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# Telecommunications in Brazil
**Brazil** has both modern technologies in the center-south portion, counting with LTE, 3G HSPA, DSL ISDB based Digital TV. Other areas of the country, particularly the North and Northeast regions, lack even basic analog PSTN telephone lines. This is a problem that the government is trying to solve by linking the liberation of new technologies such as WiMax and FTTH) only tied with compromises on extension of the service to less populated regions.
## Telephone system {#telephone_system}
### Landline
The Brazilian landline sector is fully open to competition and continues to attract operators. The bulk of the market is divided between three operators: Telefónica, América Móvil, and Oi (controlled by Brazilian investors and Pharol SGPS). Telefónica operates through Telefónica Brasil, which has integrated its landline and mobile services under the brand name Vivo. The América Móvil group in Brazil comprises long distance incumbent Embratel, mobile operator Claro, and cable TV provider Net Serviços. The group has started to integrate its landline and mobile services under the brand name Claro, previously used only for mobile services. Oi offers landline and mobile services under the Oi brand name. GVT was the country\'s most successful alternative network provider, offering landline services only, until it was acquired by Telefónica in 2015 and integrated into Vivo.
*National:* extensive microwave radio relay system and a national satellite system with 64 earth stations.
*International:* country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cables, including Atlantis 2, that provide direct links to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US, Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2007)
**Statistics**
- Served locations: 37,355
- Installed terminals: 43,626,836
- In service: 33,800,370
- Public terminals: 1,128,350
- Density: 22,798 Phones/100 Hab
### Mobile
The history of mobile telephony in Brazil began on 30 December 1990, when the Cellular Mobile System began operating in the city of Rio de Janeiro, with a capacity for 10,000 terminals. At that time, according to Anatel (the national telecommunications agency), there were 667 devices in the country. The number of devices rose to 6,700 in the next year, to 30,000 in 1992.
In November 2007 3G services were launched, and increased rapidly to almost 90% of the population in 2012 and the agreements signed as part of the auction specify a 3G coverage obligation of 100% of population by 2019.
After the auction that took place in June 2012, LTE tests were undertaken in several cities, tourist locations and international conference venues. The first LTE-compatible devices became available in the local market and LTE services was commercially launched in 2013. Under the 4G licence terms, operators were required to have commercial networks in all twelve state capitals which are acting as host cities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
5G services were commercially launched in 2020, initially only in a few cities and in DSS mode. In 2021, the regulatory agency Anatel carried out the auction of the 3.5 GHz spectrum, which allowed the operation of 5G in standalone mode (SA). In July 2022, Brasília was the first city to have 5G NR SA made available, with all state capitals being served by the three major carriers by the end of 2022. By July 2023, 753 cities had 5G coverage, which accounts for 46% of the country\'s population.
The mobile market is ruled by 3 companies:
- **Vivo**, belongs to Telefônica Brasil, is the leading mobile and landline carrier in Brazil. In 1Q2023, Vivo served 98 million mobile subscribers.
- **Claro**, controlled by the Mexican América Móvil (owned by Carlos Slim), ranks second in Brazilian mobile market. In 1Q2023, Claro served 82.8 million mobile subscribers.
- **TIM**, controlled by the Italian Telecom Italia is the third largest mobile carrier in Brazil. In 1Q2023, TIM served 61.7 million mobile subscribers.
- **Oi**, which was once Brazil\'s fourth-largest mobile carrier, filed for judicial reorganization in 2016, selling its mobile division (Oi Móvel) in 2020 to a consortium formed by the three largest operators. In 2022, the sale was approved by the regulatory agency Anatel and Oi\'s 36.5 million mobile customers were transferred to TIM (40%), Claro (32%) and Vivo (28%).
- **Algar Telecom** is the largest regional mobile carrier, operating in 4 states. The company\'s customers have national coverage through roaming agreements with the three major telcos. In 1Q2023, Algar Telecom served 4.5 million mobile subscribers.
**Statistics**
- Number of devices: 251.203.715
- Percentage of prepaid lines: 43.62%
- Density: 98.7 phones/100 hab
**Technology distribution**
Technology 2022 (Dec) 2023 (May)
---------------- ----------------- -----------------
Phone Number Month growth
AMPS 11,546 6,240
TDMA 1,153,580 541,802
CDMA 12,732,287 9,527,796
GSM 133,925,736 145,840,175
WCDMA 1,692,436 2,010,740
CDMA 2000 452,816 218,166
Data Terminals 673,002 3,777,456
**Total** **150,641,403** **161,922,375**
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# Telecommunications in Brazil
## International backbones {#international_backbones}
### Submarine cables {#submarine_cables}
Several submarine cables link Brazil to the world:
- **Americas II** cable entered operations in September 2000, connecting Brazil (Fortaleza) to United States.
- **ATLANTIS-2**, with around 12 thousand kilometers in extension, operating since 2000, it connects Brazil (Rio de Janeiro and Natal) to Europe, Africa and South America. This is the only cable that connects South America to Africa and Europe.
- **EMERGIA -- SAM 1** cable connects all three Americas, surrounding it with a total extension of more than 25 thousand kilometers.
- **GLOBAL CROSSING - SAC** Connects all Americas, surrounding them with a total extension of more than 15 thousand kilometers.
- **GLOBENET/360 NETWORK** Another link from North America to South America.
- **UNISUR** Interconnects Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
All these cables have a bandwidth from 20 Gbit/s to 80 Gbit/s, and some have a projected final capacity of more than 1 Tbit/s.
### Satellite connections {#satellite_connections}
List of business and satellites they operate (Brazilian Geostationary Satellites)
Satellite operator Satellite Bands Orbital positions Operational
-------------------- ------------------ ---------- ------------------- -------------
Hispamar Amazonas 1 C e Ku 61.0° W Yes
Amazonas 2
Loral Skynet Estrela do Sul 1 Ku 63.0° W Yes
Estrela do Sul 2 Ku 63.0° W No
Star One Brasilsat B1 C and X 70.0° W Yes
Brasilsat B2 C and X 65.0° W Yes
Brasilsat B3 C 84.0° W Yes
Brasilsat B4 C 92.0° W Yes
Star One C1 C and Ku 65.0° W Yes
Star One C2 C and Ku 70.0° W Yes
Star One C3 C and Ku 75.0° W No
Star One C4 C, L, S 75.0° W No
Star One C5 C and Ku 68.0° W No
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# Telecommunications in Brazil
## Television and radio {#television_and_radio}
Under the Brazilian constitution, television and radio are not treated as forms of telecommunication, in order to avoid creating problems with a series of regulations that reduce and control how international businesses and individuals can participate. Brazil has the second largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue, Grupo Globo.
## Internet
The Internet has become quite popular in Brazil, with steadily growing numbers of users as well as increased availability. Brazil holds the 6th spot in number of users worldwide. Many technologies are used to bring broadband Internet to consumers, with DSL and cable being the most common (respectively, about 13 million and 9 million connections), and 3G technologies. 4G technologies were introduced in April 2013 and presently are available in over 90% of the country
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# Economy of the British Virgin Islands
The **economy of the British Virgin Islands** is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean. Although tiny in absolute terms, because of the very small population of the British Virgin Islands, in 2010 the Territory had the 19th highest GDP per capita in the world according to the CIA World factbook. In global terms the size of the Territory\'s GDP measured in terms of purchasing power is ranked as 215th out of a total of 229 countries. The economy of the Territory is based upon the \"twin pillars\" of financial services, which generates approximately 60% of government revenues, and tourism, which generates nearly all of the rest.
Historically the British Virgin Islands has normally produced a Government budget surplus, but during the 2008 financial crisis the Territory began to run at a deficit, which continued after the global recession receded. In 2011 the Territory had its largest ever budget deficit, of US\$29 million (approximately 2.6% of GDP). By 2012 public debt had quadrupled from pre-crisis levels to approximately US\$113 million (approximately 10.3% of GDP). Nearly 84% of that public debt was attributable to a new public hospital built in Road Town between 2003 and 2014. *The Economist* argued that deteriorating economic conditions in the British Virgin Islands were caused \"not \[by\] sagging revenues but public-sector profligacy\". By 2014 public debt had been reduced to US\$106 million and the annual deficit reduced to US\$25 million (including budgeted capital expenditure).
By 2016, the Government had returned to a primary budget surplus, but public debt had increased to approximately US\$141 million and debt service accounted for over US\$12 million of the primary surplus. However, because of an ongoing aggressive capital investment programme, and budget overruns on key public projects, the Government ran dangerously low on available cash. Cash in the consolidated fund fell below US\$7 million (with average monthly expenditure at nearly US\$30 million), and Government accrued over US\$13 million in due but unpaid invoices.
## Business environment {#business_environment}
In 2015, British Virgin Islands has been assessed as the 34th in terms of global financial centres. This was the highest ranking of any offshore financial centre, and of any Latin American country. The Territory scored strongly in areas such as local taxation, rule of law, regulatory environment and quality of law for human resources. It scored less highly on infrastructure, access to capital and access to labour. The G-20 considers it a tax haven and its banking system is described as \'opaque\'.
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# Economy of the British Virgin Islands
## 2017 government budget {#government_budget}
The most recent national budget to be delivered was the 2017 budget (the Territory\'s fiscal year runs from 1 April to 31 March). That budget presented a picture of declining revenues and increasing costs. It was also delivered prior to the devastating effects of Hurricane Irma later in the year, which is likely to have a deleterious effect on the economy and on Government revenues.
The 2017 budget predicted that 2016 final revenue figures of \$310,470,000 which was a decrease of 6.2% from the year before. It also predicted recurrent expenditure for 2016 at \$288,640,000 which was an increase of 3.6% on the preceding year. That would mean a primary budget surplus of \$21,830,000 which would be a decrease of 56.6% from the preceding year.
In addition there was an estimated \$21,000,000 of capital expenditure in 2016 (down 38.3% from the previous year), and debt service of \$20,200,000 leaving a primary deficit of \$19,370,000. In 2017, after accounting for transfers to reserves, there is budgeted to be a structural deficit of \$31,674,000. This was to be financed by new borrowing and transfers from the consolidated fund.
The Government\'s total borrowings were \$106.5 million, but the Government has also underwritten significant loans made to the BVI Electricity Corporation and the BVI Ports Authority, meaning that the Government\'s total loan exposure is \$178.3 million.
Much of the Government\'s increased expenditure arose from staffing costs. Staffing consumes 37.7% of Government expenditure, and increased in 2016 by 10.2% from the year before. The budget calls for it to increase again, but only by 2.6% in 2017.
The bulk of Government revenues (60%) comes from taxes on goods and services. The next largest segment is payroll taxes, which account for a further 16%. Property taxes account for less than 1% of revenue.
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# Economy of the British Virgin Islands
## Tourism
In 2015, a total of 922,372 people visited the islands (of whom 529,354 were cruise ship passengers and 393,018 were overnight visitors), mainly from the United States. The bulk of the tourism income in the British Virgin Islands is generated by the yacht chartering industry. The Territory has relatively few large hotels compared to other tourism centres in the Caribbean. The British Virgin Islands also entertain cruise ships, although these generate relatively little revenue. However, cruise ship passengers are an important source of revenue for taxi drivers, who represent a politically important voice in the Territory.
Between 2007 and 2011, tourist visitors to be the British Virgin Islands declined by approximately 12.4%, largely due to the global recession which particularly affected North America, a key source of visitors for the Territory. However, by November 2013 tourist numbers had begun to recover.
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council:
- In 2013, the *direct* contribution of travel and tourism to the Territory\'s GDP was US\$274 million (accounting for 27.0% of total GDP), and was forecast to rise by 2.8% in 2014, and to rise by 2.7% per annum for the period 2014--2024.
- The *total* contribution of travel and tourism to GDP was US\$780.8 million (76.9% of GDP) in 2013, and is forecast to rise by 3.2% in 2014, and to rise by 2.6% per annum for the period 2014--2024.
- In 2013, travel and tourism *directly* supported 3,300 jobs in the Territory (33.2% of total employment). This was expected to remain unchanged in 2014 and fall by 0.3% per annum to 3,000 jobs (29.6% of total employment) by 2024.
- The *total* contribution to employment in 2013 (which includes jobs indirectly supported by the industry), was 90.1% of total employment (8,850 jobs). This was expected to rise by 1.9% in 2014 to 9,050 jobs, but fall by 0.2% per annum to 9,000 jobs in 2024 (80.9% of total).
- Travel and tourism investment in 2013 was US\$35.8 million, or 14.8% of total investment. This was expected to rise by 10.1% in 2014, and rise by 2.0% per annum over the next ten years to a total of US\$48.2 million in 2024.
However, these statistics include travel as well as tourism, and so non-tourist related travel (i.e. travel relating to domestic consumption and other industries and services) are included and inflate the figures.
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# Economy of the British Virgin Islands
## Financial services {#financial_services}
In the mid-1980s, the government began offering offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and incorporation fees now generate an estimated 51.4% of Government revenues. As of 2019, it costs \$450 to form a company with fewer than 50,000 shares and another \$450 a year to maintain registration.
According to official statistics 447,801 BVI companies were \'active\' (i.e. incorporated and not yet struck-off, liquidated or dissolved) as at 30 June 2012. There are no recent official statistics on total numbers of incorporations (including struck, liquidated and dissolved companies) but these are estimated at 950,000. Many of these companies were originally formed under the International Business Companies Act, 1984, but have now been consolidated into the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004.
In 2000, KPMG were commissioned by the British Government to produce a report on the offshore financial industry generally, and the report indicated that nearly 45% of the offshore companies in the world were formed in the British Virgin Islands. The British Virgin Islands is now one of the world\'s leading offshore financial centres, and boasts one of the highest incomes per capita in the Caribbean.
In addition to basic company incorporations, the British Virgin Islands also forms limited partnerships and trusts (including signature \"VISTA\" trusts) but these have not proved to be as popular as companies.
On 12 April 2007, the *Financial Times* reported that the British Virgin Islands was the second largest source of foreign direct investment in the world (behind Hong Kong) with over US\$123,000,000,000. Almost all of these sums are directly attributable to investment through the Territory\'s offshore finance industry.
In 2017, the total value of assets held in offshore companies in the British Virgin Islands was estimated at \$1.5 trillion and two-fifths of company owners were based in Hong Kong and China, according to a report by Capital Economics and commissioned by BVI Finance.
The British Virgin Islands also promotes a number of regulated financial services products. The most important of these is the formation and regulation of offshore investment funds. The Territory is also the second largest domicile for formation of offshore investment funds (behind the Cayman Islands) with 2,422 licensed open-ended funds as at 30 June 2012 (there is no official statistics for closed-ended funds which are not regulated in the British Virgin Islands).
The British Virgin Islands also operates as a domicile for captive insurance services, but a prolonged period of overzealous Government regulation combined with the Government\'s increasing pressure to hire only locals (\"belongers\") in the insurance industry decimated the industry. Official reports from the Financial Services Commission reflect as of 30 June 2012 only 161 captives remain registered in the jurisdiction.
### History of financial services {#history_of_financial_services}
Former president of the BVI\'s Financial Services Commission, Michael Riegels, recites the anecdote that the offshore finance industry commenced on an unknown date in the 1970s when a lawyer from a firm in New York telephoned him with a proposal to incorporate a company in the British Virgin Islands to take advantage of a double taxation relief treaty with the United States. Within the space of a few years, hundreds of such companies had been incorporated.
This eventually came to the attention of the United States government, who unilaterally revoked the Treaty in 1981.
In 1984, the British Virgin Islands, trying to recapture some of the lost offshore business, enacted a new form of companies legislation, the International Business Companies Act, under which an offshore company which was exempt from local taxes could be formed. The development was only a limited success until 1991, when the United States invaded Panama to oust General Manuel Noriega. At the time Panama was one of the largest providers of offshore financial services in the world, but the business fled subsequent the invasion, and the British Virgin Islands was one of the main beneficiaries. Moreover, in 1988, Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca\'s founder Ramón Fonseca Mora advised his clients to bring their business from Panama to the British Virgin Islands.
## Agriculture
Livestock raising is the most important agricultural activity; poor soils limit the islands\' ability to meet domestic food requirements. Fewer than 0.6% are estimated to work in agriculture. Despite its tiny economic impact, agriculture has its own dedicated Government minister (unlike financial services).
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# Economy of the British Virgin Islands
## Dollarisation
Because of traditionally close links with the U.S. Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands has used the US dollar as its currency since 1959
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# Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands
**Country Code: +1284**\
**International Call Prefix: 011** (outside NANP)
Calls from the British Virgin Islands to the US, Canada, and other NANP Caribbean nations, are dialled as 1 + NANP area code + 7-digit number. Calls from the British Virgin Islands to non-NANP countries are dialled as 011 + country code + phone number with local area code.
**Number Format**: nxx-xxxx
**Telephones -- main lines in use:** 11,700 (2002)
**Telephones -- mobile cellular:** 8,000 (2002)
**Telephone system:** worldwide telephone service\
*general assessment:* worldwide telephone service\
*domestic:* NA\
*international:* Connected via submarine cable to Bermuda; the East Caribbean Fibre System (ECFS) submarine cable provides connectivity to 13 other islands in the eastern Caribbean (2007)
**Radio stations:** AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)
- ZBVI 780 Tortola
- ZJKC-FM 90.9 Tortola (repeats WJKC 95.1 Christiansted, USVI)
- ZGLD-FM 91.7 Tortola
- ZCCR-FM 94.1 Todman\'s Peak
- ZWVE-FM 97.3 Tortola
- ZKNG-FM 100.9 Chalwell
- ZROD-FM 103.7 Tortola
- ZVCR-FM 106.9 Chalwell
**Television stations:** 1 (ZBTV), (plus one cable company) (1997)
**Internet service providers (ISPs):** 1 (1999)
**Internet country code:** VG
**Internet hosts:** 465 (2008)
**Internet users:** 4,000 (2002)
: *See also :* British Virgin Islands
## Deregulation of the telephone market {#deregulation_of_the_telephone_market}
In 2006, the British Virgin Islands government undertook a deregulation of the telephone industry. Prior to 2006, in common with many other Caribbean countries, Cable & Wireless (Caribbean) had a statutory monopoly on telephone and other electronic communications services. However, in the 1990s, a local company called CCT Boatphone, which had previously provided radio boatphones to tourists on charter boats, expanded into cellular (mobile) telecommunications for land-based users. Although technically in breach of the statutory monopoly, CCT Boatphone was backed by a powerful collection of local interests known as the BVI Investment Club. Negotiations between Cable & Wireless and CCT Boatphone led to a split of the monopolies, with Cable & Wireless retaining a monopoly over fixed line and internet services, and CCT Boatphone keeping a *de facto* monopoly over cellular telephones.
In 2007 the government abolished the previously existing monopolies under an order made pursuant to the new legislation. The process proved politically fraught, and the government\'s Minister for Communications and Works, Alvin Christopher, ended up leaving the government and joining the opposition party as a result of the furore. The process was also criticised as cumbersome and slow, the initial deregulation having been announced in 2004, and taking no less than three years to come to fruition through delays in legislation and regulation.
Although there have been no new entrants into the fixed line industry, the government issued three licences under the new regime to cellular telephone service providers. The existing provider, CCT Boatphone, obtained one licence. *B*mobile, the cellular arm of Cable & Wireless, obtained a second. The third licence was obtained by BVI Cable TV, a local cable television service. The licence in favour of BVI Cable was controversial, as the Regulator had announced in advance that only three licences in total would be issued, and BVI Cable TV had crumbling cable television infrastructure, and was in no position to offer cellular telephone services (and to date, has not offered any cellular telephone services, or anything other than simple cable television). However, *b*mobile\'s main regional competitor, Digicel, was rejected for a licence. The decision was regarded as highly controversial in the local media.
Digicel then issued court proceedings against the Regulator, arguing that he had acted improperly by imposing an arbitrary limit of three licences (although no complaint was made about the decision to prefer BVI Cable TV\'s improbable licence over Digicel). *B*mobile was joined to the suit as an interested party. High Court Judge Rita Joseph-Olivetti found in favour of Digicel and quashed the original decision. Digicel commenced separate proceedings against Cable and Wireless (as *b*mobile\'s parent company) in the English courts, claiming that Cable & Wireless has unfairly stifled competition in several Caribbean jurisdictions. During the intervening period, *b*mobile has obtained a virtual stranglehold on the cellular telecommunications market in the British Virgin Islands by a combination of low prices and aggressive advertising, as well as significant investment in infrastructure and technology.
Digicel was finally granted a licence on 17 December 2007 and started operations in the BVI on 28 November 2008
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# Transport in the British Virgin Islands
The systems of **transport in the British Virgin Islands** include 113 kilometres of highway and a harbour at Road Town.
## Roads
- total: 200 km
- paved: 200 km
- unpaved: 0 km (2007)
Despite using left-hand traffic, most vehicles are left-hand-drive, being imported from the United States
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# Geography of Brunei
**Brunei** is a country in Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea and East Malaysia. Its geographical coordinates are 4 30 N 114 40 E. The country is small with a total size of 5765 km2. It is larger in size than Trinidad and Tobago. It is close to vital sea lanes through the South China Sea linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The country has two parts physically separated by Malaysia, making it almost an enclave within Malaysia.
Brunei shares a 266 km border with Malaysia, and has a 161 km coastline. The terrain is a flat coastal plain that rises to mountainous in the east and hilly lowlands in the west. While earthquakes are quite rare, Brunei is located near the Pacific Ring of Fire.
## Climate
A tropical climate with high humidity prevails in Brunei. Typically, the entire nation experiences the same climate. The entire year is hot in the country. The monsoon winds and other wind systems in the area brought on by the distribution of air pressure in Southeast Asia, as well as the location on Borneo\'s northwest coast, which lies in the equatorial tropics, all have an impact on the climate. ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) is the name given to the low pressure trough that occurs around the equator. Areas in the subtropics on both hemispheres, however, experience high pressure, resulting in a pressure difference. This is due to air masses from the southern and northern hemispheres meet in this region, causing major climate shifts, the Intertropical Convergence Zone is crucial.
It\'s vital that the ITCZ\'s position typically oscillates based on the sun\'s zenithal position and is not always fixed. The magnitude of the latitudinal oscillation is reduced to roughly half that of the sun because of the movement\'s two-month delay. There are two distinct seasons in the nation that are separated by two transitional phases as a result of the ITCZ\'s shifting location throughout the year and the associated trade winds. The South China Sea and Borneo are substantially impacted by northeast monsoon winds that recurve via the Inter-Tropical Convergence zone to become northwesterly winds that blow across Indonesia between December and March. The ITCZ\'s typical location is between latitudes 50S and 100S when it migrated south across Brunei and Borneo in late December, a time period known as the Northeast Monsoon.
In Brunei forest cover is around 72% of the total land area, equivalent to 380,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 413,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 374,740 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 5,260 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 69% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 5% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.
The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, which is positioned east of the Philippines around latitude 150N between June and September, transforms into a monsoon trough to the west. The Southwest Monsoon is created by southeast trade winds that originate in the southern hemisphere and recurve on the equator. The northeast monsoon dominates from December to March whereas the southwest monsoon blows from May to September. Transitional months are recognized as April, October, and November.
The municipality of Bandar Seri Begawan\'s climate is tropical equatorial with two seasons. Dry season is extremely hot (24 to). Wet or rainy season is generally warm and wet (20 to). Most of the country is a flat coastal plain with mountains in the east and hilly lowland in the west. The lowest point is at sea level and the highest is Bukit Pagon (1850 m). The climatic regions of the country is as follows:
- Brunei-Muara District and Bandar Seri Begawan are humid tropical on the coast and lower elevation north and Humid subtropical in central Brunei-Muara District. (20 to)
- Tutong District is tropical, hot in the north and warm in the south. (22 to)
- Belait District is tropical, hot in the north and slightly warm in the south. (25 to)
- Temburong District is humid subtropical in the higher elevation south and humid tropical on the coast and lower elevation north. (18 to)
## Natural disasters {#natural_disasters}
Since the nation lies outside of the typhoon belt and mostly untouched by earthquakes, it is less likely to experience major disasters, making it a relatively safe area to live and work. Foreigners from temperate climes who want to avoid harsh winters are drawn to the country by its milder temperature. Additionally, the weather is suitable for outdoor activities and water sports.
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# Geography of Brunei
## Statistics
As of 2009, the statistics of Brunei is as follows:**Area:**
- Total: 5765 km2
- Land: 5265 km2
- Water: 500 km2
**Maritime claims:**\
*territorial sea:* 12 nmi\
*exclusive economic zone:* 10,090 km2 and 200 nmi or to median line
**Elevation extremes:**\
*lowest point:* South China Sea 0 m\
*highest point:* Bukit Pagon 1,850 m
**Natural resources:** petroleum, natural gas, timber
**Land use:**\
*arable land:* 0.76%\
*permanent crops:* 1.14%\
*other:* 98.10% (2012)
**Irrigated land:** 10 km2 (2003)
**Total renewable water resources:** 8.5 km3
**Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)**\
*total:* 0.09 km^3^/yr (97%/0%/3%)\
*per capital:* 301
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# Politics of Bulgaria
The **politics of Bulgaria** take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the prime minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
After forty-five years of single party system, Bulgaria became an unstable party system in 1989. This system was dominated by democratic parties and opposition to socialists`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki}the Union of Democratic Forces and several personalistic parties and the post-communist Bulgarian Socialist Party or its creatures, which emerged for a short period of time in the past decade. Personalistic parties could have been seen in the former governing (from 2001 to 2005) Simeon II\'s NDSV party and Boyko Borisov\'s GERB party.
Bulgaria has generally good freedom of speech and human rights records as reported by the US Library of Congress Federal Research Division in 2006, while Freedom House listed it as \"free\" in 2020, giving it scores of 33 for political rights and 45 for civil liberties. However, in 2014, there were some concerns that the proposed new Penal Code would limit freedom of the press and assembly, and as a consequence freedom of speech. `{{Democracy Index rating|Bulgaria|flawed democracy|2022}}`{=mediawiki} Bulgaria was fully admitted to the Schengen area on January 1, 2025.
## Developments since 1990 {#developments_since_1990}
### Parliamentary
After the fall of the communism in 1989, the former communist party was restructured and succeeded by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), which won the first post-communist elections for the Constitutional Assembly in 1990 with a small majority. Meanwhile, Zhelyu Zhelev, a communist-era dissident from the new democratic party - Union of Democratic Forces (abbreviated in Bulgarian as SDS), was elected president by the Assembly in 1990. In the first years after the change of regime, Bulgarian politics had to (re)establish the foundations of a democratic society in the country after nearly fifty years of de facto totalitarian communism. The so-called period of transition (from a Soviet socialist model to an economic structure focused on development through economic growth) began in the early 1990s. The politics of Bulgaria was aimed at joining the European Union and the NATO fold, as the alliances were recognised to have political agendas similar to the goals of the new Bulgarian democracy.
In contemporary Bulgaria, the government and its leader - the Prime Minister, have more political influence and significance than the President. Thus, the parliamentary elections set the short-term social and political environment in the country since the cabinet (chosen by the Prime Minister and approved by the parliament) decides how the country is governed while the President can only make suggestions and impose vetoes.
In the first parliamentary elections held under the new constitution of Bulgaria, in October 1991, the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) party won a plurality of the seats, having won 110 out of the 240 seats, and created a cabinet alone with the support of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms---a liberal party (in Bulgarian abbreviated: DPS) which is widely perceived as a party of the ethnic Turks minority in Bulgaria. Yet, their government collapsed in late 1992, and was succeeded by a technocratic team put forward by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), which served until 1994 when it also collapsed. The President dissolved the government and appointed a provisional one to serve until early parliamentary elections could be held in December.
BSP won convincingly these elections in December 1994 with a majority of 125 seats out of the 240. Due to the severe economic crisis in Bulgaria during their government, BSP\'s cabinet collapsed and in 1997 a caretaker cabinet was appointed by the President, again, to serve until early parliamentary elections could be held in April 1997.
The April 1997 elections resulted in a landslide victory for the SDS, winning a majority of 137 seats in parliament, and allowing them to form the next government. This proved to be the first post-communist government that did not collapse and served its full 4-year term until 2001.
In 2001, the former monarch of Bulgaria Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha returned to power, this time as prime minister with his National Movement Simeon II (in Bulgarian abbreviated: NDSV), having won half (120) of the seats. His party entered a coalition with the DPS and invited two functionaries of the BSP (who sat as independents). In opposition were the two previously governing parties - the Socialist Party and the Union of Democratic Forces. In the four years in opposition the SDS suffered the defection of numerous splinter groups. The ruling party NDSV itself ruptured into a pro-right core and a pro-liberal fringe group. Bulgaria entered NATO in 2004.
In the aftermath, the BSP won the parliamentary elections in 2005 with 82 out of the 240 seats, but as it did not get the majority of the seats, a coalition government was formed by the three biggest parties - BSP, NDSV and DPS. The elections also put in parliament some of the right-wing parties, as well as the extreme-right nationalist coalition led by the party Ataka as an answer to the former coalition government of NDSV with DPS. Bulgarian entered the European Union in 2007.
In the parliamentary elections of 2009, the centre-right party of Boyko Borisov, the mayor of Sofia, GERB, won with 117 seats. The party formed a minority government with the support of the right-wing parties. Once the governing party - the National Movement Simeon II did not amass enough votes to enter the parliament. The austerity measures required in the stagnation of the Great Recession led to massive protests and the resignation of the cabinet in early 2013, months before the end of GERB\'s term.
In the early elections the former opposition party BSP received highest vote from the people. The socialist party chose the non-party former Minister of Finance Plamen Oresharski to form a cabinet. His cabinet was supported by the BSP and the DPS, opposed by GERB, while Ataka was absent.
Only two weeks after its initial formation the Oresharski government came under criticism and had to deal with large-scale protests some with more than 11 000 participants. One of the main reasons for these protests was the controversial appointment of media mogul Delyan Peevski as a chief of the National Security State Agency. The protests continued over the lifetime of the Oresharski government. In all, the government survived 5 votes of no-confidence before voluntarily resigning. Following an agreement from the three largest parties (GERB, BSP and DPS) to hold early parliamentary elections for 25 March 2016, the cabinet agreed to resign, with the resignation of the cabinet becoming a fact on 13 January 2016. The next day parliament voted 180-8 (8 abstained and 44 were absent) to accept the government\'s resignation. Following the vote, President Plevneliev offered the mandate to GERB to try and form government, but it was refused. The next day the BSP returned the mandate as well. On 21 January, the DPS refused the mandate as well. Finally, on 26 January, a caretaker government led by Georgi Bliznashki was sworn into office and the Oresharski government was officially dissolved.
As agreed, parliamentary elections were held on 25 March 2016 to elect the 43rd National Assembly. GERB became the largest party, winning 84 of the 240 seats with around a third of the vote. A total of eight parties won seats, the first time since the beginning of democratic elections in 1990 that more than seven parties entered parliament. After being tasked by President Rosen Plevneliev to form a government, Borisov\'s GERB formed a coalition with the Reformist Bloc, had a partnership agreement for the support of the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival, and also had the outside support of the Patriotic Front. The cabinet of twenty ministers was approved by a majority of 136--97 (with one abstention). With the support of the coalition partner (the Reformist Bloc) members of the parties in the Bloc (Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria (DSB), Union of Democratic Forces (SDS), Bulgaria for Citizens Movement (DBG) and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BZNS)) were chosen for Minister positions. The vice chairman of the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival party Ivaylo Kalfin was voted for Depute Prime Minister and Minister of Labor and Social Policy.
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# Politics of Bulgaria
## Developments since 1990 {#developments_since_1990}
### Parliamentary
In May 2017, Boyko Borisov was re-elected as Prime Minister of Bulgaria for the second time. Borisov had resigned and called early elections after his conservative GERB party lost the presidential elections previous year. He formed a coalition government with nationalist VMRO-BND and National Front for Salvation of Bulgaria. The Socialist Party and the Turkish DPS party formed the opposition.
The 2020--2021 Bulgarian protests were triggered on 9 July 2020 when the Presidency of Bulgaria was raided by police and prosecutors as a result of a long-lasting conflict between the prime minister Boyko Borisov and the president Rumen Radev. In April 2021, Borisov\'s party, center-right, pro-European GERB won the parliamentary election. It was again the largest party of the parliament but it did not get the absolute majority, indicating difficult coalition talks. All other parties refused to form a government, and after a brief deadlock, another elections were called for July 2021, with Stefan Yanev serving as an interim prime minister of a caretaker cabinet until then.
In the July 2021 snap election, an anti-elite party called There Is Such a People (ITN) finished first with 24.08 percent and former prime minister Boyko Borisov\'s GERB-led coalition finished second with 23.51 percent of the vote. A coalition government was unable to be formed, and so a third parliamentary election was scheduled for November 2021 to align with the regularly scheduled presidential election. In the 2021 Bulgarian general election, Kiril Petkov\'s PP party emerged as surprise victors over the conservative GERB party, which had dominated Bulgarian politics in the last decade. In December 2021, Bulgaria\'s parliament formally elected Kiril Petkov as the country\'s next prime minister, ending a months-long political crisis. The new centrist-led government was a coalition led by Petkov\'s anti-corruption We Continue The Change party (PP) with three other political groups: the left-wing Bulgarian Socialist Party, the anti-elite There Is Such A People party, and the liberal group Democratic Bulgaria. They together control 134 seats in Bulgaria\'s 240-seat parliament. The cabinet of Kiril Petkov fell after a vote of no confidence of 22 June 2022. President Radev appointed Galab Donev as acting prime minister to lead a caretaker cabinet. Bulgaria\'s fourth parliamentary elections in less than two years will be held on October 2, 2022.
In April 2023, because of the political deadlock, Bulgaria held its fifth parliamentary election since April 2021. GERB was the biggest, winning 69 seats. The bloc led by We Continue the Change won 64 seats in the 240-seat parliament. In June 2023, Prime Minister Nikolai Denkov formed a new coalition between We Continue The Change and GERB. According to the coalition agreement, Denkov will lead the government for the first nine months. He will be succeeded by former European Commissioner, Mariya Gabriel, of the GERB party. She will take over as prime minister after nine months.
On 27 October 2024 parliamentary snap elections were held after all three attempts to form a government following the latest June 2024 elections failed. This was the country\'s sixth election since April 2021. This series of snap elections is the result of a political crisis affecting the country.
### Presidential
In 1992, Zhelyu Zhelev won Bulgaria\'s first presidential elections and served as president until 1997. In the second, the winning president was another member of the Union of Democratic Forces, Petar Stoyanov, who served until 2002. In 2001, the leader of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, Georgi Parvanov defeated Stoyanov. He took office in 2002 and served until 2012, becoming the first president to be reelected, after his successful 2006 campaign. In 2011 GERB candidate Rosen Plevneliev was elected to serve as president from 2012 until January 2017. In 2016 Socialist party candidate, former air force commander Rumen Radev won the presidential election. On 18 January 2017, Rumen Radev was sworn in as the new President of Bulgaria. President Rumen Radev, a vocal critic and rival of prime minister Borisov, announced that he will run for a second five-year term in autumn 2021 presidential elections. In November 2021, President Rumen Radev was easily re-elected in the presidential election with a very low turnout of 34 per cent.
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
The president of Bulgaria is directly elected for a 5-year term with the right to one re-election. The president serves as the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The President\'s main duties are to schedule elections and referendums, represent Bulgaria abroad, conclude international treaties, and head the Consultative Council for National Security. The President may return legislation to the National Assembly for further debate---a kind of veto---but the legislation can be passed again by an absolute majority vote.
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# Politics of Bulgaria
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
The Bulgarian unicameral parliament, the National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie, consists of 240 deputies who are elected for 4-year-terms by popular vote. The votes are for party or coalition lists of candidates for each of the 28 administrative divisions. A party or coalition must garner a minimum of 4% of the vote in order to enter parliament. Parliament is responsible for enactment of laws, approval of the budget, scheduling of presidential elections, selection and dismissal of the prime minister and other ministers, declaration of war, deployment of troops outside of Bulgaria, and ratification of international treaties and agreements.
## Elections
### Parliamentary elections {#parliamentary_elections}
{{#section-h:June 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election\|Results}}
### Presidential elections {#presidential_elections}
{{#section-h:2021 Bulgarian presidential election\|Results}}
### European elections {#european_elections}
`{{Election results
|party1=[[GERB—SDS]]|votes1=607194|seats1=6|sc1=0
|party2=[[Bulgarian Socialist Party]]|votes2=474160|seats2=5|sc2=+1
|party3=[[Movement for Rights and Freedoms]]|votes3=323510|seats3=3|sc3=–1
|party4=[[IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement]]|votes4=143830|seats4=2|sc4=+1
|party5=[[Democratic Bulgaria]]|votes5=118484|seats5=1|sc5=+1
|party6=[[Volya Movement]]|votes6=70830|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=Patriots for Valeri Simeonov ([[National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria|NFSB]]–[[Middle European Class|SEK]])|votes7=22421|seats7=0|sc7=0
|party10=[[National Movement for Stability and Progress|NDSV]]–New Time|votes10=21315|seats10=0|sc10=0
|party11=[[Attack (political party)|Attack]]|votes11=20906|seats11=0|sc11=0
|party12=[[Revival (Bulgarian political party)|Revival]]|votes12=20319|seats12=0|sc12=New
|party13=[[Alternative for Bulgarian Revival|Coalition for Bulgaria]]|votes13=16759|seats13=0|sc13=0
|party14=[[Democrats for Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance]]|votes14=7130|seats14=0|sc14=New
|party15=[[People's Voice (Bulgaria)|People's Voice]]|votes15=6136|seats15=0|sc15=0
|party16=Party of Greens|votes16=6051|seats16=0|sc16=0
|party17=[[Movement 21]]|votes17=4141|seats17=0|sc17=New
|party18=[[Reload Bulgaria]]|votes18=3907|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party19=Together Movement|votes19=3731|seats19=0|sc19=New
|party20=[[Volt Bulgaria|VOLT]]|votes20=3500|seats20=0|sc20=New
|party21=Direct Democracy|votes21=2425|seats21=0|sc21=New
|party22=[[Bulgarian National Unification]]|votes22=2370|seats22=0|sc22=New
|party23=Rise ([[Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria)|RDP]]–[[United People's Party (Bulgaria)|ENP]]–[[Bulgarian National Front|BNF Chicago]]–[[Union of Free Democrats|SSD]]–BDS R)|votes23=1855|seats23=0|sc23=New
|party24=Independents|votes24=73317|seats24=0|sc24=0
|row25=None of the above|votes25=61029
|invalid=80238
|total_sc=0
|electorate=6378694
|source=[https://results.cik.bg/ep2019/rezultati/index.html CIK]
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Judicial branch {#judicial_branch}
The Bulgarian judicial system consists of regional, district and appeal courts, as well as a Supreme Court of Cassation and one Specialized Criminal Court. In addition, there is a Supreme Administrative Court and a system of military courts. The Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Supreme Administrative Court as well as the Prosecutor General are elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds from all the members of the Supreme Judicial Council and are appointed by the President of the Republic. The Supreme Judicial Council is in charge of the self-administration and organisation of the Judiciary.
A qualified majority of two-thirds of the membership of the Supreme Judicial Council elects the Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation and of the Supreme Administrative Court, as well as the Prosecutor General, from among its members; the President of the Republic then appoints those elected.
The Supreme Judicial Council has charge of the self-administration and organization of the Judiciary.
The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria supervises the review of the constitutionality of laws and statutes brought before it, as well as the compliance of these laws with international treaties that the Government has signed. Parliament elects the 12 members of the Constitutional Court by a two-thirds majority. The members serve for a nine-year term.
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
The territory of the Republic of Bulgaria is divided into provinces and municipalities. In all Bulgaria has 28 provinces, each headed by a provincial governor appointed by the government. In addition, there are 265 municipalities
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# Telecommunications in Bulgaria
**Telecommunications in Bulgaria** include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
## History
Until the mid-1930s, telephone exchanges were of the \"numberer\" type, i.e. manually operated by telephone operators. The introduction of the first automatic telephone exchanges (ATC) in Bulgaria began with the installation of ATCs by the Siemens-Halske company, first in Stara Zagora (1935 - 600 numbers), then in Varna and Ruse (also 1935, 1000 numbers each). The first ATC in Sofia (\"Levov Most\" - 2000 numbers) was put into operation on June 14, 1936, followed by Gabrovo, Burgas, Veliko Tarnovo. After 1938, Nikola Rashev was the leader on the Bulgarian side. In the years around 1940, there was already a significant number of well-trained personnel in the country and the new equipment was being successfully operated.
The telephone house in Sofia was built according to a design by Stancho Belkovski and Boris Yolov. Its construction began in 1938-1939 and was finally completed only in 1949. It housed the facilities of the Sofia ATC, as well as the relevant administrative premises. This was the first telephone hall building, but later such buildings housing local ATCs were built in other large cities of Bulgaria.
During the bombing of Sofia in 1943-44, telephone communications in the capital were severely affected. On 09.09.1944, the new government found in Sofia only one temporary city manual telephone exchange with about 180 posts and also a temporary intercity exchange for several lines to larger cities. The manual telephone exchange in the center with 8000 numbers, the long-distance and international exchange, the high-frequency systems, the automatic exchange \"Levov Most\" with 3000 numbers, \"Red Cross\" with 2500 numbers and the entire underground and above-ground cable and aerial network were severely damaged and put out of action. For a short time, along with the restoration of the telephone network, the long-distance telephone exchange, the manual telephone exchange, the half-destroyed ATC \"Levov Most\" came into operation. The new \"Red Cross\" exchange was installed, the installation of the \"Lozenets\" ATC and others were completed.
Following the end of World War II and the establishment of the People\'s Republic of Bulgaria the Ministry of Railways, Posts and Telegraphs of Bulgaria was dissolved and divided into two organizations: Ministry of Railways, Roads and Water Communications and Ministry of Posts, Telegraphs and Telephones which operated the postal system. From 1957 the Ministry of Post was merged back into the Ministry of Transport and Communications with postal administration and telecommunications administration operating under its jurisdiction. In 1981 the postal department and telecommunications department were united to form a state-owned company, the Bulgarian Post and Telecommunications (*Български пощи и далекосъобщения*. In 1992 following the demise of the communist regime and the establishment of modern Bulgaria, the regulatory part was given to the newly created lt=Committee for Post and Telecommunications, and the company itself split into two separate entities: the Bulgarian Posts took over postal activities with the telecommunication section being incorporated as a Bulgarian Telecommunications Company and was later privatized.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
- Radio broadcast stations: AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2001).
- Radio broadcast hours: 525,511 (2003).
- Television broadcast stations: 39 (2001).
- Television broadcast hours: 498,091 (2003).
## Telephony
- Main lines in use: 1.6 million (2015 est).
- Mobile cellular: 8.98 million lines (2016).
- Telephone system:
- *General assessment:* an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; quality has improved; the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company\'s fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 when alternative fixed-line operators were given access to its network; a drop in fixed-line connections in recent years has been more than offset by a sharp increase in mobile-cellular telephone use fostered by multiple service providers; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions now exceeds the population
- *Domestic:* a fairly modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions; the others are connected by digital microwave radio relay
- *International:* country code -- 359; submarine cable provides connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and North Macedonia; satellite earth stations -- 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2007).
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# Telecommunications in Bulgaria
## Internet
- Top-level domains: .bg and .бг (proposed, Cyrillic).
- Internet users:
- 4.1 million users (2016)
- 3.9 million users, 72nd in the world; 55.1% of the population, 74th in the world (2012);
- 3.4 million users, 63rd in the world (2009);
- 1.9 million users (2007).
- Fixed broadband: 1.2 million subscriptions, 52nd in the world; 17.6% of population, 53rd in the world (2012).
- Wireless broadband: 2.8 million, 55th in the world; 40.3% of the population, 41st in the world (2012).
- Internet hosts:
- 976,277 hosts, 47th in the world (2012);
- 513,470 (2008).
- IPv4: 4.2 million addresses allocated, 0.1% of the world total, 589.7 addresses per 1000 people, 51st in the world (2012)
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# Transport in Bulgaria
**Transport in Bulgaria** is dominated by road transport. As of 2024, the country had 879 kilometers of highways and another 117 km under construction. The total length of the network is almost 40,000 km, divided nearly in half between the national and the municipal road network. In addition, there are 57,000 km of streets. Buses play a significant role in long-distance public transport, coaches are operated by private companies. The capital Sofia has three major national bus terminals, the Central, the Western and the Southern Terminals.
The railway system is well-developed but the average speed is comparatively low; however, upgrading projects are underway. The Bulgarian State Railways (BDŽ) is the national railway company since 1879, but private freight operators are also present. The total length of the network reached 4,029 km, of which 995 km are doubled and 3001 km are electrified. With 74.4% of the railway network electrified, Bulgaria ranks fifth in Europe and among the first in the world. The Sofia Metro has four lines as of 2023.
Air traffic has been growing since the 2000s, which was facilitated by the modernisation of airports, as well as the implementation of new destinations and routes. The flag carrier is Bulgaria Air, but a number of private charter companies also exist, operating domestic and international flights. There are four international airports --- Vasil Levski Sofia Airport, Burgas Airport, Varna Airport and Plovdiv Airport, while the total number of airports is 111.
Ports along the Danube and the Black Sea are the most important concerning Bulgaria\'s water transport system. The two largest ones are the Port of Varna and the Port of Burgas.
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# Transport in Bulgaria
## Air transport {#air_transport}
After the second terminal of International Airport Sofia was built the total number of passengers for the country rose and reached 6,595,790 in 2008, and in April 2011 Airport Sofia serviced 282 694 passengers, 13% more than the same period of 2009, when the record was 250,000 passengers. In 2011 passenger traffic at Bulgaria\'s three major airports -- Sofia, Varna and Burgas -- grew up to near 10% on the year to 3.89 million in the first half of 2011, due to rise of customers using international routes and launch of new destinations. In 2014, Bulgarian airports served 7,728,612 passengers and handled 23,101 tons of goods.
In the past aviation compared with road and railroad transport used to be a minor mode of freight movement, and only 860,000 passengers used Bulgarian airlines in 2001. In 2013 Bulgaria had 68 airports, 57 of which had paved runways. Two airports, Vasil Levski Sofia Airport and Burgas Airport, had a runway longer than 3,000 meters, and there were four heliports. The second- and third-largest airports, Varna Airport and Burgas Airport, serve mainly charter flights and have regular domestic links with the capital. In the early 2000s, Sofia Airport received substantial renovation, with aid from a Kuwaiti-led consortium, in anticipation of increased air connections with Europe. A three-phase expansion was scheduled for completion in 2010. The communist-era state airline, Balkan Airlines, was replaced by Bulgaria Air, which was privatised in 2006. In 2004 Bulgaria Air transported 365,465 passengers to international destinations, including all major European cities, while in 2014 this number was at 897,422.
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# Transport in Bulgaria
## Railways
In 2005 Bulgaria had some 6,238 kilometers of open access track owned by the state company \"National Company Railway Infrastructure\", including a 125 kilometers long 760 mm narrow gauge railway -- the Septemvri-Dobrinishte narrow gauge line and 4,316 km were considered main lines. Sofia, Plovdiv and Gorna Oryahovitsa are the hubs of the domestic system and of international rail connections.
Bulgaria\'s rail system has not expanded since the 1980s, in 2014 there were 4,023 kilometers of main lines. There are upgrading projects underway. After the completion of the Plovdiv -- Dimitrovgrad high-speed line on July 1, 2012, the top operating speed was raised to 200 km/h and the national top speed record of 197 km/h set between Iskar and Elin Pelin with a leased Siemens Taurus electric locomotive is soon expected to be broken. There are also plans for upgrading for high speed operation and doubling (where needed) of the Plovdiv -- Burgas railway. By the end of 2013, a total of 461 km of high-speed lines were expected to be built.
In the mid-2000s, railways remained a major mode of freight transportation, but with increasing problems with the maintenance of the infrastructure and lowering speeds, highways carried a progressively larger share of freight. The national passenger and freight operator is called Bulgarian State Railways, but there are also a number of private operators including Bulgarian Railway Company and DB Schenker Rail Bulgaria.
In 2014 the Bulgarian railways carried 14,225,000 tons of freight and 21.3 million passengers in 2019.
### Sofia Metro {#sofia_metro}
In 1998 the first six kilometres of an often-interrupted 52 km standard gauge subway project (the Sofia Metro) opened in Sofia. Additional stations were later built, and in 2012 a second line opened. By April 2015 the total length was 36 km with 31 stations and Line 2 serving Sofia Airport. In 2016 the expansion of the network continued, as construction works on the third line commenced, and the system reached a total length of 40 km, with 35 stations along its two lines. In 2021, the metro was expanded to 52 km total length with 47 stations on 4 lines. Further expansions are expected in the period 2021--2027.
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# Transport in Bulgaria
## Road transport {#road_transport}
Bulgaria has nearly 40,000 kilometers of roads, of which 19,968 km form the national road network and another 19,500 km are part of the municipal network. 879 kilometers of high-speed highways were in service in 2024. Over 98% of all national roads are paved. Roads have overtaken the railroads as the chief mode of freight transportation.
Long-term plans call for upgrading higher-quality roads and integrating the road system into the European grid. The focus is on improving road connectors with the neighbouring countries and domestic connections linking major cities, such as Sofia, Plovdiv, Burgas, Varna and Ruse. Bulgaria has delayed building some key highway connections since the 1990s, but European Union membership is a strong incentive for completion. A 114-kilometer link between eastern Bulgaria and the Turkish border is scheduled for completion in 2013. As of 2004, two international highways passed through Bulgaria, and a major highway ran from Sofia to the Black Sea coast. Proposed international corridors would pass from north to south, from Vidin to the border with Greece and from Ruse to the border with Greece, and west to east, from Serbia through Sofia to Burgas, Varna, and Edirne (Turkey). The Vidin-Calafat bridge was completed in 2013, relieving road and railroad traffic to Romania.
### Motorways and expressways {#motorways_and_expressways}
*Main article: Highways in Bulgaria*
- Trakia motorway -- Sofia -- Plovdiv -- Stara Zagora -- Yambol -- Karnobat -- Burgas *(completed)*
- Hemus motorway -- Sofia -- Yablanitsa -- Shumen -- Varna *(Yablanitsa to Shumen remaining)*
- Struma motorway -- Sofia -- Pernik -- Blagoevgrad -- Kulata (Greece) *(under construction)*
- Maritsa motorway -- Chirpan to Kapitan Andreevo (Turkey) *(*completed*)*
- Cherno More motorway -- Varna to Burgas *(planned)*
- Europe motorway -- Sofia -- Kalotina (Serbia) *(under construction)*
- Veliko Tarnovo--Ruse motorway Veliko Tarnovo -- Rousse (Romania) *(planned)*
### Major roads {#major_roads}
- I-1 road
- I-2 road
- I-3 road
- I-4 road
- I-5 road
- I-6 road
- I-7 road
- I-8 road
- I-9 road
- Sofia Ring Road
### Long-distance public transport {#long_distance_public_transport}
Buses are frequently used in Bulgaria for long-distance travel. Long-distance coaches depart from Sofia from the Central, West and South Bus Stations, international routes are served by the Serdika Station. Besides public buses, coaches are also operated by private companies, like Union-Ivkoni, Biomet or Etap-Grup. Tickets can be purchased at the offices of these companies, at stations and from the bus driver. Some companies offer online booking. There are numerous international destinations to a number of European countries, as well as Turkey. Share taxis called *marshrutka* operate in Sofia, and in the countryside between smaller settlements.
## Waterways
- 470 km (2006) along the 2,300 km long Pan-European corridor VII along the Danube River. Other smaller rivers, as Kamchiya and Ropotamo, are navigable only for recreational uses.
## Pipelines
In 2005, Bulgaria had 2,425 kilometers of natural gas pipelines, 339 kilometers of oil pipelines, and 156 kilometers of pipelines for refined products. The pipeline system was scheduled for substantial changes and additions, however. The 279-kilometer Burgas-Alexandroupolis Pipeline, still under negotiation among Bulgaria, Greece, and Russia in 2006, would provide a bypass of the overloaded Bosporus Strait. The line would enable Russian oil arriving at the Bulgarian oil port of Burgas to reach Greece\'s Mediterranean port at Alexandroupolis. A 900-kilometer U.S.- financed alternate route, known as the AMBO pipeline, would bring oil from Burgas across Bulgaria and North Macedonia to the Albanian port of Vlore on the Adriatic Sea, bypassing both the Bosporus and Greece. As of October 2006, approval of both pipelines was expected.`{{Update after|2010|11|13}}`{=mediawiki} With international investment, Bulgaria began constructing a new domestic gas transportation network beginning in 2005. The Russian Gazprom company planned a gas pipeline from Dimitrovgrad in eastern Bulgaria across Serbia, reaching the Adriatic Sea in Croatia. Some 400 kilometers of the planned Nabucco Pipeline, bringing gas from Azerbaijan and Iran to Central Europe, were to cross Bulgaria sometime before 2011.
## Ports and harbours {#ports_and_harbours}
### River ports {#river_ports}
Lom, Nikopol, Oryahovo, Ruse, Silistra, Svishtov, Tutrakan, Vidin are river ports on the Danube river.
### Sea ports {#sea_ports}
**Sea ports**
Ahtopol, Balchik, Burgas, Nesebar, Pomorie, Sozopol, Tsarevo, Varna
**Container terminals**
The major and largest ports with international significance are Varna and Burgas.
**Yacht ports**
Balchik, Burgas, Byala, Golden Sands, Nesebar, Sozopol, Sveti Vlas, Varna
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# Transport in Bulgaria
## Merchant marine {#merchant_marine}
- **total**: 31 ships
**ships by type**:
- bulk carrier: 31 ships grouped by volume of 24,000 -- 13,000 DWT, 35,000 -- 25,000 DWT and 43,000 -- 36,000 DWT
## Urban transport {#urban_transport}
While most urban and suburban transport in Bulgaria is composed of buses (using an increasing number of CNG vehicles), around a dozen cities also have trolley bus networks. The capital Sofia also has a tram and an underground network
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# Geography of Burkina Faso
`{{MapLibrary|Burkina_sat.png|Burkina Faso}}`{=mediawiki}
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) is a landlocked Sahel country that shares borders with six nations. It lies between the Sahara desert and the Gulf of Guinea, south of the loop of the Niger River, mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E. The land is green in the south, with forests and fruit trees, and semi-arid in the north. Most of central Burkina Faso lies on a savanna plateau, 198 - above sea level, with fields, brush, and scattered trees. Burkina Faso\'s game preserves -- the most important of which are Arly, Nazinga, and W National Park---contain lions, elephants, hippopotamus, monkeys, common warthogs, and antelopes. Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, *Lycaon pictus* occurred in Burkina Faso, but, although the last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated from Burkina Faso.
## Area
Burkina Faso has a total area of 274,200 sqkm, of which 273,800 sqkm is land and 400 sqkm water. Comparatively, it is slightly larger than New Zealand and Colorado. Its borders total 3,611 km: Benin 386 km, Ivory Coast 545 km, Ghana 602 km, Mali 1,325 km, Niger 622 km, and Togo 131 km. It has no coastline or maritime claims.
### Extreme points {#extreme_points}
This is a list of the extreme points of Burkina Faso, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
- Northernmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Mali, Sahel Region
- Easternmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Benin immediately south of the Burkina Faso-Benin-Niger tripoint, Est Region
- Southernmost point -- unnamed location on the border with Ivory Coast immediately south of the village of Kpuere, Sud-Ouest Region
- Westernmost point -- the tripoint with Mali and Ivory Coast, Cascades Region
## Terrain
It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstone massif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 m. The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m. Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. Its elevation extremes are a lowest point at the Mouhoun (Black Volta) River (200 m) and highest point at Tena Kourou (749 m).
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
The country is divided into 13 administrative regions. These regions encompass 45 provinces and 351 departments.
## Hydrography
The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or Mouhoun), the White Volta (Nakambé) and the Red Volta (Nazinon). The Black Volta is one of the country\'s only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country\'s surface.
The Niger\'s tributaries -- the Béli, the Gorouol, the Goudébo and the Dargol -- are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six months a year. They still, however, can cause large floods. The country also contains numerous lakes -- the principal ones are Tingrela, Bam and Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli and Markoye. Water shortages are often a problem, especially in the north of the country.
## Climate
Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 600 and 900 millimetres (23.6 and 35.4 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, the harmattan -- a hot dry wind from the Sahara -- blows. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, May/June to September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 mm of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5 --.
A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South. Situated between 11°3\' and 13°5\' north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 900 mm of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures
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# Demographics of Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso\'s {{#expr:`{{replace|{{UN_Population|Burkina Faso}}|,||}}`{=mediawiki}/1e6 round 1}} million people belong to two major West African cultural groups: the Gur (Voltaic) and the Mandé. The Voltaic are far more numerous and include the Mossi, who make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso and established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi are still bound by the traditions of the Mogho Naba, who hold court in Ouagadougou.
Most of Burkina Faso\'s population is concentrated in the south and center of the country, with a population density sometimes exceeding 48 PD/km2. This population density, high for Africa, causes annual migrations of hundreds of thousands of Burkinabé to Ivory Coast and Ghana for seasonal agricultural work. About a third of Burkinabé adhere to traditional African religions. The introduction of Islam to Burkina Faso was initially resisted by the Mossi rulers. Christians, predominantly Roman Catholics, are largely concentrated among the urban elite.
Few Burkinabé have had formal education. Schooling is free but not compulsory, and only about 29% of Burkina\'s primary school-age children receive a basic education. The University of Ouagadougou, founded in 1974, was the country\'s first institution of higher education. The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso in Bobo-Dioulasso was opened in 1995.
## Population
Burkina Faso has a young age structure -- the result of declining mortality combined with steady high fertility -- and continues to experience rapid population growth, which is putting increasing pressure on the country\'s limited arable land. More than 65% of the population is under the age of 25, and the population is growing at 3% annually. Mortality rates, especially those of infants and children, have decreased because of improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation, but women continue to have an average of almost 6 children. Even if fertility were substantially reduced, today\'s large cohort entering their reproductive years would sustain high population growth for the foreseeable future. Only about a third of the population is literate and unemployment is widespread, dampening the economic prospects of Burkina Faso\'s large working-age population.
According to the United Nations\' Population Division, the population was 20,903,000 in 2020, compared to only 4,284,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 44.4%, 53.2% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.4% was 65 years or older.
Total population Population aged 0--14 (%) Population aged 15--64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
------ ------------------ --------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------
1950 4 284 000 40.7 57.3 2.0
1955 4 517 000 41.0 56.9 2.2
1960 4 829 000 41.3 56.3 2.3
1965 5 175 000 42.2 55.2 2.5
1970 5 625 000 43.3 53.9 2.8
1975 6 155 000 44.2 52.8 3.0
1980 6 823 000 45.6 51.2 3.2
1985 7 728 000 46.7 50.0 3.3
1990 8 811 000 47.3 49.5 3.3
1995 10 090 000 47.1 49.8 3.1
2000 11 608 000 46.8 50.5 2.8
2005 13 422 000 46.5 50.9 2.6
2010 15 605 000 46.2 51.3 2.5
2015 18 111 000 45.6 52.0 2.4
2020 20 903 000 44.4 53.2 2.4
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (1.VII.2021) (Data refer to national projections.):
Age Group Male Female Total \%
----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------
Total 10 393 241 11 116 202 21 509 443 100
0--4 1 971 908 1 860 417 3 832 325 17.82
5--9 1 646 122 1 589 070 3 235 192 15.04
10--14 1 367 531 1 390 910 2 758 441 12.82
15--19 1 122 566 1 204 719 2 327 285 10.82
20--24 908 843 1 033 776 1 942 619 9.03
25--29 730 372 884 547 1 614 919 7.51
30--34 588 794 728 172 1 316 966 6.12
35--39 468 316 586 269 1 054 585 4.90
40--44 372 345 466 984 839 329 3.90
45--49 300 835 370 491 671 326 3.12
50--54 248 194 293 790 541 984 2.52
55--59 194 917 224 363 419 280 1.95
60--64 149 409 164 492 313 901 1.46
65--69 112 992 120 551 233 543 1.09
70--74 83 974 84 008 167 982 0.78
75--79 60 706 51 775 112 481 0.52
80+ 65 417 61 868 127 285 0.59
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0--14 4 985 561 4 840 397 9 825 958 45.68
15--64 5 084 591 5 957 603 11 042 194 51.34
65+ 323 089 318 202 641 291 2.98
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# Demographics of Burkina Faso
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
Registration of vital events is not complete in Burkina Faso. The website Our World in Data prepared the following estimates based on statistics from the Population Department of the United Nations.
Mid-year population (thousands) Live births (thousands) Deaths (thousands) Natural change (thousands) Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
------ --------------------------------- ------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------
1950 4 214 184 119 65 43.5 28.2 15.3 5.82 170.1 33.12
1951 4 262 188 119 68 43.9 27.9 16.0 5.87 168.9 33.38
1952 4 313 192 121 71 44.3 27.9 16.4 5.93 167.8 33.55
1953 4 364 195 121 74 44.6 27.8 16.9 5.98 166.6 33.85
1954 4 417 199 123 76 44.9 27.7 17.2 6.01 165.2 34.13
1955 4 473 202 124 79 45.1 27.6 17.6 6.06 163.8 34.45
1956 4 531 206 125 81 45.4 27.5 17.8 6.09 162.3 34.67
1957 4 591 210 126 83 45.5 27.4 18.1 6.13 160.8 34.97
1958 4 652 214 128 86 45.8 27.3 18.5 6.17 159.3 35.26
1959 4 715 218 128 89 46.1 27.2 18.9 6.22 157.7 35.61
1960 4 783 222 130 92 46.3 27.1 19.2 6.25 156.2 35.87
1961 4 853 226 131 95 46.5 26.9 19.6 6.29 154.8 36.24
1962 4 924 231 132 99 46.7 26.7 20.0 6.32 153.5 36.67
1963 4 999 235 133 102 46.9 26.5 20.4 6.36 152.4 36.97
1964 5 076 240 134 106 47.2 26.4 20.8 6.42 151.2 37.25
1965 5 158 245 135 110 47.3 26.1 21.2 6.47 150.1 37.69
1966 5 243 249 137 113 47.5 26.0 21.5 6.53 149.1 37.92
1967 5 331 254 138 117 47.6 25.8 21.8 6.59 148.2 38.29
1968 5 422 260 139 120 47.8 25.6 22.1 6.65 147.3 38.53
1969 5 516 263 140 123 47.6 25.4 22.2 6.66 146.6 38.86
1970 5 612 268 141 126 47.6 25.1 22.4 6.69 145.4 39.24
1971 5 708 272 142 129 47.5 24.9 22.6 6.70 144.4 39.56
1972 5 805 276 142 134 47.5 24.5 23.0 6.72 142.6 40.05
1973 5 908 282 143 139 47.6 24.1 23.5 6.77 140.4 40.55
1974 6 018 288 141 147 47.7 23.4 24.3 6.84 137.3 41.35
1975 6 138 295 140 155 47.9 22.7 25.2 6.91 133.6 42.31
1976 6 270 302 138 164 48.1 22.0 26.1 6.95 129.6 43.25
1977 6 417 312 137 175 48.5 21.4 27.2 7.05 125.7 44.15
1978 6 578 323 137 186 49.0 20.7 28.3 7.15 122.1 45.07
1979 6 750 333 136 196 49.2 20.2 29.0 7.19 119.0 45.90
1980 6 933 341 137 204 49.1 19.8 29.4 7.22 116.3 46.54
1981 7 124 350 139 211 49.1 19.5 29.5 7.26 114.4 46.87
1982 7 322 358 139 219 48.9 19.0 29.9 7.25 112.1 47.60
1983 7 531 367 140 227 48.7 18.6 30.1 7.25 110.3 48.09
1984 7 751 379 141 238 48.8 18.2 30.6 7.25 108.5 48.64
1985 7 979 390 143 247 48.9 17.9 30.9 7.24 106.7 48.95
1986 8 208 398 146 252 48.5 17.8 30.7 7.22 104.8 49.01
1987 8 435 406 149 257 48.0 17.7 30.4 7.17 103.1 49.06
1988 8 664 412 152 260 47.5 17.5 30.0 7.11 101.7 49.13
1989 8 895 419 155 265 47.1 17.3 29.7 7.05 100.8 49.17
1990 9 131 429 156 272 46.8 17.1 29.8 7.01 100.2 49.44
1991 9 365 438 160 279 46.7 17.0 29.7 6.97 100.0 49.45
1992 9 599 447 163 284 46.4 16.9 29.5 6.94 99.8 49.44
1993 9 840 455 167 288 46.2 17.0 29.2 6.89 99.7 49.21
1994 10 091 466 170 296 46.1 16.8 29.3 6.84 99.3 49.31
1995 10 353 478 173 305 46.0 16.7 29.4 6.81 98.7 49.45
1996 10 621 490 175 314 46.0 16.5 29.5 6.78 97.6 49.61
1997 10 897 500 180 319 45.8 16.5 29.3 6.72 96.8 49.40
1998 11 201 510 180 331 45.5 16.0 29.5 6.66 95.0 49.99
1999 11 534 523 181 342 45.3 15.7 29.6 6.59 93.6 50.33
2000 11 883 537 182 355 45.2 15.3 29.9 6.52 92.1 50.85
2001 12 250 549 185 364 44.8 15.1 29.7 6.43 90.4 51.07
2002 12 632 561 187 374 44.5 14.8 29.6 6.34 88.8 51.27
2003 13 031 579 188 391 44.5 14.4 30.0 6.28 86.7 51.79
2004 13 446 595 188 407 44.2 14.0 30.3 6.22 84.1 52.42
2005 13 876 614 187 426 44.2 13.5 30.7 6.18 81.3 53.09
2006 14 316 636 187 448 44.4 13.1 31.3 6.17 78.6 53.74
2007 14 757 652 187 466 44.2 12.6 31.5 6.11 75.8 54.38
2008 15 198 668 183 485 43.9 12.0 31.9 6.05 72.7 55.34
2009 15 650 682 182 500 43.5 11.6 31.9 5.99 70.2 55.96
2010 16 117 697 182 516 43.2 11.3 32.0 5.94 67.8 56.48
2011 16 603 712 180 531 42.8 10.8 32.0 5.87 65.5 57.13
2012 17 114 725 180 545 42.3 10.5 31.8 5.79 63.6 57.62
2013 17 636 736 182 554 41.7 10.3 31.4 5.70 61.8 57.82
2014 18 170 745 181 564 41.0 10.0 31.0 5.60 60.0 58.36
2015 18 718 751 180 570 40.1 9.6 30.5 5.48 58.3 58.85
2016 19 275 751 180 572 39.0 9.3 29.7 5.32 56.7 59.33
2017 19 836 752 181 571 37.9 9.1 28.8 5.16 55.0 59.54
2018 20 393 761 180 581 37.3 8.8 28.5 5.07 53.5 60.05
2019 20 962 720 180 540 34.3 8.6 25.8 4.68 58.7 60.2
2020 21 479 703 179 524 32.7 8.3 24.4 4.44 57.0 60,5
2021 21 995 713 186 527 32.4 8.4 24.0 4.36 55.3 60.0
2022 22 509 721 183 538 32.0 8.1 23.9 4.28 53.8 60.7
2023 23 026 729 183 545 31.6 8.0 23.7 4.28 52.3 61.1
### Demographic and Health Surveys {#demographic_and_health_surveys}
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
---------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
1993 43.0 6.9 (6.0) 39.0 5.0 (3.9) 43.0 7.3 (6.5)
1998--99 45.1 6.8 (6.0) 32.6 4.1 (3.4) 47.0 7.3 (6.5)
2003 42.6 6.2 (5.4) 32.4 3.7 (3.2) 44.5 6.9 (6.0)
2010 41.2 6.0 (5.2) 33.3 3.9 (3.3) 43.3 6.7 (5.9)
2014 38.6 5.5 33.6 4.0 40.2 6.1
2017-18 35.1 5.2 30.9 3.7 36.1 5.6
2021 30.7 4.4 (4.2) 28.4 3.4 (3.3) 31.6 4.9 (4.6)
Fertility data as of 2013 (DHS Program):
Region Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40--49
------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
Centre 3.7 6.8 5.3
Boucle du Mouhoun 6.8 10.8 7.1
Cascades 6.0 10.4 7.0
Centre-Est 6.3 8.1 6.6
Centre-Nord 6.7 10.7 7.1
Centre-Ouest 6.4 10.4 7.1
Centre-Sud 5.6 9.4 6.8
Est 7.5 15.0 7.9
Hauts Bassins 5.2 9.3 5.9
Nord 6.2 10.3 7.0
Plateau Central 5.8 9.4 6.8
Sahel 7.5 12.9 7.6
Sud-ouest 6.4 10.8 7.1
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# Demographics of Burkina Faso
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
### Life expectancy at birth {#life_expectancy_at_birth}
: total population: 63.44 years
: male: 61.63 years
: female: 65.31 years (2022 est.)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Total population: 63.06 years
: Male: 61.28 years
: Female: 64.89 years (2021 est.)
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# Demographics of Burkina Faso
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
: Mossi 53.7%, Fulani (Peuhl) 6.8%, Gurunsi 5.9%, Bissa 5.4%, Gurma 5.2%, Bobo 3.4%, Senufo 2.2%, Bissa 1.5%, Lobi 1.5%, Tuareg/Bella 0.1%, other 12.8%, foreign 0.7% (2021 est.)
## Languages
: French(official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
## Religion
: Islam 61.5%, Roman Catholic 23.3%, Traditional/Animist 7.8%, Protestant 6.5%, Other/No Answer 0.2%, None 0.7% (2010 est
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
According to the 1991 Constitution of Burkina Faso, the **politics of Burkina Faso** take place in the form of a semi-presidential republic, with powers separated between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President of Burkina Faso, who has historically established the majority of Burkinabé policy, is the head of state. Also under the executive branch is a prime minister and a cabinet, the Council of Ministers. The president-appointed Prime Minister of Burkina Faso is the head of government under a multi-party system.
The legislative branch includes a unicameral parliament, the National Assembly, which passes laws and monitors government actions. The judicial branch includes at its base Tribunals of First Instance, then Courts of Appeal, and at the top the Supreme Court with four chambers---constitutional, administrative, judicial, and financial. This branch is the weakest and least-independent in Burkina Faso because of inadequate human, budgetary, and logistical resources in addition to the president, as the President of the High Council of the Magistracy, having power over key appointments.
Throughout Burkina Faso\'s history, the military has played an integral role in politics, and the country is currently under Ibrahim Traoré, a military captain. The Burkinabé government has experienced 11 successful military coups d\'état because of weak civilian institutions, insecurity, and widespread frustration with ineffective governance. After coups and during transition periods, the Constitution is largely ignored, giving unchecked authority to the head of state. After an internal coup ousted Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, the previous military head of state, a new transitional charter was adopted that named Traoré the transitional president. The coup was primarily orchestrated because Damiba ineffectively handled rising jihadist influence and attacks, which have killed thousands and displaced more than two million.
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
## Burkina Faso under Ibrahim Traoré {#burkina_faso_under_ibrahim_traoré}
As the leader of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR), Ibrahim Traoré has proven himself to be a controversial yet serious leader. He has been the interim president of Burkina Faso since September 2022. Similar to previous military leaders, Traoré has maintained popular support by utilizing nationalist rhetoric and by growing Burkina Faso\'s economy; the country\'s GDP has grown from \$18.8 billion to \$22.1 billion under him. Traoré has made steps toward curbing jihadist intrusion by significantly increasing the membership of the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) by nearly 100,000 members.
Traoré is a strong verbal opponent of neocolonialism and Western domination and has sought economic self-sufficiency in Burkina Faso, prioritizing agricultural and industrial reforms. He has shifted Burkinabé foreign policy. The country no longer receives economic and military support from former colonizer France, who previously sent large amounts of foreign aid and maintained a large military presence in Burkina Faso. Instead, Traoré has furthered an alliance with Russia.
Ibrahim Traoré has received much criticism internationally and from some Burkinabé, largely because of his disregard for the democratic principles outlined in Burkina Faso\'s Constitution. When Traoré became the interim president in September 2022 following the coup of Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba, a transition phase was in effect. In July 2024, elections were supposed to be held to form a civilian government, but Traoré announced that his government would extend the transition by 60 months.
Traoré has suppressed speech by media organizations, trade unions, and civil society groups. This has primary been done to individuals and groups critical of his military rule and coups in the Sahel as well as those critical of the Burkinabé army and its abuses against civilians. Burkinabé media organizations---like Radio Oméga, Burkina Faso\'s most important independent radio station---that have platformed these individuals and groups have faced temporary suspensions. Individuals strongly opposed to Traoré have been abducted and conscripted to the state security forces and the VDP. Despite Traoré not upholding Burkina Faso\'s Constitution, he is popular among Burkinabé, especially from youth and nationalists.
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
## Post-colonial political history {#post_colonial_political_history}
Burkina Faso (then Upper Volta) became formally independent from French rule in 1960. Maurice Yaméogo, who was elected president in December 1959, presided over Burkina Faso\'s newly independent government. The country was under a unitary constitution, with power centralized in the national government. Despite Yaméogo being an anti-colonial leader, he did not make significant strides towards alleviating the political, social, and economic legacies of colonialism.
Minimal modifications were made to the state structures that remained from the colonial state. Yaméogo attempted to make Burkina Faso a one-party state under the Voltatic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally (UDV-RDA), which is what caused his eventual fall from power. After years of austerity and nepotistic political appointments, civilians wanted Yaméogo to be replaced.
While strength in opposition to Yaméogo grew, so did the Burkinabé military: the end to French occupation brought increasing national autonomy, which included military autonomy. The military positioned itself as a neutral force in the midst of political unrest. The army grew as an autonomous unit after Yaméogo rejected French support for it, in turn causing the army to develop as a nationally oriented institution.
Many members of the army were veterans of colonial wars who experienced repression under French rule. By 1966, when protests erupted over austerity and repression, the army, and especially Lieutenant-Colonel Sangoulé Lamizana, refused to suppress demonstrations and supported civilian opposition to Yaméogo. Lamizana arrested Yaméogo in a coup d\'état, declaring himself the head of state in 1966 with widespread support from Burkinabé.
Sangoulé Lamizana was the first of many coup leaders in Burkina Faso to successfully gain power. Because Yaméogo was despised throughout Burkina Faso, Lamizana made the military popular. He played an integral role in establishing military culture in Burkina Faso by promoting it as a stabilizing and unifying force. Lamizana suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly, eventually replacing the constitution and attempting to shift to civilian rule in 1970.
A civilian government was elected, but after a power struggle ensued between Speaker of the Parliament Joseph Ouédraogo and Prime Minister Gérard Kango Ouédraogo, Lamizana re-established military rule. Throughout Lamizana\'s rule, he would temporarily allow limited political activity but eventually suppress this activity when he deemed it to be getting out of hand. His most prominent opponents were French-educated left-wing intellectuals and trade union organizers, but his eventual demise came as a result of another military coup.
As a response to the Lamizana government\'s continued failure to deal with strikes and food shortages, Saye Zerbo, who was a trained military leader, mounted a coup in 1980 that overthrew Lamizana. Zerbo eradicated the constitution enacted by Lamizana and instead ruled through a thirty-one-member Military Committee for Recovering National Progress (CMRPN). The military committee included future presidents Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré, showing how the political leadership of Burkina Faso has historically been influenced by military connections. Similar to previous Burkinabé heads of state, Zerbo\'s administration was corrupt and did not provide social improvements for the people of Burkina Faso. Zerbo was accused of embezzling £28 million (well over US\$100 million in current inflation-adjusted value) from government funds.
A coup orchestrated by the Conseil de Salut du People (CSP), led by Colonel Gabriel Yoryan Somé, overthrew the Saye Zerbo regime and appointed Surgeon Major Jean Baptiste Ouédraogo the head of state. Ouédraogo later appointed Thomas Sankara prime minister in January 1983. Mere months later, in May 1983, President Ouédraogo removed pro-Libyan and anti-French elements from the Burkinabé government and disbanded the CSP. This greatly upset radicals in Burkina Faso, leading to his regime to be overthrown in August by the National Council for the Revolution (CNR). He was replaced by his former prime minister, Thomas Sankara.
Thomas Sankara\'s revolutionary ideas were widely popular in the years leading up to his rule, especially among students and the military. It was under Sankara that the country\'s name changed from \"Upper Volta\" to \"Burkina Faso,\" meaning \"land of the proud and honest people.\" Largely beginning in 1975, Sankara and other officers, including future president and then close ally of Sankara\'s Blaise Compaoré, stayed in close contact with leftist civilians. Sankara, Compaoré, and other important revolutionary figures in Burkinabé politics secretly attended meetings of leftist coalitions, notably including the African Independence Party (PAI), Union of Communist Struggles (ULC), and Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party.
They appealed to the public, attending these meetings in civilian clothes. A network of revolutionary organizing laid the foundation for the 1983 coup of Ouédraogo. Sankara emphasized breaking from neo-colonial dependencies, especially from France, and rooting out corruption that had plagued the Burkinabé government since its independence. He and the CNR created and orchestrated Revolutionary Popular Tribunals (TPRs), which were broadcast and convicted over 100 members of previous regimes of corruption. In addition, the Sankara government implemented environmental restoration initiatives and catalyzed popular support from Burkina Faso\'s 95% rural population by investing in widespread small development initiatives.
Even though there was much initial enthusiasm surrounding Thomas Sankara\'s presidency, positive sentiments eventually faded after his government participated in political repression. This repression largely came from members of the CNR and not Sankara himself. While many of the CNR\'s initiatives found support from the Burkinabé people, some resentment and outright resistance was expressed. CNR officials responded to this with coercion and excessive repression.
Political repression under his government was also exhibited through the way his Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs) operated. While they initially played a large role in mobilizing revolutionary sentiment before and after Sankara was elected, the actions of many CDRs were corrupt and spread violence. Many repeated abuses were carried out by CDR militants, who were often armed. While unmasking corrupt state functionaries, they participated in corruption themselves by embezzling funds and breaking into homes to collect what they called \"taxes\" and \"contributions.\"
However, Sankara did press CDRs to operate in a just and respectable manner and tried leveling out corruption within his own government. This created friction within governmental leadership, especially with Blaise Compaoré. Sankara refused to combine existing Marxist groups into a single ruling party out of fear of creating an elitist government, which was viewed as weak by Compaoré and allies. This set the stage for the 1987 coup in which Sankara was assassinated and former ally Compaoré was appointed president.
In 1990, the Popular Front held its first National Congress, which formed a committee to draft a national constitution. The constitution was approved by referendum in 1991. In 1992, Blaise Compaoré was elected president, running unopposed after the opposition boycotted the election because of Compaoré\'s refusal to accede to demands of the opposition such as a Sovereign National Conference to set modalities. The opposition did participate in the following year\'s legislative elections, in which the ODP/MT won a majority of the seats contested for. The government of the Fourth Republic includes a strong presidency, a prime minister, a Council of Ministers presided over by the president, a National Assembly, and the judiciary. The legislature and judiciary are independent but remain susceptible to outside influence.
In 1995, Burkina held its first multiparty municipal elections since it gained independence. The president\'s ODP/MT won over 1,100 of some 1,700 councilor seats being contested. In February 1996, the ruling ODP/MT merged with several small opposition parties to form the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). This effectively co-opted much of what little viable opposition to Compaoré existed. The remaining opposition parties regrouped in preparation for 1997 legislative elections and the 1998 presidential election. The 1997 legislative elections, which international observers pronounced to be substantially free, fair, and transparent, resulted in a large CDP majority---101 to 111 seats.
In January 2022 a coup d\'état took place, and the military announced on television that Kaboré had been deposed from his position as president. After the announcement, the military declared that the parliament, government, and constitution had been dissolved. On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba as interim president. A few months later, On 30 September 2022, Damiba was himself ousted by Ibrahim Traoré, his military colleague. President Damiba resigned and left the country. On 6 October 2022, Captain Ibrahim Traore was officially appointed as president of Burkina Faso.
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
## Government
### Executive branch {#executive_branch}
\|President \|Ibrahim Traoré \|Military \|30 September 2022 \|- \|Prime Minister \|Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla \|*None* \|21 October 2022 \|}
The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and may serve up to two terms. The prime minister is appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature. The constitution of 2 June 1991, established a semi-presidential government with a parliament (*Assemblée*) which can be dissolved by the President of the Republic, who is elected for a term of 5 years.
The year 2000 saw a constitutional amendment reducing the presidential term from seven to five years, which was enforced during the 2005 elections. Another change according to the amendment would have prevented sitting president Blaise Compaoré from being re-elected. However, notwithstanding a challenge by other presidential candidates, in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that because Compaoré was already a sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office, thereby clearing the way for his candidacy in the 2005 election. On 13 November Compaoré was reelected in a landslide due to a divided political opposition.
In 2010, Compaoré was once again re-elected, and the term limit requirement was held to not apply to him. A proposed constitutional amendment in 2014 would have permitted him to run again, but public resistance led to the 2014 Burkinabé uprising, and Compaoré resigned on 31 October 2014. A transitional government headed by President Michel Kafando and Prime Minister Isaac Zida took power for a one-year mandate. Elections were to have been held in October 2015, but members of the Regiment of Presidential Security launched a coup on 16 September 2015, detaining President Kafando and Prime Minister Zida. RSP commander Gilbert Diendéré named himself the head of the new military junta, but popular resistance, backed by army and gendarmerie forces not aligned with the RSP, forced his resignation and the restoration of the transitional government a week later.
#### Council of Ministers {#council_of_ministers}
The Burkinabé Council of Ministers nominated on 5 March 2022 included prime minister Albert Ouédraogo and 25 ministers.
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
## Government
### Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
According to the constitution, the Parliament votes on the law, consents to taxation, and controls the actions of the government under provisions of the constitution. The Parliament, which is made up of the National Assembly and Senate, meets each year in two ordinary sessions, each of which may not exceed ninety days. The first session opens on the first Wednesday of March and the second the last Wednesday of September. If either of these days lands on a holiday, the session opens the next first working day. Each chamber of Parliament meets in extraordinary session on request of the President, demand of the Prime Minister, or of an absolute majority of half of the Deputies or Senators on a specific agenda and closes at the completion of said agenda.
The National Assembly (*Assemblée Nationale*) has 111 members, named Deputies, and are elected for a five-year term by proportional representation.
The Senate, as described in the Constitution of Burkina Faso, would consist of representatives from local government divisions, customary and religious authorities, workers, employers, Burkinabé abroad and people appointed by the President of Burkina Faso and serve a term of six years. The constitution requires that anyone elected or appointed must be 45 years old by the day of the ballot.
In May 2013, then-President Compaoré announced the establishment of a new Senate with 89 members, 29 of which would be selected by the president themselves, and the rest appointed by local officials. With Senate elections being held in July 2013, government opposition groups warned against a legislative body with a majority of handpicked sympathizers by the president. Compaoré was successful in appointing 1/3rd of the Senate, prompting protesters rallying in the streets of Bobo-Dioulasso and the capital Ouagadougou to protest the establishment of the Senate, which has since been postponed.
The Presidents of both the Senate and National Assembly are elected for the duration of the legislator by an absolute majority of half the chamber in the first round of voting, or a simple majority in the second round. Their functions can be terminated during the course of a legislature at the demand of two-fifths and a vote of the absolute majority of the members of the Assembly. In the case of vacancy of the presidency of either chamber of Parliament by death, resignation, or other reason, said chamber elects a new president by the same method. Each chamber has financial autonomy, with the President of the said chamber managing the credits allocated to them for the functioning of the chamber, but with a vote of the absolute majority, the chamber can dismiss the President for incompetence in managing finances.
Unless discovered *in flagrante delicto*, any member of Parliament can only be prosecuted or arrested in a penal or criminal matter with the authorization of at least one-third members of the chamber which they reside.
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# Politics of Burkina Faso
## Political parties and elections {#political_parties_and_elections}
- 2020 Burkinabé general election
## Political pressure groups {#political_pressure_groups}
Burkinabé General Confederation of Labor (CGTB); Burkinabé Movement for Human Rights (HBDHP); Group of 14 February; National Confederation of Burkinabé Workers (CNTB); National Organization of Free Unions (ONSL); watchdog/political action groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Burkina Faso is divided into 13 regions and 45 provinces:
Regions:
- Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, Sud-Ouest
Provinces:
- Balé, Bam, Banwa, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Comoé, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Ioba, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komondjari, Kompienga, Kossi, Koulpelogo, Kouritenga, Kourweogo, Leraba, Loroum, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Nahouri, Nayala, Noumbiel, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga, Séno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Tuy, Yagha, Yatenga, Ziro, Zondoma, Zoundweogo
## International organization participation {#international_organization_participation}
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ITUC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTOO, WTrO.
## International relationships {#international_relationships}
The ambassador of Burkina Faso to Canada is Juliette Bonkoungou.
The ambassador of Burkina Faso to Mexico is Jonathan Hodgson.
The former ambassador of Burkina Faso to the United States was Tertius Zongo, he left his post when appointed Prime Minister in July 2007; the US Ambassador to Burkina Faso is Andrew Robert Young
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# Telecommunications in Burkina Faso
**Telecommunications in Burkina Faso** include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
The telephony market in Burkina Faso is still relatively underdeveloped. Although mobile penetration is just over 100%, it is still below the African average. Fixed-line telephony and internet connections are very low, due in large part to poor network infrastructure. The government has a number of policies intended to improve the levels of investment and usage of networks but the impact of the SARS-Cov2 pandemic has hampered such efforts.
Radio is the country\'s most popular communications medium. Use of telecommunications in Burkina Faso are extremely low, limited due to the low penetration of electricity, even in major cities. There were just 141,400 fixed line phones in use in 2012, in a country with a population of 17.4 million. Use of mobile phones has skyrocketed from 1.0 million lines in 2006 to 10 million in 2012. Internet use is also low, with only 3.7 users per 100 inhabitants in 2012, just over 643,000 users total. The Internet penetration rate in Africa as a whole was 16 users per 100 inhabitants in 2013.
## Regulation and control {#regulation_and_control}
The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice.
All media are under the administrative and technical supervision of the Ministry of Communications, which is responsible for developing and implementing government policy on information and communication. The Superior Council of Communication (SCC), a semiautonomous body under the Office of the President, monitors the content of radio and television programs, newspapers, and Internet Web sites to ensure compliance with professional ethics standards and government policy. The SCC may summon journalists and issue warnings for subsequent violations. Hearings may concern alleged libel, disturbing the peace, inciting violence, or violations of state security.
Journalists occasionally face criminal libel prosecutions and other forms of harassment and intimidation. In addition to the prohibition against insulting the head of state, the law also prohibits the publication of shocking images and lack of respect for the deceased. Although the government does not attempt to impede criticism, some journalists practice self-censorship.
The Burkinabé government, in its telecommunications development strategy, has stated its aim to make telecommunications a universal service accessible to all. A large portion of this strategy is the privatization of the National Telecommunications Office (ONATEL), with an additional focus on a rural telephony promotion project. In 2006 the government sold a 51 percent stake in the national telephone company, ONATEL, and ultimately planned to retain only a 23 percent stake in the company.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
- Radio stations: 2 AM, 26 FM, and 3 shortwave stations; state-owned radio runs a national and regional network; substantial number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters available in Ouagadougou (2007).
- Television stations: 14 digital channels, 2 of them are state-owned by the broadcaster Radio Télévision du Burkina (2019).
Radio is the country\'s most popular communications medium. Dozens of private and community radio stations and a handful of private TV channels operate alongside their state-run counterparts. The BBC World Service, Voice of America, and Radio France Internationale are all on the air in the capital, Ouagadougou.
## Telephones
- Calling code: +226
- International call prefix: 00
- Main lines:
- 141,400 lines in use (2012);
- 94,800 lines in use, 144th in the world (2006).
- Mobile cellular:
- 10.0 million lines, 79th in the world (2012);
- 1.0 million lines, 123rd in the world (2006).
- Telephone system: system includes microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone communication stations; fixed-line connections stand at less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage, fostered by multiple providers, is increasing rapidly from a low base (2011).
- Satellite earth stations: 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011).
- Communications cables: Burkina Faso is linked to the global submarine cable network and the international Internet backbone through Senegal\'s Sonatel fibre-optic transmission network.
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# Telecommunications in Burkina Faso
## Early Development of the Mobile Market {#early_development_of_the_mobile_market}
The state-run Office National Des Telecommunications (ONATEL) launched the first mobile network based on CDMA2000 technology in 1998.
Competition was introduced to the mobile telephone segment in 2000 with the introduction of new GSM network operators Celtel, Télécel Faso and ONATEL\'s Telmob. This pushed rates down even as density and coverage area increased.
Use of mobile phones grew quickly in the 2000s, growing from 2,700 subscribers in 1998, to 1.0 million in 2006, to 10.0 million in 2012. and to 21.4 million in 2020.
ARPU remained low, however, as mobile subscribers adopted behaviours such as \"flashing\" to minimize their costs and Burkina Faso\'s ancient oral tradition and talking drum culture harmonized with the introduction of mobile phone technologies. Additionally, mobile phone owners acquired status by being able to lend their phones to others in their communities.
## International Group Involvement {#international_group_involvement}
In 2006, Maroc Telecom(itself part of Etisalat group) took a majority stake in ONATEL, which it increased to 61% in 2018 and from July 1, 2019, Maroc Telecom consolidated Onatel, Mauritel, Gabon Télécom, Sotelma, Casanet, AT Côte d\'Ivoire, Etisalat Benin, AT Togo, AT Niger, AT Centrafrique, and Tigo Tchad in its accounts.
In January 2021, Maroc Telecom rebranded all of its African subsidiaries as Moov Africa.
In 2005, Celtel was acquired by the Kuwaiti Zain Group.
In 2010, Zain Group decided to sell most of the Celtel group to Indian group Bharti Airtel, which rebranded Celtel as Airtel Burkina Faso.
In June 2016, Orange S.A. acquired the network and 4.6M subscribers of Airtel Burkina Faso. Following an ambitious network modernization plan, 9 months later the network rebranded as Orange Burkina Faso boasting a subscriber base of 6.3M.
According to the website of the Communication Regulator of Burkina Faso, at the end of 2020 the Mobile Telecommunications Market (21.4M subscriptions) was shared as follows:
- Orange BF S.A. 9,403,367 subscriptions (43.72%)
- Onatel S.A. 9,086,709 subscriptions (42.24%)
- Télécel Faso S.A 2,946,469 subscriptions (13.70%)
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# Telecommunications in Burkina Faso
## Internet
- Top-level domain: .bf
- Internet users:
- 643,504 users, 127th in the world; 3.7% of the population, 194th in the world (2012);
- 178,100 users, 144th in the world (2009);
- 80,000, 146th in the world (2006).
- Fixed broadband: 14,166 subscriptions, 139th in the world; 0.1% of population, 169th in the world (2012).
- Wireless broadband: Unknown (2012).
- Internet hosts:
- 1,795, 164th in the world (2012);
- 193 hosts, 178th in the world (2007).
- IPv4: 32,512 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 1.9 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
- Internet Service Providers: 1 ISP (1999).`{{update after|2014|2|11}}`{=mediawiki}
Internet use is low, but the sector began to improve following installation of a 22 Mbit/s fiber optic international link, a vast improvement over the previous 128 kbit/s link. Secondary access nodes began to appear in major cities, and cybercafés were providing Internet access to a broader spectrum of end users.
ONATEL\'s FasoNet is the country\'s leading wired Internet service provider, dominating the broadband market with its ADSL and EV-DO fixed-wireless offerings.
The mobile operators are offering data services using GPRS and EDGE technology, and third generation (3G) mobile broadband technology was not introduced until 2013 by Bharti Airtel.
A March 2013 ITU *Study on international Internet connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa* reports that the Burkina Faso \"Internet market is not sufficiently dynamic and competitive\" and that the high costs for Internet capable mobile phones (more than six times the cost of a basic mobile phone) and mobile Internet subscriptions (up to seven times the cost for basic mobile) limit the number of Internet users.
### Internet censorship and surveillance {#internet_censorship_and_surveillance}
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet; however, the Superior Council of Communication (SCC) monitors Internet Web sites and discussion forums to ensure compliance with existing regulations. For example, in May 2012 the SCC issued a warning to a Web site on which a user had allegedly insulted President Compaore in an Internet forum.
The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respects these rights in practice. The law prohibits persons from insulting the head of state or using derogatory language with respect to the office; however, individuals criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal.
The constitution and law prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. In cases of national security, however, the law permits surveillance, searches, and monitoring of telephones and private correspondence without a warrant
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# Geography of Burundi
**Burundi** is located in East Africa, to the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at the coordinates 3 30 S 30 0 E.
## Physical geography {#physical_geography}
Burundi occupies an area equal to 27830 km2 in size, of which 25680 km2 is land. The country has 1140 km of land border: 236 km of which is shared with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 315 km with Rwanda and 589 km with Tanzania. As a landlocked country, Burundi possesses no coastline. It straddles the crest of the Congo--Nile Divide which separates the basins of the Congo and Nile rivers. The farthest headwaters of the Nile, the Ruvyironza River, has its source in Burundi.
### Terrain
The terrain of Burundi is hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in the east. The southern and eastern plains have been categorised by the World Wide Fund for Nature as part of the Central Zambezian miombo woodlands ecoregion.
The lowest point in the country is at Lake Tanganyika, at 772 m, with the highest point being on Mount Heha, at 2684 m. Natural hazards are posed in Burundi by flooding and lands.
### Forests
In Burundi forest cover is around 11% of the total land area, equivalent to 279,640 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 276,480 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 166,670 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 112,970 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 23% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 41% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.
### Natural resources {#natural_resources}
Burundi possesses reserves of: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, and limestone. There is also arable land and the potential for hydropower. Burundi has 214.3 km2 of land that is irrigated. The table below describes land use in Burundi.
Use Percentage of Area
----------------- --------------------
arable land 42.83
permanent crops 13.63
other 43.54
: Land use
## Climate
The climate of Burundi is equatorial in nature and is marked by high mean annual temperatures, small temperature ranges, and rainfall throughout the year. The temperature and amount of rainfall varies dependent upon altitude. Burundi experiences its dry season between May and August, and its rainy season between February and May. Due to climate change, Burundi is becoming more susceptible to both excess and deficit rainfall, leading alternately to floods and droughts.
## Environment
### Current issues {#current_issues}
In Burundi, soil erosion poses a significant challenge, exacerbated by overgrazing and the expansion of agriculture into marginal lands. This problem is compounded by other environmental issues such as deforestation, driven by the uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel, and habitat loss, which severely threatens wildlife populations. The cumulative effect of these issues not only degrades the environment but also undermines the agricultural productivity that is crucial for the country\'s economy and food security. The \"Adapting to Climate Change in the Lake Victoria Basin\" project, initiated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and funded by the Adaptation Fund, addresses these interconnected concerns. By promoting nature-based solutions like reforestation and the construction of terraces, the project helps stabilize the soil and improve water retention, which mitigates the impact of soil erosion. Additionally, the introduction of sustainable practices such as the eco-friendly fish-drying kiln helps reduce the dependence on wood for fuel, thereby curbing deforestation. This comprehensive approach not only aims to enhance environmental resilience but also supports sustainable development by preserving natural habitats and promoting the sustainable use of resources, thereby securing the livelihoods of local communities against the backdrop of climate change.
### International agreements {#international_agreements}
Burundi is a party to the following international agreements that relate to the environment: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes and Ozone Layer Protection. The following have been signed but not yet ratified by Burundi: Law of the Sea and Nuclear Test Ban.
## Extreme points {#extreme_points}
This is a list of the extreme points of Burundi, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location
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# Demographics of Burundi
Demographic features of the population of Burundi include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
At 206.1 persons per km^2^, Burundi has the second-largest population density in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most people live on farms near areas of fertile volcanic soil. The population is made up of three major ethnic groups -- Hutu (*Bahutu*), Tutsi (*Batutsi* or *Watusi*), and Twa (*Batwa*). Kirundi is the common language. Intermarriage takes place frequently between the Hutus and Tutsis. The terms \"pastoralist\" and \"agriculturist\", often used as ethnic designations for Watusi and Bahutu, respectively, are only occupational titles which vary among individuals and groups. Although Hutus encompass the majority of the population, historically Tutsis have been politically and economically dominant.
## Population
According to `{{UN_Population|source}}`{=mediawiki}, the total population was 11,891,000 in 2020, compared to only 2 309 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 45.3%, 52.4% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.4% of the population was 65 years or older. .
Total population Population aged 0--14 (%) Population aged 15--64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
------ ------------------ --------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------
1950 2 309 000 40.9 55.9 3.2
1955 2 537 000 42.4 54.5 3.1
1960 2 798 000 43.8 53.2 2.9
1965 3 094 000 45.3 51.8 3.0
1970 3 479 000 45.5 51.5 3.0
1975 3 701 000 45.4 51.3 3.3
1980 4 157 000 44.7 52.2 3.1
1985 4 751 000 46.2 50.9 3.0
1990 5 439 000 47.9 49.3 2.8
1995 5 987 000 50.3 47.1 2.5
2000 6 379 000 50.1 47.4 2.5
2005 7 365 000 47.0 50.7 2.3
2010 8 676 000 45.1 52.7 2.2
2015 10 160 000 45.5 52.4 2.1
2020 11 891 000 45.3 52.4 2.4
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2015) (Unrevised data.):
Age Group Male Female Total \%
----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ---------
Total 4 822 838 5 000 990 9 823 828 100
0--4 856 714 855 769 1 712 483 17.43
5--9 679 740 699 260 1 379 000 14.04
10--14 604 457 629 629 1 234 086 12.56
15--19 496 353 525 562 1 021 915 10.40
20--24 467 123 507 522 974 645 9.92
25--29 397 323 446 043 843 366 8.58
30--34 321 348 337 758 659 106 6.71
35--39 236 115 230 446 466 561 4.75
40--44 182 701 183 765 366 466 3.73
45--49 153 796 156 798 310 594 3.16
50--54 134 933 130 247 265 180 2.70
55--59 113 470 111 808 225 278 2.29
60--64 74 556 70 655 145 211 1.48
65--69 44 744 46 041 90 785 0.92
70--74 25 722 28 826 54 548 0.56
75--79 16 056 20 164 36 220 0.37
80+ 17 687 20 697 38 384 0.39
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0--14 2 140 911 2 184 658 4 325 569 44.03
15--64 2 577 718 2 700 604 5 278 322 53.73
65+ 104 209 115 728 219 937 2.24
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):
Age Group Male Female Total \%
----------- ----------- ----------- ------------ ---------
Total 6 080 391 6 229 209 12 309 600 100
0--4 874 372 864 599 1 738 971 14.13
5--9 869 861 865 182 1 735 043 14.10
10--14 813 776 816 817 1 630 593 13.25
15--19 635 015 647 234 1 282 249 10.42
20--24 536 485 556 280 1 092 765 8.88
25--29 496 482 527 430 1 023 911 8.32
30--34 443 784 481 580 925 364 7.52
35--39 360 774 378 666 739 439 6.01
40--44 268 219 268 291 536 510 4.36
45--49 190 837 196 746 387 583 3.15
50--54 163 759 171 797 335 555 2.73
55--59 140 489 143 340 283 830 2.31
60--64 118 050 122 024 240 075 1.95
65--69 82 201 86 101 168 302 1.37
70--74 43 526 48 289 91 815 0.75
75--79 24 811 30 186 54 997 0.45
80+ 17 951 24 649 42 600 0.35
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0--14 2 558 009 2 546 598 5 104 607 41.47
15--64 3 353 893 3 871 836 7 225 729 58.70
65+ 168 489 189 225 357 714 2.91
## UN population projections {#un_population_projections}
Numbers are in thousands. UN medium variant projections
- 2020 11,891
- 2025 13,764
- 2030 15,773
- 2035 17,932
- 2040 20,253
- 2045 22,728
- 2050 25,325
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# Demographics of Burundi
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
Registration of vital events is in Burundi not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th></th>
<th><p>Population<br />
(thousands)</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>Live births<br />
(thousands)</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>Deaths<br />
(thousands)</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>Natural change<br />
(thousands)</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>CBR</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>CDR</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>NC</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>TFR</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>IMR</p></th>
<th style="width:80pt;"><p>Life expectancy<br />
(years)</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1950</p></td>
<td><p>2 254</p></td>
<td><p> 116</p></td>
<td><p> 53</p></td>
<td><p> 63</p></td>
<td><p>51.3</p></td>
<td><p>23.5</p></td>
<td><p>27.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.92</p></td>
<td><p>166.9</p></td>
<td><p>40.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1951</p></td>
<td><p> 2 303</p></td>
<td><p> 117</p></td>
<td><p> 55</p></td>
<td><p> 62</p></td>
<td><p>50.7</p></td>
<td><p>23.9</p></td>
<td><p>26.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.91</p></td>
<td><p>166.0</p></td>
<td><p>40.8</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1952</p></td>
<td><p> 2 352</p></td>
<td><p> 118</p></td>
<td><p> 56</p></td>
<td><p> 62</p></td>
<td><p>49.9</p></td>
<td><p>23.8</p></td>
<td><p>26.1</p></td>
<td><p>6.90</p></td>
<td><p>164.0</p></td>
<td><p>41.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1953</p></td>
<td><p> 2 399</p></td>
<td><p> 119</p></td>
<td><p> 57</p></td>
<td><p> 62</p></td>
<td><p>49.4</p></td>
<td><p>23.6</p></td>
<td><p>25.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.92</p></td>
<td><p>162.0</p></td>
<td><p>41.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1954</p></td>
<td><p> 2 447</p></td>
<td><p> 120</p></td>
<td><p> 57</p></td>
<td><p> 63</p></td>
<td><p>48.9</p></td>
<td><p>23.3</p></td>
<td><p>25.5</p></td>
<td><p>6.92</p></td>
<td><p>160.1</p></td>
<td><p>41.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1955</p></td>
<td><p> 2 495</p></td>
<td><p> 121</p></td>
<td><p> 58</p></td>
<td><p> 63</p></td>
<td><p>48.4</p></td>
<td><p>23.0</p></td>
<td><p>25.4</p></td>
<td><p>6.93</p></td>
<td><p>158.2</p></td>
<td><p>41.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1956</p></td>
<td><p> 2 544</p></td>
<td><p> 122</p></td>
<td><p> 58</p></td>
<td><p> 64</p></td>
<td><p>47.9</p></td>
<td><p>22.8</p></td>
<td><p>25.1</p></td>
<td><p>6.93</p></td>
<td><p>156.4</p></td>
<td><p>42.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1957</p></td>
<td><p> 2 594</p></td>
<td><p> 123</p></td>
<td><p> 58</p></td>
<td><p> 65</p></td>
<td><p>47.4</p></td>
<td><p>22.5</p></td>
<td><p>24.9</p></td>
<td><p>6.93</p></td>
<td><p>154.6</p></td>
<td><p>42.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1958</p></td>
<td><p> 2 643</p></td>
<td><p> 125</p></td>
<td><p> 59</p></td>
<td><p> 66</p></td>
<td><p>47.0</p></td>
<td><p>22.2</p></td>
<td><p>24.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.95</p></td>
<td><p>152.8</p></td>
<td><p>42.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1959</p></td>
<td><p> 2 694</p></td>
<td><p> 126</p></td>
<td><p> 59</p></td>
<td><p> 67</p></td>
<td><p>46.7</p></td>
<td><p>21.9</p></td>
<td><p>24.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.98</p></td>
<td><p>150.9</p></td>
<td><p>42.8</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1960</p></td>
<td><p> 2 747</p></td>
<td><p> 128</p></td>
<td><p> 60</p></td>
<td><p> 68</p></td>
<td><p>46.5</p></td>
<td><p>21.7</p></td>
<td><p>24.8</p></td>
<td><p>7.00</p></td>
<td><p>149.0</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1961</p></td>
<td><p> 2 816</p></td>
<td><p> 130</p></td>
<td><p> 60</p></td>
<td><p> 70</p></td>
<td><p>46.3</p></td>
<td><p>21.4</p></td>
<td><p>24.9</p></td>
<td><p>7.02</p></td>
<td><p>147.2</p></td>
<td><p>43.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1962</p></td>
<td><p> 2 887</p></td>
<td><p> 135</p></td>
<td><p> 61</p></td>
<td><p> 73</p></td>
<td><p>46.5</p></td>
<td><p>21.2</p></td>
<td><p>25.3</p></td>
<td><p>7.04</p></td>
<td><p>145.3</p></td>
<td><p>43.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1963</p></td>
<td><p> 2 948</p></td>
<td><p> 137</p></td>
<td><p> 62</p></td>
<td><p> 75</p></td>
<td><p>46.4</p></td>
<td><p>21.0</p></td>
<td><p>25.4</p></td>
<td><p>7.07</p></td>
<td><p>143.5</p></td>
<td><p>43.7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1964</p></td>
<td><p> 3 033</p></td>
<td><p> 140</p></td>
<td><p> 63</p></td>
<td><p> 77</p></td>
<td><p>46.3</p></td>
<td><p>20.7</p></td>
<td><p>25.5</p></td>
<td><p>7.09</p></td>
<td><p>141.7</p></td>
<td><p>44.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1965</p></td>
<td><p> 3 118</p></td>
<td><p> 147</p></td>
<td><p> 69</p></td>
<td><p> 77</p></td>
<td><p>46.9</p></td>
<td><p>22.2</p></td>
<td><p>24.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.11</p></td>
<td><p>146.0</p></td>
<td><p>42.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1966</p></td>
<td><p> 3 193</p></td>
<td><p> 150</p></td>
<td><p> 67</p></td>
<td><p> 82</p></td>
<td><p>46.9</p></td>
<td><p>21.1</p></td>
<td><p>25.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.14</p></td>
<td><p>144.3</p></td>
<td><p>43.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1967</p></td>
<td><p> 3 274</p></td>
<td><p> 155</p></td>
<td><p> 70</p></td>
<td><p> 85</p></td>
<td><p>47.1</p></td>
<td><p>21.3</p></td>
<td><p>25.8</p></td>
<td><p>7.16</p></td>
<td><p>145.5</p></td>
<td><p>43.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1968</p></td>
<td><p> 3 352</p></td>
<td><p> 158</p></td>
<td><p> 72</p></td>
<td><p> 87</p></td>
<td><p>47.2</p></td>
<td><p>21.3</p></td>
<td><p>25.9</p></td>
<td><p>7.18</p></td>
<td><p>146.3</p></td>
<td><p>43.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1969</p></td>
<td><p> 3 424</p></td>
<td><p> 163</p></td>
<td><p> 75</p></td>
<td><p> 88</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
<td><p>21.7</p></td>
<td><p>25.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.22</p></td>
<td><p>147.4</p></td>
<td><p>42.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1970</p></td>
<td><p> 3 498</p></td>
<td><p> 166</p></td>
<td><p> 76</p></td>
<td><p> 90</p></td>
<td><p>47.3</p></td>
<td><p>21.6</p></td>
<td><p>25.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.21</p></td>
<td><p>147.9</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1971</p></td>
<td><p> 3 582</p></td>
<td><p> 170</p></td>
<td><p> 78</p></td>
<td><p> 92</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
<td><p>21.7</p></td>
<td><p>25.8</p></td>
<td><p>7.21</p></td>
<td><p>148.2</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1972</p></td>
<td><p> 3 579</p></td>
<td><p> 173</p></td>
<td><p> 145</p></td>
<td style="color:red"><p>28</p></td>
<td><p>47.6</p></td>
<td style="color:red"><p>39.9</p></td>
<td style="color:red"><p>7.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.21</p></td>
<td><p>161.2</p></td>
<td><p>25.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1973</p></td>
<td><p> 3 571</p></td>
<td><p> 165</p></td>
<td><p> 93</p></td>
<td><p> 72</p></td>
<td><p>46.3</p></td>
<td><p>26.1</p></td>
<td><p>20.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.22</p></td>
<td><p>151.5</p></td>
<td><p>37.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1974</p></td>
<td><p> 3 660</p></td>
<td><p> 171</p></td>
<td><p> 79</p></td>
<td><p> 92</p></td>
<td><p>46.7</p></td>
<td><p>21.5</p></td>
<td><p>25.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.22</p></td>
<td><p>148.4</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1975</p></td>
<td><p> 3 749</p></td>
<td><p> 178</p></td>
<td><p> 81</p></td>
<td><p> 97</p></td>
<td><p>47.4</p></td>
<td><p>21.6</p></td>
<td><p>25.8</p></td>
<td><p>7.24</p></td>
<td><p>148.2</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1976</p></td>
<td><p> 3 831</p></td>
<td><p> 182</p></td>
<td><p> 82</p></td>
<td><p> 100</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
<td><p>21.5</p></td>
<td><p>26.0</p></td>
<td><p>7.25</p></td>
<td><p>147.4</p></td>
<td><p>43.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1977</p></td>
<td><p> 3 927</p></td>
<td><p> 187</p></td>
<td><p> 83</p></td>
<td><p> 104</p></td>
<td><p>47.7</p></td>
<td><p>21.2</p></td>
<td><p>26.5</p></td>
<td><p>7.25</p></td>
<td><p>145.4</p></td>
<td><p>43.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1978</p></td>
<td><p> 4 039</p></td>
<td><p> 194</p></td>
<td><p> 85</p></td>
<td><p> 110</p></td>
<td><p>48.2</p></td>
<td><p>21.0</p></td>
<td><p>27.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.26</p></td>
<td><p>142.3</p></td>
<td><p>43.8</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1979</p></td>
<td><p> 4 137</p></td>
<td><p> 203</p></td>
<td><p> 85</p></td>
<td><p> 118</p></td>
<td><p>48.9</p></td>
<td><p>20.4</p></td>
<td><p>28.5</p></td>
<td><p>7.31</p></td>
<td><p>137.9</p></td>
<td><p>44.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1980</p></td>
<td><p> 4 313</p></td>
<td><p> 207</p></td>
<td><p> 84</p></td>
<td><p> 123</p></td>
<td><p>48.9</p></td>
<td><p>19.8</p></td>
<td><p>29.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.35</p></td>
<td><p>132.5</p></td>
<td><p>45.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1981</p></td>
<td><p> 4 491</p></td>
<td><p> 228</p></td>
<td><p> 86</p></td>
<td><p> 142</p></td>
<td><p>50.5</p></td>
<td><p>19.1</p></td>
<td><p>31.4</p></td>
<td><p>7.33</p></td>
<td><p>126.5</p></td>
<td><p>46.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1982</p></td>
<td><p> 4 602</p></td>
<td><p> 229</p></td>
<td><p> 85</p></td>
<td><p> 144</p></td>
<td><p>49.7</p></td>
<td><p>18.5</p></td>
<td><p>31.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.31</p></td>
<td><p>120.5</p></td>
<td><p>47.3</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1983</p></td>
<td><p> 4 727</p></td>
<td><p> 235</p></td>
<td><p> 85</p></td>
<td><p> 150</p></td>
<td><p>49.5</p></td>
<td><p>17.8</p></td>
<td><p>31.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.30</p></td>
<td><p>115.0</p></td>
<td><p>48.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1984</p></td>
<td><p> 4 842</p></td>
<td><p> 237</p></td>
<td><p> 84</p></td>
<td><p> 152</p></td>
<td><p>48.8</p></td>
<td><p>17.4</p></td>
<td><p>31.4</p></td>
<td><p>7.30</p></td>
<td><p>110.0</p></td>
<td><p>48.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1985</p></td>
<td><p> 4 948</p></td>
<td><p> 241</p></td>
<td><p> 86</p></td>
<td><p> 155</p></td>
<td><p>48.3</p></td>
<td><p>17.2</p></td>
<td><p>31.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.29</p></td>
<td><p>106.2</p></td>
<td><p>48.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1986</p></td>
<td><p> 5 042</p></td>
<td><p> 242</p></td>
<td><p> 88</p></td>
<td><p> 155</p></td>
<td><p>47.8</p></td>
<td><p>17.3</p></td>
<td><p>30.5</p></td>
<td><p>7.32</p></td>
<td><p>103.7</p></td>
<td><p>48.2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1987</p></td>
<td><p> 5 158</p></td>
<td><p> 245</p></td>
<td><p> 91</p></td>
<td><p> 155</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
<td><p>17.6</p></td>
<td><p>29.9</p></td>
<td><p>7.38</p></td>
<td><p>102.3</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1988</p></td>
<td><p> 5 272</p></td>
<td><p> 250</p></td>
<td><p> 109</p></td>
<td><p> 141</p></td>
<td><p>47.2</p></td>
<td><p>20.6</p></td>
<td><p>26.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.38</p></td>
<td><p>105.5</p></td>
<td><p>43.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1989</p></td>
<td><p> 5 374</p></td>
<td><p> 253</p></td>
<td><p> 101</p></td>
<td><p> 153</p></td>
<td><p>46.9</p></td>
<td><p>18.6</p></td>
<td><p>28.3</p></td>
<td style="color:blue"><p>7.39</p></td>
<td><p>102.4</p></td>
<td><p>45.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1990</p></td>
<td><p> 5 484</p></td>
<td><p> 256</p></td>
<td><p> 105</p></td>
<td><p> 151</p></td>
<td><p>46.5</p></td>
<td><p>19.1</p></td>
<td><p>27.5</p></td>
<td><p>7.37</p></td>
<td><p>103.0</p></td>
<td><p>44.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1991</p></td>
<td><p> 5 595</p></td>
<td><p> 259</p></td>
<td><p> 109</p></td>
<td><p> 150</p></td>
<td><p>46.1</p></td>
<td><p>19.4</p></td>
<td><p>26.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.34</p></td>
<td><p>103.7</p></td>
<td><p>44.2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1992</p></td>
<td><p> 5 743</p></td>
<td><p> 262</p></td>
<td><p> 112</p></td>
<td><p> 150</p></td>
<td><p>45.7</p></td>
<td><p>19.5</p></td>
<td><p>26.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.30</p></td>
<td><p>104.2</p></td>
<td><p>43.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1993</p></td>
<td><p> 5 555</p></td>
<td><p> 272</p></td>
<td><p> style="color:red"|147</p></td>
<td><p> 125</p></td>
<td><p>46.0</p></td>
<td><p>24.9</p></td>
<td><p>21.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.27</p></td>
<td><p>108.6</p></td>
<td><p>37.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1994</p></td>
<td><p> 5 586</p></td>
<td><p> 208</p></td>
<td><p> 101</p></td>
<td><p> 107</p></td>
<td><p>39.1</p></td>
<td><p>18.9</p></td>
<td><p>20.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.23</p></td>
<td><p>104.4</p></td>
<td><p>44.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1995</p></td>
<td><p> 5 933</p></td>
<td><p> 266</p></td>
<td><p> 113</p></td>
<td><p> 154</p></td>
<td><p>44.5</p></td>
<td><p>18.8</p></td>
<td><p>25.7</p></td>
<td><p>7.18</p></td>
<td><p>104.6</p></td>
<td><p>44.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1996</p></td>
<td><p> 5 931</p></td>
<td><p> 265</p></td>
<td><p> 112</p></td>
<td><p> 153</p></td>
<td><p>43.9</p></td>
<td><p>18.6</p></td>
<td><p>25.3</p></td>
<td><p>7.12</p></td>
<td><p>104.2</p></td>
<td><p>44.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1997</p></td>
<td><p> 5 924</p></td>
<td><p> 250</p></td>
<td><p> 105</p></td>
<td><p> 145</p></td>
<td><p>41.9</p></td>
<td><p>17.6</p></td>
<td><p>24.2</p></td>
<td><p>7.04</p></td>
<td><p>102.1</p></td>
<td><p>45.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1998</p></td>
<td><p> 6 035</p></td>
<td><p> 249</p></td>
<td><p> 100</p></td>
<td><p> 149</p></td>
<td><p>41.3</p></td>
<td><p>16.6</p></td>
<td><p>24.7</p></td>
<td><p>6.96</p></td>
<td><p>99.8</p></td>
<td><p>46.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1999</p></td>
<td><p> 6 180</p></td>
<td><p> 260</p></td>
<td><p> 99</p></td>
<td><p> 161</p></td>
<td><p>42.0</p></td>
<td><p>16.0</p></td>
<td><p>26.0</p></td>
<td><p>6.90</p></td>
<td><p>97.4</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2000</p></td>
<td><p> 6 308</p></td>
<td><p> 269</p></td>
<td><p> 101</p></td>
<td><p> 168</p></td>
<td><p>42.5</p></td>
<td><p>15.9</p></td>
<td><p>26.6</p></td>
<td><p>6.87</p></td>
<td><p>95.3</p></td>
<td><p>47.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2001</p></td>
<td><p> 6 466</p></td>
<td><p> 277</p></td>
<td><p> 99</p></td>
<td><p> 178</p></td>
<td><p>42.9</p></td>
<td><p>15.3</p></td>
<td><p>27.6</p></td>
<td><p>6.85</p></td>
<td><p>92.4</p></td>
<td><p>48.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2002</p></td>
<td><p> 6 649</p></td>
<td><p> 292</p></td>
<td><p> 97</p></td>
<td><p> 195</p></td>
<td><p>43.8</p></td>
<td><p>14.5</p></td>
<td><p>29.3</p></td>
<td><p>6.82</p></td>
<td><p>89.1</p></td>
<td><p>49.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p> 6 861</p></td>
<td><p> 305</p></td>
<td><p> 96</p></td>
<td><p> 209</p></td>
<td><p>44.5</p></td>
<td><p>14.0</p></td>
<td><p>30.5</p></td>
<td><p>6.79</p></td>
<td><p>86.0</p></td>
<td><p>50.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2004</p></td>
<td><p> 7 120</p></td>
<td><p> 322</p></td>
<td><p> 95</p></td>
<td><p> 227</p></td>
<td><p>45.3</p></td>
<td><p>13.4</p></td>
<td><p>31.9</p></td>
<td><p>6.75</p></td>
<td><p>82.4</p></td>
<td><p>52.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p> 7 389</p></td>
<td><p> 340</p></td>
<td><p> 95</p></td>
<td><p> 245</p></td>
<td><p>46.0</p></td>
<td><p>12.8</p></td>
<td><p>33.2</p></td>
<td><p>6.71</p></td>
<td><p>78.6</p></td>
<td><p>53.0</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2006</p></td>
<td><p> 7 658</p></td>
<td><p> 355</p></td>
<td><p> 95</p></td>
<td><p> 260</p></td>
<td><p>46.4</p></td>
<td><p>12.4</p></td>
<td><p>34.0</p></td>
<td><p>6.66</p></td>
<td><p>74.4</p></td>
<td><p>53.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p> 7 945</p></td>
<td><p> 369</p></td>
<td><p> 94</p></td>
<td><p> 275</p></td>
<td><p>46.5</p></td>
<td><p>11.9</p></td>
<td><p>34.7</p></td>
<td><p>6.59</p></td>
<td><p>70.3</p></td>
<td><p>54.7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2008</p></td>
<td><p> 8 278</p></td>
<td><p> 384</p></td>
<td><p> 93</p></td>
<td><p> 291</p></td>
<td><p>46.6</p></td>
<td><p>11.3</p></td>
<td><p>35.2</p></td>
<td><p>6.52</p></td>
<td><p>66.4</p></td>
<td><p>55.7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2009</p></td>
<td><p> 8 709</p></td>
<td><p> 402</p></td>
<td><p> 94</p></td>
<td><p> 308</p></td>
<td><p>46.7</p></td>
<td><p>10.9</p></td>
<td><p>35.8</p></td>
<td><p>6.41</p></td>
<td><p>62.8</p></td>
<td><p>56.4</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2010</p></td>
<td><p> 9 127</p></td>
<td><p> 426</p></td>
<td><p> 96</p></td>
<td><p> 330</p></td>
<td><p>46.7</p></td>
<td><p>10.5</p></td>
<td style="color:blue"><p>36.2</p></td>
<td><p>6.26</p></td>
<td><p>59.4</p></td>
<td><p>57.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2011</p></td>
<td><p> 9 456</p></td>
<td><p> 432</p></td>
<td><p> 96</p></td>
<td><p> 336</p></td>
<td><p>45.6</p></td>
<td><p>10.1</p></td>
<td><p>35.5</p></td>
<td><p>6.11</p></td>
<td><p>56.2</p></td>
<td><p>57.8</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2012</p></td>
<td><p> 9 795</p></td>
<td><p> 435</p></td>
<td><p> 94</p></td>
<td><p> 340</p></td>
<td><p>44.4</p></td>
<td><p>9.6</p></td>
<td><p>34.8</p></td>
<td><p>5.99</p></td>
<td><p>53.3</p></td>
<td><p>58.5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2013</p></td>
<td><p> 10 150</p></td>
<td><p> 441</p></td>
<td><p> 93</p></td>
<td><p> 347</p></td>
<td><p>43.4</p></td>
<td><p>9.2</p></td>
<td><p>34.2</p></td>
<td><p>5.89</p></td>
<td><p>50.6</p></td>
<td><p>59.2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p> 10 495</p></td>
<td><p> 445</p></td>
<td><p> 92</p></td>
<td><p> 352</p></td>
<td><p>42.4</p></td>
<td><p>8.8</p></td>
<td><p>33.6</p></td>
<td><p>5.79</p></td>
<td><p>48.2</p></td>
<td><p>59.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2015</p></td>
<td><p> 10 727</p></td>
<td><p>448</p></td>
<td><p> 93</p></td>
<td><p>355</p></td>
<td><p>41.3</p></td>
<td><p>8.6</p></td>
<td><p>32.8</p></td>
<td><p>5.70</p></td>
<td><p>46.3</p></td>
<td><p>60.2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2016</p></td>
<td><p> 10 903</p></td>
<td><p>432</p></td>
<td><p> 90</p></td>
<td><p> 343</p></td>
<td><p>39.5</p></td>
<td><p>8.2</p></td>
<td><p>31.3</p></td>
<td><p>5.59</p></td>
<td><p>44.4</p></td>
<td><p>60.8</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2017</p></td>
<td><p> 11 156</p></td>
<td><p> 427</p></td>
<td><p> 87</p></td>
<td><p> 340</p></td>
<td><p>38.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.8</p></td>
<td><p>30.4</p></td>
<td><p>5.48</p></td>
<td><p>42.8</p></td>
<td><p>61.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2018</p></td>
<td><p> 11 493</p></td>
<td><p> 424</p></td>
<td><p> 88</p></td>
<td><p> 336</p></td>
<td><p>37.0</p></td>
<td><p>7.6</p></td>
<td><p>29.4</p></td>
<td><p>5.38</p></td>
<td><p>41.3</p></td>
<td><p>61.7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p> 11 875</p></td>
<td><p> 431</p></td>
<td><p> 87</p></td>
<td><p> 344</p></td>
<td><p>36.3</p></td>
<td style="color:blue"><p>7.4</p></td>
<td><p>29.0</p></td>
<td><p>5.27</p></td>
<td><p>39.9</p></td>
<td><p>62.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2020</p></td>
<td><p> 12 441</p></td>
<td><p> 452</p></td>
<td><p> 91</p></td>
<td><p> 362</p></td>
<td><p>35.9</p></td>
<td><p>7.2</p></td>
<td><p>28.7</p></td>
<td><p>5.18</p></td>
<td><p>38.8</p></td>
<td><p>62.6</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p> 12 793</p></td>
<td><p> 455</p></td>
<td><p> 95</p></td>
<td><p> 360</p></td>
<td><p>35.1</p></td>
<td><p>7.3</p></td>
<td><p>27.8</p></td>
<td><p>5.08</p></td>
<td><p>37.6</p></td>
<td><p>62.1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2022</p></td>
<td><p> 13 138</p></td>
<td><p> 457</p></td>
<td><p> 93</p></td>
<td><p> 364</p></td>
<td><p>34.3</p></td>
<td><p>7.0</p></td>
<td><p>27.3</p></td>
<td><p>4.98</p></td>
<td><p>36.5</p></td>
<td><p>62.9</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td style="color:blue"><p> 13 504</p></td>
<td style="color:blue;"><p>461</p></td>
<td><p> 92</p></td>
<td style="color:blue"><p> 369</p></td>
<td><p>33.7</p></td>
<td><p>6.7</p></td>
<td><p>26.9</p></td>
<td><p>4.88</p></td>
<td><p>35.4</p></td>
<td><p>63.7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="11" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:left"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022
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Demographics of Burundi
| 1 |
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# Demographics of Burundi
## Vital statistics {#vital_statistics}
### Demographic and Health Surveys {#demographic_and_health_surveys}
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):
Year Total Urban
---------- ------- ----------- -------
CBR TFR CBR TFR
1987 6.6 (5.3)
2010 44.5 6.4 (4.2) 37.3
2016--17 37.9 5.5 (3.6) 33.0
Fertility data as of 2010 (DHS Program): The fertility rate in the Bujumbura Mairie Province fell to 3.7 by 2016--2017; the other regions were not aggregated in the report, for easy reference and comparison to the below chart. Per the 2016-2017 report, the average number of desired children in Burundi, nationwide, by both men and women of 15 to 49 years of age who are either paired up or married, is 4 children or less, and slightly less for men than for women. Per the report, this suggests an excess fecundity (more children than desired) of 1.8 children per couple nationwide; 1.1 in urban areas (where 3.0 children are desired, and the fertility rate is 4.1) and 2.0 in rural areas (where 3.7 children are desired and the fertility rate is 5.7). However, the number of desired children appears to be based on the lowest-desired rate - that of paired but unmarried men (3.7 children) rather than the highest (4.0, desired by married women) or even an overall average.
Region Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15-49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40--49
------------------ ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
Bujumbura Mairie 4.2 7.9% 5.3
Nord 6.7 10.1% 6.4
Centre-Est 6.3 10.5% 6.6
Ouest 7.1 11.7% 7.2
Sud 6.2 10.8% 6.8
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
: Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
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# Demographics of Burundi
## Languages
: Kirundi (official) only: 29.7%, French (official) only: 0.3%, Kirundi and French: 8.4%, Kurundi, French and English: 2.4%, Swahili only: 0.2%, other language combinations: 2%, unspecified: 56.9% (2008 est.)
: NOTE: Data represents only languages read and written by people 10 years of age or older; spoken Kirundi is nearly universal.
## Religion
: Roman Catholic 62.1%, Protestant 23.9% (includes Adventist 2.3% and other Protestant 21.6%), Islam 2.5%, Other 3.6%, Unspecified 7.9% (2008 est
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# Politics of Burundi
The **Politics of Burundi** takes place in a framework of a transitional presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Burundi is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Senate and the National Assembly.
## Political landscape after the civil war {#political_landscape_after_the_civil_war}
The political landscape of Burundi has been dominated in recent years by the civil war and a long peace process and move to democracy. Pierre Nkurunziza, a former rebel leader of the Hutu National Council for the Defense of Democracy -- Forces for the Defense of Democracy, was elected to become president in a vote by parliament on 19 August 2005. Nkurunziza, who was the sole candidate, was the first president chosen through democratic means since the start of the civil war in 1993 and was sworn in on 26 August, replacing transitional president Domitien Ndayizeye.
Incumbent president Évariste Ndayishimiye took office on 18 June 2020, ten days after the death of Nkurunziza.
In November 1995, the presidents of Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zaire (currently Democratic Republic of Congo) announced a regional initiative for a negotiated peace in Burundi facilitated by former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere. In July 1996, former Burundian President Buyoya returned to power in a bloodless coup. He declared himself president of a transitional republic, even as he suspended the National Assembly, banned opposition groups, and imposed a nationwide curfew. Widespread condemnation of the coup ensued, and regional countries imposed economic sanctions pending a return to a constitutional government. Buyoya agreed in 1996 to liberalize political parties. Nonetheless, fighting between the army and Hutu militias continued. In June 1998, Buyoya promulgated a transitional constitution and announced a partnership between the government and the opposition-led National Assembly. After facilitator Julius Nyerere\'s death in October 1999, the regional leaders appointed Nelson Mandela as Facilitator of the Arusha peace process. Under Mandela the peace process has revived and important progress has taken place.
In April 2015 the 2015 Burundian unrest broke out after the ruling party announced President Pierre Nkurunziza would seek a third term in office. Protests in the capital lasted over a week, and while President Nkurunziza was in Tanzania for talks at resolving the situation, Major General Godefroid Niyombare declared a coup, leading to gun battles in the capital for control of key locations.
Elections took place in 2020; despite concerns that these elections would be severely compromised, following the announcement that the President would not seek reelection, the opposition announced that they would be taking part in the election. Evariste Ndayishimiye, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza\'s successor by the CNDD-FDD, won the election with 71.45% of the vote. Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55. As per the constitution, Pascal Nyabenda, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye\'s inauguration on 18 June 2020.
## Executive branch {#executive_branch}
\|President \|Évariste Ndayishimiye \|CNDD-FDD \|18 June 2020 \|- \|Vice-president \|Prosper Bazombanza \|UPRONA \|23 June 2020 \|- \|Prime Minister \|Gervais Ndirakobuca \|CNDD-FDD \|08 September 2022 \|} The president is popularly elected by a two-round system. They nominate a vice-president and a prime minister, who form together with the Council of Ministers the executive branch.
## Legislative branch {#legislative_branch}
The **National Assembly** (*Assemblée nationale*) has 118 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation with a 2% barrier. The **Senate** (*Sénat*) has 49 members, elected for a five-year term by electoral colleges of communal councilors. Extra seats in both chambers can be added to ensure that ethnic and gender quotas are met. Burundi has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and a third party that is electorally successful. Parties are usually based on ethnic background.
| 648 |
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| 0 |
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# Politics of Burundi
## Political parties and elections {#political_parties_and_elections}
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Burundi has 18 provinces: Bubanza, Bujumbura Mairie, Bujumbura Rural, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro, Ngozi, Rutana, Rumonge and Ruyigi.
## International relations {#international_relations}
Burundi is member of the AfDB, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PMAESA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO
| 84 |
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| 1 |
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# Communications in Burundi
**Communications in Burundi** include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, the Internet, and the postal service in Burundi.
## Radio and television {#radio_and_television}
Radio is the main source of information for many Burundians.
- Radio stations:
- La Radiodiffusion et Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB), the state-controlled broadcaster operates the only national radio network, broadcasting in Kirundi, Swahili, French, and English; roughly 10 privately owned radio stations are operating; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available in the largest city, Bujumbura (2007).
- No AM radio stations, four FM stations, and one shortwave station (2001).
- Two AM stations, two FM stations, and no shortwave stations (1998).
- Radios: 440,000 radios in use (1997).`{{update after|2014|1|25}}`{=mediawiki}
- Television stations:
- La Radiodiffusion et Television Nationale de Burundi (RTNB), the state-controlled national network, broadcasting in Kirundi, Swahili, French, and English (2013); and
- Tele Renaissance, a private station launched in 2008 (2013).
- BeTV, a private television channel launched in 2017.
- Television sets: 25,000 sets in use (1997).`{{update after|2014|1|25}}`{=mediawiki}
The BBC World Service broadcasts on 90.2 FM in the largest city and former capital, Bujumbura, and on 105.6 in Mount Manga; Radio France Internationale and the Voice of America are also available in the capital.
## Telephones
- Calling code: +257
- International call prefix: 00
- Telephone system:
- In 2011, system described as sparse open-wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relays; telephone density one of the lowest in the world; fixed-line connections stand at well less than 1 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular usage is increasing but remains at roughly 20 per 100 persons;
- In 2010, system described as "primitive" with "one of the lowest" telephone densities in the world and "increasing ... but meager" use of cell phones; the number of fixed-line telephone connections was far fewer than one per every 100 persons; roughly five cell phones in use per 100 persons; the domestic telephone system consists of open-wire, radiotelephone communications, along with low capacity microwave radio relay.
- Main lines:
- 17,400 lines in use, 193rd in the world (2012);
- 30,400 lines in use, 178th in the world (2008), a decrease from 2006;
- 35,000 lines in use (2006);
- 27,000 lines in use (2005);
- 17,000 lines in use (1995).
- Mobile cellular lines:
- 2.2 million lines, 140th in the world (2012);
- 480,600 lines, 156th in the world (2008), a large increase, almost doubling the figure from 2006;
- 250,000 lines (2006);
- 153,000 lines (2005);
- 343 lines (1995).
- Satellite earth stations: one station, operated by Intelsat in the Indian Ocean region (2008).
| 437 |
Communications in Burundi
| 0 |
3,699 |
# Communications in Burundi
## Internet
- Internet top-level domain: .bi
- Internet users:
- 128,799 users, 167th in the world; 1.2% of the population, 208th in the world (2012);
- 65,000 users, 167th in the world (2008);
- 60,000 users (2006).
- Fixed broadband: 422 subscriptions, 189th in the world; less than 0.05% of the population, 191st in the world (2012).
- Wireless broadband: Unknown (2012).
- Internet hosts:
- 229 hosts. 198th in the world (2012);
- 191 hosts, 189th in the world (2009);
- 162 hosts (2008).
- IPv4: 5,376 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 0.5 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
### Internet censorship and surveillance {#internet_censorship_and_surveillance}
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Operating in a turbulent political climate, Burundi\'s media are subject to occasional government censorship and may practice self-censorship.
The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and press, and the government generally respects these rights. The law prohibits the media from spreading \"hate\" messages or from using abusive or defamatory language against public servants acting in their official role that could damage the dignity of or respect for the public office. Libel laws prohibit the public distribution of information that exposes a person to \"public contempt\" and carry penalties of prison terms and fines. The crime of treason, which includes knowingly demoralizing the military or the nation in a manner that endangers national defense during a time of war, carries a criminal penalty of life imprisonment. It is a crime for anyone knowingly to disseminate or publicize false rumors likely to alarm or excite the public against the government or to promote civil war. It is illegal for anyone to display drawings, posters, photographs, or other items that may disturb the public peace. Penalties range from two months\' to three years\' imprisonment and fines. Some journalists, lawyers, and political party, civil society, and NGO leaders allege the government uses these laws to intimidate and harass them.
The constitution and law provide for the right to privacy, but the government does not always respect this right in practice. Authorities do not always respect the law requiring search warrants.
## Postal Service {#postal_service}
*Régie Nationale des Postes* (RNP, National Postal Administration) is responsible for postal service in Burundi. Operating as an independent state-owned company since 1992, the RNP has reported to the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Posts and Tourism since 2010
| 416 |
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| 1 |
3,700 |
# Transport in Burundi
There are a number of systems of **transport in Burundi**, including road and water-based infrastructure, the latter of which makes use of Lake Tanganyika. Furthermore, there are also some airports in Burundi.
Burundi has limited ferry services on Lake Tanganyika, few road connections to neighboring countries, no rail connections, and only one airport with a paved runway. Public transport is extremely limited and private bus companies operate buses on the route to Kigali, Uganda, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo.
## Roads
Roads total 12322 km as of 2004. On paper, there are 90 public buses in the country but few of these are operational. Transport is extremely limited, and private bus companies operate buses on the route to Kigali, Uganda, Tanzania or the Democratic Republic of Congo.
## Waterways
Lake Tanganyika is used for transport, with the major port on the lake being the Port of Bujumbura. Most freight is transported down waterways.
As of May 2015, MV Mwongozo, a passenger and cargo ferry, connects Bujumbura with Kigoma in Tanzania.
## Airports and air services {#airports_and_air_services}
Burundi possesses eight airports, of which one has paved runways, whose length exceeds 3,047m. Bujumbura International Airport is the country\'s primary airport and the country\'s only airport with a paved runway. There are also a number of helicopter landing strips.
As of May 2015, the airlines serving Burundi are: Brussels Airlines, Ethiopian Airlines, flydubai, Kenya Airways, and RwandAir. Kigali is the city with the most daily departures.
## Railways
Burundi does not possess any railway infrastructure, although there are proposals to connect Burundi to its neighbours via railway.
At a meeting in August 2006 with members of the Rwanda Patriotic Front, Wu Guanzheng, of the Chinese Communist Party, confirmed the intention of China to fund a study into the feasibility of constructing a railway connecting at Isaka with the existing Tanzanian railway network, and running via Kigali in Rwanda through to Burundi. Tanzanian railways use `{{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}}`{=mediawiki}, although TAZARA and other neighbouring countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) use the `{{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} gauge, leading to some potential difficulties.
Another project was launched in the same year, which aims to link Burundi and Rwanda (which also has no railways) to the DRC and Zambia, and therefore to the rest of Southern Africa. At a meeting to inaugurate the Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority (NCTTCA), the governments of Uganda and Burundi backed the proposed new railway from the Ugandan western railhead at Kasese into the DRC.
Additionally, Burundi has been added to a planned railway project to connect Tanzania and Rwanda. In January 2022, the governments of Burundi and Tanzania announced the planned construction of an electrified standard gauge railway, which will link the two countries. The line is known as the Tanzania--Burundi Standard Gauge Railway.
### 2013
A project started in November 2013 to build a Standard Gauge line from Mombassa, Kenya, to Burundi, via Rwanda and Uganda. The main line from Mombasa will also feature branches in other directions, including Ethiopia and DR Congo
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# Bjarne Stroustrup
\| thesis_title = Communication and control in distributed computer systems \| influences = \| influenced = \| awards = {{ indented plainlist \|
- Grace Murray Hopper Award (1993)
- ACM Fellow (1994)
- IEEE Fellow (1994)
- NAE Member (2004)
- William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (2005)
- Dr. Dobb\'s Excellence Award (2008)
- Dahl--Nygaard Prize (2015)
- CHM Fellow (2015)
- IET Faraday Medal (2017)
- Charles Stark Draper Prize (2018)
- Computer Pioneer Award (2018)
- John Scott Medal (2018)
}} \| signature = \| signature_alt = \| website = `{{URL|https://www.stroustrup.com|stroustrup.com}}`{=mediawiki} \| footnotes = }}
**Bjarne Stroustrup** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|j|ɑːr|n|ə|_|ˈ|s|t|r|ɒ|v|s|t|r|ʊ|p|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Bjarne Stroustrup.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|da|ˈbjɑːnə ˈstʁʌwˀstʁɔp|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; born 30 December 1950) is a Danish computer scientist, known for the development of the C++ programming language. He led the Large-scale Programming Research department at Bell Labs, served as a professor of computer science at Texas A&M University, and spent over a decade at Morgan Stanley while also being a visiting professor at Columbia University. Since 2022 he has been a full professor at Columbia.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Stroustrup was born in Aarhus, Denmark. His family was working class, and he attended local schools.
He attended Aarhus University from 1969 to 1975 and graduated with a Candidatus Scientiarum in mathematics with computer science. His interests focused on microprogramming and machine architecture. He learned the fundamentals of object-oriented programming from its inventor, Kristen Nygaard, who frequently visited Aarhus.
In 1979, he received his PhD in computer science from the University of Cambridge, where his research on distributed computing was supervised by David Wheeler.
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# Bjarne Stroustrup
## Career and research {#career_and_research}
In 1979, Stroustrup began his career as a member of technical staff in the Computer Science Research Center of Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. There, he began his work on C++ and programming techniques. Stroustrup was the head of AT&T Bell Labs\' Large-scale Programming Research department, from its creation until late 2002. In 1993, he was made a Bell Labs fellow and in 1996, an AT&T Fellow.
From 2002 to 2014, Stroustrup was the College of Engineering Chair Professor in Computer Science at Texas A&M University. From 2011, he was made a University Distinguished Professor.
From January 2014 to April 2022, Stroustrup was a technical fellow and managing director in the technology division of Morgan Stanley in New York City and a visiting professor in computer science at Columbia University.
As of July 2022, Stroustrup is a full professor of computer science at Columbia University.
### C++
Stroustrup is best known for his work on C++. In 1979, he began developing C++ (initially called \"C with Classes\"). In his own words, he \"invented C++, wrote its early definitions, and produced its first implementation \[\...\] chose and formulated the design criteria for C++, designed all its major facilities, and was responsible for the processing of extension proposals in the C++ standards committee.\" C++ was made generally available in 1985. For non-commercial use, the source code of the compiler and the foundation libraries was the cost of shipping (US\$75); this was before Internet access was common. Stroustrup also published a textbook for the language in 1985, *The C++ Programming Language*.
The key language-technical areas of contribution of C++ are:
- A static type system with equal support for built-in types and user-defined types (that requires control of the construction, destruction, copying, and movement of objects; and operator overloading).
- Value and reference semantics.
- Systematic and general resource management (RAII): constructors, destructor, and exceptions relying on them.
- Support for efficient object-oriented programming: based on the Simula model with statically checked interfaces, multiple inheritance, and efficient implementation based on virtual function tables.
- Support for flexible and efficient generic programming: templates with specialization and concepts.
- Support for compile-time programming: template metaprogramming and compile-time evaluated functions (\"constexpr functions\").
- Direct use of machine and operating system resources.
- Concurrency support through libraries (where necessary, implemented using intrinsics).
Stroustrup documented his principles guiding the design of C++ and the evolution of the language in his 1994 book, *The Design and Evolution of C++*, and three papers for ACM\'s History of Programming Languages conferences.
Stroustrup was a founding member of the C++ standards committee (from 1989, it was an ANSI committee and from 1991 an ISO committee) and has remained an active member ever since. For 24 years he chaired the subgroup chartered to handle proposals for language extensions (Evolution Working Group).
### Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Selected honors
- 2018: The Charles Stark Draper Prize from The US National Academy of Engineering for conceptualizing and developing the C++ programming language.
- 2018: The Computer Pioneer Award from The IEEE Computer Society for bringing object-oriented programming and generic programming to the mainstream with his design and implementation of the C++ programming language.
- 2017: The Faraday Medal from the IET (Institute of Engineering Technology) for significant contributions to the history of computing, in particular pioneering the C++ programming language.
- 2010: The University of Aarhus\'s Rigmor og Carl Holst-Knudsens Videnskabspris.
- 2005: The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement from Sigma Xi (the scientific research society) as the first computer scientist ever.
- 1993: The ACM Grace Murray Hopper award for his early work laying the foundations for the C++ programming language. Based on those foundations and Dr. Stroustrup\'s continuing efforts, C++ has become one of the most influential programming languages in the history of computing.
Fellowships
- Member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2004.
- Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1994.
- Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1994.
- Fellow of the Computer History Museum for his invention of the C++ programming language in 2015.
- Honorary Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge in 2017.
Honorary doctorates and professorships
- He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University Carlos III, Spain 2019.
- Stroustrup has been a noble doctor at ITMO University since 2013.
- Honorary Professor in Object Oriented Programming Languages, Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus. 2010.
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# Bjarne Stroustrup
## Career and research {#career_and_research}
### Publications
Stroustrup has written or co-written a number of publications, including the books:
- *A Tour of C++* (1st, 2nd and 3rd edition)
- *Programming: Principles and Practice Using C++*
- *The C++ Programming Language* (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th edition)
- *The Design and Evolution of C++*
- *The Annotated C++ Reference Manual*.
In all, these books have been translated into 21 languages.
More than 100 academic articles, including:
- *Thriving in a crowded and changing world*
- *Evolving a language in and for the real world*
- B Stroustrup: What should we teach software developers? Why? CACM. January 2010. `{{doi|10.1145/1629175.1629192}}`{=mediawiki}
- Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne Stroustrup: A Principled, Complete, and Efficient Representation of C++. Journal of Mathematics in Computer Science Volume 5, Issue 3 (2011), Page 335--356 `{{doi|10.1007/s11786-011-0094-1}}`{=mediawiki}. Special issue on Polynomial System Solving, System and Control, and Software Science.
- Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne Stroustrup: General Constant Expressions for System Programming Languages. SAC-2010. The 25th ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. March 2010. `{{doi|10.1145/1774088.1774537}}`{=mediawiki}
- Y. Solodkyy, G. Dos Reis, and B. Stroustrup: Open and Efficient Type Switch for C++. Proc. OOPSLA\'12. `{{doi|10.1145/2398857.2384686}}`{=mediawiki}
- Peter Pirkelbauer, Yuriy Solodkyy, Bjarne Stroustrup: Design and Evaluation of C++ Open Multi-Methods. In Science of Computer Programming (2009). Elsevier Journal. June 2009. `{{doi|10.1016/j.scico.2009.06.002}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Gabriel Dos Reis and Bjarne Stroustrup: Specifying C++ Concepts. POPL06. January 2006. `{{doi|10.1145/1111037.1111064}}`{=mediawiki}
- B. Stroustrup: Exception Safety: Concepts and Techniques. In Springer Verlag Lecture Notes in Computer Science, LNCS-2022. ISSN 0302-9743. `{{ISBN|3-540-41952-7}}`{=mediawiki}. April 2001.
- B Stroustrup: Generalizing Overloading for C++2000. Overload, Issue 25. 1 April 1998.
- B. Stroustrup: Why C++ isn\'t just an Object-Oriented Programming Language. Addendum to OOPSLA\'95 Proceedings. OOPS Messenger, vol 6 no 4, pp 1--13. October 1995. `{{doi|10.1145/260094.260207}}`{=mediawiki}
- B. Stroustrup: A History of C++: 1979--1991 Notices. Vol 28 No 3, pp 271--298. March 1993. Also, History of Programming languages (editors T.J. Begin and R.G. Gibson) Addison-Wesley, 1996.
- B. Stroustrup: What is Object-Oriented Programming? (1991 revised version). Proc. 1st European Software Festival. February 1991.
- B. Stroustrup: Data Abstraction in C. Bell Labs Technical Journal. vol 63. no 8 (Part 2), pp 1701--1732. October 1984. `{{doi|10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00061.x}}`{=mediawiki}
- B. Stroustrup: Classes: An Abstract Data Type Facility for the C Language. Sigplan Notices, January 1982. `{{doi|10.1145/947886
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# UK bass
**UK bass**, also called **bass music**, is club music that emerged in the United Kingdom during the mid-2000s under the influence of diverse genres such as house, grime, dubstep, Future garage, R&B, and UK funky. The term \"UK bass\" came into use as artists began ambiguously blending the sounds of these defined genres while maintaining an emphasis on percussive, bass-led rhythm.
UK bass is sometimes conflated with bassline or post-dubstep. It is not to be confused with the hip hop and electro-based genre Miami bass, which is sometimes called \"bass music\" as well.
## Origins
The breadth of styles that have come to be associated with the term preclude it from being a specific musical genre. *Pitchfork* writer Martin Clark has suggested that \"well-meaning attempts to loosely define the ground we\'re covering here are somewhat futile and almost certainly flawed. This is not one genre. However, given the links, interaction, and free-flowing ideas... you can\'t dismiss all these acts as unrelated.\" Dubstep producer Skream is quoted in an interview with *The Independent* in September 2011 as saying:
> The word dubstep is being used by a lot of people and there were a lot of people being tagged with the dubstep brush. They don\'t want to be tagged with it and shouldn\'t be tagged with it -- that\'s not what they\'re pushing\... When I say \'UK bass\', it\'s what everyone UK is associated with so it would be a lot easier if it was called that.\"
In the United Kingdom, bass music has had major mainstream success since the late 2000s and early 2010s, with artists such as James Blake, Benga, Burial, SBTRKT, Sophie, Rustie, Zomby, and Skream. The term \"post-dubstep\" has been used synonymously to refer to artists, such as Blake and Mount Kimbie whose work draws on UK garage, 2-step, and other forms of underground dance music, as well as ambient music and early R&B. Outside of nightclubs, UK bass has mainly been promoted and played on Internet radio stations such as Sub.FM and Rinse FM
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# Burning glass
A **burning glass** or **burning lens** is a large convex lens that can concentrate the Sun\'s rays onto a small area, heating up the area and thus resulting in ignition of the exposed surface. **Burning mirrors** achieve a similar effect by using reflecting surfaces to focus the light. They were used in 18th-century chemical studies for burning materials in closed glass vessels where the products of combustion could be trapped for analysis. The burning glass was a useful contrivance in the days before electrical ignition was easily achieved.
## History
Burning glass technology has been known since antiquity, as described by Greek and Roman writers who recorded the use of lenses to start fires for various purposes. Pliny the Elder noted the use of glass vases filled with water to concentrate sunlight heat intensely enough to ignite clothing, as well as convex lenses that were used to cauterize wounds. Plutarch refers to a burning mirror made of joined triangular metal mirrors installed at the temple of the Vestal Virgins. Aristophanes mentions the burning lens in his play *The Clouds* (424 BC).
The Hellenistic Greek mathematician Archimedes was said to have used a burning glass as a weapon in 212 BC, when Syracuse was besieged by Marcus Claudius Marcellus of the Roman Republic. The Roman fleet was supposedly incinerated, though eventually the city was taken and Archimedes was slain.
The legend of Archimedes gave rise to a considerable amount of research on burning glasses and lenses until the late 17th century. Various researchers from medieval Christendom to the Islamic world worked with burning glasses, including Anthemius of Tralles (6th century AD), Proclus (6th century; who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitalian besieging Constantinople), Ibn Sahl in his *On Burning Mirrors and Lenses* (10th century), Alhazen in his *Book of Optics* (1021), Roger Bacon (13th century), Giambattista della Porta and his friends (16th century), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott (17th century), and the Comte de Buffon in 1740 in Paris.
While the effects of camera obscura were mentioned by Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC, contemporary Chinese Mohists of China\'s Warring States Period who compiled the *Mozi* described their experiments with burning mirrors and the pinhole camera. A few decades after Alhazen described camera obscura in Iraq, the Song dynasty Chinese statesman Shen Kuo was nevertheless the first to clearly describe the relationship of the focal point of a concave mirror, the burning point and the pinhole camera as separate radiation phenomena in his *Dream Pool Essays* (1088). By the late 15th century Leonardo da Vinci would be the first in Europe to make similar observations about the focal point and pinhole.
Burning lenses were used in the 18th century by both Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier in their experiments to obtain oxides contained in closed vessels under high temperatures. These included carbon dioxide by burning diamond, and mercuric oxide by heating mercury. This type of experiment contributed to the discovery of \"dephlogisticated air\" by Priestley, which became better known as oxygen, following Lavoisier\'s investigations.
Chapter 17 of William Bates\' 1920 book *Perfect Sight Without Glasses*, in which the author argues that observation of the sun is beneficial to those with poor vision, includes a figure of somebody \"Focussing the Rays of the Sun Upon the Eye of a Patient by Means of a Burning Glass.\"
The burning lens of the Grand Duke of Tuscany was used by Sir Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday to burn a diamond in oxygen on 27 March 1814.
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# Burning glass
## Use
### War: since the legend of Archimedes {#war_since_the_legend_of_archimedes}
The first story akin to that of burning glass is by Archimedes, for the purpose of war, in 212 BC. When Syracuse was besieged by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the Roman fleet was supposedly incinerated by the use of not glass per se, but a concave mirror made of brass focusing sunlight. Whether or not that actually happened, eventually the city was taken and Archimedes was slain.
In 1796, during the French Revolution and three years after the declaration of war between France and Great Britain, physicist Étienne-Gaspard Robert met with the French government and proposed the use of mirrors to burn the invading ships of the British Royal Navy. They decided not to take up his proposal.
### Domestic use: primitive fire making {#domestic_use_primitive_fire_making}
Burning glasses (often called **fire lenses**) are still used to light fires in outdoor and primitive settings. Large burning lenses sometimes take the form of Fresnel lenses, similar to lighthouse lenses, including those for use in solar furnaces. Solar furnaces are used in industry to produce extremely high temperatures without the need for fuel or large supplies of electricity. They sometimes employ a large parabolic array of mirrors (some facilities are several stories high) to focus light to a high intensity.
### Religion: sacred fire {#religion_sacred_fire}
In various religions settings, a burning glass is used to set off some sort of sacred fire.
From the 7th to the 16th centuries, a burning glass was used by Christians to set off the Easter Fire during the Easter vigil. Thus, Saint Boniface explained to Pope Zachary that he produced the new fire of Holy Saturday by means of a crystal lens concentrating the rays of the sun. This process was also mentioned in liturgical books until the Roman Pontifical of 1561.
In Cambodia, a burning glass has also been used since ancient times for the cremation of kings and most recently for the funeral of King Sihanouk. The crematorium of the king is traditionally prepared by the Bakus brahmin from the Royal Palace on the last day of the week-long funeral. Small pieces of fragrant agarwood are placed beneath the magnifying glass until it ignites. The incandescent wood is used to light candles and pass on the fire to the attendees, who usually take their lit candles home.
### Sports: lighting the Olympic torch {#sports_lighting_the_olympic_torch}
The Olympic torch that is carried around the host country of the Olympic Games is lit by a burning glass, at the site of ancient Olympia in Greece.
### Popular culture: verification attempts {#popular_culture_verification_attempts}
There have been several real-world tests to evaluate the validity of the legend of Archimedes described above `{{crossreference|(see {{slink||War: since the legend of Archimedes}})}}`{=mediawiki} over the centuries, including a test by Comte de Buffon (circa 1747), documented in the paper titled \"Invention De Miroirs Ardens, Pour Brusler a Une Grande Distance\", and an experiment by John Scott, which was documented in an 1867 paper. In 1973, Greek scientist Dr. Ioannis Sakkas, curious about whether Archimedes could really have used a \"burning glass\" to destroy the Roman fleet in 212 BC, lined up nearly 60 Greek sailors, each holding an oblong mirror tipped to catch the sun\'s rays and direct them at a wooden ship 160 feet away. The ship caught fire at once. Sakkas said after the experiment there was no doubt in his mind the great inventor could have used bronze mirrors to scuttle the Romans.
However, accounting for battle conditions makes such a weapon impractical, with modern tests refuting such claims. An experiment was carried out by a group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005. It concluded that although the theory was sound for stationary objects, the mirrors would not likely have been able to concentrate sufficient solar energy to set a ship on fire under battle conditions. Similar experiments were conducted on the popular science-based TV show *MythBusters* in 2004, 2006, and 2010, arriving at similar results based on the premise of the controversial myth.
However, an episode of *Richard Hammond\'s Engineering Connections* relating to the Keck Observatory (whose reflector glass is based on the Archimedes\' Mirror) did successfully use a much smaller curved mirror to burn a wooden model, although the scaled-down model was not made of the same quality of materials as in the *MythBusters* effort
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# Benny Andersson
**Göran Bror** **Benny** **Andersson** (`{{IPA|sv|ˈbɛ̌nːʏ ˈânːdɛˌʂɔn|lang|sv-Benny Andersson.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, composer and producer best known as a member of the pop group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals *Chess*, *Kristina från Duvemåla*, and *Mamma Mia!* For the 2008 film version of *Mamma Mia!* and its 2018 sequel, *Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again*, he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester.
## Early life {#early_life}
Göran Bror Benny Andersson was born 16 December 1946 in the Vasastan district of Stockholm to civil engineer Gösta Andersson (1912--1973) and his wife Laila (1920--1971). His sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Andersson\'s musical interest was spurred by his father and grandfather (Efraim), who played the accordion. At the age of six, they bought him one, too, and introduced him to Swedish folk music, traditional music, and schlager. The first records he owned were \"Du Bist Musik\" by Italian schlager singer Caterina Valente and Elvis Presley\'s \"Jailhouse Rock\". He was especially impressed by the flip side, \"Treat Me Nice\", as this featured a piano. This variety of different kinds of music influenced him through the years.
At ten, Andersson got his own piano and taught himself to play. He was influenced by Brian Jones, left school at 15 and began to perform at youth clubs. This is when he met his first girlfriend Christina Grönvall, with whom he had two children: Peter (born 1963) and Heléne (born 1965). In early 1964, Benny and Christina joined \"Elverkets Spelmanslag\" (\"The Electricity Board Folk Music Group\"); the name was a punning reference to their electric instruments. Their repertoire consisted mainly of instrumentals, including \"Baby Elephant Walk\"; he also wrote his first songs.
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# Benny Andersson
## Career
### Hep Stars (1964--1969) {#hep_stars_19641969}
In October 1964 he joined the Hep Stars as keyboardist and they made a breakthrough in March 1965 with their hit \"Cadillac\", eventually becoming the most celebrated of the Swedish 1960s pop bands. Andersson secured his place as the band\'s keyboardist and musical driving force as well as a teen idol. The band performed mostly covers of international hits, but Andersson soon started writing his own material, and gave the band the classic hits \"No Response\", \"Sunny Girl\", \"Wedding\", \"Consolation\", \"It\'s Nice To Be Back\" and \"She Will Love You\", among others.
### Before ABBA (1969--1972) {#before_abba_19691972}
Andersson met Björn Ulvaeus in June 1966, and the two men started writing songs together, their first being \"Isn\'t It Easy To Say\", eventually recorded by the Hep Stars. He also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote several songs and submitted \"Hej, Clown\" for the 1969 Melodifestivalen -- the Swedish Eurovision Song Festival finals. The song finished in second place. During this contest, he met vocalist Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and they soon became a couple. Around the same time, his songwriting companion Ulvaeus met vocalist Agnetha Fältskog.
The personal relationships and Andersson and Ulvaeus\' songwriting collaboration led quite naturally to the very close cooperation which the four friends had during the following years. Benny and Björn scored their first hits as songwriters in the spring of 1969: \"Ljuva sextital\" (a hit with Brita Borg) and \"Speleman\" (a hit for the Hep Stars). As the two couples began supporting each other during recording sessions, the sound of the women\'s voices convinced the songwriters to model their \'group\' on various MOR acts such as Blue Mink, Middle of the Road and Sweet.
### ABBA (1972--1982) {#abba_19721982}
*Main article: ABBA* The group\'s breakthrough came with winning the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden with \"Waterloo\" on 6 April 1974. During the next eight years, Andersson (together with Ulvaeus) wrote music for and produced eight studio albums with ABBA. The group achieved great success globally and scored a chain of No. 1 hits.
With ABBA, Benny sang lead vocal on only one song -- \"Suzy-Hang-Around\", from the *Waterloo* album.
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# Benny Andersson
## Career
### After ABBA: *Chess*, *Kristina* and *Mamma Mia!* (1983--present) {#after_abba_chess_kristina_and_mamma_mia_1983present}
After ABBA, Andersson continued writing music with Ulvaeus. Their first project was the stage musical *Chess*, written with Tim Rice. The *Chess* concept album -- with vocals by Elaine Paige, Barbara Dickson, Murray Head and Swedes Tommy Körberg and Björn Skifs -- was released in October 1984, selling two million copies worldwide. The Paige/Dickson duet \"I Know Him So Well\" became a major UK No. 1 hit, and Murray Head\'s \"One Night in Bangkok\" gave Andersson/Ulvaeus a US No. 3 hit.
*Chess* was staged in London\'s West End Prince Edward Theatre in May 1986 and received mixed to positive reviews, running for about three years. A revised staging on Broadway in April 1988 received poor reviews, running for two months.
In 1985, Andersson produced and released an album with brother and sister Anders and Karin Glenmark, featuring new songs by Andersson/Ulvaeus. The duo named themselves Gemini, and a second album with more music by Björn and Benny was released in April 1987, containing the big hit \"Mio My Mio\"; also to be found on the soundtrack to the film *Mio in the Land of Faraway*, for which Andersson co-produced the music.
In 1987, Andersson released his first solo album *Klinga Mina Klockor* (\"Chime, My Bells\"). All the music was written by and performed by himself on accordion, backed by the *Orsa Spelmän* (Orsa Folk Musicians) on fiddles. A second solo album followed: *November 1989*.
In 1990, Andersson scored a Swedish No. 1 hit with \"Lassie\", sung by female cabaret group Ainbusk, for whom he also wrote the Svensktoppen hits \"Älska Mig\" and \"Drömmarnas Golv\". He decided to produce an album with Josefin Nilsson from this quartet, resulting in the 1993 English-language album *Shapes*, featuring ten new Andersson/Ulvaeus compositions.
In 1992, he wrote the introduction melody for the European football championship, which was organised by Sweden that year.
From the late 1980s, Andersson had worked on an idea for an epic Swedish language musical based on his affection for traditional folk music, and in October 1995, *Kristina från Duvemåla* premiered in Sweden. The musical was based on *The Emigrants* novels by Swedish writer Vilhelm Moberg. The musical ran successfully for almost five years, before closing in June 1999. An English-language version, simply titled *Kristina*, was staged in concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City for two nights in September 2009, yielding a live recording, and at the Royal Albert Hall for one night in April 2010.
Andersson\'s next project was *Mamma Mia!*, a musical built around 24 of ABBA\'s songs, which has become a worldwide box-office blockbuster, with versions in several languages being played in many countries, including the UK (West End premiere in April 1999), Canada (Toronto premiere in 2000), the USA (Broadway premiere in 2001), and Sweden (Swedish language premiere in 2005).
For the 2004 semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest, staged in Istanbul thirty years after ABBA had won the contest in Brighton, Benny appeared briefly in a special comedy video made for the interval act, entitled \"Our Last Video\". Each of the four members of the group appeared briefly in cameo roles, as did others such as Cher and Rik Mayall. The video was not included in the official DVD release of the Eurovision Contest, but was issued as a separate DVD release. It was billed as the first time the four had worked together since the group split; however, Frida\'s appearance was filmed separately.
A film version of *Mamma Mia!* premiered on 18 July 2008. In April/May 2007, Andersson worked on the film soundtrack, re-recording the ABBA songs with musicians from the original ABBA recording sessions. *Mamma Mia! The Movie* has become the most successful film musical of all time, and the biggest-selling DVD ever in the UK.
### Benny Anderssons Orkester (2001--present) {#benny_anderssons_orkester_2001present}
Andersson currently performs with his own band of 16 musicians, Benny Anderssons Orkester (\"Benny Andersson\'s orchestra\", BAO), with fellow Swedes Helen Sjöholm (of *Kristina from Duvemåla*) and Tommy Körberg (of *Chess*), with lyrics to new material sometimes written by Björn Ulvaeus. BAO has released five albums to huge success in Sweden, all containing hit singles.
In 2009 BAO achieved a new record in Sweden on the Svensktoppen chart by staying there for 243 weeks with the song \"*Du är min man*\" (\"You Are My Man\"), sung by Sjöholm.
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# Benny Andersson
## Career
### New compositions (1984--present) {#new_compositions_1984present}
Andersson composes primarily for his band BAO, with vocalists Sjöholm and Körberg, but he keeps his older material alive by re-visiting it, as in *Mamma Mia!* and the Swedish version of *Chess*.
For a compilation album of the Glenmark duo Gemini, Andersson had Björn Ulvaeus write new Swedish lyrics for the re-recording of two songs from 1984 and 1987.
Andersson and Ulvaeus have continuously been writing new material; most recently the two wrote seven songs for Andersson\'s BAO 2011 album O klang och jubeltid, performed as usual by vocalists Sjöholm, Körberg and Kalle Moraeus. In July 2009, BAO, now named \"The Benny Andersson Band\", released their first international record, the album *The Story of a Heart*. It was a compilation of 14 tracks from Andersson\'s five Swedish-language releases between 1987 and 2007, including five songs now recorded with lyrics by Ulvaeus in English, and the new title song premiered on BBC2\'s *Ken Bruce Show*. A Swedish-language version of the title track, *\"Sommaren Du Fick\"* (\"The Summer You Got\"), was released as a single in Sweden prior to the English version, with vocals by Helen Sjöholm.
In the spring of 2009, Andersson also released a single recorded by the staff at his privately owned Stockholm hotel Hotel Rival, titled \"2nd Best to None\", accompanied by a video showing the staff at work. In 2008, Andersson and Ulvaeus wrote a song for Swedish singer Sissela Kyle, titled \"*Jag vill bli gammal*\" (\"I Wanna Grow Old\"), for her Stockholm stage show \"*Your Days Are Numbered*\", which was never recorded and released but did get a TV performance. Ulvaeus also contributed lyrics to ABBA\'s 1976 instrumental track \"Arrival\" for Sarah Brightman\'s cover version recorded for her 2008 album *A Winter Symphony*. New English lyrics have also been written for Andersson\'s 1999 song \"*Innan Gryningen*\" (then also named \"Millennium Hymn\"), with the new title \"The Silence of the Dawn\" for Barbara Dickson was performed live, but not yet recorded and released. In 2007, they wrote the new song \"*Han som har vunnit allt*\" (\"He Who\'s Won It All\") for actor and singer Anders Ekborg.
Ulvaeus wrote English lyrics for two older songs from Andersson\'s solo albums *I Walk with You Mama* (\"Stockholm by Night\", 1989) and *After the Rain* (\"Efter regnet\", 1987) for opera singer Anne Sofie Von Otter, for her Andersson tribute album *I Let the Music Speak*. Barbara Dickson recorded an Ulvaeus and Andersson song called \"The Day The Wall Came Tumbling Down\"; the song eventually was released by Australian *Mamma Mia!* musical star Anne Wood\'s album of ABBA covers, *Divine Discontent*. As of October 2012, Ulvaeus had mentioned writing new material with Andersson for a BAO Christmas release (also mentioned as a BAO box), and Andersson is busy writing music for a Swedish language obscure musical, *Hjälp Sökes* (\"*Help is Wanted*\") together with Kristina Lugn and Lars Rudolfsson, premiering 8 February 2013. Andersson has also written music for a documentary film about Olof Palme, re-recording the track \"Sorgmarch\" from his last album as a theme throughout the film. The song \"*Saknadens rum and Kärlekens Tid*\", recorded 2004 by Helen Sjöholm with BAO, has also been performed in concert in English (lyrics by Ylva Eggehorn) by opera baritone Bryn Terfel. On 15 April 2013, it was officially announced by the EBU and the SVT that Andersson, along with Ulvaeus and the late Stockholm based DJ and record producer Avicii, had composed the anthem for the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest. The song was performed for the first time in the Final on 18 May.
A new album of Andersson compositions presented in a choral style was released on 18 September 2015. \"*Kärlekens Tid*\" was produced in Andersson\'s Mono Music studio, under the direction of choirmaster Gustaf Sjökvist, who died before the album\'s release. Gustaf Sjökvists Choir, conducted by Cecilia Rydinger Alin, performed two concerts at Skeppsholmen on 20 September, featuring Benny Andersson on piano. The album includes songs in Swedish and English from a range of Andersson\'s projects, such as *Chess*, *Kristina* and BAO.
In November 2018, Deutsche Grammophon released *Piano*, a collection of ABBA tunes, tunes from Chess and original compositions all played by Andersson on solo piano.
Andersson reunited with ABBA in 2018. On 2 September 2021, via YouTube livestream, ABBA announced their upcoming virtual concert residency \"ABBA Voyage\", as well as the imminent release of an eponymous album, recorded between 2017 and 2021. The new record, their first studio album in 40 years, features ten tracks, including \"I Still Have Faith In You\" and \"Don\'t Shut Me Down\", which also were first shown in the aforementioned livestream event and released as a double A-side single. On 5 November 2021, the *Voyage* album was released worldwide. On 27 May 2022, ABBA Voyage opened in a purpose-built venue named the ABBA Arena at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London.
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# Benny Andersson
## Career
### Film music {#film_music}
Andersson has written music to several films for screen and television; the first attempt in the early 1970s for the Swedish erotica movie *The Seduction of Inga*; the film was not a success, but the \'Björn & Benny\' single \"She\'s My Kind of Girl\" surprised the composers by being released in Japan and becoming a Top 10 hit (the song renamed in Japan as \"The Little Girl of the Cold Wind\").
In 1987, Andersson wrote music and co-produced the soundtrack with Anders Eljas for the film *Mio in the Land of Faraway*, based on Swedish author Astrid Lindgrens *Mio, My Son*. The title song became a huge hit in Sweden for Gemini.
In 2000, he wrote the music for fellow Swede (no relation) Roy Andersson\'s film *Songs from the Second Floor* (the music later re-recorded, featuring new lyrics, with BAO! with vocals by Helen Sjöholm). He also wrote the theme for Roy Andersson\'s next film, *You, the Living*, from 2007.
Andersson worked on the film adaptation of *Mamma Mia!*. He also wrote the film score for the 2012 documentary *Palme* about Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. He later won a Guldbagge Award for Best Original Score, for that film at the 48th Guldbagge Awards.
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# Benny Andersson
## Awards
- `{{flag|Sweden}}`{=mediawiki}: Royal Order of Vasa, Commander First Class (21 March 2024)
Together with Ulvaeus, Andersson was nominated for a Drama Desk Award in a category \"Outstanding Music\" (for the musical *Chess*), and for a Tony Award in a category \"Best Orchestrations\" (for musical *Mamma Mia!*). Original cast recordings of both musicals were nominated for a Grammy Award. Andersson/Ulvaeus also won a Touring Broadway Award for the musical \"Mamma Mia\" (best score).
During his post-ABBA career Andersson won four Swedish Grammis awards, and together with Ulvaeus received the \"Special International\" Ivor Novello award from \'The British Academy of Composers and Songwriters\', twice \"The Music Export Prize\" from the Swedish Ministry of Industry and Trade (2008), as well as the \"Lifetime Achievement\" award from the Swedish Music Publishers Association (SMFF). In 2002, Andersson was given an honorary professorship by the Swedish Government for his \"ability to create high-class music reaching people around the world\". thumb\|upright=.8\|Anderson at Stockholm University in 2008 In 2007, he was elected a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Music, and in 2008 received an Honorary Doctorate from the Stockholm University Faculty of Humanities for contributing importantly both to the preservation and the growth of the Swedish folk music tradition.
On 15 March 2010, Andersson appeared on stage in New York with former wife Anni-Frid Lyngstad to accept ABBA\'s award of induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. During his acceptance speech he reflected on the important influence of traditional European music and the melancholy of the Swedish soul on ABBA\'s brand of pop music. \"If you live in a country like Sweden, with five, six months of snow, and the sun disappears totally for like two months, that would be reflected in the work of artists,\" he said. \"It\'s definitely in the Swedish folk music, you can hear it in the Russian folk songs, you can hear in the music from Jean Sibelius or Edvard Grieg from Norway, you can see it in the eyes of Greta Garbo and you can hear it in the voice of Jussi Björling. And you can hear in the sound of Frida and Agnetha on some of our songs too.\"
In 2012, he received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from the Luleå Tekniska Universitet Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.
Andersson won the Swedish \"Guldbaggen\" award in 2012 as composer of the music for the film \"Palme\".
For his album *Piano* he received the Opus Klassik award in 2018.
On 21 March 2024, shortly before the 50th anniversary of their win at the Eurovision Song Contest, all four members of ABBA were appointed *Commander, First Class, of the Royal Order of Vasa* by His Majesty King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. This was the first time in almost 50 years that the Swedish Royal Orders of Knighthood was bestowed on Swedes. ABBA shared the honour with nine other persons.
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# Benny Andersson
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Andersson was engaged to Christina Grönvall. They have two children. The couple split in 1966 and Christina kept custody of the children as Andersson was then at the peak of his Hep Stars\' success. In the 1990s, their son Peter Grönvall formed One More Time, a group that enjoyed European success with the ABBA-like \"Highland\" and, later, as Sweden\'s entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 1996.
Andersson was in a relationship with Anni-Frid Lyngstad of ABBA for about 11 years, from 1969 till 1980. They married on 6 October 1978, but separated on 26 November 1980 and divorced in 1981.
He married Swedish TV presenter Mona Nörklit in 1981 and had a son, Ludvig. Ludvig is also one of the producers of the concert residency ABBA Voyage.
Andersson was an alcoholic through much of his adult life. He has remained a teetotaler since 2001. Andersson did not disclose the extent of his substance abuse problems until a 2011 interview, at which point he had maintained nearly a decade of sobriety
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# Baseball statistics
**Baseball statistics** include a variety of metrics used to evaluate player and team performance in the sport of baseball.
Because the flow of a baseball game has natural breaks to it, and player activity is characteristically distinguishable individually, the sport lends itself to easy record-keeping and compiling statistics. Baseball \"stats\" have been recorded since the game\'s earliest beginnings as a distinct sport in the middle of the nineteenth century, and as such are extensively available through the historical records of leagues such as the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players and the Negro leagues, although the consistency, standards, and calculations are often incomplete or questionable.
Since the National League (NL) was founded in 1876, statistics in the most elite levels of professional baseball have been kept at some level, with efforts to standardize the stats and their compilation improving during the early 20th century. Such efforts have evolved in tandem with advances in available technology ever since. The NL was joined by the American League (AL) in 1903; together the two constitute contemporary Major League Baseball. Several statistics are defined in the *Official Baseball Rules*, which task the official scorer with providing a report after each game.
New advances in both statistical analysis and technology made possible by the \"PC revolution\" of the 1980s and 1990s have driven teams and fans to evaluate players by an ever-increasing set of new statistics, which hold them to ever-evolving standards. With the advent of many of these methods, players can conditionally be compared across different time eras and run scoring environments.
## Development
The practice of keeping records of player achievements was started in the 19th century by English-American sportswriter Henry Chadwick. Based on his experience with the sport of cricket, Chadwick devised the predecessors to modern-day statistics including batting average, runs scored, and runs allowed.
Traditionally, statistics such as batting average (the number of hits divided by the number of at bats) and earned run average (the average number of runs allowed by a pitcher per nine innings, less errors and other events out of the pitcher\'s control) have dominated attention in the statistical world of baseball. However, the recent advent of sabermetrics has created statistics drawing from a greater breadth of player performance measures and playing field variables. Sabermetrics and comparative statistics attempt to provide an improved measure of a player\'s performance and contributions to his team from year to year, frequently against a statistical performance average.
Comprehensive, historical baseball statistics were difficult for the average fan to access until 1951, when researcher Hy Turkin published *The Complete Encyclopedia of Baseball*. In 1969, Macmillan Publishing printed its first *Baseball Encyclopedia*, using a computer to compile statistics for the first time. Known as \"Big Mac\", the encyclopedia became the standard baseball reference until 1988, when *Total Baseball* was released by Warner Books using more sophisticated technology. The publication of *Total Baseball* led to the discovery of several \"phantom ballplayers\", such as Lou Proctor, who did not belong in official record books and were removed.
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# Baseball statistics
## Use
Throughout modern baseball, a few core statistics have been traditionally referenced -- batting average, RBI, and home runs. To this day, a player who leads the league in all of these three statistics earns the \"Triple Crown\". For pitchers, wins, ERA, and strikeouts are the most often-cited statistics, and a pitcher leading his league in these statistics may also be referred to as a \"triple crown\" winner. General managers and baseball scouts have long used the major statistics, among other factors and opinions, to understand player value. Managers, catchers and pitchers use the statistics of batters of opposing teams to develop pitching strategies and set defensive positioning on the field. Managers and batters study opposing pitcher performance and motions in attempting to improve hitting. Scouts use stats when they are looking at a player who they may end up drafting or signing to a contract.
Some sabermetric statistics have entered the mainstream baseball world that measure a batter\'s overall performance including on-base plus slugging, commonly referred to as OPS. OPS adds the hitter\'s on-base percentage (number of times reached base by any means divided by total plate appearances) to their slugging percentage (total bases divided by at-bats). Some argue that the OPS formula is flawed and that more weight should be shifted towards OBP (on-base percentage). The statistic wOBA (weighted on-base average) attempts to correct for this.
OPS is also useful when determining a pitcher\'s level of success. \"Opponent on-base plus slugging\" (OOPS) is becoming a popular tool to evaluate a pitcher\'s actual performance. When analyzing a pitcher\'s statistics, some useful categories include K/9IP (strikeouts per nine innings), K/BB (strikeouts per walk), HR/9 (home runs per nine innings), WHIP (walks plus hits per inning pitched), and OOPS (opponent on-base plus slugging).
However, since 2001, more emphasis has been placed on defense-independent pitching statistics, including defense-independent ERA (dERA), in an attempt to evaluate a pitcher\'s performance regardless of the strength of the defensive players behind them.
All of the above statistics may be used in certain game situations. For example, a certain hitter\'s ability to hit left-handed pitchers might incline a manager to increase their opportunities to face left-handed pitchers. Other hitters may have a history of success against a given pitcher (or vice versa), and the manager may use this information to create a favorable match-up. This is often referred to as \"playing the percentages\".
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# Baseball statistics
## Contemporary statistics {#contemporary_statistics}
The following listings include abbreviations and/or acronyms for both historic baseball statistics and those based on modern mathematical formulas known popularly as \"metrics\".
The explanations below are for quick reference and do not fully or completely define the statistic; for the strict definition, see the linked article for each statistic.
### Batting statistics {#batting_statistics}
- 1B -- Single: hits on which the batter reaches first base safely without the contribution of a fielding error
- 2B -- Double: hits on which the batter reaches second base safely without the contribution of a fielding error
- 3B -- Triple: hits on which the batter reaches third base safely without the contribution of a fielding error
- AB -- At bat: plate appearances, not including bases on balls, being hit by pitch, sacrifices, interference, or obstruction
- AB/HR -- At bats per home run: at bats divided by home runs
- BA -- Batting average (also abbreviated *AVG*): hits divided by at bats (H/AB)
- BB -- Base on balls (also called a \"walk\"): hitter not swinging at four pitches called out of the strike zone and awarded first base.
- BABIP -- Batting average on balls in play: frequency at which a batter reaches a base after putting the ball in the field of play. Also a pitching category.
- BB/K -- Walk-to-strikeout ratio: number of bases on balls divided by number of strikeouts
- BsR -- Base runs: Another run estimator, like *runs created*
- EQA -- Equivalent average: a player\'s batting average absent park and league factors
- FC -- Fielder\'s choice: times reaching base safely because a fielder chose to try for an out on another runner
- GO/AO -- Ground ball fly ball ratio: number of ground ball outs divided by number of fly ball outs
- GDP or GIDP -- Ground into double play: number of ground balls hit that became double plays
- GPA -- Gross production average: 1.8 times on-base percentage plus slugging percentage, divided by four
- GS -- Grand slam: a home run with the bases loaded, resulting in four runs scoring, and four RBIs credited to the batter
- H -- Hit: reaching base because of a batted, fair ball without error by the defense
- HBP -- Hit by pitch: times touched by a pitch and awarded first base as a result
- HR -- Home runs: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error
- HR/H -- Home runs per hit: home runs divided by total hits
- ITPHR -- Inside-the-park home run: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error or the ball going outside the ball park.
- IBB -- Intentional base on balls: times awarded first base on balls (see *BB* above) deliberately thrown by the pitcher. Also known as *IW* (intentional walk).
- ISO -- Isolated power: a hitter\'s ability to hit for extra bases, calculated by subtracting batting average from slugging percentage
- K -- Strike out (also abbreviated *SO*): number of times that a third strike is taken or swung at and missed, or bunted foul. Catcher must catch the third strike or batter may attempt to run to first base.
- LOB -- Left on base: number of runners neither out nor scored at the end of an inning
- OBP -- On-base percentage: times reached base (H + BB + HBP) divided by at bats plus walks plus hit by pitch plus sacrifice flies (AB + BB + HBP + SF)
- OPS -- On-base plus slugging: on-base percentage plus slugging average
- PA -- Plate appearance: number of completed batting appearances
- PA/SO -- Plate appearances per strikeout: number of times a batter strikes out to their plate appearance
- R -- Runs scored: number of times a player crosses home plate
- RC -- Runs created: an attempt to measure how many runs a player has contributed to their team
- RP -- Runs produced: an attempt to measure how many runs a player has contributed
- RBI -- Run batted in: number of runners who score due to a batter\'s action, except when the batter grounded into a double play or reached on an error
- RISP -- Runner in scoring position: a breakdown of a batter\'s batting average with runners in scoring position, which includes runners at second or third base
- SF -- Sacrifice fly: fly balls hit to the outfield which, although caught for an out, allow a baserunner to advance
- SH -- Sacrifice hit: number of sacrifice bunts which allow runners to advance on the basepaths
- SLG -- Slugging percentage: total bases achieved on hits divided by at-bats (TB/AB)
- TA -- Total average: total bases, plus walks, plus hit by pitch, plus steals, minus caught stealing divided by at bats, minus hits, plus caught stealing, plus grounded into double plays \[(TB + BB + HBP + SB -- CS)/(AB -- H + CS + GIDP)\]
- TB -- Total bases: one for each single, two for each double, three for each triple, and four for each home run \[H + 2B + (2 × 3B) + (3 × HR)\] or \[1B + (2 × 2B) + (3 × 3B) + (4 × HR)\]
- TOB -- Times on base: times reaching base as a result of hits, walks, and hit-by-pitches (H + BB + HBP)
- XBH -- Extra base hits: total hits greater than singles (2B + 3B + HR)
### Baserunning statistics {#baserunning_statistics}
- SB -- Stolen base: number of bases advanced by the runner while the ball is in the possession of the defense
- CS -- Caught stealing: times tagged out while attempting to steal a base
- SBA or ATT -- Stolen base attempts: total number of times the player has attempted to steal a base (SB+CS)
- SB% -- Stolen base percentage: the percentage of bases stolen successfully. (SB) divided by (SBA) (stolen bases attempted).
- DI -- Defensive Indifference: if the catcher does not attempt to throw out a runner (usually because the base would be insignificant), the runner is not awarded a steal. Scored as a fielder\'s choice.
- R -- Runs scored: times reached home plate legally and safely
- UBR -- Ultimate base running: a metric that assigns linear weights to every individual baserunning event in order to measure the impact of a player\'s baserunning skill
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# Baseball statistics
## Contemporary statistics {#contemporary_statistics}
### Pitching statistics {#pitching_statistics}
- BB -- Base on balls (also called a \"walk\"): times pitching four balls, allowing the batter to take first base
- BB/9 -- Bases on balls per 9 innings pitched: base on balls multiplied by nine, divided by innings pitched
- BF -- Total batters faced: opponent team\'s total plate appearances
- BK -- Balk: number of times pitcher commits an illegal pitching action while in contact with the pitching rubber as judged by umpire, resulting in baserunners advancing one base
- BS -- Blown save: number of times entering the game in a save situation, and being charged the run (earned or not) which eliminates his team\'s lead
- CERA -- Component ERA: an estimate of a pitcher\'s ERA based upon the individual components of his statistical line (K, H, 2B, 3B, HR, BB, HBP)
- CG -- Complete game: number of games where player was the only pitcher for their team
- DICE -- Defense-Independent Component ERA: an estimate of a pitcher\'s ERA based upon the defense-independent components of his statistical line (K, HR, BB, HBP) but which also uses number of outs (IP), which is not defense independent.
- ER -- Earned run: number of runs that did not occur as a result of errors or passed balls
- ERA -- Earned run average: total number of earned runs (see \"ER\" above), multiplied by 9, divided by innings pitched
- ERA+ -- Adjusted ERA+: earned run average adjusted for the ballpark and the league average
- FIP -- Fielding independent pitching: a metric, scaled to resemble an ERA, that focuses on events within the pitcher\'s control -- home runs, walks, and strikeouts -- but also uses in its denominator the number of outs the team gets (see IP), which is not entirely within the pitcher\'s control.
- xFIP: This variant substitutes a pitcher\'s own home run percentage with the league average
- G -- Games (AKA \"appearances\"): number of times a pitcher pitches in a season
- GF -- Games finished: number of games pitched where player was the final pitcher for their team as a relief pitcher
- GIDP -- Double plays induced: number of double play groundouts induced
- GIDPO -- Double play opportunities: number of groundout induced double play opportunities
- GIR -- Games in relief: games as a non starting pitcher
- GO/AO or G/F -- Ground Out to Air Out ratio, aka Ground ball fly ball ratio: ground balls allowed divided by fly balls allowed
- GS -- Starts: number of games pitched where player was the first pitcher for their team
- H (or HA) -- Hits allowed: total hits allowed
- H/9 (or HA/9) -- Hits allowed per 9 innings pitched: hits allowed times nine divided by innings pitched (also known as H/9IP)
- HB -- Hit batsman: times hit a batter with pitch, allowing runner to advance to first base
- HLD (or H) -- Hold: number of games entered in a save situation, recorded at least one out, did not surrender the lead, and did not complete the game
- HR (or HRA) -- Home runs allowed: total home runs allowed
- HR/9 (or HRA/9) -- Home runs per nine innings: home runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched (also known as HR/9IP)
- IBB -- Intentional base on balls allowed
- IP -- Innings pitched: the number of outs a team gets while a pitcher is pitching divided by 3
- IP/GS -- Average number of innings pitched per game started
- IR -- Inherited runners: number of runners on base when the pitcher enters the game
- IRA -- Inherited runs allowed: number of inherited runners allowed to score
- K (or SO) -- Strikeout: number of batters who received strike three
- K/9 (or SO/9) -- Strikeouts per 9 innings pitched: strikeouts times nine divided by innings pitched
- K/BB (or SO/BB) -- Strikeout-to-walk ratio: number of strikeouts divided by number of base on balls
- L -- Loss: number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win
- LOB% -- Left-on-base percentage: LOB% represents the percentage of baserunners a pitcher does not allow to score. LOB% tends to regress toward 70--72% over time, so unusually high or low percentages could indicate that pitcher\'s ERA could be expected to rise or lower in the future. An occasional exception to this logic is a pitcher with a very high strikeout rate.
- OBA (or just AVG) -- Opponents batting average: hits allowed divided by at-bats faced
- PC-ST -- An individual pitcher\'s total game pitches \[Pitch Count\] and \[ST\] his no. of strikes thrown within that PC.
- PIT (or NP) -- Pitches thrown (Pitch count)
- PFR -- Power finesse ratio: The sum of strikeouts and walks divided by innings pitched.
- pNERD -- Pitcher\'s NERD: expected aesthetic pleasure of watching an individual pitcher
- QOP -- Quality of pitch: comprehensive pitch evaluation statistic which combines speed, location and movement (rise, total break, vertical break and horizontal break) into a single numeric value
- QS -- Quality start: a game in which a starting pitcher completes at least six innings and permits no more than three earned runs
- RA -- Run average: number of runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched
- SHO -- Shutout: number of complete games pitched with no runs allowed
- SIERA -- Skill-Interactive Earned Run Average: another advanced stat that measures pitching. SIERA builds on FIP and xFIP by taking a deeper look at what makes pitchers better.
- SV -- Save: number of games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher\'s team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either (a) the lead was three runs or fewer when the pitcher entered the game; (b) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck; or (c) the pitcher pitched three or more innings
- SVO -- Save opportunity: When a pitcher 1) enters the game with a lead of three or fewer runs and pitches at least one inning, 2) enters the game with the potential tying run on base, at bat, or on deck, or 3) pitches three or more innings with a lead and is credited with a save by the official scorer
- W -- Win: number of games where pitcher was pitching while their team took the lead and went on to win, also the starter needs to pitch at least 5 innings of work (also related: winning percentage)
- W + S -- Wins in relief + saves.
- whiff rate: a term, usually used in reference to pitchers, that divides the number of pitches swung at and missed by the total number of swings in a given sample. If a pitcher throws 100 pitches at which batters swing, and the batters fail to make contact on 26 of them, the pitcher\'s whiff rate is 26%.
- WHIP -- Walks and hits per inning pitched: average number of walks and hits allowed by the pitcher per inning
- WP -- Wild pitches: charged when a pitch is too high, low, or wide of home plate for the catcher to field, thereby allowing one or more runners to advance or score
### Fielding statistics {#fielding_statistics}
- A -- Assists: number of outs recorded on a play where a fielder touched the ball, except if such touching is the putout
- CI -- Catcher\'s Interference (e.g., catcher makes contact with bat)
- DP -- Double plays: one for each double play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist.
- E -- Errors: number of times a fielder fails to make a play he should have made with common effort, and the offense benefits as a result
- FP -- Fielding percentage: total plays (chances minus errors) divided by the number of total chances
- INN -- Innings: number of innings that a player is at one certain position
- PB -- Passed ball: charged to the catcher when the ball is dropped and one or more runners advance
- PO -- Putout: number of times the fielder tags, forces, or appeals a runner and he is called out as a result
- RF -- Range factor: 9\*(putouts + assists)/innings played. Used to determine the amount of field that the player can cover
- TC -- Total chances: assists plus putouts plus errors
- TP -- Triple play: one for each triple play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist
- UZR -- Ultimate zone rating: the ability of a player to defend an assigned \"zone\" of the field compared to an average defensive player at his position
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# Baseball statistics
## Contemporary statistics {#contemporary_statistics}
### Overall player value {#overall_player_value}
- VORP -- Value over replacement player: a statistic that calculates a player\'s overall value in comparison to a \"replacement-level\" player
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# At bat
In baseball, an **at bat** (**AB**) or **time at bat** is a batter\'s turn batting against a pitcher. An at bat is different from a plate appearance. A batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens upon completion of his turn at bat, but a batter is charged with an at bat only if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below. While at bats are used to calculate certain statistics, including batting average and slugging percentage, players can qualify for the season-ending rankings in these categories only if they accumulate 502 plate appearances during the season.
Batters will not be charged an at bat if their plate appearances end under the following circumstances:
- Receiving a base on balls (BB).
- Being hit by a pitch (HBP).
- Hitting a sacrifice fly or a sacrifice bunt (also known as sacrifice hit).
- Being awarded first base due to catcher\'s interference or fielder\'s obstruction.
- Being replaced by another hitter before their at bat is completed, in which case the plate appearance and any related statistics go to the pinch hitter (unless they are replaced with two strikes and their replacement completes a strikeout, in which case the at bat and strikeout are charged to the first batter).
In addition, if the inning ends during an at bat (due to the third out being made by a runner caught stealing, for example), no at bat or plate appearance will result because neither were completed.
An at bat is a specific type of plate appearance in which the batter stands at the plate intending to put the ball in play and get on base. This is why at bats, and not plate appearances, are used to calculate batting average, as plate appearances in general can result in many outcomes that do not necessarily involve putting the ball in play, and batting average specifically measures a batter\'s contact hitting.
Rule 9.02(a)(1) of the official rules of Major League Baseball defines an at bat as: \"Number of times batted, except that no time at bat shall be charged when a player: (A) hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; (B) is awarded first base on four called balls; (C) is hit by a pitched ball; or (D) is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction\[.\]\"
## Examples
An at bat is counted when:
- The batter reaches first base on a hit
- The batter reaches first base on an error
- The batter strikes out, including a strikeout after which the batter reaches base safely because of a wild pitch or passed ball
- The batter is called out for any reason other than a sacrifice
- There is a fielder\'s choice
## Records
Pete Rose had 14,053 career at bats, the all-time major league and National League record. The American League record is held by Carl Yastrzemski, whose 11,988 career at bats were all in the AL.
The single season record is held by Jimmy Rollins, who had 716 at bats in 2007. Willie Wilson, Ichiro Suzuki and Juan Samuel also had more than 700 at bats in a season. 14 players share the single game record of 11 at bats in a single game, all of which were extra inning games. In games of 9 innings or fewer, the record is 7 at bats and has occurred more than 200 times.
The team record for most at bats in a single season is 5,781 by the 1997 Boston Red Sox.
## At bat as a phrase {#at_bat_as_a_phrase}
\"At bat\", \"up\", \"up at bat\", and \"at the plate\" are all phrases describing a batter who is facing the pitcher. Just because a player is described as being \"at bat\" in this sense, he will not necessarily be given an at bat in his statistics; the phrase actually signifies a plate appearance (assuming it is eventually completed). This ambiguous terminology is usually clarified by context. To refer explicitly to a statistical \"at bat\", the term \"official at bat\" is sometimes used.
### \"Time at bat\" in the rulebook {#time_at_bat_in_the_rulebook}
Official Baseball Rule 5.06(c) provides that \"\[a\] batter has legally completed his *time at bat* when he is put out or becomes a runner\" (emphasis added). The \"time at bat\" defined in this rule is more commonly referred to as a plate appearance, and the playing rules (Rules 1 through 8) uses the phrase \"time at bat\" in this sense. In contrast, the scoring rules use the phrase \"time at bat\" to refer to the statistic **at bat**, defined in Rule 9.02(a)(1), but sometimes uses the phrase \"official time at bat\" or refers back to Rule 9.02(a)(1) when mentioning the statistic. The phrase \"plate appearance\" is used in Rules 9.22 and 9.23 dealing with batting titles and hitting streaks, and in Rule 5.10(g) comment regarding the Three-Batter Minimum: \"\[t\]o qualify as one of three consecutive batters, the batter must complete his plate appearance, which ends only when the batter is put out or becomes a runner.\" The term is not elsewhere defined in the rulebook
| 853 |
At bat
| 0 |
3,801 |
# Earned run
In baseball, an **earned run** is any run that was fully enabled by the offensive team\'s production in the face of competent play from the defensive team. Conversely, an **unearned run** is a run that would not have been scored without the aid of an error or a passed ball committed by the defense; it is \"unearned\" in that it was, in a sense, \"given away\" by the defensive team.
Earned and unearned runs count equally toward the game score; the difference is purely statistical. Both total runs and earned runs are tabulated as part of a pitcher\'s statistics, but earned runs are specially denoted because of their use in calculating a pitcher\'s earned run average (ERA), the number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher per nine innings pitched (i.e., averaged over a regulation game). Thus, in effect, the pitcher is held personally accountable for earned runs, while the responsibility for unearned runs is shared with the rest of the team.
To determine whether a run is earned, the official scorer must reconstruct the inning as it would have occurred without errors or passed balls.
## Details
If no errors and no passed balls occur during the inning, all runs scored are automatically earned (assigned responsible to the pitcher(s) who allowed each runner to reach base). Also, in some cases, an error can be rendered harmless as the inning progresses. For example, a runner on first base advances to second on a passed ball and the next batter walks. Since the runner would now have been at second anyway, the passed ball no longer has any effect on the earned/unearned calculation. On the other hand, a batter/runner may make his entire circuit around the bases without the aid of an error, yet the run would be counted as unearned if an error prevented the third out from being made before he crossed the plate to score.
An error made by the pitcher in fielding at his position is counted the same as an error by any other player.
A run is counted as unearned when:
- A batter reaches base on an error (including catcher\'s interference) that would have retired the batter except for the error, and later scores a run in that inning by any means.
- A batter hits a foul fly ball that is dropped by a fielder for an error, extending the at-bat, and later scores. In this case, the manner in which the batter reached base becomes irrelevant.
- A baserunner remains on base or advances to the next base as the result of an error on a fielder\'s choice play that would put the baserunner out except for the error, and later scores.
- A batter reaches first base on a passed ball (but not a wild pitch) and later scores.
- A baserunner scores by any means after the third out would have been made except for an error other than catcher\'s interference.
- A batter or runner advances one or more bases on an error or passed ball (but not a wild pitch) and scores on a play that would otherwise not have provided the opportunity to score.
- Under either form of a WBSC tiebreaker in which each half-inning starts with the last one or two batters from the previous inning being placed on either second base (and if two runners, first base) to begin the inning, a run scored by these runners are unearned. If the runners are erased on a fielder\'s choice which places a batter on base, and the new batter-runner later scores, this would also be an unearned run. This rule was first implemented in WBSC competitions in 2008 and in the World Baseball Classic in 2013, with Major League Baseball adding it in 2020.
While the inning is still being played, the second and the second-last scenario can cause a temporary situation where a run has already scored, but its earned/unearned status is not yet certain. Under the last circumstance, for example, with two outs, a runner on third base scores on a passed ball. For the time being, the run is unearned since the runner *should* still be at third. If the batter strikes out to end the inning, it will stay that way. If the batter gets a base hit, which would have scored the runner anyway, the run now becomes earned.
Under the second circumstance, if there are runners on base and a batter hits a foul fly ball that is dropped, and then bats in the runners on base through a base hit (including a home run), the runs are unearned for the time being, as the runners should not have advanced. If the results of the remaining at-bats in the inning would not have scored the runners, the runs remain unearned. However, if results of subsequent at-bats would have scored the runs anyway, the runs would count as earned, unless they only would have scored as a result of a subsequent error or passed ball.
A baserunner who reaches on catcher\'s interference and subsequently scores with two outs scores an unearned run, but baserunners who subsequently score after the runner who has reached on catcher\'s interference exclusively on clean plays score earned runs; the baserunner cannot be assumed to have been put out except for the error. (2019 MLB Rule 9.16(a)(4)).
If a run is scored by a pinch-runner who replaces a baserunner who represents an unearned run, or by a pinch-hitter who continues the turn at bat of a batter who would be out except for an error, the run remains unearned, regardless of the substitution.
| 940 |
Earned run
| 0 |
3,801 |
# Earned run
## Details
### Pitching changes {#pitching_changes}
When pitchers are changed in the middle of an inning, and one or more errors have already occurred, it is possible to have a run charged as earned against a specific pitcher, but unearned to the team. The simplest example is when the defensive team records two outs and makes an error on a play that would have been the third out. A new pitcher comes into the game, and the next batter hits a home run. The runner who reached on the error comes around to score, and his run is unearned to both the prior pitcher and the team. However, the run scored by the batter is counted as earned against the relief pitcher, but unearned to the team (since there should have already been three outs). Had the team not switched pitchers, neither run would be counted as an earned run because that pitcher should have already been out of that inning.
A pitcher who is relieved mid-inning may be charged with earned runs equal to the number of batters who reached base while he was pitching, even if the specific batters he faced do not score. The batters he put on base may be erased by fielder\'s choice plays after he has been relieved by another pitcher, but if earned runs are scored in the inning the original pitcher is liable for as many earned runs as the number of batters he put on base. Example:
: On April 15, 2017, Detroit\'s Justin Verlander allowed the first two Cleveland batters in the 5th inning to reach base on base hits; Verlander was then relieved by Shane Greene. Greene walked the next batter to load the bases. The next batter hit a grounder and Miguel Cabrera threw home to force out the runner on third in a fielder\'s choice, so the bases remained loaded with one out. Greene struck out the next batter for the second out. Carlos Santana then hit a single that scored the runners from second and third (only one of whom was put on base by Verlander), and the runner from first was thrown out at the plate to end the inning. Since Verlander allowed two batters to reach base, he was charged with two earned runs, even though only one of the two specific batters he faced actually scored.
When a pitching change occurs, the new pitcher is said to \"inherit\" any runners that are on base at the time, and if they later score, those runs are charged (earned or unearned) to the prior pitcher. Most box scores now list inherited runners, and the number that scored, as a statistic for the relief pitcher
| 452 |
Earned run
| 1 |
3,802 |
# Base on balls
A **base on balls** (**BB**), better known as a **walk**, occurs in baseball when a batter receives four pitches during a plate appearance that the umpire calls *balls*, and is in turn awarded first base without the possibility of being called out. The base on balls is defined in Section 2.00 of baseball\'s Official Rules, and further detail is given in 6.08(a). Despite being known as a \"walk\", it is considered a faux pas for a professional player to actually walk to first base; the batter-runner and any advancing runners normally jog on such a play.
The term \"base on balls\" distinguishes a walk from the other manners in which a batter can be awarded first base without liability to be put out (e.g., hit by pitch (HBP), catcher\'s interference). Though a base on balls, catcher\'s interference, or a batter hit by a pitched ball all result in the batter (and possibly runners on base) being awarded a base, the term \"walk\" usually refers only to a base on balls, and not the other methods of reaching base without the bat touching the ball. An important difference is that for a hit batter or catcher\'s interference, the ball is dead and no one may advance unless forced; the ball is live after a walk (see below for details).
A batter who draws a base on balls is commonly said to have been \"walked\" by the pitcher. When the batter is walked, runners advance one base without liability to be put out only if forced to vacate their base to allow the batter to take first base. If a batter draws a walk with the bases loaded, all preceding runners are forced to advance, including the runner on third base who is forced to home plate to score a run; when a run is forced on a walk, the batter is credited with a run batted in per rule 9.04.
Receiving a base on balls does not count as a hit or an at bat for a batter but does count as a time on base and a plate appearance. Therefore, a base on balls does not affect a player\'s batting average, but it can increase his on-base percentage.
A hit by pitch is not counted statistically as a walk, though the effect is mostly the same, with the batter receiving a free pass to first base. One exception is that on hit-by-pitch, the ball is dead, and any runners attempting to steal on the play must return to their original base unless forced to the next base anyway. When a walk occurs, the ball is still live: any runner not forced to advance may nevertheless attempt to advance at his own risk, which might occur on a steal play, passed ball, or wild pitch. Also, because a ball is live when a base on balls occurs, runners on base forced to advance one base may attempt to advance beyond one base, at their own risk. The batter-runner himself may attempt to advance beyond first base, at his own risk. Rule 6.08 addresses this matter as well. An attempt to advance an additional base beyond the base awarded might occur when ball four is a passed ball or a wild pitch.
| 544 |
Base on balls
| 0 |
3,802 |
# Base on balls
## History
In early baseball, there was no concept of a \"ball\". It was created by the NABBP in 1863, originally as a sort of unsportsmanlike-conduct penalty: \"Should the pitcher repeatedly fail to deliver to the striker fair balls, for the apparent purpose of delaying the game, or for any other cause, the umpire, after warning him, shall call one ball, and if the pitcher persists in such action, two and three balls; when three balls shall have been called, the striker shall be entitled to the first base; and should any base be occupied at that time, each player occupying them shall be entitled to one base without being put out.\" Note that this rule in effect gave the pitcher 9 balls, since each penalty ball could only be called on a third offense. In 1869 the rule was modified so that only those baserunners forced to advance could advance. From 1871 through 1886, the batter was entitled to call \"high\" or \"low\", i.e. above or below the waist; a pitch which failed to conform was \"unfair\". Certain pitches were defined as automatic balls in 1872: any ball delivered over the batter\'s head, that hit the ground in front of home plate, was delivered to the opposite side from the batter, or came within one foot of him. In 1880, the National League changed the rules so that eight \"unfair balls\" instead of nine were required for a walk. In 1884, the National League changed the rules so that six balls were required for a walk. In 1886, the American Association changed the rules so that six balls instead of seven were required for a walk; however, the National League changed the rules so that seven balls were required for a walk instead of six. In 1887, the National League and American Association agreed to abide by some uniform rule changes, including, for the first time, a strike zone which defined balls and strikes by rule rather than the umpire\'s discretion, and decreased the number of balls required for a walk to five. In 1889, the National League and the American Association decreased the number of balls required for a walk to four.
In 2017, Major League Baseball approved a rule change allowing for a batter to be walked intentionally by having the defending bench signal to the umpire. The move was met with some controversy.
| 401 |
Base on balls
| 1 |
3,802 |
# Base on balls
## Intentional base on balls {#intentional_base_on_balls}
A subset of the base on balls, an intentional base on balls (IBB), or intentional walk, is when the defensive team intentionally issues a walk to the batter. In Major League Baseball and many amateur leagues, an intentional base on balls is signaled to the home plate umpire by the defensive team\'s manager holding up four fingers, at which point the batter is awarded first base without any further pitches being thrown. In some leagues and in Major League Baseball prior to 2017, an intentional base on balls is issued when the pitcher deliberately pitches the ball away from the batter four times (or as many times as needed to get to ball four if the decision to issue the intentional walk is made with one or more balls already on the count). As with any other walk, an intentional walk entitles the batter to first base without liability to be put out, and entitles any runners to advance if forced.
Intentional walks are a strategic defensive maneuver, commonly done to bypass one hitter for one the defensive team believes is less likely to initiate a run-scoring play (e.g., a home run, sacrifice fly, or RBI base hit). Teams also commonly use intentional walks to set up a double play or force out situation for the next batter.
## Major League Baseball leaders {#major_league_baseball_leaders}
### Career
### Single-season {#single_season}
\* Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame
---- ----------------------------------------------
Rank Player Year Base on balls
------ -------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ---------------
1 Barry Bonds 2004 232
2 2002 198
3 2001 177
4 Babe Ruth\* 1923 170
5 Mark McGwire 1998 162
style=\"background:#ffffbb\"; rowspan=\"3\"\| Ted Williams\* 1947
1949
8 1946 156
9 Barry Bonds 1996 151
Eddie Yost 1956
: style=\"text-align: center;\" \| Most by Batters
Rank Player Year Base on balls
------ --------------- ------ ---------------
1 Amos Rusie\* 289
2 Mark Baldwin 274
3 Amos Rusie\* 270
4 262
5 Mark Baldwin 249
6 Jack Stivetts 232
7 Mark Baldwin 227
8 Phil Knell 226
9 Bob Barr 219
10 Amos Rusie\* 218
: style=\"text-align: center;\" \| Most by Pitchers
### Game
Jimmie Foxx, Andre Thornton, Jeff Bagwell and Bryce Harper have each been walked six times during a major league regular season game. Among pitchers, Tommy Byrne and Bruno Haas both gave up 16 bases on balls in a game. On September 17, 1920, the Boston Red Sox drew 20 walks in a 12-inning game against the Detroit Tigers. `{{Asof|September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}, this is the most walks drawn or allowed by a team in a single game in Major League history according to available data
| 445 |
Base on balls
| 2 |
3,808 |
# On-base percentage
In baseball statistics, **on-base percentage** (**OBP**) measures how frequently a batter reaches base. An official Major League Baseball (MLB) statistic since 1984, it is sometimes referred to as **on-base average** (**OBA**), as it is rarely presented as a true percentage.
Generally defined as \"how frequently a batter reaches base per plate appearance\", OBP is specifically calculated as the ratio of a batter\'s times on base (the sum of hits, bases on balls, and times hit by pitch) to the sum of at bats, bases on balls, hit by pitch, and sacrifice flies. OBP does not credit the batter for reaching base on fielding errors, fielder\'s choice, uncaught third strikes, fielder\'s obstruction, or catcher\'s interference, and deducts from plate appearances a batter intentionally giving himself up in a sacrifice bunt.
OBP is added to slugging average (SLG) to determine on-base plus slugging (OPS).
The OBP of all batters faced by one pitcher or team is referred to as \"on-base against\".
On-base percentage is calculable for professional teams dating back to the first year of National Association of Professional Base Ball Players competition in 1871, because the component values of its formula have been recorded in box scores ever since.
## History
The statistic was invented in the late 1940s by Brooklyn Dodgers statistician Allan Roth with then-Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey. In 1954, Rickey, who was then the general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates, was featured in a Life Magazine graphic in which the formula for on-base percentage was shown as the first component of an all-encompassing \"offense\" equation. However, it was not named as on-base percentage, and there is little evidence that Roth\'s statistic was taken seriously at the time by the baseball community at large.
On-base percentage became an official MLB statistic in 1984. Its perceived importance jumped after the influential 2003 book *Moneyball* highlighted Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane\'s focus on the statistic. Many baseball observers, particularly those influenced by the field of sabermetrics, now consider on-base percentage superior to the statistic traditionally used to measure offensive skill, batting average, which accounts for hits but ignores other ways a batter can reach base.
| 359 |
On-base percentage
| 0 |
3,808 |
# On-base percentage
## Overview
Traditionally, players with the best on-base percentages bat as leadoff hitter, unless they are power hitters, who traditionally bat slightly lower in the batting order. The league average for on-base percentage in Major League Baseball has varied considerably over time; at its peak in the late 1990s, it was around .340, whereas it was typically .300 during the dead-ball era. On-base percentage can also vary quite considerably from player to player. The highest career OBP of a batter with more than 3,000 plate appearances is .482 by Ted Williams. The lowest is by Bill Bergen, who had an OBP of .194.
On-base percentage is calculated using this formula:
$$OBP = \frac{H+BB+HBP}{AB+BB+HBP+SF}$$
where
- *H* = Hits
- *BB* = Bases on Balls (Walks)
- *HBP* = Hit By Pitch
- *AB* = At bat
- *SF* = Sacrifice fly
In certain unofficial calculations, the denominator is simplified and replaced by Plate Appearance (PA); however, the calculation PAs includes certain infrequent events that will slightly lower the calculated OBP (i.e. catcher\'s interference, and sacrifice bunts). Sacrifice bunts are excluded from consideration on the basis that they are usually imposed by the manager with the expectation that the batter will not reach base, and thus do not accurately reflect the batter\'s ability to reach base when attempting to do so. This is in contrast with the sacrifice fly, which is generally unintentional; the batter was trying for a hit.
### All-time leaders {#all_time_leaders}
-------- ---------------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
**\#** **Player** **OBP** **Team(s)** **Year(s)**
1 Ted Williams .4817 Boston Red Sox 1939--1942, 1946--1960
2 Babe Ruth .4740 Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Boston Braves 1914--1935
3 John McGraw .4657 Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants 1891--1906
4 Billy Hamilton .4552 Kansas City Cowboys, Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Beaneaters 1888--1901
5 Lou Gehrig .4474 New York Yankees 1923--1939
6 Barry Bonds .4443 Pittsburgh Pirates, San Francisco Giants 1986--2007
7 Bill Joyce .4349 Brooklyn Ward\'s Wonders, Boston Reds, Brooklyn Grooms, Washington Senators, New York Giants 1890--1898
8 Rogers Hornsby .4337 St. Louis Cardinals, New York Giants, Boston Braves, Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns 1915--1937
9 Ty Cobb .4330 Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Athletics 1905--1928
10 Jimmie Foxx .4283 Philadelphia Athletics, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies 1925--1942, 1944--1945
11 Tris Speaker .4279 Boston Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, Philadelphia Athletics 1907--1928
12 Eddie Collins .4244 Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox 1906--1930
-------- ---------------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------
### Single-season leaders {#single_season_leaders}
-------- ---------------- --------- ----------------------- ----------
**\#** **Player** **OBP** **Team** **Year**
1 Barry Bonds .6094 San Francisco Giants 2004
2 Barry Bonds .5817 San Francisco Giants 2002
3 Ted Williams .5528 Boston Red Sox 1941
4 John McGraw .5475 Baltimore Orioles 1899
5 Babe Ruth .5445 New York Yankees 1923
6 Babe Ruth .5319 New York Yankees 1920
7 Barry Bonds .5291 San Francisco Giants 2003
8 Ted Williams .5256 Boston Red Sox 1957
9 Billy Hamilton .5209 Philadelphia Phillies 1894
10 Babe Ruth
| 496 |
On-base percentage
| 1 |
3,812 |
# Plate appearance
In baseball, a player is credited with a **plate appearance** (denoted by **PA**) each time he completes a turn batting. Under Rule 5.04(c) of the Official Baseball Rules, a player completes a turn batting when he is put out or becomes a runner. This happens when he strikes out or is declared out before reaching first base; or when he reaches first base safely or is awarded first base (by a base on balls, hit by pitch, catcher\'s interference, or obstruction); or when he hits a fair ball which causes a preceding runner to be put out for the third out before he himself is put out or reaches first base safely (*see also* left on base, fielder\'s choice, force play). A very similar baseball statistic, at bats, counts a subset of plate appearances that end under certain circumstances.
## Use as batting record qualifier {#use_as_batting_record_qualifier}
At bats - rather than plate appearances - are used to calculate batting averages, slugging percentages. However, starting in 1957, at season\'s end a player must have accumulated a minimum number of plate appearances during a season to be ranked as a league-leader in certain statistical categories. For batting championships in MLB, this number is 3.1 plate appearances multiplied by the number of scheduled games in a season, rounded up or down to the nearest whole number. As of 2024, with a 162-game regular season, this means 502 plate appearances are required to qualify. A lesser criterion applies in the minor leagues, with 2.7 plate appearances per game required to qualify.
For example, Player A gets 100 hits in 400 at bats over 510 plate appearances, which works out to a .250 batting average (equivalent to one hit in every four at-bats). Alternatively, Player B gets 110 hits in 400 at bats over 490 plate appearances during the same season, finishing with a .275 batting average. Player B, even though he had the same amount of at bats as Player A and even though his batting average is higher, will not be eligible for certain percentage-based season-ending rankings because he did not accumulate the required 502 plate appearances, while Player A did and therefore will be eligible. There is, however, an exception:
| 371 |
Plate appearance
| 0 |
3,812 |
# Plate appearance
## Use as batting record qualifier {#use_as_batting_record_qualifier}
### Exception for batting titles {#exception_for_batting_titles}
Rule 9.22(a) of the Official Baseball Rules make a single allowance to the minimum requirement of 502 plate appearances for the purposes of determining the batting, slugging or on-base percentage title. If a player:
- leads the league in one of the statistics;
- does not have the required 502 plate appearances; and
- would still lead the league in that statistic if as many at bats (without hits or reaching base) were added to his records as necessary to meet the requirement,
he will win that title, but with his original statistic (before the extra at bats were added).
In the example above, Player B is 12 plate appearances short of the required 502, but were he be charged with 12 additional unproductive at bats, he would go 110-for-412 for a batting average of .267. If no one else has a batting average (similarly modified if appropriate) higher than .267, player B will be awarded the batting title (with his original batting average of .275) despite the lack of 502 plate appearances.
In a real-life example, in 2012, Melky Cabrera, then of the San Francisco Giants, finished the season with a league-high .346 batting average, but he had only 501 plate appearances, one short of the required 502. Per the rule, he would have won the batting title because after an extra at bat is added and his batting average recalculated, he still would have led the league in batting average. Cabrera\'s case, however, turned out differently. The reason Cabrera finished the season with only 501 plate appearances was because he was suspended in mid-August when he tested positive for illegal performance-enhancing drugs. Cabrera was still eligible for that extra at bat, but he requested that the extra at bat not be added to his total, and that he not be considered for the batting crown, because he admitted that his use of performance-enhancing drugs had given him an unfair advantage over other players. As a result, Cabrera\'s name is nowhere to be found on the list of 2012 National League batting leaders.
## Scoring
A batter is not credited with a plate appearance if, while batting, a preceding runner is put out on the basepaths for the third out in a way other than by the batter putting the ball into play (i.e., picked off, caught stealing). In this case, the same batter continues his turn batting in the next inning with no balls or strikes against him.
A batter is not credited with a plate appearance if, while batting, the game ends as the winning run scores from third base on a balk, stolen base, wild pitch or passed ball.
A batter may or may not be credited with a plate appearance (and possibly at bat) in the rare instance when he is replaced by a pinch hitter after having already started his turn at bat. Under Rule 9.15(b), the pinch hitter would receive the plate appearance (and potential of an at-bat) unless the original batter is replaced when having 2 strikes against him and the pinch hitter subsequently completes the strikeout, in which case the plate appearance and at-bat are charged to the first batter.
| 545 |
Plate appearance
| 1 |
3,812 |
# Plate appearance
## Relation to at bat {#relation_to_at_bat}
Under Official Baseball Rule 9.02(a)(1), an at bat results from a completed plate appearance, unless the batter:
- hits a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly; or
- is awarded first base on four called balls; or
- is hit by a pitched ball; or
- is awarded first base because of interference or obstruction.
In common parlance, the term \"at bat\" is sometimes used to mean \"plate appearance\" (for example, \"he fouled off the ball to keep the *at bat* alive\"). The intent is usually clear from the context, although the term \"official at bat\" is sometimes used to explicitly refer to an *at bat* as distinguished from a *plate appearance*. However, terms such as *turn at bat* or *time at bat* are synonymous with *plate appearance*.
### \"Time at bat\" in the rulebook {#time_at_bat_in_the_rulebook}
Official Baseball Rule 5.06(c) provides that \"\[a\] batter has legally completed his *time at bat* when he is put out or becomes a runner\" (emphasis added). The \"time at bat\" defined in this rule is more commonly referred to as a plate appearance, and the playing rules (Rules 1 through 8) uses the phrase \"time at bat\" in this sense (e.g. Rule 5.04(a)(3), which states that \"\[t\]he first batter in each inning after the first inning shall be the player whose name follows that of the last player who legally completed his *time at bat* in the preceding inning\" (emphasis added)). In contrast, the scoring rules uses the phrase \"time at bat\" to refer to the statistic at bat, defined in Rule 9.02(a)(1), but sometimes uses the phrase \"official time at bat\" or refers back to Rule 9.02(a)(1) when mentioning the statistic. The phrase \"plate appearance\" is used in Rules 9.22 and 9.23 dealing with batting titles and hitting streaks, and in Rule 5.10(g) Comment in relation to the Three-Batter Minimum: \"\[t\]o qualify as one of three consecutive batters, the batter must complete his *plate appearance*, which ends only when the batter is put out or becomes a runner.\" (emphasis added) The term is not elsewhere defined in the rulebook.
## In on-base percentage {#in_on_base_percentage}
Plate appearances are a primary component in calculating on-base percentage (OBP), an alternative measurement of a player\'s offensive performance, but are not the only one in determining its denominator.
By rule, certain plate appearances, such as times reached base via either catcher\'s interference or fielder\'s obstruction or sacrifice bunts, are excluded from it, leaving the denominator determined instead as the sum of at-bats, walks, hit-by-pitches, and sacrifice flies. And the numerator represented by a batter\'s times on base (composed of the sum of hits, base on balls, and times hit by pitch).
## Other uses {#other_uses}
Plate appearances are used by scorers for \"proving\" a box score. Under Rule 9.03(c), the following two items should be equal for each team, because each is equal to the team\'s total number of plate appearances:
- The sum of the team\'s at bats, walks, hit by pitches, sacrifices (both bunts and flies), and times awarded first base on interference or obstruction.
- The sum of the team\'s runs, runners left on base, and men put out
| 532 |
Plate appearance
| 2 |
3,814 |
# Games played
**Games played** (**GP**) is a statistic used in team sports to indicate the total number of games in which a player has participated (in any capacity); the statistic is generally applied irrespective of whatever portion of the game is contested.
## Association football {#association_football}
In association football, a game played is counted if a player is in the starting 11, or if a reserve player enters the game before full-time.
## Baseball
In baseball, the statistic applies to players, who prior to a game, are included on a starting lineup card or are announced as an *ex ante* substitute, whether or not they play. For pitchers only, the statistic games pitched is used.
A notable example of the application of the above rule is pitcher Larry Yount, who suffered an injury while throwing warmup pitches after being summoned as a reliever in a Major League Baseball (MLB) game on September 15, 1971. He did not face a batter, but was credited with an appearance because he had been announced as a substitute. Yount never appeared in (or actually played in) any other MLB game.
## Basketball
Robert Parish has the NBA record for most regular season games played, with 1,611. A. C. Green has the NBA record for most consecutive games played, with 1,192
| 217 |
Games played
| 0 |
3,817 |
# Boogie Down Productions
**Boogie Down Productions** (**BDP**) was an American hip-hop group formed in the Bronx, New York City, in 1986. It originally consisted of KRS-One, D-Nice, and DJ Scott La Rock. DJ Scott La Rock was murdered on August 27, 1987, five months after the release of BDP\'s debut album, *Criminal Minded*. The name of the group, Boogie Down, derives from a nickname for the South Bronx.
The group pioneered the fusion of dancehall reggae and hip-hop music, and their debut LP *Criminal Minded* contains frank descriptions of life in the South Bronx during the late 1980s.
## Members
BDP\'s membership changed throughout its existence, the only constant being KRS-One. The group was founded by KRS-One and DJ Scott La Rock, with producer Lee Smith, who was essential in the production of the songs on *Criminal Minded*, being added as a member shortly after.
From those beginnings, BDP members and collaborators included Ced Gee of Ultramagnetic MC\'s, Lee Smith, Scott La Rock, D-Nice, Henry Wilkerson PoppyDa, Kenny Parker (KRS-One\'s younger brother), Just-Ice, ICU, McBoo, Ms. Melodie, Heather B., Scottie Morris, Tony Rahsan, Willie D., RoboCop, Harmony, DJ Red Alert, Jay Kramer, D-Square, Rebekah Foster, Scott Whitehill, Scott King, Chris Tait and Sidney Mills.
BDP as a group essentially ended because KRS-One began recording and performing under his own name rather than the group name. Lee Smith, who has co-producer credit on the original 12\" \"South Bronx\" single, was the first to be jettisoned by KRS-One and the future new label after Scott\'s death.
In the liner notes on BDP\'s 1992 album *Sex and Violence*, KRS-One writes: \"BDP in 1992 is KRS-One, Willie D, and Kenny Parker! BDP is not D-Nice, Jamal-Ski, Harmony, Ms. Melodie, and Scottie Morris. They are not down with BDP so stop frontin\'.\" Steve \"Flash\" Juon of RapReviews.com claimed that this initiated the ultimate breakup of the group.
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# Boogie Down Productions
## Cultural influences and impact {#cultural_influences_and_impact}
### \"The Bridge Wars\" {#the_bridge_wars}
A conflict arose in the late 1980s concerning the origins of hip-hop, and BDP made conscious efforts in its early work to establish its interpretation of the issue. The origins of hip-hop to many, including BDP, are believed to be from the Bronx. A rival hip-hop collective, known as the Juice Crew\'s lyrics, were misunderstood to contain a claim in the song \"The Bridge\" that hip hop was directly a result of artists originating from Queensbridge. Boogie Down and KRS retorted angrily with songs such as \"The Bridge is Over\" and \"South Bronx,\" which started one of the first notable hip hop wars as MC Shan, Marley Marl, Roxanne Shanté and Blaq Poet all released songs featuring verses personally attacking KRS and Scott La Rock. But the Bridge Wars were short-lived, and after Scott La Rock\'s death, KRS began to concentrate on socially conscious music.
While *Criminal Minded* contained vivid descriptions of South Bronx street life, BDP changed after Scott\'s death. Lee Smith was dropped and KRS-One adopted the Teacha moniker and made a deliberate attempt at creating politically and socially conscious hip-hop. BDP was influential in provoking political and social consciousness in hip-hop, for example in \"Stop The Violence\" on 1988\'s *By All Means Necessary*.
### Jamaican inspirations {#jamaican_inspirations}
The Jamaican influence in *Criminal Minded* is well illustrated by the use of the \"Mad Mad\" or \"Diseases\" riddim started in 1981 with reggae star Yellowman\'s song \"Zunguzunguzeng.\" BDP used this riff in the song \"Remix for P is Free,\" and it was later resampled by artists such as Black Star and dead prez. As an album regarded by many as the start of the gangsta rap movement, *Criminal Minded* played an important role in reaffirming the social acceptance of having Jamaican roots. BDP referenced reggae in a way that helped to solidify Jamaica\'s place in modern hip-hop culture.
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# Boogie Down Productions
## Political and social activism {#political_and_social_activism}
From its start, BDP affected the development of hip-hop and gave a sincere voice to the reality of life in the South Bronx, a section of New York City clouded with poverty and crime. With *Criminal Minded*, the group combined the sounds of LaRock\'s harsh, spare, reggae-influenced beats and KRS-One\'s long-winded rhyme style on underground classics such as \"9mm Goes Bang\" and \"South Bronx,\" the album\'s gritty portrait of life on the streets (as well as the firearms that adorned its cover) influenced the gangsta rap movement that began in earnest two years later.
BDP\'s influence in the creation and development of gangsta rap highlights the cultural significance and impact of the type of music BDP and other early hip-hop artists like it created. This subgenre of hip-hop is most closely associated with hard-core hip-hop and is widely misinterpreted as promoting violence and gang activity. This misinterpretation or stigma is closely related to Boogie Down Productions and the general purpose behind their underlying themes of violence. For instance, the cover art of *Criminal Minded* displays the two artists in the group brandishing drawn guns and displaying other firearms. This is not an encouragement of the violence described in BDP\'s music, but a portrayal of the violence in the South Bronx as a means of expression, escape, and even condemnation. This album art is not meant to advocate violence but to challenge the conception of a criminal, to assert that those who are really criminally minded are those who hold power.
BDP\'s music became significantly more politically astute after Scott La Rock\'s death. KRS-One published four more albums under the title Boogie Down Productions, and each was increasingly innovative and expanded from the thuggish imagery of *Criminal Minded,* exploring themes like black-on-black crime and black radicalism, using a riff on the words of Malcolm X, \"by any means necessary\", which became the title of the second BDP album, and remains one of the most political hip-hop albums to date. It was in this album that KRS defined himself as the \"teacha\" or \"teacher\", symbolizing his emphasis on educating his audience members and fans about relevant social issues surrounding the African-American experience.
During his time in association with Boogie Down Productions, KRS-One joined other rappers to create the Stop the Violence Movement, which addressed many of the issues brought up in BDP\'s music and is the most conscious effort displayed by KRS-One and BDP of political activism and engagement. The movement created the single \"Self-Destruction\" in 1989 through the collaboration of BDP (KRS-One, D-Nice & Ms. Melodie), Stetsasonic (Delite, Daddy-O, Wise, and Frukwan), Kool Moe Dee, MC Lyte, Doug E. Fresh, Just-Ice, Heavy D, Biz Markie, and Public Enemy (Chuck D & Flavor Flav), with the aim of spreading awareness about violence in African-American and hip-hop communities. All proceeds from this effort went to the National Urban League
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# Bilge Qaghan
**Bilge Qaghan** (*Bilgä Qaɣan*; `{{zh|c=毗伽可汗||p=píjiā kěhàn}}`{=mediawiki}; 683 -- 25 November 734) was the fourth Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate. His accomplishments were described in the Orkhon inscriptions.
## Names
As was the custom, his personal name and the name after assuming the title Qaghan were different. His personal name was recorded in Chinese characters as *阿史那默棘連* (`{{zh|p=Ashǐnà Mòjílián|c=|s=|t=}}`{=mediawiki}). His name after assuming the title was *Bilgä Qaγan*. `{{zh|c=毗伽可汗||p=píjiā kěhàn}}`{=mediawiki}).
## Early years {#early_years}
He was born in 683, in the early years of the khaganate. He campaigned alongside his father from early childhood. He was created as Tardush shad and given command over the western wing of the empire in 697 by Qapaghan. He managed to annihilate Wei Yuanzhong\'s army in 701 with his brother. He also reconquered Basmyl tribes in 703. He also subdued Yenisei Kyrgyz forces in 709, after their disobedience had to reconquer and kill their Qaghan in 710. He killed Türgesh khagan Suoge at Battle of Bolchu.
In later years of Qapaghan, he had to fight four battles in a year starting from 714, resubduing tribes and nearly was killed in an ambush from Uyghur forces in 716.
## Reign
In 716, Qapaghan Qaghan, the second Qaghan, was killed in his campaign against the Toquz Oghuz alliance and his severed head was sent to Chang\'an. Although his son Inel Khagan succeeded him, Bilgä\'s brother Kul Tigin and Tonyukuk carried out a coup d\'état against Inel Qaghan. They killed him and made him *Bilgä* *Qaghan*. His name literally means \"wise king\".
He appointed his brother Kul Tigin to be Left Wise Prince, which made second most powerful person in realm. He re-subdued Huige in 716. He also appointed his father-in-law Tonyukuk to be Master Strategist.
New reforms and stabilization of the regime, caused tribes that fled Tujue to come back. Tang chancellor Wang Jun, believing that the Göktürks who surrendered would try to flee back to the Göktürk state, suggested that they be forcibly moved into the heart of the empire to prevent them from doing so. Before Wang\'s suggestion could be acted upon, however, there was an uprising by the Göktürks who surrendered, under the leadership of Xiedie Sitai (𨁂跌思泰) and Axilan (阿悉爛). Xue and Wang tried to intercept them and dealt them defeats, but they were able to flee back to the Göktürk state anyway. This defeat led to Xue Ne\'s retirement.
## Religious policy {#religious_policy}
At some point in his life, he thought about converting to Buddhism and settling in cities. However, Tonyukuk discouraged him from this, citing the Turks\' few numbers and vulnerability to Chinese attacks. While the Turks\' power rested on their mobility, conversion to Buddhism would bring pacifism among the population. Therefore, sticking to Tengrism was necessary for survival.
## Later reign {#later_reign}
In 720, Wang believed that the Pugu (僕固) and Xiedie tribes of the region were planning to defect to Eastern Tujue and attack with Eastern Tujue troops. He thus held a feast and invited the chieftains, and, at the feast, massacred them. He then attacked the Pugu and Xiedie tribes in the area, nearly wiping them out. He then proposed a plan to attack Qaghan along with the Baximi, Xi, and Khitan. Emperor Xuanzong also recruited Qapaghan Khagan\'s sons Bilgä Tigin and Mo Tigin, Yenisei Kyrgyz Qaghan Kutluk Bilgä Qaghan and Huoba Guiren to fight against Tujue. Tonyukuk cunningly launched first attack on Baximi in 721 autumn, completely crushing them. Meanwhile, Bilgä raided Gansu, taking much of the livestock. Later that year Khitans, next year Xi were also crushed.
In 726, his father-in-law and chancellor Tonyukuk died.
In 727, he sent Buyruk Chor (`{{zh|c=梅錄啜/梅录啜|p=Méilù Chuò}}`{=mediawiki}) as an emissary to Xuanzong with 30 horses as a gift. He also warned him of Me Agtsom\'s proposal of an anti-Tang alliance. This alarm proved to be true when Tibetan general We Tadra Khonglo invaded Tang China in 727, sacked Guazhou (瓜州, in modern Gansu), Changle (常樂, in south of modern Guazhou County), Changmenjun (長門軍, in north of modern Yumen) and Anxi (安西, modern Lintan).
On 27 February 731, Kul Tigin died, for which Qaghan mourned and ordered a great funeral ceremony.
In 733, he defeated rebellious Khitan tribes.
## Death
Just after sending an emissary to Xuanzong to gain heqin alliance, he was poisoned by Buyruk Chor. He did not die immediately and he had time to punish the family of Buyruk Chor with death. He died on 25 November 734, his burial ceremony took place on 22 June 735.
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# Bilge Qaghan
## Family
He was married to El Etmish Bilge Khatun, Tonyukuk\'s daughter. He had several children:
- Ashina Yiran (阿史那伊然)
- Ashina Kutluk (阿史那骨咄)
- 2 unnamed sons who both became puppet Qaghans under Kutluk Yabgu Khagan
- A daughter who was married to Suluk
- Po Beg - submitted to Tang after 744.
## Legacy
After his death from poisoning, several steles were erected in the capital area by the Orkhon River. These Orkhon inscriptions are the first known texts in the Old Turkic language.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- Bilge Qaghan is portrayed by Kang Jae-ik in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series *Dae Jo-yeong*
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# Baseball positions
In the sport of baseball, each of the nine players on a team is assigned a particular **fielding position** when it is their turn to play defense. Each position conventionally has an associated number, for use in scorekeeping by the official scorer: 1 (pitcher), 2 (catcher), 3 (first baseman), 4 (second baseman), 5 (third baseman), 6 (shortstop), 7 (left fielder), 8 (center fielder), and 9 (right fielder). Collectively, these positions are usually grouped into three groups: the outfield (left field, center field, and right field), the infield (first base, second base, third base, and shortstop), and the battery (pitcher and catcher). Traditionally, players within each group will often be more able to exchange positions easily (that is, a second baseman can usually play shortstop well, and a center fielder can also be expected to play right field); however, the pitcher and catcher are highly specialized positions and rarely will play at other positions.
## Fielding
Fielders must be able to catch the ball well, as catching batted balls before they bounce is one way they can put the batter out, as well as create opportunities to prevent the advance of, and put out other runners. Additionally, they must be able to throw the ball well, with many plays in the game depending on one fielder collecting the hit ball and then throwing it to another fielder who, while holding the ball in their hand/glove, touches either a runner or the base the runner is forced to run to in order to record an out. Fielders often have to run, dive, and slide a great deal in the act of reaching, stopping, and retrieving a hit ball, and then setting themselves up to transfer the ball, all with the end goal of getting the ball as quickly as possible to another fielder. They also run the risk of colliding with incoming runners during a tag attempt at a base.
Fielders may have different responsibilities depending on the game situation. For example, when an outfielder is attempting to throw the ball from near the fence to one of the bases, an infielder may need to \"cut off\" the throw and then act as a relay thrower to help the ball cover its remaining distance to the target destination.
As a group, the outfielders are responsible for preventing home runs by reaching over the fence (and potentially doing a wall climb) for fly balls that are catchable. The infielders are the ones who generally handle plays that involve tagging a base or runner, and also need quick reflexes in order to catch a batted ball before it leaves the infield. The pitcher and catcher have special responsibilities to prevent base stealing, as they are the ones who handle the ball whenever it has not been hit. The catcher will also sometimes attempt to block the plate in order to prevent a run being scored
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# National League Championship Series
The **National League Championship Series** (**NLCS**) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball\'s (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB\'s championship series, to play the winner of the American League\'s (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format.
## History
Before 1969, the National League champion (the \"pennant winner\") was determined by the best win--loss record at the end of the regular season. There were four *ad hoc* three-game playoff series due to ties under this formulation (in 1946, 1951, 1959, and 1962).
A structured postseason series began in 1969, when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each, East and West. The two division winners within each league played each other in a best-of-five series to determine who would advance to the World Series. In 1985, the format changed to best-of-seven.
The NLCS and ALCS, since the expansion to seven games, are always played in a 2--3--2 format: games 1, 2, 6, and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home field advantage, and games 3, 4, and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not. Home field advantage is given to the team that has the better record, except a division champion would always get home advantage over a Wild Card team. From 1969 to 1993, home field advantage was alternated between divisions each year regardless of regular season record and from 1995 to 1997 home field advantage was predetermined before the season.
In 1981, a one-off division series was held due to a split season caused by a players\' strike.
In 1994, the league was restructured into three divisions, with the three division winners and a wild card team advancing to a best-of-five postseason round, the now-permanent National League Division Series (NLDS). The winners of that round advance to the best-of-seven NLCS; however, due to the player\'s strike later that season, no postseason was played and the new format did not formally begin until 1995. The playoffs were expanded in 2012 to include a second Wild Card team and in 2022 to include a third Wild Card team.
Seven managers have led a team to the NLCS in three consecutive seasons; however, the most consecutive NLCS appearances by one manager is held by Bobby Cox, who led the Atlanta Braves to eight straight from 1991 to 1999. The Braves (1991--1999) are also the only team in the National League to have made more than three consecutive National League Championship Series appearances. Tony La Russa and Jim Leyland are the only managers to lead their teams to three consecutive League Championship Series appearances in both leagues.
The Milwaukee Brewers, an American League team between 1969 and 1997, and the Houston Astros, a National League team between 1962 and 2012, are the only franchises to play in both the ALCS and NLCS. The Astros are the only team to have won both an NLCS (2005) and an ALCS (2017, 2019, 2021, and 2022). The Astros made four NLCS appearances before moving to the AL in 2013. Every current National League franchise has appeared in the NLCS and all teams except the Brewers have won an NL pennant via the NLCS.
For the first time in history, two wild card teams played in the 2022 National League Championship Series.
## Championship Trophy {#championship_trophy}
The Warren C. Giles Trophy is awarded to the NLCS winner. Warren Giles served as president of the National League from 1951 to 1969.
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# National League Championship Series
## Most Valuable Player Award {#most_valuable_player_award}
: *See: League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award#National League winners*
A Most Valuable Player (MVP) award is given to the outstanding player in the NLCS. No MVP award is given for Division Series play.
The MVP award has been given to a player on the losing team twice, in 1986 to Mike Scott of the Houston Astros and in 1987 to Jeffrey Leonard of the San Francisco Giants.
Although the National League began its LCS MVP award in 1977, the American League did not begin its LCS MVP award until 1980. The winners are listed in several locations:
- in the below NLCS results table, in the \"Series MVP\" column
- in the article League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award
- on the MLB website
## Results
Wild card
-- -----------------------------------
MVP did not play for winning team
: Key
Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager Series MVP
------ ------------------------------------------------------- --------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------------
1969 New York Mets 3--0 Atlanta Braves
1970 Cincinnati Reds 3--0 Pittsburgh Pirates
1971 Pittsburgh Pirates 3--1 San Francisco Giants
1972 Cincinnati Reds 3--2 Pittsburgh Pirates
1973 New York Mets 3--2 Cincinnati Reds
1974 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--1 Pittsburgh Pirates
1975 Cincinnati Reds 3--0 Pittsburgh Pirates
1976 Cincinnati Reds 3--0 Philadelphia Phillies
1977 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--1 Philadelphia Phillies Dusty Baker, Los Angeles
1978 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--1 Philadelphia Phillies Steve Garvey, Los Angeles
1979 Pittsburgh Pirates 3--0 Cincinnati Reds Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh
1980 Philadelphia Phillies 3--2 Houston Astros Manny Trillo, Philadelphia
1981 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--2 Montreal Expos Burt Hooton, Los Angeles
1982 St. Louis Cardinals 3--0 Atlanta Braves Darrell Porter, St. Louis
1983 Philadelphia Phillies 3--1 Los Angeles Dodgers Gary Matthews, Philadelphia
1984 San Diego Padres 3--2 Chicago Cubs Steve Garvey, San Diego
1985 St. Louis Cardinals 4--2 Los Angeles Dodgers Ozzie Smith, St. Louis
1986 New York Mets 4--2 Houston Astros Mike Scott, Houston\*
1987 St. Louis Cardinals 4--3 San Francisco Giants Jeffrey Leonard, San Francisco\*
1988 Los Angeles Dodgers 4--3 New York Mets Orel Hershiser, Los Angeles
1989 San Francisco Giants 4--1 Chicago Cubs Will Clark, San Francisco
1990 Cincinnati Reds 4--2 Pittsburgh Pirates Rob Dibble and Randy Myers, Cincinnati
1991 Atlanta Braves 4--3 Pittsburgh Pirates Steve Avery, Atlanta
1992 Atlanta Braves 4--3 Pittsburgh Pirates John Smoltz, Atlanta
1993 Philadelphia Phillies 4--2 Atlanta Braves Curt Schilling, Philadelphia
1994 No Series due to a players\' strike.
1995 Atlanta Braves 4--0 Cincinnati Reds Mike Devereaux, Atlanta
1996 Atlanta Braves 4--3 St. Louis Cardinals Javy López, Atlanta
1997 Florida Marlins`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--2 Atlanta Braves Liván Hernández, Florida
1998 San Diego Padres 4--2 Atlanta Braves Sterling Hitchcock, San Diego
1999 Atlanta Braves 4--2 New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Pérez, Atlanta
2000 New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--1 St. Louis Cardinals Mike Hampton, New York
2001 Arizona Diamondbacks 4--1 Atlanta Braves Craig Counsell, Arizona
2002 San Francisco Giants`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--1 St. Louis Cardinals Benito Santiago, San Francisco
2003 Florida Marlins`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--3 Chicago Cubs Iván Rodríguez, Florida
2004 St. Louis Cardinals 4--3 Houston Astros`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Albert Pujols, St. Louis
2005 Houston Astros`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--2 St. Louis Cardinals Roy Oswalt, Houston
2006 St. Louis Cardinals 4--3 New York Mets Jeff Suppan, St. Louis
2007 Colorado Rockies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--0 Arizona Diamondbacks Matt Holliday, Colorado
2008 Philadelphia Phillies 4--1 Los Angeles Dodgers Cole Hamels, Philadelphia
2009 Philadelphia Phillies 4--1 Los Angeles Dodgers Ryan Howard, Philadelphia
2010 San Francisco Giants 4--2 Philadelphia Phillies Cody Ross, San Francisco
2011 St. Louis Cardinals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--2 Milwaukee Brewers David Freese, St. Louis
2012 San Francisco Giants 4--3 St. Louis Cardinals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Marco Scutaro, San Francisco
2013 St. Louis Cardinals 4--2 Los Angeles Dodgers Michael Wacha, St. Louis
2014 San Francisco Giants`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--1 St. Louis Cardinals Madison Bumgarner, San Francisco
2015 New York Mets 4--0 Chicago Cubs`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Daniel Murphy, New York
2016 Chicago Cubs 4--2 Los Angeles Dodgers Javier Báez and Jon Lester, Chicago
2017 Los Angeles Dodgers 4--1 Chicago Cubs Chris Taylor and Justin Turner, Los Angeles
2018 Los Angeles Dodgers 4--3 Milwaukee Brewers Cody Bellinger, Los Angeles
2019 Washington Nationals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--0 St. Louis Cardinals Howie Kendrick, Washington
2020 Los Angeles Dodgers 4--3 Atlanta Braves Corey Seager, Los Angeles
2021 Atlanta Braves 4--2 Los Angeles Dodgers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Rosario, Atlanta
2022 Philadelphia Phillies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--1 San Diego Padres`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Bryce Harper, Philadelphia
2023 Arizona Diamondbacks`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4--3 Philadelphia Phillies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Ketel Marte, Arizona
2024 Los Angeles Dodgers 4--2 New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Edman, Los Angeles
### Appearances by team {#appearances_by_team}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Apps</p></th>
<th><p>Team</p></th>
<th><p>Wins</p></th>
<th><p>Losses</p></th>
<th><p>Win %</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
win</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
appearance</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
won</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
lost</p></th>
<th><p>Game<br />
win %</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Los Angeles Dodgers</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>43</p></td>
<td><p>44</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>St. Louis Cardinals</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2013</p></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td><p>43</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Atlanta Braves</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>34</p></td>
<td><p>39</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Philadelphia Phillies</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2022</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Pittsburgh Pirates</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>1979</p></td>
<td><p>1992</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Cincinnati Reds</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>1990</p></td>
<td><p>1995</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>New York Mets</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2015</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>28</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>San Francisco Giants</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Chicago Cubs</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2016</p></td>
<td><p>2017</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Houston Astros</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Arizona Diamondbacks</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>San Diego Padres</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>1998</p></td>
<td><p>2022</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Miami Marlins</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Washington Nationals</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Milwaukee Brewers</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Never</p></td>
<td><p>2018</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Colorado Rockies</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| 1,014 |
National League Championship Series
| 1 |
3,860 |
# National League Championship Series
## Results
### Years of appearance {#years_of_appearance}
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column, **bold years** indicate winning appearances.
Team Wins Losses Win % Season(s)
---- ----------------------- ------ -------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
16 Los Angeles Dodgers 9 7 **1974**, **1977**, **1978**, **1981**, 1983, 1985, **1988**, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2016, **2017**, **2018**, **2020,** 2021, **2024**
14 St. Louis Cardinals 7 7 **1982**, **1985**, **1987**, 1996, 2000, 2002, **2004**, 2005, **2006**, **2011**, 2012, **2013**, 2014, 2019
13 Atlanta Braves 6 7 1969, 1982, **1991**, **1992**, 1993, **1995**, **1996**, 1997, 1998, **1999**, 2001, 2020, **2021**
11 Philadelphia Phillies 6 5 1976, 1977, 1978, **1980**, **1983**, **1993**, **2008**, **2009**, 2010, **2022**, 2023
9 New York Mets 5 4 **1969**, **1973**, **1986**, 1988, 1999, **2000**, 2006, **2015**, 2024
8 Cincinnati Reds 5 3 **1970**, **1972**, 1973, **1975**, **1976**, 1979, **1990**, 1995
7 San Francisco Giants 5 2 1971, 1987, **1989**, **2002**, **2010**, **2012**, **2014**
9 Pittsburgh Pirates 2 7 1970, **1971**, 1972, 1974, 1975, **1979**, 1990, 1991, 1992
3 San Diego Padres 2 1 **1984**, **1998**, 2022
3 Arizona Diamondbacks 2 1 **2001**, 2007, **2023**
2 Miami Marlins 2 0 **1997**, **2003**
6 Chicago Cubs 1 5 1984, 1989, 2003, 2015, **2016**, 2017
4 Houston Astros 1 3 1980, 1986, 2004, **2005**
2 Washington Nationals 1 1 1981, **2019**
1 Colorado Rockies 1 0 **2007**
2 Milwaukee Brewers 0 2 2011, 2018
### Frequent matchups {#frequent_matchups}
Count Matchup Record Years
------- ----------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------
5 Cincinnati Reds vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Reds, 4--1 1970, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1990
5 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Philadelphia Phillies Phillies, 3--2 1977, 1978, 1983, 2008, 2009
4 San Francisco Giants vs. St. Louis Cardinals Giants, 3--1 1987, 2002, 2012, 2014
2 Atlanta Braves vs. New York Mets Tied, 1--1 1969, 1999
2 Atlanta Braves vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied, 1--1 1982, 1996
2 Atlanta Braves vs. Pittsburgh Pirates Braves, 2--0 1991, 1992
2 Atlanta Braves vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Tied, 1--1 2020, 2021
2 Houston Astros vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied, 1--1 2004, 2005
2 New York Mets vs. St. Louis Cardinals Tied, 1--1 2000, 2006
2 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals, 2--0 1985, 2013
2 Chicago Cubs vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Tied, 1--1 2016, 2017
2 Los Angeles Dodgers vs
| 400 |
National League Championship Series
| 2 |
3,862 |
# American League Division Series
In Major League Baseball, the **American League Division Series** (**ALDS**) determines which two teams from the American League will advance to the American League Championship Series. The Division Series consists of two best-of-five series, featuring each of the two division winners with the best records and the winners of the wild-card play-off.
## History
The Division Series was implemented in 1981 as a one-off tournament because of a midseason strike, with the first place teams before the strike taking on the teams in first place after the strike. In 1981, a split-season format forced the first ever divisional playoff series, in which the New York Yankees won the Eastern Division series over the Milwaukee Brewers (who were in the American League until 1998) in five games while in the Western Division, the Oakland Athletics swept the Kansas City Royals (the only team with an overall losing record to ever make the postseason).
In 1994, it was returned permanently when Major League Baseball (MLB) restructured each league into three divisions, but with a different format than in 1981. Each of the division winners, along with one wild card team, qualify for the Division Series. Despite being planned for the 1994 season, the postseason was cancelled that year due to the 1994--95 Major League Baseball strike. In 1995, the first season to feature a division series, the Western Division champion Seattle Mariners defeated the wild card New York Yankees three games to two, while the Central Division champion Cleveland Indians defeated the Eastern Division champion Boston Red Sox in a three-game sweep.
From 1994 to 2011, the wild card was given to the team in the American League with the best overall record that was *not* a division champion. Beginning with the 2012 season, a second wild card team was added, and the two wild card teams play a single-game playoff to determine which team would play in the ALDS. For the 2020 Major League Baseball season only, there was an expanded playoff format, owing to an abbreviated 60-game regular season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight teams qualified from the American League: the top two teams in each division plus the next two best records among the remaining teams. These eight teams played a best-of-three-game series to determine placement in the ALDS. The regular format returned for the 2021 season.
As of 2022, the Yankees have played in and won the most division series, with thirteen wins in twenty-two appearances. In 2015, the Toronto Blue Jays and Houston Astros were the final American League teams to make their first appearances in the ALDS. The Astros had been in the National League through 2012, and had played in the National League Division Series (NLDS) seven times. The Astros are the only team to win the ALDS in six consecutive seasons. The Yankees record of four consecutive victories was broken by the Astros with their victory in the 2021 ALDS against the Chicago White Sox.
| 497 |
American League Division Series
| 0 |
3,862 |
# American League Division Series
## History
### Determining the matchups {#determining_the_matchups}
The ALDS is a best-of-five series where the divisional winner with the best winning percentage in the regular season hosts the winner of the Wild Card Series between the top two wild card teams in one matchup, and the divisional winner with the second best winning percentage hosts the winner of the series between the lowest-seeded divisional winner and the lowest-seeded wild card team. (From 2012 to 2021, the wild card team was assigned to play the divisional winner with the best winning percentage in the regular season in one series, and the other two division winners met in the other series. From 1998 to 2011, if the wild-card team and the division winner with the best record were from the same division, the wild-card team played the division winner with the second-best record, and the remaining two division leaders played each other.) The two series winners move on to the best-of-seven ALCS. According to Nate Silver, the advent of this playoff series, and especially of the wild card, has caused teams to focus more on \"getting to the playoffs\" rather than \"winning the pennant\" as the primary goal of the regular season.
From 2012 to 2021, the wild card team that advances to the Division Series was to face the number 1 seed, regardless whether or not they are in the same division. The two series winners move on to the best-of-seven ALCS. Beginning with the 2022 season, the winner between the lowest-ranked division winner and lowest-ranked wild card team faces the number 2 seed division winner in the Division Series, while the 4 v. 5 wild card winner still faces the number 1 seed, as there is no reseeding even if the 6-seeded wild card advances. Home-field advantage goes to the team with the better regular season record (or head-to-head record if there is a tie between two or more teams), except for the wild-card team, which never receives the home field advantage.
Beginning in 2003, MLB has implemented a new rule to give the team from the league that wins the All-Star Game with the best regular season record a slightly greater advantage. In order to spread out the Division Series games for broadcast purposes, the two ALDS series follow one of two off-day schedules. Starting in 2007, after consulting the MLBPA, MLB has decided to allow the team with the best record in the league that wins the All-Star Game to choose whether to use the seven-day schedule (1-2-off-3-4-off-5) or the eight-day schedule (1-off-2-off-3-4-off-5). The team only gets to choose the schedule; the opponent is still determined by win--loss records.
Initially, the best-of-5 series played in a 2--3 format, with the first two games set at home for the lower seed team and the last three for the higher seed. Since 1998, the series has followed a 2--2--1 format, where the higher seed team plays at home in Games 1 and 2, the lower seed plays at home in Game 3 and Game 4 (if necessary), and if a Game 5 is needed, the teams return to the higher seed\'s field. When MLB added a second wild card team in 2012, the Division Series re-adopted the 2--3 format due to scheduling conflicts. However, it reverted to the 2--2--1 format starting the next season, 2013.
| 560 |
American League Division Series
| 1 |
3,862 |
# American League Division Series
## Results
Wild card
-- -----------
: Key
Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager
------ ---------------------------------------------------- --------- ------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------
1981 New York Yankees 3--2 Milwaukee Brewers
Oakland Athletics 3--0 Kansas City Royals
1994 No Series due to a players\' strike.
1995 Cleveland Indians 3--0 Boston Red Sox
Seattle Mariners 3--2 New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
1996 New York Yankees 3--1 Texas Rangers
Baltimore Orioles`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Cleveland Indians
1997 Baltimore Orioles 3--1 Seattle Mariners
Cleveland Indians 3--2 New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
1998 New York Yankees 3--0 Texas Rangers
Cleveland Indians 3--1 Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
1999 New York Yankees 3--0 Texas Rangers
Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Cleveland Indians
2000 Seattle Mariners`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Chicago White Sox
New York Yankees 3--2 Oakland Athletics
2001 New York Yankees 3--2 Oakland Athletics`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Seattle Mariners 3--2 Cleveland Indians
2002 Minnesota Twins 3--2 Oakland Athletics
Anaheim Angels`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 New York Yankees
2003 New York Yankees 3--1 Minnesota Twins
Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Oakland Athletics
2004 New York Yankees 3--1 Minnesota Twins
Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Anaheim Angels
2005 Chicago White Sox 3--0 Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3--2 New York Yankees
2006 Detroit Tigers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 New York Yankees
Oakland Athletics 3--0 Minnesota Twins
2007 Boston Red Sox 3--0 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Cleveland Indians 3--1 New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2008 Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Tampa Bay Rays 3--1 Chicago White Sox
2009 New York Yankees 3--0 Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3--0 Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2010 Texas Rangers 3--2 Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Minnesota Twins
2011 Texas Rangers 3--1 Tampa Bay Rays`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Detroit Tigers 3--2 New York Yankees
2012 Detroit Tigers 3--2 Oakland Athletics
New York Yankees 3--2 Baltimore Orioles`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2013 Detroit Tigers 3--2 Oakland Athletics
Boston Red Sox 3--1 Tampa Bay Rays`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2014 Baltimore Orioles 3--0 Detroit Tigers
Kansas City Royals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
2015 Toronto Blue Jays 3--2 Texas Rangers
Kansas City Royals 3--2 Houston Astros`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2016 Cleveland Indians 3--0 Boston Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Texas Rangers
2017 Houston Astros 3--1 Boston Red Sox
New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Cleveland Indians
2018 Houston Astros 3--0 Cleveland Indians
Boston Red Sox 3--1 New York Yankees`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2019 New York Yankees 3--0 Minnesota Twins
Houston Astros 3--2 Tampa Bay Rays`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2020 Tampa Bay Rays 3--2 New York Yankees
Houston Astros 3--1 Oakland Athletics
2021 Boston Red Sox`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Tampa Bay Rays
Houston Astros 3--1 Chicago White Sox
2022 Houston Astros 3--0 Seattle Mariners`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
New York Yankees 3--2 Cleveland Guardians
2023 Texas Rangers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Baltimore Orioles
Houston Astros 3--1 Minnesota Twins
2024 New York Yankees 3--1 Kansas City Royals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Cleveland Guardians 3--2 Detroit Tigers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
### Appearances by team {#appearances_by_team}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Apps</p></th>
<th><p>Team</p></th>
<th><p>Wins</p></th>
<th><p>Losses</p></th>
<th><p>Win %</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
win</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
appearance</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
won</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
lost</p></th>
<th><p>Game<br />
win %</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>New York Yankees</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>59</p></td>
<td><p>43</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Boston Red Sox</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Cleveland Guardians</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>27</p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Athletics</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2006</p></td>
<td><p>2020</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Houston Astros</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Texas Rangers</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Minnesota Twins</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2002</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Los Angeles Angels</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2009</p></td>
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Tampa Bay Rays</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2020</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Detroit Tigers</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2013</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Seattle Mariners</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2001</p></td>
<td><p>2022</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Baltimore Orioles</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Chicago White Sox</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Kansas City Royals</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2015</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Toronto Blue Jays</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2016</p></td>
<td><p>2016</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Milwaukee Brewers</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Never</p></td>
<td><p>1981</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### Years of appearance {#years_of_appearance}
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column, **bold years** indicate winning appearances.
Team Wins Losses Win % Season(s)
---- --------------------- ------ -------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 New York Yankees 15 9 **1981**, 1995, **1996**, 1997, **1998**, **1999**, **2000**, **2001**, 2002, **2003**, **2004**, 2005, 2006, 2007, **2009**, **2010**, 2011, **2012**, **2017**, 2018, **2019**, 2020, **2022**, **2024**
14 Boston Red Sox 8 6 1995, 1998, **1999**, **2003**, **2004**, 2005, **2007**, **2008**, 2009, **2013**, 2016, 2017, **2018**, **2021**
8 Houston Astros 7 1 2015, **2017**, **2018**, **2019**, **2020**, **2021**, **2022**, **2023**
12 Cleveland Guardians 6 6 **1995**, 1996, **1997**, **1998**, 1999, 2001, **2007**, **2016**, 2017, 2018, 2022, **2024**
6 Detroit Tigers 4 2 **2006**, **2011**, **2012**, **2013**, 2014, 2024
8 Texas Rangers 3 5 1996, 1998, 1999, **2010**, **2011**, 2015, 2016, **2023**
7 Los Angeles Angels 3 4 **2002**, 2004, **2005**, 2007, 2008, **2009**, 2014
5 Seattle Mariners 3 2 **1995**, 1997, **2000**, **2001**, 2022
5 Baltimore Orioles 3 2 **1996**, **1997**, 2012, **2014**, 2023
9 Athletics 2 7 **1981**, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, **2006**, 2012, 2013, 2020
7 Tampa Bay Rays 2 5 **2008**, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2019, **2020**, 2021
4 Kansas City Royals 2 2 1981, **2014**, **2015**, 2024
2 Toronto Blue Jays 2 0 **2015**, **2016**
8 Minnesota Twins 1 7 **2002**, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2019, 2023
4 Chicago White Sox 1 3 2000, **2005**, 2008, 2021
1 Milwaukee Brewers 0 1 1981
| 991 |
American League Division Series
| 2 |
3,862 |
# American League Division Series
## Results
### Frequent matchups {#frequent_matchups}
Count Matchup Record Years
------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------- ------------------------------
5 New York Yankees vs. Minnesota Twins Yankees, 5--0 2003, 2004, 2009, 2010, 2019
4 Boston Red Sox vs. Los Angeles Angels Red Sox, 3--1 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009
4 Cleveland Guardians vs. Boston Red Sox Guardians, 3--1 1995, 1998, 1999, 2016
4 Cleveland Guardians vs. New York Yankees Tied, 2--2 1997, 2007, 2017, 2022
3 Texas Rangers vs. New York Yankees Yankees, 3--0 1996, 1998, 1999
2 New York Yankees vs. Athletics Yankees, 2--0 2000, 2001
2 New York Yankees vs. Anaheim-LA Angels Angels, 2--0 2002, 2005
2 Texas Rangers vs. Tampa Bay Rays Rangers, 2--0 2010, 2011
2 Athletics vs. Minnesota Twins Tied, 1--1 2002, 2006
2 Detroit Tigers vs. New York Yankees Tigers, 2--0 2006, 2011
2 Detroit Tigers vs. Athletics Tigers, 2--0 2012, 2013
2 Texas Rangers vs. Toronto Blue Jays Blue Jays, 2--0 2015, 2016
2 Boston Red Sox vs
| 164 |
American League Division Series
| 3 |
3,863 |
# National League Division Series
In Major League Baseball, the **National League Division Series** (**NLDS**) determines which two teams from the National League will advance to the National League Championship Series. The Division Series consists of two best-of-five series, featuring each of the two division winners with the best records and the winners of the wild-card playoffs.
## History
The Division Series was implemented in 1981 as a one-off tournament because of a midseason strike, with the first place teams before the strike taking on the teams in first place after the strike. In 1981, a split-season format forced the first ever divisional playoff series, in which the Montreal Expos won the Eastern Division series over the Philadelphia Phillies in five games while in the Western Division, the Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Houston Astros, also in five games (the Astros were members of the National League until 2012).
In 1994, it was returned permanently when Major League Baseball (MLB) restructured each league into three divisions, but with a different format than in 1981. Each of the division winners, along with one wild card team, qualify for the Division Series. Despite being planned for the 1994 season, the post-season was cancelled that year due to the 1994--95 Major League Baseball strike. In 1995, the first season to feature a division series, the Eastern Division champion Atlanta Braves defeated the wild card Colorado Rockies three games to one, while the Central Division champion Cincinnati Reds defeated the Western Division champion Los Angeles Dodgers in a three-game sweep.
From 1994 to 2011, the wild card was given to the team in the National League with the best overall record that was *not* a division champion. Beginning with the 2012 season, a second wild card team was added, and the two wild card teams play a single-game playoff to determine which team would play in the NLDS. For the 2020 Major League Baseball season only, there was an expanded playoff format, owing to an abbreviated 60-game regular season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight teams qualified from the National League: the top two teams in each division plus the next two best records among the remaining teams. These eight teams played a best-of-three-game series to determine placement in the NLDS. The regular format returned for the 2021 season.
As of 2021, the Atlanta Braves have currently played in the most NL division series with seventeen appearances. The St. Louis Cardinals have currently won the most NL division series, winning eleven of the fourteen series in which they have played. The Pittsburgh Pirates (who finished with a losing record from 1993 to 2012) were the last team to make their first appearance in the NL division series, making their debut in 2013 after winning the 2013 National League Wild Card Game. In 2008, the Milwaukee Brewers became the first team to play in division series in both leagues when they won the National League wild card, their first postseason berth since winning the American League East Division title in 1982 before switching leagues in 1998. Milwaukee had competed in an American League Division Series in the strike-shortened 1981 season.
| 525 |
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| 0 |
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# National League Division Series
## History
### Format
The NLDS is a best-of-five series where the divisional winner with the best winning percentage in the regular season hosts the winner of the Wild Card Series between the top two wild card teams in one matchup, and the divisional winner with the second best winning percentage hosts the winner of the other Wild Card Series between the lowest-seeded divisional winner and the lowest-seeded wild card team. (From 2012 to 2021, the wild card team was assigned to play the divisional winner with the best winning percentage in the regular season in one series, and the other two division winners met in the other series. From 1998 to 2011, if the wild-card team and the division winner with the best record were from the same division, the wild-card team played the division winner with the second-best record, and the remaining two division leaders played each other.) The two series winners move on to the best-of-seven NLCS. According to Nate Silver, the advent of this playoff series, and especially of the wild card, has caused teams to focus more on \"getting to the playoffs\" rather than \"winning the pennant\" as the primary goal of the regular season.
From 2012 to 2021, the wild card team that advances to the Division Series was to face the number 1 seed, regardless whether or not they are in the same division. The two series winners move on to the best-of-seven NLCS. Beginning with the 2022 season, the winner between the lowest-ranked division winner and lowest-ranked wild card team faces the #2 seed division winner in the Division Series, while the 4 v. 5 wild card winner faces the #1 seed, as there is no reseeding even if the 6 seed wild card advances. Home-field advantage goes to the team with the better regular season record (or head-to-head record if there is a tie between two or more teams), except for the wild-card team, which never receives the home-field advantage.
Beginning in 2003, MLB has implemented a new rule to give the team with the best regular season record from the league that wins the All-Star Game a slightly greater advantage. In order to spread out the Division Series games for broadcast purposes, the two NLDS series follow one of two off-day schedules. Starting in 2007, after consulting the MLBPA, MLB has decided to allow the team with the best record in the league that wins the All-Star Game to choose whether to use the seven-day schedule (1-2-off-3-4-off-5) or the eight-day schedule (1-off-2-off-3-4-off-5). The team only gets to choose the schedule; the opponent is still determined by win--loss records.
Initially, the best-of-5 series played in a 2--3 format, with the first two games set at home for the lower seed team and the last three for the higher seed. Since 1998, the series has followed a 2--2--1 format, where the higher seed team plays at home in Games 1 and 2, the lower seed plays at home in Game 3 and Game 4 (if necessary), and if a Game 5 is needed, the teams return to the higher seed\'s field. When MLB added a second wild card team in 2012, the Division Series re-adopted the 2--3 format due to scheduling conflicts. However, it reverted to the 2--2--1 format starting the next season, 2013.
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# National League Division Series
## Results
Wild card
-- -----------
: Key
Year Winning team Manager Games Losing team Manager
------ ------------------------------------------------------- --------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------
1981 Montreal Expos 3--2 Philadelphia Phillies
Los Angeles Dodgers 3--2 Houston Astros
1994 No Series due to a players\' strike.
1995 Atlanta Braves 3--1 Colorado Rockies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Cincinnati Reds 3--0 Los Angeles Dodgers
1996 Atlanta Braves 3--0 Los Angeles Dodgers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
St. Louis Cardinals 3--0 San Diego Padres
1997 Atlanta Braves 3--0 Houston Astros
Florida Marlins`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 San Francisco Giants
1998 Atlanta Braves 3--0 Chicago Cubs`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
San Diego Padres 3--1 Houston Astros
1999 Atlanta Braves 3--1 Houston Astros
New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Arizona Diamondbacks
2000 St. Louis Cardinals 3--0 Atlanta Braves
New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 San Francisco Giants
2001 Atlanta Braves 3--0 Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks 3--2 St. Louis Cardinals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2002 St. Louis Cardinals 3--0 Arizona Diamondbacks
San Francisco Giants`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Atlanta Braves
2003 Chicago Cubs 3--2 Atlanta Braves
Florida Marlins`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 San Francisco Giants
2004 St. Louis Cardinals 3--1 Los Angeles Dodgers
Houston Astros`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Atlanta Braves
2005 St. Louis Cardinals 3--0 San Diego Padres
Houston Astros`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Atlanta Braves
2006 New York Mets 3--0 Los Angeles Dodgers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
St. Louis Cardinals 3--1 San Diego Padres
2007 Colorado Rockies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Philadelphia Phillies
Arizona Diamondbacks 3--0 Chicago Cubs
2008 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--0 Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies 3--1 Milwaukee Brewers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2009 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--0 St. Louis Cardinals
Philadelphia Phillies 3--1 Colorado Rockies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2010 Philadelphia Phillies 3--0 Cincinnati Reds
San Francisco Giants 3--1 Atlanta Braves`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2011 St. Louis Cardinals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Philadelphia Phillies
Milwaukee Brewers 3--2 Arizona Diamondbacks
2012 San Francisco Giants 3--2 Cincinnati Reds
St. Louis Cardinals`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Washington Nationals
2013 St. Louis Cardinals 3--2 Pittsburgh Pirates`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Los Angeles Dodgers 3--1 Atlanta Braves
2014 St. Louis Cardinals 3--1 Los Angeles Dodgers
San Francisco Giants`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Washington Nationals
2015 New York Mets 3--2 Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 St. Louis Cardinals
2016 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--2 Washington Nationals
Chicago Cubs 3--1 San Francisco Giants`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2017 Chicago Cubs 3--2 Washington Nationals
Los Angeles Dodgers 3--0 Arizona Diamondbacks`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
2018 Milwaukee Brewers 3--0 Colorado Rockies `{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
Los Angeles Dodgers 3--1 Atlanta Braves
2019 Washington Nationals `{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 Los Angeles Dodgers
St. Louis Cardinals 3--2 Atlanta Braves
2020 Atlanta Braves 3--0 Miami Marlins
Los Angeles Dodgers 3--0 San Diego Padres
2021 Atlanta Braves 3--1 Milwaukee Brewers
Los Angeles Dodgers`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--2 San Francisco Giants
2022 San Diego Padres`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Los Angeles Dodgers
Philadelphia Phillies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Atlanta Braves
2023 Philadelphia Phillies`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Atlanta Braves
Arizona Diamondbacks`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--0 Los Angeles Dodgers
2024 Los Angeles Dodgers 3--2 San Diego Padres`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki}
New York Mets`{{sup|{{dagger}}}}`{=mediawiki} 3--1 Philadelphia Phillies
### Appearances by team {#appearances_by_team}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Apps</p></th>
<th><p>Team</p></th>
<th><p>Wins</p></th>
<th><p>Losses</p></th>
<th><p>Win %</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
win</p></th>
<th><p>Most recent<br />
appearance</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
won</p></th>
<th><p>Games<br />
lost</p></th>
<th><p>Game<br />
win %</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Atlanta Braves</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td><p>36</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Los Angeles Dodgers</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>37</p></td>
<td><p>37</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>St. Louis Cardinals</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>36</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>San Francisco Giants</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Philadelphia Phillies</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Houston Astros</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Chicago Cubs</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2017</p></td>
<td><p>2017</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Arizona Diamondbacks</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>2023</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>San Diego Padres</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2022</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Washington Nationals</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>2019</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>New York Mets</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>2024</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Colorado Rockies</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p>2018</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Milwaukee Brewers</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2018</p></td>
<td><p>2021</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Cincinnati Reds</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>1995</p></td>
<td><p>2012</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Miami Marlins</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p>2020</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><p>Pittsburgh Pirates</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td><p>1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Never</p></td>
<td><p>2013</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### Years of appearance {#years_of_appearance}
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of wins, then by number of appearances, and finally by year of first appearance. In the \"Season(s)\" column, **bold years** indicate winning appearances.
Team Wins Losses Win % Season(s)
---- ----------------------- ------ -------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14 St. Louis Cardinals 11 3 **1996**, **2000**, 2001, **2002**, **2004**, **2005**, **2006**, 2009, **2011**, **2012**, **2013**, **2014**, 2015, **2019**
19 Los Angeles Dodgers 10 9 **1981**, 1995, 1996, 2004, 2006, **2008**, **2009**, **2013**, 2014, 2015, **2016**, **2017**, **2018**, 2019, **2020**, **2021**, 2022, 2023, **2024**
19 Atlanta Braves 8 11 **1995**, **1996**, **1997**, **1998**, **1999**, 2000, **2001**, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2018, 2019, **2020**, **2021**, 2022, 2023
9 Philadelphia Phillies 5 4 1981, 2007, **2008**, **2009**, **2010**, 2011, **2022**, **2023**, 2024
5 New York Mets 5 0 **1999**, **2000**, **2006**, **2015**, **2024**
9 San Francisco Giants 4 5 1997, 2000, **2002**, 2003, **2010**, **2012**, **2014**, 2016, 2021
7 Chicago Cubs 4 3 1998, **2003**, 2007, 2008, **2015**, **2016**, **2017**
7 Arizona Diamondbacks 3 4 1999, **2001**, 2002, **2007**, 2011, 2017, **2023**
7 Houston Astros 2 5 1981, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, **2004**, **2005**
7 San Diego Padres 2 5 1996, **1998**, 2005, 2006, 2020, **2022**, 2024
6 Washington Nationals 2 4 **1981**, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, **2019**
4 Milwaukee Brewers 2 2 2008, **2011**, **2018**, 2021
3 Miami Marlins 2 1 **1997**, **2003**, 2020
4 Colorado Rockies 1 3 1995, **2007**, 2009, 2018
3 Cincinnati Reds 1 2 **1995**, 2010, 2012
1 Pittsburgh Pirates 0 1 2013
| 975 |
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# National League Division Series
## Results
### Frequent matchups {#frequent_matchups}
Count Matchup Record Years
------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------
5 Atlanta Braves vs. Houston Astros Braves, 3--2 1997, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005
3 San Diego Padres vs. St. Louis Cardinals Cardinals, 3--0 1996, 2005, 2006
3 St. Louis Cardinals vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Cardinals, 2--1 2004, 2009, 2014
3 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Atlanta Braves Dodgers, 2--1 1996, 2013, 2018
3 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. San Diego Padres Dodgers, 2--1 2020, 2022, 2024
2 St. Louis Cardinals vs. Arizona Diamondbacks Tied, 1--1 2001, 2002
2 Florida Marlins vs. San Francisco Giants Marlins, 2--0 1997, 2003
2 Chicago Cubs vs. Atlanta Braves Tied, 1--1 1998, 2003
2 Philadelphia Phillies vs. Colorado Rockies Tied, 1--1 2007, 2009
2 San Francisco Giants vs. Atlanta Braves Giants, 2--0 2002, 2010
2 New York Mets vs. Los Angeles Dodgers Mets, 2--0 2006, 2015
2 St. Louis Cardinals vs. Atlanta Braves Cardinals, 2--0 2000, 2019
2 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Washington Nationals Tied, 1--1 2016, 2019
2 Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Arizona Diamondbacks Tied, 1--1 2017, 2023
2 Atlanta Braves vs. Philadelphia Phillies Phillies, 2--0 2022, 2023
NOTE: With the Houston Astros move to the American League at the conclusion of the 2012 season, the Braves vs. Astros series is not currently possible
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# 1903 World Series
The **1903 World Series** was the first modern World Series to be played in Major League Baseball. It matched the American League (AL) champion Boston Americans against the National League (NL) champion Pittsburgh Pirates`{{NoteTag|In the early 20th century and earlier, the [[name of Pittsburgh]] was spelled with and without the 'h'.}}`{=mediawiki} in a best-of-nine series, with Boston prevailing five games to three, winning the last four. The first three games were played in Boston, the next four in Allegheny (home of the Pirates), and the eighth (last) game in Boston.
Pittsburgh pitcher Sam Leever injured his shoulder while trap shooting, so his teammate Deacon Phillippe pitched five complete games. Phillippe won three of his games, but it was not enough to overcome the club from the new American League. Boston pitchers Bill Dinneen and Cy Young led Boston to victory. In Game 1, Phillippe struck out ten Boston batters. The next day, Dinneen bettered that mark, striking out 11 Pittsburgh batters in Game 2.
Honus Wagner, bothered by injuries, batted only 6-for-27 (.222) in the Series and committed six errors. The shortstop was deeply distraught by his performance. The following spring, Wagner (who in 1903 led the National League in batting average) refused to send his portrait to a \"Hall of Fame\" for batting champions. \"I was too bum last year\", he wrote. \"I was a joke in that Boston-Pittsburgh Series. What does it profit a man to hammer along and make a few hits when they are not needed only to fall down when it comes to a pinch? I would be ashamed to have my picture up now.\"
Due to overflow crowds at the Exposition Park games in Allegheny City,`{{NoteTag|From 1882 to 1906, the team played in [[Allegheny, Pennsylvania]], which was annexed by [[Pittsburgh]] as the [[North Side (Pittsburgh)|North Side]] in 1907.}}`{=mediawiki} if a batted ball rolled under a rope in the outfield that held spectators back, a \"ground-rule triple\" would be scored. 17 ground-rule triples were hit in the four games played at the stadium.
In the series, Boston came back from a three games to one deficit, winning the final four games to capture the title. Such a large comeback would not happen again until the Pirates came back to defeat the Washington Senators in the 1925 World Series, and has happened only 11 times in baseball history. (The Pirates themselves repeated this feat in `{{wsy|1979}}`{=mediawiki} against the Baltimore Orioles.) Much was made of the influence of Boston\'s \"Royal Rooters\", who traveled to Exposition Park and sang their theme song \"Tessie\" to distract the opposing players (especially Wagner). Boston wound up winning three out of four games in Allegheny City.
Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss added his share of the gate receipts to the players\' share, so the losing team\'s players actually finished with a larger individual share than the winning team\'s.
The Series brought the new American League prestige and proved its best could beat the best of the National League, thus strengthening the demand for future World Series competitions.
| 508 |
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# 1903 World Series
## Background
### A new league {#a_new_league}
In 1901, Ban Johnson, president of the Western League, a minor league organization, formed the American League to take advantage of the National League\'s 1900 contraction from twelve teams to eight. Johnson and fellow owners raided the National League and signed away many star players, including Cy Young and Jimmy Collins. Johnson had a list of 46 National Leaguers he targeted for the American League; by 1902, all but one had made the jump. The constant raiding, however, nixed the idea of a championship between the two leagues. Pirates owner Barney Dreyfuss, whose team ran away with the 1902 National League pennant, was open to a postseason contest and even said he would allow the American League champion to stock its roster with all-stars. However, Johnson had spoken of putting a team in Pittsburgh and even attempted to raid the Pirates\' roster in August 1902, which soured Dreyfuss. At the end of the season, however, the Pirates played a group of American League All-Stars in a four-game exhibition series, winning two games to one, with one tie.
The leagues finally called a truce in the winter of 1902--03 and formed the National Commission to preside over organized baseball. The following season, the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates had secured their respective championship pennants by September. That August, Dreyfuss challenged the American League to an 11-game championship series. Encouraged by Johnson and National League President Harry Pulliam, Americans owner Henry J. Killilea met with Dreyfuss in Pittsburgh in September and instead agreed to a best-of-nine championship, with the first three games played in Boston, the next four in Allegheny City, and the remaining two (if necessary) in Boston.
One significant point about this agreement was that it was an arrangement primarily between the two clubs rather than a formal arrangement between the leagues. In short, it was a voluntary event, a fact which would result in no Series at all for `{{wsy|1904}}`{=mediawiki}. The formal establishment of the Series as a compulsory event started in `{{wsy|1905}}`{=mediawiki}.
| 345 |
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# 1903 World Series
## The teams {#the_teams}
`{{CSS crop
|Location=right
|Description=[[Image:Black pog.svg|10px]] 1903 World Series Teams
|bSize=480
|cWidth=280
|cHeight=150
|oLeft=180
|oTop=80
|Content=
{{Location map+ | USA Northeast
| width = 510
| caption =
| places =
{{Location map~ | USA Northeast
| lat_deg = 42.34
| lon_deg = -71.09
| mark = Black pog.svg
| label_size = 80
| position = left
| label = '''[[Boston Americans|Americans]]'''}}
{{Location map~ | USA Northeast
| lat_deg = 40.45
| lon_deg = -80.01
| mark = Black pog.svg
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| label = '''[[Pittsburgh Pirates|Pirates]]'''}}
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The Pirates won their third straight pennant in 1903 thanks to a powerful lineup that included legendary shortstop Honus Wagner, who hit .355 and drove in 101 runs, player-manager Fred Clarke, who hit .351, and Ginger Beaumont, who hit .341 and led the league in hits and runs. The Pirates\' pitching was weaker than it had been in previous years but boasted 24-game winner Deacon Phillippe and 25-game winner Sam Leever.
The Americans had a strong pitching staff, led by Cy Young, who went 28--9 in 1903 and became the all-time wins leader that year. Bill Dinneen and Long Tom Hughes, right-handers like Young, had won 21 games and 20 games each. The Boston outfield, featuring Chick Stahl (.274), Buck Freeman (.287, 104 RBI) and Patsy Dougherty (.331, 101 runs scored) was considered excellent.
Although the Pirates had dominated their league for the previous three years, they went into the series riddled with injuries and plagued by bizarre misfortunes. Otto Krueger, the team\'s only utility player, was beaned on September 19 and never fully played in the series. 16-game winner Ed Doheny left the team three days later, exhibiting signs of paranoia; he was committed to an insane asylum the following month. Leever had been battling an injury to his pitching arm (which he made worse by entering a trapshooting competition). Worst of all, Wagner, who had a sore thumb throughout the season, injured his right leg in September and was never 100 percent for the postseason.
Some sources say Boston were heavy underdogs. Boston bookies actually gave even odds to the teams (and only because Dreyfuss and other \"sports\" were alleged to have bet on Pittsburgh to bring down the odds). The teams were generally thought to be evenly matched, with the Americans credited with stronger pitching and the Pirates with superior offense and fielding. The outcome, many believed, hinged on Wagner\'s health. \"If Wagner does not play, bet your money at two to one on Boston\", said the *Sporting News*, \"but if he does play, place your money at two to one on Pittsburg.\"
## Summary
| 450 |
1903 World Series
| 2 |
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# 1903 World Series
## Matchups
### Game 1 {#game_1}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|Jimmy Sebring hit the first home run in World Series history, an inside-the-park home run in Game 1. `{{Linescore
|Date=Thursday, October 1, 1903,
|Location=[[Huntington Avenue Grounds|Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds]] in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]]
|Road='''Pittsburgh'''|RoadAbr=PIT
|R1=4|R2=0|R3=1|R4=1|R5=0|R6=0|R7=1|R8=0|R9=0|RR=7|RH=12|RE=2
|Home=Boston|HomeAbr=BOS
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=0|H7=2|H8=0|H9=1|HR=3|HH=6|HE=4
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Deacon Phillippe]] (1–0)|LP=[[Cy Young]] (0–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=[[Jimmy Sebring]] (1)|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10010BOS1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} The Pirates started Game 1 strong, scoring six runs in the first four innings, and held on to win the first World Series game in modern baseball history. They extended their lead to 7--0 on an inside-the-park home run by Jimmy Sebring in the seventh, the first home run in World Series history. Boston scored a few runs in the last three innings, but it was too little, too late; they ended up losing 7--3 in the first ever World Series game. Both Phillippe and Young threw complete games, with Phillippe striking out ten and Young fanning five, but Young also gave up twice as many hits and allowed three earned runs to Phillippe\'s two.
### Game 2 {#game_2}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|In Game 2, Patsy Dougherty hit the first over-the-fence home run in World Series history. `{{Linescore
|Date=Friday, October 2, 1903,
|Location=Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds in Boston, Massachusetts
|Road=Pittsburgh|RoadAbr=PIT
|R1=0|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=0|R6=0|R7=0|R8=0|R9=0|RR=0|RH=3|RE=2
|Home='''Boston'''|HomeAbr=BOS
|H1=2|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=1|H7=0|H8=0|H9=X|HR=3|HH=8|HE=0
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Bill Dinneen]] (1–0)|LP=[[Sam Leever]] (0–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=[[Patsy Dougherty]] 2 (2)
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10020BOS1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} After starting out strong in Game 1, the Pirates simply shut down offensively, eking out a mere three hits, all singles. Pittsburgh starter Sam Leever went 1 inning and gave up three hits and two runs, before his ailing arm forced him to leave in favor of Bucky Veil, who finished the game. Bill Dinneen struck out 11 and pitched a complete game for the Americans, while Patsy Dougherty hit home runs in the first and sixth innings for two of the Boston\'s three runs. The Americans\' Patsy Dougherty led off the Boston scoring with an inside-the-park home run, the first time a lead-off batter did just that until Alcides Escobar of the Kansas City Royals duplicated the feat in the 2015 World Series, 112 years later. Dougherty\'s second home run was the first in World Series history to actually sail over the fence, an incredibly rare feat at the time.
### Game 3 {#game_3}
`{{Linescore
|Date=Saturday, October 3, 1903,
|Location=Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds in Boston, Massachusetts
|Road='''Pittsburgh'''|RoadAbr=PIT
|R1=0|R2=1|R3=2|R4=0|R5=0|R6=0|R7=0|R8=1|R9=0|RR=4|RH=7|RE=1
|Home=Boston|HomeAbr=BOS
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=1|H5=0|H6=0|H7=0|H8=1|H9=0|HR=2|HH=4|HE=2
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Deacon Phillippe]] (2–0)|LP=[[Long Tom Hughes|Tom Hughes]] (0–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10030BOS1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} Phillippe, pitching after only a single day of rest, started Game 3 for the Pirates and didn\'t let them down, hurling his second complete-game victory of the Series to put Pittsburgh up two games to one.
### Game 4 {#game_4}
`{{Linescore
|Date=Tuesday, October 6, 1903,
|Location=[[Exposition Park (Pittsburgh)|Exposition Park (III)]] in [[Allegheny, Pennsylvania]]
|Road=Boston|RoadAbr=BOS
|R1=0|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=1|R6=0|R7=0|R8=0|R9=3|RR=4|RH=9|RE=1
|Home='''Pittsburgh'''|HomeAbr=PIT
|H1=1|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=1|H6=0|H7=3|H8=0|H9=X|HR=5|HH=12|HE=1
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Deacon Phillippe]] (3–0)|LP=[[Bill Dinneen]] (1–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10060PIT1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} After two days of rest, Phillippe was ready to pitch a second straight game. He threw his third complete-game victory of the series against Bill Dinneen, who was making his second start of the series. But Phillippe\'s second straight win was almost not to be, as the Americans, down 5--1 in the top of the ninth, rallied to narrow the deficit to one run. The comeback attempt failed, as Phillippe managed to put an end to it and give the Pirates a commanding 3--1 series lead.
### Game 5 {#game_5}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|Game 5 winning pitcher Cy Young `{{Linescore
|Date=Wednesday, October 7, 1903,
|Location=Exposition Park (III) in Allegheny, Pennsylvania
|Road='''Boston'''|RoadAbr=BOS
|R1=0|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=0|R6=6|R7=4|R8=1|R9=0|RR=11|RH=13|RE=2
|Home=Pittsburgh|HomeAbr=PIT
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=0|H7=0|H8=2|H9=0|HR=2|HH=6|HE=4
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Cy Young]] (1–1)|LP=[[Brickyard Kennedy]] (0–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10070PIT1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} Game 5 was a pitcher\'s duel for the first five innings, with Boston\'s Cy Young and Pittsburgh\'s Brickyard Kennedy giving up no runs. That changed in the top of the sixth, however, when the Americans scored a then-record six runs before being retired. Young, on the other hand, managed to keep his shutout intact before finally giving up a pair of runs in the bottom of the eighth. He went the distance and struck out four for his first World Series win.
### Game 6 {#game_6}
thumb\|right\|upright=.8\|Game 6 winning pitcher Bill Dinneen `{{Linescore
|Date=Thursday, October 8, 1903,
|Location=Exposition Park (III) in Allegheny, Pennsylvania
|Road='''Boston'''|RoadAbr=BOS
|R1=0|R2=0|R3=3|R4=0|R5=2|R6=0|R7=1|R8=0|R9=0|RR=6|RH=10|RE=1
|Home=Pittsburgh|HomeAbr=PIT
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=0|H7=3|H8=0|H9=0|HR=3|HH=10|HE=3
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Bill Dinneen]] (2–1)|LP=[[Sam Leever]] (0–2)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10080PIT1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} Game 6 was a rematch between the starters of Game 2, Boston\'s Dinneen and Pittsburgh\'s Leever. Leever pitched a complete game this time but so did Dinneen, who outmatched him to earn his second complete-game victory of the series. After losing three of the first four games of the World Series, the underdog Americans had tied the series at three games apiece.
### Game 7 {#game_7}
`{{Linescore
|Date=Saturday, October 10, 1903,
|Location=Exposition Park (III) in Allegheny, Pennsylvania
|Road='''Boston'''|RoadAbr=BOS
|R1=2|R2=0|R3=0|R4=2|R5=0|R6=2|R7=0|R8=1|R9=0|RR=7|RH=11|RE=4
|Home=Pittsburgh|HomeAbr=PIT
|H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=1|H5=0|H6=1|H7=0|H8=0|H9=1|HR=3|HH=10|HE=3
|RSP=|HSP=
|WP=[[Cy Young]] (2–1)|LP=[[Deacon Phillippe]] (3–1)|SV=
|RoadHR=|HomeHR=
|BoxURL=https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1903/B10100PIT1903.htm
}}`{=mediawiki} The fourth and final game in Allegheny saw Phillippe start his fourth game of the Series for the Pirates. This time, however, he did not fare as well as he did in his first three starts. Cy Young, in his third start of the Series, held the Pirates to three runs and put the Americans ahead for the first time as the Series moved back to Boston.
| 860 |
1903 World Series
| 3 |
3,865 |
# 1903 World Series
## Matchups
### Game 8 {#game_8}
The final game of this inaugural World Series started out as an intense pitcher\'s duel, scoreless until the bottom of the fourth when Hobe Ferris hit a two-run single. Phillippe started his fifth and final game of the series and Dinneen his fourth. As he did in Game 2, Dinneen threw a complete-game shutout, striking out seven and leading his Americans to victory, while Phillippe pitched respectably but could not match Dinneen because his arm had been worn out with five starts in the eight games, giving up three runs to give the first 20th-century World Championship to the Boston Americans, Honus Wagner striking out to end the Series.
## Composite line score {#composite_line_score}
1903 World Series **(5--3): Boston Americans (A.L.)** over Pittsburgh Pirates (N.L.) `{{Linescore|
|Road='''[[Boston Americans]]'''
|R1=4|R2=0|R3=3|R4=5|R5=3|R6=10|R7=7|R8=3|R9=4|RR=39|RH=69|RE=14
|Home='''[[Pittsburgh Pirates]]'''
|H1=5|H2=1|H3=3|H4=2|H5=1|H6=1|H7=7|H8=3|H9=1|HR=24|HH=64|HE=19
|TotalAttendance=100,429 |AveAttendance=12,554
|WinPlayerShare = $1,182 |LosePlayerShare = $1,316<ref name="wsshares">{{cite web|url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wsshares.shtml|title=World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares|access-date=June 14, 2009|work=Baseball Almanac}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
| 162 |
1903 World Series
| 4 |
3,865 |
# 1903 World Series
## Series Statistics {#series_statistics}
### Boston Americans {#boston_americans}
#### Batting
*Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage*
| Player | GP | AB | R | H | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | BB | AVG | OBP | SLG | Reference |
|-----------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|
| Jimmy Collins | 8 | 36 | 5 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | .250 | .270 | .389 | |
| Lou Criger | 8 | 26 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | .231 | .286 | .231 | |
| Bill Dinneen | 4 | 12 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | .167 | .231 | .167 | |
| Patsy Dougherty | 8 | 34 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | .235 | .297 | .529 | |
| Duke Farrell | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Hobe Ferris | 8 | 31 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | .290 | .313 | .355 | |
| Buck Freeman | 8 | 32 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 2 | .281 | .324 | .469 | |
| Long Tom Hughes | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Candy LaChance | 8 | 27 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 3 | .222 | .300 | .370 | |
| Jack O\'Brien | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Freddy Parent | 8 | 32 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | .281 | .324 | .469 | |
| Chick Stahl | 8 | 33 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | .303 | .324 | .515 | |
| Cy Young | 4 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | .067 | .067 | .200 | |
#### Pitching
*Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; ERA=Earned Run Average; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; R=Runs; ER= Earned Runs; BB=Walks; SO= Strikeouts*
| Player | G | GS | ERA | W | L | SV | IP | H | R | ER | BB | SO | Reference |
|-----------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--|
| Bill Dinneen | 4 | 4 | 2.06 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 35.0 | 29 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 28 | |
| Tom Hughes | 1 | 1 | 9.00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2.0 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Cy Young | 4 | 3 | 1.85 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 34.0 | 31 | 13 | 7 | 4 | 17 | |
| 584 |
1903 World Series
| 5 |
3,865 |
# 1903 World Series
## Series Statistics {#series_statistics}
### Pittsburgh Pirates {#pittsburgh_pirates}
#### Batting {#batting_1}
*Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage*
| Player | GP | AB | R | H | 2B | 3B | HR | RBI | BB | AVG | OBP | SLG | Reference |
|-----------|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------------------------|--|--|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|--|-----------------------------------------------------|--|--|--|
| Ginger Beaumont | 8 | 34 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | .265 | .306 | .324 | |
| Kitty Bransfield | 8 | 29 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | .207 | .233 | .345 | |
| Fred Clarke | 8 | 34 | 3 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | .265 | .286 | .382 | |
| Brickyard Kennedy | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .500 | .500 | 1.000 | |
| Tommy Leach | 8 | 33 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 8 | 1 | .273 | .294 | .515 | |
| Sam Leever | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Ed Phelps | 8 | 26 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | .231 | .259 | .308 | |
| Deacon Phillippe | 5 | 18 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | .222 | .222 | .222 | |
| Claude Ritchey | 8 | 27 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | .148 | .258 | .185 | |
| Jimmy Sebring | 8 | 30 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | .333 | .355 | .500 | |
| Harry Smith | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Gus Thompson | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Bucky Veil | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .000 | .000 | .000 | |
| Honus Wagner | 8 | 27 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | .222 | .323 | .259 | |
#### Pitching {#pitching_1}
*Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; ERA=Earned Run Average; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; R=Runs; ER= Earned Runs; BB=Walks; SO= Strikeouts*
| Player | G | GS | ERA | W | L | SV | IP | H | R | ER | BB | SO | Reference |
|-----------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|------------------------------|--|
| Brickyard Kennedy | 1 | 1 | 5.14 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7.0 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | |
| Sam Leever | 2 | 2 | 5.40 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 10.0 | 13 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 2 | |
| Deacon Phillippe | 5 | 5 | 3.07 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 44.0 | 38 | 19 | 15 | 3 | 22 | |
| Gus Thompson | 1 | 0 | 4.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Bucky Veil | 1 | 0 | 1.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7
| 660 |
1903 World Series
| 6 |
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