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See also Alcohol dehydrogenase References Category:EC 1.1.1 Category:NADPH-dependent enzymes Category:NADH-dependent enzymes Category:Enzymes of unknown structure
Namayanja Rose Nsereko (born 18 August 1975) is a Ugandan lawyer, columnist, author, security sector manager and politician. She is the current National Treasurer of Uganda's ruling party, The National Resistance Movement (NRM). Namayanja is the former Minister of Information and National Guidance in the Cabinet of Uganda, a position she held from 23 May 2013, until 1 March 2015. Prior to that, she served as Minister of State for Luwero Triangle in the Prime Minister's office, from 27 May 2011 until 24 May 2013. She replaced Thembo Nyombi, who was appointed State Minister for Information Technology. Namayanja also served as the elected Member of Parliament for Nakaseke District Women Representative from 2006 to 2016.
She was a founder member of the Uganda Young Democrats (UYD), the youth wing of Uganda's Democratic Party (DP) that was known for its radicalism in the mid-1990s. Background and education Namayanja was born in Kalagi, a village in Nakaseke District (one of the Luwero Triangle districts) on 18 August 1975 to Jackson Ssebowa and Catherine Namirembe Ssebowa. A Muganda by tribe, she was born in an Anglican family. She converted to the Seventh-day Adventist Church while in high school. She attended Kabowa Church of Uganda Primary School, for her primary education and Light College Katikamu for her middle and high school education.
She holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (1998) and Bachelor of Laws (2011), both from Makerere University, the oldest and largest public university in Uganda. She also holds the degree of Master of Science (2010), in Security Sector Management, obtained from and Cranfield University, the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Career Prior to her senior political career, Namayanja worked as an academic registrar for Light Bureau of Accountancy in 1998. Between 1999 and 2001, she worked as a political officer at State House Kampala. She started her political career as a student and youth leader at Makerere University in 1995.
She was a founder member of the Uganda Young Democrats (UYD), the youth wing of Uganda's Democratic Party (DP). According to her, she drew her inspiration from the then young people in politics like the late Nobel Mayombo and further from the powerful women in politics like the former vice president of Uganda, Specioza Naigaga Wandira Kazibwe, Winnie Byanyima, Janat Mukwaya and Cecilia Ogwal. The desire to make a contribution to rebuilding Luwero Triangle, her homeland and the theatre of Yoweri Museveni's liberation war made her aim for more influential political positions. In 2001 at the age of 25, she was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) representing the youth for Uganda's Central Region, which includes Luwero Triangle, for a five-year term.
In 2006, having crossed to the NRM after the introduction of Multi-Party Politics and the creation of Nakaseke District the previous year, Namayanja stood unopposed for the position of Woman MP for Nakaseke District and was reelected in 2011 for a five-year term. In 2011, she was appointed for her first ministerial position as Minister of State for Luwero Triangle in the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM). She held that portfolio until she was appointed Minister of information and National Guidance on 23 May 2013, a position she held until 1 May 2015, when she was dropped from the Cabinet in consideration of the fact that she had been appointed National Treasurer of the National Resistance Movement in January 2015.
Namayanja did not contest the 2016 general election. Personal life Rose Namayanja is married to Charles Nsereko. They were married in a Seventh-day Adventist ceremony on 2 September 2002. She is the Chairperson of the Uganda Parliamentary Forum for Children. She plans to retire from active politics in 2016.
See also References External links Nakaseke Teachers Sleeping In Classrooms Ugandan Leader: Be Prepared To Listen "Parliamentary Oversight of The Security Sector In Uganda: Addressing The Structural, Political And Bureaucratic Challenges - Paperback, 11 October 2012, by Rose Namayanja Nsereko (Author) Journalists Oppose New Fees } Category:Living people Category:1975 births Category:Government ministers of Uganda Category:Members of the Parliament of Uganda Category:National Resistance Movement politicians Category:Ugandan Seventh-day Adventists Category:Converts to Adventism Category:Ganda people Category:People from Nakaseke District Category:Makerere University alumni Category:Alumni of Cranfield University Category:Ugandan women lawyers Category:Ugandan lawyers Category:Ugandan journalists Category:Columnists Category:Ugandan women writers Category:Ugandan women journalists Category:21st-century women politicians Category:Women government ministers of Uganda Category:Women members of the Parliament of Uganda Category:Women columnists
A power cable is an electrical cable, an assembly of one or more electrical conductors, usually held together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. Flexible power cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools, and machinery. History The first power distribution system developed by Thomas Edison in 1882 in New York City used copper rods, wrapped in jute and placed in rigid pipes filled with a bituminous compound. Although vulcanized rubber had been patented by Charles Goodyear in 1844, it was not applied to cable insulation until the 1880s, when it was used for lighting circuits.
Rubber-insulated cable was used for 11,000-volt circuits in 1897 installed for the Niagara Falls power project. Mass-impregnated paper-insulated medium voltage cables were commercially practical by 1895. During World War II several varieties of synthetic rubber and polyethylene insulation were applied to cables.
Typical residential and office construction in North America has gone through several technologies: Early bare and cloth-covered wires installed with staples Knob and tube wiring, 1880s-1930s, using asphalt-saturated cloth or later rubber insulation Armored cable, known by the genericized trademark "BX" - flexible steel sheath with two cloth-covered, rubber-insulated conductors - introduced in 1906 but more expensive than open single conductors Rubber-insulated wires with jackets of woven cotton cloth (usually impregnated with tar), waxed paper filler - introduced in 1922 Early two-wire PVC-insulated cable, known by the genericized trademark "Romex", 1950s Aluminum wire was used in the 1960s and 1970s as a cheap replacement for copper and is still used today, but this is now considered unsafe, without proper installation, due to corrosion, softness and creeping of connection.
Asbestos was used as an Insulator (electricity) in some cloth wires from the 1920s to 1970s. Modern three-wire PVC-insulated cable, also known as "Romex" - see thermoplastic-sheathed cable Teck cable, a PVC-sheathed armored cable Construction Modern power cables come in a variety of sizes, materials, and types, each particularly adapted to its uses. Large single insulated conductors are also sometimes called power cables in the industry. Cables consist of three major components: conductors, insulation, protective jacket. The makeup of individual cables varies according to application. The construction and material are determined by three main factors: Working voltage, determining the thickness of the insulation; Current-carrying capacity, determining the cross-sectional size of the conductor(s); Environmental conditions such as temperature, water, chemical or sunlight exposure, and mechanical impact, determining the form and composition of the outer cable jacket.
Cables for direct burial or for exposed installations may also include metal armor in the form of wires spiralled around the cable, or a corrugated tape wrapped around it. The armor may be made of steel or aluminum, and although connected to earth ground is not intended to carry current during normal operation. Power cables use stranded copper or aluminum conductors, although small power cables may use solid conductors (For a detailed discussion on copper cables, see: Copper wire and cable.). The cable may include uninsulated conductors used for the circuit neutral or for ground (earth) connection. The overall assembly may be round or flat.
Non-conducting filler strands may be added to the assembly to maintain its shape. Special purpose power cables for overhead or vertical use may have additional elements such as steel or Kevlar structural supports. Some power cables for outdoor overhead use may have no overall sheath. Other cables may have a plastic or metal sheath enclosing all the conductors. The materials for the sheath will be selected for resistance to water, oil, sunlight, underground conditions, chemical vapors, impact, or high temperatures. In nuclear industry applications the cable may have special requirements for ionizing radiation resistance. Cable materials may be specified not to produce large amounts of smoke if burned.
Cables intended for underground use or direct burial in earth will have heavy plastic or metal, most often lead sheaths, or may require special direct-buried construction. When cables must run where exposed to mechanical damage, they may be protected with flexible steel tape or wire armor, which may also be covered by a water-resistant jacket. Higher voltages For circuits operating at or above 2,000 volts between conductors, a conductive shield may surround each insulated conductor. This equalizes electrical stress on the cable insulation. This technique was patented by Martin Hochstadter in 1916; the shield is sometimes called a Hochstadter shield.
The individual conductor shields of a cable are connected to earth ground at the ends of the cable, and at locations along the length if voltage rise during faults would be dangerous. Cables for power distribution of 10 kV or higher may be insulated with oil and paper, and are run in a rigid steel pipe, semi-rigid aluminum or lead sheath. For higher voltages the oil may be kept under pressure to prevent formation of voids that would allow partial discharges within the cable insulation. Modern high-voltage cables use polyethylene or other polymers, including XLPE for insulation. They require special techniques for jointing and terminating, see High-voltage cable.
Many multiconductor cables have a bare or insulated grounding or bonding wire which is for connection to earth ground. The grounding conductor connects equipment enclosures to ground for protection from electric shock. Electrical power cables are often installed in raceways, including electrical conduit and cable trays, which may contain one or more conductors. A hybrid cable can include conductors for control signals or may also include optical fibers for data. Flexible cables All electrical cables are somewhat flexible, allowing them to be shipped to installation sites wound on reels or drums. Where applications require a cable to be moved repeatedly, such as for portable equipment, more flexible cables called "cords" or "flex" are used.
Flexible cords contain fine stranded conductors, not solid core conductors, and have insulation and sheaths to withstand the forces of repeated flexing and abrasion. Heavy duty flexible power cords such as those feeding a mine face cutting machine are carefully engineered — their life is measured in weeks. Very flexible power cables are used in automated machinery, robotics, and machine tools. See power cord and extension cable for further description of flexible power cables. Other types of flexible cable include twisted pair, extensible, coaxial, shielded, and communication cable. An X-ray cable is a special type of flexible high-voltage cable.
See also AC power plugs and sockets American wire gauge – for a table of cross section sizes Ampacity – for a description of current carrying capacity of wires and cables Cross-linked polyethylene Ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets Overhead power line Portable cord Railway electrification system Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive Voltage drop – another consideration when selecting proper cable sizes References Category:Electrical wiring
Knucklebones, also known as Tali, Fivestones, or Jacks, is a game of ancient origin, usually played with five small objects, or ten in the case of jacks. Originally the "knucklebones" (actually the astragalus, a bone in the ankle, or hock) were those of a sheep, which were thrown up and caught in various manners. Modern knucklebones consist of six points, or knobs, projecting from a common base, and are usually made of metal or plastic. The winner is the first player to successfully complete a prescribed series of throws, which, though similar, differ widely in detail. The simplest throw consists in either tossing up one stone, the jack, or bouncing a ball, and picking up one or more stones or knucklebones from the table while it is in the air.
This continues until all five stones or knucklebones have been picked up. Another throw consists in tossing up first one stone, then two, then three and so on, and catching them on the back of the hand. Different throws have received distinctive names, such as "riding the elephant", "peas in the pod", "horses in the stable", and "frogs in the well". History The origin of knucklebones is closely connected with that of dice, of which knucklebones is probably a more primitive form. Sophocles, in a written fragment of one of his works, ascribed the invention of knucklebones to the mythical figure Palamedes, who taught it to his Greek countrymen during the Trojan War.
Both the Iliad and the Odyssey contain allusions to games similar in character to knucklebones. Pausanius in his Description of Greece (2.20.3) tells of a temple of Fortune in Corinth in which Palamedes made an offering of his newly invented game. Children's games upon Mount Ida, gave him Eros for a companion and golden dibs with which to play. He even condescended to sometimes join in the game (Apollonius). It is significant, however, that both Herodotus and Plato ascribe a foreign origin to the game. Plato, in Phaedrus, names the Egyptian god Thoth as its inventor, while Herodotus relates that the Lydians, during a period of famine in the days of King Atys, originated this game and indeed almost all other games, with the exception of draughts.
There were two methods of playing in ancient times. The first, and probably the primitive method, consisted in tossing up and catching the bones on the back of the hand, very much as the game is played today. In ancient Rome, it was called tali (knucklebones): a painting excavated from Pompeii, currently housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples, depicts the goddesses Latona, Niobe, Phoebe, Aglaia and Hileaera, with the last two being engaged in playing a game of knucklebones. According to an epigram of Asclepiodotus, astragali were given as prizes to schoolchildren. This simple form of the game was generally only played by women and children, and was called penta litha or five-stones.
There were several varieties of this game besides the usual toss and catch; one being called tropa, or hole-game, the object of which was to toss the bones into a hole in the earth. Another was the simple game of odd or even. The second, probably derivative, form of the game was one of pure chance, the stones being thrown upon a table, either from the hand or from a cup, and the values of the sides upon which they fell were counted. The shape of the pastern bones used for astragaloi as well as for the tali of the Romans, with whom knucklebones was also popular, determined the manner of counting.
The pastern bone of a sheep, goat, or calf has two rounded ends upon which it cannot stand and two broad and two narrow sides, one of each pair being concave and one convex. The convex narrow side, called chios or "the dog", was counted as 1, the convex broad side as 3, the concave broad side as 4, and the concave narrow side as 6. Four astragali were used and 35 different scores were possible in a single throw. Many of these throws received distinctive names such as: Aphrodite, Midas, Solon, and Alexander. Among the Romans, some of the names were: Venus, King, and Vulture.
The highest throw in Greece counted 40, and was called the Euripides. It was probably a combination throw, since more than four sixes could not be thrown at a single time. The lowest throw, both in Greece and Rome, was the Dog. Modern game The modern game may use a rubber ball, and the knucklebones (jacks), typically a set of ten, are made of metal or plastic. There are variants of how the players decide who goes first: it is usually through "flipping" (the set of jacks is placed in cupped hands, flipped to the back of the hands, and then back to cupped hands again; the player who keeps the most from falling goes first), but may be via ip dip, or eeny, meeny, miny, moe, or a variant thereof.
To set up the game, the jacks are scattered loosely into the play area. The players in turn bounce the ball off the ground, pick up jacks, and then catch the ball before it bounces for a second time. The number of jacks to be picked up is pre-ordained and sequential; at first one must be picked up ("onesies"), next two ("twosies"), and so on, depending on the total number of jacks included. The number may not divide evenly, and there may be jacks left over. If the player chooses to pick up the leftover jacks first, one variation is to announce this by saying "horse before carriage" or "queens before kings".
The playing area should be decided between the players since there is no official game rule regarding that. The winning player is the one to pick up the largest number of jacks, and the game can be made more challenging by playing with fifteen or twenty jacks (two sets). Regardless of the total number of jacks in play, the player who gets to the highest game wins. Game one is usually single bounce (onesies through tensies); game two is chosen by whoever "graduates" from game one first, and so on. Some options for subsequent games are "double bounces", "pigs in the pen", "over the fence", "eggs in the basket" (or "cherries in the basket"), "flying Dutchman", "around the world", etc.
Some games, such as "Jack be nimble", are short games which are not played in the onesies-to-tensies format. Variations A variation, played by Israeli school-age children, is known as kugelach or Chamesh Avanim (חמש אבנים, "five rocks"). Instead of jacks and a rubber ball, five die-sized metal cubes are used. The game cube is tossed in the air rather than bounced. There's also the Korean game Gonggi, another variant. See also Shagai References External links Statistical analysis of knucklebone throws Another statistical analysis of knucklebone throws Category:Children's games Category:Games of physical skill Category:Physical activity and dexterity toys Category:Traditional toys Category:Historical games ar:الجاكس hr:Život i običaji Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine#Narodne igre ja:ジャックス (遊び道具) simple:Jackstones
After the failure of the Embargo Act of 1807 the federal government of the United States took little interest in imposing embargoes and economic sanctions against foreign countries. United States trade policy was entirely a matter of economic policy. Interest in trade as a tool of foreign policy revived in the 20th century and many economic sanctions were applied. Late in the century the most notable ones were aimed against countries which the U.S. government listed as "State Sponsors of Terrorism".
Sanctions imposed by the United States government include: ban on arms-related exports controls over dual-use technology exports restrictions on economic assistance financial restrictions: requiring the United States to oppose loans by the World Bank and other international financial institutions diplomatic immunity waived, to allow families of terrorist victims to file for civil damages in U.S. courts tax credits for companies and individuals denied, for income earned in listed countries duty-free goods exemption suspended for imports from those countries authority to prohibit U.S. citizens from engaging in financial transactions with the government on the list, except by license from the U.S. government prohibition of U.S. Defense Department contracts above $100,000 with companies controlled by countries on the list.
Implementing agencies Bureau of Industry and Security Directorate of Defense Trade Controls Office of Foreign Assets Control U.S. Customs and Border Protection United States Department of Commerce (Export Administration Regulations, EAR) United States Department of Defense United States Department of Energy (nuclear technology) United States Department of Homeland Security (border crossings) United States Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Federal Bureau of Investigation United States Department of State (International Traffic in Arms Regulations, ITAR) United States Department of the Treasury Authorizing laws Several laws delegate embargo power to the President: Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 Export Administration Act of 1979 Several laws specifically prohibit trade with certain countries: Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 Helms–Burton Act of 1996 (Cuba) Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 (Cuba) Iran Freedom and Support Act of 2006 Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 Targeted parties As of August 2019, the United States has introduced sanctions against: Countries Persons There are also list-based sanctions related to countering terrorism, rough diamond trade controls (see Kimberley Process), counter narcotics, nuclear proliferation and transnational criminal organizations.
Some countries listed are members of the World Trade Organization, but WTO rules allow trade restrictions for non-economic purposes. Combined, the Treasury Department, the Commerce Department and the State Department list embargoes against 30 countries or territories: Afghanistan, Belarus, Burundi, Central African Republic, China (PR), Côte d'Ivoire, Crimea Region, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Fiji, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Myanmar, North Korea, Palestinian Territories, Russia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe.
See also State Sponsors of Terrorism – placement on the list puts severe restrictions on trade with that nation Rogue State Economic sanctions United States steel tariff 2002 Permanent Normal Trade Relations Arms Export Control Act Notes References External links Sanctions Programs and Country Information (United States Department of the Treasury) Commerce Control List (Bureau of Industry and Security) Countries Sanctioned By The U.S. - And Why (Investopedia, 2010-04-08) United States to Lift Sudan Sanctions (NY Times, 2017-01-13) Category:Foreign relations of the United States Category:United States trade policy Category:Embargoes
A research design is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables specified in the problem research. The design of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research problem, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and, if applicable, data collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. A research design is a framework that has been created to find answers to research questions. Design types and sub-types There are many ways to classify research designs. Nonetheless, the list below offers a number of useful distinctions between possible research designs.
A research design is an arrangement of conditions or collection. Descriptive (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey) Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study) Experimental (e.g., field experiment, controlled experiment, quasi-experiment) Review (literature review, systematic review) Meta-analytic (meta-analysis) Sometimes a distinction is made between "fixed" and "flexible" designs. In some cases, these types coincide with quantitative and qualitative research designs respectively, though this need not be the case. In fixed designs, the design of the study is fixed before the main stage of data collection takes place. Fixed designs are normally theory-driven; otherwise, it is impossible to know in advance which variables need to be controlled and measured.
Often, these variables are measured quantitatively. Flexible designs allow for more freedom during the data collection process. One reason for using a flexible research design can be that the variable of interest is not quantitatively measurable, such as culture. In other cases, the theory might not be available before one starts the research. Grouping The choice of how to group participants depends on the research hypothesis and on how the participants are sampled. In a typical experimental study, there will be at least one "experimental" condition (e.g., "treatment") and one "control" condition ("no treatment"), but the appropriate method of grouping may depend on factors such as the duration of measurement phase and participant characteristics: Cohort study Cross-sectional study Cross-sequential study Longitudinal study Confirmatory versus exploratory research Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses — outcome predictions that are made before the measurement phase begins.
Such a priori hypotheses are usually derived from a theory or the results of previous studies. The advantage of confirmatory research is that the result is more meaningful, in the sense that it is much harder to claim that a certain result is generalizable beyond the data set. The reason for this is that in confirmatory research, one ideally strives to reduce the probability of falsely reporting a coincidental result as meaningful. This probability is known as α-level or the probability of a type I error. Exploratory research, on the other hand, seeks to generate a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and looking for potential relations between variables.
It is also possible to have an idea about a relation between variables but to lack knowledge of the direction and strength of the relation. If the researcher does not have any specific hypotheses beforehand, the study is exploratory with respect to the variables in question (although it might be confirmatory for others). The advantage of exploratory research is that it is easier to make new discoveries due to the less stringent methodological restrictions. Here, the researcher does not want to miss a potentially interesting relation and therefore aims to minimize the probability of rejecting a real effect or relation; this probability is sometimes referred to as β and the associated error is of type II.
In other words, if the researcher simply wants to see whether some measured variables could be related, he would want to increase the chances of finding a significant result by lowering the threshold of what is deemed to be significant. Sometimes, a researcher may conduct exploratory research but report it as if it had been confirmatory ('Hypothesizing After the Results are Known', HARKing—see Hypotheses suggested by the data); this is a questionable research practice bordering on fraud. State problems versus process problems A distinction can be made between state problems and process problems. State problems aim to answer what the state of a phenomenon is at a given time, while process problems deal with the change of phenomena over time.
Examples of state problems are the level of mathematical skills of sixteen-year-old children or the level, computer skills of the elderly, the depression level of a person, etc. Examples of process problems are the development of mathematical skills from puberty to adulthood, the change in computer skills when people get older and how depression symptoms change during therapy. State problems are easier to measure than process problems. State problems just require one measurement of the phenomena of interest, while process problems always require multiple measurements. Research designs such as repeated measurements and longitudinal study are needed to address process problems.
Examples of fixed designs Experimental research designs In an experimental design, the researcher actively tries to change the situation, circumstances, or experience of participants (manipulation), which may lead to a change in behaviour or outcomes for the participants of the study. The researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions, measures the variables of interest and tries to control for confounding variables. Therefore, experiments are often highly fixed even before the data collection starts. In a good experimental design, a few things are of great importance. First of all, it is necessary to think of the best way to operationalize the variables that will be measured, as well as which statistical methods would be most appropriate to answer the research question.
Thus, the researcher should consider what the expectations of the study are as well as how to analyse any potential results. Finally, in an experimental design, the researcher must think of the practical limitations including the availability of participants as well as how representative the participants are to the target population. It is important to consider each of these factors before beginning the experiment. Additionally, many researchers employ power analysis before they conduct an experiment, in order to determine how large the sample must be to find an effect of a given size with a given design at the desired probability of making a Type I or Type II error.
The rsearcher has an advantage of minimising resources in experimental research designs. Non-experimental research designs Non-experimental research designs do not involve a manipulation of the situation, circumstances or experience of the participants. Non-experimental research designs can be broadly classified into three categories. First, in relational designs, a range of variables are measured. These designs are also called correlation studies because correlation data are most often used in the analysis. Since correlation does not imply causation, such studies simply identify co-movements of variables. Correlational designs are helpful in identifying the relation of one variable to another, and seeing the frequency of co-occurrence in two natural groups (See correlation and dependence).
The second type is comparative research. These designs compare two or more groups on one or more variable, such as the effect of gender on grades. The third type of non-experimental research is a longitudinal design. A longitudinal design examines variables such as performance exhibited by a group or groups over time. See Longitudinal study. Examples of flexible research designs Case study Famous case studies are for example the descriptions about the patients of Freud, who were thoroughly analysed and described. Bell (1999) states “a case study approach is particularly appropriate for individual researchers because it gives an opportunity for one aspect of a problem to be studied in some depth within a limited time scale”.
Ethnographic study This type of research is involved with a group, organization, culture, or community. Normally the researcher shares a lot of time with the group. Grounded theory study Grounded theory research is a systematic research process that works to develop "a process, and action or an interaction about a substantive topic". See also Bold hypothesis Clinical study design Design of experiments Grey box completion and validation Research question References design
Coniine refers to a poisonous chemical compound, an alkaloid present in and isolable from poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), where its presence has been a source of significant economic, medical, and historico-cultural interest; coniine is also produced by the yellow pitcher plant (Sarracenia flava), and fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium). Its ingestion and extended exposure are toxic to humans and all classes of livestock; its mechanism of poisoning involves disruption of the central nervous system, with death caused by respiratory paralysis. The biosynthesis of coniine contains as its penultimate step the non-enzymatic cyclisation of 5-oxooctylamine to γ-coniceine, a Schiff base differing from coniine only by its carbon-nitrogen double bond in the ring.
This pathway results in natural coniine that is a mixture—a racemate—composed of two enantiomers, the stereoisomers (S)-(+)-coniine and (R)-(−)-coniine, depending on the direction taken by the chain that branches from the ring. Both enantiomers are toxic, with the (R)-enantiomer being the more biologically active and toxic of the two in general. Coniine holds a place in organic chemistry history as being the first of the important class of alkaloids to be synthesized, by Albert Ladenburg in 1886, and it has been synthesized in the laboratory in a number of unique ways through to modern times. Hemlock poisoning has been a periodic human concern, a regular veterinary concern, and has had significant occurrences in human and cultural history.
Notably, in 399 BC, Socrates, when he was sentenced to death, chose to die by drinking a coniine-containing mixture of poison hemlock. Natural origins Poison hemlock Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) contains highly toxic amounts of coniine, where it contributes to hemlock's fetid smell; in addition, it contains trace amounts of other similarly poisonous alkaloids. Ingesting less than a tenth of a gram of coniine can be fatal for adult humans; this is approximately six to eight hemlock leaves. The seeds and roots are also toxic, more so than the leaves. While hemlock toxicity primarily results from consumption, poisoning can also result from inhalation, and from skin contact.
The presence of hemlock on farmland is an issue for livestock farmers because animals will eat it if they are not well fed or the hemlock is mixed in with pasture grass. Farmers also need to be careful that the hay fed to animals does not contain hemlock. Poison hemlock is most poisonous in the spring when the concentration of γ-coniciene (the precursor to other toxins) is at its peak. Poison hemlock grows quite tall, reaching heights of up to twelve feet. The stalk of hemlock is green with purple spots and completely lacks hair. A biennial plant, hemlock produces leaves at its base the first year but no flowers.
In its second year it produces white flowers in umbrella shaped clusters. Hemlock can be confused with the wild carrot plant; however, this plant has a hairy stem without purple markings, grows less than three feet tall, and does not have clustered flowers. While the hemlock plant is native to Europe and the Mediterranean region, it has spread to every other continent excluding Antarctica. Yellow pitcher plant The coniine alkaloid is found in Sarracenia flava, the yellow pitcher plant. The yellow pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant found exclusively in the southeastern United States. The plant uses a mixture of sugar and coniine to simultaneously attract and poison insects, which then fall into a digestive tube.
There are no reports online of human poisoning via the yellow pitcher plant, perhaps because only a small portion of the plant contains coniine, or because it does not contain enough to produce toxicity. It is also not as widespread as hemlock and therefore is less likely to be encountered by humans. Fool's parsley Coniine is also found in Aethusa cynapium, commonly known as fool's parsley. History of natural isolates The history of coniine is understandably tied to the poison hemlock plant, since the natural product was not synthesizable until the 1880s. The most famous hemlock poisoning occurred in 399 BCE, when the philosopher Socrates is believed to have consumed a liquid infused with hemlock to carry out his death sentence, his having been convicted of impiety toward the gods, and the corruption of youth.
Hemlock juice was often used to execute criminals in ancient Greece. Hemlock has had a limited medical use throughout history. The Greeks used it not just as capital punishment, but also as an antispasmodic and treatment for arthritis. Books from the 10th century attest to medical use by the Anglo-Saxons. In the Middle Ages it was believed that hemlock could be used to cure rabies; in later European times it came to be associated with flying ointments in witchcraft. Native Americans used hemlock extract as arrow poison. While the yellow pitcher plant and fool's parsley also contain coniine, there are no reports of traditional uses for these plants.
Pharmacology and toxicology The (R)-(−) enantiomer of coniine is the more biologically active, at least in one system (TE-671 cells expressing human fetal nicotinic neuromuscular receptors), and in mouse bioassay, the same enantiomer and the racemic mixture are about two-fold more toxic than the (S)-(+) enantiomer (see below). Coniine, as racemate or as pure enantiomer, begins by binding and stimulating the nicotinic receptor on the post-synaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. The subsequent depolarization results in nicotinic toxicity; as coniine stays bound to the receptor, the nerve stays depolarized, inactivating it. This results, systemically, in a flaccid paralysis, an action similar to that of curare.
Symptoms of paralysis generally occur within a half-hour, although death may take several hours. The central nervous system is not affected: the person remains conscious and aware until respiratory paralysis results in cessation of breathing. The flaccid, muscular paralysis is an ascending paralysis, lower limbs being first affected. The person may have a hypoxic convulsion just prior to death, disguised by the muscular paralysis such that the person may just weakly shudder. Cause of death is lack of oxygen to the brain and heart as a consequence of respiratory paralysis, so that a poisoned person may recover if artificial ventilation can be maintained until the toxin is removed from the victim's system.
The LD50 values (in mouse, i.v. administered) for the R-(−) and S-(+) enantiomers, and the racemate, are approximately 7 and 12, and 8 milligrams per kilogram, respectively. Chemical properties (+/–)-Coniine was first isolated by Giesecke, but the formula was suggested by Blyth and definitely established by Hoffmann. D-(S)-Coniine has since been determined to be a colorless alkaline liquid, with a penetrating odour and a burning taste; has D0° 0.8626 and D19° 0.8438, refractive index n23°D 1.4505, and is dextrorotatory, [α]19°D +15.7°. (See comments about the specific rotation below, under "Enantiomers".) L-(R)-Coniine has [α]21°D 15° and in other respects resembles its D-isomer, but the salts have slightly different melting points; the platinichloride has mp.
160 °C (Löffler and Friedrich report 175 °C), the aurichloride mp. 59 °C. Solubility Coniine is slightly soluble (1 in 90) in cold water, less so in hot water, so that a clear cold solution becomes turbid when warmed. On the other hand, the base dissolves about 25% of water at room temperature. It mixes with alcohol in all proportions, is readily soluble in ether and most organic solvents. Coniine dissolves in carbon disulfide, forming a complex thiocarbamate. Crystallization Coniine solidifies into a soft crystalline mass at −2 °C. It slowly oxidizes in the air. The salts crystallize well and are soluble in water or alcohol.
The hydrochloride, B•HCl, crystallizes from water in rhombs, mp. 220 °C, [α]20°D +10.1°; the hydrobromide, in needles, mp. 211 °C, and the D-acid tartrate, B•C4H6O6•2 H2O, in rhombic crystals, mp. 54 °C. The platinichloride, (B•HCl)2•PtCl4•H2O, separates from concentrated solution as an oil, which solidifies to a mass of orange-yellow crystals, mp. 175 °C (dry). The aurichloride, B•HAuCl4, crystallizes on standing, mp. 77 °C. The picrate forms small yellow needles, mp. 75 °C, from hot water. The 2,4-dinitrobenzoyl- and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-derivates have mps. 139.0–139.5 °C and 108–9 °C respectively. The precipitate afforded by potassium cadmium iodide solution is crystalline, mp. 118 °C, while that given by nicotine with this reagent is amorphous.
Color changes Coniine gives no coloration with sulfuric or nitric acid. Sodium nitroprusside gives a deep red color, which disappears on warming, but reappears on cooling, and is changed to blue or violet by aldehydes. Enantiomers Naturally-occurring coniine is present in Conium maculatum as a mixture of the R-(−)- and S-(+)-enantiomers. The stereochemical composition of "coniine" is a matter of some importance, since its two enantiomers do not have identical biological properties, and many of the older pharmacological studies on this compound were carried out using the naturally-occurring isomeric mixture. The common criterion for enantiomeric homogeneity is the specific rotation, [α]D, a value that depends on such factors as temperature, solvent and concentration of the analyte.
Modern values for the specific rotation of the enantiomers of coniine are as follows: S-(+)-Coniine, identical to D-(+)-coniine, has [α]D = +8.4° (c = 4.0, in CHCl3). These authors note that Ladenburg's value, +15°, is for a "neat" sample, undiluted with any solvent. A similarly high value of +16° for the [α]D of "coniine" is given, without explicit citation of the source, in The Merck Index. The value of +7.7° (c = 4.0, CHCl3) for synthetic S-(+)-coniine and -7.9° (c = 0.5, CHCl3) for synthetic R-(−)-coniine is given by other chemists. Salts of given enantiomers do not necessarily have the same specific rotation as the same enantiomer of the free base.
The hydrochloride salts of the (S)-(+) and (R)-(−) enantiomers of coniine have values of [α]D of +4.6° and -5.2°, respectively (c = 0.5, in methanol). Synthesis Many syntheses of coniine have been reported over the last 50 years; one example of a stereoselective synthesis is that of Enders and Tiebes, who cite some of the earlier preparations. In the original synthesis of this substance by Ladenburg in 1886, N-methylpyridine, as its iodide salt, was isomerised at 250 °C to obtain 2-methylpyridine (α-picoline). Reaction of this, as shown in the scheme below, with the cyclic trimer of acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, in the presence of a base gave 2-propenylpyridine via a Knoevenagel condensation.
This intermediate was reduced with metallic sodium in ethanol or by hydrogen gas (as shown) to provide racemic (±) coniine. Enantiopure coniine was then obtained by a chiral resolution, specifically, fractional crystallisation of the diastereomeric (+)-tartaric acid salt. The initial reaction, however, gives a poor yield and was improved by interaction of the two reagents at 150 °C in sealed tubes to give methyl-2-picolylalkyne, which was then heated at 185 °C with hydrochloric acid for 10 hours, producing a mixture of 2-propenylpyridine and 2-chloropropylpyridine. This mixture was reduced to rac-coniine by sodium in ethanol. [The final structure in the above reaction scheme is drawn as that of a single enantiomer, although the final reaction produces a racemic product.]
In 1907 the process was still further improved by reducing 2-(2'-hydroxypropyl)pyridine with phosphorus and hydroiodic acid at 125 °C and treating the product with zinc dust and water, then reducing the product with sodium in ethanol. [The final structure in the above reaction scheme is drawn as that of a single enantiomer, although the final reaction produces a racemic product.] A number of other syntheses of coniine have been effected, of which that of Diels and Alder is of special interest. The initial adduct of pyridine and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate is tetramethylquinolizine-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylate, which on oxidation with dilute nitric acid is converted into trimethyl indolizine-tricarboxylate.
This, on hydrolysis and decarboxylation, furnishes indolizine, the octahydro-derivate of which, also known as octahydropyrrocoline is converted by the cyanogen bromide method successively into the bromocyanoamide, cyanoamide and rac.-coniine. A synthesis of the alkaloid, starting from indolizine (pyrrocoline) is described by Ochiai and Tsuda. The preparation of L-(R)-coniine by the reduction of β-coniceine (L-propenylpiperidine) by Löffler and Friedrich is interesting as a means of converting conhydrine to L-(R)-coniine. Hess and Eichel reported, incorrectly, that pelletierine was the aldehyde (β-2-piperidyl-propaldehyde) corresponding to coniine, and yielded rac-coniine when its hydrazone was heated with sodium ethoxide in ethanol at 156–170 °C. According to these authors, D-(S)-coniine is rendered almost optically inactive when heated with barium hydroxide and alcohol at 180–230 °C.
Leithe has shown by observation of the optical rotation of (+)-pipecolic acid (piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) and some of its derivatives under varying conditions, that it must belong to the D-series of amino acids. Biosynthesis The complete biosynthesis of coniine is still being investigated. While the exact mechanism is still to be determined, much of the pathway has been elucidated. Originally thought to use 4 acetyl groups as feed compounds for the polyketide synthase that forms coniine, recent work has led to the conclusion that two malonyl and a butyryl CoA are what is coupled together before further operations are performed to finally form coniine.
Initially, acetate is converted to acetyl-CoA, some of which is also used to form malonyl CoA. An acetyl CoA is further elongated using malonyl-CoA by fatty acid synthase to form butyryl-CoA. Further elongation of butyryl-CoA using 2 malonyl-CoA forms 5-ketooctanal. Ketooctanal then undergoes transamination using alanine:5-keto-octanal aminotransferase. The amine then spontaneously cyclizes and is dehydrated to form the coniine precursor γ–coniceine. This is then reduced using NADPH dependent y-coniceine reductase to form coniine. In popular culture Coniine is the murder weapon in Agatha Christie's mystery novel Five Little Pigs. References Further reading External links Information on hemlock from the University of Bristol Mitch Tucker student work, Hemlock and Death of Socrates, at the University of Oklahoma Category:Neurotoxins Category:Piperidine alkaloids Category:Nicotinic antagonists Category:Plant toxins
The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) is a set of documents produced by a group of semiconductor industry experts. These experts are representative of the sponsoring organisations which include the Semiconductor Industry Associations of the United States, Europe, Japan, China, South Korea and Taiwan. The documents produced carry this disclaimer: "The ITRS is devised and intended for technology assessment only and is without regard to any commercial considerations pertaining to individual products or equipment". The documents represent best opinion on the directions of research and time-lines up to about 15 years into the future for the following areas of technology: As of 2017, ITRS is no longer being updated.
Its successor is the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems. History Constructing an integrated circuit, or any semiconductor device, requires a series of operations—photolithography, etching, metal deposition, and so on. As the industry evolved, each of these operations were typically performed by specialized machines built by a variety of commercial companies. This specialization may potentially make it difficult for the industry to advance, since in many cases it does no good for one company to introduce a new product if the other needed steps are not available around the same time. A technology roadmap can help this by giving an idea when a certain capability will be needed.
Then each supplier can target this date for their piece of the puzzle. With the progressive externalization of production tools to the suppliers of specialized equipment, the need arose for a clear roadmap to anticipate the evolution of the market and to plan and control the technological needs of IC production. For several years, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) gave this responsibility of coordination to the United States, which led to the creation of an American style roadmap, the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS). In 1998, the SIA became closer to its European, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese counterparts by creating the first global roadmap: The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).
This international group has (as of the 2003 edition) 936 companies which were affiliated with working groups within the ITRS. The organization was divided into Technical Working Groups (TWGs) which eventually grew in number to 17, each focusing on a key element of the technology and associated supply chain. Traditionally, the ITRS roadmap was updated in even years, and completely revised in odd years. The last revision of the ITRS Roadmap was published in 2013. The methodology and the physics behind the scaling results for 2013 tables is described in transistor roadmap projection using predictive full-band atomistic modeling which covers double gate MOSFETs over the 15 years to 2028.
With the generally acknowledged sunsetting of Moore's law and, ITRS issuing in 2016 its final roadmap, a new initiative for a more generalized roadmapping was started through the IEEE's Rebooting Computing initiative, named the International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS). ITRS 2.0 In April 2014, the ITRS committee announced it would be reorganizing the ITRS roadmap to better suit the needs of the industry. The plan was to take all the elements included in the 17 technical working groups and map them into seven focus topics: System integration This is a design-focused topic that examines architectures, and how to integrate heterogeneous blocks.
Outside system connectivity Focuses on wireless technologies, how they work, and how to choose the best solution. Heterogeneous integration The focus will be on integration of separately manufactured technologies into a new unit so that they function better than the individual pieces do separately - whilst allowing for components such as cameras and microphones. Heterogeneous components Focuses on different devices that form heterogeneous systems, such as MEMS, power generation, and sensing devices. Beyond CMOS The focus is on devices that provide electronics but aren’t CMOS based, such as spintronics, memristors, and others. More Moore Because there is still work to be done, this group will take on the continued shrinking of CMOS.
Factory integration Focus will be on the new tools and processes to produce heterogeneous integration of all these things. Chapters on each topic were published in 2015. References Further reading External links Official itrs2 website Mirror of the original website at Archive.org Yearly ITRS reports
The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures is a 1997 book by Anne Fadiman that chronicles the struggles of a Hmong refugee family from Houaysouy, Sainyabuli Province, Laos, the Lees, and their interactions with the health care system in Merced, California. In 2005 Robert Entenmann, of St. Olaf College wrote that the book is "certainly the most widely read book on the Hmong experience in America." On the most basic level, the book tells the story of the family's second youngest and favored daughter, Lia Lee, who was diagnosed with a severe form of epilepsy named Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome and the culture conflict that obstructs her treatment.
Through miscommunications about medical dosages and parental refusal to give certain medicines due to mistrust, misunderstandings, and behavioral side effects, and the inability of the doctors to develop more empathy with the traditional Hmong lifestyle or try to learn more about the Hmong culture, Lia's condition worsens. The dichotomy between the Hmong's perceived spiritual factors and the Americans' perceived scientific factors comprises the overall theme of the book. The book is written in a distinctive style, with every other chapter returning to Lia's story and the chapters in-between discussing broader themes of Hmong culture, customs, and history; American involvement in and responsibility for the war in Laos; and the many problems of immigration, especially assimilation and discrimination.
While particularly sympathetic to the Hmong, Fadiman presents the situation from the perspectives of both the doctors and the family. An example of medical anthropology, the book has been cited by medical journals and lecturers as an argument for greater cultural competence, and often assigned to medical, pharmaceutic, and anthropological students in the US. In 1997, it won the National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction. Major characters Lia Lee (Romanized Popular Alphabet: Liab Lis, July 19, 1982 – August 31, 2012.) She was born in Merced, CA, and she was a Hmong child. She had seizures due to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe form of epilepsy.
Anne Fadiman: She is an author and narrator of ‘The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down’. She wrote about her experience with Lia and her family. Through this experience, she learned the importance of understanding about diversity of culture between doctor, patient, and family. Neil Ernst and Peggy Philp: They are Lia’s doctors at MCMC. There is conflict between them and Lia's parents because of Hmong shamanism culture versus western medicine. This leads to great misunderstandings between each other. Foua Yang and Nao Kao Lee: They are Lia’s parents, and they love Lia very much. They only believe in their traditional approach to medical treatment, with a strong influence from shamanism.
Jeanine Hilt: A social worker who makes Lia her personal cause. She fights against the medical establishment on Lia’s behalf and cares for the Hmong as a significant culture. Summary Lia experienced her first seizure at three months of age, but a resident at Merced Community Medical Center misdiagnosed her condition, and the hospital was unable to communicate with her parents since the hospital had no Hmong interpreters. Anne Fadiman wrote that Lia's parents did not give her medication as it was prescribed because they believed that Lia Lee's state showed a sense of spiritual giftedness, and they did not want to take that away.
The American doctors did not understand the Hmong traditional remedies that the Lee family used. The doctors treating Lia Lee, Neil and Peggy Ernst, had her removed from her home when she was almost three years of age, and placed into foster care for one year, causing friction with her parents. By age 4½ Lia Lee had been admitted to hospital care 17 times and had made over 100 outpatient visits. The worst seizure Lia had put her onto the verge of death. She went to the emergency room and Dr. Neil Ernst could not do anything. He talked to Lia's parents about transferring her to Fresno, California because Lia would need further treatment that Dr. Ernst could not provide.
Lia's parents ". . . believed their daughter was transferred not because of her critical condition but because of the Ernst's vacation plans". Lia Lee slipped into a coma after suffering from a tonic clonic seizure in 1986, when she was four years of age. Lia Lee's doctors believed she would die, but Lia Lee remained alive but with no higher brain functions. Research Fadiman's sources for information about the history of the Hmong include Hmong: History of a People by Keith Quincy. She stated "Were I citing the source of each detail, Quincy's name would attach itself to nearly every sentence in the pages on the Hmong in China."
Fadiman's book cited the Quincy theory that the Hmong people originated from Siberia. Entenmann wrote that because of the reliance on Quincy's book, Fadiman's book propagates the idea that Sonom was a Hmong king, a concept that Entenmann says is inaccurate. Legacy Marilyn Mochel, a nurse and clinical educator at Sutter Merced Medical Center (now Mercy Medical Center Merced), who heads the hospital's cross-cultural program, said in 1999 that "The book has allowed more dialogue. There's certainly more awareness and dialogue than before. Both sides are teachers and learners." Lia Lee lived in a persistent vegetative state for 26 years.
She died in Sacramento, California, on August 31, 2012 at the age of 30. At that age she weighed and was tall; many children with severe brain damage have limited growth as they age. Outside of the State of California Lia Lee's death was not widely reported. Fadiman said that pneumonia was the immediate cause of death. Margalit Fox of The New York Times said "[b]ut Lia’s underlying medical issues were more complex still" because she had lived in a persistent vegetative state for such a long period of time. As of 2012 most individuals who go into that state die three to five years afterwards.
Reception Ralph Jennings of The Modesto Bee said "Hmong, including some among the 2,000 in Modesto, say the book typified conflicts between their culture and American institutions. But some say it didn't capture the complexity of the Hmong culture." Cheng Lee, a brother of Lia Lee, said that his father and mother liked Fadiman's book. “Compellingly written, from the heart and from the trenches. I couldn’t wait to finish it, then reread it and ponder it again. It is a powerful case study of a medical tragedy.” - David H. Mark, Journal of the American Medical Association Anne Fadiman's essay "Hmong Odyssey," adapted from the book, was published in the March–April 1998 Via.
The Hmong community leaders in Fresno, California praised the essay, saying that it was thoughtful and accurate. See also History of the Hmong in Merced, California Notes External sources - Google Books citations lead to September 30, 1998 edition published by Macmillan, , 9781429931113. New England Journal of Medicine article 1 Fox, Renée C., Ph.D. "Cultural Competence and the Culture of Medicine." New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353:1316-1319. September 29, 2005. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp058066 New England Journal of Medicine article 2 Malina, Debra, Ph.D. "Compliance, Caricature, and Culturally Aware Care." New England Journal of Medicine. 2005; 353:1317-1318. September 29, 2005.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp058064. External links The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down at Macmillan Publishing "Ann Fadiman: 'Go to the Edge of Your Culture'." Inside Chico State. Volume 32, Number 4. October 25, 2001 Yang, Yeng. "Practicing Modern Medicine: "A little medicine, a little neeb"." (." (Archive) Hmong Studies Journal. v2n2. northern hemisphere Spring 1998. Ernst, Neil T. and Margaret "Peggy" Philp. "Bacterial Tracheitis Caused By Branhamella Catarrhalis." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. June 1987. Volume 6, Issue 6. Page 574. Lilly, Amy. "Influential Author Discusses How Culture Clash Became Tragedy." Seven Days. February 17, 2010. Lammert, Kathy. "When Epilepsy Goes By Another Name."
Epilepsy.com. September 15, 2003. Chrismer, Ellen. "Fadiman visit stirs emotions, understanding." University of California-Davis. December 6, 2002. Chiu, Monica, PhD (University of New Hampshire). "Medical, Racist, and Colonial Constructions of Power: Creating the Asian American Patient and the Cultural Citizen in Anne Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" (" (Archive). Hmong Studies Journal 2004-05, Volume 5. Category:1997 non-fiction books Category:Epilepsy Category:Hmong-American culture in California Category:Hmong-American culture and history Category:Medical anthropology Category:Anthropology books Category:Anthropology of religion Category:National Book Critics Circle Award-winning works Category:Books about spirituality Category:Books about California Category:Merced, California
R. Shankar is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Ranebennur in the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election as a member of the Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party. Controversies Operation Kamala He was one of the 17 MLAs fell for Operation Kamala and resigned in July 2019, effectively bringing down the H. D. Kumaraswamy-led coalition government of Indian National Congress and Janata Dal (Secular). References Category:Living people Category:Members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka Category:People from Haveri district Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–
George Hogarth Pringle (22 December 1830 – 31 March 1872) was a Scottish-Australian surgeon. He qualified in medicine from Edinburgh, Scotland and then worked in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh along with the young Joseph Lister with whom he continued to correspond. He settled in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia and is credited with introducing Listerian antisepsis into Australia. Early life George Hogarth Pringle was born at Kintail in Ross-shire, Scotland to Mary Hogarth (1803–1850) and James Hall Pringle (1801–1873) a tenant farmer at Hyndlee, near Hawick in Scottish Borders, a farm described in Walter Scott's novel Guy Mannering. It has been suggested his mother was related to William Hogarth (1697–1764) the artist and to Charles Dickens (1812–1870).
Examination of the relevant birth and death certificates does not reveal any obvious relationship to either. Little is known about his early years or schooling. Pringle qualified Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons from the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1852 and MD from the University of Edinburgh the same year with a thesis entitled 'Organic Stricture of the Urethra; complications and effects'. He was appointed House Surgeon in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh under Professor James Syme (1799–1870) and Professor James Spence (1812–1882). One of his fellow residents in the Infirmary was Joseph Lister (1827–1912) with whom he maintained a lifelong correspondence.
George Hogarth Pringle left Edinburgh to serve as a Medical Officer in the Crimean War as a surgeon on a ship transporting the sick and wounded from the battlefields of the Crimean Peninsula to the base hospital at Scutari. Thereafter he worked as a ship's surgeon with the Cunard Company and then on the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Company's Clydebuilt ship SS Emeu between Suez and Sydney. Emigration to Australia In 1859 he settled in Parramatta in New South Wales and registered as a doctor there (number 500) that year. Parramatta, now part of greater Sydney and situated at the head of the navigable part of the Parramatta river, was proclaimed a city in 1788, the year of the arrival of the first fleet.
It was here that the Governor's residence was established in 1799. George Hogarth Pringle set up practice in George Street, Parramatta, succeeding a Dr Bassett. His partner, a fellow Scot Dr (later Sir) Normand MacLaurin (1835–1914), went on to become Chancellor of Sydney University. Pringle also worked with Dr Walter Brown (b1821), the first of three generations of Drs Brown to practise in Parramatta. The last of the three, Dr Keith McArthur Brown, (d1962) wrote an account of medical practice in Parramatta which includes descriptions of Pringle's work. He was also visiting surgeon to the Benevolent Asylum and surgeon to the King's School and Newington College, a Wesleyan School sited at that time at Silverwater.
Introduction of antiseptic surgery to Australia George Hogarth Pringle wrote a letter to the Sydney Morning Herald published on 30 January 1868. This was on ‘the treatment of compound fractures with carbolic acid by my old friend and hospital colleague Joseph Lister”, and was essentially a case report describing Pringle’s successful use of antiseptic principles for a compound fracture. He went on "Having at present under my care, what I may call a representative case of this form of treatment, the first , so far as I am aware in which it has been applied in the colony, I crave, in default of any local medical journal ..." This assertion that there was no local medical journal was not entirely correct as the Australian Medical Journal had been founded in 1856 but he may not have regarded this as ‘local’ as it was published in Melbourne.
His later case reports were published in the Australian Medical Journal. Pringle's case report He describes the treatment of a wound of the forearm sustained by the accidental discharge of a shotgun into an area some three inches above the left wrist joint: "I recommended immediate amputation" he wrote "more especially having the dread of secondary haemorrhage and lockjaw before my eyes; but neither the patient nor his relatives would consent to this, and begged for me to try to save the limb. I therefore, duly warning them of the manifold risks, resolved to try Professor Lister's plan". After wound excision, he dressed the wound with a dressing soaked in carbolic, immobilising the fracture with a fenestrated splint.
He went on "Suffice to say that in dressing the arm this morning, the 34th day from receipt of the injury, I find that the whole wound has completely healed up, thus converting a compound into a simple fracture. No pus whatever has appeared ... firm union has taken place between the ends of the ulna and satisfactory progress made with the radius, perfect motion and sensibility retained in the hand". He concluded "Such are the astounding results of this method of treatment in the first case to which I have applied it. And be it remembered, this is no quack remedy, but the result of patient scientific enquiry and thought on the part of that ‘philosophical investigator’ Joseph Lister".
The outcome Pringle’s decision to publicise this case in a newspaper was criticised in subsequent correspondence to the Sydney Morning Herald. The Australian surgeon Thomas B. Hugh considered that Pringle's use of surgical and anatomical terminology suggests the article was directed at a medical readership and that Pringle’s communication to the newspaper resulted in the eventual adoption of antiseptic principles by Australian doctors. Death Pringle had visited Britain in 1870 and during this visit qualified as a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (FRCSEd). He died, probably from dysentery, on board the sailing ship Parramatta on 31 March 1872 aged 41 while returning to Australia from a further visit to Britain and was buried at sea.
His son James Hogarth Pringle (1863–1941) returned to Britain after his father's death. He too became a surgeon and made a number of significant contributions to surgery. References Further reading George Hogarth Pringle in Surgeons’ Lives: an anthology of biographies of college fellows over 500 years. Macintyre I and MacLaren I (eds) Edinburgh: The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2005. Category:1830 births Category:1872 deaths Category:19th-century Scottish medical doctors Category:Australian surgeons Category:Scottish surgeons Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Category:University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni
Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre Quebec (MRSC Quebec) is a Canadian Maritime Rescue Sub-Centre that coordinates search and rescue operations in the following waters: the St. Lawrence River within the province of Quebec the northern and western waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence within the province of Quebec the navigable estuary portion of the Saguenay River the Richelieu River within the province of Quebec the southern portion of the Ottawa River downstream from the Carillon Generating Station Operated by the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), MRSC Quebec has an area of responsibility that straddles the search and rescue regions (SRR) of Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax (JRCC Halifax) in the east and Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Trenton (JRCC Trenton) in the west.
In Canada, MRSCs are established to enhance maritime SAR co-ordination through improved communications and local knowledge. MRSCs thus speed up the initiation of appropriate action, and allow a timely response to SAR incidents within their Search and Rescue Sub-Region (SRS). MRSC Québec is also the sole bilingual Search and Rescue Centre in Canada and one of the two Rescue centres in North America using French language as the main working language (Fort-de-France, in Martinique being the second one). MRSC Québec is responsible for tasking appropriate maritime SAR resources in order to resolve an incident. This is most often the dedicated SAR vessels of the Canadian Coast Guard, however, they may also initiate a request for other resources like volunteers from the Canadian Coast Guard Auxiliary, Royal Canadian Air Force primary or secondary SAR aircraft, Royal Canadian Navy warships, Sûreté du Québec small craft, and municipal police small craft as required.
Any SAR operation in response to an aircraft incident remains the responsibility of JRCC Halifax or JRCC Trenton and MRSC Québec may assist the JRCC in tasking and coordinating any maritime resources and provide local expertise and assistance to the JRCC. MRSC Quebec has operated out of Canadian Coast Guard Base Quebec (CCG Base Quebec) since 1977 and handles an average of 1500 incidents each year. External links Marine Rescue Sub-centre Quebec within Halifax Search and Rescue Region Category:Canadian Coast Guard Category:Rescue coordination centres
Henry Byron Warner (born Henry Byron Lickfold, 26 October 1876 – 21 December 1958) was an English film and theatre actor. He was popular during the silent era and played Jesus Christ in The King of Kings. In later years, he successfully transitioned into supporting roles and appeared in numerous films directed by Frank Capra. Warner's most notable role to modern audiences is Mr. Gower in the perennially shown film It's a Wonderful Life, directed by Capra. He appeared in the original 1937 version of Lost Horizon as Chang, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.