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# Eeper Weeper
\"**Eeper Weeper**\" or \"**Heeper Peeper**\" is an English nursery rhyme and skipping song that tells the story of a chimney sweep who kills his second wife and hides her body up a chimney. The rhyme has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13497.
## Lyrics
: Eeper Weeper, chimney sweeper,
: Had a wife but couldn\'t keep her.
: Had another, didn\'t love her,
: Up the chimney he did shove her.
## Origins
Iona and Peter Opie noted that the rhyme had been used in this form from at least the first decade of the 20th century.`{{clarify|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki} A verse collected from Aberdeen, Scotland and published in 1868 had the words:
: Peter, my neeper,
: Had a wife,
: And he couidna\' keep her,
: He pat her i\' the wa\',
: And lat a\' the mice eat her.
This may be an older version of \"Eeper Neeper\" and of \"Peter Peter Pumpkin Eater\"
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# Homerun (Gotthard album)
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{{album chart|Austria|51|artist=Gotthard|album=Homerun|rowheader=true|accessdate=29 July 2020}}
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``
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# Body of Lies (film)
***Body of Lies*** is a 2008 American action thriller film directed and produced by Ridley Scott, written by William Monahan, and starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Russell Crowe and Golshifteh Farahani in the lead roles. Set in the Middle East, it follows the attempts of the CIA and the GID of Jordan to catch \"al-Saleem\", a terrorist. Frustrated by their target\'s elusiveness, differences in their approaches strain relations between a CIA operative, his superior, and the head of Jordanian Intelligence. The supporting cast features Mark Strong and Oscar Isaac.
The screenplay, based on the 2007 novel of the same name by David Ignatius, examines contemporary tension between Western and Arab societies, and the comparative effectiveness of technological and human counter-intelligence methods. Principal photography for the film began on September 5, 2007 and concluded in December 2007. The film was shot largely on location in the United States and Morocco, after authorities in Dubai refused permission to film there because of the script\'s political themes.
The film was released in the United States on October 10, 2008, by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Scott\'s direction and visual style, as well as the performances of its two leads, but criticized his formulaic handling of the story and use of conventions from the spy genre, such as surveillance shots from high-altitude spy planes. The film grossed \$118 million worldwide on a budget of \$67.5--70 million.
## Plot
Anti-terrorist police teams prepare to raid a house in Manchester, England. As members of the team enter, the terrorists inside the house hear them. One of the terrorists presses a button on his cell phone triggering an explosion, destroying the house.
Central Intelligence Agency case officer Roger Ferris is tracking a high-ranking terrorist leader called Al-Saleem in Iraq. He meets Nizar, a member of the terrorist organization who is prepared to offer information in return for asylum in North America.
Despite the objections of his boss, Ed Hoffman, Ferris agrees to shelter Nizar. Nizar is used as a pawn to draw out the rest of his cell; when Nizar is captured, Ferris is forced to shoot and kill him to prevent him exposing the identities of Ferris and his associate, Bassam. Furious at Hoffman\'s refusal to act on the information Nizar provided about a safe house in Iraq, Ferris and Bassam go to search for it. Ferris observes men burning documents and DVDs. He attempts to bluff his way in but is exposed. In the ensuing shootout and chase, Ferris and Bassam\'s vehicle is hit by an RPG. Ferris, with discs he salvaged from the fire at the safe house, is rescued by helicopter, and Bassam is killed in the explosion.
From the salvaged DVDs, Ferris learns, and tells Hoffman, that unknown terrorists in the UK plan to follow the bus bombings in Sheffield with more attacks, but apparently blew themselves up when they were discovered in Manchester. From other intelligence Ferris harvested from the Balad safe house, Hoffman locates an Al-Saleem safe house in Jordan and orders Ferris to watch it. There, Ferris arranges to meet and negotiates a collaboration with Hani Salaam, head of the Jordanian General Intelligence Directorate.
Ferris gains the respect of Hani Salaam based on his ability to speak traditional Arabic fluently, Salaam also perceives Ferris to be more thoughtful and intelligent than the usual field operatives the Americans use.
Ferris and his CIA subordinate, Skip, undertake surveillance of the safe house along with Jordanian agents. Skip identifies a local asset on the scene whom he does not expect to see, Ziyad Abishi, and who prematurely establishes contact with one of the safe house terrorists and blows his cover. The terrorist flees to inform his colleagues and Ferris chases and kills him in a place and manner that implies the death is a random robbery. During the chase Ferris is bitten on the legs by dogs tied up in an alley, and is concerned the dogs might be rabid, he seeks treatment at a local clinic. While at the hospital Ferris meets an attractive nurse named Aisha.
Ferris lambastes Hoffman for running a side operation which he feels is interfering with and undermining the operational integrity of the primary operation, and tells Hoffman to stop. Ferris meets with Salaam, who has already had his agents confirm that those who remain at the safe house believe the terrorist whom Ferris eliminated was killed in a random robbery, and who has already spoken with Hoffman and told him the same thing Ferris did. Salaam has Ferris observe what Ferris thinks is torture, but which Salaam informs him is punishment mandated by \"the King\'s espionage laws,\" and asks Ferris to tell Hoffman what he has seen.
In Europe terrorist bombers strike again at an Amsterdam flower market, killing 75 people and wounding hundreds more.
Having recognized one of the men living in the safe house as former small-time criminal Mustaffa Karami, Salaam takes Karami into the desert and coerces him into working for Jordanian intelligence, threatening to set him up as a collaborator if he does not co-operate. Hoffman asks Salaam to use Karami, but he refuses, believing a greater return will come later. Unbeknownst to Ferris and Salaam, Hoffman tells Skip to follow Karami and kidnap him. Karami escapes and notifies the terrorists in the safe house that it is being watched, and they abandon it. Salaam catches Ferris\' associate Skip, accuses Ferris of having had knowledge of the move on Karami, blames Ferris\' duplicity with him for the destruction of the safe house, and exiles Ferris from Jordan.
Ferris returns to Hoffman in Washington, and they devise a new plan to find Al-Saleem. Suspecting he is motivated more by pride than ideology, they stage a fake terrorist attack and set up Omar Sadiki, an innocent Jordanian architect, as its instigator, hoping Al-Saleem will come out of hiding and attempt to contact him. Al-Saleem sees TV news coverage of the attack and takes the bait. Salaam invites Ferris back to Jordan and shares his suspicions that Omar Sadiki is a terrorist, although Ferris feigns ignorance. Ferris later tries to save Sadiki from being kidnapped by Al-Saleem\'s henchmen but fails and sees his partner nearly killed in the subsequent car crash. Under interrogation, Sadiki denies any knowledge of the attack. He is later found beaten and killed.
Ferris goes back to his apartment and discovers that Aisha has been kidnapped. He desperately asks Salaam for help, admitting he fabricated Omar Sadiki\'s terrorist cell and the attack. Salaam refuses to help because of Ferris\' lies. Ferris offers himself in exchange to Aisha\'s kidnappers and is brought to the middle of the desert, with Hoffman watching everything via a surveillance drone. At the exchange location, Ferris is surrounded by a group of SUVs, which circle him to create an obscuring dust cloud before picking him up. The dust cloud blocks Hoffman\'s view, so that he cannot determine which of the SUVs, now headed in different directions, is carrying Ferris.
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# Body of Lies (film)
## Plot
Ferris is taken across the border to Syria, where he is to be interrogated by Al-Saleem. When Ferris asks Al-Saleem about Aisha, he is told that someone has lied to him and that he has been double-crossed. Ferris tells Al-Saleem that there is an infiltrator (Karami) in his organization who works for Ferris, and that, by association, Al-Saleem works for Ferris. Al-Saleem does not believe Ferris, breaks two of his fingers, turns on a video camera, and orders his execution. Salaam and his agents arrive at the last moment, saving Ferris\' life. Al-Saleem is shown arrested in his own SUV by Marwan Se-Kia, Salaam\'s security officer.
Salaam visits Ferris in the hospital, and reveals that he had faked Aisha\'s abduction and orchestrated Ferris\' capture by Al-Saleem using Karami as a go-between. Having lost the will to fight in this particular war, Ferris leaves the CIA and goes to see Aisha again.
## Cast
- Leonardo DiCaprio as Roger Ferris, a field officer working in the CIA\'s Near East Division and later CIA Station Chief of Amman, Jordan.
- Russell Crowe as Ed Hoffman, chief of the CIA\'s Near East Division and Ferris\' boss.
- Mark Strong as Hani Salaam, intelligence chief and director of the Jordanian General Intelligence Directorate.
- Golshifteh Farahani as Aisha, a nurse in Amman and Ferris\' love interest.
- Oscar Isaac as Bassam, CIA field operative in Iraq and Ferris\' associate.
- Ali Suliman as Omar Sadiki, a Jordanian architect with very low-profile contact with Al-Qaeda and CIA\'s mole to catch Al-Saleem.
- Alon Abutbul as Al-Saleem, head of an independent terrorist group based in Jordan, aligned with Al-Qaeda.
- Vince Colosimo as Skip, CIA field operative in Jordan.
- Simon McBurney as Garland, a computer geek employed by the CIA to instrument black ops.
- Mehdi Nebbou as Nizar, former linguist, Al-Qaeda operative and attempted defector.
- Michael Gaston as Holiday, Ferris\' predecessor as CIA\'s Jordan station chief.
- Kais Nashef as Mustafa Karami, former petty criminal-turned-Al-Qaeda operative under Al-Saleem who later became Hani Salaam\'s informer.
- Jameel Khoury as Marwan Se-Kia, GID operative and security officer of Hani Salaam.
- Lubna Azabal as Cala, Aisha\'s sister.
- Annabelle Wallis as Hani\'s Girlfriend in Bar
- Michael Stuhlbarg as Ferris\'s Attorney
- Giannina Facio as Hoffman\'s wife
Carice van Houten was cast as Roger\'s wife Gretchen Ferris, but all her scenes were deleted and she does not appear in the final cut.
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# Body of Lies (film)
## Themes
Ridley Scott has made a previous film about the conflict between the Western and Arab civilizations, *Kingdom of Heaven* (2005), set during the Crusades. *Body of Lies* resumes this theme in the context of modern intelligence operations and terrorism.
The film puts two contrasting characters on the same side. Ferris, the CIA man on the ground, is a dedicated Arabist fluent in the language; he relies on trust, local knowledge and HUMINT. Hoffman, his superior, who is detached at home in Washington, D.C., and at the CIA in Virginia, is more Machiavellian: he authorizes deceit, double-crossing, and violence by telephone and without scruple. *The New Yorker* interpreted him as \"a greedy, American domestic animal---an advanced-media freak, always eating\".
Early in the film, Hoffman explains to his superiors that the terrorists\' retreat to pre-tech age communication methods renders useless the high specification tools the CIA uses, which increases the worth of Ferris\'s human intelligence methods. The terrorists avoid mobile telephones and computers, preferring face-to-face communication and encoded written messages. By contrast, the Americans use sophisticated communication (Hoffman and Ferris regularly speak on the phone) and surveillance technology (high altitude spy planes offer a different point of view throughout). David Denby of *The New Yorker* said that this was Scott\'s suggestion that the CIA has the technology but not the human intelligence to properly fight terrorism in the Middle East. Despite Hoffman\'s distance, the force and unintended consequences of his schemes are often borne by Ferris. The difference is underlined when Ferris, suffering weakened credibility, injured colleagues and personal risk, is reminded by Hoffman that \"we are a results-driven organization\".
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# Body of Lies (film)
## Production
### Development
In March 2006, Warner Bros. hired screenwriter William Monahan to adapt the novel *Penetration* by David Ignatius into a feature film, which would be directed by Ridley Scott. In April 2007, with the novel re-titled *Body of Lies* and the film similarly re-titled, actor Leonardo DiCaprio was cast in the lead role. DiCaprio chose to pursue the role because he considered it a throwback to political films in the 1970s such as *The Parallax View* (1974) and *Three Days of the Condor* (1975). DiCaprio dyed his hair brown, and wore brown contacts for the role. After DiCaprio was cast, Russell Crowe was courted for a supporting role, to which he formally committed after Monahan\'s script was revised by Steve Zaillian, who wrote Scott and Crowe\'s *American Gangster*. Crowe gained 63 pounds to suit his role. The actor said as a result of the film\'s exploration of the American government and foreign policy, \"I don\'t think it will be very popular, but that's never been part of my project choice process.\" Mark Strong, who plays Hani Salaam, the head of the Jordanian General Intelligence Directorate (GID) ascribed his casting to his performances in the 2005 films *Syriana* and *Oliver Twist*. The character Haani Salaam was modelled after the 2000--2005 GID chief Sa\'ad Khair (1953--2009), whose involvement, according to the original author David Ignatius, in sharply handled interrogations without the use of torture, an encounter with a jihadist with his mother on the phone and being called the \'fingernail boss\' were near accurately featured in the film. Indian filmmaker Anurag Kashyap revealed in an interview that Bollywood actor Nana Patekar was approached by Ridley Scott for the role of Hani Salaam after watching his performance in The Pool (2007 film) but the former declined the offer, refusing to portray a terrorist.
### Location and design {#location_and_design}
Scott sought to film in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, but the federation\'s National Media Council denied the director permission due to the script\'s politically sensitive nature. As a result, scenes set in Jordan were instead filmed in Morocco. The shoot took place over sixty-five days from September to December 2007. It was filmed in the United States and Morocco, where scenes set in ten different countries were filmed. Filming began on September 5, 2007 at the Eastern Market, Washington, D.C. Practical locations were used throughout; part of the Capitol Hill neighborhood was converted to resemble a wintry Amsterdam to film a ten- to fifteen-second car bomb explosion. Scenes set in the CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia were filmed at the *National Geographic* offices in Gaithersburg, Maryland; both buildings were set in woodland and \"It was eerily similar in terms of architectural style,\...\", said Arthur Max, the production designer, \"We were given several empty floors.\" Locations in Baltimore also stood in for Manchester, England and Munich, Germany, although the final cut of the movie did not have any scenes that took place in Munich.
Production moved to Morocco, where Scott, Max and Alexander Witt, the cinematographer had filmed several times before. Their previous experience meant they \"knew every stone in the desert\" and they were allowed access to many locations, including the Ministry of Finance, which was dressed as Jordan\'s secret service headquarters, Casablanca airport and a military airfield. The basketball stadium in Rabat was used as the U.S. embassy in Jordan: a CIA office set was built inside the stadium, favoured because its design allowed the cameras to shoot both interior and exterior vistas, thus showing the characters looking out on people and tanks passing in the streets. A nine-week shoot also took place at CLA Studios and in the desert around the city of Ouarzazate.
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# Body of Lies (film)
## Production
### Cinematography
*Body of Lies* was Alexander Witt\'s first credit as a director of photography; he had collaborated with Ridley Scott on six feature films previously, beginning as a second unit camera operator on *Black Rain* (1989). He shot the film in the Super 35 format with spherical lenses, and explained that these lenses offer more flexibility for interior and night pictures than the anamorphic alternative. They used Kodak Vision2 500T 5218 instead of Technicolor\'s OZ process, which did not perform well in tests in the Moroccan desert.
Scott is known for his skill at filming with multiple camera set-ups and *Body of Lies* used a minimum of three simultaneously. Witt explained the benefits, \"Actors like multiple cameras because they're always on-camera, so they're always in character and not wasting time off-camera.\" One shot of DiCaprio alone in the desert, for example, still used three cameras: one hand-held above the actor, a second capturing a three-quarter back profile, and the third photographing a close-up through the first cameraman\'s legs. Richard Cronn, the gaffer, attributed the success of this difficult approach to Scott\'s filmmaking intelligence, \"Ridley will stand at the monitors and tell you what\'s he\'s looking for -- he\'ll look at four monitors and say, \'I\'m cutting from this to this to this.\' He knows exactly how he will cut it.\"
In line with the film\'s use of practical locations, the photography and design departments worked together to incorporate practical light sources such as \"lots of bare bulbs, lots of primitive fixtures\". In the climactic torture scene, filmed in an ancient, windowless prison cell outside of Rabat, they used only diegetic light: two strong torches carried by the actors playing the torturers. It was filmed with three cameras and bounce cards were used to reflect light onto the actors\' faces. Just a little smoke was sprayed in to augment the atmosphere but not dull the contrast.
Scott has used many gradations of lens filter in the past, but declined to do so on *Body of Lies*. One obtains better finesse using the digital intermediate during post-production and does not risk losing light while selecting filters during expensive on-set time. The filmmakers strove for authenticity and realism in the images, and as such little colouration was added after, and the natural contrast of colours between the locations in Washington and Morocco were allowed to show through.
In the film, images from unmanned aerial drones show the viewer the point of view of CIA commanders in Washington. These were filmed by John Marzano (aerial director of photography) using a helicopter mounted with a Wescam 35 on the nose of a helicopter, and Cineflex\'s V14 surveillance system, hanging from the side. Its 1--40 zoom allowed the filmmakers to fly very high and then zoom out of Ferris strolling through a market-place, creating the film\'s final shot.
### Music
The film score was composed by Marc Streitenfeld, who has composed music for Ridley Scott for three features. He recorded the orchestral portions of his score at the Eastwood Scoring Stage at Warner Brothers Studios. Of note is the presence of a song in the film named \"If the World\", performed by Guns N\' Roses, and taken from their album *Chinese Democracy*. The track plays over the beginning of the end credits, but is not included on the official film soundtrack. Streitenfeld also collaborated with Mike Patton and Serj Tankian on the song \"Bird\'s Eye\", which was written specially for the musical score of the film. It was not included on the soundtrack album but was released separately as a single.
## Release
The film was commercially released in the United States on October 10, 2008. The film has also been purchased by Turner Broadcasting System to screen on the television networks TBS and Turner Network Television.
The film was screened on September 30, 2008 at Michigan Technological University, and October 2, 2008 at Duke University, New York Film Academy, University of Maryland and University of Virginia. It was also pre-screened on October 3 at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, at Michigan State University, at the University of Michigan, the University of Kansas, East Carolina University, and the University of Chicago on October 7 and at Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, The University at Buffalo, Columbia University, James Madison University, Syracuse University, the University of Colorado, the University of Washington, and Georgia Southern University on October 9.
Warner Home Video released *Body of Lies* on DVD on February 17, 2009. The single-disc region one release included surround sound and subtitles in English, French, and Spanish; the two-disc special edition included commentaries by the director, screenwright and original novel author, and a behind the scenes documentary; the Blu-ray edition also included additional commentary on the film\'s themes.
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# Body of Lies (film)
## Reception
### Box office {#box_office}
*Body of Lies* earned \$12.9 million on its first weekend in theatres in the United States and Canada, 40% less than expected. This placed it as the third highest earning film that weekend, behind Disney\'s *Beverly Hills Chihuahua*, which turned out to be No. 1 with a take of \$17.5 million in its second week, and Sony/Screen Gems\'s *Quarantine*, which earned \$14.2 million---about \$2 million more than it cost to make. A Warner Bros. executive said he was disappointed with the film\'s opening and attributed it to its controversial storyline, although *Body of Lies* fared better than previous pictures about the \"war on terrorism\" such as *Rendition*, *In the Valley of Elah*, and *Lions for Lambs*, which all performed well below studios\' expectations. In a fourteen-week theatrical run in the United States and Canada, the film earned \$39 million.
Outside North America it opened reasonably well. In Australia it was the highest-earning film in its opening weekend of October 9--12, 2008 with \$2,104,319, ahead of Pixar Animation\'s *WALL-E*, which fell to second place, while *Beverly Hills Chihuahua* held third. In the United Kingdom, the film\'s earnings were the second-highest behind *Quantum of Solace* during November 21--23, its opening weekend. It earned £991,939 from 393 screens. Overall, while the film grossed only \$40 million at the North American box office, it has grossed \$115,097,286 worldwide. In the United States, contemporary war films have performed relatively poorly. Analysts attributed this to the film\'s Middle East setting and exploration of terrorism. Brandon Gray pointed out that people read these themes in the news media already, and there is a perception that Hollywood films are biased.
Golshifteh Farahani\'s performance in the film resulted in trouble for Farahani from the Iranian government, being accused of being shown without a hijab.
### Critical response {#critical_response}
*Body of Lies* received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 55%, based on 216 reviews, with an average rating of 5.90/10. The critical consensus reads, \"*Body of Lies* relies too heavily on the performances of DiCaprio and Crowe to lift it above a conventional espionage thriller.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating \"mixed or average\" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B-\" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert, writing in the *Chicago Sun-Times*, awarded the film three out of four stars. He praised the \"convincing\" acting and \"realistic locations and terse dialogue\" but questioned the verisimilitude of the story and concluded, \"*Body of Lies* contains enough you can believe, or almost believe, that you wish so much of it weren\'t sensationally implausible.\" Kenneth Turan reached the same conclusion in the *Los Angeles Times*, \"The skill of top-flight director Ridley Scott and his veteran production team, not to mention the ability of stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Russell Crowe, ensure that this story of spies and terrorism in the Middle East is always crisp and watchable,\" he wrote, \"but as the film\'s episodic story gradually reveals itself, it ends up too unconvincing and conventional to consistently hold our attention.\"
Lisa Kennedy in *The Denver Post* summarised: \"*Body of Lies* is an A-list project with B-game results. The movie might be set in the Age of Jihad. But the rules of trust and mistrust are wholly familiar.\"
Critics observed the film\'s adherence to conventions of the spy thriller genre; Ebert called it \"a James Bond plot\" and David Denby in *The New Yorker* pointed out the \"usual tropes of the genre---surveillance shots from drones, S.U.V.s tearing across the desert, explosions, scenes of torture\" but praised Scott\'s superior management of space and timing. While Todd McCarthy in *Variety* praised the initial set-up and conceit of the plot device, he criticized the formulaic approach leading to a \"cornball denouement\".
A. O. Scott in *The New York Times* wrote that director Scott\'s \"professionalism is, as ever, present in every frame and scene, but this time it seems singularly untethered from anything like zeal, conviction or even curiosity.\" He added that he would have preferred the psychological tensions linking the three leading men to be developed further. Joe Neumaier wrote in the *New York Daily News* that the film \"aims to be up-to-the-moment -- yet feels same-old, same-old.\"
Lisa Kennedy called the love story between DiCaprio and Farahani contrived, saying that while DiCaprio seemed more at home in those scenes, it made the film seem \"foolish\". Ebert thought the cultural context of their relationship was well established, but that it essentially existed as a convenience of the plot, to set up the unlikely conclusion.
Mark Strong\'s performance was mentioned by several critics, with Scott calling it \"a marvel of exotic suavity and cool insinuation\" while Ebert \"particularly admired\" his aura of suave control
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# A Woman Called Sada Abe
*aka* ***Sada Abe: A Docu-Drama*** (1975) is a *Roman porno* version of the Sada Abe story directed by Noboru Tanaka.
It is based on the true story of a woman who strangled her lover during a love-making session, then severed his penis, which she carried with her until her arrest. The story became a national sensation in Japan in 1936, developing mythic overtones, and has since been interpreted by artists, philosophers, novelists and filmmakers.
## Plot
Over a black screen, Sada Abe (Junko Miyashita) tells some of the aliases she had used in her past. The opening concludes when the words \"Kichi Sada 2\" appear on the screen, followed by a newspaper headline, \"Document: Sada Abe\", which is the Japanese title of the film. The lovers, Sada and Kichi (Hideaki Esumi), are then shown together, with Kichi predicting that he will die if their love-making continues.
Soldiers pass the couple as they enter an inn, placing the story in the context of Japan\'s military build-up. They engage in a love-making session which lasts between April 23 and May 7, 1936. Some of their S&M games involve knives, biting and mutual strangulation. When Kichi leaves Sada for a shave, she jealously accuses him of \"committing adultery\" on her with his wife.
Soldiers are seen marching past a crowd which is listening to a report of the \"February 26 Incident\" on the radio. Sada and Kichi, uninterested, leave the crowd to continue their love-making. After strangling each other with their obis (kimono sashes), Kichi\'s neck is red, and Sada sends for a doctor. Kichi is told to go on a liquid diet, and he plans to return home for two months to recover. Sada is upset at losing Kichi, and spills all of his medicine. During another love-making session, Kichi invites Sada to strangle him again, telling her not to stop half-way this time, since it would be too painful afterwards. After killing him, Sada rubs her breasts against Kichi\'s face, attempts to feed him beer, and then castrates him. She then cuts herself and writes \"Kichi Sada 2\" with her blood on his body. During the progress of this scene, Sada\'s past life is told in flashbacks. She is banished from her wealthy family after losing her virginity to rape. She wanders around Japan working as a prostitute and bar-maid, eventually finding employment at the current inn where she met Kichi.
The final sequence has her crime discovered and becoming a national sensation. Sada, while discussing the story with a masseur who is unaware of her identity, says that Sada must have loved Kichi very much since she wanted the whole country to know about them. The film ends with Sada\'s arrest.
## Comparison with *In the Realm of the Senses* {#comparison_with_in_the_realm_of_the_senses}
Tanaka\'s version of the Sada Abe story is inevitably compared with Nagisa Oshima\'s internationally-known *In the Realm of the Senses*. The most obvious difference between the two is that Tanaka\'s film, intended for a Japanese audience, could not indulge in the hardcore elements that Oshima\'s version employed. As a result, Oshima\'s film, when shown in Japan, was censored, while Tanaka\'s version played as the director intended it. While Oshima limits his timeframe to the period of the final sexual encounter, Tanaka gives a more rounded portrayal of Abe\'s life through flashbacks.
While Oshima takes an objective, cool attitude towards the characters, Tanaka takes a warm approach to the subjects, concentrating on the passion between the two lovers. Set almost exclusively in the small room in the inn, Tanaka uses popular songs not only to set up situations, but also to express the emotions of the characters. Tanaka\'s skillful use of a variety of camera angles prevents the limited setting from becoming monotonous or claustrophobic. Both Oshima\'s and Tanaka\'s versions were highly regarded by critics in Japan, and both films were considered among the top ten releases for their years.
## Critical appraisal {#critical_appraisal}
Midnight Eye\'s review of *A Woman Called Sada Abe* compares it to *In the Realm of the Senses*, notes, \"Aside from being less sexually explicit, it is also smaller scale, more intimate, more cinematically stylised and arguably more erotic.\"
*A Woman Called Sada Abe* is generally considered one of Nikkatsu\'s five best *Roman porno* films. Many Japanese critics consider it to be superior to Oshima\'s film, and Junko Miyashita is called a more realistic Sada Abe than Eiko Matsuda. Miyashita\'s performance has been judged one of the best of her career, and the film has been called director Tanaka\'s masterpiece.
*A Woman Called Sada Abe* was a major box-office success in Japan, and it has been suggested that the success of Tanaka\'s film caused Oshima to distribute his film internationally before releasing it in Japan. Along with the earlier *Roman Porno* film, *Wife to be Sacrificed* (1974), *A Woman Called Sada Abe* was released to an enthusiastic reception in San Francisco in 1998
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# Referendums in Transnistria
**Referendums in Transnistria**, according to the Transnistrian Constitution, are one of the lawful forms of expression of people\'s will.
There have been seven referendums in Transnistria since 1989. Because of strict requirements only six of these seven referendums were successful.
1. Referendum on the formation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR) took place in various parts of the Moldavian SSR, mostly east of the Dniester River, from December 1989 through November 1990. Turnout was 79%. 95.8% voted in favor of the creation of the PMSSR.
2. On March 17, 1991, the Soviet Union\'s Union-wide referendum was held on the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form. Although Moldova boycotted the referendum, it was observed by the authorities of Transnistria and successfully held in Transnistria. As in other parts of the Soviet Union where the referendum was held, a majority of the voters supported a reformed Union.
3. December 1, 1991, was held the first referendum on formal independence of the now-renamed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) outside the Soviet Union. Voter turnout was 78%, and 97.7% voted in favor of full independence.
4. 26 March 1995, was held a referendum asking the populated about the permanence within Transnistria\'s borders of remaining troops from the former 14th Russian Army. More than 90% supported a stay of Russian troops in Transnistria.
5. 24 December 1995, was held the constitutional referendum on the adoption of Transnistria\'s new 1995 Constitution and request for accession to the Commonwealth of Independent States. 81.8% approved the new constitution which declared independence from Moldova, while 90.6% voted in favor of requesting entry to the CIS.
6. April 6, 2003 was held the constitutional referendum on the introduction of private land ownership. This was ruled invalid, since voter turnout was less than the 50% required by law.
7. September 17, 2006 was held the second independence referendum of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. Voter turnout was 78.6%, substantially more than the 50%+1 required by law to validate the referendum. The referendum asked voters:
- Do you support the course towards the independence of Transnistria and the subsequent free association with the Russian Federation?\
**Yes: 97.2%** - No: 1.9% - Invalid/undecided: 0.9%
- Do you consider it possible to renounce Transnistria\'s independent status and subsequently become part of the Republic of Moldova?\
Yes: 3.3% - **No: 94.9%** - Invalid/undecided: 1
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# SSPSF model
thumb\|upright=1.5\|This image from NASA Spitzer Space Telescope shows the supernova remnant Henize 206, in which new stars heat the gas. The **SSPSF** (stochastic self-propagating star formation) model of star formation was proposed by Mueller & Arnett in 1976, generalized afterward by Gerola & Seiden in 1978 and Gerola, Seiden, & Schulman in 1980. This model proposes that star formation propagates via the action of shock waves produced by stellar winds and supernovae traversing the gas that composes the interstellar medium.
The Henize 206 nebula provides a clear example. In particular, 24μ infrared (MIPS) emission shows where a new generation of stars heats the remains of the supernova remnant that induced their formation.
In contrast to star formation in density-wave theories, which are limited to disk-shaped galaxies and produce global spiral patterns, SSPSF applies equally well to spirals, to irregular galaxies and to any local concentrations of gas in elliptical galaxies. thumb\|upright=1.5\|SSPSF simulation The effect may be envisioned as an \"SIR infection model\" in a differentially rotating disk, the host galaxy. The **SIR** model (perhaps most popularly familiar in the form of Conway\'s Game of Life) is applied to star formation propagating through the galaxy: Each generation of stars in a neighborhood includes some massive ones whose stellar winds and, soon, supernovae, produce shock waves in the gas (**S**usceptible material). These lead to collapsing nearby gas clouds, which produce the next generation of stars (**I**nfection propagation); but in the immediate neighborhood, all initially available gas is used, so no further stars are born there for some period of time despite the shocks (**R**ecovery from infection).
In a non-flattened galaxy, the infection would produce an outward propagating sphere. In a non-rotating flattened (disk) environment, the infection would produce an outward propagating ring. But in a differentially rotating flattened environment, i.e., with mass closer to the galactic center orbiting the center somewhat more quickly, the ring is sheared into an ellipse, the innermost parts moving ahead of the ring\'s center and the outermost parts lagging. For disk galaxies, virtually all star formation occurs in the disk. In that case, the elongated rings are likewise confined to the disk, and collectively they evolve to appear as (possibly disconnected) segments of spiral arms: See (e.g) NGC 4414, as well as figures in. thumb\|upright=1.4\|In 1995, the spiral galaxy NGC 4414 was imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. In 1999, the prevailing density wave model for the generation of spiral arms in galaxies was combined with SSPSF in a doctoral thesis by Auer (an idea first suggested by Gerola and Seiden in 1980). Auer concluded that density waves are in fact less effective in producing star formation, and more effective in simply organizing ongoing SSPSF into large-scale (spiral) patterns, ultimately into the Grand Design spiral form if conditions allow.
In the figure you can see a simulation of a simple model for SSPSF on a circular grid. It is generated by randomly starting star formation in certain boxes of the grid, which propagates to nearby boxes in the grid while time progresses. Star formation dies out with time and a box has a certain regeneration time which prevents it from starting new star formation just after it was active. Adding (differential) rotation to the disk during propagation creates spiral patterns that are of the same nature of those in actual spiral galaxies. Dark spots are areas of active star formation, lighter spots are areas of recent star formation/areas in regeneration.
SSPSF processes were demonstrated in an early prototype (\"Gaslight\") of the 2008 video game Spore
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# Simosthenurus
***Simosthenurus***, also referred to as the short-faced kangaroo, is an extinct genus of megafaunal macropods that existed in Australia, specifically Tasmania, during the Pleistocene. Analysis of *Simosthenurus* fossils has contributed to the finding that there are three lineages of macropods: Sthenurinae, Macropodinae, and Lagostrophinae. The genus *Simosthenurus* was among the sthenurines.
The two most documented members of the genus are *S. maddocki* and *S. occidentalis*, though other species have also been discovered.
## Palaeobiology
Osteological information (predominantly cave floor surface finds) has yielded that *Simosthenurus* is part of the same family as that of modern kangaroos. However, modern kangaroos are plantigrade hoppers, using jumping as their means of locomotion, while *Simosthenurus* was a bipedal unguligrade, walking in a manner similar to that of hominids. Although members of *Simosthenurus* were no taller than most modern species of kangaroo, their robust bones, broad pelvis, long arms and short necks were unique adaptations to their browsing mode of feeding. They had single-toed hind feet had small hoof-like nails more typical of animals adapted to moving over relatively flat terrain. *Simosthenurus* is a highly distinct lineage of macropods, with no living descendants. However, it is possible that their closest living cousin is the banded hare-wallaby, which is now restricted to small isolated islands off the coast of Western Australia.
### S. occidentalis {#s._occidentalis}
***S. occidentalis*** mtDNA sequences were obtained from fossils in Tasmanian caves; the fossils yielded radiocarbon dates between 46,000 and 50,000 years ago. The sequences obtained in this study were from fossils much older than any Australian fossils that previously yielded sequences.
The type specimen was collected by E. A. Le Souef and noted in a report to the state\'s Caves Board, then revised and published by Ludwig Glauert as *Sthenurus occidentalis* in 1910. This holotype is fossil material preserving the left and right dentary of an adult found at Mammoth Cave in Southwest Australia. The specific epithet *occidentalis*, meaning \"of the west\", refers to the discovery of this species in Western Australia.
#### Description
*S. occidentalis* was a leaf-eating marsupial, about the size of a modern grey kangaroo, though far more robust, with adults estimated to be about 118 kg. The species has been suggested to have used a bipedal striding gait when moving slowly. This is unlike modern kangaroos, which use pentapedal motion, or \'punting\', pushing off their tail and forelimbs and swinging their hindlimbs forward when moving slowly. It is thought that, by rearing up on their hind limbs and using their long arms and fingers, they could reach overhead to grasp high leaves and branches and pull them down to their mouth. They then would use their powerful jaws and striated teeth to grind the tough leaves.
A mid-sized species of *Simosthenurus*, known as \'short-faced\' kangaroos, one of several genera in a macropodid lineage that diversified in Pliocene Australia. The mass of adults is estimated to have around 118 kilograms, standing at a similar height to larger modern roos but with a heavier and more robust body. The dentition contains molars set close to the jaw, which combined with the cranial structure, strongly indicates an animal capable of consuming tough vegetation. The short jaw and facial anatomy clearly distinguishes their appearance from the surviving lineage of kangaroos, which usually graze on grasses rather than a browsing diet, and more closely resembles the habits of the modern koala *Phascolarctos cinereus*.
A set of powerful molars located close to the hinge of jaw, similar to but further back than a koala, improved the mechanical advantage and a potential enlargement of the zygomaticomandibularis muscles would have reduced the hazard of dislocation while biting with the rear molars. Modelling of the bite force and the skulls resistance to torsional forces suggests that the species was able to consume tough material, such as leaves, bark and branches, that could be torn with the claws of the long forelimbs. The diamond-like shape of the forehead and reinforced cheek bones was able to distribute the forces applied by large muscles to the rear molars at one side of the jaw, strongly suggesting that browsing habit included an ability to tear and chew hardy and fibrous material. The morphology of the skull and dentition was found to be most comparable to Asian mammal *Ailuropoda melanoleuca* (panda), an animal that primarily feeds as a browser of tough plant material.
#### Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The species is represented in the records of many southern fossil sites in Australia, including Tasmania. The type locality is located in Southwest Australia, at Mammoth Cave, and evidence from another site in the southwest indicates it existed until about 42,000 years ago. Fossils assigned to the species have been obtained at sites in the Southwest, southern regions of Central Australia and the southeast of the continent. In Tasmania *S. occidentalis* has been identified at fossil sites in the northeast and central regions, the species has also been found at the nearby King Island.
Their distribution in the Pleistocene is dated to late-middle to late deposits.
### *S. maddocki* {#s._maddocki}
An adult *S. maddocki* was smaller than *S. occidentalis*, weighing only 78 kg. Like some other species from the same time period, they were apparently highly selective feeders. Local records indicate that the species was mainly located in southeastern Australia. It is uncommon to find fossils of this rare species, especially when compared to other Sthenurines.
## Extinction
There are several proposed causes of the extinction of *Simosthenurus.* The two most popular hypotheses include human involvement and climate change.
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# Simosthenurus
## Extinction
### Human impact {#human_impact}
One theory postulates that human impact caused it. There are fewer extinct megafaunal Tasmanian species compared to those of continental Australia. This is most likely due to humans arriving in mainland Australia first. The extinction of *Simosthenurus* may be attributable to human over-hunting or habitat alteration. However, there is no archaeological evidence for interactions with humans, and the overlap of habitation in Australia and Tasmania of both humans and *Simothenurus* species, if there was one, would have been relatively short.
### Climate change {#climate_change}
Another theory is that climate change caused the extinction of this genus. The last glacial period, popularly known as the Ice Age, has been linked with a severe reduction in several megafaunal populations, including *Simosthenurus*
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# Cool Beans World
***Cool Beans World*** was a subscription website which published animated or partially animated webcomics. It was conceived by Cool Beans Productions, a design, animation and production company based in Sheffield, England. Contributors included, amongst others, UK-based comic book creators Pat Mills, Simon Bisley, John Bolton and Kevin O\'Neill, and the author Clive Barker. Serialised content included *Scarlet Traces* and *Marshal Law*.
After a high-profile publicity campaign including extensive print advertising, the website was launched in 2001. It won *Internet Magazine*{{\'s}} \"Site of the Month\" award in October 2001.
When Cool Beans Productions went into administrative receivership in May 2002, *Cool Beans World* ceased operation. As of 2016, its domain is untenanted.
**Comics included**: *Dark Frankenstein*, *Marshall Law*, *Scarlet Traces*, *Kingdom of the Wicked*, *The Yattering & Jack*, *Someplace Strange*, *Bone\'Ed*.
**CG short films**: *Saintly*, *Marshall Law*
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# Xenokleides
**Xenokleides** was an Athenian poet of the 4th century BC. None of his works have survived. He was one of the hetaera Neaira\'s lovers. According to Apollodorus of Acharnae, 369 BC, he spoke out against Callistratus\'s request to support Sparta over Thebes. He was prosecuted for avoiding military service, though as a tax-collector for the year he was exempt from military duties, convicted, and disenfranchised (Ancient Greek: ἀτιμία, *atimia*). This prosecution, brought by one Stephanos on behalf of Callistratus, was probably intended to remove Xenokleides as a political opponent. In 343, Xenokleides was living in Macedonia, and was banished by Philip II; he appears to have been once again living in Athens by the time the speech *Against Neaira* was delivered
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# Kansas City City Hall
**Kansas City City Hall** is the official seat of government for the city of Kansas City, Missouri, United States. Located in downtown, it is a 29-story skyscraper with an observation deck. Completed in 1937, the building has a Beaux-Arts and Art-Deco style with numerous architectural features and ornamentation throughout. One Kansas City Place was modeled as a 1980s version of City Hall, and is the tallest building in Kansas City.
## History
Situated on a city block bounded by E. 11th Street, E. 12th Street, Oak Street, and Locust Street, this 29-story structure was designed by Wight and Wight in the Neo-Classic and Beaux-Arts architectural style and built to replace and expand an earlier city hall. It is the third city hall since the incorporation of the City of Kansas in 1853. Construction of the building lasted for 22 months and the concrete was supplied by then-political boss Tom Pendergast. Its location has served as the center of city government since 1937.
When it was completed, it was the tallest building in the city. It is currently the third-tallest building in the city and one of the tallest city halls in the United States. The exterior features Indiana limestone. An underground parking garage extends under the south lawn. Several types of marble enhance the building's interior design, including Pyrenees marble from southwestern France, travertine marble from Tivoli, Italy, and Verde antique marble from Vermont. Some of the woods are oak and walnut. The total cost of construction was approximately \$6 million, which far exceeds the \$4 million bond monies allotted for the project.
## Features
### Interior
The building has Art-Deco details and ornamentation. This is particularly evident within the building. The entrance interior has elaborate marble stairways and bronze architectural features honoring the history of Kansas City. Myriad interior details include sculpted brass elevator doors depicting the four major modes of transportation that serve Kansas City, elaborate light fixtures in the lobby and elsewhere, and custom brass doorknob plates.
### Exterior
At the top of the six story base on the exterior of the building, windows are replaced with a frieze of relief sculptures depicting the early settlement and growth of the Kansas City area. Sculptures on the exterior of the building include those by C. Paul Jennewein, Ulric Ellerhusen, and Walker Hancock. Images in the panels of the building include Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Benoist Troost, Lewis and Clark, the Chouteau trading post, the Santa Fe Trail, and others
To the south of the building are fountains with two ornamental sea horses, dolphins, and seashells. City employees named the sea horses on the west side \"Lug\" and those on the east side \"Cut\" after the fountain\'s dedication. They were named for lugs of the political machine and cuts in pay for city workers in the 1930s. A statue of Abraham Lincoln and his son Tad was sculpted by Lorenzo Ghiglieri.
The top floor features an observation deck
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# Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum
`{{Location map|Bavaria
|float = right
|alt = Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum
|label = Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum
|caption = Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum, Solnhofen
|position = right
}}`{=mediawiki} The **Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum** is a natural history museum in Solnhofen, Germany. In 1954 the mayor, Friedrich Mueller, made his private collection accessible to the public. In 1968 the museum was officially founded by the Solnhofen municipality. It was opened in 1970. The museum collection, which extends over two floors, mainly consists of fossils from the Solnhofen Plattenkalk and includes pterosaurs, one of the eleven known specimens of the Jurassic bird *Archaeopteryx* and an extensive collection of fossil fish. Also, there is a department dedicated to lithography
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# Dimboola (1979 film)
***Dimboola*** is a 1979 Australian independent film directed by John Duigan about a country wedding reception. It is based on the 1969 play of the same name by Jack Hibberd and was principally filmed on location in Dimboola, Victoria.
## Plot
English journalist arrives in a small country town to observe a wedding. Further information: Dimboola (play)
## Cast
- Bruce Spence as Morrie McAdam
- Natalie Bate as Maureen Delaney
- Max Gillies as Vivian Worcester-Jones
- Bill Garner as Dangles
- Jack Perry as Horrie
- Esme Melville as April
- Dick May as Shovel
- Irene Hewitt as Florence
- Val Jellay as Aggie
- Chad Morgan as Bayonet
- Max Cullen as Mutton
- Terry McDermott as Darcy
## Production
The movie was shot in Dimboola, Jeparit and Melbourne. The budget was originally \$420,000 but was reduced to \$350,000. \$120,000 came from the Victorian Film Corporation, \$75,000 from the New South Wales Film Corporation, \$80,000 from Greater Union, and the rest from private investment.
John Duigan had written all his previous movies himself, and worked in a realist style whereas Hibberd\'s writing was more theatrical. Hibberd had trouble collaborating and Duigan feels they had entirely different interpretations of the material which hurt the final movie.
The character of the English journalist was added for Max Gillies. The film plays down the differences between the Catholic and Protestant families.
## Songs
- \"We\'re Riding to the Never Never\", music and lyrics: Letty Katts
- \"Will You Love Him Tomorrow\", music and original lyrics as \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\" written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King, new lyrics George Dreyfus
- \"The Sheik of Araby\", music and lyrics by Harry B. Smith and Francis Wheeler, performed by The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band
- \"Red River Valley\", traditional
- \"Danny Boy\", music by Frederic Weatherly
- \"Flame\" and \"Femme Fatale\", written and sung by Frankie Raymond
## Reception
The film was a box office disaster.
## Home Media {#home_media}
A Collector\'s Edition of *Dimboola* was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in October 2006. The DVD includes special features such as the original theatrical trailer, audio commentary with Jack Hibberd, John Timlin and Max Gillies, and interviews with David Williamson, Jack Hibberd, John Romeril, John Duigan, Graeme Blundell, Max Gillies and Bruce Spence. Also included is a feature-length film of the original stage play directed by David Williamson in 1973 and *Pram Factory*, a 1994 documentary on the Australian Performing Group.
A single DVD edition of *Dimboola* was released by Umbrella Entertainment in October 2008 with fewer special features.
Umbrella Entertainment has also released it in a three-disc DVD set with *Puberty Blues* and *Monkey Grip*
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# Zuckerhütl
The **Zuckerhütl** is a mountain in Tyrol, Austria. At 3,505 metres (11,499 feet), it is the highest peak of the Stubai Alps and lies at the southern end of the Stubaital Valley.
It derives its name, the German for sugarloaf, from its conical shape. In nearby Italy it is known as *Pan di Zùcchero*, the Italian term for sugarloaf.
On the mountain\'s north face the huge *Sulzenauferner* glacier falls 1,000m from its summit, resembling an icefall which looks unclimbable without ladders. It is the views of this great glacier which give Zuckerhütl its name. On its south face a 500m high cliff drops down from the summit.
## Climbing
The summit was first reached by the pioneering German alpinist Joseph Anton Specht in 1862. Specht was a founder member of the German Alpine Club. It is now a very popular destination due to it being the highest mountain of the Stubai Alps and because of the view from the summit, which takes in all the major peaks of the Stubai Alps, the Ötztal Alps, the Zillertal Alps and the Ortler Alps. The normal route is along the east ridge
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# Silvaroo
***Silvaroo*** is an extinct genus of megafaunal macropods that existed in Australia in the Pleistocene. Based on fossil evidence and affinities with the extant forest wallabies from the genera *Dorcopsis* and *Dorcopsulus* from Papua New Guinea, the two species of this genus were removed from the genus *Protemnodon* to *Silvaroo*
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# Pitman High School
**Pitman High School** is a comprehensive community public high school in Pitman, in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as the lone secondary school of the Pitman School District.
As of the 2023--24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 487 students and 46.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 10.4:1. There were 69 students (14.2% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 17 (3.5% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
## History
The district created its first high school program in 1922, before that students were sent to both Glassboro High School and Woodbury High School. In June 1926, a group of 50 students became the first graduates of the high school. A new Pitman High School opened in September 1926, having been constructed at a cost of \$225,000 (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|0.225|1926|fmt=c|r=1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}). That building was repurposed as a middle school after the current high school building was completed in 1972.
Students from Mantua Township had attended Pitman High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship until Clearview Regional High School opened in September 1960. Pitman officials had notified the Mantua Township School District that its incoming ninth grade students could no longer be accepted at the Pitman school after September 1958.
## Awards, recognition and rankings {#awards_recognition_and_rankings}
The school was the 198th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine\'s September 2014 cover story on the state\'s \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 100th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 119th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 102nd in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 122nd in the magazine\'s September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 157th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 45 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (82.6%) and language arts literacy (93.6%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
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# Pitman High School
## Athletics
The Pitman High School Panthers compete as one of the member schools in the Tri-County Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools located in Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem counties. The conference is overseen by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 239 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2022--24 school years as Group I South for most athletic competition purposes. The football team competes in the Royal Division of the 94-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I South for football for 2024--2026, which included schools with 185 to 482 students.
The boys track team won the Group I spring / outdoor track state championship in 1942.
The field hockey team won the South II and overall state championship in 1974, defeating West Essex High School, won the South Jersey Group I state sectional championship in 1981-1983 and 2013, and won the Group I state title in 1981 (vs. Whippany Park High School), 1982 (vs. Belvidere High School) and 1983 (as co-champion with Chatham Township High School). The 1974 team defeated Collingswood High School in the semifinals before a 3--2 win against West Essex in the tournament final to earn the overall state title.
In 1989, 1993 and 1995, the girls\' soccer team lost the Group II state tournament to Morris Catholic High School, the team that won the title for eight consecutive years from 1988 to 1995.
The boys\' basketball team won the Group I state championship in 1997 (defeating runner-up Science Park High School in the finals of the tournament), 1998 (vs. Bloomfield Tech High School) and 2014 (vs. Bloomfield Tech). Led by 31 points from Joe Crispin and 24 from brother Jon, the 1997 team won the Group I title with a 73--67 win against Science High School of Newark in the championship game played at the Atlantic City Convention Hall. In 2014, the team won their third Group I title with a 59--48 win against Bloomfield Tech.
The girls tennis team won the South I state championship in 1971 and 1972, and won the Group I state title in 2006 (vs. Verona High School). The team won the South Jersey Group I state tournament in 1999, topping Pennsville Memorial High School 4--1 in the final match. The team repeated the title in 2000 with a 4--1 win against Haddon Township High School. The team won the 2006 South, Group I state sectional championship with a 4--1 victory over Point Pleasant Beach High School in the tournament final. The team won the 2006 Group II state title at Mercer County Park, topping Highland Park High School 5--0 in the semifinals and Verona High School by a score of 3--2 to take the championship.
The boys\' soccer team won the 1999 and 2010 South Jersey Group I sectional titles with wins over Bordentown Regional High School, 2--1, and Maple Shade High School, 3--0, respectively.
In 2010, the girls\' track and field team scored 40 points to tie Westwood for the Group I state championship. The team had won the 2010 Group I sectional title after they defeated Lindenwold High School by less than one point.
In 2010, the boys\' baseball team won its first state title with a 5--0 win over Whippany Park in the state championship game. The team had won the South Jersey Group I state sectional title from 1963 to 1966.
The girls cross country running team won the Group I state championship in 2013.
## Marching band {#marching_band}
The Pitman High School marching band competes in the 3 Open Class of the United States Scholastic Band Association (USSBA) and fluctuates from 60 to 70 members
The school\'s marching band was Chapter One Champions in 1999 (Group 1).
The Pitman Panther Marching band won the I class of Cavalcade of Bands in 2003.
The Pitman Panther Marching Band won the USSBA NJ state championships in 2006.
With their 2007 show, Spanish Fire, The PHS Marching Band won the 2007 USSBA Group 3A All States Championships in Allentown, PA on November 11, 2007. The win launched the band in to the Open Class of the division where the more seasoned and established programs compete, along with an invitation to the 2008 USSBA Championships in Annapolis, MD at the United States Naval Academy.
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# Pitman High School
## Jazz ensemble {#jazz_ensemble}
The jazz ensemble began competing in the NJAJE Competitions in the 2010 school year. In 2010 the band earned a Bronze Rating at Preliminary Finals and a Silver Rating in 2011.
In the Cavalcade of Bands circuit in 2010 the Trumpet section was awarded a best section award at Cavalcade of Bands Jazz Championships hosted at Souderton High School.
Competing in the NJ division of Cavalcade of Bands in 2011 the Pitman Jazz Ensemble received awards for Best Trumpet Section, Best Trombone Section, Soloist Award for T.J. Hayden, and was named the Independence Division Champions for the State of New Jersey. In the Cavalcade of Bands Finals for the season the band placed 3rd overall.
## KotoriCon
On January 6, 2012, the school hosted part of the anime convention KotoriCon, namely a concert by Johnny Yong Bosch (Adam Park in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, among other parts) and his band Eyeshine. (The remainder of the convention was at Rowan College at Gloucester County.)
## Administration
The senior high school\'s principal is Cherie Hill Lombardo. The junior high school principal is Kristen Stewart.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Madeline Brewer (born 1992, class of 2010), actress
- Joe Crispin (born 1979, class of 1997), Gloucester County\'s all-time leading scorer for boys\' high school basketball (2,651 career points) who played in the NBA for the Los Angeles Lakers and Phoenix Suns
- Jon Crispin (born 1981, class of 1999), Gloucester County\'s fourth all-time leading boys\' scorer (2,319 career points) in high school. Played collegiately for two seasons at Penn State with brother Joe, then transferred and spent last two seasons with the UCLA Bruins
- Jane Moffet (1930--2018), utility player who played for four seasons in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
- Erica Scanlon (Class of 2000), Miss New Jersey 2004
- John E. Wallace Jr
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# Ronnie Arrow
**Ronnie Lee Arrow** (born August 28, 1947) is an American former college basketball coach who was most recently the head coach at the University of South Alabama.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Arrow was a two-year All-Lone Star Conference honoree and a three-year letterman at Southwest Texas State (presently named Texas State). He graduated with a bachelor\'s degree in health and physical education in 1969.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### San Jacinto {#san_jacinto}
Arrow served as head coach at San Jacinto College in Pasadena, Texas from 1977 to 1987 where he tallied a record of 302--43 and guided the Ravens to 10 Texas Junior College Athletic Conference titles as well as NJCAA championships in 1983, 1984 and 1986. He was named the NJCAA Region XIV Coach-of-the-Year in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987 and the national Coach-of-the-Year in 1983 and 1986. His 1985--86 squad led the nation in scoring, averaging 101 points per game.
### South Alabama {#south_alabama}
Arrow was named head coach of the Jaguars on July 1, 1987 and in his seven seasons as the Jaguars coach, Arrow compiled a record of 114--93.
Arrow was named Sun Belt Coach of the Year in 1989 after guiding the Jaguars to both the regular and post-season tournament SunBelt titles.
South Alabama finished with a 23--9 mark, a first round NCAA Tournament victory over cross-state rival Alabama before falling 91--82 to the eventual national champion Michigan in the second round. The Jags finished the season ranked 24th in the country.
Following the 1990--1991 season, Arrow was named the Sun Belt Conference Coach-of-the-Year for the second time after engineering the most dramatic turnaround in league history. That year, his Jaguars became the first SunBelt squad ever to leap from last to first place in a single season. Projected to finish fifth in the conference, South Alabama went on to capture the league crown with an 11--3 mark.
The Jags finished the season with a 22--9 record, swept through the Sun Belt Tournament and advanced to the NCAA Tournament before falling to Utah in the first-round.
Over the years, Arrow developed a reputation in the collegiate basketball circles for up-tempo, high-scoring teams. His squads led the Sun Belt Conference in scoring four of his seven seasons at South Alabama. His 1988--89 squad set a school and league record 91 points per game average and five of his seven teams tallied at least 80 points per game.
Arrow was dismissed by then university president Frederick Whiddon in the fall of 1994 after beginning that season 1--3 and suffering losses in his final two games by 68 and 46 points.
### Junior World Cup Team {#junior_world_cup_team}
In the summer of 1989, Arrow coached the United States Junior World Cup Team to a perfect 7--0 record and the gold medal at the Pan-American Basketball Confederation (COPABA) Junior World Championship in Uruguay.
Among his players were future NBA stars Grant Hill, Calbert Cheaney and Allan Houston.
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# Ronnie Arrow
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Texas A&M--Corpus Christi {#texas_amcorpus_christi}
Arrow is the first basketball coach at TAMCC and started the program as a Division I school after it had gone 25 years without a basketball program. He got the job thanks to a recommendation from Tim Floyd.
Arrow began the Islanders program in July 1998. Arrow guided A&M--Corpus Christi to an impressive 13--13 mark in year one of the project. The Islanders, winners of five-consecutive games to close the season, turned some heads early with their 76--74 upset of 2000 NCAA-Tournament qualifier, Samford in the first round of the Holiday Tribune Classic. A&M-Corpus Christi even took its cracks at \"Goliath\" as well. In the finals of the Holiday Tribune Classic, the Islanders were tied 34--34 with Iowa State, the eventual champion of the Big 12 Conference and a team that advanced to the Elite Eight.
Arrow put Texas A&M--Corpus Christi on the national map in 2003 when they were ranked in the top-25 Mid-Major Poll nearly the entire season last year and even received votes in the ESPN/USA Today Top-25 Coaches Poll during the 2004--2005 season.
His Islanders got immediate attention when they took down Florida State, 70--67 on the Seminoles home court on Nov 22, 2004, then followed that up with an upset win over Old Dominion, handing the Monarchs one of their five losses in the regular season.
During his tenure, Arrow led the Islanders to wins over such programs as Texas Tech and Texas A&M, as well as 2004 NCAA Tournament-qualifier Murray State.
During the 2000--01 campaign, Arrow\'s Islanders notched a 14--14 record, which included an 86--80 victory over Texas Tech in Lubbock. Under his direction, the Islanders eclipsed the 100-point barrier six times en route to an 85.5-point per game average, which would have ranked third in the country if not for TAMUCC\'s \"provisional\" status. Michael Hicks finished off his brilliant two-year career by posting 26.7 points per contest, which would have ranked second among all NCAA Division I scorers. He gained all-region honors following the season.
In 2007 Arrow and the Islanders earned their first berth in the NCAA Tournament at Midwest Regional as the #15 seed. They lost 76--63 to #2 seed Wisconsin in the first round.
Arrow was 134--91 in eight years at A&M-Corpus Christi. His last three years, the Islanders were 66--23. They won the Southland Conference regular-season and tournament titles and made the school\'s first NCAA appearance in 2007, losing to number 2 seed, Wisconsin in the first round after leading by 18 pts. He was named the 2007 Southland Conference Coach of the Year.
### South Alabama (second stint) {#south_alabama_second_stint}
On April 17, 2007 Arrow returned for a second tenure at South Alabama. He inherited a veteran team left by John Pelphrey, who left for the University of Arkansas. Arrow intended to employ an up-tempo style and build on the success of a South Alabama club that went 44--19 the last two years under Pelphrey.
On January 24, 2009, in a game against the University of Louisiana at Lafayette\'s Ragin\' Cajuns, Arrow contested the winning shot, claiming that the buzzer sounded before the Cajuns\' Randell Daigle made the 3-point shot to win the game. After reviewing the video, Arrow argued with officials while a sports intern from KLFY-TV filmed the incident. There has been no official complaint filed with the Sun Belt Conference or with South Alabama over the ordeal.
Arrow abruptly announced his retirement from the University of South Alabama on December 19, 2012. The Jaguars had a 5--5 record at the time. He was succeeded on an interim basis by associate head coach Jeff Price.
## Head coaching record {#head_coaching_record}
### College
### Junior College {#junior_college}
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# Ronnie Arrow
## Awards
- 1983 NJCAA National Coach of the Year
- 1983 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
- 1984 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
- 1986 NJCAA National Coach of the Year
- 1986 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
- 1987 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
- 1989 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year
- 1991 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year
- 2007 Southland Conference Coach of the Year
- 2008 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year
## Personal
- Arrow and his wife, Nelda, have one daughter, Ailey.
- In junior college, Arrow coached several players who went onto enjoy careers in the NBA: Walter Berry, Alton Lister, Ladell Eackles and Larry Spriggs.
- Bachelor of Science, Southwest Texas State, 1969
- Master of Education, Sam Houston State, 1972
- Before becoming a college coach, Arrow served as head coach at Pasadena (Texas) High School
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# Oštiepok
**Oštiepok** (Slovak; plural: *oštiepky*) is a traditional smoked sheep milk cheese made in Slovakia. Oštiepok is a protected trade name under the EU\'s protected geographical indication.
A similar cheese is made by Gorals under the name Oscypek. The cheeses differ in ingredients\' ratios, cheesemaking process and the characteristics of the final products
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| 0 |
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# Sitobolium
***Sitobolium punctilobulum**\'\', the**eastern hayscented fern** or**hay-scented fern**, is a species of fern native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Alabama; it is most abundant in the east of its range, with only scattered populations in the west. It is the sole species in genus***Sitobolium**\'\'.
It is a deciduous fern with fronds growing to 40--100 cm (rarely 130 cm) tall and 10--30 cm broad; the fronds are bipinnate, with pinnatifid pinnules about three times as long as broad. It occurs in damp or dry acidic soils in woods or open woods, from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude.
*Sitobolium punctilobulum* can exhibit varying degrees of phototropism. The common name \"Hay-scented Fern\" comes from the fact that crushing it produces an aroma of fresh hay.
The presence of *Sitobolium punctilobulum* influences the dynamics of the understory vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of *Rubus allegheniensis* in open areas encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as deer) reduce the abundance of *Rubus allegheniensis*, *Sitobolium punctilobulum*, which is not browsed by deer, takes over. Where *Sitobolium punctilobulum* becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.
It was first described as *Nephrodium punctilobulum* by André Michaux in 1803, and has been known by a variety of synonyms. Plants of the World Online accepts *Sitobolium punctilobulum*
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# George Douglas, Master of Angus
{{ infobox noble \| name = George Douglas, Master of Angus \| image = \| caption = \| noble family = House of Douglas and Angus \| father = Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus \| mother = Elizabeth Boyd \| spouse = Elizabeth Drummond \| birth_date = 1469 \| birth_place = Tantallon Castle, Kingdom of Scotland \| death_date = \| death_place = Flodden }} **George Douglas, Master of Angus** (1469 -- 9 September 1513) was a Scottish Nobleman. The son of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus and Elizabeth Boyd, daughter of Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd, he was born at Tantallon Castle and died at the Battle of Flodden.
## Overview
In 1489 the 5th Earl of Angus, Douglas\'s father resigned his lordships of Tantallon, Douglasdale, Liddesdale, Ewesdale, Eskdale, Selkirk, and Jedburgh Forest to the crown. James III then granted a new charter in favour of the Master.
During the stand off between James III and the party backing his son James, then Duke of Rothesay, the Master attended the last parliament of the king before his death in the Battle of Sauchieburn. It is not recorded to which faction the younger Angus adhered to. He attended parliament again under the newly crowned James IV in 1490.
The Master did not take an active part in Public affairs until 1499 when he took formal control over his lordships of Eskdale and Ewesdale. These lordships had become renowned for lawlessness and banditry, and the Master was appointed by the King as warden of Eskdale. In his capacity of Warden he met with his English counterpart Lord Dacre at Canonbie to hear grievances and fix punishments.
The Younger Angus was not a particularly effective at restoring law and order. His undue leniency to his own tenantry caused the King to deprive him of office in 1506, granting it instead to Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home. George did however, gain the Barony of Crawford-Lindsay in 1510, and his father made over his estates of Kirriemuir, Abernethy, and Horsehopecleugh in the same year.
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# George Douglas, Master of Angus
## Death at Flodden Field {#death_at_flodden_field}
In late August 1513 the Master of Angus rode out with his father the Earl, and his younger brother Sir William Douglas of Glenbervie at the head of a large Douglas contingent and their adherents. On reaching the mustering point at the Ellemford, north of Duns, they joined with the largest and most modern army that Scotland had ever fielded. The army proceeded under King James into England where it eventually met with the army of the Earl of Surrey at Flodden Edge.
A petulant Earl of Angus, having had his advice snubbed by King James, left the field and returned to Scotland, leaving the Master and his brother in charge of the Douglas contingent.
Nothing more is recorded of the Master of Angus except an anecdote recorded by David Hume of Godscroft recording the last moments of King James. When Sir Edward Stanley had broken the Scottish left under the Earl of Lennox and Earl of Argyll. King James in the centre dismounted and prepared to make his stand amongst his spearmen. On noticing the Master of Angus still on horseback, he cried to him, \"asking if it had been in the manner of his race to remain mounted while their sovereign fought on foot\". To which the Master replied asking whether \"it was the fashion of the King of Scots to wear his mail and armorial bearings while fighting on foot\". The master hit a raw nerve in James\'s chivalric mind and he replied \"I dare fight upon my feet as well as you or any subject I have, and that without coat-armour or royal cognisance.\"
The English billmen now closed on the Scottish centre and King James was found within a spear length of Surrey. Whether Godscroft\'s anecdote is true or not, that the Master of Angus\'s taunts drove him to his death, the Master was equal to the King in reckless gallantry. The Master\'s corpse was found amongst the twelve Scottish Earls and seventeen Lords who died. According to Godscroft over 200 men of the name of Douglas also died.
## Marriage
In 1485 the Master of Angus was contracted in marriage to Margaret, daughter of Laurence Oliphant, 1st Lord Oliphant. It appears that this contract was not fulfilled as George was wed in 1488 to Elizabeth Drummond, daughter of John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond. The marriage ran afoul of the strictures of a small feudal society such as Scotland: it was found out some years after the marriage that it was within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. The Master of Angus applied for and successfully obtained Papal dispensation in 1495
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# Hizen-Fumoto Station
is a passenger railway station located in the city of Tosu, Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu.
## Lines
The station is served by the Nagasaki Main Line and is located 4.2 km from the starting point of the line at `{{STN|Tosu|x}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. A small station building of concrete construction serves as a waiting room and houses automatic ticket vending machines. The ticket window became unstaffed in 2015. Access to the opposite side platform is by means of a footbridge.
### Platforms
<file:Platform> of Hizen-Fumoto Station.jpg\|View of the platforms and tracks.
## History
Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the station as `{{nihongo|Hizen-Fumoto signal box|肥前麓信号場|Hizen-Fumoto-shingōba}}`{=mediawiki} on 30 September 1942 on the existing track of the Nagasaki Main Line. On 1 March 1947, the facility was upgraded to a full station and passenger traffic commenced. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.
In January 2015, JR Kyushu announced that Hizen-Fumoto would become an unstaffed station from 14 March 2015. This was part of a major effort by the company to reduce its operating deficit by ceasing to staff 32 stations in its network.
## Passenger statistics {#passenger_statistics}
In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 460 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), and it ranked 227th among the busiest stations of JR Kyushu.
## Surrounding area {#surrounding_area}
There are many homes and factories in the area
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# Altos del Rosario
**Altos del Rosario** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## Climate
Altos del Rosario has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from January to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months. `{{Weather box
|location = Altos del Rosario
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 32.9
|Feb high C = 33.4
|Mar high C = 33.8
|Apr high C = 33.3
|May high C = 32.5
|Jun high C = 32.4
|Jul high C = 32.9
|Aug high C = 32.8
|Sep high C = 32.1
|Oct high C = 31.5
|Nov high C = 31.5
|Dec high C = 32.2
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 28.3
|Feb mean C = 28.6
|Mar mean C = 29.1
|Apr mean C = 28.9
|May mean C = 28.5
|Jun mean C = 28.4
|Jul mean C = 28.5
|Aug mean C = 28.5
|Sep mean C = 28.0
|Oct mean C = 27.7
|Nov mean C = 27.8
|Dec mean C = 28.0
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 23.7
|Feb low C = 23.9
|Mar low C = 24.5
|Apr low C = 24.6
|May low C = 24.6
|Jun low C = 24.4
|Jul low C = 24.2
|Aug low C = 24.2
|Sep low C = 23.9
|Oct low C = 24.0
|Nov low C = 24.2
|Dec low C = 23.9
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 41.1
|Feb rain mm = 42.3
|Mar rain mm = 87.5
|Apr rain mm = 224.2
|May rain mm = 370.6
|Jun rain mm = 294.3
|Jul rain mm = 307.4
|Aug rain mm = 365.6
|Sep rain mm = 482.8
|Oct rain mm = 534.5
|Nov rain mm = 440.9
|Dec rain mm = 166.8
|year rain mm =
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 7
|May rain days = 11
|Jun rain days = 9
|Jul rain days = 10
|Aug rain days = 11
|Sep rain days = 14
|Oct rain days = 15
|Nov rain days = 13
|Dec rain days = 5
|Year rain days =
|source 1 = IDEAM<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128|title= Data |website= www.ideam.gov
| 397 |
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| 0 |
10,062,707 |
# Nate Berkenstock
**Nathan \"Nate\" Berkenstock** (September 17, 1832 -- February 23, 1900) was an American professional baseball player. He is believed to be the earliest-born professional baseball player, three years older than the next oldest player, Hall of Famer Harry Wright, who was born in 1835. (Originally thought to have been born in 1831, Berkenstock\'s grave gives his birth year as 1832; see below.) Berkenstock played in just one pro league game: the game that decided the first professional baseball league championship in the United States, in 1871. He was Jewish.
## Early baseball career {#early_baseball_career}
Exactly when Berkenstock first took up the game of baseball is unknown; the National Association of Base Ball Players, the first organized amateur league, was not founded until 1857, when he was 25. Peter Morris, in *But Didn\'t We Have Fun?: An Informal History of Baseball\'s Pioneer Era, 1843--1870*, mentions him as a noteworthy player from amateur days, but doesn\'t specify when he began. According to Marshall D. Wright\'s book, *The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857--1870*, Berkenstock debuted with the Athletic Club of Philadelphia (the original team of this name, and not related to the American League team that now plays in West Sacramento) in 1863, when he was 31. The *New York Clipper* newspaper described Berkenstock as \"not a pretty player, being heavy and clumsy, but does good service (and) generally manages to hold any ball thrown to him.\" He also served as treasurer for the Athletics.
Statistics were very sketchy in the early days of baseball; the only numbers available today are Games Played, Runs Scored and \"Hands Lost\" (a player was charged with a Hand Lost every time he made an out at bat or on the basepaths). Stats like hits, walks, total bases and runs batted in were still years away from being compiled. Generally speaking, a good player would score more runs than have Hands Lost.
Berkenstock played four years with Athletic, from 1863 to 1866:
Year Positions Games Runs Hands Lost
------------ -------------- -------- --------- ------------
1863 1B-OF 9 19 25
1864 1B 8 28 20
1865 1B 15 59 38
1866 1B (reserve) 13 66 48
**Totals** **45** **172** **131**
Athletic was among the top teams in the nation in the 1860s, winning an (unofficial) national championship in 1867, the year after Berkenstock retired.
## Berkenstock comes back {#berkenstock_comes_back}
On October 30, 1871, the Athletics met the Chicago White Stockings at the Union Grounds in Brooklyn, to decide the 1871 championship. In the first season of America\'s first professional league, the National Association, the title was decided not by winning percentage but simply *wins*; going into the final game, the Athletics had 20 victories (as did the Boston Red Stockings) while Chicago had 19; the \"Championship Committee\" decreed before the contest that the winner would take the pennant.
The fact that the White Stockings were playing at all was significant: the Great Chicago Fire had earlier that month wiped out their ballpark and all their equipment, forcing them to play their remaining games on the road, wearing makeshift and borrowed uniforms. The Athletics also had problems: center fielder Count Sensenderfer had injured his knee, so they called on Berkenstock---by now a 39-year-old out of the game for five years---to play right field, while right fielder George Bechtel moved to center. Philadelphia won the game, and the championship, by a 4--1 count. Berkenstock failed to get a hit in four trips to the plate (striking out three times), but recorded three putouts in the field, including the final out of the game.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Berkenstock was married twice, to Maria Louisa Fable (1832--1871) in 1855, and to Esther H. Gresh (1836--1921) in 1885. With Maria, Nate had two daughters: Lilly L. Berkenstock (1859--1944) and May Malvina Berkenstock (1866--1867). A SABR report indicates he served in the American Civil War, enlisting in 1862 and mustering out after two weeks. In 1885, at age 53, Berkenstock played in an old-timer\'s game between the Athletic and Brooklyn Atlantics teams.
He died in Philadelphia on February 23, 1900; his obituary (\"Old Base Ball Man Dead\", *Philadelphia Inquirer*, Feb 25, 1900, p.4) states that he was \"one of the best known hat dealers in this state\" and that his home was on Diamond Street. Berkenstock\'s tombstone gives his birth date as September 17, 1832
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# Père Fouettard
; `{{IPA|fr|pɛʁ fwɛtaʁ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a character who accompanies Saint Nicholas on his rounds during Saint Nicholas Day (6 December) dispensing lumps of coal and/or beatings to naughty children while Saint Nicholas gives gifts to the well behaved. He is known mainly in the far north and eastern regions of France, in the south of Belgium, and in French-speaking Switzerland, although similar characters exist all over Europe (see Companions of Saint Nicholas). This \"Happy Father\" was said to bring a whip with him to spank all of the naughty children who misbehaved.
## Origin
The most popular story about the origin of *Père Fouettard* was first told about the year 1252. An innkeeper (or a butcher in other versions) captures three boys who appear to be wealthy and on their way to enroll in a religious boarding school. Along with his wife, he kills the children in order to rob them. One gruesome version tells that they drug the children, slit their throats, cut them into pieces, and stew them in a barrel. Saint Nicholas discovers the crime and resurrects the children. After this, *Père Fouettard* repents and becomes Saint Nicholas\' partner. A slightly different version of this story claims that Saint Nicholas forced *Père Fouettard* to become his assistant as a punishment for his crimes.
Another story states that during the Siege of Metz (a city in Eastern France) in 1552, an effigy of king Charles V was burned and dragged through the city. Meanwhile, an association of tanners created a grotesque character (also a tanner) armed with a whip and bound in chains who punished children. After Metz was liberated, the charred effigy of Charles V and the character created by the tanners somehow assimilated into what is now known as *Père Fouettard*. Events surrounding the city\'s liberation and the burning of the effigy coincided with the passage of Saint Nicholas, hence *Père Fouettard* became his \"bad cop\" counterpart.
In the 1930s, *Père Fouettard* appeared in the United States under the translated name Father Flog or Spanky. Although almost identical to the original French personification, Father Flog had nothing to do with Christmas and also had a female accomplice named Mother Flog. The two doled out specific punishments for specific childhood crimes (e.g. cutting out the tongue for lying).
## Appearance
The most common depiction of *Père Fouettard* is of a man with a sinister face dressed in dark robes with scraggly unkempt hair and a long beard. He is armed with a whip, a large stick, or bundles of switches. Some incarnations of the character have him wearing a wicker backpack in which children can be placed and carried away. Sometimes, he merely carries a large bundle of sticks on his back.
## Père Fouettard in popular culture {#père_fouettard_in_popular_culture}
- Jacques Dutronc\'s song *La Fille du père Noël* (The daughter of Father Christmas) is about Père Fouettard\'s son having a crush on Santa Claus\' daughter.
- Another French pop star, Alain DeLorme, mentioned him in the song \"Venez Venez St. Nicolas\"
- There is a restaurant named Le Père Fouettard at 9 Rue Pierre Lescot, in Paris which features \"Classic Parisian Fare\".
- Robert Schumann composed a piano piece in 1848 most commonly known as Knecht Ruprecht (a similar character, see Companions of Saint Nicholas), but in some cases the piece is called Le Père Fouettard.
- Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab, a line of hand-blended perfume oils, created a limited-edition Yule scent in 2008 named Le Père Fouettard consisting of \"Whip leather, coal dust, gaufrette, and black licorice.\"
- Père Fouettard (renamed \"Gruzzlebeard\" in the English translation) was the main antagonist in the animated show *The Secret World of Santa Claus*.
- In the 2023 Hallmark Channel original film \"Joyeux Noel\", the character of Mark played by Brant Daugherty is playfully attacked by French children who call him Père Fouettard.
- In the 2024 Season 4, episode six episode of *Emily in Paris*, the legend of Le Père Fouettard is explained
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# Arenal del Sur
**Arenal** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
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| 0 |
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# Law Reform Commission of Western Australia
The **Law Reform Commission of Western Australia** is a commission to investigate, review and advise on the reform of the law in Western Australia, a state of Australia. The present commission came into existence on 31 October 1972.
## History
There has been a history of law reform in common law countries such as Australia. Prior to the establishment of the commission, various parliamentary inquiries, ad hoc commissions, or panels had advised on law reform.
One of the first systematic attempts was in 1822 and 1823, when Commissioner John Thomas Bigge, a former Chief Justice of Trinidad, prepared three reports on the state of the colony of New South Wales. Those reports recommended various changes in the legal system, government, and use of convicts in the colonies. The present commission is a successor to that grand history of law reform in Australia.
The commission was the first permanent body established in Western Australia to continually conduct and investigate law reform. Its establishment was important as it was an independent body that could devote its deliberations full-time to examining law reform in the state
## Constitution
The commission is established under the Law Reform Commission Act 1972 (WA). The Governor of Western Australia may appoint members of the commission. Two members are to be full-time and three members are to be part-time.
The part-time members are to include a lawyer, a senior academic from a university, and a senior office of the Western Australian State Solicitor Office. Part-time members are appointed for three years.
The full-time members are to be lawyers or other people who in the opinion of the governor have the necessary experience to be on the commission. Full-time members are appointed for five years.
The chairperson is elected by the members of the commission. The current chairperson is Gillian Braddock `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|SC}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Functions
The Commission from time to time will make recommendations to the Attorney-General of Western Australia for possible references for the Commission to consider. The Attorney-General may direct the Commission to report on those suggestions, or may direct the Commission to report on other matters. The Attorney-General may also direct the Commission as to the order in which reports are to be considered.
After completing the report, the Commission forwards it to the Attorney General, who then is required to table it in the Western Australian Parliament.
The Commission is also required to make an annual report on its work during the year. The commission\'s reporting year starts in July and ends in June.
The report is then provided to the Attorney-General, who may then table the report in the State Parliament.
## Work of the commission {#work_of_the_commission}
Some of the reports of the commission include reports on Courts of Petty Session, the criminal justice system, law of contempt, aboriginal customary laws and the judicial review of administrative decisions
| 480 |
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| 0 |
10,062,759 |
# Hughes Parry Hall, London
**Hughes Parry Hall** was one of eight intercollegiate halls of the University of London. The Hall was part of the Garden Halls grouping administered by the bursarial team also responsible for Canterbury Hall and Commonwealth Hall.
At the time of writing Hughes Parry Hall is closed as part of the University of London\'s redevelopment of its student accommodation on Cartwright Gardens. In August 2013 the University received planning permission to redevelop the Garden Halls site. The hall\'s last residents moved out on 14 June 2014, after which the hall was closed.
The redevelopment is in progress and includes the demolition of a four storey wing of the original 1960s building. The 13 storey tower which forms the bulk of the building is being refurbished and will return as part of the redevelopment.
## Facilities
Prior to its closure in 2014 the hall accommodated just over 300 residents. The hall was open to students from all colleges, but because of its proximity to the colleges concerned students from UCL, King\'s and the LSE tended to dominate the student body. The hall was opened in 1969 and its design and facilities bore witness to the exigencies of that time: the thirteen-story tower block had shared bathroom facilities and there was little by way of communal kitchen arrangements (although the hall provided both breakfast and evening meals). There were squash courts, TV and games rooms, and an active student society, run by a committee drawn from the students. The hall also benefited from its location overlooking Cartwright Gardens in WC1 where tennis courts were available to residents. In the early days of the Hall, at Christmas the students were accustomed to wrap decorative paper around the life-size statue of John Cartwright in the Gardens that are named after him, though this tradition ceased in the 1970s.
## History
Although Hughes Parry Hall was affectionately known by some students as \"Huge Party Hall\", it is in fact named after the distinguished lawyer and Vice-Chancellor of the University, Sir David Hughes Parry (1893--1973).
The hall was originally for male students only; it became a mixed residence in 1971. The adjacent Canterbury (female) and Commonwealth (male) halls remained single-sex well into the 1980s;
## Wardens
The first warden, Dr Jeffery David Lewins, was appointed in December 1968. The first students were admitted in 1969 and the Hall was officially opened by the Chancellor of the university, her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in February 1970. Dr Lewins spent ten years in the hall with his family.
For most of the 1980s the warden was Dr P Throsby, famed among students for his lavish invitation-only dinner parties.
From 1995 to 2009, the Warden of Hughes Parry Hall was Professor Martyn Rady. In 2009, Professor Rady was succeeded as Warden by his hitherto deputy, Dr Paul Stock. Fiona Elder retained responsibility as Bursar for Hughes Parry, for the other two halls in Cartwright Gardens and also for Connaught Hall and College Hall
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# Brett Murphy
**Brett Murphy** is an American journalist, best known as a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2018 for his investigative reporting series on the exploitation of truckers in California. He was also a child actor in the early 2000s, appearing in films including *Fever Pitch*.
Murphy\'s article \"Rigged\", published by USA Today and detailing the financial exploitation of port truckers, won plaudits including the Hillman Prize, the National Headliner Award for Investigative Reporting, the Gerald Loeb Award, the Sidney Award and the Al McDowell Award. He was a finalist for both the Pulitzer Prize in National Reporting and the ASNE Awards for Justice in Journalism. Murphy had previously been a finalist for the IRE Awards in Investigation Innovation in 2016.
## Early life and acting career {#early_life_and_acting_career}
Murphy was born on October 4, 1991, in Worcester, Massachusetts. His early life included a child acting career spanning theater, commercials, films, and television shows. Murphy\'s acting career spanned 2003 to 2006. After performing in local youth theatre, Murphy appeared in commercials including for Disney World, Ocean Spray, General Mills, Campbell\'s, The *New York Post*, and Papa Gino\'s. From 2003 until 2005, Murphy had a recurring role as Edwin in five episodes of the ABC sitcom *Hope and Faith*. In 2005, Murphy had a role in the feature film *Fever Pitch* as Ryan. In 2005, Murphy appeared in the feature film *Fever Pitch* and an episode of *Saturday Night Live*. Murphy\'s last professional acting credit was an appearance in the pilot episode of *Damages*. Murphy attended St. John\'s High School in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts.
## Education
Murphy studied non-fiction writing at the University of Pittsburgh and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts on Dec. 14, 2013, summa cum laude. He subsequently attended the University of California, Berkeley\'s Graduate School of Journalism, graduating with a Master of Journalism in May 2016.
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# Brett Murphy
## Journalism career {#journalism_career}
Before joining USA Today as an investigative reporter, Murphy worked for the *Naples Daily News*, CBS Interactive, and the magazine *Pitt Med*. He has also contributed to the *Guardian*, Univision, *San Jose Mercury News*, CNET, NPR, and PBS affiliate KQED.
Brett Murphy currently works for the USA Today network in Florida as an investigative reporter. His series "Rigged: Forced in Debt. Worked Past Exhaustion," which reports on labor exploitation in the California trucking industry, won him critical acclaim in 2018. Following its publication, California passed legislation, Senate Bill No. 1402, to hold labor violations more accountable. Murphy co-founded the weekly newsletter *Local Matters* with fellow journalists Joseph Cranney and Alexandra Glorioso in 2016, curating local investigative news from over 100 different newspapers.
In 2022, Murphy and his co-authors won a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award in Criminal Justice for their December 2021 article, \"Behind the Blue Wall of Silence,\" published in USA Today. This investigative report examined the culture of retaliation against police whistleblowers.
Brett Murphy\'s December 2022 report in ProPublica, \"Words of Conviction,\" earned a George Polk Award for Justice Reporting and the 2023 Brechner Freedom of Information Award. The investigative report debunked \"911 call analysis,\" a technique developed by retired police chief Tracy Harpster, purporting to indicate the guilt of callers reporting the death of someone based on their voice patterns during the call.
In 2024, Murphy was among the ProPublica authors awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their reporting on the billionaires giving gifts to the US Supreme Court\'s justices and covering their travel expenses
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# Paul Pierné
**Paul Pierné** (30 June 1874 -- 24 March 1952) was a French composer and organist.
## Career
Born in Metz, he was a cousin of composer and organist Gabriel Pierné. His first musical lessons were from his father Charles, himself a former student of César Franck. Pierné later studied at the Conservatoire de Paris under Georges Caussade and Charles Lenepveu. He received a mention in the 1903 Prix de Rome, and took second place in the competition in 1904.
He served as organist at St-Paul-St-Louis Church in Paris, succeeding his father in the position in 1905 until his own death in Paris 1952.
His compositional output was wide-ranging, including two operas, several ballets, two symphonies, a number of orchestral tone poems, and chamber music, as well as large-form religious works, including two masses, an oratorio, and several smaller choral and organ works
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# Arjona, Bolívar
**Arjona** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia, about 30 km southeast of Cartagena de Indias.
Its primary activity is farming and producing the main recognized product, called Bollo by native people from there
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# Aaron Bold
**Aaron Bold** (born April 22, 1985) is a Canadian professional box lacrosse goaltender for the Vancouver Warriors of the National Lacrosse League. Bold was drafted in the third round (29th overall) in the 2005 National Lacrosse League entry draft by the Portland Lumberjax.
Bold was named Defensive Player of the Week for his performance in the Stealth\'s 12-7 win at New York in week 6 of the 2008 NLL season
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# Arroyohondo
**Arroyohondo** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
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# Barranco de Loba
**Barranco de Loba** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## Climate
Barranco de Loba has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate rainfall from December to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall from April to November. `{{Weather box
|location = Barranco de Loba
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 32.7
|Feb high C = 33.3
|Mar high C = 33.7
|Apr high C = 33.3
|May high C = 32.3
|Jun high C = 32.3
|Jul high C = 32.8
|Aug high C = 32.7
|Sep high C = 32.0
|Oct high C = 31.3
|Nov high C = 31.3
|Dec high C = 31.9
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 28.0
|Feb mean C = 28.5
|Mar mean C = 29.1
|Apr mean C = 28.9
|May mean C = 28.4
|Jun mean C = 28.4
|Jul mean C = 28.6
|Aug mean C = 28.4
|Sep mean C = 28.0
|Oct mean C = 27.7
|Nov mean C = 27.7
|Dec mean C = 27.8
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 23.4
|Feb low C = 23.7
|Mar low C = 24.5
|Apr low C = 24.5
|May low C = 24.6
|Jun low C = 24.5
|Jul low C = 24.4
|Aug low C = 24.2
|Sep low C = 24.0
|Oct low C = 24.1
|Nov low C = 24.2
|Dec low C = 23.8
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 26.2
|Feb rain mm = 28.1
|Mar rain mm = 78.2
|Apr rain mm = 157.6
|May rain mm = 255.0
|Jun rain mm = 213.0
|Jul rain mm = 187.6
|Aug rain mm = 274.9
|Sep rain mm = 352.0
|Oct rain mm = 354.2
|Nov rain mm = 258.7
|Dec rain mm = 89.8
|year rain mm =
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 4
|Apr rain days = 8
|May rain days = 10
|Jun rain days = 9
|Jul rain days = 8
|Aug rain days = 11
|Sep rain days = 13
|Oct rain days = 13
|Nov rain days = 10
|Dec rain days = 4
|Year rain days =
|source 1 = IDEAM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128|title=Data|website=www.ideam.gov.co|access-date=2020-08-23|archive-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1981%2B-%2B2010
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# Calamar, Bolívar
**Calamar** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. The town is situated on the Magdalena River at the entrance of the Canal del Dique.
Calamar was founded in the republican period, under the government of the general Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera . The first inhabitants arrived in the year 1840, settled in the site that today is called Calamar (initially denominated Gamarra), in an extensive plain between the swamp of the Blacks and the Grande river of the Magdalena
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# Overdrive voltage
**Overdrive voltage**, usually abbreviated as **V~OV~**, is typically referred to in the context of MOSFET transistors. The overdrive voltage is defined as the voltage between transistor gate and source (V~GS~) in excess of the threshold voltage (V~TH~) where V~TH~ is defined as the minimum voltage required between gate and source to turn the transistor on (allow it to conduct electricity). Due to this definition, overdrive voltage is also known as \"excess gate voltage\" or \"effective voltage.\" Overdrive voltage can be found using the simple equation: V~OV~ = V~GS~ − V~TH~.
## Technology
V~OV~ is important as it directly affects the output drain terminal current (I~D~) of the transistor, an important property of amplifier circuits. By increasing V~OV~, I~D~ can be increased until saturation is reached.
Overdrive voltage is also important because of its relationship to V~DS~, the drain voltage relative to the source, which can be used to determine the region of operation of the MOSFET. The table below shows how to use overdrive voltage to understand what region of operation the MOSFET is in:
Conditions Region of Operation Description
-------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V~DS~ \> V~OV~; V~GS~ \> V~TH~ Saturation (CCR) The MOSFET is delivering a high amount of current, and changing V~DS~ won\'t do much.
V~DS~ \< V~OV~; V~GS~ \> V~TH~ Triode (Linear) The MOSFET is delivering current in a linear relationship to the voltage (V~DS~).
V~GS~ \< V~TH~ Cutoff The MOSFET is turned off, and should not be delivering any current.
A more physics-related explanation follows:
In an NMOS transistor, the channel region under zero bias has an abundance of holes (i.e., it is p-type silicon). By applying a negative gate bias (V~GS~ \< 0) we attract more holes, and this is called accumulation. A positive gate voltage (V~GS~ \> 0) will attract electrons and repel holes, and this is called depletion because we are depleting the number of holes. At a critical voltage called the threshold voltage (V~TH~) the channel will actually be so depleted of holes and rich in electrons that it will INVERT to being n-type silicon, and this is called the inversion region.
As we increase this voltage, V~GS~, beyond V~TH~, we are said to be then overdriving the gate by creating a stronger channel, hence the overdrive (often called V~ov~, V~od~, or V~on~) is defined as (V~GS~ − V~TH~)
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# Cantagallo, Bolívar
**Cantagallo** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. It is the southernmost municipality of the province. It was founded on 1 January 1938 and became a municipality by Ordinance no. 30 of 16 December 1994.
## Climate
Cantagallo has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to little rainfall from December to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall from April to November. `{{Weather box
|location = Cantagallo
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 33.0
|Feb high C = 33.4
|Mar high C = 33.6
|Apr high C = 32.7
|May high C = 32.2
|Jun high C = 32.4
|Jul high C = 32.7
|Aug high C = 32.4
|Sep high C = 32.0
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 31.6
|Dec high C = 32.3
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 28.4
|Feb mean C = 28.8
|Mar mean C = 29.3
|Apr mean C = 28.7
|May mean C = 28.4
|Jun mean C = 28.5
|Jul mean C = 28.5
|Aug mean C = 28.3
|Sep mean C = 28.1
|Oct mean C = 27.8
|Nov mean C = 28.0
|Dec mean C = 28.4
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 23.9
|Feb low C = 24.2
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 24.8
|May low C = 24.7
|Jun low C = 24.6
|Jul low C = 24.3
|Aug low C = 24.3
|Sep low C = 24.2
|Oct low C = 24.3
|Nov low C = 24.5
|Dec low C = 24
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# Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
***Robert E. Lee: Civil War General*** is a 1996 computer wargame developed by Impressions Games and published by Sierra On-Line. Set during the American Civil War, it tasks the player with leading the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to victory against the Union Army of the Potomac. Impressions sought to make *Civil War General* accessible to wargame newcomers by streamlining its gameplay, and the *Panzer General* series was a reference point for its design and title.
*Civil War General* was a commercial success and the best-selling wargame of 1996. Critics noted its accessibility compared to other games in its genre; several praised it for combining simplified mechanics and depth, while *Computer Games Strategy Plus* found it overly shallow. In 1997, *Civil War General* was followed by a sequel, *Grant, Lee, Sherman: Civil War Generals 2*. A third game was planned, but was cancelled due to low sales projections.
## Gameplay
*Robert E. Lee: Civil War General* is a computer wargame with turn-based gameplay, which unfolds on a hex map playing field. Set during the American Civil War, the game casts players in the role of General Robert E. Lee, and tasks them with leading the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to victory over the Union Army of the Potomac. It portrays eight Civil War conflicts, including the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of the Wilderness and a speculative scenario in which Lee lays siege to Washington, D.C.
Each battle lacks a firm victory condition. Instead of winning by holding victory points or destroying all enemy forces, the player\'s goal is to outperform the opponent overall and to lower enemy morale, in line with the Confederacy\'s own strategy during the Civil War. As in the historical conflict, battles are asymmetrical, as the player\'s Confederate troops are limited and undersupplied compared to the Union army.
The game is turn-based and covers seven battles of the Eastern Theater in the Civil War as well as a bonus fictional attack by the Army of Northern Virginia on Washington D.C. Each battle may be played individually or serially in campaign mode. The multi-day battles (Second Bull Run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Wilderness) may be played from start to finish or the player may start on the second or third day of the battle. Normally, the player may only control the Confederate side however a hidden multiplayer feature is accessible for campaign mode by holding down the Ctrl key while clicking on the \"Start New Campaign\" button. During campaign mode, the player in between battles may dismiss leaders (excluding corps commanders) and upgrade or downgrade a unit\'s weapons. Leaders\' ratings may improve after a battle.
Units lose a certain number of men to straggling after engaging in combat, changing formation, or moving around the map. By having a unit rest or dig in, stragglers return to the ranks and the unit\'s stats will increase. The multi-day battles have a day/night cycle; during nighttime the player may not initiate attacks and moving units will have a high cost in health/organization. Units regain more health and organization while resting at night than during daytime. In addition, there is a dawn and dusk turn in which attacks may be performed, but at a higher cost in health and organization than daytime. In addition, units receive a morale penalty from being moved too much at night. Resting units during dawn/dusk will be more effective than daytime, but less than nighttime. Units which rest on a city tile will regain more health and organization than on other terrain types.
Unit leaders may be killed or wounded in combat, in which case the next highest ranking leader underneath them assumes command. In campaign mode, a wounded leader may recover for the next battle, be forced to retire, or die from the wound depending on the severity of his injury. Lightly-wounded leaders will remain in command of their units and lose some of their stats. If a leader was more severely wounded, the game will ask the player if he wants the leader to remain in command. If so, the unit will not be able to move for the rest of the game. Leaders who are killed or sustain major wounds will be automatically replaced by their subordinate. Units in the same command structure as the leader who was killed or wounded will suffer loss of morale. Conversely, a unit that kills or wounds an enemy leader will get a morale boost along with all units in its command structure. Each leader has four rating stats; the higher these are, the more effectively a unit will perform. Each unit furthermore has several stats which also influence its combat strength and effectiveness; the Experience rating goes up between battles if the unit was engaged in the previous battle of a campaign, while the Quality stat drops as the war progresses (reflecting a higher number of conscripts and other lower quality soldiers as time goes on).
The number of casualties a unit inflicts in battle (as well as the likelihood of a leader being killed/wounded) is calculated based on the unit\'s firepower, weapon type, the unit leader\'s Influence rating, the unit\'s Experience and Quality ratings, and the terrain cover the defending unit has.
If a unit is attacked by infantry or cavalry, the defending unit will fire a volley first followed by the attacking unit. The game also allows the player to order a \"charge\" attack, in which case the attacking unit will attempt to fire two volleys, including a close-range one. Charges can be extremely costly thus should only be used if the enemy unit is significantly weaker, and a unit may refuse to perform a charge if its health, morale, and organization are too low. Army morale points may be expended to \"pep talk\" a unit into charging.
A unit will retreat from combat if its morale becomes too low and drop some ammunition, and if it gets low enough the unit will rout, in which case it drops all of its ammunition and runs uncontrollably to the rear. Units that retreat from combat suffer an additional morale penalty while a unit that forces an enemy to retreat gets a morale boost. If the unit reaches the edge of the map, it will flee from the field and not be accessible again for the rest of the battle. Similar to charging, the player can expend army morale points to convince a routed unit to reform. Units may be captured whole by the enemy army if surrounded completely and unable to flee anywhere. Ammunition dropped by a fleeing enemy is recovered automatically by the player and added to his total supply points. A unit may also be wiped out of existence if the last man in it is killed or wounded, or it may desert the field if morale drops too low. The game gives your entire army a morale penalty if enough unsuccessful engagements are fought while giving the enemy army a morale bonus.
Armies include several corps commanders which are delineated on the map by a gold star; they can be reassigned to any unit under their command and are treated as the commander of whatever unit they\'re assigned to. Enemy corps commanders are invisible unless the player engages the unit they\'re assigned to, in which case the corps commander will be visible until reassigned to another unit.
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# Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
## Gameplay
Most units have a marching and a combat formation. Units in marching formation have less terrain cover and if infantry units are attacked in marching formation, the attacker will fire a volley first, potentially inflicting heavy losses. Artillery units cannot fire back at all if attacked while limbered. Cavalry units have a mounted and dismounted formation and may attack in either one; mounted cavalry have more firepower but less cover which results in higher casualties while attacking or defending. Infantry attacked twice in the same turn from opposite sides will be caught from behind by the second attack and treated as if it were in marching formation.
Artillery units have a certain range of tiles they can hit; this depends on the type of gun the artillery unit is equipped with as well as terrain obstructions. The game takes into account the capabilities of various Civil War artillery types; some artillery is more effective on long-range targets and some types more effective at close range. Artillery may share a tile with other unit types, in which case both units will fire a volley if attacked by infantry or cavalry. When attacking stacked units, the player may target both or just the artillery. The defender can fire back if his artillery has enough range for counter-fire or he can have his artillery limber and retreat, in which case some of its ammunition will be lost.
Sharpshooter units (referred to in the game as \"specialists\") have a ranged attack similar to artillery, but must move right next to an enemy unit to attack. If attacking a stacked artillery and combat unit, the player must select which one to attack and cannot target both units.
The game includes several terrain types which have varying movement, health, and organization costs for a unit as well as different amounts of cover or lack thereof. Certain terrain types may increase or decrease a unit\'s morale, and units cannot switch from marching to combat formation on some terrain. Units may also dig in, which increases their cover. Tiles may contain various structures ranging from farmhouses to churches; these can also affect the cover or morale bonus/minus of the tile. Rivers are completely impassable unless a bridge or ford is present (the latter are invisible and require the player to search around the map for them).
A number of different weapons are available to units; the game includes most of the more commonly used infantry, artillery, and cavalry weapons from the Civil War. The armies of both sides have certain weapons available exclusively to them, and the Confederate side does not have access to certain more powerful weapons. A unit will have higher morale the better weapons they\'re carrying, but stronger weapons also use more expensive ammunition than weaker ones.
At the end of a battle, the game displays a stat screen showing the number of casualties on both sides, leaders killed/wounded, men captured/deserted, supply points and weapons cost captured, and total score. At any time during a battle, the player can also access the stat screen through the \"Casualty Report\" option in the \"Reports\" menu.
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# Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
## Development
*Robert E. Lee: Civil War General* was designed by Jeffrey Fiske and developed by Impressions Games, a company previously responsible for the Civil War-themed wargame *The Blue & the Gray*. Sierra On-Line, which had purchased the developer in 1995, served as the new game\'s publisher. *Civil War General* began as a remake of Impressions\' earlier wargame *Front Lines*---whose graphics technology the developer found successful, but whose gameplay it disliked---that reworked the engine to focus on the Civil War. However, the team organically drifted away from this framework as development progressed, until the project crystallized as *Civil War General*. Initially, Impressions studied history books to research the game, but increasingly relied on Internet research as the project continued. This gave the team access to new data, such as previously inaccessible \"personal letters and diaries\" that helped them catalog deployment patterns and supplies, according to Sierra\'s news magazine *InterAction*. Impressions also worked to reproduce the historical battlefields of the Civil War, including the exact placement of each brigade.
Fiske\'s core goal with *Civil War General* was to \"create a product that Civil War enthusiasts could play, regardless of prior gaming experience.\" To this end, he sought to make its gameplay streamlined and intuitive, but without sacrificing historical realism. Fiske noted that the Strategic Simulations (SSI) wargame *Panzer General* was released as Impressions was first designing *Civil War General*, and that his team sought to offer accessibility akin to that game\'s but with greater historical accuracy and realism. Terry Coleman, the wargame columnist for *Computer Gaming World*, saw *Civil War General* as part of a trend toward ease-of-use in the computer wargame genre spurred by *Panzer General*{{\'}}s commercial success. He further noted that Impressions \" \'borrowed\' half the title\" from SSI\'s game. T. Liam McDonald of *PC Gamer US* likewise reported that the *Civil War General* title was chosen to capitalize on the commercial performance of *Panzer General* and *Allied General*.
*Civil War General* was based on Robert E. Lee\'s campaign against the Army of the Potomac because of his popularity among Civil War enthusiasts, and because Fiske believed that this confrontation \"converts to computer gameplay better than any other\" from the period. Fiske described the game\'s design as one of \"morale and maneuver\", as it focuses on the control of hexagons that increase troop morale, rather than on victory points. Leadership became a key element of the game design, and McDonald noted that the team included \"every important Civil War leader \... except for Lee himself, since it is assumed that the player takes on the role of Lee.\" Fiske\'s goal was to make the handling of leadership and individual soldiers\' personal welfare (such as rest, loyalty and organization) the player\'s central concerns, which he considered an untried mechanic in wargames. Before the game\'s release, he wrote that he \"wanted a model in which one extra man on your firing line could make a difference\".
Impressions placed a heavy emphasis on *Civil War General*{{\'}}s multimedia content during development, and Sierra\'s John Sauer described the overall product as a \"multimedia game\". The team worked with Jay Wertz---creator of the documentary series *Smithsonian\'s Great Battles of the Civil War*---to obtain full motion video of American Civil War reenactments for use throughout the game. This came to roughly 140 individual clips, including both Wertz\'s old work and new footage unique to *Civil War General*. Paintings by Mort Künstler were licensed for the game\'s loading screens, box art and main menu screen. *Computer Games Strategy Plus* reported that Impressions planned *Civil War General*{{\'}}s encyclopedia to be \"as detailed as a dedicated reference CD\", with the goal of making it \"a tribute to the War.\" The team designed the encyclopedia in an online help format, and incorporated hyperlinks, sound and music, recorded speech, photographs and animation. This educational entertainment aspect was among the game\'s selling points.
In late 1995, Sierra\'s *InterAction* tentatively announced a 1996 release date for *Civil War General*, then under the title *Robert E. Lee: The War Against the Union*. Early the following year, Terry Coleman described *Civil War General* as one of \"the most promising \[war\]games for \'96\". T. Liam McDonald opined at the time that \"the distribution power of Sierra\"---then the number-one computer entertainment software company---gave Impressions a unique opportunity to exploit *Panzer General*{{\'}}s coattail effect. While *Civil War General* was estimated as 75% complete and set for an April launch in *PC Gamer US*{{\'}}s March 1996 issue, by April 10 Sierra had officially pushed this date back to June. In May, the publisher showed the game at the 1996 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Sierra ultimately released *Civil War General* on August 24, with a list price of \$59.95. By December, the team had released a downloadable \"Scenario Pack\" for the game; a second pack was launched in January 1997.
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# Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
## Reception
### Sales
*Civil War General* was a commercial success; according to Sierra\'s *InterAction*, it was the best-selling wargame of 1996. The game debuted at #14 on NPD SofTrends\' computer reference software sales chart for August 1996, and rose to eighth place the following month, at an average retail price of \$51.
In 1998, *Civil War General* secured first place on SofTrends\' reference software rankings for January, with an average price of \$17. It remained at #1 from February through August, before dropping to #3 in September. By June, its average price had fallen to \$10. The game held a position in NPD\'s top 4 for reference software throughout the rest of 1998. According to PC Data, *Civil War General* was the United States\' 25th-best-selling computer game of 1998, with 225,215 units sold and \$2.37 million revenues earned in the region that year. The game\'s *Ultimate Civil War Collection* bundle with its sequel, *Grant, Lee, Sherman: Civil War Generals 2*, rose from 58th place in June 1998 to seventh in July on SofTrends\' reference software chart.
By January 1999, *Civil War General* and its sequel together had sold more than 700,000 copies globally. *Civil War General* claimed #2 on NPD\'s reference software rankings that month, and third place in February. At the time, *PC Gamer US* summarized the series as \"very successful\".
### Critical reviews {#critical_reviews}
*Civil War General* was a finalist for *Computer Gaming World*{{\'}}s 1996 \"Wargame of the Year\" award, which ultimately went to *Battleground 4: Shiloh*. Similarly, the Software Publishers Association nominated it as 1996\'s \"Best Strategy Software Game\", but the judges gave this prize to *Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail*.
*Computer Gaming World*{{\'}}s Terry Coleman remarked that *Civil War General* is \"meant to be simpler to play, but it has a lot of subtleties.\" He argued that its campaign was the most enjoyable of the era\'s Civil War wargames. However, he criticized the title\'s limited historical scope, and considered the overall product to be inferior to *Wargame Construction Set III: Age of Rifles 1846--1905*. Coleman concluded, \"\[I\]f you must buy only one of these, get *Rifles*, but real Civil War fans should pick up *Lee* as well\". *PC Magazine* highlighted the game\'s visuals, and the reviewer praised *Civil War General* as a \"detailed and accurate\" product that, echoing Coleman, combines simplicity with depth.
Robert J. Conrad of the *Orlando Sentinel* called *Civil War General* \"an excellent CD-ROM program\", although he criticized its high system requirements. He found the game easy to learn, called its reenactment footage \"a wonderful touch\" and summarized the package as one that \"anyone can enjoy, but Civil War buffs, in particular, can get lost in.\" Writing for the *Orange County Register*, Jeff Guinn found the game to be extremely difficult, but felt that it was \"cut from different butternut homespun than the generic refight-the-Civil-War play-alikes that have inundated the market.\" In the *Milwaukee Journal Sentinel*, Guinn described *Civil War General* as \"the kind of game you\'ll enjoy playing over and over\", despite its difficulty.
In *PC Gamer US*, William R. Trotter noted that *Civil War General* was simplified to appeal to a mass-market audience, but he argued that it remained \"deep enough to satisfy most hardcore wargamers.\" In this regard, he compared it to *Panzer General*. Trotter highly praised the game\'s reenactment footage, and he summarized *Civil War General* as \"a serious wargame, wrapped in a friendly multimedia package.\" Conversely, *Computer Games Strategy Plus*{{\'}}s Robert Mayer considered *Civil War General* to be a missed opportunity. He called it \"another one of the *Panzer General*{{\'}}s androgynous offspring\", and found it to be shallow and simplistic, although he praised its multimedia features and documentation. He argued that it is \"a good introduction to wargaming, but one that barely hints at the joys of \[the genre\'s\] complexity and detail\".
## Aftermath
Impressions Games and Sierra On-Line followed *Civil War General* with a sequel, entitled *Grant, Lee, Sherman: Civil War Generals 2*. It was designed by Doug Gonya, a scenario designer for *Civil War General*, and produced by *Civil War General*{{\'}}s quality assurance manager Steve Grammont. Like its predecessor, it was a commercial success. A third game, *Civil War Generals 3*, was announced in January 1999. However, it was cancelled in April 2000. According to James Fudge of *Computer Games Strategy Plus*, this decision was made because the game\'s projected sales were \"barely enough to cover \[its\] development costs\". Despite the cancellation, the Impressions team confirmed that they were interested in developing other wargames in the future
| 763 |
Robert E. Lee: Civil War General
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# Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra
The **Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra** (Hebrew: התזמורת הסימפונית ירושלים, *ha-Tizmoret ha-Simfonit Yerushalayim*) is a major orchestra of Israel. Since the 1980s, the JSO has been based in the Henry Crown Symphony Hall, part of the Jerusalem Theater complex.
## History
The Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, now in its 85th season, was founded as the Palestine Broadcasting Service Orchestra in the late 1930s. In 1948 it became the national radio orchestra and was known as the "Kol Israel Orchestra". In the 1970s, the orchestra was expanded into the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra, Israel Broadcasting Authority. As a radio symphony orchestra, the majority of the concerts which the orchestra holds at its resident hall -- the Henry Crown Auditorium -- are being recorded and broadcast over Kan Kol Ha'musika station.
The current Music Director of the JSO is Maestro Julian Rachlin. The orchestra has had eight musical directors hitherto: Mendi Rodan, Lukas Foss, Gary Bertini, Lawrence Foster, David Shallon, Leon Botstein, Frédéric Chaslin and Steven Sloane.
The orchestra maintains a varied repertoire which ranges from the Baroque and the Classical periods through the Romantic period, extending to contemporary composers, many of whom have received their Israeli premières with the JSO. The orchestra was the first Israeli Orchestra to perform the works of renowned composers such as Sofia Gubaidolina, Henry Dutilleux, Alfred Schnittke and others. Since its inception the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra has consistently encouraged Israeli composers by commissioning and performing their works.
Over the decades, some of the music world's legendary musicians have performed with the JSO, with memorable performances by Igor Stravinsky, Otto Klemperer, Arthur Rubinstein, Yehudi Menuhin, Mstislav Rostropovich, Isaac Stern, Pablo Casals, Igor Markevitch, Henryk Szeryng, Yo Yo Ma, Pierre Boulez, Neville Mariner, Christa Ludwig, Tabea Zimmermann, Martha Argerich, Radu Lupu, Jose Carreras, Jean Pierre Rampal, Maxim Vengerov and Yefim Bronfman.
Among the most notable premières performed by the orchestra: the opera *David* by Milhaud (1954); the cantata *Abraham and Isaac* by Stravinsky, conducted by Robert Craft (1964); and Symphony No. 7 *The Seven Gates of Jerusalem* by Krzysztof Penderecki conducted by Maestro Lorin Maazel, which was commissioned as the conclusion for the Jerusalem 3000 celebrations.
In the past, the orchestra took particular pride in the Liturgical Festival, founded by Maestro Gary Bertini, which presented music of worship from the three major religions. The festival has now been incorporated into the concert season as a series of vocal and liturgical concerts.
The orchestra performs regularly at the Israel Festival. In 2008 the JSO presented the Israeli première of *Das Klagende Lied* (Mahler) with conductor Uri Segal and the Warsaw Philharmonic Choir.
The JSO often conducts tours in Europe and in the United States, and has played in some of the most prestigious venues, including the Musikvereine in Vienna, the Philharmonie in Cologne and Carnegie Hall in New-York. In February 2015 the JSO was invited by UNESCO to Paris to perform Shostakovich's Symphony No. 13, *Babi Yar* in a special concert which commemorated the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. Even more recently, in August 2015 the orchestra toured in Brazil with Maestro Chaslin and Israeli soloist Itamar Zorman and in 2016 toured the US and Japan. In June 2009 the orchestra performed the oratorio *Elijah* (Mendelssohn) at the closing event of the annual Bachfest in Leipzig.
The orchestra is supported by the Ministry of Culture and Sport and the Jerusalem City municipality
| 565 |
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# Cicuco
**Cicuco** (`{{IPA|es|siˈkuko}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 16 |
Cicuco
| 0 |
10,062,974 |
# Clemencia, Bolívar
**Clemencia** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 16 |
Clemencia, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,062,986 |
# Córdoba, Bolívar
**Córdoba** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
In September, 2017, the community suffered 4.2 magnitude earthquake
| 25 |
Córdoba, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,002 |
# El Guamo
**El Guamo** (`{{IPA|es|el ˈɣwamo}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 19 |
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| 0 |
10,063,018 |
# Hatillo de Loba
**Hatillo de Loba** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 19 |
Hatillo de Loba
| 0 |
10,063,026 |
# Isabel Bassett Wasson
**Isabel Bassett Wasson** (January 11, 1897 -- February 21, 1994) was one of the first female petroleum geologists in the United States, the first female ranger at Yellowstone National Park, and also one of the first interpretive rangers (male or female) hired by the National Park Service.
## Biography
Wasson was born Isabel Deming Bassett in Brooklyn, New York on January 11, 1897, daughter of urban planner Edward Bassett and Annie Preston Bassett, and sister of inventor and engineer Preston Bassett. Wasson graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Wellesley College in 1918, majoring in history so she could take a wide range of science courses. She took classes in geology after graduation at the University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She met her future husband, petroleum geologist Theron Wasson, whom she married in 1920, while working towards a master\'s degree in geology at Columbia University, which she finished in 1934. They had three children: Elizabeth W. Bergstrom, a biologist; Edward B. Wasson, a petroleum geologist; and Anne Harney Gallagher, an art historian. Wasson worked as a petroleum geologist in her husband\'s office at the Pure Oil Company from the early 1920s until 1928. She published two scholarly articles on geology, one co-authored with her husband about an oil field discovered by Pure Oil in 1914, and another by herself about the ages of rock formations in Ohio and new terminology for them; the latter was cited in a number of other papers and a recent book. After 1928 she spent over 50 years in River Forest, IL, teaching science in the local public schools, lecturing, bird watching (ornithology), and mentoring generations of young naturalists. She was quoted in this 1986 Chicago Tribune article as an expert on local geology at age 89. She was honored for her contributions to local history in 1982 when the Wasson Room was named after her in a local school to hold local history resources. Her interests included archaeology; she discovered a Native American religious mound in Thatcher Woods, near her house in River Forest, in the 1930s. An article about her discovery called her \"the one who started the environmental education movement in America back in the 1920s and \'30s.\" Theron and Isabel divorced in 1953 and she did not remarry. From 1953 to 1954, Wasson served as President of the Chicago Ornithological Society. Wasson also taught classes at the Morton Arboretum in Lisle, Illinois. She died in La Grange Park, IL, in 1994.
Wasson became one of the first interpretive rangers hired by the National Park Service, and the second ranger and first female ranger at Yellowstone National Park. She was hired when Horace Albright, then the Park Superintendent, heard her lecture on geology to a group of her family and friends who were visiting the park in the summer of 1919 on a tour of national parks organized by the *Brooklyn Daily Eagle*. Albright invited her to return in the summer of 1920 to lead interpretive tours and give lectures about the geology of the park, which she did. After she was hired she wrote to the Wellesley alumnae magazine, \"Next summer I am to be a ranger in Yellowstone Park. You never heard of a woman ranger? Well, neither have I.\" She gave over 200 public talks on the geology of the park that summer, and is credited with setting the template for interpretive talks by NPS rangers. Albright also asked her to train the hotel bellhops to give talks similar to hers, but she concluded that they lacked the background in geology to do this. She suggested instead that the park hire college students on summer break to give talks, and this became a tradition at Yellowstone and many other parks. Albright invited her to return again in the summer of 1921, but she declined because she was pregnant. She inquired about returning in 1922 but others had been hired to do similar work
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# Mahates
**Mahates** is a river town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. The town of Mahates was founded on April 17, 1533 by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Heredia.
The municipality of Mahates also covers the village of Palenque de San Basilio, inhabited mainly by Afro-Colombians which are direct descendants of African slaves brought by the Spanish during the Colonization of the Americas and have preserved their ancestral traditions. In 2005 the Palenque de San Basilio village was proclaimed Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
## History
The town of Mahates was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia after founding Cartagena de Indias. In 1538 was given in encomienda to his son, Antonio de Heredia who transfer the property to Luis Pelo de Águila who finally erected the parish. Due to its rapid increase on population Mahates quickly became a village and political chiefdom of the municipality and First Instance Court until the end of the 19th century.
In 1650 the Canal del Dique was built and Mahates became an obliged pass for commercial routes passing by the area. Through the history of Colombia Mahates has been a division, named as Partition, Cantón, Province, District of Province and Municipality.
In 1860 two-thirds of the village of Mahates were destroyed by a fire when Mahates was part of the Sovereign State of Bolívar, Granadine Confederation and capital of the Province of Mahates, which also included today\'s municipalities of Calamar and Arjona, then districts.
In 1865 the Province of Mahates is demoted to a lower territorial category, also losing territory. With the construction of the railway between Cartagena de Indias and Calamar in 1894 the transportation of commercial goods over the canal lost importance and Mahates became less strategically important. Later, with the construction of the highway set to pass through the town of Mahates is then deviated 10 km away from the town.
## Geography
The municipality of Mahates is located in the northern part of the Bolivar Department, bordering with the municipalities of Calamar and Arroyo Hondo to the east, the municipality of Soplaviento to the northeast, San Estanislao to the north, Arjona to the west, María La Baja to the southwest and the municipality of San Juan Nepomuceno covering a total of 466 km2.
## Demographics
### Ethnic composition {#ethnic_composition}
The population in the municipality of Mahates is mostly mulattos. In the village of San Basilio de Palenque the majority of its inhabitants are moreno (dark-skinned) Afro-Colombians who still preserve customs and from their African ancestors as well as their creole language, Palenquero.
### Population
Because the municipality has and agricultural economy, the majority of the population lives in the rural area (62.39%) the rest in the urban area (37.61%). In 1985 the population of the municipality totalled 18,831 people. In the 1993 general census, Mahates decreased its population to 18,412 people.
## Government
The municipality of Mahates is governed by a popularly elected Mayor and represents the maximum authority of the executive branch of power in the municipality. The mayor is a direct representative of the Governor of Bolívar Department for the municipality. The legislative branch is represented by a popularly elected Municipal Council. The judicial branch is represented by sectional courts, judges and attorneys.
The Major of Mahates\'s main functions include:
1. Abide and make abide by the Colombian Constitution of 1991, the law, decrees by the government, ordinances and accords with the municipal council.
2. Preserve the public order in accordance with laws and instructions ordered by the President of Colombia.
3. Suppress or fusion municipality entities and dependencies in accordance with respective needs
| 607 |
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# Ron Fischer
**Ronald Alexander Fischer** (born April 12, 1959) is a Canadian-born German former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played eighteen games in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres between the 1981--82 and 1982--83 seasons, recording seven assists. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1981 to 1996, was mainly spent playing in Germany for Star Bulls Rosenheim. Internationally Fischer played for both the West German and German national teams at multiple tournaments, including the 1988 and 1992 Winter Olympics.
Fischer was born in Merritt, British Columbia
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# Margarita, Bolívar
**Margarita** (`{{IPA|es|maɾɣaˈɾita}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 17 |
Margarita, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,065 |
# María La Baja
**María La Baja** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## History
María La Baja was founded by Alonso de Heredia (brother of Pedro de Heredia) on December 8, 1535.
## Geography and climate {#geography_and_climate}
The municipality of María La Baja has a total area of 547 km², bordering to the north with the municipality of Arjona, to the east with the municipalities of Mahates and San Juan Nepomuceno, south with the municipalities of El Carmen de Bolívar and San Jacinto and to the west with the municipality of San Onofre, Sucre. The town of María La Baja has an area of approximately 150 km² and it is some 72 km away from the Department\'s capital Cartagena.
A warm climate prevails throughout the year at an average temperature of 28 °C.
## Involvement in armed conflict {#involvement_in_armed_conflict}
María La Baja has grown substantially in recent years as some 7000 people have moved into the town from the surrounding countryside, since 2000 when the FARC guerrilla group arrived in the hills nearby. According to reports the FARC militants stole cattle. The situation deteriorated further when AUC paramilitaries began to battle FARC, catching civilians in the crossfire. However the security situation has improved more recently with the AUC bloc *Heroes de los Montes de María* giving up their weapons on July 14, 2005, under a national demobilization plan speared by the government of Álvaro Uribe. Marines have set up a base on the edge of the town
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10,063,077 |
# Montecristo, Bolívar
**Montecristo** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## Climate
Montecristo has a very wet tropical monsoon climate (Am) with very heavy rainfall from April to November and moderate to heavy rainfall from December to March. `{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Montecristo
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 32.2
|Feb high C = 32.9
|Mar high C = 33.0
|Apr high C = 32.8
|May high C = 31.8
|Jun high C = 31.6
|Jul high C = 31.8
|Aug high C = 31.5
|Sep high C = 31.5
|Oct high C = 31.2
|Nov high C = 31.3
|Dec high C = 31.8
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 27.7
|Feb mean C = 28.2
|Mar mean C = 28.5
|Apr mean C = 28.6
|May mean C = 27.8
|Jun mean C = 27.9
|Jul mean C = 27.6
|Aug mean C = 27.6
|Sep mean C = 27.4
|Oct mean C = 27.2
|Nov mean C = 27.4
|Dec mean C = 27.6
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 23.3
|Feb low C = 23.6
|Mar low C = 24.1
|Apr low C = 24.4
|May low C = 23.9
|Jun low C = 24.2
|Jul low C = 23.5
|Aug low C = 23.7
|Sep low C = 23.3
|Oct low C = 23.3
|Nov low C = 23.6
|Dec low C = 23.5
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 54.9
|Feb rain mm = 86.6
|Mar rain mm = 121.1
|Apr rain mm = 291.8
|May rain mm = 555.4
|Jun rain mm = 404.0
|Jul rain mm = 425.0
|Aug rain mm = 531.1
|Sep rain mm = 493.0
|Oct rain mm = 550.4
|Nov rain mm = 483.3
|Dec rain mm = 240.7
|year rain mm =
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 5
|Mar rain days = 7
|Apr rain days = 14
|May rain days = 20
|Jun rain days = 20
|Jul rain days = 20
|Aug rain days = 22
|Sep rain days = 20
|Oct rain days = 22
|Nov rain days = 20
|Dec rain days = 11
|Year rain days =
|source 1 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128|title= Data |website= www.ideam.gov
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Montecristo, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,084 |
# Morales, Bolívar
**Morales** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, Northern Colombia
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Morales, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,092 |
# El Peñón, Bolívar
**El Peñón** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 18 |
El Peñón, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,100 |
# Pinillos
**Pinillos** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 15 |
Pinillos
| 0 |
10,063,104 |
# Regidor, Bolívar
**Regidor** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia in a lowland area along the banks of the Magdalena River. The principal industry of Regidor is cultivation of Oil Palm. Many subsistence farmers have been pressured to sell their land to oil palm companies and to displace
| 54 |
Regidor, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,113 |
# Orion Shall Rise
***Orion Shall Rise*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Poul Anderson, published in 1983. It is part of his Maurai series.
## Premise
The novel is set several hundred years after a devastating nuclear war which has pushed back the level of technology.
The action focuses on four societies:
- The Northwest Union, a technological, clan-based society in the Pacific Northwest of North America
- The Five Nations of the Mong, a feudal society in the center of North America, where an elite descended from post-war Russian, Chinese and Mongol invaders rules over a serf class descended from American citizens.
- The Maurai Federation, an ecotopian society in the Pacific, dominated by the Maurai peoples of N\'Zealann.
- The Domain of Skyholm, a class-based European society located in France, the Alps, and the Low Countries dominated by an ancient pre-war dirigible aerostat. The aerostat is of the STARS type (Solar Thermal Aerostat Research Station), first described in 1980.
Other nations mentioned include Angleylann, divided into small statelets including Devon, Italya, the confederation of the Alemanns in central Europe, the Zheneralship of Espanya in the Iberian Peninsula, Corodo and Meyco to the south of the Northwest Union. Brief mention is made of Benghal, part of the Brahmard confederacy mentioned in other Maurai stories, and an extremely patriarchal society located in Khorasan.
The novel follows a group of characters as they navigate tensions between several of the nations. The title derives from the Orion project, which one of the factions intends to resurrect.
The world depicted is full of historical paradoxes and apparent anachronisms, due to unequal economic and technological development in various regions and continents, and the inability of the resource-depleted world to fully use technologies which were retained or re-discovered.
- France is ruled by an English-speaking aristocracy - a precise mirror image of the situation of England after the Norman Conquest.
- The Skyholm aristocrats in France are feudal lords on the ground, and at the same time fly supersonic planes in the air.
- France has a feudal society like in the Middle Ages, and faces across the Rhine a Germany inhabited by barbarian tribes, as in the time of the Roman Empire.
- The Maurai Federation, a powerful maritime empire presided over by a Constitutional Queen, recalls the British Empire under Queen Victoria - but the Maurai Polynesian sexual mores are the very opposite of Victorian morality.
- The Northwest Union, like Weimar Germany, secretly builds weapons which were forbidden after its defeat in a previous war - and comes up with 19th Century style ironclads equipped with nuclear bombs
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# Río Viejo
**Río Viejo** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 17 |
Río Viejo
| 0 |
10,063,133 |
# San Estanislao, Bolívar
**San Estanislao** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
San Estanislao is also informally known as **Arenal** by the locals, Arenal is Spanish for \"sand\", which earned its nickname in result that the town accumulates high amounts of sand during rain and wind. A mission was established on the present site in 1650. Access to the town can be challenging as the roads that access the town are unpaved and often water-logged after long periods of rain. Inhabitants of San Estanislao generally support themselves through family farms yielding a variety of produce and meat products, which are they often trade amongst themselves.
## Location
San Estanislao is located alongside the northeastern side of the Dique Canal 16 meters (55 feet) above sea level. Nearest major metropolitan municipalities are Barranquilla to the north by northeast, and Cartagena to the west. The town of Soplaviento is located across the canal from San Estanislao.
## Climate
The average temperature is approximately 35.0\'C (95.0\'F) during the day, 23.9\'C (75.0\'F) at night, and is generally the same most of the calendar year
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10,063,146 |
# San Fernando, Bolívar
**San Fernando** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 18 |
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| 0 |
10,063,148 |
# Jacques de Mahieu
**Jacques de Mahieu,** whose real name was **Jacques Girault,** (31 October 1915 -- 4 October 1990) was a French Argentine anthropologist and Peronist. He wrote several books on esoterism, which he mixed with anthropological theories inspired by scientific racism.
He joined the Action Française at a young age. A collaborationist in Vichy France and member of the Waffen-SS, he fled to Argentina after the liberation of France from the Nazis. He became a Peronist ideologue in the 1950s, mentor to a Roman Catholic nationalist youth group in the 1960s, and later in life, head of the Argentine chapter of Spanish neo-Nazi group CEDADE.
## Biography
### Early life and World War II {#early_life_and_world_war_ii}
He was born in Marseille, France. As a young man he was influenced by authors such as Georges Sorel, Charles Maurras, and Alexis Carrel and joined the Action Française.
During World War II, he was a member of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne.
After the liberation of France, he was one of the first to flee to Juan Perón\'s Argentina through the ratlines organized by Perón. A naturalized Argentine, he became an ideologue of the Peronist movement, before becoming a mentor to a Roman Catholic nationalist youth group in the 1960s.
### Academic career {#academic_career}
De Mahieu studied at the Universities of Mendoza and Buenos Aires; he graduated in philosophy, as doctor Honoris Causa of Medicine, doctor in economic sciences, and doctor in political science.
He became a professor of anthropological studies in Buenos Aires as the deputy rector of the Institute of Human Studies (from 1953 to 1955 and again from 1972 to 1976). He also taught economy, ethnography and French at the National University of Cuyo (1948--1955), and at the Universidad del Salvador (1964--1965).
He also was a member of the Academia Argentina de Sociología (1952--1955), and a lecturer with the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (1961--1971).
### Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
De Mahieu remained in Argentina in his later years. Uki Goñi claims that he was photographed with Carlos Menem during the latter\'s 1989 presidential campaign. De Mahieu headed the Argentine chapter of the Spanish neo-Nazi group, CEDADE, until his death in Buenos Aires, in 1990.
## Pre-Columbian contact theories {#pre_columbian_contact_theories}
De Mahieu wrote on pre-Columbian America and esoteric Nazism. He traveled to Paraguay for anthropological studies, and claimed the Guayaki tribes were descendants of the Vikings. He allegedly travelled to Brazil in 1974, where he visited the Sete Cidades park in Piauí and considered it a Viking establishment. His books on the Knights Templar allege they settled in Mexico before Columbus.
His books were translated from French to German by Wilfred von Oven, formerly deputy to the Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels.
## Economics and politics {#economics_and_politics}
Mahieu wrote a book titled *The Communal Economy* (1964), which was inspired by a social and economic project developed in Mendoza, Argentina. The project ended during the *Revolución Libertadora* regime, which toppled Juan Perón\'s government in 1955
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| 0 |
10,063,152 |
# The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship (book)
***The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship*** is a children\'s picturebook illustrated by Uri Shulevitz that retells an Eastern European fairy tale of the same name. The text is taken from Arthur Ransome\'s version of the story in the 1916 book *Old Peter\'s Russian Tales*; Ransome had collected the folktale when he was a journalist in the Russian Empire. The book was released in 1968 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and won a Caldecott Medal for illustration in 1969.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The Czar announced that whoever brought him a flying ship could marry his daughter. The Fool of the World, the youngest son of a peasant couple, set out to marry the Princess. His mother gave him \"some crusts of dry black bread and a flask of water\" in a bag for his trip.
The Fool met an \"ancient old man\" who asked to eat the Fool\'s food. When the Fool opened his bag, he was surprised to find \"fresh white rolls and cooked meats,\" as well as \"corn brandy,\" which he shared. The old man instructed the Fool to hit a tree with his hatchet to create a flying ship, but advised him to give a ride to everyone he met.
After making and flying his ship, the Fool picked up the Listener (who could hear very faint sounds), the Swift-goer (who could walk across the world in one step), the Far-shooter (who could hit a bird hundreds of miles away), the Eater (who could consume great quantities of food), the Drinker (who could swallow more than a lake at one time), a man carrying sticks of wood that could become soldiers, and a man carrying straw that could make everything cold.
The eight men landed at the Czar\'s place. Although the Czar wanted the ship, he did not want the Princess to marry a *moujik* (peasant). So the Czar gave five supposedly impossible tasks to the Fool and his men:
- Before the Czar had finished his dinner, he wanted \"the magical water of life.\" In response, the Swift-goer ran to find the water, but fell asleep. After the Listener located the Swift-goer, the Far-shooter shot a bullet close to Swift-goer\'s head, waking him up. The Swift-goer returned with a bottle of the water.
- The Czar required the men to eat \"twelve oxen roasted whole, and as much bread as can be baked in forty ovens.\" The Eater considered the food \"a little snack.\"
- The Czar commanded the men to drink 40 barrels of wine, which the Drinker gulped quickly.
- The Czar demanded that the Fool take a bath in a hot iron bathhouse to prepare for the wedding, planning to boil him to death. The man with the straw accompanied the Fool and spread his straw, causing the bath water to freeze.
- The Czar stated that he wanted the Fool to show him \"a regiment of soldiers\" to defend the Princess. The man with the wood sticks scattered them around, causing a \"gigantic army\" to appear.
Having failed in his quest to get rid of the peasants, the Czar gave the Fool gifts and asked him to marry the Princess. The Fool and the Princess fell in love with each other and were married, and the Fool \"became so clever that all the court repeated everything he said.\"
## Reception
In 1968 the book was selected for Fanfare, the *Horn Book Magazine* list of the best books of the year. It won a Caldecott Medal in 1969.
Shulevitz\'s illustrations for the story were praised as \"colorful, bold, spirited, and spontaneous.\" However, the text has been criticized because the lead character has mental retardation that is \"unrealistic\" in that \"he is magically cured from his simple mindedness and becomes highly respected by the people
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| 0 |
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# Process art
**Process art** is an artistic movement where the end product of art and craft, the *objet d'art* (work of art/found object), is not the principal focus; the process of its making is one of the most relevant aspects if not the most important one: the gathering, sorting, collating, associating, patterning, and moreover the initiation of actions and proceedings. Process artists saw art as pure human expression. Process art defends the idea that the process of creating the work of art can be an art piece itself. Artist Robert Morris predicated "anti-form", process and time over an objectual finished product.
## Movement
Process art has been entitled as a creative movement in the United States and Europe in the mid-1960s. It has roots in performance art, the Dada movement and, more traditionally, the drip paintings of Jackson Pollock, and in its employment of serendipity. Change and transience are marked themes in the process art movement. The Guggenheim Museum states that Robert Morris in 1968 had a groundbreaking exhibition and essay defining the movement and the Museum website states:
> Process Artists were involved in issues attendant to the body, random occurrences, improvisation, and the liberating qualities of nontraditional materials such as wax, felt, and latex. Using these, they created eccentric forms in erratic or irregular arrangements produced by actions such as cutting, hanging, and dropping, or organic processes such as growth, condensation, freezing, or decomposition.
The process art movement and the environmental art movement are directly related:
> Process Artists engage the primacy of organic systems, using perishable, insubstantial, and transitory materials such as dead rabbits, steam, fat, ice, cereal, sawdust, and grass. The materials are often left exposed to natural forces: gravity, time, weather, temperature, etc.
In process art, as in the Arte Povera movement, nature itself is lauded as art; the symbolization and representation of nature, often rejected.
### Relationship to other disciplines and movements {#relationship_to_other_disciplines_and_movements}
Process art shares fundamental features with a number of other fields, including the expressive therapies and transformative arts, both of which pivot around how the creative process of engaging in artistic activities can precipitate personal insight, individual healing, and social change, independent of the perceived value attributed to the object of creation.
Additionally, process art is integral to arts-based research, which uses creative process and artistic expression to investigate subjects that resist description or representation through other modes of inquiry.
## Artists
Prominent artists related to process art include Abel Azcona, Lynda Benglis, Joseph Beuys, Chris Drury, Eva Hesse, Gary Kuehn, Barry Le Va, Bruce Nauman, Robert Morris, Richard Serra, Keith Sonnier, Aida Tomescu, and Richard Van Buren
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# Independent Liberal
Independent Liberal Party\|use of description in Australian politics\|Independent Liberal (Australia)}} `{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{unreferenced|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} **Independent Liberal** is a description which candidates and politicians have used to describe themselves, designating them as liberals, yet independent of the official Liberal Party of their country. To avoid confusion with the Liberal Party of Canada, the Liberal Party of the United Kingdom, and the New Zealand Liberal Party, the description can no longer be used for election purposes, but is still available in Australia.
## Australia
In Australia, an Independent Liberal is a member of the Liberal Party of Australia (the major centre-right, liberal conservative party in Australia) who is either running in an election as an independent or who sits in a legislature as an independent.
## Canada
Independent Liberal Members of Parliament (or of the Canadian Senate or a provincial legislative assembly) are typically former Liberal caucus members who were either expelled from the Liberal Party caucus or resigned the whip due to a political disagreement. More recent examples, include Don Johnston who sat as an Independent Liberal from January 18, 1988 until the adjournment of parliament due to his resignation from the Liberal caucus as a result of his support of the Canada--United States Free Trade Agreement which the party opposed, Jag Bhaduria who sat as an Independent Liberal from 1994 to 1996 following his expulsion from the Liberal caucus and Dennis Mills who briefly left the Liberal caucus in 1996 to sit as an \"Independent Liberal\" to protest the Liberal government\'s failure to abolish the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
Independent Liberal candidates for parliament or the legislature have been those who generally subscribe to Liberal Party principles but either have not been selected as an official Liberal Party candidate or decline to seek the party\'s nomination due to a disagreement with the party on certain issues. Under the current *Elections Act* a candidate who is not affiliated with a political party can only describe themselves on the ballot as Independent or \"No Affiliation\" and cannot describe themselves in terms of an existing political party. Accordingly, no candidate for the House of Commons of Canada has officially designated themselves an \"Independent Liberal\" since the 1968 federal election and no Independent Liberal candidate has been elected to the House of Commons since the 1957 federal election.
A number of Quebec Liberal MPs left the party and sat as Independent Liberals as a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1944 as they opposed the Liberal government\'s decision to implement conscription. The most prominent of these was Charles Gavan Power who resigned from Cabinet over the issue. Several ran for re-election in the 1945 federal election as Independent Liberals. William Lyon Mackenzie King\'s government was returned with only a minority of Liberal MPs in parliament but was able to govern as a majority government with the support of Independent Liberal MPs, most of whom rejoined the party in the course of the parliament.
## New Zealand {#new_zealand}
**Independent Liberal** was a definition in New Zealand politics in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries for Independents that aligned themselves with the New Zealand Liberal Party. It is often difficult to determine whether candidates were official Liberal or Independent Liberal and many electorates had more Liberal candidates standing than seats available. From `{{NZ election link year|1893}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{NZ election link year|1908}}`{=mediawiki} the New Zealand Liberal Party was the only formalised political party to win any seats in parliament.
## Philippines
In the Philippines, independent Liberal, or denoted as \"Liberal (independent)\" on candidate lists, refers to politicians who had aligned themselves with the Liberal Party, but did not win its nomination or ran under its label. A candidate using this designation won 1 seat in the 1965 House elections. This was used during the Third Philippine Republic, which had a two-party system. In the current Fifth Republic and under the multi-party system, candidates are no longer identified by this manner.
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# Independent Liberal
## United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
**Independent Liberal** is a description once used in British politics to denote a form of non-party affiliation. It was used to designate a politician as a liberal who was independent of any political party, particularly of the Liberal Party before its transformation in the 1980s into the Liberal Democrats.
Since the Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 came into force, a candidate for election can no longer be described as an \"Independent Liberal\" on a ballot paper, as the 1998 Act prohibits any description which could cause confusion with a registered political party. In practice, the description used is either the name of a registered party or the word \"Independent\"
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# Bob Hess
**Robert George Hess** (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League for the St. Louis Blues, Buffalo Sabres, and Hartford Whalers. Between 1982 and 1984 Hess played in Switzerland\'s Nationalliga A for HC Lugano and EHC Kloten.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Hess was drafted in the second round, 26th overall, by the St. Louis Blues in the 1974 NHL amateur draft.
He appeared in 329 NHL games scoring 27 goals and 95 assists for 122 points. He is a member of the St. Louis Blues Alumni Association.
## Transactions
- October 30, 1980 - Traded by the St. Louis Blues with the 4th round pick in the 1981 NHL Entry Draft (Anders Wikberg) to the Buffalo Sabres for Bill Stewart
- December, 1984 - Signed as a free agent with the Hartford Whalers
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1971--72 New Westminster Bruins WCHL 5 0
1972--73 New Westminster Bruins WCHL 67 6
1973--74 New Westminster Bruins WCHL 68 10
1974--75 St. Louis Blues NHL 76 9
1975--76 St. Louis Blues NHL 78 9
1976--77 St. Louis Blues NHL 53 4
1976--77 Kansas City Blues CHL 10 1
1977--78 St. Louis Blues NHL 55 2
1977--78 Salt Lake Golden Eagles CHL 7 1
1978--79 St. Louis Blues NHL 27 3
1978--79 Salt Lake Golden Eagles CHL 45 19
1979--80 Salt Lake Golden Eagles CHL 79 32
1980--81 St
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
The **Bell UH-1N Twin Huey** is a medium military helicopter designed and produced by the American aerospace manufacturer Bell Helicopter. It is a member of the extensive Huey family, the initial version was the **CUH-1N Twin Huey** (later **CH-135 Twin Huey**), which was first ordered by the Canadian Forces in 1968.
Barely a year following initial discussions, the UH-1N performed its maiden flight in April 1969. Its procurement by the US military was initially controversial due to the high level of Canadian content, such as its Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T turboshaft engines. However, the acquisition was approved and the Twin Huey was quickly delivered to the United States Air Force and being sent to front line combat units in Vietnam in October 1970. The following year, the Canadian Forces, United States Marine Corps, and the United States Navy all received their first examples; Bell was also quick to adapt the Twin Huey into a civilian helicopter, the Bell 212, as well as the later Bell 412.
The Twin Huey would see service in numerous conflicts, the first being the Vietnam War, where they were commonly used to support Special Forces reconnaissance missions. On the home front, they were used as the main utility helicopter at various ICBM launch sites, as well as operating as executive transports for carrying the US president and other high-ranking officials by Marine Helicopter Squadron One. USMC UH-1Ns were active during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, providing reconnaissance, communications, and close air support to ground forces. Overseas, UH-1Ns participated in the Colombian armed conflict and the Falklands War. In the 2010s and 2020s, multiple operators were in the process of replacing the Twin Huey with newer helicopters, such as the Bell UH-1Y Venom (a development of the UH-1N) and the AgustaWestland AW139.
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
## Development
The UH-1N was originally developed out of negotiations between the Canadian Forces (CF) and Bell Helicopter on the topic of a new utility helicopter during 1968. Specifically, the CF wanted it to be based on the stretched-fuselage Bell 205, which the service already had experience of, but instead powered by a pair of engines for a higher level of safety. Furthermore, the selection of this engine, the Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T turboshaft engine, was reportedly due to political factors. Its initial designation was *CUH-1N Twin Huey*; later, the CF adopted a new designation system under which the rotorcraft was redesignated *CH-135 Twin Huey*. The CF approved the development of the rotorcraft on 1 May 1968, a total of 50 CH-135s were procured, the deliveries of which commenced during May 1971.
The US military quickly took an interest in the UH-1N and some officials were keen to quickly procure the type, yet the procurement came close to not happening. It was opposed by the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee at the time, L. Mendel Rivers, who disliked that the UH-1N\'s Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T engines were produced in Canada. The Liberal Canadian government of the time had not supported US involvement in Vietnam and had also opposed US policies in Southeast Asia, as well as accepting US draft dodgers. Rivers was also concerned that procuring the engines would result in a trade deficit situation with Canada. Congress only approved the Twin Huey purchase when it was assured that a US source would be found for the PT6T/T400 engines. Despite these concerns, the sale was permitted and the United States military services ordered 294 Bell 212s under the designation *UH-1N*, with deliveries commencing in 1970.
Having secured multiple military customers, Bell Helicopters became interested in developing a commercial utility model for the civilian market; during 1971, type certification was given to the Bell 212 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Later on, homologation was obtained for instrument flight rules (IFR) operations, for which appropriate avionics were fitted. During 1977, the company certified the Bell 212 for single-pilot IFR operations, making it the first helicopter in the world to obtain such certification. Another key opportunity was the European market; Bell negotiated with the Italian helicopter manufacturer Agusta to produce the *AB-212* under license. This model, the first examples of which was delivered in 1971, was broadly the same as their American-built counterparts, and were produced for both civilian and military operators. During 1976, the *AB-212ASW*, an anti-submarine warfare-orientated model, commenced production.
The Bell 412 is a further development of the Bell 212, the major difference being the composite four-blade main rotor. The UH-1N has also been developed into the upgraded, four-blade UH-1Y, which was developed to replace the UH-1N in USMC service.
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
## Design
The Bell UH-1N Twin Huey is a twin-engined medium-sized military helicopter primarily operated as a utility transport. Power is provided by a PT6T-3/T400 Turbo Twin Pac, comprising a pair of Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboshaft engines mounted side by side and driving a shared gearbox and single output shaft. These engines are capable of producing up to 1,342 kW (1,800 shp). In the event of a single power section failing, the remaining section can deliver 671 kW (900 shp) for up to 30 minutes or 571 kW (765 shp) continuously, enabling the UH-1N to maintain cruise performance at maximum weight. It is capable of flight under instrument flight rules and in nighttime conditions.
The UH-1N is often flown with a four-person crew, comprising two pilots and two crew chiefs; while in the air, these crew chiefs man the weapons, while one pilot functions as a navigator and the other actively flies. The interior is normally outfitted with a 15-seat configuration, in which it can be flown by a single pilot and carry up to 14 passengers; in practice, rarely could the UH-1N actually carry this many unless also carrying limited fuel and equipment due to weight limitations and weather conditions. When configured to carry cargo, the cabin has an internal capacity of 220 ft³ (6.23 m³). Up to six litters can be carried in a medical evacuation arrangement. An external load of up to 5,000 lb (2,268 kg) can also be carried. In United States Marine Corps (USMC) service, up to three radios would be installed in the cabin so that commanders could remain airborne while coordinating ground troops. The UH-1N was normally armed with a single .50 caliber machine gun on the helicopter\'s left side, while a 7.62 millimeter machine gun is mounted on the right side.
To improve safety, a high level of redundancy is present across the UH-1N\'s key systems; these include duplicate hydraulic, electrical, and fuel systems. Fire suppression systems were also installed. The USMC opted to modify a large number of their UH-1Ns with a stability control augmentation system, which provides servo inputs to the rotor head to help stabilize the aircraft during flight. This modification removed the gyroscopic \"stabilization bar\" on top of the main rotor head, instead relying on the computer system for stability.
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Starting in late 1970, mere months after receiving its first deliveries of the type, the USAF begun to re-equip the 20th Special Operations Squadron in Vietnam with UH-1Ns, supplementing and eventually replacing the single-engined UH-1F and UH-1P. Armed with miniguns (or 40 mm grenade launchers) and rocket pods, and painted camouflage with no US markings and only a Green Hornet insignia, the UH-1N supported Special Forces reconnaissance missions from Cam Ranh Bay.
The first deliveries of the UH-1N to the U.S. Navy and USMC took place in 1971. In total, 205 UH-1Ns would be received, not including six VH-1N executive transports that were used to carry the US president and other high-ranking officials, operated by Marine Helicopter Squadron One. Unlike in the CF, in US service, the UH-1N retained the official name \"Iroquois\" from the single--engined UH-1 variants, although US service personnel refer to the aircraft as a \"Huey\" or \"Twin Huey\".
In Canadian service, the CH-135 Twin Huey was regularly used as a tactical transport, moving troops and equipment around the forward areas of a combat zone; medevac flights were also conducted. Further activities included VIP transport, search and rescue, and drug interdiction missions. CH-135s were deployed on multiple occasions to support United Nations peacekeeping missions in various regions, including Central America, Somalia, and Haiti.
The Argentine Air Force acquired eight Bell 212s during 1978. During the 1982 Falklands War, Argentina deployed a pair of Bell 212s to the airstrip at Goose Green where they performed general support duties, including the recovery of numerous downed pilots. By the end of the hostilities, both aircraft were still intact and flightworthy, but were captured and dismantled by the British troops.
USMC UH-1Ns were deployed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq; they were typically used to provide reconnaissance and communications support to ground troops. Multiple UH-1Ns were called upon to provide close air support during heavy fighting in the Battle of Nasiriyah. In comparison with the Bell AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter, the UH-1N had a wider field of fire with its weapons and thus played a useful role in close combat situations, commonly working in conjunction with Cobras.
The USAF employs the aging UH-1Ns to fulfill its ICBM mission, providing a utility helicopter for transport between bases such as Minot AFB, Francis E. Warren AFB and Malmstrom AFB to missile launch sites in North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado. The UH-1N is also used by the 36th Rescue Squadron (36 RQS) at Fairchild AFB, Washington, for conducting search-and-rescue and medical evacuation missions, as well as the 459th Airlift Squadron based at Yokota Air Base in Japan.
In August 2013, the USAF said they were close to finalizing a plan to sustain and modernize their UH-1Ns for the next six to ten years. It was intended to address flight and safety mandates, investigate modest improvements in capabilities, and reduce capability gaps. While the UH-1N had become one of the oldest platforms operated by the service, retaining it was viewed as having \"minimal risk\". Fleet-wide upgrades included night vision-compatible cockpit lighting, crash-worthy seats for flight engineers, and installation of a terrain-awareness warning system and traffic collision-avoidance device. The USAF was also in the process of acquiring ex-USMC UH-1Ns, possibly involving as many as 26 helicopters to either add them to USAF\'s active fleet or keep them in reserve.
The UH-1N saw combat service in the Colombian armed conflict. On 16 October 2013, a UH-1N crashed in the northern La Guajira department in a FARC-dominated area.
The USMC planned to retire the UH-1N by September 2014 after 43 years of service. Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 773 was the last Marine squadron operating the type, their last deployment occurring in 2013, when two helicopters sailed on a Royal Netherlands Navy ship for an African Partnership Station deployment. The UH-1N was replaced by the upgraded UH-1Y Venom; ten are remanufactured UH-1N airframes, after which the USMC decided to procure newly built airframes instead. By 2014, five unarmed HH-1Ns remained in use by the USMC until these were also replaced by UH-1Ys and retired in 2015, the only HH-1Ns remaining from 44 that were converted from 38 UH-1Ns and the six VH-1Ns. The final combat deployment of USMC UH-1Ns was to Afghanistan in 2010. The service retired the UH-1N during a \"sundown ceremony\" at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans on 28 August 2014.
By March 2013, the USAF operated 62 UH-1N Twin Hueys, with 25 providing security at ICBM sites, 19 stationed at Joint Base Andrews to evacuate Washington-based government officials in emergencies, and 18 used for testing and training. Since most were purchased in 1969, the USAF had sought a replacement. The first requirements were issued in 2007, but the process was repeatedly delayed. On 24 September 2018, the USAF declared a Boeing/Leonardo submission of their MH-139 variant of the AgustaWestland AW139 the winner, beating out the Sikorsky/Lockheed Martin HH-60U Black Hawk and the Sierra Nevada Corporation upgraded UH-60L Force Hawk. Boeing was awarded an initial \$375 million contract for four MH-139s, with 84 helicopters planned at a total \$2.38 billion program cost. Initial deliveries were planned for 2021.
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
## Variants
### Canadian variants {#canadian_variants}
CUH-1N Twin Huey
: Original Canadian Armed Forces designation for the UH-1N utility transport helicopter.
`{{visible anchor|CH-135 Twin Huey}}`{=mediawiki}
: Canadian version of the UH-1N. Canada purchased 50 CH-135s with deliveries starting in 1971. The aircraft were retired from the Canadian Forces starting in 1996 and struck off strength in December 1999. 41 of the surviving CH-135s were acquired by the US government in December 1999 and transferred to the National Army of Colombia and Colombian National Police. At least one CH-135 was destroyed in combat. 135135 was transferred to the Colombian National Police and flown by the Dirección Antinarcóticos (DIRAN). It was destroyed on the ground by FARC rebels on 18 January 2002, following an incident in which it was forced down by gunfire. Two CH-135s are on display in museums, one at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa and one at the National Air Force Museum of Canada at CFB Trenton.
### U.S. variants {#u.s._variants}
UH-1N Iroquois
: Initial production model, used by the USAF, USN, and USMC. Over the years, the primary operators, the USMC has developed a number of upgrades for the aircraft including improved avionics, defenses, and a FLIR turret. The USAF planned to replace their UH-1Ns with the Common Vertical Lift Support Platform to support the service\'s ICBM activities, but also examined a life extension for their current fleet.
VH-1N
: VIP transport configuration
HH-1N
: SAR variant.
UH-1Y Venom
: A UH-1N replacement and upgrade as part of the H-1 upgrade program for the USMC, designed to coincide with a similar upgrade for the AH-1W attack helicopter to AH-1Z Viper standard, with common engines and other major systems.
### Thai variants {#thai_variants}
H.6A
: (*ฮ.๖ก*) Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the UH-1N.
### Italian-built variants {#italian_built_variants}
Agusta-Bell AB 212
: Civil or military utility transport version. Built under license in Italy by Agusta.
Agusta-Bell AB 212EW
: Electronic warfare version for Turkey.
Agusta-Bell AB 212ASW
: Anti-submarine warfare, anti-shipping version of the AB 212 helicopter, built under license in Italy by Agusta. Operated by the Italian Navy, Hellenic Navy and Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, Peru, Spain, Turkey, and Venezuela.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: The AB 212ASW is a Model 212 Twin Huey with a prominent radome above the cockpit. Early production had a dome-shaped radome, while later production had a flatter \"drum\" radome. A left side winch is used for dipping the Bendix ASQ-18 sonar. Other changes include structural reinforcement for a gross weight of 11,197 lbs (5080 kg), ECM, shipboard deck tie-down attachments and corrosion protection. Armament is two Mk 44 or Mk 46 torpedoes or two depth charges in the ASW role and four AS.12 air-to-surface wire-guided missiles for the anti-shipping role.
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# Bell UH-1N Twin Huey
## Operators
`{{ANG}}`{=mediawiki}
- National Air Force of Angola
`{{ARG}}`{=mediawiki}
- Argentine Air Force
- 7th Air Brigade - 1st Search and Rescue Squadron
`{{AUT}}`{=mediawiki}
- Austrian Air Force
`{{BHR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Bahraini Air Force
`{{BAN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Bangladesh Air Force
- 9th Squadron \"Scorpions\"
`{{COL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Colombian Aerospace Force
- Colombian Army
- Colombian Navy
`{{GRE}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hellenic Navy
`{{GUA}}`{=mediawiki}
- Guatemalan Air Force
`{{IRN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
- Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
`{{ITA}}`{=mediawiki}
- Italian Air Force operates 36 aircraft
- Italian Navy
`{{LBN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Lebanese Air Force 7 aircraft
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-
`{{MEX}}`{=mediawiki}
- Mexican Air Force
`{{MAR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Moroccan Air Force
`{{PAN}}`{=mediawiki}
- National Aeronaval Service
`{{PER}}`{=mediawiki}
- Peruvian Air Force
- Peruvian Navy
`{{SAU}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Saudi Air Force
`{{ESP}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Army
- Spanish Navy
`{{SRI}}`{=mediawiki}
- Sri Lanka Air Force
`{{SUD}}`{=mediawiki}
- Sudan Air Force
`{{THA}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Thai Army
- Royal Thai Navy
`{{TUN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Tunisian Air Force
`{{TUR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Turkish Navy
`{{USA}}`{=mediawiki}
- United States Air Force
`{{URY}}`{=mediawiki}
- Uruguayan Air Force
`{{VEN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Venezuelan Navy
`{{YEM}}`{=mediawiki}
- Yemeni Air Force
`{{ZAM}}`{=mediawiki}
- Zambian Air Force
### Former operators {#former_operators}
`{{BRN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Brunei Air Force
`{{CAN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Canadian Forces
- 403 Helicopter Operational Training Squadron
- 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
- 422 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
- 424 Transport & Rescue Squadron
- 427 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
- 430 Tactical Helicopter Squadron
- 444 Combat Support Squadron
- VU 32 - pre-Unification Royal Canadian Navy Utility Squadron
- Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment
- Base Flight Cold Lake
- Base Rescue Goose Bay
`{{GUY}}`{=mediawiki}
- Guyana Defence Force
`{{flaglist|Israel}}`{=mediawiki}
- Israeli Air Force
`{{JAM}}`{=mediawiki}
- Jamaica Defence Force
`{{PHI}}`{=mediawiki}
- Philippine Air Force - 4 Units delivered to 250th Presidential Airlift Wing ,251 Special Airlift Squadron. Retired.
`{{SIN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Republic of Singapore Air Force
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Army Air Corps
`{{USA}}`{=mediawiki}
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
## Aircraft on display {#aircraft_on_display}
- Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile, Alabama, U.S.
- CH-135 135114 - Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- CH-135 135102 - National Air Force Museum of Canada
- UH-1N 159198 -- Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum at MCAS Miramar, San Diego, California.
## Specifications (USMC UH-1N, as modified) {#specifications_usmc_uh_1n_as_modified}
## Gallery
BellCH-135TwinHuey135102.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey 135102 serving with the Multinational Force and Observers Sinai, Egypt, 1989. BellCH-135TwinHuey135137.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey 135137 in the original blue-gray and green camouflage pattern worn by these aircraft prior to 1986/88. BellCH135135TwinHuey.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey 135135 in the early-style SAR markings, 1988. This aircraft was serving with Base Rescue Goose Bay and had formerly been assigned to 424 Transport & Rescue Squadron, CFB Trenton. BellCH-135TwinHuey135127.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey 135127 from Base Rescue Goose Bay in the later SAR scheme used after 1986--88. BellCH-135TwinHuey135103A.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey 135103 in special flight test markings. The aircraft was used by the Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment at CFB Cold Lake, 1987. BellCH-135TwinHuey135103B.JPG \|CH-135 Twin Huey 135103 after repainting in anti-IR olive and green scheme En-MFO1.JPG \|Canadian CH-135 Twin Hueys serving with the Multinational Force and Observers Sinai, Egypt 1989 CH135TwinHueyBadge.JPG\|CH-135 Twin Huey badge worn by some Canadian Forces air and ground crew, 1980s 408UTTHFltBadge.JPG\|408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron UTTH Flight badge worn by CH-135 Twin Huey crews circa 1990. The badge is based on the shield of the province of Alberta. Bell UH-1N Iroquois (212), USA - Air Force AN1269283.jpg\|UH-1N serving with the 1st Helicopter Squadron at Joint Base Andrews
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# San Jacinto, Bolívar
**San Jacinto** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
The San Jacinto archaeological site is located near the town.
## Culture
San Jacinto is the most important town in northern Colombia for local, traditional woven textiles such as hammocks and clothing as well as handicrafts. The town the birthplace of musician Adolfo Pacheco, and of the Latin Grammy Award winner cumbia group Los Gaiteros de San Jacinto
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# San Jacinto del Cauca
**San Jacinto del Cauca** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## Climate
San Jacinto del Cauca has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with moderate to heavy rainfall from December to April and very heavy rainfall from May to November. `{{Weather box
|location = San Jacinto del Cauca
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high C = 32.4
|Feb high C = 33.2
|Mar high C = 33.4
|Apr high C = 33.0
|May high C = 31.9
|Jun high C = 31.7
|Jul high C = 31.9
|Aug high C = 31.6
|Sep high C = 31.5
|Oct high C = 31.3
|Nov high C = 31.4
|Dec high C = 31.7
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 28.0
|Feb mean C = 28.5
|Mar mean C = 28.7
|Apr mean C = 28.6
|May mean C = 27.9
|Jun mean C = 27.9
|Jul mean C = 27.8
|Aug mean C = 27.7
|Sep mean C = 27.5
|Oct mean C = 27.5
|Nov mean C = 27.6
|Dec mean C = 27.7
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 23.6
|Feb low C = 23.8
|Mar low C = 24.1
|Apr low C = 24.3
|May low C = 24.0
|Jun low C = 24.2
|Jul low C = 23.8
|Aug low C = 23.9
|Sep low C = 23.6
|Oct low C = 23.7
|Nov low C = 23.9
|Dec low C = 23.8
|year low C =
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 44.5
|Feb rain mm = 63.5
|Mar rain mm = 93.1
|Apr rain mm = 248.7
|May rain mm = 445.5
|Jun rain mm = 422.2
|Jul rain mm = 459.6
|Aug rain mm = 614.4
|Sep rain mm = 434.1
|Oct rain mm = 491.7
|Nov rain mm = 489.8
|Dec rain mm = 187.4
|year rain mm =
|Jan rain days = 3
|Feb rain days = 3
|Mar rain days = 4
|Apr rain days = 9
|May rain days = 14
|Jun rain days = 14
|Jul rain days = 15
|Aug rain days = 17
|Sep rain days = 13
|Oct rain days = 15
|Nov rain days = 15
|Dec rain days = 7
|Year rain days =
|source 1 = IDEAM<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128|title= Data |website= www.ideam.gov
| 399 |
San Jacinto del Cauca
| 0 |
10,063,228 |
# 12 Soulful Nights of Christmas
***12 Soulful Nights of Christmas*** is a compilation of Christmas songs released on December 3, 1996, through So So Def Recordings. In 1998, the album was reissued with two new songs.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
The Orlando Weekly found the album \"uneven\", but highlighted Tamia\'s and Jagged Edge\'s renditions. In his review of the 1998 re-release, Marc Weingarten from Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"why is the too-reverent yuletide offering 12 Soulful Nights of Christmas of slow jams from various R&B stars as stale as day-old fruitcake?\" adding that \"perhaps Dupri should've provided some nasty beats\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**Notes**
- Performed by Destiny\'s Child, Cassie, Alicia Keys, Jo Jo Robinson, Kimberly Scott, Blaque, Trina Broussard, Trina & Tamara, and Jagged Edge.
- \"My Younger Days\" contains a portion of \"Red Clay\", written by Freddie Hubbard, and performed by Jack Wilkins
| 147 |
12 Soulful Nights of Christmas
| 0 |
10,063,236 |
# San Juan Nepomuceno, Bolívar
**San Juan Nepomuceno** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. It is named after Saint John of Nepomuk.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
Mayerlis Angarita was born here in about 1980. She has won awards for her leadership on women\'s rights and she has been a mayoral candidate. Artist Gabriel Sierra was born in 1975 in San Juan Nepomuceno
| 68 |
San Juan Nepomuceno, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,250 |
# San Martín de Loba
**San Martín de Loba** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 21 |
San Martín de Loba
| 0 |
10,063,262 |
# San Pablo, Bolívar
**San Pablo** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 18 |
San Pablo, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,282 |
# Santa Catalina, Bolívar
**Santa Catalina** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 18 |
Santa Catalina, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,291 |
# Santa Rosa, Bolívar
**Santa Rosa** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 18 |
Santa Rosa, Bolívar
| 0 |
10,063,306 |
# Simití
**Simiti** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
## History
Simití was founded in 1537 by Antonio de Lebrija and Juan Maldonado, two soldiers of the expedition from Santa Marta to the Muisca Confederation, led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
| 47 |
Simití
| 0 |
10,063,316 |
# Soplaviento
**Soplaviento** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia. The town is located on the south bank of the Dique Canal across from the town of San Estanislao
| 34 |
Soplaviento
| 0 |
10,063,319 |
# Villa Walsh Academy
**Villa Walsh Academy** is a private Catholic college preparatory school for girls in seventh through twelfth grades located in Morristown, New Jersey, United States, conducted by the Religious Teachers Filippini. The school is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson, operating on an independent basis. Its brother school is Delbarton School, with which it shares a transportation system.
Villa Walsh Academy is overseen by the New Jersey Department of Education and has accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1987; the school\'s accreditation expires in May 2023. The school is a member of the New Jersey Association of Independent Schools.
Villa Walsh Academy characterizes itself as one of the most selective in the state of New Jersey, with 50 students enrolled from 210 applicants. As of the 2021--22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 199 students and 27.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 7.3:1. The school\'s student body was 80.4% (160) White, 7.0% (14) Hispanic, 5.5% (11) two or more races, 4.5% (9) Asian, 2.0% (4) Black and 0.5% (1) American Indian / Alaska Native.
## Mission statement {#mission_statement}
\"The Mission of Villa Walsh Academy, a college preparatory Catholic school, is to inspire our young women to expand their intellectual breadth and depth and to enhance their sense of local and global concern, empowering them to influence their world in a Christian manner.\"
## Curriculum
Villa Walsh Academy coursework covers theology, mathematics, the sciences, including computer science, humanities, social sciences and the fine arts; presenting a rigorous challenge and solid preparation for a college-bound population. Also offered are Advanced Placement preparation, honors sections, independent study, and academic accommodation for gifted and musically talented students. However, special arrangements for gifted students not capable of being fulfilled within the existing offerings of the academy should be seriously discussed with the administration prior to enrollment.
The school offers Advanced Placement (AP) courses in AP English Language and Composition, AP Calculus, AP Biology, AP Chemistry, AP Physics, AP French Language, AP Italian Language and Culture, AP Spanish Language, AP United States History, AP European History and AP Computer Science.
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
In 2010, graduates received almost \$5 million in scholarships and grant money. Between 2006 and 2010, 11 students were National Merit Scholar Finalists and 62 were National Merit Scholar Commended Students.
In 2006, two students had a perfect 800 in the SAT on critical reading; one had a perfect 800 in math, two had a perfect 800 in writing.
| 432 |
Villa Walsh Academy
| 0 |
10,063,319 |
# Villa Walsh Academy
## Athletics
The Villa Walsh Academy Vikings participates in the Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Before the NJSIAA\'s 2010 realignment, the school had competed in the Northern Hills Conference an athletic conference comprised of public and private high schools located in Essex, Morris and Passaic counties. With 304 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019--20 school year as Non-Public B for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 37 to 366 students in that grade range (equivalent to Group I for public schools).
Villa Walsh Academy won the ShopRite Cup Group B title in 2013--14, with first-place finishes in indoor relays and third-place finishes in cross-country, swimming (tied), indoor track and spring track and field, plus bonus points for having no disqualifications across all three athletic seasons. The school was recognized as the winner of the 2015-16 ShopRite Cup in Group B, behind first-place finishes in soccer, cross-country, winter track relays and spring track and field, second-place finishes in winter track, and swimming, plus bonus points for having no disqualifications in the fall, winter and spring seasons. The team won the Group B ShopRite Cup in 2016--17.
The swimming team won the Non-Public B state championship in 2006.
The tennis team won the Non-Public B state championship in 2008 and 2009, defeating Ranney School both years in the final match of the tournament. The 2009 team repeated as Non-Public B champion, defeating Ranney School 5-0 in the finals at Mercer County Park.
The cross-country team won the Non-Public B state title in 2009 and 2014--2017 and 2019.
The track team won the indoor relay championship from 2013 to 2016.
The soccer team won the Non-Public B state championship in 2014 and 2015, defeating Moorestown Friends School both years in the tournament final.
The spring track team was Non-Public Group B state champion in 2016.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Kathryn Tappen (born 1981), sportscaster who works on NBC Sports Group\'s coverage of hockey and football
| 376 |
Villa Walsh Academy
| 1 |
10,063,327 |
# Eugenia Collier
**Eugenia W. Collier** (born April 6, 1928) is an American writer and critic best known for her 1969 short story \"Marigolds\", which won the first Gwendolyn Brooks Prize for Fiction in 1969; it was Collier's first published story. She was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Collier\'s collection, *Breeder and Other Stories*, was released in 1993. She has also published a play, *Ricky*, based on her short story of the same name. Other texts that Collier has written or contributed to include *Impressions in Asphalt: Images of Urban America* (1999); *A Bridge to Saying It Well* (1970); *Sweet Potato Pie* (1972); *Langston Hughes: Black Genius* (1991); *Afro-American Writing: An Anthology of Prose and Poetry* (1992); and *Modern Black Poets: A Collection of Critical Essays* (1973). Her work has appeared in *Negro Digest*, *Black World*, *TV Guide*, *Phylon*, *College Language Association Journal*, and *The New York Times*.
Collier\'s \"Marigolds\" is one of the most widely anthologized short stories in high school English textbooks. Set against the backdrop of the Great Depression, the story describes the moment that the 14-year-old narrator, Lizabeth, comes of age. It is the moment she is first able to feel the pain of another human being, and Collier\'s narrative argues that innocence and compassion cannot exist in the same person. It is widely used as a catalyst book for the coming of age unit in high school English classes.
The former English Chair at Morgan State University, Collier has also taught at Coppin State College (now University), the University of Maryland, Howard University, Southern Illinois University, and Atlanta University. She graduated *magna cum laude* from Howard University in 1948, and was awarded an M.A. from Columbia University two years later. In 1976, she earned a PhD from the University of Maryland.
She married Charles S. Collier in 1950. They had three sons: Charles M. Collier, Robert N. Collier, and Philip Collier.
Since retiring in 1996, Collier continues to live in Baltimore, and occasionally visits classes to discuss creative writing and her stories
| 336 |
Eugenia Collier
| 0 |
10,063,336 |
# Talaigua Nuevo
**Talaigua Nuevo** (`{{IPA|es|taˈlajɣwa ˈnweβo}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 19 |
Talaigua Nuevo
| 0 |
10,063,349 |
# Jim Hofford
**James Hofford** (born October 4, 1964) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman. Born in Sudbury, Ontario, Hofford was drafted in the sixth round, 114th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played eighteen games in the National Hockey League: seventeen with the Sabres and one with the Los Angeles Kings. He was scoreless for his NHL career, but is a member of the Rochester Americans hall of fame.
Hofford became the general manager of The Mall at Greece Ridge in 1998, a position he held for several years
| 97 |
Jim Hofford
| 0 |
10,063,352 |
# Tiquisio
**Tiquisio** is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia
| 15 |
Tiquisio
| 0 |
10,063,364 |
# Villanueva, Bolívar
**Villanueva** (also called **Timiriguaco**) is a town and municipality located in the Bolívar Department, northern Colombia.
A restoration of name of the municipality to Timiriguaco was pending in 2008
| 32 |
Villanueva, Bolívar
| 0 |
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