1816--1816)
## Career
After training at Addiscombe Military Seminary from 1820 to 1822, Abbott was posted to India with the Bengal Engineers in 1823. He served in the First Burmese War, and in 1825 distinguished himself in the Battle of Prome, where he was wounded. After serving in different locations in India, he took part as chief engineer in the First Anglo-Afghan War. Here he was ordered to destroy the great bazaar of Kabul as a retribution for the murder of a British officer, an action he later regretted. In 1841, Abbott was appointed superintending engineer of the north-western provinces of Bengal. He fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, and took part in the Battle of Sobraon, for which he was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
He retired one year later and took over as lieutenant-governor of Addiscombe Seminary in 1851. Abbott became a knight bachelor in 1854 and was promoted to major-general in 1858. In 1859, he was appointed to serve on the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom, whose recommendations prompted a huge programme of fortification for the British naval dockyards. After the college was closed in 1861, he served on various other royal commissions.
## Family
In 1835, he married Frances Cox, da. of Lt.Col. Cox, Royal Artillery, and widow of Lt.Col. Hubert de Burgh. Abbott died in Branksome Park, Poole in 1892. His wife and daughter both predeceased him
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# Electoral district of Darling Harbour
**Darling Harbour** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, in the vicinity of Darling Harbour. It was created in the 1904 re-distribution of electorates following the 1903 New South Wales referendum, which required the number of members of the Legislative Assembly to be reduced from 125 to 90. It consisted of the abolished seats of Sydney-Gipps and Sydney-Lang and parts of the abolished seats of Sydney-King and Sydney-Denison. In 1920, with the introduction of proportional representation, it was absorbed into Balmain
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# Jack McBride
**John F. \"Jack\" McBride** (November 30, 1901 -- October 11, 1966) was an American football player who played the positions of halfback, fullback, and quarterback in the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. McBride played collegiately at Syracuse University where he finished second in the nation in scoring in his senior year to Heinie Benkert. McBride scored 90 points on 7 touchdowns, 11 field goals, and 15 extra points in his senior year.
McBride played 10 seasons in the NFL, leading the Giants in scoring in each of their first three seasons (1925--27), and the NFL in scoring in 1927. McBride was named the Most Valuable Player of the NFL for the 1927 season, handily topping teammate Hinkey Haines and the injured Red Grange of the Chicago Bears in voting for the honor.
As a passer, McBride ended his career with 3,123 yards passing, 31 touchdown passes, and 57 interceptions. As a rusher McBride totalled 2,093 yards rushing, and 26 rushing touchdowns, while averaging 4.2 yards a carry.
McBride maintained his connection with pro football after his career in the NFL serving as the player/coach of the Paterson Panthers (later of the American Association) in 1935 and as coach of the New York Yankees of the second American Football League and the New York Yankees of the third AFL in 1940--1941
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# The Friday Rock Show Sessions / Live at Reading
***The Friday Night Rock Show Sessions / Live at Reading*** is a live album by British heavy metal band Diamond Head, released in 1992 as part of an official series of similar, radio-archive releases by several bands released with Raw Fruit Records. The Reading Festival performance was later included as part of a selection of bonus live tracks on *The MCA Years*, while the entire album was included on the compilation *Live at the BBC*
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# Rural community vibrancy index
The **Rural Community Vibrancy Index** is a statistical measure designed by the British Government\'s Countryside Agency (1999--2006) which is meant to measure the potential for, or reality of, community participation in rural settlements.
Assessment includes features such as pubs, village halls, public transport, childcare facilities and schools.
Towns and villages can score a maximum of 14 points on the index. A score of less than four points means that a community has poor community vibrancy, a score of five to eight points is \"positive\" and a score of nine or above means a community has \"extensive\" vibrancy.
The index was criticised in the 2007 documentary series *The Trap*
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# Pendrani
The goddess **Pendrani** is a legendary deity of Umerkote, a town in Nabarangpur District of Odisha, India. A temple has been constructed at west end of the town in order to create a place for worshipping for the locals. Sunday is the only weekday on which the temple remains open. People from far away places visit the goddess.
Maa Pendrani of Umerkote is born out of a legend. A small village Pendra (Pendrahandi) near Umerkote worship a pure soul Pendrani, a married girl who was a victim of secret jealousy of her own brothers. As the story goes, her husband was overtly pampered by her parents who made him stay in their household with no work to bother about. The four brothers out of sheer jealousy conspired and succeeded in killing her innocent husband (Pendara) and buried him in their field. Sensing a foul play, Pendrani could unfold the heinous crime and apparently jumped into her husband's funeral pyre and perished in its flames. Days later her spirit was believed to roam about the villages helping those who trusted her supernatural transformation. People adore her sacrifice and worship in a temple erected at Umerkote. That the local degree College is named after her is a tribute to the saga of supreme sacrifice.
Her holy grace attracts many people from surrounding locations. During the time of Ratha Yatra at Umerkote, people celebrate the annual fair near the temple. People from nearby villages come and visit the celebration which includes bazaars and mandi and exchange of cultural factors among tribal and urban people.
The Goddess had been worshipped on an open citadel which gradually has been made with a normal wooden chamber. With the help of locals a newly built temple has been dedicated for worshipping the goddess with a grand inaugural celebration from 20 to 30 June 2010.
Another legend related to the origin of Maa Pendrani is as follows: Goddess Pendragarhien, also known as Pendrani is worshipped by the tribal people of Western Odisha and the bordering districts of Chhattisgarh. It has a history of last 400 years. A myth of origin of Goddess Pendrani; followed by a complex ritual, is found in these areas.
The focal theme of the myth was about a Gond bride Pendrani; whose husband (bride service) was killed by her seven brothers in order to get good harvest by offering human sacrifice to Earth Mother Goddess. Pendrani, searched for her husband and finally found that her own brothers had sacrificed her bride service- husband. While wondering in the forest a tiger ate her and after that her spirit became a Goddess. Over a period of last 400 years she has transformed from a revengeful goddess into a blissful goddess. She is now worshipped as the Goddess of wealth in Western Odisha and eastern Chhattisgarh.
The purpose of the article is to explain how an ordinary woman became a Goddess and contested against the male predominance. Her creation myth became so popular that she became a popular Goddess and thus a new cult emerged as Pendrani Goddess cult. Though originated as a tribal Goddess she became the Goddess of both tribal and non tribal communities in the socio historical process of the region. The cult represented with the religious faith and belief explores that now Pendrani is one of the most popular and prestigious Goddess. A huge temple is constructed in Umerkote town, in addition to installation of her cult in thousands of villages in tribal areas. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine the socio--historical processes of the indigenous communities and the dynamics of transformation of a woman to goddess in the collective memory of the communities. The ritual performance of the celebration and adoption of the Goddess in a house or in a village is a complex ritual process that captures the socio--psychological phenomena. Male shamans use to play the role of the Goddess and the divinization of Pendrani Goddess is established.
The inference of the Pendrani cult is a contestation of male predominance over the women and the whole ritual system adopted in the cult, celebrated by the males playing the role of female goddess signifies the males subjugation to the woman Goddess, thereby compensating the injustice inflicted on Goddess Pendrani when she was an ordinary woman; before her deification
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# Cheryl Chin
**Cheryl Chin** is a Singaporean television and film actress. She was formerly known as a Singapore television actress and fashion model who competed in and won the Star Search Singapore finals in 2003. She also received the best actress award.
She has appeared mostly on Singapore\'s television drama and comedy series. In 2010, she appeared in *Mongolian Death Worm*, directed by Steven R. Monroe, starring Sean Patrick Flanery, and *Machete*, directed by Robert Rodriguez, starring Danny Trejo, Steven Seagal, Jessica Alba, and Robert De Niro.
## Early life {#early_life}
Chin was born in Singapore to Irene and Albert Chin. Both her mother and father are of Chinese descent, though her father was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Chin has a younger brother, Sean. Because of her father\'s roots, she was raised in Malaysia for 3 years and then settled in Singapore until the age of 11. Chin grew up without both grandparents. Her grandmother died in the first plane crash of Singapore Airlines\' history, and she was told her grandfather died of a broken heart.
Chin attended Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus, an all-girls Catholic school, from first through eighth grade. In 2001, her mother remarried an American and the family migrated to Virginia in 1993. In 2001, in an attempt to pursue an acting career, Chin made a bargain with her mother that allowed her to return to Singapore for six months with all expenses paid to audition for roles. If she could not make a living from acting within the six months, she would have to attend an American business university. On the last day of her 6-month period, she won her first acting role in a theatre production for a cruise ship.
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# Cheryl Chin
## Career
Shortly after, Chin received starring roles in Singapore\'s prime time television series such as: Singapore\'s longest running comedy TV series, *Under One Roof*, the hit TV movie *Blueprint* anthology series -- Scars, School Days hit comedy TV series, and *The Outsiders*, an independent slasher film.
She was listed by *FHM Magazine* as one of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World in 2003 and 2004. She entered the Singaporean version of the TV talent show *Star Search* in 2003 and won the Best Acting Potential Award together with the Female Champion Award, becoming Singapore\'s representative for Star Search Asia Grand Finals. Chin won the first runner-up title and an artist contract with Mediacorp, Singapore\'s national television studios, to be part of their stable of performers. Under Mediacorp\'s management, she received her first dramatic role in *An Ode To Life* as Weng Xiaoyun, a muddle-headed nurse who unexpectedly falls into a love triangle. *An Ode To Life* was shown in 2004 on Mediacorp Television and later won the best dramatic television series award.
She went on to star in the 13-episode comedy series *The Cheer Team*, broadcast in 2004, as Miss Bai, a cheerleading teacher who was inappropriate for the job. While shooting *The Cheer Team*, she was offered a role in *The Best Bet*, a 14-episode Singaporean television series, as Lina Zhang, the love interest of both Christopher Lee\'s and Mark Lee\'s characters.
As her contract with Mediacorp came to an end in 2004, she completed filming of *The Best Bet* and returned to America. During her four years in Singapore, Chin appeared in four films, six television series, and four variety shows.
After taking a break for three years, she worked on two films in 2009: *Mongolian Death Worm*, a TV movie ordered by the Syfy Channel, and *Machete*, which was released in August 2010. *Machete* marked Chin\'s first villainous role.
She was the female champion of Star Search Singapore Finals 2003, was ranked No. 93 on *FHM* Singapore\'s 100 Sexiest Woman of the World 2003, and No. 90 in FHM Singapore\'s 100 Sexiest Woman of the World 2004.
Since moving to the U.S., Chin started a food truck called DFG Noodles, based in Austin, Texas. The truck serves noodle and rice dished inspired by Singaporean, Malaysian, and Indonesian cuisine.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
While in Singapore, Chin began a 2-year relationship with Brandon Fernandez, a veteran stage actor. Chin then met Lee Smith, a British businessman, in 2003, soon after winning Star Search Singapore. Their relationship ended shortly before Chin returned to the US in 2005.
Chin met Wes Thompson when she hired him as her Director of Photography on a pilot production.
Chin was raised as a Buddhist, Christian, and Catholic. Her great-grandmother was Buddhist, her mother is Catholic, and her father is Christian. During childhood, Chin was close friends with her neighbour, Samantha, who is an Indonesian Christian. Chin would follow her to an Indonesian church where an interpreter\'s services were employed every weekend in order for her to understand the pastor. At the age of 11, Chin asked to be baptised as a Christian
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# M. T. Khan
**Mohammed Taiyab Khan** (died May 1982) was an Indo-Fijian politician and lawyer. Between 1966 and 1977 he served as a member of the Legislative Council, Senate and House of Representatives. He was also Minister for Commerce, Industries and Co-operatives from 1972 to 1976.
## Biography
A prominent lawyer in the Tavua area, Khan was the Federation Party candidate for the South-Central Viti Levu Indo-Fijian communal constituency in the 1966 elections and was elected to the Legislative Council. In 1968 all Federation Party members resigned in protest at the government. However, Khan switched allegiances to the Alliance Party and ran unsuccessfully in the North-East Viti Levu constituency in the subsequent by-elections.
When Fiji became independent in 1970, an appointed Senate was established, with Khan appointed as one of the nominees of Prime Minister Kamisese Mara. He remained in the Senate until the 1972 elections, when he was elected to the House of Representatives from the Indo-Fijian North-Eastern national constituency. Following the elections, he was appointed Minister for Commerce, Industries and Co-operatives by Mara. However, in May 1976 he was charged with corruption and resigned from the cabinet. Although he was later cleared, he was not invited to return to the cabinet, and was later expelled from the Alliance after abstaining from a key vote.
He lost his seat in the March 1977 elections and later joined the National Federation Party (NFP), a successor to the Federation Party. He died in Lautoka in May 1982 from a heart attack, shortly before the general elections in which he was an NFP candidate
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# Northern rosella
The **northern rosella** (***Platycercus venustus***), formerly known as **Brown\'s rosella** or the **smutty rosella**, is a species of parrot native to northern Australia, ranging from the Gulf of Carpentaria and Arnhem Land to the Kimberley. It was described by Heinrich Kuhl in 1820, and two subspecies are recognised. The species is unusually coloured for a rosella, with a dark head and neck with pale cheeks---predominantly white in the subspecies from the Northern Territory and blue in the Western Australian subspecies *hillii*. The northern rosella\'s mantle and scapulars are black with fine yellow scallops, while its back, rump and underparts are pale yellow with fine black scallops. The long tail is blue-green, and the wings are black and blue-violet. The sexes have similar plumage, while females and younger birds are generally duller with occasional spots of red.
Found in woodland and open savanna country, the northern rosella is predominantly herbivorous, consuming seeds, particularly of grasses and eucalypts, as well as flowers and berries, but it may also eat insects. Nesting takes place in tree hollows. Although uncommon, the northern rosella is rated as least concern on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)\'s Red List of Threatened Species.
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
The northern rosella was first described as *Psittacus venustus* by German naturalist Heinrich Kuhl in 1820. The description was based on an illustration by Ferdinand Bauer from a specimen collected by Robert Brown in February 1803, during Matthew Flinders\' voyage around the Australian coastline. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin *venustus*, meaning \"charming, lovely or graceful\". Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck published the name *Psittacus brownii* in honour of Brown in 1821, and Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors transferred it (as *P. brownii*) to the genus *Platycercus* in 1827, describing it as the \"most beautiful of the family\". However, John Gould wrote in his 1865 work *Handbook to the Birds of Australia* that \"Hitherto this bird has been known to ornithologists as *Platycercus brownii*, a specific appellation in honour of the celebrated botanist; but which, I regret to say, must give place to the prior one of *venustus.*\"
Gregory Mathews described the subspecies *P. venustus hillii* in 1910, collected by G.F. Hill from Napier Broome Bay in Western Australia. He noted that its cheeks had more blue and less white than the nominate subspecies. The Victoria River marks the border between this and the nominate subspecies. Animal taxonomist Arthur Cain treated the subspecies as synonymous to the nominate, as the only difference of which he knew was the colour of the cheeks, but conceded further evidence could prove them distinct. As well as the differences in cheek plumage, the two differ in that subspecies *hillii* has brighter yellow feathers on the breast and belly with thinner black edges, and a consistently longer and wider bill. A subspecies, *P. venustus melvillensis* from Melville Island, was described by Mathews in 1912, noting it to have blacker plumage on its back. It is now thought to be indistinguishable from the nominate subspecies.
\"Northern rosella\" has been designated the official English name by the International Ornithologists\' Union (IOC). Early names used include Brown\'s rosella, parrot or parakeet for its collector, with Brown\'s parakeet remaining a name used in aviculture in Europe and the United Kingdom, and smutty rosella, parrot or parakeet, from its dark plumage. Gould reported in 1848 that the latter was the local name used, and it was the most common name at the end of the 19th century. It was changed---possibly through bowdlerisation---to sooty parrot by the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) in 1913. *Bulawirdwird* and *Djaddokorddokord* are two names from the Kunwinjku language of the western Arnhem Land.
One of six species of rosella in the genus *Platycercus*, the northern rosella and related eastern (*P. eximius*) and pale-headed rosella (*P. adscitus*) make up a \"white-cheeked\" lineage. A 1987 genetic study on mitochondrial DNA by Ovenden and colleagues found that the northern rosella was the earliest offshoot (basal) of a lineage that gave rise to the other white-cheeked forms. But a study with nuclear DNA by Ashlee Shipham and colleagues published in 2017 found that the eastern rosella was basal to the lineage that split into the pale-headed and northern rosellas, and hence, that non-sister taxa were able to hybridise among the rosellas.
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# Northern rosella
## Description
Smaller than all rosella species except the western rosella, the adult northern rosella weighs 90 to and is 29 to long. It has broad wings with a wingspan of around 44 cm, and a long tail with twelve feathers. The sexes are almost indistinguishable, though some adult females have duller plumage and are more likely to have some red feathers on the head and breast. The adult bird has a black forehead, crown, lores, ear coverts, upper neck and nape, a whitish throat and large cheek-patches, which are mainly white with violet lower borders in the nominate subspecies, and more blue with a narrow white upper segment in subspecies *hillii*. The feathers of the lower neck, mantle and scapulars are black narrowly fringed with yellow, giving a scalloped appearance, while the feathers of the back, rump, upper tail coverts and underparts are pale yellow with black borders and concealed grey bases. Those of the breast have very dark grey bases, occasionally tinged with red. The undertail covert feathers are red with black fringes. The feathers on the upper leg are pale yellow tinged with blue. The central rectrices of the long tail are dark green changing to dark blue at the tips, while the other feathers are dark blue with two bands of pale blue and white tips. The undertail is pale blue with a white tip. The wings have a wide purplish blue shoulder patch at rest, with the secondary feathers edged darker blue and the primaries black edged with blue. The beak is off-white with a grey cere, the legs and feet are grey, and the iris is dark brown. Immature birds resemble adults but are duller overall, with less-well defined cheek patches. The black plumage in particular is more greyish, and there are more likely to be scattered red feathers on the head, neck and underparts.
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# Northern rosella
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The northern rosella is found across northern Australia. In Western Australia, it is found across the Kimberley south to the 18th parallel, around Derby, Windjana Gorge National Park, the northern Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, Springvale Station and Warmun, with vagrants reported at Halls Creek and Fitzroy Crossing. In the Northern Territory it is found from Victoria River north to the Tiwi Islands and east into western Arnhem Land, and across northern Arnhem Land through Milingimbi Island and the Wessel Islands to the Gove Peninsula. It is absent from central Arnhem Land, but is found further east around the western and southern coastline of the Gulf of Carpentaria, south to Borroloola and across the border into western Queensland as far as the Nicholson River.
The northern rosella lives in grassy open forests and woodlands, including deciduous eucalypt savanna woodlands. Typical trees include species of *Eucalyptus*, such as Darwin stringybark (*Eucalyptus tetrodonta*), *Melaleuca*, *Callitris* and *Acacia*. More specific habitats include vegetation along small creeks and gorges, sandstone outcrops and escarpments, as well as some forested offshore islands. The northern rosella is occasionally found in mangroves or public green spaces in suburban Darwin. It avoids dense forest.
## Behaviour
Not a gregarious bird, the northern rosella is generally found alone or in pairs, although several birds perch together in the same tree. Sometimes they are encountered in larger troops---usually 6 to 8 birds, but in rare instances up to 15 individuals. It is shyer than other rosellas, and flees to the upper tree canopy if disturbed. It is a quieter and less vocal species than other rosellas, and its call repertoire has been little studied. It exhibits a sharp and short *chit-chut chit-chut* contact call in flight; while perched it makes a three-note whistle on ascending scale or metallic piping sounds. Soft chattering can be heard while feeding, and sometimes when squabbling at the beginning of breeding season.
### Breeding
Nesting occurs in tree hollows in the Southern Hemisphere winter, often in eucalypts located near water. The clutch is anywhere from two to five white matte or slightly glossy eggs, measuring roughly 26 x 21 mm (1 x 0.8 in). The female incubates the eggs alone, over a period of 19 or 20 days. Newly hatched chicks are covered with long white down and are largely helpless (nidicolous). They may remain in the nest for seven weeks after hatching and are fed by both parents. Fledglings remain with their parents for a year or more, often feeding together in small family groups.
### Feeding
The northern rosella feeds on the ground in grassy glades in woodlands and on roadsides and riverbanks, as well as in the canopy of trees. It eats seeds, particularly those of eucalypts, wattles, cypress (*Callitris intratropica*) and grasses. It eats both the seeds and nectar of white gum (*Eucalyptus alba*), Darwin stringybark, long-fruited bloodwood (*Corymbia polycarpa*), fibrebark (*Melaleuca nervosa*) and fern-leaved grevillea (*Grevillea pteridifolia*). It also eats flowers, such as those of Darwin woollybutt (*Eucalyptus miniata*), and fruit. It also eats larval and adult insects.
### Predation and parasites {#predation_and_parasites}
The northern rosella is a prey item of the rufous owl (*Ninox rufa*). The bird louse *Forficuloecus wilsoni* has been recovered from the northern rosella.
## Conservation status {#conservation_status}
The northern rosella is listed as being a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), on account of its large range and stable population, with no evidence of any significant decline. Despite this, the northern rosella is an uncommon bird. Grazing by livestock and frequent burning of grassy woodland may have a negative impact on northern rosella numbers. Like most species of parrots, the northern rosella is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal.
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# Northern rosella
## Aviculture
Most northern rosellas in captivity in Australia are the nominate subspecies, but there are blue-cheeked specimens that are either subspecies *hillii* or intermediate. Its attractive colours make it a desirable species to keep. In captivity in the Northern Hemisphere, the northern rosella has been reported to breed in the same calendar months as it does in its Southern Hemisphere native range. As it breeds early in the season, clutches laid in cooler months of cooler Australian states may fail. Breeders have attempted to use sprinklers in enclosures to induce pairs to breed at other times
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# Cristina Donà
**Cristina Trombini** (`{{IPA|it|kriˈstiːna tromˈbiːni|lamg}}`{=mediawiki}; born September 23, 1967), known professionally as **Cristina Donà** (`{{IPA|it|kriˈstiːna doˈna|lang}}`{=mediawiki}), is an Italian singer and songwriter.
She developed a passion for music since she was a teenager, her favorite singers being, among others, Bruce Springsteen, Sinéad O\'Connor, Joni Mitchell, Michelle Shocked, Tom Waits, Lucio Battisti, and The Beatles . She studied at Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan, where, during a student protest in 1990, she met Manuel Agnelli, leader of the Italian indie rock band Afterhours. Later she started her own singing career opening Afterhours' concerts in their *During Christine\'s Sleep* tour.
Besides live performances in clubs in Milano and surroundings, Donà, encouraged by Manuel Agnelli, began working on her own songs, and released her first album, *Tregua*, in 1997. The album was an immediate success. Robert Wyatt included it among his favorites of the year in Mojo . The music critic Charlie Gillett broadcast some songs on BBC Radio.\
In the meanwhile Donà performed live on an Italian tour, and opened concerts for Ben Harper and David Byrne.
In 1999 she duetted with the songwriter Eric Wood in his album *Illustrated night*, and started working on the second album, *Nido*. Robert Wyatt contributed to this album with the arrangements in the song *Goccia* and with the participation in a videoclip, shot on the East Coast of England, and released on the *Goccia* EP. In 2001 Donà was invited (the first and only Italian artist then) to the Meltdown Festival, where she performed the same night as Anja Garbarek and Mark Eitzel. Davey Ray Moor, attending the concert that night, was very much impressed by Donà's performance, and this was the starting point of a long-lasting collaboration between the two artists. While working with him on the third album, in January 2002 Donà was invited to participate in the *Eurosonic Festival* in Groningen (The Netherlands).
The third album, *Dove sei tu*, was released in 2003, and Davey Ray Moor performed as a special guest in some concerts during the promotional tour. Donà recorded a cover of Kate Bush's *Wuthering Heights*, which was included in the single *Invisibile*. She also worked, together with Davey Ray Moor, on the translation of the lyrics of *Dove sei tu*. The self-titled album was released in 2004 and distributed in 33 countries by Rykodisc International.\
The English press welcomed the album with very good reviews. Mojo gives it four stars, Down Beat compared Donà to artists such as Marianne Faithfull and Ute Lemper, Sunday Times included a song in the monthly CD attached to the magazine.\
At the end of 2004 she started an extensive tour of Europe, performing in Germany, France, UK, Belgium, The Netherlands, Sweden, and with a special performance at the *Polar Spectacle* Festival in Norway. The American musician Ken Stringfellow played with her in most of the European concerts.\
In 2005 she played in Italy with Annie Whitehead's *Soupsongs*, and was in the UK for an acoustic tour, during which she was invited to Robert Elms' *BBC London Live*.\
In 2006 she signed to the major label EMI that is re-distributing all her catalogue.
In 2014 she came back from her last album Torno A Casa A Piedi (2011) with a new work called Così Vicini
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# Bisso Na Bisso
**Bisso Na Bisso** (*Between Us*) is a music collective originating from the Republic of the Congo. The group was formed in 1999 and consists of rappers and singers, including Ben-J, a member of Les Neg\'Marrons; the duo Lino and Calbo from Ärsenik; Doc and G Kill, renowned members of 2Bal; Mystik; and the only female rapper, M\'Passi. The group was put together by the French rapper Passi.
The group released their debut studio album, *Racines*, which means \"Roots\" in French. The album fuses hip-hop with African and French West Indies rhythms and sounds, such as Congolese rumba, zouk, and soukous, giving it a unique and distinctive flavor. It included guest appearances by Koffi Olomide, Papa Wemba, Ismaël Lô, Kassav, Lokua Kanza, Tanya Saint-Val, 3615 Niaou, Roldán González Rivero, and Monique Seka. *Racines* was a commercial success, selling over 180,000 copies and becoming one of the best-selling hip-hop albums of 1999 in France. It was certified gold twice and won three Kora Awards for Best Arrangement, Best Group, and Best Video for \"Bisso Na Bisso\". *Racines* is widely regarded as the first French rap album created by Africans living or born in France. The album\'s single \"Bisso Na Bisso\" became an anthem for young people who \"discovered a group of artists with a fresh breath and tracing a new era of French hip-hop, less distant than that which came from the United States.\" The group performed at the Zénith de Paris on May 15, 1999, with guests such as Koffi Olomidé, Lokua Kanza, Tanya Saint-Val, and Ismaël Lô.
Their second studio album, titled *Africa*, was released in 2009, blending hip-hop with Congolese rumba, the rhythms of West Africa, the Antilles, Jamaica, and North Africa. It featured guest appearances by Manu Dibango, Cheb Khaled, Angélique Kidjo, Papa Wemba, Sizzla, Mayra Andrade, Jocelyne Labylle, Christophe Maé, Billy Dikossa\'s, Bengani Fassie, Chaba Fadela, Cheb Houcine, Guy Waku, Ishmael Morabe, Ismaël Lô, Jacob Desvarieux, Jérome Prister, Les Choeurs Zulu De Soweto, Les Nubians, Meiway, Queen Etémé, and Zola 7.
Many French rappers such as those that comprise the group Bisso Na Bisso, describe their desire to both foster solidarity among Blacks and demonstrate their pride in Africa, while simultaneously acknowledging their roots in an urban French context. This identity struggle represented in French rap music is further complicated by the fact that black African rappers in France struggle to create a presence in the film industry and on television where French black Africans receive little exposure and being white opens doors to many more opportunities. Rappers report their feelings of disconnect from both their homelands and from their present homes where they are unable to adequately use the media to portray the inequality in French society.
The group is credited with paving the way for musical fusions that would give birth to the 21st-century Afro trap, initiated by MHD and popularized through his eponymous debut studio album, *MHD*, in 2016.
Bisso Na Bisso have spent much energy providing humanitarian aid to the Congo and other African countries, including while they are touring. In addition to their humanitarian aide, they have been vocal in their criticism of Africa politics. In \"Dans la peau d\'un chef,\" they criticize the corruption of the government with lines like \'I pray for the development of my country that is falling into decay/believe me I swear to gorge myself\...\'
## Members
Much of the group\'s music entails collaboration with many celebrated artists within the genres of Congolese rumba, ndombolo and soukous. These artists include, but are not limit to, Papa Wemba, Lokua Kanza, and Koffi Olomidé. Other collaborations include Franklin Boukaka (1940-1972), a Congolese artist. These collaborations reach deep into the heritage of African descent and call upon a new style that incorporates the French culture with its African roots
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# Ram Jati Singh
**Ram Jati Singh**, OBE (1908--1992) was a Fiji Indian politician and landlord who was elected to the Legislative Council in the 1966 general elections on the National Federation Party (NFP) ticket. He was re-elected in the 1968 by-election with an increased majority.
He was the father of the Fijian politician Raman Pratap Singh, and the grandfather of Australian politician Lisa Singh.`{{fact|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} He had 9 sons and 3 daughters
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# Kicker magnet
**Kicker magnets** are dipole magnets used to rapidly switch a particle beam between two paths. Conceptually similar to a railroad switch in function, a kicker magnet must switch on very rapidly, then maintain a stable magnetic field for some minimum time. Switch-off time is also important, but less critical.
An **injection kicker magnet** merges two beams incoming from different directions. Most commonly, there is a beam circulating in a synchrotron, in the form of a particle train which only partially fills the arc. As soon as the circulating particle train has passed the kicker, it is switched on so that an additional batch of particles may be appended to the train. The magnet must then be switched off in time to not affect the head of the train when it next rounds the synchrotron.
An **ejection kicker magnet** does the opposite, diverting a circulating beam so it leaves the synchrotron. Almost always, an ejection kicker is used to eject the entire particle train, emptying the synchrotron. This means that it has the entire tail-to-head gap in the synchrotron to function, and the switch-off time is essentially irrelevant. However, it must hold a stable field for longer (one full rotation of the synchrotron), and must generate a stronger magnetic field, as it is used to eject a higher energy beam that has been accelerated in the synchrotron.
The magnets are powered by a high voltage (usually in the range of tens of thousands of volts) source called a power modulator which uses a pulse forming network to produce a short pulse of current (usually in the range of a few nanoseconds to a microsecond and thousands of amperes in amplitude). The current produces a magnetic field in the magnet, which in turn imparts a Lorentz force on the particles as they traverse the magnet\'s length, causing the beam to deflect into the proper trajectory.
Because a kicker magnet applies a particular lateral impulse to the beam, to achieve a fixed deflection angle the strength of the kick must be accurately matched to the momentum of the particles. This is part of the power modulator\'s job
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# Noritoshi Hirakawa
(born 1960) is a Japanese contemporary artist, film maker, and film producer. Hirakawa works in a variety of media including photography, performance and installation. He was born in 1960 in Fukuoka, Japan and now lives and works in New York City.
Hirakawa\'s photographs are described as \"erotic and intimate\". Stating that \"the sexual revolution is over and the Puritans won\", Hirakawa\'s work challenges mainstream conceptions of sexuality, and the assumption that expressions of male heterosexual desire are oppressive and objectifying. His architectural photographs, unusually featuring prominent models, challenge the viewer to consider the meaning of architecture on modern urban life. In 2005, a site-specific performance entitled *In Search of a Purple Heart*, utilising fragments of interviews from Vietnam War veterans quoted by partially nude performers, was described as an \"intense compilation of atmospheres\" whose author was \"intent on infecting the seductive surfaces that dominate our culture \[\...\] with the rot of our culture's collective guilt.\"
Noritoshi Hirakawa has exhibited his work in a variety of galleries, including the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, the Pompidou Centre, Paris, MoMA PS1 in New York City, multiple galleries in New York, Kunsthalle Wien in Vienna, the Art & Public Contemporary Art Gallery, Geneva, the Gallerie Ferdinand van Dieten in Amsterdam, the Christophe Guye Galerie in Zurich, and in Köln. He was invited to present his work at the SMAK, Ghent in Belgium during the group-exhibition "Casino 2001" and the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt included the work "Dreams of Tokyo" in its permanent collection. Additional works by Hirakawa in permanent collections include: \"Woman Children and Japanese\" at The Sandretto Re Rebaudengo Art Collection, Turin, Italy, \"Garden of Nirvana\" at MOCA Los Angeles, and \"Reconfirmation\" at Hamburger Bahnhof Museum für Gegenwart, Berlin
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# Electoral district of Moruya
**Moruya** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales from 1894 to 1904, named after Moruya. It was created from parts of the districts of Eden and The Shoalhaven. Its only member was William Millard, who held it for the Free Trade Party until 1904 when it was replaced by The Clyde
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# Ramdasia
The **Ramdasia** were historically a Sikh, Hindu sub-group that originated from the caste of leather tanners and shoemakers known as Chamar.
## Terminology
Ramdasia is a term used in general for Sikhs whose ancestors belonged to Chamar caste. Originally they are followers of Guru Ravidass who belonged to Chamar community. Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In Puadh and Malwa, largely Ramdasia is used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in Doaba.
Ramdasia Sikhs are enlisted as scheduled caste by Department of Social justice, Empowerment and Minorities- Government of Punjab. On Department\'s list of Scheduled Caste, this caste is listed on serial number 9 along with other Chamar caste synonymous such as Ravidasia, Jatav and so on.
## Military service {#military_service}
### British Raj {#british_raj}
During World War I the single-battalion regiments of the Mazhabi and Ramdasia Sikh Pioneers -- the 23rd, 32nd and 34th Pioneer Regiments -- were expanded to comprise three battalions each. These units served in Egypt, Europe, Mesopotamia and Palestine and performed well. The 1/34th Sikh Pioneers were awarded the title of \"Royal\".
The Ramdasia Sikhs, together with the Majhabi Sikhs, were recruited to the Sikh Light Infantry regiment (SLI) after its formation in 1941. The Sikh Light Infantry has always been a \"single class\" regiment in the parlance adopted from the British Raj era. This means that it recruits only from one demographic, which in this instance means the Ramdasia Sikhs and Mazhabi Sikhs. Indeed, the SLI was initially called the Mazhabi & Ramdasia Sikh Regiment. Despite unwillingness among some policy makers, the British had to abandon their traditional distinction between martial and non-martial races during the Second World War. This was necessitated by the need for more recruits than could be supplied by those communities upon which they usually relied, such as the Jat Sikhs, Dogras and Punjabi Musalmans. In addition, indiscipline among Jat Sikhs caused by their concerns regarding a post-war division of India was another reason to prefer recruitment of new classes. While recruitment from the pre-war martial classes was still pre-eminent, that from newly recognised classes such as the Ramdasias and Mazhabis became significant.
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# Ramdasia
## Military service {#military_service}
### After independence of India {#after_independence_of_india}
When India became independent in 1947, the British Indian Army became the Indian Army. This, like its predecessor, relies on the martial race theory for much of its recruitment and thus there is a grossly disproportionate number of Sikhs within its ranks. The Ramdasias Sikhs and Mazhabi Sikhs continued their service with the SLI in the new army. The SLI has served in almost all of the post-1947 conflicts involving India, including the wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965 and 1971, the Hyderabad Police Action of 1948 and the Chinese aggression in 1962. It has also served in Sri Lanka, where the 1st, 7th, 13th and 14th Battalions have contributed towards peace-keeping.
## Hindu Ramdasia {#hindu_ramdasia}
This sect of Ramdasia having faith in Hinduism and they mostly residing in Pathankot, Jammu, Himachal Pradesh and Jalandhar. Hindu Ramdasia migrated from Pakistan and back in Sialkot, these Ramdasia were involved in Leather/Sports Goods Business. After migrating in Jalandhar they established their own Tanneries and Sports Goods manufacturing Units. For This purpose Government of Punjab, India helped them by providing liberal loans and allotting sites for their Factories Hindu Ramdasia\'s are staunch follower of Guru Ravidass and they follow Dera Swami Gurdeep Giri ji, Pathankot. According to Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India Ramdasias are listed as Chamar Caste on serial number 4 and 14 for Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh respectively.
## Demographics
Census, there were 3,095,324 Chamars in the Indian state of Punjab, of whom 1,017,192 declared themselves as Ad-Dharmi Chamar and 2,078,132 declared themselves as Ramdasia/Ravidasia Chamar. According to this Census, during the same year the population of Sikh Ramdasia/Ravidasia and Hindu Ramdasia/Ravidasia in Punjab was 1,443,079 and 629,157 respectively.
Most of the Hindu Ramdasias (Counted along with other Chamar Caste Synonyms such as Ravidasia and Jatav) living in the Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. `{{As of|2011}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 212,032 Ramdasia in Jammu and Kashmir, comprising 209,512 Hindus, 2,486 Sikhs and 34 Buddhists, 2,429,137 lived in Haryana (2,390,403 Hindu, 37,191 Sikh and 1,543 Buddhists) and 458,838 resided in Himachal Pradesh (453,871 Hindu, 4,887 Sikh and 80 Buddhists)
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# Ramdasia
## Ramdasia Diaspora and Guru Ravidass Temples and Gurdwaras {#ramdasia_diaspora_and_guru_ravidass_temples_and_gurdwaras}
Ramdasia Sikh diaspora alongside Ravidassia from doaba emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. Emigration from the Punjab began before and after the 19th century, with many Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs settling in Europe, and also a large Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs population in North America mainly in United States and the Canada. There is sizeable population of Ravidasia/Ramdasia Sikhs in Oceania as well
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# Archie Knox
**Archibald Gall Knox** (born 1 May 1947) is a Scottish football player and coach. He was most recently the assistant manager of Aberdeen until leaving the club in March 2013.
Knox worked with Alex Ferguson as an assistant manager at Aberdeen and Manchester United, and with Walter Smith at Rangers and Everton.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
As a player, Knox played in his native Scotland, featuring for Forfar Athletic (twice), St Mirren, Dundee United and a short spell with Montrose. During his time with Dundee United, Knox was a runner-up in the 1974 Scottish Cup final, his only honour as a player.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
Knox\'s first managerial role came in a player-manager capacity when he returned to first club Forfar in 1976, spending four years in the dual role. In 1980, Knox became assistant to Alex Ferguson at Aberdeen, helping the team to two Scottish Cups, the European Cup Winners\' Cup and subsequent European Super Cup in his three years with the Dons. In 1983, Knox returned to management with Dundee, where he would spend two-and-a-half years, with a best finish of sixth place in 1984--85 and 1985--86, narrowly missing out on UEFA Cup qualification. There then followed a short spell back at Aberdeen, where he was made co-manager so Ferguson could fulfil his duties as Scotland manager. He went on to join Ferguson at Manchester United in 1986, where he stayed until April 1991. At this point, Knox came back to Scotland, becoming assistant to Walter Smith at Rangers, where the pair would enjoy six titles over the next seven years together. In July 1998, both men moved south to Everton, although their time was ended by March 2002.
It was at this point that Knox\'s association with the national team began, with a three-year spell assisting then-manager Craig Brown. Short spells followed at Millwall and Coventry City (as assistant to Mark McGhee and Eric Black respectively) before returning to Scotland as Richard Gough\'s assistant at Livingston in November 2004. Knox again assisted the national team as a coach, helping at the Kirin Cup in May 2006. Knox was appointed Scotland under-21 manager in July 2006 following Rainer Bonhof\'s departure. In August 2007 he was appointed as Bolton\'s Assistant Manager by Wanderers manager Sammy Lee. When Lee left Knox was made caretaker manager for two games (against Arsenal and in the UEFA Cup against S.C. Braga) before Gary Megson took over. Knox remained at the club under Megson.
Two days after Bolton Wanderers secured their premiership status he was axed by Megson with six other members of the coaching staff at the club. The club denied it was due to cost-cutting measures and stated it was due to Megson wanting to bring in his own staff.
On 4 July 2008 Knox was appointed as the first-team coach of Blackburn Rovers by Paul Ince. They had previously worked together at Manchester United. He became the second member of the backroom staff to be appointed by Ince; his appointment followed that of Ray Mathias as assistant manager. On 18 December 2008, Knox was relieved of his duties along with Ray Mathias following the sacking of Paul Ince and the subsequent arrival of Sam Allardyce as the new Rovers manager.
On 29 December 2009, he was appointed as the assistant manager to Craig Brown at Motherwell. On 10 December 2010, after Brown moved to Aberdeen, Knox followed him back to his former club. After three years with Brown, it announced that he and Brown would leave the club at the end of the season. Though leaving the club, Knox reversed his decision to retire, insisting he \"not retiring now. I still feel young and I\'ve plenty to offer.\"
In October 2013, Knox returned to Scottish Championship side Dundee as a playing scout role. Knox will be reunited with manager John Brown, whom he signed whilst manager at Dundee.
In November 2017, he was one of four inductees into the Aberdeen *Hall of Fame*
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# Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina
The **Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina** (*Dom za ljudska prava za Bosnu i Hercegovinu*), which was active between March 1996 and 31 December 2003, was a judicial body established in Bosnia and Herzegovina under Annex 6 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Peace Agreement).
## Structure
The Chamber had the mandate to consider alleged or apparent violations of human rights as provided in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Protocols thereto, and alleged or apparent discrimination arising in the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms provided for in the Convention and 15 other international agreements listed in the Appendix to Annex 6 of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Particular priority was given to allegations of especially severe or systematic violations, as well as those founded on alleged discrimination on prohibited grounds.
## The applicants {#the_applicants}
The Chamber was receiving applications concerning such human rights violations directly from any Party to Annex 6 of the Dayton Peace Agreement or from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by any Party or acting on behalf of alleged victims who are deceased or missing.
## Jurisdiction of the Chamber {#jurisdiction_of_the_chamber}
The Chamber was only receiving applications concerning matters which were within the responsibility of one of the Parties to Annex 6 (the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Republika Srpska), and which occurred or continued after entry into force of the Dayton Peace Agreement on 14 December 1995.
## The judges of the Chamber {#the_judges_of_the_chamber}
The Chamber was composed of 14 judges. Four members were appointed by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and two by the Republika Srpska. The remaining eight members were internationals with legal, judicial and human rights backgrounds appointed by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The President of the Chamber, Ms. Michèle Picard, a French national, was designated by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe from among the international members. The members appointed were all distinguished lawyers and bring to the Chamber a wide variety of experience in different backgrounds including the judiciary, the academic sphere, private legal practice, administration and politics, and international, criminal and human rights law.
The composition of the Human Rights Chamber was:
1. Prof. Dr. Rona Aybay (Turkish)
2. Dr. Hasan Balić (Bosnian)
3. Mr. Mehmed Deković (Bosnian)
4. Prof. Dr. Giovanni Grasso (Italian)
5. Mr. Andrew William Grotrian (British)
6. Mr. Želimir Juka (Bosnian)
7. Prof.Dr. Viktor Masenko-Mavi (Hungarian)
8. Mr. Jakob Möller (Icelandic)
9. Prof. Dr. Manfred Nowak (Austrian)
10. Mr. Miodrag Pajić (Bosnian)
11. Ms. Michèle Picard (French)
12. Prof. Dr. Vitomir Popović (Bosnian)
13. Prof. Dr. Dietrich Rauschning (German)
14. Mr. Mato Tadić (Bosnian)
## The admissibility criterion {#the_admissibility_criterion}
Under the terms of Annex 6 of the Dayton Peace Agreement, when the Chamber receives an application it must decide whether to accept or reject it, taking into account a number of criteria listed in Article VIII. These criteria include:
\(a\) whether effective remedies exist, and the applicant has demonstrated that they have been exhausted and that the application has been filed with the Chamber within six months from such date on which the final decision was taken; (b) whether the application is substantially the same as a matter that the Chamber has already examined; (c) whether the application is incompatible with the Human Rights Agreement, manifestly ill-founded, or an abuse of the right of petition; and (d) whether the application concerns a matter currently pending before another international human rights body or another Commission established by the Dayton Peace Agreement.
## The procedure of the Chamber {#the_procedure_of_the_chamber}
The Chamber's procedures was modeled on those of the European Court of Human Rights. Unless the Chamber decides at the outset that an application is inadmissible or should be struck out, written observations are requested from the applicant and respondent Party, after which the Chamber deliberates and decides on a case. In addition to the written procedure, the Chamber may decide to schedule a public hearing for oral argument by the parties and submission of evidence by witnesses and experts. The Chamber may also invite written or oral amicus curiae submissions. If the Chamber finds a violation, it may, in its written decision on the merits, issue an order indicating the steps that the respondent Party must take to remedy the breach, including orders to cease and desist or grant monetary relief. At any stage of the proceedings, it may also order provisional measures or attempt to facilitate an amicable resolution based on respect for human rights.
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# Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina
## The implementation of the decisions {#the_implementation_of_the_decisions}
The decisions of the Chamber were final and binding and the respondent Parties are obligated to implement them fully. Chamber decisions on the merits are forwarded to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Office of the High Representative (OHR) for monitoring of compliance.
## The expiration of the mandate of the Chamber {#the_expiration_of_the_mandate_of_the_chamber}
According to the Agreement Pursuant to Article XIV of Annex 6 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina entered into by the Parties on 22 and 25 September 2003, the Human Rights Chamber\'s mandate expired on 31 December 2003. This Agreement established the Human Rights Commission to operate between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2004 within the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Human Rights Commission has jurisdiction to consider pending cases received by the Human Rights Chamber on or before 31 December 2003; after 1 January 2004, new cases alleging human rights violations are to be decided by the Constitutional Court
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# Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific
The **Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific** (**CSCAP**) is a \"non-governmental (second track) process for dialogue on security issues in Asia Pacific.\" There are currently twenty one member committees of CSCAP (from Australia, Cambodia, Canada, the European Union, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, the People\'s Republic of China, the Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, the United States of America, and Vietnam) and one observer (from the Pacific Islands Forum). The importance of CSCAP for regional integration and for discussing sensitive issues that official diplomacy may not be able to take on have been pointed out by various international relations scholars.
Singapore\'s former President S R Nathan was one of the pioneers of CSCAP - setting the direction and content in its formative years
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# Electoral district of Clyde
**The Clyde** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales which was creating in 1904, named after the Clyde River and replacing Moruya. It was abolished in 1913 and replaced by Bega
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# Ivan Meshchaninov
**Ivan Ivanovich Meshchaninov** (*Иван Иванович Мещанинов*; 6 December 1883 -- 16 January 1967) was a Soviet linguist and ethnographer. He was named a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1945.
## Biography
Born in Ufa, he graduated from the Faculty of Law at the University of Saint Petersburg in 1907 and then briefly studied at Heidelberg University before taking up archaeology back at Saint Petersburg, graduating in 1910. He headed the archives of Institute of Archaeology until 1923 focusing on cataloguing the Elamite antiquities there. Between 1925 and 1933 he led a number or archaeological expeditions to the Northern Pontic region and Transcaucasia.
He became a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, as a historian, in 1932 and was director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography from 1934 to 1937.
## Institute of Language and Thought {#institute_of_language_and_thought}
Meshchaninov was a follower of Nikolai Marr and succeeded him as head of the Soviet Institute of Language and Thought from 1935 to 1950. He advocated that material culture goes through developmental stages and that migratory changes were secondary in this process. He published *A New Theory in Languages*, a guide to Marrism, and later *Verb* and *Parts of Speech and Phrase Elements*. As a linguist, however, Meshchaninov did not adhere straightforwardly to the radical Marrism, but rather tended to reconcile its ideas with a more objective historical linguistics and typology. He advocated the idea of notional categories that is also found in Otto Jespersen\'s works, studied polysynthetic languages and syntax.
Then in 1948 a move against the Anti-Marrists was initiated, in which however it was not Meshchaninov himself who played a major role, but rather younger Marrists as Fedot Filin, depicting such people as Viktor Vinogradov and Aleksandr Reformatskii as \"bourgeois idealists\". While the last Marrist campaign was successful in Leningrad, he met resistance amongst linguists in Moscow, and also from the Caucausian linguists. Among linguists who resisted Marrism were Boris Serebrennikov, Arnold Chikobava, Hrachia Acharian, and Grigor Ghapantsyan.
In 1950 he was denounced by Joseph Stalin: \"The Arakcheyev regime was set up by the \'disciples\' of N. Y. Marr.\" This term, derived from the tsarist military officer Aleksey Arakcheyev (1768--1834), means a regime having \"\... a policy of extreme reaction, police despotism and crude militarism\". However Stalin stated that he \"did not question the honesty of Comrade Meshchaninov and others\", which resulted in that Meshchaninov lost his position at the Institute of Language and Thought but continued carrying out research and held all his titles, medals and honours. Following Stalin\'s death he became active in linguistics again and re-edited his major works.
He died in Leningrad in 1967
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# Akademietheater
The **Akademietheater** in Vienna, Austria, is the smaller of two performance halls of the Burgtheater organization. It was constructed in the years 1911 to 1913 by architects Fellner & Helmer and is considered today part of Austria\'s Federal Theatres (Bundestheater). Located on Lisztstrasse, in Vienna\'s third district, it is attached to its neighboring building, the Konzerthaus, a well-known performance venue for concerts
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# Ke ʻAupuni Lokahi
**Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi** (Hawaiian for \"The Government of Unity\") was a non-profit organization created to administer the United States Department of Agriculture\'s (USDA) Enterprise Community Grant awarded to the Molokai, Hawaii community in 1998 for a span of 10 years. The Rural Enterprise Community Grant was awarded by the USDA to communities throughout the United States that had high rates of poverty and whose residents put together comprehensive strategic plans for job creation and community improvement. As of January 2008 the Molokai Enterprise Community had received slightly more than \$25 million.
## Structure
Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi had a small administrative staff and an 11-member Board of Directors which voted on both current and new project and initiative changes. According to USDA EZ/EC guidelines, no less than 55% of Enterprise Community Boards could be composed of members elected by each communities\' residents, while the other 45% were appointed by other board members. Each board member served two year terms before having to be re-elected by the community, or re-appointed by the rest of the board.
## Projects
The Molokai Community started out with a total of 40 projects for Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi to work on and to provide funding to. There had been some undeniable successes realized by the Enterprise Community Grant on Molokai, including the outfitting of 300 applicants\' homes with solar energy systems, to offset the extraordinarily high residential energy costs faced by Molokai\'s homeowners.
Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi had also been instrumental in purchasing farm machinery for Molokai\'s Ho`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}olehua Homestead Association to cut down on the costs faced by Molokai\'s taro farmers, many of whom are engaged in subsistence farming practices.
In its 2008 Annual Report Executive Summary the Molokai Enterprise Community noted that it moved forward with 25 projects outlined over its 10-year history and highlighted five projects: Molokai Community Health Center (MCHC), the incorporation of the Molokai Affordable Homes & Community Development Corporation (MAHCDC), the implementation of the Hawaii Tourism Authority for services related to the enhancement to the Ala Pala'u trails project, the Molokai Land Trust to support conservation and open space preservation, and the 90% restoration efforts of the historic Kalanianaole Hall.
## Master Land-Use Plan {#master_land_use_plan}
Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi\'s most controversial project was its support of the Community-Based Master Land Use Plan, which was created in conjunction with Molokai\'s largest landowner Molokai Properties Limited (known as Molokai Ranch to locals). Molokai Ranch would donate 26400 acre of land back to the Molokai community in the form of a land trust. In exchange, La`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}au Point, a remote area of southwestern Molokai, would be re-zoned for residential land use, from its current designation as agricultural land, so that Molokai Ranch could construct 200 luxury homes in the area.
The support given by the Ke `{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}Aupuni Lokahi board divided the Molokai community, and there were several protests held at board meetings, at La`{{okina}}`{=mediawiki}au Point, and at the Office of Hawaiian Affairs headquarters in Honolulu. Among the communities concerns were what will happen to the small island\'s social demographics if Molokai becomes a haven for the wealthy, and whether the island had enough potable water in its various wells to transport the needed amounts from the wetter east end to the more arid west.
Community members successfully opposed Molokai Ranch\'s attempt to expand through the \"Save La\'au Point\" movement and as a result, on March 24, 2008 what was then the island\'s largest employer decided to shut down all operations including hotels, a movie theater, restaurants, and a golf course and dismissed 120 workers
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# Maserati 4CL and 4CLT
The **Maserati 4CL** and its derived sister model the **Maserati 4CLT** are single-seat open-wheel Grand Prix racing cars that were designed and built by Maserati. The 4CL was introduced at the beginning of the 1939 season, as a rival to the Alfa Romeo 158 and various ERA models in the voiturette class of international Grand Prix motor racing. Although racing ceased during World War II, the 4CL was one of the front running models at the resumption of racing in the late 1940s. Experiments with two-stage supercharging and tubular chassis construction eventually led to the introduction of the revised 4CLT model in 1948. The 4CLT was steadily upgraded and updated over the following two years, resulting in the ultimate 4CLT/50 model, introduced for the inaugural year of the Formula One World Championship in 1950. In the immediate post-war period, and the first two years of the Formula One category, the 4CLT was the car of choice for many privateer entrants, leading to numerous examples being involved in most races during this period.
## The 4CL {#the_4cl}
### Design
In the late 1930s, continued rapid development in the increasingly competitive international voiturette class, and the introduction of the Alfa Romeo 158 and ERA B- and C-type models, forced the Maserati brothers into designing a new, square-bore, inline-4-cylinder engine, with a bore and stroke of 78 mm for a total displacement of 1,490.85 cc. This new engine developed 30--50 bhp more than the previous inline-6, the increase mostly achieved through an increase to four valves per cylinder, coupled to the use of a more powerful supercharger and a small increase in the compression ratio. Following customary Maserati practice, the engine was mounted into a chassis design almost identical to that of the 4CL\'s predecessor: the Maserati 6CM. Conventional in its architecture, twin box-section spars ran the length of the car joined, ladder-fashion, by smaller cross members, although the 4CL design did incorporate more aluminium componentry than its forebear. Although near-identical in its wheelbase, the 4CL\'s track was a full 5 cm wider than the 6CM, and sat lower thanks to repositioned spring hangers.
Enveloping this rather conservative chassis was a low, curvaceous alloy-panel body, built in-house by Maserati. Maserati also built a streamlined version of the 4CL from the outset. Continued engine development, in response to Alfa Romeo\'s post-war introduction of two-stage supercharging, began to expose weaknesses in the chassis design. In an attempt to improve torsional rigidity Maserati began to experiment with tubular section chassis members. These experimental models ran alongside conventional 4CLs throughout the 1947 season, and eventually led to the introduction of the 4CLT in 1948.
### Race history {#race_history}
In the hands of Luigi Villoresi the streamliner took pole position on the 4CL\'s race debut at the 1939 Tripoli Grand Prix, ahead of Mercedes\' brand new W165s. However, both it and two of the three conventional 4CLs entered retired early in the race with engine troubles, leaving the Silver Arrows to take the victory. Embarrassingly for the works team, following this disappointing debut the 4CL\'s first taste of victory came in the hands of privateer Johnnie Wakefield at the Naples Grand Prix, two races later. Through the remainder of 1939 voiturette races Wakefield took two further victories, and the works\' 4CLs picked up another two, before the outbreak of war curtailed international competition. Villoresi took the 4CL to victory in the 1940 Targa Florio, but with entry restricted to Axis countries, and only Maserati fielding a factory team, the opposition was hardly world class.
On the resumption of competition in 1946 the Maserati 4CL proved the class of the field. Luigi Villoresi immediately returned to winning ways, taking victory in the first race following the cessation of hostilities: the 1946 Nice Grand Prix. Tazio Nuvolari and Giorgio Pelassa both took wins in 4CLs, but it was Raymond Sommer and his 4CL who dominated the season. 1947 would prove to be the 4CL\'s most successful season and, despite Alfa Romeo fielding the revamped 158 and new 308, Maserati drivers picked up 10 individual race victories.
After the replacement of the factory team\'s 4CLs by the new 4CLT, many examples of the older cars found their way into privateer hands. It was owing to the 4CL\'s popularity with privateer entrants that many were still being run in top-flight competition at the outset of the Formula One World Championship in 1950.
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# Maserati 4CL and 4CLT
## The 4CLT {#the_4clt}
Chassis and engine changes made to the experimental 4CLs eventually coalesced into the 4CLT, the appended *T* denoting its **t**ubular chassis. The improvements in torsional rigidity that the tubular construction brought were required to counteract the increases in torque and power resulting from the twin-supercharger upgrade of the elderly inline-4 engine. Power was up to approximately 260 bhp, from the 4CL\'s 220. Other changes included the use of roller bearings for the crankshaft, forged (rather than cast) rear suspension components, and the chassis was designed to run with hydraulic dampers from the outset.
### 4CLT/48 *Sanremo* {#clt48_sanremo}
The first variant of the 4CLT earned its \"Sanremo\" nickname from the first race for which it was entered: the 1948 San Remo Grand Prix. The name stuck, as Alberto Ascari took his 4CLT to victory in its maiden race appearance. A portent of things to come, Villoresi and Reg Parnell won five of the 1948 season\'s remaining races. In the first year of the Formula One World Championship, a Sanremo scored what was to be the Maserati\'s best Championship finish, when Louis Chiron took third place at his home Grand Prix: the 1950 Monaco Grand Prix. The last 4CLT variant to compete in the World Championship was a 4CLT/48 modified by the Arzani-Volpini team, that failed to even qualify for the 1955 Italian Grand Prix.
#### 1949
For 1949, minor modifications to the brake drums, switching from vanes to slits for cooling, along with small changes to the cockpit control layout and a repositioned oil header-tank resulted in a car sometimes referred to as the 4CLT/49. It was never known as such by the factory. The Ascari/Villoresi/Parnell trio, joined by Juan Manuel Fangio and Toulo de Graffenried, took up where they had left off the previous season, winning nine of the first fifteen races of 1949, including de Graffenried\'s victory in the British Grand Prix. However, the second half of the season only saw three further wins, as increasingly competitive Ferrari and Talbot cars squeezed out the Maseratis in most major races.
#### 1950--1951 {#section_1}
1950 saw the introduction of the FIA World Championship of Drivers. In response to improvements to the Alfa 158 and the already competitive Ferrari and Talbot, Maserati again upgraded the 4CLT\'s engine. A multi-part crankshaft, lightened and balanced rods, a more powerful pair of superchargers and changes to the ignition timing took engine output up to a claimed 280 bhp. Coupled to shedding 10 kg from the car\'s weight, this brought the Maserati up to near-Alfa levels of performance. Although moderately competitive in short runs, the final upgrades proved to be too much for the decade-old powerplant\'s design and the 4CLT\'s Grand Prix performance was hindered by engine failures. The season\'s only Formula One wins came in non-Championship events. Fangio won the Pau Grand Prix on the same day as Parnell took the Richmond Trophy at Goodwood. David Hampshire won the Nottingham Trophy later in the year. Fangio also won the Formula Two Ramparts Grand Prix, at Angoulême, in a 4CLT chassis fitted with an A6GCM engine. The Milano team modified a 4CLT for use in 1950 and 1951, but without success.
Also for 1951 B. Bira modified his \'49-spec 4CLT to accept a more powerful, 4450 cc, naturally aspirated OSCA V12 engine. This engine developed around 300 bhp. With it Bira won the Goodwood race early in the season, but in its only World Championship appearance, at the 1951 Spanish Grand Prix, it retired on the first lap.
### 4CLT/50
In late 1949 a number (two or three, depending on source) of the remaining Sanremo cars were converted for use in the Temporada series Formula Libre races in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 1949 to 1950 summer season. This model was referred to as the 4CLT/50; although that name is sometimes also applied to the 1950-specification Formula One cars, the Temporada cars are the only ones that were referred to as such by the factory. The modifications were mostly restricted to enlargement of the engine capacity to 1719 cc. Despite these improvements the series was dominated by Ferrari, and following the final race the cars were shipped back to Italy and reconverted to Formula One specifications.
### The Platé 4CLT {#the_platé_4clt}
A long term campaigner of Maserati automobiles, Enrico Platé recognised the Maserati\'s shortcomings as a Formula One vehicle, and converted a 4CLT/48 into the Maserati-Platé 4CLT Formula Two variant. As F2 was for naturally aspirated cars, the first step was to remove the superchargers. After this, to counteract the resulting loss in performance, the compression ratio was more than doubled and capacity was upped to the class limit of 2.0 L. With the lower power output from the revised engine, weight was shed and handling sharpened by reducing the wheelbase.
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# Maserati 4CL and 4CLT
## The 4CLT {#the_4clt}
### Final race wins {#final_race_wins}
De Graffenried won the Richmond Trophy, and Giuseppe Farina the Paris Grand Prix, in 1951, but with the switch to Formula Two rules for the World Championship from `{{F1|1952}}`{=mediawiki} onwards, the old 4CLT chassis were found to be overweight and underpowered in comparison to their newer rivals. Despite having been the mainstay of top-flight racing since the end of the 1930s, the 4CL and 4CLT rapidly fell from favour, as smaller and lighter machines began to emerge from European factories still recovering from the effects of war.
Today, many 4CL and 4CLT models survive and are regularly campaigned in historic motorsport events, as well as being on static display in museums.
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# Maserati 4CL and 4CLT
## Technical data {#technical_data}
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Technical data | 4CL | 4CLT/48 | 4CLT/50 |
+====================+=============================================+==================================+=====================+
| Engine: | Front mounted 4-cylinder in-line engine | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| displacement: | 1491 cm^3^ | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Bore x stroke: | 78 x 78 mm | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Max power at rpm: | 220 hp at 6 000 rpm | 260 hp at 7 000 rpm | 280 hp at 7 000 rpm |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Valve control: | 2 overhead camshafts, 4 valves per cylinder | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Compression: | 6.5:1 | 6.0:1 | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Carburetor: | Single Weber 45DCO | Double Weber 50DCO | Double Weber 52DCO |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Upload: | Roots compressor | Double Roots compressors | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Gearbox: | 4-speed manual | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| suspension front: | Double cross links, torsion springs | Double cross links, coil springs | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| suspension rear: | Rigid rear axle, leaf springs | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Brakes: | Hydraulic drum brakes | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Chassis & body: | Box beam frame with aluminum body | Ladder frame with aluminum body | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Wheelbase: | 250 cm | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Dry weight: | 630 kg | | 620 kg |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| Top speed: | 250 km/h | 270 km/h | 280 km/h |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
| | | | |
+--------------------+---------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------+
## Complete European Championship results {#complete_european_championship_results}
(key)
Year Entrant Chassis Engine Drivers 1 2 3 4
------ -------------- --------- ---------------------- ---------------- ----- ----- ----- -----
1939 P. Pietsch 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s BEL FRA GER SUI
Paul Pietsch Ret
J. Wakefield 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s John Wakefield 12
G. Rocco 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s Giovanni Rocco Ret
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# Maserati 4CL and 4CLT
## Complete Formula One World Championship results {#complete_formula_one_world_championship_results}
(key)
Year Entrant/s Chassis/ Engine Tyres Driver/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
------ ---------------------------- ---------- ----------------------- ------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ----- ----- ------------------------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
Scuderia Ambrosiana 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s GBR MON 500 SUI BEL FRA ITA
David Murray Ret Ret
David Hampshire 9 Ret
Reg Parnell Ret
Officine Alfieri Maserati 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s Louis Chiron Ret 3 9 Ret Ret
Franco Rol Ret Ret Ret
Enrico Platé 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s Toulo de Graffenried Ret Ret 6 6
B. Bira Ret 5 4 Ret
Joe Fry 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s Joe Fry 10`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki}
Brian Shawe-Taylor 10`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki}
Scuderia Achille Varzi 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s José Froilán González Ret Ret
Alfredo Pián DNS
Nello Pagani 7
4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s Toni Branca 11
Scuderia Milano 4CLT/50 Speluzzi 1.5 L4s Felice Bonetto 5 Ret
Franco Comotti Ret
Antonio Branca 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s Toni Branca 10
Paul Pietsch 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s Paul Pietsch Ret
Enrico Platé 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s SUI 500 BEL FRA GBR GER ITA ESP
Louis Chiron 7
Harry Schell 12 Ret
Toulo de Graffenried Ret Ret
Paul Pietsch DNS
Scuderia Milano 4CLT/50 Speluzzi 1.5 L4s Onofre Marimón Ret
Paco Godia 10
Juan Jover DNS
Scuderia Ambrosiana 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s David Murray Ret DNS
John James 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s John James Ret
Philip Fotheringham-Parker 4CL Maserati 4CL 1.5 L4s Philip Fotheringham-Parker Ret
Antonio Branca 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1.5 L4s Toni Branca Ret
Prince Bira 4CLT/48 OSCA 4500 4.5 V12 B. Bira Ret
Enrico Platé 4CLT/48 Platé 2.0 L4 SUI 500 BEL FRA GBR GER NED ITA
Toulo de Graffenried 6 Ret`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki} 19 DNQ
Harry Schell Ret Ret`{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki} 17
Alberto Crespo DNQ
Fadely-Anderson/R.A. Cott 4CLT/48 Offenhauser 4.5 L4 Carl Forberg DNQ
Fadely-Anderson/R.A. Cott 4CLT/48 Offenhauser 4.5 L4 ARG 500 NED BEL FRA GBR GER SUI ITA
Spider Webb DNQ
Morgan Engineering 4CLT/48 Maserati 4CLT 1
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# TV3 (Latvian TV channel)
**TV3 Latvia** (*TV3 Latvija*) is a Latvian commercial television channel targeted at a Latvian language audience owned by All Media Baltics, a company owned by investment firm Providence Equity Partners.
## History
TV3 was launched in 19 September 1998 replacing 31. Kanāls, but did not receive a terrestrial license until 2001. The channel has since increased its viewing share to become the most popular channel in Latvia as of September 2007, surpassing its then-closest rival LNT.
Until 2013, there was a free terrestrial TV channel, since 2014 it became a paid channel, terrestrial TV. Initially, it was planned to leave the free channel, already in 2012, but the media regulator forbade it. Changes took place along with LNT.
TV3, as with other channels of the All Media Baltics group in the Baltic states, switched to HD broadcasting on 26 July 2018.
The next step for the channel\'s development was December 2019 when changed stamp and starting 2020, when the LNT News Service was reorganized and merged with the News Service of the TV3 channel, news service a new look as well as a new morning show 900 sekundes (previously, LNT was visible from 2004 to 2019).
The network also has four sister channels: TV3 Life (lifestyle programming), TV3 Mini (children\'s programming), TV3 Sport and TV3 Film.
## Programming
Acquired programming on TV3 include *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*, *CSI: Miami*, *CSI: NY*, *CSI: Vegas*, *Bones*, *Castle*, *Lie to Me*, *Servant of the People* and several other shows. The channel also features many Latvian programmes, including the news programme *TV3 Ziņas* (TV3 News), *Degpunktā* (In the spotlight), investigative news programme *Nekā personīga* (Nothing Personal) and TV series *UgunsGrēks*, *Svešā seja*, *Viņas melo labāk* and *Nemīlētie*. Also airing the sport\'s events like Ice Hockey World Championships (from 2000 to 2017), FIBA Basketball World Cup and EuroBasket (since 2002, with exceptions 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup and EuroBasket 2022, they were only shown by TV6.) and Formula One (from 2009 to 2010).
## Logos
<File:TV3> Viasat.svg\|2002--2009 <File:TV3> red logo.svg\|2009--2013 <File:TV3> Latvia logo.png\|2013--2018 <File:Tv3> lv.png\|2018--2019 <File:TV3> Baltics (2019)
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# Vijeta (1982 film)
***Vijeta*** (English: The Victor) is a 1982 Indian coming-of-age Hindi film produced by Shashi Kapoor and directed by Govind Nihalani. It stars Shashi Kapoor, his son Kunal Kapoor, Rekha, Amrish Puri and Supriya Pathak with K.K. Raina, Raja Bundela and Shafi Inamdar.
## Plot
Angad (Kunal Kapoor) is a confused teenager trying to find himself and is caught in between the marital problems of his Maharashtrian mother Neelima (Rekha) and Punjabi father Nihal (Shashi Kapoor), it is time for him to decide what he wants to do with his life. Angad chooses to join the Indian Air Force and become a fighter pilot. What follows is his struggle to become a victor both with his self and the outer world. Angad is attracted to Anna Varghese (Supriya Pathak), who is the daughter of his flying instructor Group Captain Varghese (Amrish Puri) a Malayali Syrian Christian. Angad must learn to adapt to flying, leaving his mom and dad for long periods of time, as well as try and woo Anna who helps him overcome his fears and realize his potential as a fighter pilot. Nihal is a clean-shaven Sikh, Neelima is a Hindu, Angad is a Sikh and Anna a Christian, while Angad\'s fellow officers represent all religions.
The film is notable for some rarely seen aerial photography of combat aircraft active with the IAF in the 1980s. The central character of Angad is a MiG-21 pilot and is shown flying the aircraft in the ground attack role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Much of the movie, including the climax involving a MiG-21bis, was shot at Pune. The IAF No.4 Squadron (the \'Oorials\') provided the pilots and planes for the film\'s aerial sequences. The movie included good color footage of the Oorials aircraft in flight and in operation.
## Cast
- Shashi Kapoor as Nihal Singh
- Rekha as Neelima Singh
- Supriya Pathak as Anna Varghese
- Kunal Kapoor as Angad
- Madan Jain as Venkat Raju
- Raja Bundela as Aslam Khan
- K.K. Raina as Wilson
- Amrish Puri as Group Captain Varghese, the Chief Instructor
- Om Puri as Arvind
- Dina Pathak as Angad\'s grandmother
- Shafi Inamdar as Wing Commander Parulkar
- Sulabha Deshpande
- Capt Anup Ghosh as Squadron Leader
- \[Keith Stevenson\] as DeMonte
## Music
Vasant Dev wrote all the songs.
1. \"Bichhurat Mose Kanha\" - Parveen Sultana
2. \"Man Aanand Aanand Chhaayo\" - Asha Bhosle, Satyasheel Deshpande
3. \"Man Base Mor Brindaban Ma\" - Manna Dey
## Reception
*Film World* magazine rated the film \"Good\" and wrote, \"*Vijeta* is perhaps the first film of its kind, a film which shows the Indian Air Force, its gallant men and their life in true colours.\" According to *Asiaweek*, \"*Vijeta* is a tribute to the IAF in celebration of its golden jubilee last year\"
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# Frank Matich
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{| class="wikitable" <hiddentext>generated with [[:de:Wikipedia:Helferlein/VBA-Macro for EXCEL tableconversion]] V1
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# Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences
The **Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences** (*Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen*, 1778--1962) was a Dutch learned society in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia).
The society was founded in 1778 by naturalist Jacob Cornelis Matthieu Radermacher as the *Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen* (Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences) and granted the *Koninklijk* status and thus assumed its current name in 1910.
After Indonesian independence in 1949, it was renamed the *Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia* in 1950, and 1962 ceased operation. Its collection is now in the Museum Nasional.
## History
A young VOC official---J.C.M Radermacher was interested in arts and sciences in the Indies. Radermacher suggested the establishment of an association in Batavia similar to the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen \[HMW\] in Haarlem. Initially, this suggestion was not received well until 1777 when during the commemoration of 25 years of HMW there was an intention to open the branch in the colony. The association was an independent scientific association established in Batavia.
On 24 April 1778, an association was established in Batavia named *Bataviaasch Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen* (Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences), often abbreviated as BG. Governors-general and high officials of VOC were designated as members of the board of directors and society key figures were to become members of the association. The motto of *Bataviaasch Genootschap* (BG) was *Ten Nutte van Het Gemeen* (For Public\'s Best Interest). The main objective of BG was to analyze the cultural and scientific aspects of the East Indies, including its society and natural environment, through facilitating research conducted by experts.
## Subjects
At first, the scope of activity of BG was quite general; among others were natural science, ethnography, history, manuscript and literature, agriculture, and medication. The role of the institution as the colonial government\'s consultant has grown more prominent; especially in the field of archaeology and the preservation of ancient sites in Java---before the establishment of the Archaeological Service in 1913. Since the mid-19th century, however, the scope was narrowed down to exclude natural science subjects that were taken over by a more specific Physics Association. BG would concentrate only on the subjects of language and literature, archaeology and history, as well as ethnography and anthropology.
## Journals and publications {#journals_and_publications}
The association was quite productive, published scientific articles and journals; *Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen* (VBG, published from 1779 to 1950) and *Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-land en volkenkunde* (TBG, published in 1853 to 1952). The association\'s administrative reports are published in *Notulen van Bataviaasch Genootschap* (NBG).
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# Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences
## Museum collections {#museum_collections}
Since its establishment, the Batavian Society has started gathering the collection acquired from the contributions of its members. The initial collection was much owed to its founder, J.C.M. Radermacher who contributed his house at De Groote Rivier Street along with his collection of books, manuscripts, musical instruments, currency, flora samples of dried plants, etc. At that time, collecting and donating curious rare, and unique objects is regarded as a commendable endeavour, intellectually fashionable, and prestigious activity among the social elites in Batavia. Therefore, the society\'s collection increased significantly. Since 1779, the society decided to exhibit its collection for the public, although restricted only to Wednesdays from 8 to 10:00. This was the seed of the museum activity. The members of BG were allowed to borrow the SBG\'s book collection with a time limit of up to 3 weeks.
During British rule, Stamford Raffles donated an additional building located behind the *Societeit de Harmonie* hall to store the large sum of collections that were insufficiently stored in the De Groote Rivier building. Meanwhile, the collection grew significantly greater due to the addition of a zoology collection in the form of preserved mammals, birds, seashells, etc.
In 1822, Governor-General G.A. Baron van der Capellen issued a decree to form a commission to search for important objects in Java and sent them to the Batavian Society. The policy to increase the museum collection was pushed further by Governor-General J.C. Baud\'s (1833-1836) decree that instructed the government officials throughout the Dutch East Indies to assist in searching for important objects for the Batavian Society museum collection.
The surge in collection was not always beneficial to the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences since it meant an increase in maintenance costs and storage space. To reduce its collections, therefore, in 1843 part of the zoology collection was sent out to the Ethnology Museum in Leiden, while the rest was auctioned. In 1850, the geological and mineralogy collection was sent to the newly established Physics Association.
In 1855, a law regarding Treasure Discovery was enacted; stipulating that all archaeological findings in the Indies had to be reported to the government, and the Batavian Society museum might buy it at the price according to an appropriate appraisal.
By the mid-19th century, the Batavian Society museum building in Harmoni was also considered insufficient to store and exhibit the growing collection. Although the plan to build a new museum had been conceived in 1836, it was not until 1862 that the new museum finally came into reality. With the patronage of King Willem III, the colonial government built a new building on the present location of the National Museum at Jalan Merdeka Barat 12. The original building was built in Greek Neoclassical architecture, and originally it had no second floor.
The museum acquired its collection in many ways, among others through scientific expeditions, archaeological sites, acquisition of private collections, gifts from distinguished patrons, objects donated by religious missions; such as ethnological artifacts acquired by Christian *Zending* and Catholic Missions, and also treasures acquired --- or looted to be exact --- from several military expeditions led by Dutch East Indies military throughout the archipelago against indigenous kingdoms and polities. Treasures, among others from Aceh, Lombok, and Bali acquired through the military expeditions led by the Dutch colonial government, also made it to the collection of the Batavian Society and Leiden Museum.
## Other institutions established by the society {#other_institutions_established_by_the_society}
The society made the plans for the Hortus Botanicus Bogoriense in Bogor in 1817. The Zoological Museum of Bogor (*Museum Zoologicum Bogorinse*) was established by the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences in Bogor, Indonesia in 1894. The Bibliotheca Bogoriense (Bogor Library) made Bogor into an important center of biological science
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