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# Backlash (engineering) In mechanical engineering, **backlash**, sometimes called **lash**, **play**, or **slop**, is a clearance or lost motion in a mechanism caused by gaps between the parts. It can be defined as \"the maximum distance or angle through which any part of a mechanical system may be moved in one direction without applying appreciable force or motion to the next part in mechanical sequence.\"^p.\ 1-8^ An example, in the context of gears and gear trains, is the amount of clearance between mated gear teeth. It can be seen when the direction of movement is reversed and the slack or lost motion is taken up before the reversal of motion is complete. It can be heard from the railway couplings when a train reverses direction. Another example is in a valve train with mechanical tappets, where a certain range of lash is necessary for the valves to work properly. Depending on the application, backlash may or may not be desirable. Some amount of backlash is unavoidable in nearly all reversing mechanical couplings, although its effects can be negated or compensated for. In many applications, the theoretical ideal would be zero backlash, but in actual practice some backlash must be allowed to prevent jamming. Reasons for specifying a requirement for backlash include allowing for lubrication, manufacturing errors, deflection under load, and thermal expansion. A principal cause of undesired backlash is wear. ## Gears Factors affecting the amount of backlash required in a gear train include errors in profile, pitch, tooth thickness, helix angle and center distance, and run-out. The greater the accuracy the smaller the backlash needed. Backlash is most commonly created by cutting the teeth deeper into the gears than the ideal depth. Another way of introducing backlash is by increasing the center distances between the gears. Backlash due to tooth thickness changes is typically measured along the pitch circle and is defined by: $$b_t=t_i-t_a\;$$ where: --- --------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------   $b_t\;$ = backlash due to tooth thickness modifications $t_i\;$ = tooth thickness on the pitch circle for ideal gearing (no backlash) $t_a\;$ = actual tooth thickness --- --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Backlash, measured on the pitch circle, due to operating center modifications is defined by: The speed of the machine. The material in the machine $$b_c = 2 \left( \Delta c \right) \tan\phi$$ where: --- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------   $b_c\;$ = backlash due to operating center distance modifications $\Delta c\;$ = difference between actual and ideal operating center distances $\phi \;$ = pressure angle --- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ Standard practice is to make allowance for half the backlash in the tooth thickness of each gear. However, if the pinion (the smaller of the two gears) is significantly smaller than the gear it is meshing with then it is common practice to account for all of the backlash in the larger gear. This maintains as much strength as possible in the pinion\'s teeth. The amount of additional material removed when making the gears depends on the pressure angle of the teeth. For a 14.5° pressure angle the extra distance the cutting tool is moved in equals the amount of backlash desired. For a 20° pressure angle the distance equals 0.73 times the amount of backlash desired. As a rule of thumb the average backlash is defined as 0.04 divided by the diametral pitch; the minimum being 0.03 divided by the diametral pitch and the maximum 0.05 divided by the diametral pitch. In metric, you can just multiply the values with the module: $$b_{avg}=0.04 * m$$ In a gear train, backlash is cumulative. When a gear-train is reversed the driving gear is turned a short distance, equal to the total of all the backlashes, before the final driven gear begins to rotate. At low power outputs, backlash results in inaccurate calculation from the small errors introduced at each change of direction; at large power outputs backlash sends shocks through the whole system and can damage teeth and other components.
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# Backlash (engineering) ## Anti-backlash designs {#anti_backlash_designs} In certain applications, backlash is an undesirable characteristic and should be minimized. ### Gear trains where positioning is key but power transmission is light {#gear_trains_where_positioning_is_key_but_power_transmission_is_light} The best example here is an analog radio tuner dial where one may make precise tuning movements both forwards and backwards. Specialized gear designs allow this. One of the more common designs splits the gear into two gears, each half the thickness of the original. One half of the gear is fixed to its shaft while the other half of the gear is allowed to turn on the shaft, but pre-loaded in rotation by small coil springs that rotate the free gear relative to the fixed gear. In this way, the spring compression rotates the free gear until all of the backlash in the system has been taken out; the teeth of the fixed gear press against one side of the teeth of the pinion while the teeth of the free gear press against the other side of the teeth on the pinion. Loads smaller than the force of the springs do not compress the springs and with no gaps between the teeth to be taken up, backlash is eliminated. ### Leadscrews where positioning and power are both important {#leadscrews_where_positioning_and_power_are_both_important} Another area where backlash matters is in leadscrews. Again, as with the gear train example, the culprit is lost motion when reversing a mechanism that is supposed to transmit motion accurately. Instead of gear teeth, the context is screw threads. The linear sliding axes (machine slides) of machine tools are an example application. Most machine slides for many decades, and many even today, have been simple (but accurate) cast-iron linear bearing surfaces, such as a dovetail- or box-slide, with an Acme leadscrew drive. With just a simple nut, some backlash is inevitable. On manual (non-CNC) machine tools, a machinist\'s means for compensating for backlash is to approach all precise positions using the same direction of travel, that is, if they have been dialing left, and next want to move to a rightward point, they will move rightward *past* it, then dial leftward back to it; the setups, tool approaches, and toolpaths must in that case be designed within this constraint. The next-more complex method than the simple nut is a split nut, whose halves can be adjusted, and locked with screws, so that the two sides ride, respectively, against leftward thread and the other side rides rightward faces. Notice the analogy here with the radio dial example using split gears, where the split halves are pushed in opposing directions. Unlike in the radio dial example, the spring tension idea is not useful here, because machine tools taking a cut put too much force against the screw. Any spring light enough to allow slide movement at all would allow cutter chatter at best and slide movement at worst. These screw-adjusted split-nut-on-an-Acme-leadscrew designs cannot eliminate *all* backlash on a machine slide unless they are adjusted so tight that the travel starts to bind. Therefore, this idea can\'t totally obviate the always-approach-from-the-same-direction concept; nevertheless, backlash can be held to a small amount (1 or 2 thousandths of an inch or), which is more convenient, and in some non-precise work is enough to allow one to \"ignore\" the backlash, i.e., to design as if there were none. CNCs can be programmed to use the always-approach-from-the-same-direction concept, but that is not the normal way they are used today{{ when?\|date=February 2019}}, because hydraulic anti-backlash split nuts, and newer forms of leadscrew than Acme/trapezoidal \-- such as recirculating ball screws \-- effectively eliminate the backlash. The axis can move in either direction without the go-past-and-come-back motion. The simplest CNCs, such as microlathes or manual-to-CNC conversions, which use nut-and-Acme-screw drives can be programmed to correct for the total backlash on each axis, so that the machine\'s control system will automatically move the extra distance required to take up the slack when it changes directions. This programmatic \"backlash compensation\" is a cheap solution, but professional grade CNCs use the more expensive backlash-eliminating drives mentioned above. This allows them to do 3D contouring with a ball-nosed endmill, for example, where the endmill travels around in many directions with constant rigidity and without delays. In mechanical computers a more complex solution is required, namely a frontlash gearbox. This works by turning slightly faster when the direction is reversed to \'use up\' the backlash slack. Some motion controllers include backlash compensation. Compensation may be achieved by simply adding extra compensating motion (as described earlier) or by sensing the load\'s position in a closed loop control scheme. The dynamic response of backlash itself, essentially a delay, makes the position loop less stable and thus more prone to oscillation.
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# Backlash (engineering) ## Minimum backlash {#minimum_backlash} Minimum backlash is calculated as the minimum transverse backlash at the operating pitch circle allowable when the gear teeth with the greatest allowable functional tooth thickness are in mesh with the pinion teeth with their greatest allowable functional tooth thickness, at the smallest allowable center distance, under static conditions. Backlash variation is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum backlash occurring in a whole revolution of the larger of a pair of mating gears. ## Applications Backlash in gear couplings allows for slight angular misalignment. There can be significant backlash in unsynchronized transmissions because of the intentional gap between the dogs in dog clutches. The gap is necessary to engage dogs when input shaft (engine) speed and output shaft (driveshaft) speed are imperfectly synchronized. If there was a smaller clearance, it would be nearly impossible to engage the gears because the dogs would interfere with each other in most configurations. In synchronized transmissions, synchromesh solves this problem. However, backlash is undesirable in precision positioning applications such as machine tool tables. It can be minimized by choosing ball screws or leadscrews with preloaded nuts, and mounting them in preloaded bearings. A preloaded bearing uses a spring and/or a second bearing to provide a compressive axial force that maintains bearing surfaces in contact despite reversal of the load direction
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# Jules de Trooz **Jules Henri Ghislain Marie, Baron de Trooz** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒyl ɑ̃ʁi ɡilɛ̃ maʁi baʁɔ̃ də tʁo}}`{=mediawiki}; 21 February 1857 -- 31 December 1907) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician. De Trooz was born in Leuven, and had studied philosophy before entering politics. He represented Leuven in the Belgian Chamber of People\'s Representatives from 1899 onwards, serving as Education and Interior minister. In 1907 he became the prime minister of Belgium, retaining the Interior portfolio. He had been prime minister for less than eight months when he died on the last day of 1907. De Trooz was the second Belgian prime minister to die in office, after Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt. ## Honours - : Minister of State by Royal Decree
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# So Phisai district **So Phisai** (*โซ่พิสัย*, `{{IPA|th|sôː pʰí.sǎj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Bueng Kan province, northeastern Thailand. ## History The minor district (*king amphoe*) So Phisai was established on 1 March 1972, when the three *tambons* So, Si Chomphu, and Nong Phan Tha were split off from Phon Phisai district. It was upgraded to a full district on 13 April 1977. ## Geography Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise): Fao Rai and Rattanawapi of Nong Khai province; Pak Khat, Mueang Bueng Kan, and Phon Charoen of Bueng Kan Province; and Ban Muang of Sakon Nakhon province. ## Administration The district is divided into seven sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 89 villages (*mubans*). So Phisai is a sub-district municipality (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambon* So. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO). No. Name Villages Thai Pop. ----- --------------- ---------- ------ -------- 1\. So โซ่ 17 16,589 2\. Nong Phan Tha หนองพันทา 11 8,659 3\. Si Chomphu ศรีชมภู 15 12,165 4\. Kham Kaeo คำแก้ว 13 9,576 5\. Bua Tum บัวตูม 13 9,383 6\. Tham Charoen ถ้ำเจริญ 11 7,757 7\
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# Spoon (liturgy) The **Spoon** (*Κοχλιάριον*, *Kochliárion*; Slavonic: Лжица, *Lzhítza*) is a liturgical implement used to distribute Holy Communion to the laity during the Divine Liturgy in some Eastern Christian rites. It is also called a **cochlear**, Latin for \"spoon\". In Western Christianity (within traditions such as Anglicanism, Lutheranism, and Methodism) a perforated spoon is used to remove any foreign particulate matter that falls into the wine. It is one of the items, in Western Christian Churches, that lies on the credence table. ## Purpose In the Early Church everyone, clergy and laity alike, received Holy Communion in the same manner: receiving the consecrated Body of Christ (in the form of bread) in their hands and then placing it in their own mouth, and sipping directly from the chalice. In time, concern over the danger of crumbs being accidentally dropped on the floor or some of the consecrated Blood of Christ (in the form of wine) being spilt, led to the use of tongs, with which the elements were mingled together and placed carefully into the mouths of the communicants. By the 9th century, the Church began to use the Communion spoon for the same practical reasons, and it is this practice that remains in place today (though the clergy still receive in the ancient manner as they stand at the Holy Table). ## Usage ### Byzantine Rite {#byzantine_rite} In the Byzantine Rite, when it comes time for the Communion of the faithful, the Lamb (Host) is cut into smaller portions with the Spear and placed in the Chalice, and thus distributed to the faithful using the Spoon. In this way, the faithful receive both the Body and Blood of Christ, without taking the Sacrament into their hands. At the end of the Liturgy, the Deacon will use the Spoon to consume the remaining Gifts (Body and Blood of Christ), and then ablute the Spoon, Spear and Chalice using wine and hot water (the Diskos (Paten) is usually abluted only with hot water). Since the Spoon is one of the Sacred Vessels it is usually kept on the Table of Oblation (Prothesis), where the bread and wine are prepared for the Eucharist. Often when a Chalice and Diskos are made, an Asterisk, Spoon, and Spear will be made to match them. Because it touches the Body and Blood of Christ, the liturgical spoon should be made of gold, or at least be gold plated.`{{why?|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}`{{clarify|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} The Spoon is also used to prepare the Presanctified Gifts at the Sunday Liturgies during Great Lent, and the Reserved Mysteries on Great Thursday of Holy Week. The priest will take up the Lamb in his left hand and hold it over the Chalice. With the Spoon in his right hand, he will pour some of the Blood of Christ onto the underside of the Lamb, where the cross had been cut with the Spear during the Proskomedie. The Spoon, being a sanctified object, may not be used for any purpose other than the liturgical uses for which it is appointed, and no one of lower rank than a deacon should touch it. ### Alexandrian Rite {#alexandrian_rite} After the priest has placed a piece of the consecrated loaf in the communicant\'s mouth by hand, the deacon gives the communicant the consecrated wine with the Spoon. ### Maronite Rite {#maronite_rite} The Maronite Catholic Church stands as an exception, as the faithful are given Communion by dipping a part of the consecrated loaf into the chalice, usually held by a deacon, and His Body, intincted with His Blood, is then placed in the communicant\'s mouth by hand. The spoon is still often found as part of the ware of the altar, but is not normally used. This is also true for the Melkite Greek Catholic Church
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# Ray Martínez **Ray Martínez** is an American dance music musician, songwriter, and singer in the late 1970s and 1980s, and later became a record producer, engineer, and record label owner/executive. He helped originate what became known as the \"Miami Sound\", created out of an independent record label of that era, TK Records. He created Paris International Records, his own independently owned label, which released multiple dance hits during the era. ## Early years {#early_years} Martínez was born in Cuba to an American father and a Cuban mother. Although he and his family commuted between the United States and Cuba, Martínez permanently moved to Miami, Florida, at the age of ten. Having studied piano since the age of five, he graduated from Miami Dade Community College, and continued his higher education at Florida Atlantic University, majoring in Music and Business. He also pursued post-graduate courses. At the age of sixteen, Martinez first became involved with music by playing in local bands. In 1973, while playing at The Seven Seas Lounge, a Miami night club, he was asked to join the band, Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. ## Career In 1975, Martínez returned to Miami and went to work at T.K. Records, where he learned his craft from Henry Stone. Starting out as a studio musician, Martinez stayed after hours, watching and learning. He became a recording engineer, later advancing to chief engineer, eventually producing most of the artists at T.K. He went on to produce hits`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} for several`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} small and large music labels worldwide`{{where|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}. At T.K., Martínez experimented with \"Afro-Cuban\" percussion, and mixed it with the R & B sound that T.K. was known for to originate the \"Miami Sound\". In 1978, he formed the studio group, Amant, which had disco hits with the tracks \"If There Is Love\" and \"Hazy Shades of Love\". Both tracks peaked at number five on the disco chart. As an engineer/producer/artist, he was involved in many Billboard nationally charted records`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}, several gold records`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} worldwide`{{where|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}, a Grammy nominee`{{who|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}, and several Billboard Awards`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}. In 2006, he was inducted into one`{{which|date=January 2013}}`{=mediawiki} of Europe\'s \"Dance Music Halls Of Fame\". ## Executive career {#executive_career} At T.K., Martínez was influential in introducing the concept of the 12-inch record for promotional purposes. He founded and served as operating president of Paris International, an independent label. Martínez taught seminars at the University of Miami in music business and production, and established many new promotion and distribution concepts`{{which|date=January 2013}}`{=mediawiki} that later became industry standards. After retirement in the early 1990s, Martínez continued working as a consultant for several music companies`{{which|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki} and entertainment attorneys`{{who|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}. He also ran a family-owned real estate acquisition/investment company. ### Paris Music Group {#paris_music_group} In 2006, Martínez decided to come out of retirement, and opened Paris Music Group
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# Wizards of the Lost Kingdom ***Wizards of the Lost Kingdom*** is a 1985 Argentinian-American sword and sorcery film written by Ed Naha and directed by Héctor Olivera. It stars Bo Svenson as Kor the Conqueror, Vidal Peterson as Simon, and Thom Christopher as Shurka. The film is one of ten that Roger Corman produced in Argentina during the 1980s, beginning with *Deathstalker* in 1983. The sequel *Wizards of the Lost Kingdom II* followed in 1989. It was one of the first eight films distributed by Corman\'s new company, Concorde Pictures, along with *The Devastator*, *Naked Vengeance*, *Wheels of Fire*, *Loose Screws* (*Screwballs II*), *School Spirit*, *Barbarian Queen*, and *Streetwalkin'*. ## Plot In the peaceful kingdom of Axeholme lives the teenage boy Simon, son of Wulfrik, the king\'s court wizard. The evil sorcerer Shurka starts a coup d\'état, aided by the King\'s wife, killing the king, and imprisoning the princess, Aura. Before he is slain by Shurka, Wulfrik teleports Simon and his friend Gulfax to safety and gifts him his powerful magic ring. However, unbeknownst to all, Simon loses the ring during his escape. Simon teams up with the warrior Kor to free the kingdom and rescue the princess. After narrowly escaping one of Shurka's insectoid creatures, they make camp for the night. Seeking help to defeat the evil wizard, Simon summons long-dead legendary warriors from their resting place, using his powers to resurrect them, but only provokes the reanimated corpses into attacking him before they return to their graves. Kor and Simon stumble upon the cottage of the hobgoblin Hurla, which is attacked by lizard men. Simon uses magic to defeat them. The hobgoblin afterwards joins forces with Simon on his quest. On the way to the castle, Kor is then captured by cyclopses to be wed against his will or eaten, though he is rescued by Simon. The next day, while at a waterfall, they notice a woman drowning. Kor attempts a rescue, only to discover she is a Naiad and the guardian of the river. They have passed her test of heroism, allowing them to go further, reaching the castle. Meanwhile, Shurka has imprisoned the queen, usurped the kingdom, and hypnotized the princess to make her his bride. Returning to the castle after exile, they release a group of townsfolk from prison, leading to a huge battle outside. Simon, having retrieved the ring, and Shurka face each other on the towers using white and black magic, where the latter is slain. Simon and Aura are crowned the new King and Queen of Axeholme. Kor departs, looking for more adventure. ## Cast - Bo Svenson as Kor - Vidal Peterson as Simon - Thom Christopher as Shurka - Barbara Stock as Queen Udea - María Socas as Acrasia, the insectoid - Dolores Michaels as Aura - Edgardo Moreira as Wulfrik, Old Simon, and Gulfax - Augusto Larreta as King Tylor - Michael Fontaine as Hurla - Marcos Woinsky as Rongar - Marina Mangalli as Linnea, the Naiad - Norton Freeman as Sipra - Arch Gallo as Bobino - Mark Peters as Timmon - Rick Gallo as Malkon ## Production The film re-used a large amount of stock footage from *Sorceress* (1982) and *Deathstalker* (1983). Ed Naha, who wrote the script, later recalled: > I don\'t think this movie was so much shot as it was beaten to death. When they whittled it down to what was useful from the footage, it only ran 58 minutes. Now Roger had done a lot of sword-and-sorcery films, and so he told a couple of the editors to pull all they could from them and edit that footage in. So now the finished movie has a 15 or 20-minute prologue that has nothing to do with rest of the film! ## Reception *Wizards of the Lost Kingdom* received a mixed-to-positive reception from critics, who consider it a lighter and softer improvement on the Roger Corman Barbarian films of the 80s.
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# Wizards of the Lost Kingdom ## Legacy ### Sequel In 1989, *Wizards of the Lost Kingdom* was followed by a sequel (featuring none of the cast or crew of the original film), *Wizards of the Lost Kingdom II*. Ed Naha stated: > Three years later I\'m at a wedding reception for a friend who still works for Roger. And Roger\'s there. So we\'re chatting and kidding around, and I said, \'Ah, man, remember that \"Wizards of the Lost Kingdom\" movie?\' And he said, \'Oh, y\'know, that did very well in video. We filmed a sequel!\' ### *Mystery Science Theater 3000* {#mystery_science_theater_3000} In April 2017 *Wizards of the Lost Kingdom* and its sequel were both featured on the eleventh season of *Mystery Science Theater 3000*
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# Buffalo Tom (album) ***Buffalo Tom*** is the debut album by the American alternative rock band Buffalo Tom, released in 1988 and featuring production from J Mascis. ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} AllMusic wrote that \"some bands offer up everything they have on their first album, and some bands just get started; *Buffalo Tom* indicates that this band was clearly in the latter category, but if they had a way to go in the originality sweepstakes, there was no arguing they had plenty of talent and potential.\" ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Sunflower Suit\" 2. \"The Plank\" 3. \"Impossible\" 4. \"500,000 Warnings\" 5. \"The Bus\" 6. \"Racine\" 7. \"In the Attic\" 8. \"Flushing Stars\" 9. \"Walk Away\" 10. \"Reason Why\" 11. \"Blue\" 12. \"Deep in the Ground\" ## Personnel Buffalo Tom - Bill Janovitz - vocals, guitar, piano - Tom Maginnis - drums, percussion - Chris Colbourn - bass, guitar, vocals with: - J Mascis - lead guitar on \"Impossible\" - Phil Retelle - backing vocals on \"Flushing Stars\" Produced by J Mascis and Buffalo Tom. Mixed by Sean Slade, engineered by Tim O\'Heir
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# Frans Schollaert **François (Frans) Victor Marie Ghislain Schollaert** (19 August 1851 -- 29 June 1917) was a Belgian Catholic Party politician who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 1907 to 1911. Born in Wilsele, Schollaert trained as a lawyer and practiced in Leuven. He served as head of the Flemish farmer\'s union, the *Boerenbond*. He sat in the Belgian Chamber of People\'s Representatives from 1888 onwards, holding the office of President of the Chamber from 1901 to 1908, and from 1911 until his death. On Jules de Trooz\'s sudden death on the last day of 1907, Schollaert replaced him as the prime minister of Belgium, also holding the Interior and Agriculture portfolios from 1908 to 1910, and the Arts and Science portfolio from 1910 to 1911. Schollaert was PM while the Belgian parliament, in heated debates, voted to annex the Congo Free State, which had been privately owned by Belgian King Leopold II. It became known as the Belgian Congo. ## Honours - : Minister of State by Royal Decree. - : Grand Cross in the Order of the Crown - : Grand Officier in the Order of Leopold - : Grand Cross in the Legion of Honour - : Grand Cross in the Order of Pius IX - : Grand Cross in the Order of Saint Olav - : Grand Cross in the Order of the Star of Romania The Schollaert Channel, discovered in 1898 by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, was named for him
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# Debugfs **debugfs** is a special file system available in the Linux kernel since version 2.6.10-rc3. It was written by Greg Kroah-Hartman. debugfs is a simple-to-use RAM-based file system specially designed for debugging purposes. It exists as a simple way for kernel developers to make information available to user space. Unlike `{{Mono|/proc}}`{=mediawiki}, which is only meant for information about a process, or sysfs, which has strict one-value-per-file rules, debugfs has no rules at all. Developers can put any information they want there. ## Use To compile a Linux kernel with the debugfs facility, the `{{Mono|CONFIG_DEBUG_FS}}`{=mediawiki} option must be set to yes. It is typically mounted at `{{Mono|/sys/kernel/debug}}`{=mediawiki} with a command such as: ``` bash mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug ``` It can be manipulated using several calls from the C header file `{{Mono|linux/debugfs.h}}`{=mediawiki}, which include: - for creating a file in the debug filesystem. - for creating a directory inside the debug filesystem. - for creating a symbolic link inside the debug filesystem. - for removing a debugfs entry from the debug filesystem
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# Silent Scream (2005 film) *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 28, column 19): unexpected '\n' |-bgcolor="#CCCCCC ^ ``
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# Enterprise for High School Students **Enterprise for High School Students** (**EHSS**) is a youth development agency in San Francisco, California that guides teens to explore career interests, find and retain jobs, and engage in experiential learning. Established in 1969, EHSS is a 501(c) non-profit community organization. ## Mission The mission of EHSS is to increase student preparedness to explore and pursue career paths through training, counseling and guidance; to offer a variety of experiential options within the work world; and to provide a support network to raise youth's personal expectations for success. ## Services Annually, EHSS serves over 2000 students, ages 14-18, from both public and independent schools. Through a broad array of programs, EHSS provides a means for students to gain an understanding of how their interests and talents can be integrated into employment, community service, and educational opportunities, while finding their potential. Of particular note are the Summer Gardening, Junior Caddie, and Party Assistance programs. ## Fundraising Fund raising efforts include the *San Francisco Fall Antiques Show*, an annual antiques trade fair established in 1982 as the major fundraising event for EHSS. Another fundraising event for EHSS, the *Art Tour*, visits the homes of some of San Francisco\'s prominent art collectors and view their distinguished museum quality private collections
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# Rage of Honor ***Rage of Honor*** is a 1987 American martial arts film directed by Gordon Hessler and starring Sho Kosugi. ## Cast - Sho Kosugi -- Shiro Tanaka - Lewis Van Bergen -- Havlock - Robin Evans -- Jennifer Lane - Richard Wiley -- Ray Jones - Ulises Dumont -- Harry - Gerry Gibson -- Dick Coleman - Martín Coria -- Jorge - Ned Kovas -- Havlock\'s guard - Lilian Rinar -- Havlock\'s girlfriend - Hugo Halbrich -- Pilot / Killer - Masafumi Sakanashi -- Prison ninja - Kiyatsu Shimoyama -- Prison ninja - Alejo Apsega -- Killer in hotel - Ezequiel Ezquenazi -- Killer in hotel ## Production Principal photography on the film took place at Phoenix, Arizona and Argentina beginning in December 1985 until production was shut down for unknown reasons before resuming in February 1986
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# Gérard Schivardi **Gérard Schivardi** (born 17 April 1950) is a French politician. He contended in the French presidential election of 2007 under the colours of the Workers\' Party (*Parti des Travailleurs*) of Trotskyist legacy. He came last in the first round of balloting on 22 April, obtaining 0.34% of the popular vote (123,540 votes). ## Biography Schivardi was born in 1950 in Narbonne. He is married and a father of two. Schivardi has been a master craftsman mason since 1970, and is still in activity as of 2007. From 1973 to 1988, he was president of the syndicate of the masons of Aude. In 1975 he joined the Socialist party. In 1989, he was elected in the city council of Mailhac; in 1995 he became second deputy mayor. He was elected mayor of Mailhac in 2001. He advocated strong public services and increased power and independence of communes, denouncing what he called the \"forced intercommunality\". In 2002, Schivardi met Daniel Gluckstein, who convinced him to support his campaign. In July 2003 he was elected representative of the Canton of Ginestas and resigned form the Socialist Party. He then turned \"Independent socialist\", and was not a member of a political party afterwards, until he joined the Independent Workers\' Party (POI) in 2008. On 20 September 2003 he took position against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and founded the \"*Comité national pour la victoire du vote NON*\" (\"National committee for victory of NO votes\"). In 2004, he founded the \"National Committee for Defense of Communes and Public Services\" (*Comité de défense des communes et des services publics*). On 18 November, he was selected as candidate supported by a \"*Comité National pour la reconquête de la démocratie*\" (\"National Committee for reconquest of Democracy\"). On 16 March 2008 he was re-elected as mayor of Mailhac, Aude. ## French presidential election of 2007 {#french_presidential_election_of_2007} Schivardi was one of the twelve candidates for the 2007 French presidential election. He was the first \"small\" candidate to obtain the 500 sponsorships from elected officials which are necessary to become an official candidate. Schivardi claimed to be an \"authentic socialist, independent and no affiliate\". He attempted to run as \"the mayors\' candidate\" (*le candidat des maires*), but was barred from doing so after the prime association of French mayors, the *Association des Maires de France*, obtained an injunction against Schivardi. A similar decision was reached by the commission overseeing the \"official campaign\" of the election; an appeal against this decision was rejected by the Constitutional Council. Schivardi then changed his slogan to *candidat de maires*, which may be translated as \"candidate of some mayors\". The key proposal of Schivardi\'s programme was that France should withdraw from the European Union and construct a \"Europe of free people and free nations\". Several proposals in Schivardi\'s program, including the election of a new national assembly to suppress the French Fifth Republic\'s institutions, echo those of Daniel Gluckstein in 2002. In addition to his far-left-wing base of syndicalists and Workers\' Party militants, Schivardi was supported by some mayors affiliated of the Socialist Party, French Communist Party, Union for a Popular Movement or Union for French Democracy, who don\'t support the communal policy of their parties. Schivardi\'s official site and documentation said that he was supported by the Workers\' Party, but he denied being a member of that party, or a trotskyist. ## Since 2015 {#since_2015} In 2015, he co-founded the Workers\' Party
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# Chrome Children Vol. 2 ***Chrome Children Vol. 2*** is a follow-up to the 2006 album, *Chrome Children*. It is a co-production between Stones Throw Records and Adult Swim. It is available as a free downloadable EP on the Adult Swim website. It was also released in an unedited form on iTunes. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Chrome Dreams\" - Performed by Madlib the Beat Konducta - Produced by Madlib 2. \"Rhymes with an L\" - Performed by M.E.D. - Produced by Dabrye - Cuts by J. Rocc 3. \"Livin\'In the City\" - Performed by Roc C - Produced by Oh No 4. \"Stay with Me (Instrumental)\" - Performed by Chocolate Star - Produced by Gary Davis 5. \"Reverse Part Two (Koushik Remix)\" - Performed by Percee P - Produced by Koushik - Cuts by J. Rocc 6. \"Get Back\" - Performed by Oh No - Produced by Decyphur 7. \"Money Motivated Movements\" - Performed by Guilty Simpson - Produced by Four Tet - Cuts by J. Rocc 8. \"Selah\'s Children\" - Performed by Madlib the Beat Konducta - Produced by Madlib 9. \"Theme (Danny Breaks Remix)\" - Performed by Baron Zen - Produced by Danny Breaks 10. \"Happy Now?\" - Performed by Aloe Blacc - Produced by Four Tet 11. \"Bubbha\'s Dance\" - Performed by J. Rocc - Produced by J. Rocc - Cuts by J. Rocc 12. \"Soul Traveling\" - Performed by Gary Wilson - Produced by Gary Wilson 13. \"Keep Running Away (Egon\'s Edit)\" - Performed by Clifford Nyren - Produced by Clifford Nyren 14. \"Marcus, Martin and Malcolm\" - Performed by The Jazzistics - Produced by Yesterdays New Quintet 15. \"Murder\" - Performed by James Pants - Produced by James Pants 16
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# Δ-opioid receptor The **δ-opioid receptor**, also known as **delta opioid receptor** or simply **delta receptor**, abbreviated **DOR** or **DOP**, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein G~i~/G~0~ and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands. The regions of the brain where the δ-opioid receptor is largely expressed vary from species model to species model. In humans, the δ-opioid receptor is most heavily expressed in the basal ganglia and neocortical regions of the brain. ## Function The endogenous system of opioid receptors is well known for its analgesic potential; however, the exact role of δ-opioid receptor activation in pain modulation is largely up for debate. This also depends on the model at hand since receptor activity is known to change from species to species. Activation of delta receptors produces analgesia, perhaps as significant potentiators of μ-opioid receptor agonists. However, it seems like delta agonism provides heavy potentiation to any mu agonism. Therefore, even selective mu agonists can cause analgesia under the right conditions, whereas under others can cause none whatsoever. It is also suggested however that the pain modulated by the μ-opioid receptor and that modulated by the δ-opioid receptor are distinct types, with the assertion that DOR modulates the nociception of chronic pain, while MOR modulates acute pain. Evidence for whether delta agonists produce respiratory depression is mixed; high doses of the delta agonist peptide DPDPE produced respiratory depression in sheep. In contrast both the peptide delta agonist Deltorphin II and the non-peptide delta agonist (+)-BW373U86 actually stimulated respiratory function and blocked the respiratory depressant effect of the potent μ-opioid agonist alfentanil, without affecting pain relief. It thus seems likely that while δ-opioid agonists can produce respiratory depression at very high doses, at lower doses they have the opposite effect, a fact that may make mixed mu/delta agonists such as DPI-3290 potentially very useful drugs that might be much safer than the μ agonists currently used for pain relief. Many delta agonists may also cause seizures at high doses, although not all delta agonists produce this effect. Of additional interest is the potential for delta agonists to be developed for use as a novel class of antidepressant drugs, following robust evidence of both antidepressant effects and also upregulation of BDNF production in the brain in animal models of depression. These antidepressant effects have been linked to endogenous opioid peptides acting at δ- and μ-opioid receptors, and so can also be produced by enkephalinase inhibitors such as RB-101. However, in human models the data for antidepressant effects remains inconclusive. In the 2008 Phase 2 clinical trial by Astra Zeneca, NCT00759395, 15 patients were treated with the selective delta agonist AZD 2327. The results showed no significant effect on mood suggesting that δ-opioid receptor modulation might not participate in the regulation of mood in humans. However, doses were administered at low doses and the pharmacological data also remains inconclusive. Further trials are required. Another interesting aspect of δ-opioid receptor function is the suggestion of μ/δ-opioid receptor interactions. At the extremes of this suggestion lies the possibility of a μ/δ opioid receptor oligomer. The evidence for this stems from the different binding profiles of typical mu and delta agonists such as morphine and DAMGO respectively, in cells that coexpress both receptors compared to those in cells that express them individually. In addition, work by Fan and coworkers shows the restoration of the binding profiles when distal carboxyl termini are truncated at either receptor, suggesting that the termini play a role in the oligomerization. While this is exciting, rebuttal by the Javitch and coworkers suggest the idea of oligomerization may be overplayed. Relying on RET, Javitch and coworkers showed that RET signals were more characteristic of random proximity between receptors, rather than an actual bond formation between receptors, suggesting that discrepancies in binding profiles may be the result of downstream interactions, rather than novel effects due to oligomerization. Nevertheless, coexpression of receptors remains unique and potentially useful in the treatment of mood disorders and pain. Recent work indicates that exogenous ligands that activate the delta receptors mimic the phenomenon known as ischemic preconditioning. Experimentally, if short periods of transient ischemia are induced the downstream tissues are robustly protected if longer-duration interruption of the blood supply is then affected. Opiates and opioids with DOR activity mimic this effect. In the rat model, introduction of DOR ligands results in significant cardioprotection. ## Ligands Until comparatively recently, there were few pharmacological tools for the study of δ receptors. As a consequence, our understanding of their function is much more limited than those of the other opioid receptors for which selective ligands have long been available. However, there are now several selective δ-opioid receptor agonists available, including peptides such as DPDPE and deltorphin II, and non-peptide drugs such as SNC-80, the more potent (+)-BW373U86, a newer drug DPI-287, which does not produce the problems with convulsions seen with the earlier agents, and the mixed μ/δ agonist DPI-3290, which is a much more potent analgesic than the more highly selective δ agonists. Selective antagonists for the δ receptor are also available, with the best known being the opiate derivative naltrindole. ### Agonists Peptides - Leu-enkephalin - Met-enkephalin - Deltorphins - DADLE - DPDPE Non-peptides - ADL-5859 - BU-48 - BW373U86 - DPI-221 - DPI-287 - DPI-3290 - RWJ-394674- - SNC-80 - TAN-67 - Amoxapine (partial agonist) - Cannabidiol (allosteric modulator, non-selective) - Desmethylclozapine - Mitragynine - Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl - Norbuprenorphine (peripherally restricted) - N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon - 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone - Tetrahydrocannabinol (allosteric modulator, non-selective) - Xorphanol
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# Δ-opioid receptor ## Ligands ### Antagonists - Buprenorphine - Naltriben - Naltrindole - Mitragynine - 7-Hydroxymitragynine
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# Δ-opioid receptor ## Interactions δ-opioid receptors have been shown to interact with β~2~ adrenergic receptors, arrestin β~1~ and GPRASP1
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# Washington State Route 507 **State Route 507** (**SR 507**) is a Washington state highway in Lewis, Thurston and Pierce counties that extends 43.52 mi from `{{nowrap|[[Interstate 5 in Washington|Interstate 5]]}}`{=mediawiki} (I-5) and `{{nowrap|[[U.S. Route 12 in Washington|U.S. Route 12]]}}`{=mediawiki} (US 12) in Centralia to `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 7|SR 7]]}}`{=mediawiki} in Spanaway. The highway also intersects `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 510|SR 510]]}}`{=mediawiki} in Yelm and `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 702|SR 702]]}}`{=mediawiki} in McKenna. The first appearance of the roadway on a map was in 1916 and since, two highways, `{{nowrap|[[Secondary State Highway 5H (Washington)|Secondary State Highway 5H]]}}`{=mediawiki} (SSH 5H) and `{{nowrap|SSH 1N}}`{=mediawiki}, were established on the current route of SR 507 in 1937 and 1943. They both became SR 507 during the 1964 highway renumbering. ## Route description {#route_description} State Route 507 (SR 507) begins at a diamond interchange with `{{nowrap|[[Interstate 5 in Washington|Interstate 5]]}}`{=mediawiki} (I-5), co-signed as `{{nowrap|[[U.S. Route 12 in Washington|U.S. Route 12]]}}`{=mediawiki} (US 12) in Centralia. Traveling east as Mellen, Alder and West Cherry Streets, the highway crosses railroad tracks owned by BNSF Railway and used by Amtrak\'s *Cascades* and *Coast Starlight* routes, both of which serve the Centralia Amtrak station. The roadway later intersects Pearl Street, the only couplet on SR 507, which parallels Tower Avenue through Downtown Centralia. The street then becomes Tower Avenue and turns north to pass the Centralia Amtrak station. SR 507 realigns west as Sixth Street to intersect and become Pearl Street, once again traveling northeast as Downing Road to leave Centralia. Still parallel to BNSF Railway tracks, the road leaves Lewis County, enters Thurston County, passes Bucoda and turns north to intersect an old segment of `{{nowrap|[[U.S. Route 99|US 99]]}}`{=mediawiki} in Tenino. Within Tenino, the highway stops paralleling the BNSF tracks and goes east through the city as Sussex Avenue and starts to parallel a route of the Tacoma Rail eastward out of the city. Passing through Rainier as Binghampton Street, the roadway intersects the eastern terminus of `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 510|SR 510]]}}`{=mediawiki} in Yelm and then turns southeast as Yelm Avenue, before leaving both Yelm and Thurston County to enter Pierce County on a bridge over the Nisqually River. Once in Pierce County, SR 507 intersects `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 702|SR 702]]}}`{=mediawiki} in McKenna and continues north as the Spanaway McKenna Highway to Roy, where the highway turns east and then northeast into Fort Lewis. Immediately after leaving Fort Lewis, the roadway ends at an intersection with `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 7|SR 7]]}}`{=mediawiki} in Spanaway. Between SR 510 in Yelm and SR 702 in McKenna, the roadway had an estimated daily average of 19,000 motorists in 2007, causing the segment to be the busiest on SR 507. The busiest segment in 1970 was the Maple Street junction in Downtown Centralia, with an estimated daily average of 14,000 motorists. SR 507 is also the southern segment of the East Pacific Highway, which runs from Centralia to Sumas. ## History Sections of modern-day SR 507 were established as wagon roads as early as 1856, with the general corridor first appearing on maps in 1897. In 1937, during the creation of the Primary and secondary highways, `{{nowrap|[[Secondary State Highway 5H (Washington)|Secondary State Highway 5H]]}}`{=mediawiki} (SSH 5H) was established, running from Tenino to Spanaway. A section of 507 houses the Tenino Downtown Historic District. In 1943, `{{nowrap|SSH 1N}}`{=mediawiki}, running from Centralia to Tenino, was created. In 1964, a highway renumbering replaced both SSH 5H and SSH 1N with SR 507. WSDOT began construction of safety improvements to a section of SR 507 between Roy and Yelm in 1985 following a higher-than-average rate of collisions, especially those involving trees. Approximately 50 to 70 fir trees were removed to improve visibility despite opposition from local residents seeking to keep the highway\'s scenic qualities. The highway\'s bridge over the Nisqually River in McKenna was replaced by a new span in 1987. A left turn lane was installed at the Yew Street intersection east of the `{{nowrap|[[Interstate 5 in Washington|Interstate 5]]}}`{=mediawiki} (I-5) and `{{nowrap|[[U.S. Route 12 in Washington|U.S. Route 12]]}}`{=mediawiki} (US 12) interchange in Centralia on May 24, 2007. `{{nowrap|[[Washington State Route 704|SR 704]]}}`{=mediawiki}, when completed, is predicted to reduce congestion on SR 507. A section of the highway near Rainier was renamed the Sgt. Justin. D. Norton Memorial Highway in 2017 to honor a local soldier
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# Nate Funk **Nathan Funk** (born November 7, 1983) is a 6 ft American basketball player who had a standout collegiate basketball career at Creighton University and played professionally in the top leagues in Germany and Turkey. Funk was born and raised in Sioux City, Iowa where he attended Blessed Sacrament Middle School and Bishop Heelan Catholic High School. He is the son of Timm and Jean Funk and has two siblings, Justin and Sara. ## Player profile {#player_profile} As a fifth-year senior, Funk led the 22--10 Jays to the 2007 Missouri Valley Conference title with a victory over rival Southern Illinois. After scoring 66 points in three tournament wins in St. Louis, Funk was named the tournament\'s Most Valuable Player. Currently, he is sixth on Creighton\'s all-time scoring list, behind fifth-place Kyle Korver. Funk also holds the all-time record for games played as a Bluejay. His junior year, Funk led the team in both scoring and rebounding with averages of 17.8 and 5.1, respectively. During the 2005--06 season, he was forced to sit out the rest of the season and undergo surgery after injuring his labrum while diving for a loose ball. Creighton University requested an extra year of eligibility for Funk due to his injury. This request was approved by the NCAA. Funk\'s career-high in scoring, 38 points, came during a victory over Dayton four days before he received his season-ending injury. He was both named to the all-MVC team and was runner-up for Valley Player of the Year Award in 2005 and 2007. Nate Funk played one season for Germany\'s Eisbären Bremerhaven basketball team. He was one of the top scorers on the team. He then played two seasons in Turkey for Erdemirspor. ## Trivia - Nate Funk was the last active Creighton Bluejay player that played in an official regular season game at the Omaha Civic Auditorium. - Nate played in 135 games in his collegiate career, which is the career record at Creighton. - Nate\'s 1,754 career points placed him sixth all-time on the Creighton Bluejays career scoring chart. He also ranked 31st on the Missouri Valley Conference career scoring chart. - Nate Funk is one of Bill Simmons\' \"Reggie Cleveland All-Stars\" for white players with black sounding names. - After one season Nate Funk leaves Bremerhaven
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# Loaded (American TV series) ***Loaded*** is a half-hour-long series on the public TV station Fuse TV. During the show, videos from one specific artist play. Usually there is a mix of old and new videos for each artist. Depending on the video length there are between 5 and 6 videos per episode. ## List of artists featured {#list_of_artists_featured} - 2 Chainz - 311 - 50 Cent - The Academy Is\... - Aerosmith - AFI - Against Me! - Akon - Alanis Morissette - Alicia Keys - All-American Rejects - Angels & Airwaves - Ariana Grande - ASAP Mob - Audioslave - Avenged Sevenfold - Avril Lavigne - Beastie Boys - Beck - Beyoncé - The Black Eyed Peas - Blink-182 - Blur - Bright Eyes - Britney Spears - Bruno Mars - Bush - Chevelle - Christina Aguilera - Chris Brown - Ciara - Coheed and Cambria - Dashboard Confessional - Daughtry - Demi Lovato - Depeche Mode - Drake - Eminem - Evanescence - Fall Out Boy - Fat Joe - Fergie - Fifth Harmony - Flo Rida - Foo Fighters - Future \+French Montana - Good Charlotte - Gorillaz - Green Day - Guns N\' Roses - Gwen Stefani - Iggy Azalea - Ja Rule - Janet Jackson - Jason Derulo - Jay-Z - Jennifer Hudson - Jennifer Lopez - Justin Bieber - Justin Timberlake - Kanye West - Katy Perry - Kelly Clarkson - Kendrick Lamar - Kid Rock - The Killers - Kings Of Leon - Korn - Lady Gaga - Lil\' Kim - Lil Wayne - Limp Bizkit - Linkin Park - Macklemore - Madonna - Mariah Carey - Maroon 5 - Metallica - Michael Jackson - Miley Cyrus - Missy Elliott - Muse - My Chemical Romance - Mýa - Nelly - Nelly Furtado - New Found Glory - Nickelback - Nicki Minaj - Nine Inch Nails - Nirvana - No Doubt - The Notorious B.I.G. - Oasis - The Offspring - One Direction - Outkast - Panic! at the Disco - Paramore - Pearl Jam - Pharrell Williams - Pink - Prince - Pussycat Dolls - R. Kelly - Radiohead - Red Hot Chili Peppers - Rick Ross - Rihanna - Rise Against - Run-D.M.C. - Sam Smith - Sean Combs - Seether - Slipknot - Soundgarden - Stone Temple Pilots - Sum 41 - System of a Down - T.I. - Taking Back Sunday - Taylor Swift - Three Days Grace - Tupac Shakur - U2 - The Used - Usher - Van Halen - Weezer - Whitney Houston - Wiz Khalifa - Wyclef Jean - Xzibit - Young Thug ## Format The show airs at 6:00 P.M. ET on all weekdays, 2:00 P.M. ET and 6:00 P.M. ET on Monday, 2:00 A.M. ET, 2:30 A.M. ET, 2:00 P.M. ET and 6:00 P.M. ET on Tuesday, and adds an episode for every weekday except Thursday, on which there are 6, Saturday night when there is 1 episode. The same weekday schedule is employed on Saturday and Sunday. An average episode would have 5-6 music videos from the same artist, depending on the length of each video. Recently, the network added a program where various artists\' music videos are shown, this episode is called \"Voodoo\"
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# Bhaja Caves **Bhaja Caves** are a group of 22 rock-cut caves dating back to the 2nd century BC located off the Mumbai - Pune expressway near the city of Pune, India. The caves are 400 feet above the village of Bhaja, on an important ancient trade route running from the Arabian Sea eastward into the Deccan Plateau (the division between North India and South India). The inscriptions and the cave temple are protected as a Monument of National Importance, by the Archaeological Survey of India per Notification No. 2407-A. It belongs to the Early Buddhist schools in Maharashtra. The caves have a number of stupas, one of their significant features. The most prominent excavation is its chaitya (or *chaityagrha* -- Cave XII), a good example of the early development of this form from wooden architecture, with a vaulted horseshoe ceiling. Its vihara (Cave XVIII) has a pillared verandah in front and is adorned with unique reliefs. These caves are notable for their indications of the awareness of wooden architecture. The carvings prove that tabla -- a percussion instrument -- was used in India for at least 2300 years, disproving the centuries-held belief that the tabla was introduced to India by outsiders or from Turko-Arab. The carving shows a woman playing tabla and another woman, performing dance. They are some 9 km west from the Bedse Caves. Other caves in the area are Karla Caves, Patan Buddhist Cave and Nasik Caves. ## Architecture The Bhaja Caves share architectural design with the Karla Caves. The most impressive monument is the large shrine --- chaityagriha --- with an open, horseshoe-arched entrance; according to the Archaeological Survey of India, the chaityagrha is the most prominent aspect of the caves, and one of the earliest of the type. The chaitya has unique reliefs from Indian mythology. Other caves have a nave and aisle, with an apse containing a solid tupa and the aisle circling round the apse, providing the circumambulation path. Chaitygraha has some Buddha images. A cistern inscription shows the name of a donor, *Maharathi Kosikiputa Vihnudata*, from the 2nd century AD. A wooden beam records two more inscriptions datable to the 2nd century B.C., which indicates caves have been there for at least 2200 years. Eight inscriptions are found in the caves, some giving the name of the donors. The sculptures feature elaborate headdress, garlands, and jewellery; they might have originally been painted in bright colors but later covered with plaster. Characteristic for early Buddhism, initially the caves had symbolic Buddha representation. After 4 A.D. Buddha was painted in physical form as well. Near the last cave is a waterfall that, during the monsoon season, flows water into a small pool at the bottom. ## Musical Instruments {#musical_instruments} These caves also provide important proof regarding the history of the Tabla, or Pushkara then called; an Indian percussion instrument, since carvings from 200 BCE show a woman playing tabla and another performing a dance. ## Stupas A notable part of the monument is a group of 14 stupas, five inside and nine outside an irregular excavation. The stupas are relics of resident monks, who died at Bhaja, and display an inscription with the names of three monks, Ampinika, Dhammagiri and Sanghdina. One of the stupas has inscribed upon it *Stavirana Bhadanta*, which means the venerable reverend. The stupa particulars show the name of the monks and their respective titles. The stupas have been carved very elaborately and two of them have a relic box on their upper side. Names of monks have been titled with *Theras*.
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# Bhaja Caves ## Caves \***Cave VI** It is irregular vihara, 14 feet square, has two cells on each side and three on back side. The chaitya window is ornamental all over cell doors. Ploughman\'s wife, *Bodhi*, gifted this Vihara as her name is inscribed on cell door. \***Cave IX** Rail pattern ornament, broken animal figures, verandah is on frontal side. It is similar to Cave VIII at Pandavleni Caves. \***Cave XII** The chaitya at Bhaja Caves is perhaps the earliest surviving chaitya hall, constructed in the second century BCE. It consists of an apsidal hall with stupa. The columns slope inwards in the imitation of wooden columns that would have been structurally necessary to keep a roof up. The ceiling is barrel vaulted with ancient wooden ribs set into them. The walls are polished in the Mauryan style. It was faced by a substantial wooden facade, now entirely lost. A large horseshoe-shaped window, the chaitya-window, was set above the arched doorway and the whole portico-area was carved to imitate a multi-storeyed building with balconies and windows and sculptured men and women who observed the scene below. This created the appearance of an ancient Indian mansion. Chaitya is 26 feet 8 inches wide and 59 feet long, with semi-circular apse at back, and having aisle 3 feet 5 inches wide, separated from the nave by 27 octagonal shafts which are 11 feet 4 inches height. The dagoba is 11 feet diameter at the floor. This resembles the Kondana Caves. The pillar has 7 different symbols of Buddha shown in floral form, buds, leaves, fan. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- collapsed}}} align=center colspan=2 style=\"background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;\"\| **Cave XII \"Main Chaitya\"** <File:017> Chaitya Hall and nearby Caves (33692641645).jpg\|Setting of the entrance Bhaja cave from outside.jpg\|Exterior <File:Facade> of the Bhaja Caves, Maharashtra, India - 20080525.jpg\|Facade of the chaitya <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 05.jpg\|Chaityagruha at Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 06.jpg\|Wooden Ceiling in Main Chaitygruha ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \***Cave XIII** This seems to be destroyed. It may have been of wood construction in ancient times. It is 30 feet long and 14.5 feet deep. It is in a rail pattern, with a few cells at the back and a bolt door system. \***Cave XIV** This cave is facing towards northern side 6 feet 8 inches wide and 25.5 feet deep, with 7 cells. Stone benches, square windows, stone beds---are observed in the cells. \***Cave XV** It can be reached by stairs to the south of Cave XIV. It is a small vihara 12.5 wide and 10 feet deep. It has two semi-circular niches and a bench on right side. \***Cave XVI** This façade has 3 Chaitya arches and the rail pattern. \***Cave XVII** It is a small vihara 18.5 feet long and 12.5 deep, with 5 cells, one of the cell has a bench in it. It has two inscriptions, one of which is damaged. Cell door inscription describes \"the gift of cell from *Nadasava*, a *Naya* of *Bhogwati*.\" One more inscription over two wells in one recess describes \"a religious gift of cistern by *Vinhudata*, son of *Kosiki*, a great warrior.\" \***Cave XIX** It is a monastery with a verandah. The door has guardian figures on both sides. This cave has Surya riding a chariot and Indra riding on an elephant. <File:Close> view of sculpture round doorway at rightside of verandah of the small Buddhist Vihara, Bhaja Caves, a photo by Henry Cousens.jpg\|Surya and Indra protecting the entrance of a cave. Bhaja Caves. <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 02.jpg\|Stairways to Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 08.jpg\|Carvings at Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 10.jpg\|Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 11.jpg\|Carvings at Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 12.jpg\|Carvings at Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 14.jpg\|Waterfall at Bhaja Caves <File:Bhaja> Caves Amit R Mahadik 01.jpg\|Stairways to Bhaja Caves <File:Panorama> Bhaja Caves
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# Backlash (pressure group) **Backlash** is an umbrella group formed in 2005 to coordinate opposition to the "Consultation on the possession of extreme pornographic material" issued in the United Kingdom jointly by the Home Office and the Scottish Executive. Its stated belief is that the proposals underlying the consultation represent an unjustified assault on freedom of speech and freedom of expression. \"See no evil\" was a forum and wiki`{{huh|date=November 2023}}`{=mediawiki} provided by Backlash as an independent platform for the discussion of the proposed UK law on the possession of \"extreme pornography\". The group receives`{{as of?|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} *pro bono* legal advice from the lawyer Myles Jackman. ## Organisations Backlash consists of Feminists Against Censorship, Unfettered, Ofwatch, The Spanner Trust, the Libertarian Alliance, the Campaign Against Censorship, the Sexual Freedom Coalition, the Society for Individual Freedom, SM Dykes and the International Union of Sex Workers
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# Phon Charoen district **Phon Charoen** (*พรเจริญ*, `{{IPA|th|pʰɔ̄ːn t͡ɕā.rɤ̄ːn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Bueng Kan province, northeastern Thailand. ## History The minor district (*king amphoe*) Phon Charoen was established on 16 November 1976 by splitting two *tambons* from Bueng Kan district. It was upgraded to a full district on 13 July 1981. ## Geography Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise) So Phisai, Mueang Bueng Kan, Si Wilai, and Seka of Bueng Kan Province, and Kham Ta Kla and Ban Muang of Sakon Nakhon province. ## Administration The district is divided into seven sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 58 villages (*mubans*). There are two sub-district municipalities (*thesaban tambons*): Phon Charoen covers parts of *tambon* Phon Charoen, and Don Ya Nang the whole *tambon* Don Ya Nang. There are a further six tambon administrative organizations (TAO). No. Name Thai Villages Pop. ----- ---------------- ----------- ---------- -------- 1\. Si Chomphu ศรีชมภู 7 4,755 2\. Don Ya Nang ดอนหญ้านาง 7 4,979 3\. Phon Charoen พรเจริญ 11 10,254 4\. Nong Hua Chang หนองหัวช้าง 11 7,721 5\. Wang Chomphu วังชมภู 8 4,375 6\. Pa Faek ป่าแฝก 7 5,519 7\
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# Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf The **Canadian Platinum Maple Leaf** is the official bullion platinum coin of Canada. First issued by the Royal Canadian Mint in 1988, it was available until 2002 in five different denominations, all of which are marked as containing .9995 pure platinum. The bullion coin was partly reintroduced in 2009 in the form of the 1 troy ounce denomination in .9999 purity, featuring a new portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. The coins have legal tender status in Canada, but as is often the case with bullion coins, the face values of these coins is lower than the market price of the material they are made from. ## Background The Canadian Maple Leaf series began in 1979, when the Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) introduced the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin. It consisted of 1 troy ounce of .999 pure gold -- later refined to .9999 pure in 1984 -- and contained no alloys within it; a rarity at the time. Due to the widespread success of the coin on the international bullion market -- which saw the Gold Maple Leaf secure \"the top sales spot\" to become \"the world\'s most successful gold coin\" -- the Mint decided to introduce silver and platinum bullion coins to the series in 1988. In that year, Canada ranked third in the world in platinum production, trailing only South Africa and the Soviet Union. ## History The production of Platinum Maple Leaf coins began on September 22, 1988, at a \"special striking ceremony\" organized by the RCM, where the first Canadian Silver Maple Leaf was also made. The president of the largest precious metal distributor in Japan, Junichiro Tanaka, was given the honor of striking the first platinum coin with a coin press weighing 140 tonnes. At the time, the Gold Maple Leaf was extremely popular in Japan, with 1.1 million ounces of the coin sold there from 1984 onwards. This represented more than 70% of the market share in that country. Both coins were first made available for sale to the public on November 17 of that same year. The platinum coins were made of .9995 pure platinum in four denominations of different sizes, consisting of 1 troy ounce (oz), `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} oz, `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} oz and `{{frac|1|10}}`{=mediawiki} oz. bearing the face values of \$50, \$20, \$10, and \$5, respectively. Their actual value, however, is determined by the daily market price of platinum. These coins featured the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II designed by Arnold Machin, which was also used in the United Kingdom and throughout the Commonwealth of Nations, and continued to be used on Canadian coins until 1989. Coins made of `{{frac|1|20}}`{=mediawiki} oz platinum with a face value of \$1 were subsequently released in 1993, with the intention of attracting the small investment and jewelry sectors. On December 15, 1988, almost a month after the Platinum Maple Leaf was first sold, Ford Motor Company announced that it was testing out a new material for its catalytic converters that would replace platinum. This led to fears that the sale of the platinum coins would decrease, as the automotive industry was responsible for approximately a third of platinum consumption. Although the sales of the Platinum Maple Leaf more than doubled from 1990 to 1991 -- increasing from 18,000 to 39,000 ounces (from 510.3 to 1,105.6 kg) -- this was primarily because the price of the precious metal had \"dropped substantially\". For a short time during the earlier part of 1991, platinum had actually become less valuable than gold. However, the situation reversed by the latter part of the decade, when the increased interest in platinum caused the coin\'s prices to rapidly increase. Because of this, the platinum market suddenly cooled off, and the RCM stopped minting Platinum Maple Leaf coins after 2002. However, they began producing the coin again in 2009, this time featuring the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II designed by Susanna Blunt back in 2003. In 2012, the Platinum Maple Leaf was \"the world\'s best selling platinum coin\". ## Series \| Years \| Denominations \| Purity \| Obverse ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------- 1988--1989 1 oz, `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} oz, `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} oz, `{{frac|1|10}}`{=mediawiki} oz
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# Supe Puerto **Puerto Supe**, officially known as **Supe Puerto** (to distinguish it from the neighboring district of Supe Pueblo, a separate municipality), is a small harbor town located in the province of Barranca, in the Lima Provincias region, on the coast of Peru. It is located approximately 190 km north of Lima, and is part of the Supe Valley. Puerto Supe is known for having one of the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas. The archaeological site of **El Áspero** has been dated at over 3000 BCE, and is part of a complex of 20 sites spread throughout the Supe Valley that constitute the oldest known civilization in the Americas: The Norte Chico, or **Caral-Supe**, civilization. The town also boasts a lighthouse and a virtually intact, protected beach where the main attraction is a tidal island known as **Isla del Faraón** (Pharaoh\'s Island) that is surrounded by water as the tide rises in the late afternoon (cf. Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy, France). In recent years, however, the sea seems to have receded (or the ground risen), so that the water now forms an island only occasionally, on the highest tides. ## Climate ## Gallery <File:Caral-Supe_in_Peru.jpg>\| <File:PeruCaral03.jpg>\| <File:General> vidal
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# Debasement Tapes \"**Debasement Tapes**\" is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series *Veronica Mars*, and the 61st episode overall. Written by John Enbom and directed by Dan Etheridge, the episode premiered on The CW on May 8, 2007. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, Piz (Chris Lowell) gets the chance to interview one of the members of his favorite band, a washed-up rock star named Desmond Fellows (Paul Rudd). However, when Desmond\'s backing tapes that he needs for the show the next night disappear, Veronica is called in to find them. Meanwhile, Logan (Jason Dohring) enlists Mac\'s (Tina Majorino) help in creating a presentation for his business class. In addition, Keith (Enrico Colantoni) learns that Vinnie Van Lowe (Ken Marino) is challenging him in the upcoming Sheriff election. \"Debasement Tapes\" features a guest appearance by Paul Rudd. A friend of series creator Rob Thomas and Enbom, they had hoped that Rudd would guest star on the show since its inception in 2004. Announced four months prior to the episode\'s airing, his appearance was highly anticipated by Thomas, who had high hopes for the pairing of Rudd and Enbom. In its original broadcast, the episode received 1.85 million viewers and mostly positive reviews from television critics, with Rudd\'s performance and the various subplots being generally well-received, although some disliked the main mystery. ## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis} Veronica and Wallace (Percy Daggs III) watch a movie at her house. She questions him about Piz's mood, while Keith enters and says he is currently unopposed in the Sheriff election. Piz runs up to Veronica and states that he has been chosen to be a guide for a rock star named Desmond Fellows. However, his show depends on some tapes Desmond is carrying with him, but when Piz checks him into his hotel room, they are missing. Piz calls Veronica for the case and runs into Logan in the elevator. Desmond points to several potential suspects. Logan asks Mac for study help, and she agrees. Piz starts his show with Desmond, and it goes terribly, as Desmond makes racial epithets and sexual advances. Veronica and Piz track down a teacher, who denies involvement, but the pair find a flyer for a group that threatened to boycott Desmond's show. Piz and Desmond talk about his past and start to make progress, but he ends up going to a party with Dick (Ryan Hansen) instead of playing guitar with Piz. Logan and Mac continue to make progress on his business school report, but Mac has to call Max (Adam Rose) to continue. Desmond goes skinny dipping at his party, while Mac and Max flirt in front of Logan. Veronica discovers that Desmond's bag was actually switched with another person's. Veronica and Piz retrieve it, and on the car ride home, they briefly discuss their kiss at the party before playing a CD with some of Desmond's unreleased newer material. Keith reconnects with Leo D'Amato (Max Greenfield), who presents a case involving the Fitzpatricks to him. They stake out where the Fitzpatricks are, and Keith sees Vinnie Van Lowe helping them. However, they quickly learn that Vinnie is actually investigating the case and has trapped them in the store. Veronica and Piz supposedly get stuck in traffic and tell Desmond to play some of his newer songs until they get there, but they actually are at the concert venue and just want him to expose the audience to his solo material. Desmond plays a show entirely of new songs, and the crowd loves it. Piz tells Desmond that he was there the whole time, but he does not react negatively. Mac, Max and Logan finish their report, but the professor cuts Logan off in the middle and dislikes it. Leo becomes a deputy again, while Vinnie enters the Sheriff's office and states his intention to run against Keith in the special election.
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# Debasement Tapes ## Production \"Debasement Tapes\" was written by John Enbom and directed by supervising producer Dan Etheridge, marking Enbom\'s seventeenth and final writing credit for the show and Etheridge\'s first and only directing credit for the series. The episode guest stars actor Paul Rudd as former rock star Desmond Fellows. During casting of the character of Vinnie Van Lowe, Rudd was considered to play the part; however, the role was given instead to Ken Marino, who appears in the episode. Marino and Rudd are friends in real life. Rudd was a friend of Enbom and Etheridge, and he had been signed on to appear in the episode by the airing of \"Spit & Eggs\". They had lobbied Rudd to come on the show for several years. Thomas described the reason for Rudd not appearing earlier being that the crew were unable to find a good moment for the character\'s entry that worked with Rudd\'s schedule. Series creator Rob Thomas thought that the character would be a perfect role for Rudd, stating that he would perform it in a British accent and had high expectations for the comedy of the episode because it was being written by Enbom. However, Thomas did not release any details about Rudd\'s plot line in the episode before its airing. Rudd compared his character to Andrew Ridgeley and Peter O\'Toole. In the scene in which Veronica meets Desmond, the film of camera angles while Kristen Bell was speaking were inadvertently destroyed, leading to these camera angles being filmed nearly six weeks later. Bell had to speak her lines without Rudd present. The scene in which Desmond goes nude swimming was not included in the same form in Etheridge\'s version of the episode; however, Thomas enjoyed the take that was eventually used more, so he put it in the final cut. Because the show could not show full nudity, they gave the stunt performer who was filling in for Rudd flesh-colored swim briefs and put him out of focus so they could notify the network that the man out of focus was indeed clothed. The lights that can be seen in the distant background of the scene illuminating the bay were placed nearly ten miles away by grips. The song Desmond performs solo at the club is \"My Before and After\" by the Austin, Texas, band Cotton Mather, from their third album, \"Kontiki.\"
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# Debasement Tapes ## Reception ### Ratings In its original broadcast, \"Debasement Tapes\" received 1.85 million viewers, ranking 96th of 98 in the weekly rankings. This was a moderate decrease from the previous episode, \"Un-American Graffiti\", which earned 2.35 million viewers. ### Reviews The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics, with Rudd\'s performance and the various subplots being generally well-received, although some disliked the main mystery. Eric Goldman of IGN graded the episode a 7.8 out of 10, indicating that it was \"good\". He generally praised Rudd\'s performance and the case-of-the week, but he was critical of its ending, stating that \"after last week, it was a bit too much of another \'and that\'s one to grow on\' conclusion.\" He was also mixed towards the episode\'s subplots, enjoying Mac\'s romantic storyline but disliking Logan\'s continued interest in Veronica. He also referred to Vinnie running for Sheriff as \"a bit ridiculous\". Reviewer Alan Sepinwall, on his blog What\'s Alan Watching?, lauded the episode, particularly Rudd\'s performance. He stated that Rudd, despite playing a stock character, \"made me feel like I hadn\'t seen it a thousand times before.\" He also enjoyed the pairing of Mac and Max, while he believed that the impact of Vinnie and Leo\'s reappearances was blunted by the knowledge that the show would likely not return for a fourth season. *Television Without Pity* graded the episode a \"B\". The *Los Angeles Times* praised Rudd\'s performance while criticizing his storyline and the mystery-of-the-week. While stating that Kristen Bell is usually the scene stealer, the reviewer thought that Rudd took on that role in this episode. However, the reviewer called his mystery \"an excuse just to get Rudd on the screen.\" Missy Schwartz of *Entertainment Weekly* was also positive towards the episode particularly Rudd\'s performance and the episode\'s subplots. While criticizing the case-of-the-week\'s ending as anticlimactic, she thought that Rudd\'s singing was better than expected. The reviewer also lauded the comedic portions of the subplots, particularly the scene in which Dick compares himself to a lion and Mac and Veronica compare their romantic interests to cafeteria food. Brill Bundy of Zap2it was mostly positive towards the episode, particularly praising Rudd\'s comedic timing and the episode\'s use of supporting series regulars such as Mac and Piz. He also commented positively on the development of the romantic storyline between Piz and Veronica, stating that it was realistic. However, the reviewer did not think that the mystery involving Rudd\'s character was necessary and that it would have been better to not have a mystery at all. Stereogum referred to the opening scene of the episode as \"Rudd generally being awesome.\" Cortney Martin, writing for the *Houston Chronicle*, was mixed overall. While being complimentary towards Rudd\'s performance and Greenfield\'s reappearance, the reviewer disliked the mystery of Desmond\'s missing tapes, stating, \"the mystery of the week turns out to be the lamest non-mystery of the show\'s entire run, I think.\" The reviewer opined that the subplot involving the Fitzpatricks was boring but that Marino\'s reappearance was a good surprise. Brian Raftery of Idolator believed that Rudd\'s character could have been based on a number of different real-life figures but guessed Courtney Love and Matthew Sweet as potential influences. Rowan Kaiser of *The A.V. Club* praised the episode as the best of the season so far. He lauded the development of the romantic storylines of both Veronica and Mac, while stating that Veronica\'s was more realistic, describing the concert scene in which Veronica and Piz hold hands again was genuinely emotional. He also stated that Rudd \"changes Fellows from a painful stereotype into a pantheon one-off character.\" The reviewer also opined that the episode\'s combination of Rudd and the subplot involving Logan and Mac created a very entertaining episode that was exemplary of how well the new story structure could work
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# Ketazocine **Ketazocine** (INN), also known as **ketocyclazocine**, is a benzomorphan derivative used in opioid receptor research. Ketazocine, for which the receptor is named, is an exogenous opioid that binds to the κ opioid receptor. Activation of this receptor is known to cause sleepiness, a decrease in pain sensation and (potentially) dysphoria, paranoia, and hallucinations. It also causes an increase in urine production because it inhibits the release of vasopressin. Unlike other opioids, substances that only bind to the κ receptor theoretically do not depress the respiratory system. The crystal structure of ketazocine was determined in 1983
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# Johanna Edwards **Johanna Edwards** (born February 27, 1978) is an American novelist and journalist. Her books have been translated into various languages. She achieved International Bestselling author status when her first 2 books made the bestseller list in Brazil and her second book became a major hit in The Netherlands. ## Biography Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Edwards graduated from the University of Memphis with a degree in journalism in 2001. Edwards is best known for her debut novel, *The Next Big Thing,* which was published in 2005 and remained on the national bestseller list for nearly four months. Her follow-up novel, *Your Big Break*, was also a bestseller. Her third novel, *How to Be Cool*, was also published by Penguin in June 2008. Edwards has also written two young adult novels under the pen name Jo Edwards, the first of which, *Love Undercover*, was published by Simon & Schuster in late 2006, and her second, *Go Figure*, was released October 2007. Edwards has been featured in *USA Today*, *Us Weekly*, *The Boston Globe*, and *Writer\'s Digest*. She currently resides in Memphis. ## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors} In 2001, she received a Hearst Award for her work in journalism. In 2008, she was given the Distinguished Young Alumni Award from the University of Memphis; and in 2012, the Center for Research on Women at the University of Memphis honored her as one of 100 Women who have made a difference in the past 100 years
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# Frank W. Hackett **Frank Warren Hackett** (April 11, 1841 -- August 10, 1926) was a civilian administrator and lawyer who served as an Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President William McKinley. ## Biography Frank W. Hackett was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on April 11, 1841. He attended Harvard University, earning a bachelor\'s degree in 1861, and a Master of Arts in 1864. During the American Civil War, he was an assistant paymaster serving the Atlantic Fleet. Hackett was on board `{{USS|Miami|1861|6}}`{=mediawiki} during its skirmish against `{{ship|CSS|Albemarle}}`{=mediawiki}. After the war, he passed the bar exam and eventually opened a law office in Washington, D.C. From April 1900 to December 1901, Hackett served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. He died at the naval hospital in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on August 10, 1926, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery
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# Scale ruler A **scale ruler** is a tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length; two common examples are an **architect\'s scale** and **engineer\'s scale**. In scientific and engineering terminology, a device to measure linear distance and create proportional linear measurements is called a scale. A device for drawing straight lines is a straight edge or ruler. In common usage, both are referred to as a ruler. ## Architect\'s scale {#architects_scale} An architect\'s scale is a specialized ruler designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring of architectural drawings, such as floor plans and Multi-view orthographic projections. Because the scale of such drawings is often smaller than life-size, an architect\'s scale features multiple units of length and proportional length increments. For accuracy and longevity, the material used should be dimensionally stable and durable. Scales were traditionally made of wood, but today they are usually made of rigid plastic or aluminum. ### United States and Imperial units {#united_states_and_imperial_units} In the United States, and prior to metrication in Britain, Canada and Australasia, architect\'s scales are marked as a ratio of x inches-to-the-foot (typically written as *x*″=1′-0″). For example, one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of \"one-inch-to-the-foot\" is equivalent to one foot in the real world (a scale of 1:12)\....one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of \"two-inches-to-the-foot\" is equivalent to six inches in the real world (a scale of 1:6). It is not to be confused with a true unitless ratio. A 1:5 architectural scale (inches to feet) would be a 1:60 unitless scale (inches to inches) since there are 60 inches in 5 feet. Typical scales used in the United States are: : full scale, with inches, divided into sixteenths of an inch The following scales are generally grouped in pairs using the same dual-numbered index line (one scale is read from the right, and the other scale is read from the left): : {\| \|- \|three-inches-to-the-foot (3″=1′-0″) (ratio equivalent 1:4)`{{pad|2em}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|one-and-one-half-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|1|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:8) \|- \|one-inch-to-the-foot (1″=1′-0″) (1:12)`{{pad|2em}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|one-half-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:24) \|- \|three-quarters-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:16)`{{pad|2em}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|three-eighths-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|3|8}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:32) \|- \|one-quarter-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:48)`{{pad|2em}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|one-eighth-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|1|8}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:96) \|- \|three-sixteenths-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|3|16}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′-0″) (1:64)`{{pad|2em}}`{=mediawiki}\|\|three-thirty-seconds-inch-to-the-foot (`{{frac|3|32}}`{=mediawiki}″=1′0″) (1:128) \|}
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# Scale ruler ## Architect\'s scale {#architects_scale} ### Metric units {#metric_units} Architect\'s scale rulers used in Britain and other metric countries are marked with ratios without reference to a base unit. Therefore, a drawing will indicate both its scale (ratio) and the unit of measurement being used. In Britain, and elsewhere, the standard units used on architectural drawings are the (SI) units millimetres (mm) and metres (m), whereas in France centimetres (cm) and metres are most often used. In Britain, for flat rulers, the paired scales often found on architect\'s scales are: `{{colbegin}}`{=mediawiki} - 1:1/1:10 - 1:5/1:50 - 1:10/1:100 - 1:20/1:200 - 1:1250/1:2500 For triangular rulers, the paired scales are: `{{colbegin}}`{=mediawiki} - 1:1/1:10 - 1:2/1:20 - 1:5/1:50 - 1:100/1:200 - 1:500/1:1000 - 1:1250/1:2500 Less common scales are: - 1:25/1:250 - 1:33`{{frac|3}}`{=mediawiki} - 2:1 In France, in engineering departments or architectural offices, here are some scales used : - 1:100 / 1:300 - 1:200 / 1:400 - 1:250 / 1:500 ## Engineer\'s scale {#engineers_scale} An **engineer\'s scale** is a tool for measuring distances and transferring measurements at a fixed ratio of length. It is commonly made of plastic or aluminum and is just over 300 mm long, but with the only 300  mm of markings, leaving the ends unmarked so that the first and last measuring ticks do not wear off. It is used in making engineering drawings, commonly called blueprints, blue lines, or plans on a specific scale. For example, \"one-tenth size\" would appear on a drawing to indicate a part larger than the drawing on the paper itself. It is not to be used to measure machined parts to see if they meet specifications. In the United States this scale is divided into decimalized fractions of an inch but has a cross-section like an equilateral triangle, which enables the scale to have six edges indexed for measurement. One edge is divided into tenths of an inch, and the subsequent ones are directly marked for twentieths, thirtieths, fortieths, fiftieths, and finally sixtieths of an inch. Referred to as 1:10, 1:20, 1:30,1:40, 1:50 or 1:60 scale. Typically in civil engineering applications, 1:10 (1″=10′) is used exclusively for detail drawings. 1:20 and 1:40 scales are used for working plans. 1:60 is normally used only to show large areas of a project. In 1918 French described the US engineer\'s scale using the term \"civil engineers\' scale\", and it was said to be \"used for plotting and map drawing, and the graphic solution of problems
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# The Spontaneity Shop **The Spontaneity Shop** is an improvisational comedy company formed in London in 1996. They base their work around the teachings of Keith Johnstone and have developed several original improvisation forms. ## History The Spontaneity Shop, then known as The Old Spontaneity Shop was formed in 1996 by Tom Salinsky and Deborah Frances-White. Their first shows were at the Troubadour Coffee House in Earl\'s Court, and they moved to the Canal Cafe in 1999. From 1998-2000 they also ran shows and workshops at Oxford University. In 1999 they presented a benefit concert at The Hackney Empire, directed by Keith Johnstone and Improbable theatre\'s Phelim McDermott. Joining the Spontaneity Shop cast were Tony Slattery, Jonathan Pryce, Lee Simpson, Neil Mullarkey and a number of other special guests. The money raised went to the Royal Court Theatre where Keith had once worked as a director. In 2000 the company created DreamDate, the improvised romantic comedy which was a hit at the Edinburgh Fringe. Hat Trick Productions, producer Dan Patterson and most recently Pozzitive Television have all attempted to get TV versions made but none has yet got past the pilot stage. Recently, the company sold the international rights to FremantleMedia who are currently trying to launch it in the United States. The company also developed the long form structure Tell Tales which presents a complete improvised play entirely in monologues
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# Element Yachts **Element Yachts** is a second generation Canadian boatbuilding company located in Erin, Ontario. The company is currently producing the Element line of express cruiser boats with the first model of the series, the 27 ft Element 270 EXC beginning production in 2005. Element Yachts focuses primarily on the powerboat sector of the boating market, and sells its products worldwide. ## Group structure {#group_structure} Element Yachts is a subsidiary of the Element Corporation which consists of the following companies: - *Element Yachts* (Express cruiser powerboats) - *Element Composites* (Composite structures for commercial and military use) - *Element Power Center* (Engine replacement services with modern, fuel efficient engines) Element Yachts and the other Element Corporation subsidiaries operate from a 20000 sqft facility on 4 acre of land in Erin, Ontario. This facility has the capacity to produce composite boats and structures up to 75 ft x 15 ft x 15 ft in size. ## History Element Yachts originally began life as the **P.C. Mould Company**. P.C. Mould produced the historic Dragonfly sailboat under license and re-formed in their present location as Contour Yachts. Contour Yachts produced the unique and well regarded Contour line of sailing trimarans throughout the 1980s and 1990s. These 3-hulled sailing craft offer excellent stability and speed compared to mono hull or catamaran sailboats. Contour Yachts produced boats in sizes from 30 ft to over 50 ft in length and many continue to sail on the Great Lakes and around the world today. The construction and build quality of the Contour boats have been a key feature in the magazine reviews of the day. Contour is a historical name and fixture in the Canadian yachting and boating industry. Their efforts helped develop the trimaran as a serious sailing vessel, which are now recognized as stable and high-speed platform for lake and ocean sailing. When the founder retired, the rights to the Contour sailboat line was sold off and the 2nd generation took over and reformed the company as Element Yachts. The founder and family have been very active in the boating and sailing industry in Canada for many years and actively race on historic 8-metre keelboats and have patented a method of sailboat mast manufacturing
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# 1992 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament The **1992 Southeastern Conference baseball tournament** was held at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, LA from May 13 through 17. `{{CBSB link|year=1992|team=LSU Tigers|title=LSU}}`{=mediawiki} won the tournament and earned the Southeastern Conference\'s automatic bid to the 1992 NCAA tournament. ## Regular-season results {#regular_season_results} +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Team W L Pct GB Seed | Team W L Pct GB Seed | | ------ ---- ---- ------ ---- ------ | ------ ---- ---- ------ ---- ------ | | 16 8 .667 | 18 6 .750 | | 13 11 .542 | 15 9 .625 | | 12 11 .522 | 10 13 .435 | | 11 12 .478 | 10 14 .417 | | 10 14 .417 | 9 14 .391 | | 10 14 .417 | 8 16 .333 | | | | | : Eastern Division | : Western Division | +---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ ## Tournament - Ole Miss, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Alabama did not make the tournament
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# Connie Champagne **Connie Champagne**, née Kelly Kay Brock, (born November 23, 1959), is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She won the *SF Weekly* Wammie Award for Outstanding Cabaret Performer. She is known for performing the character of actress Judy Garland in productions including *Christmas With the Crawfords* in 2001 and *Imagine Judy Garland: An Evening With Connie Champagne* in 2003. She won a 2007 San Francisco Bay Area Theater Critics Circle Award (BACTC) for her role in *Goodbye Yellow Brick Road*. Despite fierce competition by acclaimed Broadway actors including Phylicia Rashad, Champagne also earned Los Angeles\' Ovation Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in A Musical, *Judy\'s Scary Little Christmas*, directed by Kay Cole. Specializing in numerous styles of music and theater including cabaret, swing, jazz, rock and roll, and musical theater, Champagne has performed in numerous venues throughout the US and Europe. ## Career Champagne was born and raised in Roseville, California. She got her start at 9 years old singing with Bob Ringwald (father of film star Molly Ringwald) at the Placer County Fair. Despite Champagne\'s chaotic and sometimes painful childhood, her grandfather, former Detroit Lions football star Ernie Caddel, encouraged her to pursue singing and acting as a career. Her early attempts at singing were with local rock bands, including \'The Innocents\' with Ric Walz-Smith and her then boyfriend Eric Martin, vocalist of the band Mr Big. In Sacramento, Connie starred in a summer music workshop production of *Jesus Christ Superstar* with Eric Martin. She starred in the role of Mary Magdalene as Kelly Brock. Champagne spent the early 80s as a vocalist for avant garde rock group Clocks of Paradise which featured Michael Belfer of The Sleepers, Mark Isham, Brian MacLeod, and Benjamin Bossi from Romeo Void, which led her to a stint as a back-up singer for Debora Iyall, and eventually Romeo Void. She toured extensively with Iyall, including tours with Cyndi Lauper and Jim Carroll. Champagne then switched gears and decided to study acting, landing her first role at San Francisco\'s Magic Theatre in a play titled *Love In the 3rd Degree*, written by noted actress O-Lan Jones. After performances at Theatre on the Square, Climate Theater, and Theatre Artaud, Champagne decided to study acting formally and earned her MFA from the American Conservatory Theater, where she also taught acting to youth for a number of years. During this time, Champagne met former Cockette Scrumbly Koldewyn, and the two formed the neo-cabaret group Connie Champagne and her Tiny Bubbles, which won numerous accolades including the SF Wammie Award for Outstanding Cabaret Performer. She also graduated from Mills College with a BA in Theater Arts. Champagne was originally named Kelly Brock, but the nickname "Champagne" stuck and is now her legal name. Prior to Champagne\'s irreverent approach to the Great American Songbook, cabaret artists primarily stuck to one genre, and Champagne "broke the rules." Champagne\'s unique repertoire incorporated more modern songs written by artists such as Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Lou Reed, and Patti Smith and has since been emulated by many artists who came later, including Justin Bond and Paula West. In the 1990s she recorded and toured with swing pioneers The New Morty Show, featuring band leader Morty Okin and singer Vise Grip including a one-year engagement at the New York New York Hotel in Las Vegas, celebrating the music of Keely Smith and Louis Prima, Anita O'Day, and Louis Jordan. She still sings occasionally with the group. In 1992, Champagne starred as Neely O'Hara in Phillip R. Ford's adaptation of *Valley of the Dolls* which ran for four months. She was spotted by director F. Allen Sawyer, who cast her as the legendary Judy Garland in a holiday spoof titled *Christmas With The Crawfords*, which ran each holiday season for 12 years, playing in both LA and NYC. Working with drag performers Joey Arias and Doris Fish was an inspiration to Champagne, and she credits them for helping her develop vivid characters and sparking her interest in the work of Charles Ludlam\'s Theater of the Ridiculous. Champagne then performed at many night clubs as Judy, using her same eclectic approach singing Garland classics along with contemporary songs, produced by Harry Lit and the late Dan Kryston. Sawyer, along with musical director Joe Wicht, developed *Goodbye Yellow Brick Road* at the New Conservatory Theater; the production garnered several awards, including the Bay Area Theater Critic\'s Circle Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Musical. Champagne then was cast in two Los Angeles productions of *Judy's Scary Little Christmas*, directed by Broadway legend Kay Cole. For this performance, Champagne won the Ovation Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical. She often appears in clubs as Garland, and when asked if she is bored with being type cast in the Garland role, she answered, "No---the character is always complex & interesting---plus I'm a performer and I like to work!" Champagne has done numerous voiceover projects, including the voice of Budgie in the animated feature *FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue*, voice directed by Jack Fletcher and work with Nik Phelps and the Sprocket Ensemble. Champagne also performed in the 2008 Dusty Springfield tribute show *Brand New Me*. In 2009, Champagne reunited with Musical Director Scrumbly Koldewyn and began working with the award-winning underground theater group the Thrillpeddlers, and most recently appeared in *Marat/Sade*, directed by Russell Blackwood and produced by impresario Marc Huestis. In 2012, Champagne appeared in Trevor Anderson\'s Award-winning independent film *The Man That Got Away*, which was featured internationally, including at Berlinale Berlin, LA\'s OutFest, and Toronto\'s HotDocs Film Festivals. In the spring of 2016, Champagne performed the role Judy Garland in Landmark Musical Theatre\'s Bay area premiere production of *The Boy From Oz*at the Great Star Theater. Champagne is slated to perform Easter Parade In Concert with Scrumbly Koldewyn of The Cockettes\' fame in March/April 2018 at Michael Feinstein\'s club \"Feinstein\'s At The Nikko in 2018. She is currently based in San Francisco
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# Japanese people in North Korea **Japanese people in North Korea** are people of Japanese descent living in North Korea. They consist mainly of four groups: prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union, Japanese accompanying repatriating Zainichi Korean spouses, defectors, and kidnapping victims. The number who remain alive is not known. ## Background In 1945, with the end of World War II and the collapse of the Empire of Japan, 200,000 Japanese colonists were stranded north of the 38th parallel; however, they were repatriated to Japan soon after. The earliest and largest post-war influx of Japanese to North Korea was involuntary: 27,000 prisoners-of-war from the Soviet Union. Their current whereabouts are unknown; documents from Russian archives suggest that only the physically ill were sent to North Korea, while able-bodied men were retained by the Soviets to perform forced labor there. ## Spouses of repatriating Zainichi Koreans {#spouses_of_repatriating_zainichi_koreans} Voluntary migration of Japanese to North Korea began in 1959, under a repatriation campaign for Zainichi Koreans sponsored by ethnic activist organisation and *de facto* North Korean embassy Chongryon. Chongryon received the tacit support of the Japanese and American governments, who saw Koreans in Japan as \"Communists\" and \"criminals\", in the words of the US ambassador to Japan at the time, Douglas MacArthur II; they welcomed the repatriation campaign as a way of reducing the ethnic minority population. In total, 6,637 Japanese people are estimated to have accompanied Korean spouses to North Korea, of whom 1,828 retained their Japanese nationality. The numbers of both Japanese and Koreans going to North Korea dropped sharply in the 1960s as knowledge of the poor economic conditions, social discrimination, and political repression faced by both Korean and Japanese migrants filtered back to Japan by word of mouth. According to North Korean defector Kang Chol-Hwan, himself the son of participants in the repatriation campaign, Japanese wives of North Korean men led Pyongyang\'s first anti-government demonstration in North Korean history, when they staged a protest appealing for permission to return home. Kang also relayed an anecdote about Kim Il Sung being shocked when one Japanese woman showed up when he was making a \"spot visit\" to a mine in South Hamgyong Province and personally begged to him to be allowed to go back to Japan. These two events are said to have been the impetus for the 1970s purges of migrants from Japan, in which many Chongryon members and their families were sent to detention camps or killed. Two-thirds of the Japanese who migrated to North Korea are estimated to have gone missing or have never been heard from. However, in spite of the harsh political situation, migration to North Korea did not stop completely until 1984. `{{As of|1997}}`{=mediawiki}, North Korea had refused to provide Japan with a list of surviving Japanese in the country, and had only permitted a few small groups of 10--15 to travel to Japan. They further objected to the Japanese practice of referring to such trips as \"visits home\", instead preferring to call them \"temporary visitors\" or even \"government delegations\". ## Defections and kidnappings {#defections_and_kidnappings} The nine members of the Japanese Communist League\'s Red Army Faction (the predecessor of the Japanese Red Army) who hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 351 are known to have received political asylum in Pyongyang in 1970; of those, two were later arrested by Japanese police in Thailand, two died in North Korea, and five are still believed to reside in Pyongyang. Four were confirmed to be alive in 2004 when they were interviewed and photographed by Kyodo News. North Korea is also believed to have kidnapped between 70 and 80 Japanese citizens between 1977 and 1983 in order to teach the Japanese language to North Korean intelligence operatives; however, the government of North Korea officially admits to only 16 such kidnappings. In 2003, Kazumi Kitagawa, a Japanese citizen and former member of Aum Shinrikyo, jumped overboard from a Chinese tourist boat on the Yalu River and swam to North Korea where she requested asylum. Her actions made her the first Japanese defector to North Korea since the Flight 351 hijacking. However, after two years of living in a hotel where she reportedly had complaints about her hotel room, clothing, and constant surveillance by guards, she arranged to be returned to Japan
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# Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia ***Dodonaea viscosa*subsp.*angustifolia***, synonym ***Dodonaea angustifolia***, (**sand olive**) is a slender shrub or small tree that occurs naturally from southern Africa to Arabia, as well as in Australia and New Zealand. The seed capsules are three-winged and are dispersed by wind. Although occurring in rocky areas, it is also cultivated to stabilise moving sand and to prevent erosion
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# I Know What You'll Do Next Summer \"**I Know What You\'ll Do Next Summer**\" is the eighteenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series *Veronica Mars*, and the 62nd episode overall. Written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck, the episode premiered on The CW on May 15, 2007. The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars (Kristen Bell) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective. In this episode, when a Hearst student and former child soldier in Uganda named Apollo (Nelsan Ellis) publishes a memoir, Veronica receives a phone call from a man claiming to be his father. Meanwhile, Logan (Jason Dohring) and Dick (Ryan Hansen) plan to go on a surfing vacation in the summer, coming into conflict with several people. In addition, Piz (Chris Lowell) must decide between two summer internships. \"I Know What You\'ll Do Next Summer\" incorporates the organization Invisible Children, Inc. into its storyline and includes a public service announcement for the group at the end of the episode. Hansen and Bell are celebrity supporters of the organization, and series creator Rob Thomas was inspired to devote an episode to the subject of child soldiers when Hansen gave him a book about Uganda the previous Christmas. In its original broadcast, the episode received 2.10 million viewers and generally positive reviews from television critics, with many praising the character development of Dick and the case-of-the-week. ## Synopsis Veronica and Piz hang out at her house. Keith (Enrico Colantoni) tests Veronica on her upcoming private investigator exam, and Piz states that he is interviewing a former child soldier and Hearst student, Apollo, for his radio show. Keith informs his deputies that a robbery wave has been occurring. Piz interviews the student before telling Veronica that he has been offered an internship by Pitchfork Media. Veronica receives a 95% on the PI exam before being called by a man stating that Apollo is his son. Keith speaks to a suspect in some of the robberies and discovers that he is connected to the Fitzpatricks. Logan meets Parker\'s (Julie Gonzalo) parents, who are very uptight. Veronica speaks to Apollo, posing as a reporter for the school newspaper, finding that Apollo\'s mother\'s handwriting is very similar to the letter his father claimed to have from his mother. Logan tells Parker that he will not be seeing her in the summer because he will be on a surfing trip with Dick. Mac (Tina Majorino) and Max (Adam Rose) spend all their time together. Piz tells Veronica about another internship in Neptune, but she dodges his attempts to ask which one he should take. Keith meets Liam Fitzpatrick (Rod Rowland), who states that the robberies will not stop. Apollo learns that Veronica was not assigned by the school paper, and Veronica tells him the truth, but he refuses a paternity test. Some people begin to grow dissatisfied with Keith\'s handling of the robberies, while Apollo\'s father claimant appears in Neptune. Veronica searches for Apollo, learning from his former roommate that Apollo did not actually write the book, and he was never a child soldier. However, Wallace (Percy Daggs III) urges her not to expose him as a hoax, as his book is actually helping charities that aid child soldiers. At the job fair, Wallace is seen signing up for Invisible Children, Inc. Apollo tells Veronica that he actually does want the paternity test. Dick\'s father, who was involved in a corporate crime, appears and berates him for going on the surfing trip in the summer. Apollo takes the paternity test, but the father doesn\'t appear. However, Apollo informs Veronica that he actually was a child soldier, enlisting his former roommate to tell her that he wasn\'t so that he could ensure his father was genuinely loving. The only reason the father did not show up to the paternity test was that he was detained for having the wrong license plates. Apollo and the father meet at the Sheriff\'s office, where they have an emotional reunion. Dick angrily confronts his father, but the next time he is seen, he calls off his trip with Logan. Logan tells Parker this news, and she is disappointed. After seeing an ad for Vincent Van Lowe\'s campaign for sheriff, Veronica gets the news that she has been accepted into the FBI\'s internship program.
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# I Know What You'll Do Next Summer ## Production \"I Know What You\'ll Do Next Summer\" was written by Jonathan Moskin and David Mulei and directed by Nick Marck, marking Moskin\'s third and final writing credit, Mulei\'s second and final writing credit, and Marck\'s tenth and final directing credit. The episode contains several references to the charity Invisible Children, Inc., which aims to increase awareness for the use of child soldiers in the Lord\'s Resistance Army in Uganda. The episode also ends with a public service announcement delivered by Jason Dohring, Kristen Bell and Ryan Hansen out-of-character. Bell is an active supporter of the organization, while Hansen is the brother-in-law of founder Jason Russell. Series creator Rob Thomas was initially worried about including the reunion between Apollo and Kizza because he thought that such scenes did not play to his strengths as a storyteller. However, he was pleased with the result because of the two actors\' performances. The two performers had never met each other prior to this scene, and they were filming within four minutes of setup time. One quip by Vinnie (Ken Marino) about the office\'s secretaries was a callback to a similar joke in \"Of Vice and Men\". Thomas was inspired to focus an episode on a former Ugandan child soldier by two incidents. The first was when he was initially informed about the situation by a former student of his mother\'s, while at Christmas the previous year, Hansen had given books about Ugandan child soldiers to all the writers. In the episode, Apollo is scheduled to appear on *The Oprah Winfrey Show*; Oprah\'s Book Club was discussing a book about a child soldier at the time, but this was a coincidence. In the episode, Piz states that he has been given an internship with *Pitchfork Media* at their headquarters in New York City; however, the location is incorrect.
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# I Know What You'll Do Next Summer ## Reception ### Ratings In its original broadcast, \"I Know What You\'ll Do Next Summer\" received 2.10 million viewers, ranking 87th of 90 in the weekly rankings. This was an increase in roughly 250,000 viewers from the previous episode, \"Debasement Tapes\", which earned 1.85 million viewers. ### Reviews The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics, many of whom praised the case-of-the-week and the character development of Dick Casablancas. Eric Goldman of IGN graded the episode an 8.8 out of 10, indicating that it was \"great\". He lauded the episode\'s handling of its political subject matter and the return of older storylines. He argued that \"I Know What You\'ll Do Next Summer\" used its political message much better than \"Un-American Graffiti\", which aired two weeks prior; he thought that this episode\'s story made its political message more subtle than the previous episode. The reviewer also enjoyed the development of Dick\'s character that occurred with the return of his father, stating that the scene in which Dick yelled at his father \"an excellent moment that helped bring a lot of new shading to the funny, but usually one-note character.\" Keith\'s storyline was another center of praise, with the reviewer stating that he thought the Fitzpatricks\' plot line had been too rushed earlier in the season. Tanner Stransky of *Entertainment Weekly* was generally positive as well, noting the romantic uncertainty between Veronica and Piz, Logan and Parker, and Mac and Max, drawing parallels between this aspect of the episode and the series\' uncertain future. In addition, the reviewer thought highly of Dick\'s confrontation with his father and the case-of-the-week. Television Without Pity graded the episode a \"B+\". In a review written during the success of the film campaign Kony 2012 on the internet, Rowan Kaiser of *The A.V. Club* thought that she found himself frequently comparing the episode\'s treatment of child soldiers with the discussion of Invisible Children at the time. \"This isn\'t a bad thing. It\'s a representation of how television, like any art form, can have multiple meanings, which evolve over time.\" However, the reviewer knew that Apollo was not going to be a fraud given the cast members\' support of the organization. The reviewer also praised Hansen\'s reaction to his father\'s return. Kelly West of Cinema Blend wrote that \"tonight\'s episode of \'Veronica Mars\' was a cornucopia of emotions
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# Rama Cay **Rama Cay** is an island in the Bluefields Lagoon on the eastern coast of Nicaragua. During the 17th or 18th century, the more powerful Miskito awarded the island to the Rama people in recognition of their assistance in fighting off the Terraba Indians. When a Moravian mission was established on the island in 1857, the Rama began what would become a general shift to using an English-based creole language in lieu of their traditional Rama language
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# George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus **George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus**, **Lord Douglas, Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest** (c. 1427 -- 12 March 1463) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus and Margaret Hay of Yester. Known as the **Great Earl of Angus**. He succeeded to the Earldom following the death of his childless brother James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Angus in 1446. He was to become the first Red Chief of **Douglas**. ## Red Douglas and the Stewart connection {#red_douglas_and_the_stewart_connection} The chief line of the family were the Earls of Douglas which represented the \"Black\" line, whereas Angus represented the \"Red\" Line. Both branches were descended through bastardy from William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas. The Earl of Douglas descended through Archibald the Grim, an illegitimate son of Sir James Douglas. The 4th Earl of Angus\' grandfather was an illegitimate child of William, 1st Earl of Douglas. Although the representatives of both lines of the House wore the \"three stars argent\" and \"Man\'s Heart gules\" on their arms the 4th Earl of Angus and the 8th Earl of Douglas were third cousins. Angus had closer ties with the House of Stewart than his Douglas cousins however, being the great-grandson of Robert III of Scotland through his grandmother Princess Mary of Scotland, Countess of Angus. This was to have major implications in the downfall of the Black Douglases and the rise of the Red line. ## Douglases united {#douglases_united} In June 1448, Angus joined with his kinsmen the Earl of Douglas and his brother Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde on a punitive raid into England and despoiled the countryside as far as Alnwick which they burnt and *\"come hame wele\"*. This was in response to attacks led by the Earl of Northumberland and Robert Ogle in which they had burnt Dunbar Castle in the east, and by the Earl of Salisbury who had laid waste to Dumfries in the west. The score was evened in July when the Douglases invested Warkworth Castle and \"did gret scaith\" and the victory over Northumberland at the Battle of Sark. This action in 1448 would be the last time that the two branches of the House of Douglas would act in partnership, and ride together against their hereditary foes of Percy and Neville. In 1449 Angus was made Warden of the Middle Marches.
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# George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus ## The Douglas Rebellion {#the_douglas_rebellion} In 1452 the 8th Earl of Douglas was murdered at Stirling Castle, by his monarch James II while under assurances of safe-conduct. Other notable magnates assisted King James in the act. The whole of Douglasdale rose in rebellion under the late Earl\'s younger brothers, James the new 9th Earl of Douglas, his twin Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray, and the younger Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde, and John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie. During this time of intermittent internecine strife in Scotland, it might have been expected that Angus would have thrown his lot in with his Douglas cousins. However, relationships between the Black Douglases and the Red Douglases had always been tense. Moreover, as alluded above the ties of kinship between Angus and King James were close, being first cousins within one degree. A magnate as powerful as Angus could not abstain from declaring himself either way. So, when the rebellion began in earnest in early 1455, and the King took to the field against the Douglas brothers, Angus came out in full support of his Monarch, and was given high command within the Royal army. It has been suggested that Angus accompanied the King at the siege of Abercorn. Following the defection of James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton, Douglas\' chief lieutenant to the King\'s side, the Earl of Douglas fled to England in an attempt to gain support from Henry VI of England. Douglas\' brothers stayed in Scotland to continue the struggle. The brothers had appeared in force in Annandale and King James sent Angus to deal with them. Angus mustered the Border Clans and encountered the rebels on 18 May near Langholm. The ensuing Battle of Arkinholm was a rout for the Douglas brothers, Moray was killed and Ormonde captured (to be executed soon after) and only Balvenie escaped to England. That summer the Black Douglases were attainted and their estates declared forfeit. Angus appended his seal to the charter in token of approval.
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# George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus ## Ascendancy of the Red Douglas {#ascendancy_of_the_red_douglas} Following the acts of attainder, Angus received the vast fiefdom and superiority of the Lordship of Douglas, obtaining a charter of confirmation in 1457 In 1460, Angus accompanied King James to the siege of Roxburgh Castle, held by the English. The castle, which had been a thorn in the side of successive Scottish monarchs, contained a garrison loyal to the House of York. James had decided to back the House of Lancaster. On 3 August James\' queen, Mary of Gueldres, had arrived to inspire enthusiasm amongst the besiegers. Overseeing the cannonade to greet his wife, James stood too close to one of the bombards. When it exploded, it killed him, and wounded Angus, his constant companion. Though wounded, Angus was still able to take command of much of the siege, and the castle was stormed and taken within the week. On 10 August, Angus attended the coronation of James III at Kelso Abbey, where he placed the Crown upon the nine-year-old King\'s head, as was his right as Lord Abernethy. He is supposed to have proclaimed: \"There! Now that I have set it upon your Grace\'s head, let me see who will be so bold as to move it.\" Angus had already become enormously powerful during the reign of James II and during the Regency for his son; his power continued to grow. Following the forfeiture of the Black Douglases, the Scots parliament had decreed that no Douglas should have a hereditary right to the wardenship of the Marches, Angus continued to exercise command over the East and Middle Marches, and was appointed lieutenant of the Realm by the Queen-regent Mary of Gueldres. In the following year, Angus spent a great deal of time consolidating his estates, placing trusted vassals in charge of the more far-flung properties. In 1462, he received all of the goods, lands and rents of the adherents of the forfeited Douglases in Roxburghshire, apart from those already owned by his brother William Douglas of Cluny. In the same year, Angus was involved in negotiations with the Lancastrian Henry VI of England. Henry had obtained a bond from Angus to aid him with \"a stipulated force for the recovery of that realm \[England\] from Henry\'s rebels and enemies\". For Henry\'s part, he had promised Angus, on the recovery of his kingdom, \"to make the saide erle sufficiently and suerly after the lawes of England a duke withynne the said reavme of England, with stile, astate, honure and name of a duke\". The dukedom brought with it a castle and land to the value of 2000 marks. Angus was unable to pursue his plans for an English dukedom: He died on 12 March 1463 at Abernethy. ## Offices held {#offices_held} - Angus was a commissioner sent to treat with the English twice, in 1449 and in 1459. - Ambassador to England in 1451 - Warden of the East and Middle Marches 1455--1462 ## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue} George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus married prior to his accession, Isabella Sibbald daughter of Sir John Sibbald of Balgonie, Master of the Household to James II
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# Azerat **Azerat** (`{{IPA|fr|azʁa}}`{=mediawiki}; *Aserat*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. The A89 motorway passes by the village. ## Population ## Personalities - Robert Lacoste - Maurice Faure - Outside the chapel is the house of the socialist Suzanne Lacore, first female undersecretary of state in the first government of Léon Blum and former schoolteacher
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# Sproing Award **The Sproing Award** is awarded by Norsk Tegneserieforum (NTF), an organisation to promote interest and understanding for comics in Norway. Since 1987, the award has been presented for the *Best Norwegian Strips*, a comic strip or comic book by a Norwegian, and *Best Translated Strips*, an international comic strip/comic book translated into Norwegian. Since 2003, there has also been awarded a Sproing for *Best Comics Debut*. At NTF\'s annual meeting, a jury is selected which reads all publications of the year and choose five nominees for the national and international classes, and three nominees for the debut class. Initially, voting was exclusive to NTF members, but has been opened to the public in the 2000s. ## Best translated comics {#best_translated_comics} - 1987: Carl Barks, for *Donald Duck: I det gamle Persia* (Egmont Serieforlaget) - 1988: Bill Watterson, for *Tommy & Tigern #1* (*Calvin & Hobbes*) (Semic) - 1989: Brian Bolland and Alan Moore, for *Det glade vanvidd* (Semic) - 1990: Francois Bourgeon, for *Skumringens venner* (*Les compagnons de crépuscule*) (Cappelen) - 1991: Don Rosa, for *Donald Duck: Tilbake til Xanadu* (Egmont Serieforlaget) - 1992: Peter Madsen and others, for *Valhall: Frøyas smykke* (Semic) - 1993: Art Spiegelman, for *Maus* (Cappelen) - 1994: Daniel Clowes, for *\"Blå Italienske Greier\" i Fidus* (No Comprendo Press) - 1995: Gary Larson, for *\"Madame Qs forbannelse\" i Larsons gale verden* (Bladkompaniet) - 1996: Neil Gaiman and others, for *Sandman: Lyden av vingeslag* (Bladkompaniet) - 1997: Carl Barks, for *\"Marco Polos skatt\" i Donald Duck & Co nr. 27* (Egmont) - 1998: Jeff Smith, for *Bone: Flukten fra Boneville* (Bladkompaniet) - 1999: Quino, for *1 side i Larsons gale verden nr. 4* (Bladkompaniet) - 2000: - Jean Giraud, for *Blueberry: Geronimo* (Egmont Serieforlaget) - Jeff Smith, for *Bone: Det store kuveddeløpet* (Bladkompaniet) - 2001: Martin Kellerman, for *Rocky-sekvenser i Pondus nr. 1-4* (Bladkompaniet) - 2002: Daniel Clowes, for *Ghost World* (No Comprendo Press) - 2003: Peter Madsen, for *Menneskesønnen* (Det norske bibelselskap) - 2004: Alan Moore and Kevin O\'Neill, for *League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, del 2* (Schibsted Forlagene) - 2005: Marjane Satrapi, for *Persepolis* (No Comprendo Press) - 2006: Joann Sfar, for *Rabbinerens Katt* (*Le chat du rabbin*) (Egmont Serieforlaget) - 2008: David B., for *Epileptisk* (*l\'Ascension du Haut Mal*) (No Comprendo Press)
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# Sproing Award ## Best Norwegian comics {#best_norwegian_comics} - 1987: Tor Bomann-Larsen, for *Drama i Bayern* (Cappelen) - 1988: - Arild Midthun and Terje Nordberg, for *Troll: Sølvskatten* (Bladkompaniet), - Christopher Nielsen, for *En fettsugers bekjennelser* (Semic) - 1989: Christopher Nielsen, for *UR i Rummpfftillfftooo? nr. 3* (self published) - 1990: Bjørn Ousland and Eirik Ildahl, for *Solruns saga: Nattlys* (Bladkompaniet) - 1991: Morten Myklebust and Kåre Holt, for *Kristina av Tunsberg* (Mykle Illustrasjoner) - 1992: Inka-Lill, for *Ridderne av Dor 1: Hjertets knekt* (Bladkompaniet) - 1993: Steffen Kverneland, for *Jonas Fjeld: De knyttede never* (TEGN A/Lbum) - 1994: Siri Dokken and Baard Enoksen, for *Kongens Mann* (Cappelen) - 1995: Jason, for *Lomma full av regn* (TEGN A/Lbum) - 1996: Inka-Lill, for *Ridderne av Dor 4: Lovens Bokstav* (Bladkompaniet) - 1997: Tore Strand Olsen, for *\"Tore Hund\" i Forresten nr. 4* (Jippi Forlag) - 1998: Frode Øverli, for *Pondus: Alt for Norge* (Bladkompaniet) - 1999: Karine Haaland, for *\"Angsten eter sjelen\" i Våre venner menneskene* (Bladkompaniet) - 2000: Jason, for *Mjau Mjau 10: Si meg en ting* (Jippi Forlag) - 2001: Odd Henning Skyllingstad, for *Serie uten tittel i Forresten nr. 11* (Jippi Forlag) - 2002: Ronny Haugeland, for *Downs Duck i bl.a. Forresten* (Jippi Forlag) - 2003: Frode Øverli, for *Pondus julespesial* (Schibsted) - 2004: Lars Fiske and Steffen Kverneland, for *Olaf G* (No Comprendo Press) - 2005: Christopher Nielsen, for *Uflaks* (No Comprendo Press) - 2006: Bendik von Kaltenborn, for *Seks sultne menn* (Dongery) - 2007: Sigbjørn Lilleeng, for *Nebelgrad Blues 3* (Jippi Forlag) - 2008: Pushwagner, for *Soft City* (No Comprendo Press). - 2009: Bendik Kaltenborn, for *Serier som vil deg vel* (No Comprendo Press). - 2010: Sindre Goksøyr, for *Hrmf!* (Dongery Forlag). - 2011: Børge Lund, for *Lunch* (Egmont Serieforlaget). - 2012: Øyvind Holen and Mikael Noguchi, for *Drabant* (Cappelen Damm). - 2013: Knut Nærum, Tormod Løkling and Arild Midthun, for *Donald Duck julealbum: Skrues barndom: Kampen om jula* (Egmont Serieforlaget). - 2014: Bjarte Agdestein, Endre Skandfer and Ronald Kabícek, for *Krüger & Krogh 1: Brennpunkt Oslo* (Egmont Serieforlaget). - 2015: Lars Fiske, for *Automobilfabrikken Fiske* (No Comprendo Press). - 2016: Håkon Aasnes, for *Smørbukk: Jula 2016* (Norsk Barneblad). - 2017: Øyvind Sagåsen, for *Radio Gaga* (in *Pondus*). - 2018: Lise Myhre, for *Nemi*. - 2019: Jens K. Styve, for *Dunce*. - 2020: Thore Hansen, for *Euffen og Solan*. - 2021: Therese G. Eide, for *Intet nytt fra hjemmefronten*. - 2022: Torbjørn Lien, for *Kollektivet*. - 2023: Nils Axle Kanten, for *Hjalmar*. ## Best debut {#best_debut} - 2003: Siri Pettersen, for *Anti-Klimaks* (bl.a
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# Falakro **Falakro Oros** (Greek: Φαλακρό όρος, translated in English as: \"Bald mountain\"; *Боздаг*, *Bozdag*; Turkish: *Bozdağ*, translated in English as: \"Gray mountain\") is a mountain in the Drama regional unit, eastern Greek Macedonia, northern Greece. The elevation of its highest summit, Profitis Ilias, is 2,232 meters above sea level. There is a ski resort on the mountain. А very small part of a low northern offshoot of Falakro extends into Bulgarian territory, just south of the village of Beslen in Blagoevgrad Province. The highest point that is part of Bulgaria is the forested peak Chiplakbair (1,090 metres high) on the border between the two countries. ## Gallery <File:Studer> IMG 2303.jpg\|Agios Pavlos peak of Falakro <File:Falakro> peak 6.jpg\|Peak <File:Oros> Falakro Drama Greece 20071225.JPG\|View from the top of Falakro <File:Lifts> in Ski Resort on Mountain Falakro.JPG\|Lifts in ski resort on Mount Falakro near Drama. Apart the ski track, the lifts end at a cafe-bar which is at 2111m altitude <File:Λουλούδια> του φαλακρού
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# 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF final round The **CONCACAF final round** of the CONCACAF zone of the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification, was contested between the six remaining teams of the qualification process. The teams were placed into a single group, with matches played against each other on a home-and-away basis. The top three teams would qualify for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Costa Rica topped the group with 23 points, and finished with the best record of any CONCACAF team in the history of the hexagonal. ## Standings {{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|teamwidth=110 \|show_matches=yes \|update=complete \|win_CRC=7 \|draw_CRC=2 \|loss_CRC=1 \|gf_CRC=17\|ga_CRC=7 \|win_MEX=5 \|draw_MEX=2 \|loss_MEX=3 \|gf_MEX=16\|ga_MEX=9 \|win_USA=5 \|draw_USA=2 \|loss_USA=3 \|gf_USA=11\|ga_USA=8 \|win_HON=4 \|draw_HON=2 \|loss_HON=4 \|gf_HON=17\|ga_HON=17 \|win_JAM=2 \|draw_JAM=2 \|loss_JAM=6 \|gf_JAM=7 \|ga_JAM=14 \|win_TRI=1 \|draw_TRI=2 \|loss_TRI=7 \|gf_TRI=5 \|ga_TRI=18 \|team1=CRC \|team2=MEX \|team3=USA \|team4=HON \|team5=JAM \|team6=TRI \|match_CRC_HON=2--2 \|match_CRC_JAM=2--1 \|match_CRC_MEX=0--0 \|match_CRC_TRI=3--0 \|match_CRC_USA=2--0 \|match_HON_CRC=2--3 \|match_HON_JAM=1--0 \|match_HON_MEX=3--1 \|match_HON_TRI=0--1 \|match_HON_USA=1--2 \|match_JAM_CRC=0--1 \|match_JAM_HON=1--1 \|match_JAM_MEX=1--2 \|match_JAM_TRI=1--0 \|match_JAM_USA=0--0 \|match_MEX_CRC=1--2 \|match_MEX_HON=3--0 \|match_MEX_JAM=4--0 \|match_MEX_TRI=3--0 \|match_MEX_USA=1--0 \|match_TRI_CRC=0--2 \|match_TRI_HON=2--4 \|match_TRI_JAM=1--2 \|match_TRI_MEX=1--1 \|match_TRI_USA=0--0 \|match_USA_CRC=1--0 \|match_USA_HON=2--3 \|match_USA_JAM=2--1 \|match_USA_MEX=2--0 \|match_USA_TRI=2--0 \|name_CRC=`{{fb|CRC}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_CRC=`{{flagdeco|CRC}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_MEX=`{{fb|MEX}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_MEX=`{{flagdeco|MEX}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_USA=`{{fb|USA}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_USA=`{{flagdeco|USA}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_HON=`{{fb|HON|1949}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_HON=`{{flagdeco|HON|1949}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_JAM=`{{fb|JAM}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_JAM=`{{flagdeco|JAM}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_TRI=`{{fb|TRI}}`{=mediawiki} \|short_TRI=`{{flagdeco|TRI}}`{=mediawiki} \|res_col_header=Q \|result1=WC \|result2=WC \|result3=WC \|col_WC=green1 \|text_WC=Qualified to the 2002 FIFA World Cup \|source=[FIFA](https://es.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/koreajapan2002/groups/preliminaries/nccamerica/index
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# Brood XIII thumb\|upright=1\|Map of periodic cicada broods with Brood XIII shown in brown **Brood XIII** (also known as **Brood 13** or **Northern Illinois Brood**) is one of 15 separate broods of periodical cicadas that appear regularly throughout the midwestern United States. Every 17 years, Brood XIII tunnels *en masse* to the surface of the ground, mates, lays eggs in tree twigs, and then dies off over several weeks. Entomologist Charles Lester Marlatt published an account in 1907 in which he postulated the existence of 30 broods. The number has since been consolidated, and only 15 broods of periodical cicadas are currently recognized. Of these, twelve (Broods I through X, XIII, and XIV) are 17-year broods and three (Broods XIX, XXII, and XXIII) are 13-year broods. Brood XI is extinct and Brood XII is not currently recognized as a brood of 17-year cicadas. The 4 cm (1.6 in) long black bugs do not sting or bite. Once they emerge, they spend their two-week lives climbing trees, shedding their exoskeletons and reproducing. Brood XIII can number up to 1.5 million per acre (3.7 million per hectare). The brood is reputed to be the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. The brood\'s most recent major emergence occurred during the spring and early summer of 2024, throughout an area roughly enclosed by northern Illinois, eastern Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and a narrow strip of Indiana bordering Lake Michigan and Michigan. A premature emergence occurred in 2020. The brood will emerge again in late May 2041. ## Ravinia In the northern Chicago suburb of Highland Park, there was a concern about whether the cicadas\'s sounds might drown out the music at the Ravinia Festival during May and June, the peak months of cicada activity in 2007. According to the *Chicago Tribune*, Ravinia adjusted the schedule so that Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO) concerts took place in July, after the emergence had ended. Apart from the CSO concerts, all other events took place as scheduled. ## 2020 Sub-Brood {#sub_brood} Some of the Northern Illinois Sub-Brood (part of Marlatt\'s XIII) cicadas emerge 4 years early, as they did in the Chicago area during 2020. ## 2024 emergence Brood XIII of the 17-year cicada, which reputably has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere, and Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada, arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, were expected to emerge together in 2024 for the first time since 1803. However, the two broods were not expected to overlap except potentially in a thin area in central and eastern Illinois (Macon, Sangamon, Livingston, and Logan counties). Therefore, the density of cicadas in most areas would likely have been the same as usual.Multiple sources: - - - - - The next such dual emergence is expected to occur in 2245, 221 years after 2024.Multiple sources: - -
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# Brood XIII ## Pests and parasites {#pests_and_parasites} After the 2007 Brood XIII emergence had ended, many people in Chicago\'s suburbs reported in early August the development of rashes, pustules, intense itching and other skin conditions on their upper torso, head, neck and arms. Rashes and itching peaked after several days, but lasted as long as two weeks. Anti-itch treatments, including calamine lotion and topical steroid creams, did not relieve the itching.Multiple sources: - - - - - **First report of *Pyemotes herfsi* parasitism on periodical cicada eggs.** - - - - - - **Contains 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of *Pyemotes herfsi* bites.** - - Edmond Zaborski, a research scientist with the Illinois Natural History Survey, then discovered that the skin conditions had resulted from oak leaf gall mite (\"itch mite\") (*Pyemotes herfsi*) bites. Zaborski further found that the mites were ectoparasites whose numbers had increased while feeding on the brood\'s eggs. The mites usually feed on oak leaf gall midge (*Polystepha pilulae*) larvae and other insects, but, as Zaborski found, also parasitize periodical cicada eggs when those are available. Similar events occurred in Cincinnati after a Brood XIV emergence ended in 2008, in Cleveland and elsewhere in northern and eastern Ohio after a Brood V emergence ended in 2016,Multiple sources: - - - - in the Washington, D.C., area after a Brood X emergence ended in 2021,Multiple sources - - Contains a 1:38 minute video showing images and descriptions of *Pyemotes herfsi* bites. - - - - and again in the Chicago area after the next Brood XIII emergence ended in 2024.Multiple sources: - - ## Gallery <File:Cicadas> climbing.jpg\|Brood XIII *Magicicada* in various stages of molting. <File:Premolt> Brood XIII.JPG\|Brood XIII instar <File:Newly> molted Brood XIII.JPG\|Newly molted Brood XIII <File:Cicada> bush0001.JPG\|A group of Brood XIII *Magicicada* on a bush <File:Cicada> BroodXIII 1200x800.jpg\|Brood XIII in Westchester, Illinois, on June 21, 2007 <File:BroodXIIIBrookfield.jpg%7CBrood> XIII *Magicicada* at Brookfield Zoo in May 2024 <File:Brood> XIII 2024 - Itasca
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# Towai **Towai** (*Tōwai*) is a locality in the Northland Region of the North Island of New Zealand. State Highway 1 passes through it. Kawakawa is 16 km northwest, and Whakapara is 17 km southeast. The North Auckland Line passes through Towai. Towai Primary School closed in January 2005, with students moving to Maromaku School. The local hapū is Ngāti Hau of Ngāpuhi. The local Akerama Marae and Huiarau or Ruapekapeka meeting house is a meeting place for the hapū. ## Demographics Towai is in two SA1 statistical areas which cover 40.27 km2. The SA1 areas are part of the larger Maromaku statistical area. The SA1 statistical areas had a population of 279 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 42 people (17.7%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 69 people (32.9%) since the 2013 census. There were 132 males and 144 females in 84 dwellings. 2.2% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. There were 69 people (24.7%) aged under 15 years, 57 (20.4%) aged 15 to 29, 120 (43.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 33 (11.8%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 73.1% European (Pākehā); 47.3% Māori; 3.2% Pasifika; 3.2% Asian; 5.4% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 6.5% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as \"New Zealander\". English was spoken by 94.6%, Māori language by 11.8%, and other languages by 6.5%. No language could be spoken by 2.2% (e.g. too young to talk). The percentage of people born overseas was 9.7, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 35.5% Christian, and 1.1% Māori religious beliefs. People who answered that they had no religion were 51.6%, and 10.8% of people did not answer the census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 21 (10.0%) people had a bachelor\'s or higher degree, 141 (67.1%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 42 (20.0%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. 9 people (4.3%) earned over \$100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 105 (50.0%) people were employed full-time, 30 (14.3%) were part-time, and 6 (2.9%) were unemployed
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# Stig Gælok **Stig Riemmbe Gaelok** was born on 7 July 1961 in Tysfjord Municipality (known as *Divtasvuona Municipality* in Sami). He is a Sami author who writes his books in Lule Same language (julevsámegiella) and Norwegian language (norsk). His first book, the poetry collection *O, Oarjjevuodna*, which was published in 1983, was the first collection of poems ever in Lule Same, and also the first book in Lule Same since Anta Pirak´s book *Jåhttee saamee viessom*, which was published 46 years earlier, in 1937, and was the first book ever written by a Lule Same author in Lule Same language. In 2000, he was awarded the Saami Council\'s Prize for Literature
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# List of Radio Free Roscoe episodes The following is an episode guide for the Canadian teen dramedy *Radio Free Roscoe*. This episode guide is divided into 4 seasons of 13 episodes each, as the series was aired on The N in America. In Canada, the series was originally aired as two seasons of 26 episodes each. ## Episode guide {#episode_guide} This guide is listed by production number. The original airdates are not completely from one channel, but they are the premiere airdates internationally. The first two episodes were never intended to air on TV because they were filmed as the series pilots. On Family, the episodes were premiered after episode 112. ### Season 1 {#season_1} \# Episode title Original airdate Summary ----- ---------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 The Power of Radio October 31, 2003 The members of the gang, who are just starting at Roscoe High, are introduced: Lily, a musician, Travis, a slightly odd but charming outcast, Ray, a \'class clown\', and Robbie, an independent guy who stands up for his beliefs. Lily has written a song, but she doesn\'t know if she can stand up in front of a crowd to perform it. Ray tries out for the school play instead of soccer, and is worried about his father\'s reaction. Robbie and Travis both join Cougar radio, but Travis soon finds that it\'s not \'the voice of Roscoe High\' and quits. Robbie soon does as well. They both have ideas for their own radio show, and they pull Lily and Ray along for the ride. Will they have what it takes to make it on-air? 102 On the Air October 31, 2003 Lily, Ray, Robbie and Travis have marked their territory as \'Radio Free Roscoe\'. They have done a few shows, but just because something is on the radio, does it have true meaning? The gang will soon find out. When Travis puts them on-air without their knowledge, they will find that the true meaning of radio might not be what everyone thinks it is. 103 About a Girl August 1, 2003 Lily starts attracting attention because she is hanging out with one of the most popular girls in school. She has been wearing dresses and flirting with cute guys. Ray seems to care greatly, with hidden meaning. When he tries to sabotage Lily\'s date with Lee Johns, Robbie and Travis are almost positive that Ray has stronger feelings about Lily than they thought. It seems he likes her more than as a friend. Will everyone\'s love life work out or will they all realise that love really bites? 104 Radio Wars August 8, 2003 When RFR is called lame by rival Kim Carlisle of Cougar Radio, it creates a predicament. As RFR retaliates with an imitation of Kim, this causes many other things. It brings out the name calling, the dirty tricks, Ray\'s sexuality and the lies. Kim does the unthinkable: she frames RFR for vandalism. As all this is going on, the gang feels like they are taking the station and all its perks for granted. The gang has to decide what\'s best for Radio Free Roscoe. 105 Clark Kent August 15, 2003 When Robbie\'s crush falls in love with his alter ego Question Mark, he has decisions to make. If he reveals his alter ego to her, his Radio Free Rosoce future might go down the drain. 106 I Am Question Mark August 22, 2003 Has RFR pulled their last prank? When they air an embarrassing tape of Principal Waller as a teenager, Principal Waller makes it his personal goal to figure out who Question Mark is. Meanwhile, Lily tries to get Waller to change his mind about his ban on headphones. 107 Political in Pink August 29, 2003 Lily expresses her ideas for the school in an assembly. After that, everyone is raving for her to run for class president. When someone brings to her attention that she has never done anything to prove her responsibilities for the school, she realizes she needs to make some changes in her campaign. But this causes her to lose sight of everything she was fighting for in the first place. 108 The Imposter September 12, 2003 Someone is posing as Smog. Will RFR have to reveal their secret identities to clear Smog\'s reputation? Travis is forced to prove his talents of the real Smog at an RFR warehouse party. Also, will Ray and Robbie be able to find dates to the warehouse party? 109 Detention Redemption September 19, 2003 The whole Radio Free Roscoe group is thrown into after school detention. A problem arises that there will be nobody to cover for the gang. If no one is broadcasting at the station, Mr Waller will suspect that they\'re the ones behind Radio Free Roscoe. 110 Crush Me September 26, 2003 When Lily\'s crush on her guitar teacher doesn\'t go the way she had hoped it to, she needs to find a way to relieve her depression that doesn\'t affect RFR. 111 My Pal Pronto October 3, 2003 The gang at RFR make a new radio show based on Ray\'s ongoing conflict with his father, which causes Ray to become a boarder in his own house. Will Ray enjoy his newfound freedom or will he give in to his father? 112 Call of the Cougar October 10, 2003 Ray and Travis both have opposing views of school spirit. The school team argues with Travis about him being \'weird\' and Travis almost hurts one of the players. Mr. Waller tells the player to not do anything and for Travis to \'get in the spirit of things\'. Ray agrees to steal the mascot for the school team to prove his loyalty. Will Ray decide to bring the cougar back? Will he get in trouble with Mr. Waller? Will Travis change his mind? 113 Sports Ray-dio October 24, 2003 Ray leaves RFR for rival station Cougar Radio, and discovers the price of fame, and subsequently, the freedom of anonymity.
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# List of Radio Free Roscoe episodes ## Episode guide {#episode_guide} ### Season 2 {#season_2} \# Episode title Original airdate Summary ----- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 201 Count on Me November 28, 2003 After breaking Lily\'s amp, Travis and Robbie need to find a way to replace it. Robbie takes a job at Mickey\'s taking inventory, and it gets worse: his partner is Kim Carlisle; but Robbie finds out that she isn\'t as bad as he had thought. In an effort to make his money, Travis creates an on-air auction, selling a bunch of \"antiques\" to the RFR listeners. 202 Girl Talk Radio December 5, 2003 Travis fills in for Lily at the station as a girl named \"Miss Communication,\" and turns out to be a real crowd pleaser. Will Roscoe ever hear from Smog again? Meanwhile, with the help of Robbie, Ed and Ted are looking to dazzle the crowd at Mickey\'s with their new boy band, NTropy. 203 Pig Marion December 12, 2003 In an effort to win Lily\'s affection, Ray challenges her to turn him into the perfect boyfriend. Lily reveals that he may be her perfect boyfriend. Also, in return for new equipment, RFR is forced to do advertisements for Radio Hut. 204 Written in the Stars December 19, 2003 Travis and Audrey bond over their search for extraterrestrial life, which inspires Travis to create a radio serial that reflects his feelings for her. 205 How to Lose a Girl December 19, 2003 Ray enlists Lily\'s radio show advice to help him get his obnoxious girlfriend to break up with him. When it doesn\'t work, they finally have to succumb to more drastic measures that bring Ray and Lily much closer. Also, Lily is jealous of Ray\'s girlfriend. 206 This Just In January 9, 2004 Principal Waller goes a little crazy after starting his \"Happy People, Happy Planet\" campaign. It\'s up to the gang at RFR to restore everything at Henry Roscoe High to normal. Meanwhile, Lily enlists the help of Physics geniuses, Ed and Ted, to help her pass her test. Is she ready to learn their method? 207 Gossip January 16, 2004 Rumors are flying when RFR reveals Principal Waller\'s crush on the English teacher. Will Waller\'s revenge possibly mean the end of RFR? 208 Zen and the Art of Bicycle Maintenance January 22, 2004 After Robbie\'s bike is stolen, Ray will stop at nothing to catch the thief. Meanwhile, it\'s Travis\'s birthday. and Lily\'s going to help him celebrate, whether he wants to or not. 209 The Boxer January 30, 2004 Principal Waller is the substitute teacher for Ray and Travis\' history class, and Travis intends to embarrass Waller\'s lack of history knowledge about The Boxer Rebellion. In an effort to help Kim, Robbie comes up with a new way to sell the unpopular Cougar Calendars. 210 The Bad Boy March 5, 2004 Robbie is dismayed when Principal Waller assigns him to star in a video based on \"the day in the life of a model student\". How can Robbie be perceived as such a goody-goody when his alter ego is Question Mark? Robbie tries to change his reputation when he realizes that his partner on the project is an attractive, artsy and rebellious media student by the name of Sydney. Ray finds and then loses his lucky charm and goes on a bad luck streak. Travis tries to convince him it\'s all in his head, but suddenly, he\'s incredibly lucky. RFR is devoted to the subject of luck and superstition. When Travis plays a mean joke on Ray, their fortunes reverse. Ray finds his lucky charm and Travis believes he\'s cursed by bad karma. 211 More Than a Single March 12, 2004 Travis convinces Lily to let him produce one of her songs. Travis is really tough but Lily realizes that he is bringing out the best of her musical talents. The song is an instant hit in Roscoe but Lily freaks out when he airs and releases the single under her own name as opposed to Shady Lane. As the accolades roll in, Lily learns to trust Travis and they grow closer than ever. Robbie and Kim realize they have great chemistry when they debate issues against each other on Cougar Radio. Kim sees the on-air potential and asks Robbie to join her in a funny Cougar Radio segment. But it is hard to keep things light and funny when the gang has certain expectations of Robbie, and Kim\'s peers have certain expectations of her. The two of them must put aside their differences and concentrate on their shared love of radio. Ray thinks Lily and Travis are secretly dating,but later he finds out the truth. Also, Lily does something she wasn\'t supposed to do. 212 The Awful Truth March 19, 2004 Romance and relationships are abuzz at Henry Roscoe High. Lily tries desperately to talk to Travis about their \'moment\' together, but Travis isn\'t opening up, and the tension between Lily, Travis and Audrey is getting really thick. In the meantime Ray is trying to make up to Travis and Lily and continually apologizes for accusing them of secretly dating. Robbie is going a little crazy about what he knows about the situation. Everything blows up on the air in a truth-telling session like never heard before and when it is over, RFR will never be the same. With all of the drama at Radio Free Roscoe, Robbie has his own drama with Kim Carlisle that neither of them is able to fully understand. Will RFR survive secrets, love and betrayal? 213 All or Nothing March 26, 2004 The gang is reeling from secrets, betrayal, love and hurt feelings. Nobody but Question Mark wants to be at Radio Free Roscoe anymore. Like a lone wolf, Question Mark continues on his own trying to keep things together and hoping that everything will go back to way it was before it all fell apart. Travis is trying to keep things together with Audrey. Lily is just trying to figure out how she feels about everything and everyone. As RFR falls apart on the air, Principal Waller and Kim Carlisle come up with a plan that will take down Radio Free Roscoe once and for all. Robbie must make one of the biggest decisions of his life.
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# List of Radio Free Roscoe episodes ## Episode guide {#episode_guide} ### Season 3 {#season_3} \# Episode title Original airdate Summary ----- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 301 You Choose, You Lose August 27, 2004 Lily accepts Ray\'s invitation to dinner but decides that romance won\'t be in the cards. Meanwhile, a rumour about Kim and a ninth grader threatens to destroy her run of Cougar Radio. 302 A Class, a Grade, a Lifetime August 27, 2004 After burying the hatchet with Audrey, Lily reconsiders their friendship, while Ray and Travis dispute over the gentlemen\'s rules of pursuit. 303 One Steps Forward, Two Step Back September 3, 2004 Ray and Travis both try to be Lily\'s number-one fan. Lily enters an open mic contest but fears she will do badly. When she gets on stage she\'s nervous, but will she be able to go through with it? Meanwhile, Kim and Question Mark (Robbie) continue fighting with one another. Guest appearance by The Meligrove Band. 304 These Bossy Boots are Made for Walking September 10, 2004 Robbie and Kim must work together on a dance but, much to their surprise, it\'s hard for them to decide on matters. Meanwhile, Lily tries to get an interview with the Pettit Project on RFR. Too bad Ray hogs the whole interview. With Kim mad at Robbie, and Lily mad at Ray, can the two work things out? 305 Scheming and Dreaming September 17, 2004 Robbie becomes disillusioned with River\'s mentoring and Travis uses dream analysis to convince Lily he\'s the man in her dreams. 306 Lie vs. Lie September 24, 2004 Ray is upset with Lily, when he realizes she\'s been lying to him. Robbie and Travis create their own web, as they try to keep the dynamic of RFR intact. 307 Bridget Over Troubled Water October 1, 2004 The new girl in school is from Travis\' mysterious past, which leaves Ray looking for answers. Lily and Robbie are concerned that their friendship isn\'t what it used to be. 308 I\'m with Cupid October 8, 2004 Is Lily jealous of Bridget? Has Lily finally picked between the lifelong compadre Ray or the enigmatic Travis? All will be revealed when Lily has a little chat with Bridget about the relationship she and Travis have. 309 You\'ve Got E-Mail October 15, 2004 Ray is yet again attempting to win over Lily\'s heart. Will he win it over? Or will his heart end up being\....crushed? Meanwhile, Travis is writing an email to Bridget. 310 River Deep, Roscoe High October 22, 2004 With failing ratings, it may be the end of Cougar Radio and Kim\'s radio career\... especially when Principal Waller puts hot guy River Pierce into the DJ seat. Meanwhile, Lily\'s become Ray and Travis\' love shrink, making her feel completely left out of their lives. 311 Lil\' and Grace November 26, 2004 Ray and Lily decide to set each other up with someone who will be perfect for the other, or could they be talking about each other? Meanwhile, Robbie is jealous of Travis\'s worldly experience. 312 Daddy Dearest December 3, 2004 Kim invites Robbie to dinner to meet her dad and at the dinner, River Pierce shows up. Lily is having trouble finding inspiration to write a song for the band\'s performance and when she does she accidentally remakes a band\'s old song. 313 There Will Be No Encore Tonight December 10, 2004 Lily makes another attempt to express her feelings to Ray, Travis attempts to express his feelings to Bridget and Kim attempts to reveal her relationship with Robbie to the world.
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# List of Radio Free Roscoe episodes ## Episode guide {#episode_guide} ### Season 4 {#season_4} \# Episode title Original airdate Summary ----- ----------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 401 Unbreak My Heart February 25, 2005 While Ray discovers that finding love is sometimes as easy as asking for it, Lily, Travis and Robbie each come to terms with their aching hearts. 402 We\'ll Always Have Roscoe March 4, 2005 Robbie comes to the harsh realization that sometimes love means letting go, while Travis and Lily come to discover that letting go is the only way to maintain their friendship. 403 Musical Influences March 11, 2005 Lily falls for a tortured musician named Jackson (played by Jake Epstein). Jackson turns Lily into a clone of himself. Lily continues to put Jackson as first priority until No Man\'s Land breaks up. She eventually sees the error of her ways, makes amends with her friends, and goes back to her old self. Meanwhile, Ray tells Grace that he can draw. His lie backfires when Grace asks him to illustrate a comic book for an English assignment. 404 Rah, Rah Revenge March 18, 2005 After the Roscoe cheerleaders insult Lily and Parker, they team up with Travis to write a scathing song. 405 On a Wingman and a Prayer April 1, 2005 While Robbie fights Lily\'s debut on Cougar Radio with the ever slippery River Pierce, Ray uses Travis\' worldly background to secure his flailing social status. 406 The All-Nighter April 8, 2005 Parker and Travis camp out while waiting in line for Trews tickets. Ray, Robbie, and Lily discover stuff from old sleep overs. 407 In the Key of F April 15, 2005 Lily gets an \'F\' on her songwriting project, while Robbie gets a \'B\', the opposite of what they were both expecting. Ray starts working at Mickey\'s to earn cash to spend on his girlfriend, Grace. Meanwhile, Travis and Parker go paintballing. 408 Stand Up and Deliver April 22, 2005 While Ray discovers that there is such a thing as going too far when he slams his brother on stage for years of teasing, Lily gets jealous over Parker\'s new-found talent\... songwriting! 409 In Charm\'s Way May 6, 2005 While Ray comes to the shocking realization that River Pierce has been using him to woo Lily, Robbie loses all his senses when he falls head-over-heels for The Oracle\'s hot editor, Blaire. 410 Truth or Conquests May 13, 2005 Rumors run wild when River accidentally sleeps over at Lily\'s house and Ray catches them in the act, inadvertently spreading gossip. 411 The Trews About Rock & Roll May 20, 2005 While No Man\'s Land rises to the top with a sweet gig opening for the Trews, Lily comes to realize that the truest friends are those that are around when you need them most. 412 Dance Around the Truth May 27, 2005 Travis gets a call from Hong Kong and doesn\'t tell his friends what it was about, so they assume it was his ex-girlfriend. He acts like it was, and lets Parker believe that he is still in love with his ex because he thinks it will be easier on her if she hates him when he goes away, but eventually the truth comes out. He meets Parker and tells her there\'s only one girl he loves, her, but he\'s moving to Hong Kong. Someone unexpected shows up! 413 The Last Dance May 27, 2005 Everyone begins to plan their summer schedules, leaving the fate of their radio station uncertain. ## The N episode airings {#the_n_episode_airings} Several episodes were aired out of order on The N. In their Season 2, a few episodes were aired out of production order, so that \"How to Lose a Girl\" could be seen as a two parter, even though the episodes were originally divided. Below is a table showing the order change. +-----+--------------------------------------------+ | \# | Episode title\ | | | and order (The N) | +=====+============================================+ | 115 | \"Girl Talk Radio\" | +-----+--------------------------------------------+ | 116 | \"How to Lose a Girl, Part 1\"\ | | | Actually titled \"**Pig-malion**\" | +-----+--------------------------------------------+ | 118 | \"How to Lose a Girl, Part 2\"\ | | | Actually titled \"**How to Lose a Girl**\" | +-----+--------------------------------------------+ | 117 | \"Written in the Stars\" | +-----+--------------------------------------------+ | 119 | \"This Just In\" | +-----+--------------------------------------------+ For the series finale, The N compiled the episodes \"Dancing Around the Truth\" (225) and \"The Last Dance\" (226) into an hour-long season finale, simply titled \"Dance Around the Truth\"
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# Futile cycle A **futile cycle**, also known as a **substrate cycle**, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat. The reason this cycle was called \"futile\" cycle was because it appeared that this cycle operated with no net utility for the organism. As such, it was thought of being a quirk of the metabolism and thus named a futile cycle. After further investigation it was seen that futile cycles are very important for regulating the concentrations of metabolites. For example, if glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to be active at the same time, glucose would be converted to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, with an overall consumption of ATP. Futile cycles may have a role in metabolic regulation, where a futile cycle would be a system oscillating between two states and very sensitive to small changes in the activity of any of the enzymes involved. The cycle does generate heat, and may be used to maintain thermal homeostasis, for example in the brown adipose tissue of young mammals, or to generate heat rapidly, for example in insect flight muscles and in hibernating animals during periodical arousal from torpor. It has been reported that the glucose metabolism substrate cycle is not a futile cycle but a regulatory process. For example, when energy is suddenly needed, ATP is replaced by AMP, a much more reactive adenine. ## Example The simultaneous carrying out of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is an example of a futile cycle, represented by the following equation: For example, during glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a reaction catalysed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1). But during gluconeogenesis (i.e. synthesis of glucose from pyruvate and other compounds) the reverse reaction takes place, being catalyzed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1). Giving an overall reaction of: That is, hydrolysis of ATP without any useful metabolic work being done. Clearly, if these two reactions were allowed to proceed simultaneously at a high rate in the same cell, a large amount of chemical energy would be dissipated as heat. This uneconomical process has therefore been called a futile cycle. ## Futile Cycle\'s role in Obesity and Homeostasis {#futile_cycles_role_in_obesity_and_homeostasis} There are not many drugs that can effectively treat or reverse obesity. Obesity can increase ones risk of diseases primarily linked to health problems such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and even certain types of cancers. A study revolving around treatment and prevention of obesity using transgenic mice to experiment on reports positive feedback that proposes miR-378 may sure be a promising agent for preventing and treating obesity in humans. The study findings demonstrate that activation of the pyruvate-PEP futile cycle in skeletal muscle through miR-378 is the primary cause of elevated lipolysis in adipose tissues of miR-378 transgenic mice, and it helps orchestrate the crosstalk between muscle and fat to control energy homeostasis in mice. Our general understanding of futile cycle is a substrate cycle, occurring when two overlapping metabolic pathways run in opposite directions, that when left without regulation will continue to go on uncontrolled without any actual production until all the cells energy is depleted. However, the idea behind the study indicates miR-378-activated pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate futile cycle plays a regulatory benefit. Not only does miR-378 result in lower body fat mass due to enhanced lipolysis it is also speculated that futile cycles regulate metabolism to maintain energy homeostasis. miR-378 has a unique function in regulating metabolic communication between the muscle and adipose tissues to control energy homeostasis at whole-body levels.
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# Futile cycle ## Examples of futile cycle operating in different species {#examples_of_futile_cycle_operating_in_different_species} To understand how presence of a futile cycle helps maintain low levels of ATP and generation heat in some species we look at metabolic pathways dealing with reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The swim bladder of many fish; such as zebrafish for example - is an organ internally filled with gas that helps contribute to their buoyancy. These gas gland cell are found to be located where the capillaries and nerves are found. Analyses of metabolic enzymes demonstrated that a gluconeogenesis enzyme fructose-1,6- bisphosphatase (Fbp1) and a glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) are highly expressed in gas gland cells. The study signified that the characterization of the zebrafish swim bladder should not contain any expression fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene. The tissue of the swim bladder is known to be very high in glycogenic activity and lacking in gluconeogenesis, yet a predominant amount of Fbp was found to be expressed. This finding suggests that in the gas gland cell, Fbp forms an ATP-dependent metabolic futile cycle. Generation of heat is critically important for the gas gland cells to synthesize lactic acid because the process is strongly inhibited if ATP is accumulated. Another example suggest that heat generation in fugu swim bladder will be transported out of the site of generation, however it may still be constantly recovered back through the rete mirabile so as to maintain the temperature of the gas gland higher than other areas of the body. The overall net reaction of the futile cycle involves the consumption of ATP and generation of heat as follows: Another example of futile cycle benefiting in generation of heat is found in bumblebees. The futile cycle involving Fbp and Pfk is used by bumble bees to produce heat in flight muscles and warm up their bodies considerably at low ambient temperatures
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# Mari Fitzduff **Mari Christine Fitzduff** (born March 15, 1947, in Dublin) is an Irish policy maker, writer and academic. She began her work in peacebuilding and mediation working with universities during the Northern Ireland conflict before setting up a mediation organisation in 1989. In 1990 she was a founding director of the Community Relations Council, set up to help develop and fund peace initiatives in Northern Ireland. Ftizduff was later part of forming INCORE, a United Nations conflict policy research center at the University of Ulster. In 2004 she became founding director of the international Masters of Conflict and Coexistence program at the Heller School in Brandeis University, Waltham, US. ## Career Fitzduff began professional peacebuilding work in 1986. Living in Northern Ireland during the conflict in 1969-1998, she set up the first courses in conflict resolution and mediation in both Queen\'s University Belfast and Ulster University. She went on to found Mediation Northern Ireland in 1988,`{{Inconsistent|about=the year of founding Mediation Northern Ireland|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} an organisation which trained and supplied mediators for community and political mediations throughout Northern Ireland in the context of the conflict. From 1990-97 she was the Founding Director of the Community Relations Council, an independent body that was funded by both British and European funds. It helped develop and fund many of the conflict resolution initiatives in Northern Ireland. From 1997-2003, she held a chair in conflict Resolution at the University of Ulster where she was the Director of UNU/INCORE, an International Conflict Research Institute which was a joint initiative of the United Nations University and the University of Ulster. It conducts policy relevant international research on conflict issues around the world. In 2004, she became the Founding Director of the Masters Conflict and Coexistence programme at Brandeis University, which is an international program, for experienced professionals from conflict regions around the world. ## Degrees - New University of Ulster, Ph.D. Social Psychology - Queen\'s University, Belfast Diploma Management - University of Ulster, MA - University of Ulster, Diploma - Trinity College Dublin, Diploma Education - University College Dublin (UCD), BA ## Quotes \"Nobody wants the final compromise to come too quickly \... because it\'s the end of the dream for both sides. It will have to be a perforated border as opposed to a united Ireland, and Unionists will have to abandon dreams of complete unity with the British motherland\"
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# Beijing Bus F.C. **Beijing Bus FC** (Simplified Chinese: 北京巴士足球俱乐部) was a football club based in Beijing, China, that most recently participated in China League Two. The club was formed by Beijing Bus Co., Ltd., and its president was Wang Jiesen. They mainly played at Beijing Chaolai Sports Activity Center
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# Gouqi jiu ***Gouqi jiu*** (`{{zh|c=枸杞酒|p=gǒuqǐ jiǔ|l= [[wolfberry]] wine}}`{=mediawiki}) can refer to several varieties of Chinese alcoholic beverage containing goji. ## Variations There are three distinct kinds of *gouqi jiu*: distilled, fermented, and those produced by steeping goji (wolfberries) in other types of alcoholic drink. There is also a beer made from wolfberries. ## History *Gouqi jiu* has a long history in China. It was recorded in Han dynasty records
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# Streatham Worthies The **Streatham Worthies** is the collective description for the circle of literary and cultural figures around the wealthy brewer Henry Thrale and his wife Hester Thrale who assembled at his country retreat Streatham Park and were commemorated by a series of portraits by Joshua Reynolds. Reynolds painted these portraits over the course of about ten years. As well as the twelve bust-length male portraits, Reynolds also painted a double portrait of Thrale\'s wife Hester, and their daughter Hester Maria, nicknamed \'Queeney\'. The usage the \'Streatham Worthies\' was first coined by the novelist Fanny Burney to describe the portraits. It is generally believed to be a playful reference to the celebrated \'Temple of British Worthies\' at Stowe House. The portraits were hung above the bookshelves in the library at Streatham Park. Burney noted that Thrale wanted: \"the persons he most loved to contemplate\... to preside over the literature that stood highest in his estimation\". ## Members The members of the Worthies were: - Oliver Goldsmith - Irish novelist and playwright (this c.1772 portrait is now in the National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin) - Giuseppe Marc\'Antonio Baretti literary critic and translator (this 1773 portrait is now in a Private Collection) - Edmund Burke - philosopher (this 1774 portrait is now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh) - Joshua Reynolds - painter (Reynold\'s 1775 self portrait is now in at Tate Britain) - Samuel Johnson - author and lexicographer (this portrait, perhaps of 1772 - before 1778 in any case - is also now at Tate Britain) - Charles Burney - composer and music historian (this 1781 portrait is in the National Portrait Gallery, London) - David Garrick - actor (this 1775 portrait is now in the Hyde Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University) - Arthur Murphy - Edwin Sandys - William Henry Lyttelton - Sir Robert Chambers - jurist and judge - Henry Thrale himself (this 1777 portrait is now in the Hyde Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University) The double portrait of Hester Thrale and eldest daughter Hester Maria Thrale is also normally regarded as part of the set. This 1777-8 portrait is in the Beaverbrook Art Gallery, New Brunswick. Mrs Thrale wrote that Sir Philip Jennings-Clerke had pressed her to include him in the list of Worthies. Commentators have sometimes used the term for the wider intellectual circle around the Thrales and Johnson, in particular to include Fanny Burney and Elizabeth Montagu. ## Dispersal The portraits were dispersed on the sale of the contents of Streatham Park in 1816. In 2005 the first six portraits of the worthies as listed above were reunited in a single room with Reynold\'s portrait of Mrs Thrale and Hester Maria for the Tate Britain exhibition *Joshua Reynolds - The Creation of Celebrity*
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# Rostislav Alexeyev **Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev** (*Ростисла́в Евге́ньевич Алексе́ев*; December 18, 1916 -- February 9, 1980) was a Russian Soviet Director & Chief of Design known for his pioneering work on hydrofoil ships and ground-effect vehicles. Alexeyev was an accomplished designer of hydrofoil ships, such as the *Raketa*, and became a prominent developer of ground-effect vehicles, particularly the Caspian Sea Monster and the A-90 *Orlyonok*. ## Biography Rostislav Evgenievich Alexeyev was born on December 18, 1916, in Novozybkov, Chernigov Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Bryansk Oblast, Russia) to an agronomist father and a teacher mother. In 1933 his family moved to Gorky, and in 1935 enrolled in a shipbuilding course at the Gorky Industrial Institute. Alexeyev graduated on October 1, 1941, after successfully defending his final thesis on hydrofoils, and was awarded the title of engineer-shipbuilder. He was sent to work at the Red Sormovo shipbuilding factory, but the entry of the Soviet Union into World War II following the German invasion of the Soviet Union earlier that year meant the factory was instead manufacturing tanks for the war effort rather than ships. ### Hydrofoils Alexeyev initially served as a foreman for tank production, but in 1942 was reallocated by the Soviet Navy to developing hydrofoils for combat use. His designs were not completed by the end of the war in 1945, but the Soviet government maintained interest in them and 340 hydrofoil vessels had been planned by the late 1940s. Alexeyev continued working on hydrofoils and became chief designer of the *Raketa*, the first passenger hydrofoil commercially produced in the Soviet Union, which began production in 1957. The *Raketa* was presented at the International Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow that year, and interest in hydrofoils grew even further. Alexeyev was chief designer for numerous passenger hydrofoil designs produced at Red Sormovo, including the *Meteor*, the *Kometa*, the *Sputnik*, the *Burevestnik*, and the *Sunrise*. ### Ground-effect vehicles {#ground_effect_vehicles} In 1962, Alexeyev began working at the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau which specialized in the secret development of ground-effect vehicles, named *ekranoplans*. In the 1950s the Soviet Union saw a great interest in ground-effect vehicles, which at the time were largely ignored by the rest of the world, and had been developing them at a rapid pace. Ground-effect vehicles were technically aircraft, but operated using ground effect to travel only several meters above flatter surfaces, particularly bodies of water, leading them to be classified as ships by the Soviet government. The Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau planned a massive ekranoplan utilizing the \"Wing In Ground\" (WIG) effect, and Alexeyev was invited to participate in development due to his expertise with hydrofoils. Only two years after development began the project resulted in the Korabl Maket (KM), better known in English as the Caspian Sea Monster, with Alexeyev as the chief designer and V. Efimov as the lead engineer. When the KM\'s functioning prototype of the project was completed in 1966, it was largest and heaviest aircraft in the world, but as it was a secret project at the time this benchmark was unknown to the world. It was powered by eight Dobrynin VD-7 turbojet engines on the front of the fuselage, and two on the tail for extra thrust during takeoff. The KM was produced at the Red Sormovo factory in Gorky, then secretly transported along the Volga river to Kaspiysk, where it would be stationed to undergo testing by the Soviet Navy in the Caspian Sea operated by test pilots of the Soviet Air Force. On its first flight on October 16, 1966, the KM was co-piloted by Alexeyev himself, which was unusual as aircraft designers never normally operated their own creations. The KM was at first seen as a promising vehicle specialized for use by military and rescue workers but its design caused many difficulties, progress slowed and Alexeyev quickly moved on to other ekranoplan projects. The most successful project was the A-90 *Orlyonok*, which made its first flight in 1972, and was commissioned by the Soviet Navy in 1979. The Orlyonok saw limited use as a military transport vehicle, and three of the five units produced were in active service until 1993. ## Death On January 14, 1980, Alexeyev was injured in an air crash that occurred while testing a new ekranoplan to be presented at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The vehicle lost lift and lowered into the water at high speed, and immediately after the accident Alexeyev was removed as chief designer at the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau and was hospitalized three days later. Alexeyev died on February 9, 1980, following 2 operations. Alexeyev received numerous prestigious awards, including the Stalin Prize second degree in 1951, the Lenin Prize in 1962, the USSR State Prize in 1984, the Order of the October Revolution, the Order of the Badge of Honour, and the Honoured Inventor of the RSFSR. The KM crashed in 1980 shortly after Alexeyev\'s death due to pilot error, and the project was subsequently cancelled, but was used as a foundation for the *Lun*-class ekranoplan. After the fall of the Soviet Union development of ekranoplans was almost totally ended, but the details of Alexeyev\'s work became known to the general public`{{who|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki} and generated a lot of interest, and he is now generally considered`{{according to|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki} as a father of the ground-effect vehicle
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# Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up! ***Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up!*** is an album that was released by The Pillows on May 2, 2007. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Wake up! Dodo\" 2. \"Youngster (Kent Arrow)\" 3. \"Propose\" (プロポーズ) 4. \"Scarecrow\" (スケアクロウ) 5. \"Boat House\" 6. \"The Pleasure Song\" (プレジャー・ソング) 7. \"Serious Plan\" (シリアス・プラン) 8. \"Skinny Blues\" 9. \"Private Kingdom\" (プライベート・キングダム) 10. \"Century Creepers (Voice of the Proteus)\" 11
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# Treaty of Prague (1973) The **Treaty of Prague** was a treaty signed on 11 December 1973, in Prague, by West Germany and Czechoslovakia in which both states recognised each other diplomatically, declared the 1938 Munich Agreement to be null and void, acknowledged the inviolability of their common borders and abandoned all territorial claims. The Treaty of Prague was a strong element of the *Ostpolitik* put forward by the German Chancellor Willy Brandt and supported by his ruling party in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany. Also, since Germany and Czechoslovakia had never signed any treaty since the Second World War, the treaty has been a peace treaty between the two countries. The western part of Czechoslovakia that had borders with Germany is now the Czech Republic, which has also ratified the treaty. The USSR took part in the meeting between Czechoslovakia and Germany because Czechoslovakia was under the USSR\'s control
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# MinebeaMitsumi is a Japanese multinational manufacturer of mechanical components and electronic devices. The company\'s headquarters are located in Higashi-Shinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, and its registered office is located in Miyota, Nagano. As of June 30, 2019, MinebeaMitsumi comprises 121 consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates. **NMB (USA) Inc.** (Nippon Miniature Bearing) is an American holding company that manages Minebea\'s American subsidiaries. ## History The company was founded as `{{Nihongo|'''Minebea Co., Ltd.'''|ミネベア株式会社|Minebea Kabushiki-gaisha}}`{=mediawiki} in 1951. On January 27, 2017, Minebea acquired Mitsumi for \$500 million and changed its name to MinebeaMitsumi. ## Major businesses and subsidiaries {#major_businesses_and_subsidiaries} ### NMB Technologies Corporation {#nmb_technologies_corporation} NMB deals in sales of: - Bearings - Bearing-related products: - pivot assemblies, precision mechanical assemblies - Machined components - Defence-related special components (exclusively to the Japan Ministry of Defense) - Electronic devices & components - Measuring components - Strain gauges, force sensors, pressure sensors, vector sensors - Load cells, pressure cells, torque transducers, digital indicators, tensile and compression testing machines - Fan motors, blowers, high-pressure blowers, fan units - Hybrid type stepping motors, Pulse Modulation (PM) stepping motors, small diameter/high-speed PM stepping motors - Brush DC motors, small brushless motors, powerful brushless motors, polygon mirror scanner motors - HDD spindle motors, rotation angle sensors, Fluidized bed dryer(FBD) motors In August 2015, a Minebea product gained an entry in the Guinness World Records for being the smallest commercially available mass-produced steel ball bearing in the world. The product concerned was first introduced in 2009, and is primarily used by domestic watchmakers in a number of high-grade mechanical watches to support delicate axles, instead of traditionally used jewels. ### Mitsumi Electric {#mitsumi_electric} Mitsumi\'s product portfolio includes: - Integrated circuits - Power supplies - Alternating current adaptors - Chargers - Internal power supplies - High-frequency devices - Communication equipment - Internet protocol equipment ### ABLIC Inc {#ablic_inc} ABLIC Inc was acquired by MinebeaMitsumi in 2019. - Power Management ICs - Sensors - Memory - Amplifiers - Automotive ICs - Healthcare ### U-Shin {#u_shin} U-Shin was founded in 1926 and has been a subsidiary of MinebeaMitsumi since 2019. It has R&D centres in the US, India, Germany, France. The capital as of March 2021 is 15,206 (million yen) and the consolidated sales stand at 105,133(million yen). U-Shin is headquartered at Minato-ku, Tokyo.U-Shin deals in the following: - Automotive Division - Electronic devices - Electronic steering column locks - Climate control systems - Latches - Power closure system - Car flush handles - Switches and sensors - Locksets - Industrial Equipment Division - Fuel pumps ### Paradox Engineering {#paradox_engineering} Paradox Engineering is MinebeaMitsumi\'s R&D center for the Internet of Things. The company is based in Switzerland and develops IoT solutions for cities and other smart environments. Paradox Engineering has a Central Management System of choice for all Cities using PE Smart Urban Network to manage and control Wireless IoT applications -- Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Energy and any other sensor-based application -- and Wireless High speed loT services -- pervasive Wi-Fi, video surveillance, emergency response systems. ## Shares MinebeaMitsumi shares are listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Osaka Securities Exchange, the company is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index. Minebea has the world\'s largest shares in 6 product areas such as ball bearings (65%) and pivot assemblies (65%). International Asian business accounts for 80% of Minebea\'s production and 50% of its sales. ### Major shareholders {#major_shareholders} (top 10 shareholders, as of September 30, 2013) - Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd. (Trust Account) -- 31,364,000 -- 8.29% - The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (Trust Account) -- 27,583,000 -- 7.29% - National Mutual Insurance Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives -- 15,761,000 -- 4.17% - Takahashi Industrial and Economic Research Foundation -- 15,447,330 -- 4.08% - Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank, Limited -- 15,349,000 -- 4.06% - Keiaisha Co., Ltd. -- 15,000,000 -- 3.97% - Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd. (Trust Account 4) -- 13,081,000 -- 3.46% - Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd. (Trust Account 9) -- 11,501,000 -- 3.04% - The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Ltd. -- 10,057,839 -- 2.66% - Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation -- 10,000,475 -- 2
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# NSK Ltd. , also known in some markets as **NSK Automation**, is a large manufacturer of bearings globally and the largest in Japan. The company produces industrial machinery bearings, precision machinery and parts, and automotive bearings and components. The company is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, is a component of the Nikkei 225 stock index, and has over 144 overseas operations in 29 countries. \| Capital = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} 67.2 billion Japanese Yen (as of March 31, 2021) \| Annual Net Sales = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} 747.6 billion Japanese Yen (Year ended March 31, 2021) ## History Nippon Seiko Limited partnership company was established in Tokyo in 1914 with a team of six employees under president Takehiko Yamaguchi. This partnership company successfully developed Japan\'s first ball bearings. The company\'s first inaugural general meeting of shareholders was held on 8th of November 1916. This day is considered as the founding date of NSK Ltd. In 1926 company started mass production of steel balls in Osaki plant & in 1934 another new plant in Tokyo (Tamagawa Plant). ## Present day business {#present_day_business} 30,577 employees form a worldwide technology network consisting of over 65 production plants in 14 countries. Approximately three million new bearings are manufactured per day (from miniature bearings with a one-millimetre bore to bearings with a diameter of five meters). ## Gallery <File:NSK> Japan 1916 rdax 95.jpg\|The first NSK plant\ in Japan in 1916 <File:NSK> Ratingen.jpg\|NSK offices in Ratingen, Germany <File:Main> Gate 2.jpg\|NSK plant in Poland <File:NSK-100
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# Symphony No. 41 (Michael Haydn) Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 41 in A major**, Perger 33, Sherman 41, MH 508, written in Salzburg in 1789, is the last symphony he wrote (he lived for 17 more years). The symphony is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and strings. It is in three movements: 1. Spiritoso 2. Andante, in D major 3. Fugato. Vivace molto. The last movement is a vigorous fugato, something this work has in common with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\'s Symphony No. 41 in C major. ## Discography This symphony has been recorded on LP by the Little Orchestra of London and the RIAS-Sinfonietta Berlin
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# SEC women's basketball tournament The **SEC women\'s basketball tournament** (sometimes known simply as the **SEC Tournament**) is the conference tournament in women\'s basketball for the Southeastern Conference (SEC). It is a single-elimination tournament that involves all league schools (currently 16 after the addition of two schools in 2024), and seeded based on regular season records. The tournament was first held in 1980, and originally determined the conference champion. Even after the SEC began a uniform conference schedule in the 1982--83 season, the tournament continued to determine the official conference champion through the 1985 edition. Starting in the 1985--86 season, the SEC began awarding its official conference championship solely to the team(s) with the best regular-season record. This change brought SEC women\'s basketball in line with men\'s basketball, in which the SEC has awarded its official conference title based on regular-season record since the 1950--51 season. Under the current format, the bottom four teams in the conference play first-round games, while the top four teams receive a \"double-bye\" and do not play until the quarterfinals
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# 1971 NCAA lacrosse tournament The **1971 NCAA lacrosse tournament** was the first annual tournament hosted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to determine the team champion of college lacrosse among its members in the United States. Prior to this the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) had voted for the national champion and, subsequently, awarded the Wingate Memorial Trophy for the college lacrosse title based on regular season records. In the inaugural final, top-seeded Cornell defeated Maryland, 12--6. The championship game was played at Hofstra Stadium at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York with 5,458 fans in attendance. This was Cornell\'s first lacrosse title since winning the USILA championship in 1907. Cornell was 1--4--1 against Maryland up to this point, in a series that began with Cornell\'s 2--1 win in 1921. The teams played a 2--2 tie in 1922, and Maryland won by 11--1 in 1929, 14--2 in 1951, 17--10 in 1963 and 13--6 in 1965. For this tournament as well as the 1972 tournament, the Wingate Memorial Trophy was presented to the winner. ## Qualification Eight NCAA Division I college men\'s lacrosse teams met after having played their way through a regular season. College lacrosse at that time was broken into four divisions, so the NCAA tournament games for that year were based on geographical fit rather than seeding. The Tournament teams were selected from 114 schools which sponsored lacrosse at that time. Each division sent one team, two other teams were picked from the northern, southern and western divisions, and then two teams were chosen at large, chosen by a selection committee of five coaches and athletic directors.
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# 1971 NCAA lacrosse tournament ## Overview The Cornell Big Red, who posted a 13--1 record during the season, were led by coach Richard M. Moran and star players [Bob Rule](https://cornellbigred.com/honors/hall-of-fame/robert-rule/201), John Burnap, Bob Shaw, and [Alan Rimmer](https://cornellbigred.com/honors/hall-of-fame/alan-rimmer/288), defeated the 9-3 Maryland Terrapins 12 to 6 in the finals. Cornell had won 13 straight games leading up to the title game, losing only their opener by one goal to Virginia. Cornell won despite their first team All American goaltender Bob Rule being out with an injury, he was injured in the quarterfinal game against Brown. Backup goaltender Bob Buhmann, who also was the backup ice hockey goaltender to Ken Dryden, started in place of Rule and was credited with 25 saves as the Big Red shut down the Maryland attack. Buhmann also ended up as an honorable mention All American that season, and all told made 52 saves in this tournament. Canadian-born Al Rimmer, the first Canadian born NCAA lacrosse recruit, scored six goals in the finals to lead Cornell. Rimmer, from Toronto, had led Cornell with 43 goals and 31 assists for 74 points for the season. He ended his career as the all-time Cornell record-holder in career points with 80 goals and 82 assists for 162 points. In 1970 in just his second year, Coach Moran\'s team was the only squad in the nation to go undefeated with a record of 11--0, but controversy ensued when the USILA named Johns Hopkins, Navy and Virginia as the national champions, while Cornell was voted fifth in the country. The next season, after losing in the season opener to Virginia, 10--9, Cornell rattled off 13-straight victories. In the semi-finals, Cornell edged Army, 17--16, with Cornell grabbing a 7--4 lead after one period. Army, led by [Tom Cafaro](https://goarmywestpoint.com/honors/hall-of-fame/tom-raymond-cafaro/89) who had seven goals and three assists in the game, battled back and by the third period it became a question of who would get the last goal. The lead changed hands twice and the score was tied four times in the final period, before Bob Shaw scored at 12:33 giving Cornell the victory. Frank Davis\' four goals against Army in the semi-finals ensured Cornell\'s place in the national championship. Cornell had not beaten Army in their previous 15 games. Coach Richie Moran was voted the Division I Coach of the Year, while John Burnap won the Schmeisser Award as the nation\'s outstanding defenseman and Bob Rule won the Ens. C.M. Kelly, Jr. Award as the nation\'s top goaltender, despite the fact that a season-ending knee injury kept Rule from playing in the NCAA tournament. In the finals, Al Rimmer fired in six of Cornell\'s 12 goals, with Cornell never trailing in the game. Rimmer scored first at 59 seconds and though Maryland was able to tie the score at 2-2, the Terps posed no real threat after the first period. The goal that put Cornell ahead for good was produced by their third midfield. With 7:47 to go in the first period, Bob Wagner, a senior from Newton, Pa., scored off an assist by Craig Bollinger, a junior from Rochester, N.Y. Rimmer then took command and racked up three straight goals. Frank Davis, a junior from Sanborn, N.Y. and Bucky Gunts, a junior from Baltimore, Md. finished up Cornell\'s string of six straight goals. ## Bracket
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# 1971 NCAA lacrosse tournament ## Box scores {#box_scores} ### Final #### #1 Cornell vs. #3 Maryland {#cornell_vs._3_maryland} - 6/05/1971 at Hofstra Stadium, Hempstead, New York +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +==============================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Cornell (13--1)** | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | **12** | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Maryland (9--5) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Cornell scoring:\ | | | | | | | Goals -- Alan Rimmer 6, Bucky Gunts 2, Mickey Fenzel, Rob Wagner, Bob Shaw, Frank Davis\ | | | | | | | Assists -- Craig Bollinger 2, Glenn Mueller 2, Bob Shaw, Frank Davis, John Burnap | | | | | | | - Maryland scoring:\ | | | | | | | Goals -- Tom Cleaver 2, Steve Demczuk, Eric Nachlas, Ed Hubbard, Dave Dempsey\ | | | | | | | Assists -- John Kaestner, Phil Marino | | | | | | | - Shots: Maryland 46, Cornell 42 | | | | | | | - Saves: Cornell Bob Buhmann 25, Maryland Bill Reilly 10 | | | | | | | - Attendance: 5,458 | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ ### Semifinals #### #1 Cornell vs. #4 Army {#cornell_vs._4_army} +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +===============================================================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Cornell** | 7 | 4 | 2 | 4 | **17** | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Army | 4 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 16 | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Cornell scoring -- Frank Davis 4, Alan Rimmer 3, Bob Shaw 3, Pat Gallagher 3, Mickey Fenzel 2, Glenn Mueller, Bucky Gunts | | | | | | | - Army scoring -- Tom Cafaro 7, Ron Liss 4, Rich Enners 2, Bucky Walker 2, Russ Bolling | | | | | | | - Shots: Cornell 49, Army 39 | | | | | | | - Saves: Cornell Bob Buhmann 15, Army Greg Doepke 9 | | | | | | | - Location: West Point, New York (Michie Stadium) - 5/29/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: 3,750 | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ #### #2 Navy vs. #3 Maryland {#navy_vs._3_maryland} +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +===========================================================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Maryland** | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | **10** | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Navy | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 7 | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Maryland scoring -- Tom Kelly 2, John Kaestner 2, Eric Nachlas 2, Dennis Dorsey, Tom Cleaver, Dan Furman, Phil Marino | | | | | | | - Navy scoring -- Steven Nastro 3, Tim Supko 2, Pete Kordis, Robert Pell | | | | | | | - Shots: Maryland 36, Navy 32 | | | | | | | - Saves: Maryland Bill Reilly 11, Navy Steve Soroka 11 - McFarland 1 | | | | | | | - Location: College Park, Maryland (Byrd Stadium) - 5/29/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: 8,300 | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+
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# 1971 NCAA lacrosse tournament ## Box scores {#box_scores} ### Quarterfinals #### #1 Cornell vs. #8 Brown {#cornell_vs._8_brown} +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +===============================================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Cornell** | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | **10** | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Brown | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Cornell scoring -- Glenn Mueller 3, Pat Gallagher 2, Bob Shaw 2, Frank Davis, Mickey Fenzel, Bruce Teague | | | | | | | - Brown scoring -- Bob Scalise 2, Rupert Scofield 2, Dean Rollins 2,Dave Owens, Joe Daugherty | | | | | | | - Shots: Cornell 46, Brown 45 | | | | | | | - Saves: Cornell Bob Buhmann 12 - Bob Rule 1, Brown Spiro 11 | | | | | | | - Location: Ithaca, NY (Schoellkopf Field) - 5/22/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ #### #4 Army vs. #5 Hofstra {#army_vs._5_hofstra} +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +==================================================================================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Army** | 7 | 3 | 6 | 3 | **19** | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Hofstra | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Army scoring -- Tom Cafaro 4, David Coughlin 4, Rich Enners 3, Frank Eich 2, Bob Armbruster 2, Russ Bolling, Steve Wood, Ron Liss, Mick Sela | | | | | | | - Hofstra scoring -- Bob DeMarco, Bill Artus, Randolph Caruso | | | | | | | - Shots: Army 30, Hofstra 28 | | | | | | | - Saves: Army Greg Doepke 9 - Peitz 3, Hofstra Zassuto 8 - Trencacoste 2 | | | | | | | - Location: West Point, New York (Michie Stadium) - 5/22/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ #### #2 Navy vs. #7 Virginia {#navy_vs._7_virginia} +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+-------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +==============================================================================+===+===+===+===+=======+ | **Navy** | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | **9** | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+-------+ | Virginia | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+-------+ | - Navy scoring -- Bill Kordis 5, Steven Nastro 2, Patrick Lee, Robert Pell | | | | | | | - Virginia scoring -- Pete Eldredge 3, Bob Proutt, Jay Connor, Rick Beach | | | | | | | - Shots: Virginia 44, Navy 34 | | | | | | | - Saves: Navy Steve Soroka 20, Virginia Al Hirsh 14 | | | | | | | - Location: Charlottesville, Virginia (Scott Stadium) - 5/22/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: 6,800 | | | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+-------+ #### #3 Maryland vs. #6 Air Force {#maryland_vs._6_air_force} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total | +========================================================================================================================================+===+===+===+===+========+ | **Maryland** | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | **10** | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | Air Force | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ | - Maryland scoring -- John Kaestner 2, Eric Nachlas 2, Len Spicer, Dave Dempsey, Tom Cleaver, Dennis Dorsey, Dan Furman, Gary Besosa | | | | | | | - Air Force scoring -- Thomas Dour | | | | | | | - Shots: Maryland 41, Air Force 16 | | | | | | | - Saves: Maryland Bill Reilly 7 - Kramer 0, Air Force Houle 19 - McCoy 1 | | | | | | | - Location: College Park, Maryland (Byrd Stadium) - 5/22/1971 | | | | | | | - Attendance: 2,200 | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+---+---+--------+ ## Outstanding player {#outstanding_player} [**Tom Cafaro, Army**](https://goarmywestpoint.com/honors/hall-of-fame/tom-raymond-cafaro/89)\ 18 points, Tournament Leading Scorer - The NCAA did not designate a Most Outstanding Player until the 1977 national tournament.\ The Tournament outstanding player listed here is the tournament leading scorer
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# Category of manifolds In mathematics, the **category of manifolds**, often denoted **Man**^*p*^, is the category whose objects are manifolds of smoothness class *C*^*p*^ and whose morphisms are *p*-times continuously differentiable maps. This forms a category because the composition of two *C*^*p*^ maps is again continuous and of class *C*^*p*^. One is often interested only in *C*^*p*^-manifolds modeled on spaces in a fixed category *A*, and the category of such manifolds is denoted **Man**^*p*^(*A*). Similarly, the category of *C*^*p*^-manifolds modeled on a fixed space *E* is denoted **Man**^*p*^(*E*). One may also speak of the category of smooth manifolds, **Man**^∞^, or the category of analytic manifolds, **Man**^*ω*^. ## **Man**^*p*^ is a concrete category {#manp_is_a_concrete_category} Like many categories, the category **Man**^*p*^ is a concrete category, meaning its objects are sets with additional structure (i.e. a topology and an equivalence class of atlases of charts defining a *C*^*p*^-differentiable structure) and its morphisms are functions preserving this structure. There is a natural forgetful functor : *U* : **Man**^*p*^ → **Top** to the category of topological spaces which assigns to each manifold the underlying topological space and to each *p*-times continuously differentiable function the underlying continuous function of topological spaces. Similarly, there is a natural forgetful functor : *U*′ : **Man**^*p*^ → **Set** to the category of sets which assigns to each manifold the underlying set and to each *p*-times continuously differentiable function the underlying function. Finally, for all *0 \< p \< q \< ∞* there are natural inclusion functors : **Man**^*ω*^ → **Man**^*∞*^ → **Man**^*q*^ → **Man**^*p*^ → **Man**^*0*^ In other words, one can always see the category of smoother manifolds as a subcategory of less smooth manifolds all the way down to **Man**^*0*^, the category of topological manifolds with continuous maps between them. Obviously these inclusions are not full (continuous maps may not be *q*-differentiable, *q*-differentiable maps may not be *p*-differentiable, *p*-differentiable maps may not be smooth and smooth maps may not be analytic) nor replete (similarly as said with maps, homeomorphisms are not in general diffeomorphisms and so on) nor wide (not all topological manifolds are differentiable and so on), so they can be viewed as \"strict\" subcategories. ## Pointed manifolds and the tangent space functor {#pointed_manifolds_and_the_tangent_space_functor} It is often convenient or necessary to work with the category of manifolds along with a distinguished point: **Man~•~^p^** analogous to **Top~•~** - the category of pointed spaces. The objects of **Man~•~^p^** are pairs $(M, p_0),$ where $M$ is a $C^p$manifold along with a basepoint $p_0 \in M ,$ and its morphisms are basepoint-preserving *p*-times continuously differentiable maps: e.g. $F: (M,p_0) \to (N,q_0),$ such that $F(p_0) = q_0.$ The category of pointed manifolds is an example of a comma category - **Man~•~^p^** is exactly $\scriptstyle {( \{ \bull \} \downarrow \mathbf{Man^p})},$ where $\{ \bull \}$ represents an arbitrary singleton set, and the $\downarrow$represents a map from that singleton to an element of **Man^p^,** picking out a basepoint. The tangent space construction can be viewed as a functor from **Man~•~^p^** to **Vect~R~** as follows: given pointed manifolds $(M, p_0)$and $(N, F(p_0)),$ with a $C^p$map $F: (M,p_0) \to (N,F(p_0))$ between them, we can assign the vector spaces $T_{p_0}M$and $T_{F(p_0)}N,$ with a linear map between them given by the pushforward (differential): $F_{*,p}:T_{p_0}M \to T_{F(p_0)}N.$ This construction is a genuine functor because the pushforward of the identity map $\mathbb{1}_M:M \to M$ is the vector space isomorphism $(\mathbb{1}_M)_{*,p_0}:T_{p_0}M \to T_{p_0}M,$ and the chain rule ensures that $(f\circ g)_{*,p_0} = f_{*,g(p_0)} \circ g_{*,p_0}
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# California State University police departments State \| divname = California \| divdab = \| subdivtype = \| subdivname = \| subdivdab = \| map = \| mapcaption = \| sizearea = \| sizepopulation = \| legaljuris = \| governingbody = \| governingbodyscnd = \| constitution1 = \| police = Yes \| local = Yes \| military = \| provost = \| gendarmerie = \| religious = \| speciality = \| secret = \| overviewtype = \| overviewbody = \| headquarters = \| hqlocmap = \| hqlocleft = \| hqloctop = \| hqlocmappoptitle = \| sworntype = \| sworn = \| unsworntype = \| unsworn = \| multinational = \| electeetype = \| minister1name = \| minister1pfo = \| chief1name = \| chief1position = \| parentagency = \| child1agency = \| unittype = \| unitname = \| officetype = \| officename = \| provideragency = \| uniformedas = \| stationtype = \| stations = \| airbases = \| lockuptype = \| lockups = \| vehicle1type = \| vehicles1 = \| boat1type = \| boats1 = \| aircraft1type = \| aircraft1 = \| animal1type = \| animals1 = \| person1name = \| person1reason = \| person1type = \| programme1 = \| activity1name = \| activitytype = \| anniversary1 = \| award1 = \| website = \| footnotes = \| reference = }} The **California State University police departments** (**CSUPD**) (known within the California State University system as the **Cal State Police** or **University Police**) are the police departments of the California State University system. Their police officers are duly sworn peace officers of the State of California, as established by section 830.2(c) of the California Penal Code. There are a total of 23 campuses in the California State University system, each with their own police department. Each campus\' police department has its own chain of command; however, some of the policies are system-wide. Unlike other police departments in the state, there is no single chief of the CSUPD; however there is a central council of chiefs. The council is responsible for ensuring that the various departments are operating within the CSUPD mission. However, the council does not dictate the day-to-day operations of the department, and each department sets its own Standard Operating Policies. When situations arise on a campus that require more police than the individual department can handle, other CSU police departments can send mutual aid officers to help. ## Authority and jurisdiction`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} {#authority_and_jurisdiction} The CSUPD is one of several police agencies in California having statewide jurisdiction and authority (other examples include the California Highway Patrol, the University of California Police Department, and the California Department of Fish and Game). CSUPD officers, like most California police officers, are empowered by section 830.2(c) of the California Penal Code, giving them authority as duly sworn peace officers throughout the state of California.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} As specified by Section 89560 of the California Education Code, their primary jurisdiction extends to the campuses and properties owned by the trustees of the California State University, as well as lands within a one-mile (1.6 km) radius of those campuses.`{{fact|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} Almost all of the campuses operate a Community Service Officer (CSO) program, which employs non-sworn students to perform tasks such as building checks and night escorts. Most of the departments also conduct bicycle registrations, \"Live Scan\" fingerprinting, and lost and found. Additionally, it is possible to have non-moving vehicle citations (\"fix-it tickets\") signed off at these departments. ## Specialized divisions {#specialized_divisions} In addition to CSO programs, CSUPD departments each have a Communications Division, which is the police dispatch center and the 9-1-1 access point for each CSU campus. Each department also staffs a Detective Division to investigate crimes and other cases reported by citizens and the patrol officers. In addition to these standard police bureaus, several CSUPD departments also staff more specialized police and public safety units. These include: Critical Response Units (CRU), K9 Bomb Squad Units, Crime Prevention Units, Dignitary Protection Units, Mental Health Evaluation Teams (MET), Gang Intelligence Unit, Orange County Regional SWAT team and others. In 1990, the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act became federal law. This law requires all universities to compile and publish data describing the reported crimes that occurred on campus. The data for specific campuses can be found on the websites listed at the end of this article.
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# California State University police departments ## Individual departments {#individual_departments} ### CSUPD, Bakersfield {#csupd_bakersfield} The **Cal State Bakersfield Police Department** is located in building #60, north of the old gym. The address is 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA. ### CSUPD, Cal Maritime {#csupd_cal_maritime} The **Cal Maritime Academy Police Department** is located at 200 Maritime Academy Drive Vallejo, CA 94590 ### CSUPD, Channel Islands {#csupd_channel_islands} The **Cal State Channel Islands Police Department** is located in Placer Hall, adjacent to the John Spoor Broome Library. The address of the station is 33 Camarillo Street, Camarillo, California 93012. The command structure consists of the chief of police, police captains, police lieutenants, police sergeants, police corporals, and police officers. Pursuant to Section 89560 of the California Education Code, and because of the various campus-owned facilities throughout the County of Ventura, the primary jurisdiction of the CSUCI Police Department extends well into the city of Camarillo and Thousand Oaks. CSU Channel Islands Police staffs patrol officers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year to respond to emergencies and serve the campus community. The sworn officers patrol the campus on foot, bikes, and marked vehicles whilst performing general and specialized law enforcement duties, conducts investigations, enforces laws and traffic regulations and collisions, makes arrests, crowd control, safety hazards, administering medical aid to injured persons, fire emergencies in conjunction with other emergency service providers, conducts crime prevention and community policing program activities, and also provides information and assistance to the general public. The communications division staffs 6 9-1-1 police dispatchers that handles 9-1-1 calls 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year from within the County of Ventura as well as calls from the Ventura County Community College District\'s campuses of Oxnard College, Ventura College, and Moorpark College. In addition to standard patrol operations, the agency employs unsworn student community service officers. The agency also maintains various Blue Emergency Phones throughout the campus and surrounding areas as a go-to for any emergencies in the nearby vicinity. ### CSUPD, Chico {#csupd_chico} The **CSU Chico Police Department** is located adjacent to Parking Structure 2. The street address is 218 Normal Ave, Chico, CA. ### CSUPD, Dominguez Hills {#csupd_dominguez_hills} The **CSU, Dominguez Hills Police Department** is located in Welch Hall, room B100. The mailing address for the department is 1000 E Victoria St, WH B100, Carson, CA. ### CSUPD, East Bay {#csupd_east_bay} The **CSU, East Bay Police Department** is located at 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, LI 1063, Hayward, CA. ### CSUPD, Fresno {#csupd_fresno} The **CSU, Fresno Police Department** was founded in 1962. In addition to law enforcement, the Fresno department administers Traffic Operations (parking enforcement & traffic control). CSUPD-Fresno is located at 2311 East Barstow Avenue, MS/PO14, Fresno, CA. Command structure consists of The Chief of Police, two Lieutenants, six Sergeants and 18 Police Officers. In addition to standard patrol operations, the agency staffs two full-time Police Detectives. ### CSUPD, Fullerton {#csupd_fullerton} The **CSU, Fullerton Police Department** is located in building UPD on the corner of State College Blvd. and Gymnasium Drive, at 800 N. State College Blvd. in Fullerton, CA. Its command structure consists of The Chief of Police, two Police Captains, and five sergeants. Pursuant to section 89560 of the California Education Code, and because of the various campus owned facilities throughout the County of Orange, the primary jurisdiction of the CSUF Police Department extends well into the cities of Fullerton, Placentia, and Irvine. CSU Fullerton Police staffs patrol officers and 9-1-1 police dispatchers 24/7, 365 days a year. In addition to standard patrol operations, the agency maintains three full-time Police Detectives in the Investigations Bureau, three officers that collaborate as a Gang Intelligence Unit to assist surrounding agencies, and several officers on the North Orange County Regional SWAT team. The communications division staffs 6 full-time, and 4 part-time police dispatchers. In November 2012, in response to an increasing number of traffic collisions and traffic injuries on and near the campus, the department created a Traffic Enforcement Unit with the purchase of a police motorcycle and currently staffs one full-time police officer in the position of motor officer. ### CSUPD, Humboldt {#csupd_humboldt} The **CSU, Humboldt Police Department** is located at #1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA. This is also known as the Student & Business Services Building, 1st floor, Room 101. ### CSUPD, Long Beach {#csupd_long_beach} The **CSULB Police Department** is located at 1250 Bellflower Blvd. in the City of Long Beach, California. The Police Department is located in the brick building south of the Student Recreation and Wellness Center.
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# California State University police departments ## Individual departments {#individual_departments} ### CSUPD, Los Angeles {#csupd_los_angeles} The **California State University Los Angeles Police Department** is located at 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA. The Police Department has 21 authorized police officer positions. Cops patrol the campus on foot, bikes, motorcycles, and marked vehicles. Officers are available 24-hours a day, seven days a week to respond to emergencies and serve the campus community. The CSULA University Police department became a nationally accredited agency in November 2001. ### CSUPD, Monterey Bay {#csupd_monterey_bay} California State University, Monterey Bay is located in the City of Seaside, California. The **California State University Monterey Bay Police Department** conducts police services in and around the university campus. Police Administration personnel consist of non-sworn personnel in addition to sworn police officers such as the Chief, Commander, and Patrol Sergeant or Watch Commander. Non-sworn personnel provide for administrative support, records-keeping, and property/evidence management. CSUMB police officers are on-duty 24 hours, available at any time to respond to reports of criminal activity, suspicious circumstances, traffic collisions, safety hazards, and medical and fire emergencies in conjunction with other emergency service providers. Police officers possess the same power, authority, and training as municipal, county, and state law enforcement officers. California State University Monterey Bay Police Department is bordered by jurisdictions from the Seaside Police Department, Marina Police Department, Monterey County Sheriff\'s Office, California Highway Patrol, Presidio of Monterey Police Department and United States Army Military Police. ### CSUPD, Northridge {#csupd_northridge} ### CSUPD, Pomona {#csupd_pomona} `{{Infobox law enforcement agency | agencyname = California State University Police Department, Pomona | logo = | motto = | formedyear = | country = | website = http://www.cpp.edu/~police/ | legaljuris = State <br> University | sworn = | unsworn = | unitname = | stations = | chief1name = Linh Dinh | chief1position = [[Chief of Police]] }}`{=mediawiki} This department protects the people and property of Cal Poly Pomona, the second largest land-holding university in the California State University. ### CSUPD, Sacramento {#csupd_sacramento} 6000 J Street Sacramento CA ### CSUPD, San Bernardino {#csupd_san_bernardino} ### CSUPD, San Diego {#csupd_san_diego} The **SDSU Police Department** is located on campus in the Public Safety Building, 55th Street and Remington Road, San Diego, CA 92182-4390. ### CSUPD, San Francisco {#csupd_san_francisco} ### CSUPD, San José {#csupd_san_josé} Prior to the establishment of a police department at San José State University, the university employed night watchmen and security guards. The San José Police Department provided law enforcement for the campus during this time. Beginning in the 1970s, the university began to hire sworn police officers. On October 1, 1975, the university established the police department, providing 24-hour law enforcement. In 1975, SJSU-PD was recognized by the California Commission on Police Officers Standards and Training. SJSU-PD currently has 32 sworn members, including the chief of police, 2 captains, 2 lieutenants, 8 sergeants, 6 corporals and 13 officers. SJSU-PD has a Memorandum of Understanding with the San Jose Police Department that outlines geographical boundaries and jurisdictional duties, as well as policies on mutual aid. The **SJSU Police Department** is located at One Washington Square, San Jose, CA. ### CSUPD, San Luis Obispo {#csupd_san_luis_obispo} This department protects the people and property of California Polytechnic State University, the largest land-holding universities in the California State University. Their motto is \"Protecting Our Future\". The mission of the University Police Department at Cal Poly is to promote a safe and secure learning environment by maintaining order, enforcing laws, and providing professional police, emergency, parking, and access services. The department is located in Building 36, at North Perimeter and Safety Way. ### CSUPD, San Marcos {#csupd_san_marcos} ### CSUPD, Sonoma {#csupd_sonoma} ### CSUPD, Stanislaus {#csupd_stanislaus} ## Fallen officers {#fallen_officers} Since the establishment of the California State University Police Department, 2 officers have died in the line of duty. The following officers were from the Hayward (now East Bay) campus. Officer Date of Death Details --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- --------- [Police Officer Stanley Henney](http://odmp.org/officer/6391-police-officer-stanley-henney) Gunfire [Police Officer Gary Hart](http://odmp
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10,060,014
# San Francisco Fall Antiques Show The **San Francisco Fall Antiques Show** (**SFFAS**) Changed its name in 2016 to The San Francisco Fall Art & Antiques Show, and then in 2019 to **The San Francisco Fall Show**. It was established in 1982, making it the oldest continuously operating international antiques show on the West Coast, and is ranked among the top such fairs in the world.`{{fact|date=August 2012}}`{=mediawiki} It was included in the Robb Report\'s list of the ten top International Art and Antiques Fairs (Winter 2006).`{{fact|date=August 2012}}`{=mediawiki} The four-day-long event takes place annually at Fort Mason in San Francisco. The show features approximately 70 international art, antiques, and design dealers, a Designer Vignette exhibition, a lecture series, Book Signings, and related parties. The show is prefaced by a Preview Gala, which is considered a prestigious social event in San Francisco and is attended by approximately 3,000 people. It takes place every fall at the Festival Pavilion at Fort Mason Center for the Arts in San Francisco\'s Marina district. The SFFAS was founded in 1982 by **Toby Rose** and **Nancee Erickson** as the major fundraising event for the non-profit **Enterprise for High School Students**. The Show was managed by founder Toby Rose until 2006. **Lisa Podos** took over as Show Director in 2007 and was followed by **Ariane Maclean Trimuschat** as Show Director in 2013. The show has an illustrious list of past Show Chairs, a volunteer position. Past Chairman also include Margo de Wildt, Diane Morris Heldfond, Debbie Magowan, Delphine Sloan Damon, Michele Goss and Adrianna Pope Sullivan. Interior Designer **Suzanne Tucker** was invited to be Show Chair in 2015 and has held the position since
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10,060,026
# Locust Hill Country Club **Locust Hill Country Club** is a championship golf club located in the Towns of Henrietta and Pittsford, New York, suburbs six miles (10 km) southeast of downtown Rochester. ## Golf course {#golf_course} The club was founded in 1925 as a nine-hole golf course on the 89 acre Locust Hill farm of Frank Zornow in the Town of Henrietta, bordering the Town of Pittsford. In 1927, members purchased the 52 acre Brei Farm on the south side of Jefferson Road in Pittsford, and it reopened as an 18-hole course in 1931, redesigned by golf course architect Robert Trent Jones. This par 72 (35, 37) course is one of the country\'s top courses, along with Rochester\'s Oak Hill Country Club, and Country Club of Rochester. Despite being a relatively short course at 6615 yd, it has proven to be difficult year after year with tight fairways and tough greens. The course rating is 72.8 with a slope rating of 138. In 1966, a charity event was held at LHCC in which RDGA members played with stars such as Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus. Nicklaus drove the green on a 360 yd par 4 and two-putted for birdie, while Palmer holed out for eagle on the 466 yd eighth hole. Both stated their love for the course after their rounds`{{Fact|date=August 2018}}`{=mediawiki}. ## LPGA From 1977 to 2009, Locust Hill CC was the host of the annual Wegmans LPGA tournament, one of the most popular annual events on the LPGA Tour. The tournament was formerly known as the Bankers Trust Classic (1977--78), Sarah Coventry (1979--81), Rochester International (1982--97), Wegmans Rochester International (1998--2001) and Wegmans Rochester LPGA (2002--05). Locust Hill was the site of Nancy Lopez\'s fifth consecutive LPGA tournament victory in 1978, a record-setting performance. From 2010 to 2013, it hosted the LPGA Championship in June, one of the four major championships. The 2010 title was won by Cristie Kerr at 269 (−19), a dozen strokes ahead of the field. In 2011, Yani Tseng won by ten strokes, again at 269 (--19). With longer rough in 2012, Shanshan Feng won her first event on tour by two strokes with a 282 (--6). Top-ranked Inbee Park won in 2013, in a sudden-death playoff over Catriona Matthew. The event moved a few miles east to nearby Monroe Golf Club in 2014
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Locust Hill Country Club
0
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# Symphony No. 33 (Michael Haydn) Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 33 in B-flat major**, Perger 24, Sherman 33, MH 425/652, was mostly written in Salzburg in 1786. Eight years after he stopped writing symphonies, Haydn re-examined this work and decided to add a Minuet to it. The Minuet is listed in the Sherman & Donley catalog as MH 652, with a cross-reference from MH 425. Scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings, in four movements: 1. Vivace 2. Adagietto cantabile, in F major 3. Minuet and Trio (1797) 4
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Symphony No. 33 (Michael Haydn)
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# 1975 Ryder Cup The **21st Ryder Cup Matches** were held September 19--21 at Laurel Valley Golf Club in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. The United States team won the competition by a score of 21 to 11 points. After the competition, questions started to be asked about the future of the event, as Britain and Ireland had once again failed to seriously challenge the United States team. The next time the competition was held in the U.S. in 1979, the visiting team included players from continental Europe. Laurel Valley was co-founded by U.S. captain Arnold Palmer and had hosted the PGA Championship a decade earlier, in 1965. ## Format The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format was adjusted slightly from the 1973 Ryder Cup, with the second day sessions being swapped: - **Day 1** --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session - **Day 2** --- 4 four-ball matches in a morning session and 4 foursome matches in an afternoon session - **Day 3** --- 16 singles matches, 8 each in morning and afternoon sessions With a total of 32 points, 16`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes. ## Teams Source: ---------------  **Team USA** Name Arnold Palmer Billy Casper Raymond Floyd Al Geiberger Lou Graham Hale Irwin Gene Littler Johnny Miller Bob Murphy Jack Nicklaus J. C. Snead Lee Trevino Tom Weiskopf --------------- Eight members of the Great Britain and Ireland team were chosen from the money leaders in 1975 European Tour events after the Benson & Hedges Festival on 16 August, with the remaining four members of the 12-man team selected by a committee. The eight automatic selections were: Eamonn Darcy, Maurice Bembridge, Brian Barnes, Bernard Gallacher, Norman Wood, John O\'Leary, Guy Hunt and Brian Huggett. The committee chose two US-based players, Tony Jacklin and Peter Oosterhuis, together with Christy O\'Connor Jnr and Tommy Horton. Horton was selected despite finishing 15th in the points list, making his debut at the age of 34. Neil Coles withdrew from consideration because of his fear of flying and because it was impractical to travel by sea. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} **Team Great Britain and Ireland** Name Bernard Hunt Brian Barnes Maurice Bembridge Eamonn Darcy Bernard Gallacher Tommy Horton Brian Huggett Guy Hunt Tony Jacklin Christy O\'Connor Jnr John O\'Leary Peter Oosterhuis Norman Wood ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches} ### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ----------------------- Barnes/Gallacher 5 & 4 **Nicklaus/Weiskopf** Wood/Bembridge 4 & 3 **Littler/Irwin** Jacklin/Oosterhuis 3 & 1 **Geiberger/Miller** Horton/O\'Leary 2 & 1 **Trevino/Snead** 0 Session 4 0 Overall 4 ### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------ **Oosterhuis/Jacklin** 2 & 1 Casper/Floyd Darcy/O\'Connor 3 & 2 **Weiskopf/Graham** Barnes/Gallacher halved Nicklaus/Murphy Horton/O\'Leary 2 & 1 **Trevino/Irwin** 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} ## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches} ### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------ Oosterhuis/Jacklin halved Casper/Miller Horton/Wood 4 & 2 **Nicklaus/Snead** Barnes/Gallacher 5 & 3 **Littler/Graham** Darcy/Hunt halved Geiberger/Floyd 1 Session 3 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 9`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} ### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------- **Jacklin/Huggett** 3 & 2 Trevino/Murphy O\'Connor/O\'Leary 5 & 3 **Weiskopf/Miller** Oosterhuis/Bembridge 3 & 2 **Irwin/Casper** Darcy/Hunt 3 & 2 **Geiberger/Graham** 1 Session 3 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 12`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} ## Sunday\'s matches {#sundays_matches} ### Morning singles {#morning_singles} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------- Tony Jacklin 2 & 1 **Bob Murphy** **Peter Oosterhuis** 2 up Johnny Miller Bernard Gallacher halved Lee Trevino Tommy Horton halved Hale Irwin Brian Huggett 4 & 2 **Gene Littler** Eamonn Darcy 3 & 2 **Billy Casper** Guy Hunt 5 & 3 **Tom Weiskopf** **Brian Barnes** 4 & 2 Jack Nicklaus 3 Session 5 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 17`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} ### Afternoon singles {#afternoon_singles} `{{flagicon|IRL|size=50px}}`{=mediawiki} Results ------------------------------------------ --------- ------------------------ Tony Jacklin 1 up **Raymond Floyd** **Peter Oosterhuis** 3 & 2 J. C. Snead Bernard Gallacher halved Al Geiberger **Tommy Horton** 2 & 1 Lou Graham John O\'Leary 2 & 1 **Hale Irwin** Maurice Bembridge 2 & 1 **Bob Murphy** **Norman Wood** 2 & 1 Lee Trevino **Brian Barnes** 2 & 1 Jack Nicklaus 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} 11 Overall 21
692
1975 Ryder Cup
0
10,060,041
# 1975 Ryder Cup ## Individual player records {#individual_player_records} Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player. Source: ### United States {#united_states} Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs --------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- ----------- Billy Casper 2.5 2--1--1 1--0--0 1--0--0 0--1--1 Raymond Floyd 1.5 1--1--1 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--1 Al Geiberger 3 2--0--2 0--0--1 2--0--0 0--0--1 Lou Graham 3 3--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 Hale Irwin 4.5 4--0--1 1--0--1 2--0--0 1--0--0 Gene Littler 3 3--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 Johnny Miller 2.5 2--1--1 0--1--0 2--0--0 0--0--1 Bob Murphy 2.5 2--1--1 2--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--1 Jack Nicklaus 2.5 2--2--1 0--2--0 1--0--0 1--0--1 J. C. Snead 2 2--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 Lee Trevino 2.5 2--2--1 0--1--1 1--1--0 1--0--0 Tom Weiskopf 4 4--0--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--0--0 ### Great Britain and Ireland {#great_britain_and_ireland} Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs ------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- ----------- Brian Barnes 2.5 2--2--1 2--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--1 Maurice Bembridge 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--0--0 Eamonn Darcy 0.5 0--3--1 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--1 Bernard Gallacher 1.5 0--2--3 0--0--2 0--1--0 0--1--1 Tommy Horton 1.5 1--3--1 1--0--1 0--1--0 0--2--0 Brian Huggett 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 Guy Hunt 0.5 0--2--1 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--1 Tony Jacklin 2.5 2--3--1 0--2--0 1--1--0 1--0--1 Christy O\'Connor 0 0--2--0 0--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 John O\'Leary 0 0--4--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--1--0 Peter Oosterhuis 3
212
1975 Ryder Cup
1
10,060,047
# Karrada **Karrada district** (*كرّادة* *Karrāda*) is a large district in the city of Baghdad, Iraq. An upper-class district, it is divided into western (Karkh) and eastern side (Rusafa) by the Tigris, known as Karrada Maryam and Eastern Karrada respectively. With a religiously diverse population, it is home to large concentration of Christians in Baghdad, along with Dora. The district is on the northern part of the peninsula, which was created by a sharp turn in the Tigris River. As a result, Karrada has many of the waterfront properties, making it a desirable and expensive district. One of the most wealthiest parts of Baghdad along with Mansour district, it is also home to a large number of companies, organizations, militias and political parties. Most of the city\'s foreigners and diplomats live in Karrada, as well as prominent politicians, artists, scholars, and businesspersons. ## Bombings The district of Karrada has had multiple terrorist attacks over the years, which occurred in part to the presence of its large Shia and Christian population and wealth. The area is relatively free from sectarianism otherwise, with the actual people of the district coexisting quite well. The airline Al-Naser Airlines has its head office in Karrada, in an area next to Al Jadirya Private Hospital. On 3 July 2016, an ISIL terrorist attack in the area killed 347 civilians on one of the last evenings marking the end of Ramadan. ## Other districts on the peninsula {#other_districts_on_the_peninsula} Karrada shares the peninsula with Al-Jadriya district. It is a small district which lies at the southern tip of the peninsula, where the Tigris river makes its major turn and heads to the north-east. Its significance comes from its quality of life, and its real estate is, along with Karrada, some of the most expensive in Baghdad. The design and building of the University of Baghdad Campus in 1958 also added to its value since the University has become one of the most important locations in the city, and its campus takes up the entire right half of the district. The University of Baghdad campus was designed by Walter Gropius, AIA, Louis Mcmillen and Robert McMillan of The Architects Collaborative. There is one subdistrict of the city: Babil, likely named for the Babylon hotel that has its location in the district. ## Landmarks ### Shopping malls {#shopping_malls} - Maximall --- It is one of the first shopping malls opened in Baghdad
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# Windows Media Services \_\_NOTOC\_\_ **Windows Media Services** (**WMS**) is streaming media server software that allows a Windows Server administrator to generate streaming media (audio/video). Only Windows Media, JPEG, and MP3 formats are supported. WMS is the successor of **NetShow Services**. In addition to streaming, WMS also has the ability to cache and record streams, enforce authentication, impose various connection limits, restrict access, use multiple protocols, generate usage statistics, and apply forward error correction (FEC). It can also handle a high number of concurrent connections making it suitable for content providers. Streams can also be distributed between servers as part of a distribution network where each server ultimately feeds a different network/audience. Both unicast and multicast streams are supported (multicast streams also use a proprietary and partially encrypted Windows Media Station (\*.nsc) file for use by a player.) Typically, Windows Media Player is used to decode and watch/listen to the streams, but other players are also capable of playing unencrypted Windows Media content (Microsoft Silverlight, VLC, MPlayer, etc.) 64-bit versions of Windows Media Services are also available for increased scalability. The Scalable Networking Pack for Windows Server 2003 adds support for network acceleration and hardware-based offloading, which boosts Windows Media server performance. The newest version, Windows Media Services 2008, for Windows Server 2008, includes a built-in [WMS Cache/Proxy plug-in](http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/howto/articles/cache_proxy.aspx) which can be used to configure a Windows Media server either as a cache/proxy server or as a reverse proxy server so that it can provide caching and proxy support to other Windows Media servers. Microsoft claims that these offloading technologies nearly double the scalability, making Windows Media Services, according to the claim, the industry\'s most powerful streaming media server. Windows Media Services 2008 is no longer included with the setup files for the Windows Server 2008 operating system, but is available as a free download. It is also not supported on Windows Server 2012, having been replaced with IIS Media Services. ## Releases - NetShow Server 3.0 (Windows NT 4.0) - NetShow Services 4.0 (Windows NT 4.0 SP3 or later) - Windows Media Services 4
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# SS Royal Iris *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 5, column 1): unexpected '{' {{Infobox ship image ^ ``
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SS Royal Iris
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# Church Heathen \"**Church Heathen**\" is the first single from Jamaican rapper Shaggy\'s seventh studio album, Intoxication. The track features guest vocals from Ninjaman. The song was produced by Shaun Pizzonia and Tony Kelly, and was released on August 27, 2007. ## Background The track serves a testimonial of some of the scandals and \"heathens\" he found in church. In the intro of the song, he states, \"If you tek dis too serious, then you really need sum church\", which is Patois for, \"If you take this too seriously, then you really need some church.\" In the song he mentions characters such as Sis. Pam, who tells him everything about the congregation, Sis. Gwen, who claims that she is a Christian but dances to inappropriate songs in the opinion of Christians such as the Dutty Wine, Sis. Paulette, who is sleeping with the driver of a mini bus, a means of public transportation in the Caribbean, and also has a gay husband. He also states that the next Sunday he will \'find himself\' in church because in his opinion, soap operas cannot be as \'sweet\' as the information he is receiving in the church. ## Track listing {#track_listing} CD Single 1. \"Church Heathen\" 2. \"Church Heathen\" (Instrumental) ## Music video {#music_video} There are two videos for the song. One, which was shot in Jamaica and was released to Tempo Television, and the other, released to other stationing during the summer of 2007. The second video can be considered as an upgrade from the first in that the quality and vibe is more sophisticated than the first. The first video was shot entirely around and in a church and has much more relation to the powerful message found in the lyrics of the song, while the second video was shot at The Quad Night Club in Kingston, Jamaica. Many people from the first video return to the second video. In addition to the second video, it features a verse by Ninja Man. The song is also featured in the soundtrack of the 2008 video game *Grand Theft Auto IV*
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# Bars, Dordogne **Bars** (Occitan language: *Barç*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France
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Bars, Dordogne
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# 1932 International Lawn Tennis Challenge The **1932 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the 27th edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. 22 teams would enter the Europe Zone; while 8 would enter the Americas Zone, 5 in North America and 3 in South America. The United States defeated Brazil in the America Inter-Zonal Final, after Brazil received two walkovers in the South America Zone, and then defeated Germany in the Inter-Zonal play-off. France defeated the US in the Challenge Round, giving them their sixth straight title. The final was played 29--31 July at Stade Roland Garros in Paris. ## America Zone {#america_zone} ### North & Central America Zone {#north_central_america_zone} ### South America Zone {#south_america_zone} ### Americas Inter-Zonal Final {#americas_inter_zonal_final} **United States vs. Brazil** `{{DavisCupbox |team1=United States |team1-var=1912 |team2=Brazil |team2-var=1889 |venue=[[West Side Tennis Club]], [[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], New York<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1932-AMI-M-USA-BRA-01|title=United States v Brazil|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref> |date=9–11 June 1932 |surface=Clay |score1=5 |score2=0 |R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Wilmer Allison]] |6 |6 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Nelson Cruz (tennis)|Nelson Cruz]] |3 |2 |3 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Frank Shields \|6 \|6 \|0 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Ricardo Pernambuco \|1 \|3 \|6 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|T1P2=John Van Ryn \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Ricardo Pernambuco \|T2P2=Ultimo Simone \|1 \|1 \|2 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Ricardo Pernambuco \|1 \|2 \|0 \| \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=John Van Ryn \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Ultimo Simone \|2 \|0 \|0 \| \| }} \|}} ## Europe Zone {#europe_zone} ### Draw ### Final **Italy vs. Germany** `{{DavisCupbox |team1=Italy |team1-var=1861 |team2=Germany |team2-var=1919 |venue=[[Milan]], Italy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1932-EUR-M-ITA-GER-01|title=Italy v Germany|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref> |date=15–17 July 1932 |surface=Clay |score1=0 |score2=5 |R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Giovanni Palmieri (tennis)|Giovanni Palmieri]] |3 |4 |0 | | |T2P1=[[Gottfried von Cramm]] |6 |6 |6 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Giorgio de Stefani \|1 \|4 \|6 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Daniel Prenn \|6 \|6 \|1 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Alberto del Bono \|T1P2=Giorgio de Stefani \|3 \|3 \|2 \| \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|T2P2=Daniel Prenn \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Giovanni Palmieri \|3 \|6 \|1 \|6 \|1 \|T2P1=Gustav Jaenecke \|6 \|0 \|6 \|2 \|6 }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Alberto del Bono \|6 \|3 \|6 \|1 \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|8 \|6 \|3 \|6 \| }} }} ## Inter-Zonal Final {#inter_zonal_final} **United States vs. Germany** `{{DavisCupbox |team1=United States |team1-var=1912 |team2=Germany |team2-var=1919 |venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], Paris, France<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1932-INZ-M-USA-GER-01|title=United States v Germany|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref> |date=22–24 July 1932 |surface=Clay |score1=3 |score2=2 |R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Frank Shields]] |5 |7 |4 |6 | |T2P1=[[Gottfried von Cramm]] |7 |5 |6 |8 | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ellsworth Vines \|6 \|6 \|0 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Daniel Prenn \|3 \|3 \|6 \|4 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|T1P2=John Van Ryn \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|T2P2=Daniel Prenn \|3 \|4 \|1 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ellsworth Vines \|3 \|6 \|9 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|6 \|3 \|7 \|3 \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Frank Shields \|1 \|0 \|8 \|2 \| \|T2P1=Daniel Prenn \|6 \|6 \|6 \|6 \| }} \|}} ## Challenge Round {#challenge_round} **France vs. United States** `{{DavisCupbox |team1=France |team1-var=1830 |team2=United States |team2-var=1912 |venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], Paris, France<ref name="Final">{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1932-WG-CHR-FRA-USA-01|title=France v United States|publisher=daviscup
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1932 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
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# Liberty Bend Bridge The **Liberty Bend Bridge** is a twin bridge that carries Missouri Route 291 over the Missouri River in Sugar Creek, Missouri in the Kansas City metropolitan area. ## Description The bridge consists of two parallel continuous truss bridges. The main span length is 460.1 feet and the total length is 1,883.3 feet. Vertical clearance is 16.5 feet. The northbound deck has a width of 23.9 feet, and the southbound bridge has a width of 40 feet. The northbound bridge is taller than the southbound one, though the southbound bridge is wider and was made using contemporary construction techniques. Although the bridges cross over the Missouri River, they do not cross the county line. When the Missouri River was rerouted in 1949, it cut across the northern part of Jackson County, Missouri. This left part of the county north of the river, which is known as River Bend. ## History ### Original bridge {#original_bridge} The original Liberty Bend Bridge was located about two miles to the north, which then crossed over into Clay County, Missouri. The first Liberty Bend Bridge was a cantilever truss bridge, built over the Missouri River. It opened to traffic in 1927, and carried traffic over the Missouri River and a pair of railroad tracks. ### Replacement bridge {#replacement_bridge} In the late 1940s, plans were developed to relocate the Liberty Bend was about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of where it was previously located. Because of this, the part of Missouri Route 291 in the area was to be demolished, and a new bridge was to be built to replace it. The Mount Vernon Bridge Company was contracted to construct it. Removal of the roadway and construction on the new Liberty Bend began in 1947. The bridge was opened in early 1949. In its first couple months of operation, the new bridge carried traffic over dry land; this was done to save money, as it would cost less to build the bridge before the Liberty Bend was completed. On April 16, 1949, the final blast of the project resulted in the poring of water underneath the bridge, at which point the water began rushing under the new bridge. When it was built, it was only 10 feet wide and 15 feet deep, though this was later widened by erosion, reducing the amount of labor involved. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Missouri Route 291 was rebuilt into a four-laned highway along the east side of the old highway, and a new pair of girder bridges were built to replace the narrow outmoded 1927 span. At that point, the span and its winding approaches were closed permanently; aside from the segment towards the bridge, it was entirely demolished by 1973. The old bridges electric lines were replaced with dedicated cables, and the approaches were truncated to not cross the river at all. the approach closer to the former bridge was renamed as Southview Drive, and traffic was blocked off form crossing. In 1984, the bridge\'s deck replaced by a new steel grid deck. Additionally, in 1986, the raminig part of the deck was replaced. ### Companion bridge {#companion_bridge} In 1996, construction of a second bridge started. It was completed and opened to traffic in 2001. With the completion of the new bridge, all traffic was moved over to the new span. Work immediately began on rehabilitating the original bridge; its steel deck was replaced with concrete, structure repaired, among other minor upgrades. The bridge reopened to northbound traffic in 2005, at which point the new bridge was converted to carrying southbound traffic. On July 7, 2009, a routine inspection revealed serious problems with the northbound bridge. MoDOT immediately closed the span indefinitely. In a few days a temporary (permanent/paved) crossover was constructed, allowing the rerouting of northbound traffic to share the southbound bridge while repairs were completed. The span opened for traffic in September 2009. In 2015, the northbound bridge was again closed for repairs. ## Future There are currently plans to build replace the northbound span. It only has a sufficiency rating of 55.7 out of 100, and is considered functionally obsolete. However, due to its historical significance, this would also require that the northbound bridge be relocated by any group that wants it. It would not cost them any money, however they would be required to pay moving the bridge through their own money. The offer will only last until September 30, 2024. The replacement bridge is estimated to cost \$87,500,000, and construction of the new span will not begin until at least 2027
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Liberty Bend Bridge
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# MP3 Party The **MP3 Party** was a British political party founded in 2002 that promised to \"delete one regulation per day, one law per week, one subsidy per month and one tax per year\". This was based on the idea that when social, legal and administrative systems reach a certain level of complexity they cease functioning. The inspiration for the name came from the file sharing community. The party was originally refused registration by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that their proposed name would constitute an infringement of the MP3 trademark, but Grundig confirmed that it did not own the trademark. The party was founded by Ruslan Fedorovsky, who, along with three others, spent £30,000 on establishing the party. It claimed a membership of 10. \"Eccentric\" policies included founding a \"Commissariat for Simplification\", banning lawyers from sitting in Parliament, sending prisoners to other countries to cut costs, reinstating the death penalty, Broadband in all homes, a foreign policy of neutrality, and allowing anyone to use a royal title if 100 people will act as their subjects. It never contested any elections, and was offered for sale for £2000 in 2005 on eBay as Fedorovsky said they were \"too preoccupied with their own projects.\" It deregistered in January 2007
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MP3 Party
0
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# HD postcode area The **HD postcode area**, also known as the **Huddersfield postcode area**, is a group of nine postcode districts in England, within three post towns. These cover southern West Yorkshire, including Huddersfield and Holmfirth in the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, and Brighouse in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale. \_\_TOC\_\_ ## Coverage The approximate coverage of the postcode districts: \|- ! HD1 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Huddersfield Town Centre, Hillhouse, Lockwood, Marsh, Paddock. \| Kirklees \|- ! HD2 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Birkby, Brackenhall, Bradley, Deighton, Fartown, Fixby, Sheepridge. \| Kirklees \|- ! HD3 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Lindley, Longwood, Marsh, Milnsbridge, Oakes, Outlane, Quarmby, Paddock, Salendine Nook, Scammonden, . \| Kirklees \|- ! HD4 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Berry Brow, Cowlersley, Crosland Moor, Farnley Tyas, Netherton, Newsome, Lowerhouses, Stocksmoor. \| Kirklees \|- ! HD5 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Almondbury, Dalton, Kirkheaton, Moldgreen, Rawthorpe, Waterloo. \| Kirklees \|- ! HD6 \| BRIGHOUSE \| Bailiff Bridge, Brighouse, Clifton, Rastrick, . \| Calderdale \|- ! HD7 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Golcar, Linthwaite, Marsden, Scapegoat Hill, Slaithwaite. \| Kirklees \|- ! HD8 \| HUDDERSFIELD \| Clayton West, Denby Dale, Emley, Fenay Bridge, Kirkburton, Lepton, Scissett, Shelley, Shepley, Skelmanthorpe, Birdsedge \| Kirklees \|- ! HD9 \| HOLMFIRTH \| Brockholes, Hepworth, Holme, Holmfirth, Honley, Meltham, Scholes, Upperthong, Wooldale
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# Lexington Bridge (Lexington, Missouri) The **Lexington Bridge** was a seven-span truss bridge on Route 13 over the Missouri River at Lexington, Missouri, between Ray County, Missouri, and Lafayette County, Missouri. It was designed by the Kansas City Bridge Company and opened on October 31, 1924. The main span was 408 ft and the total length was 3,072.4 ft. Its deck width was 20 ft and it had vertical clearance of 18.1 ft. It was closed upon the opening of the new Ike Skelton Bridge on June 25, 2005, and was demolished the next month. Lexington-birdge-original.jpg\|Original view of the Lexington Bridge around 1924 Lexington Bridge, Missouri River, Lexington, Missouri - 2190145871
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Lexington Bridge (Lexington, Missouri)
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# La Boissière-d'Ans **La Boissière-d\'Ans** (`{{IPA|fr|la bwasjɛʁ dɑ̃s}}`{=mediawiki}; *La Boissiera d\'Ans*) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Cubjac-Auvézère-Val d\'Ans. ## Geography Its principal river is the Blâme
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La Boissière-d'Ans
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