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This suffusion of body colour in the wings produces the opalescent effect which gave the mutation its name. The area of black pigmentation in each feather is reduced and in the original specimens the wing butts were particularly devoid of black pigment, resulting in a clear area often called the 'thumb-print'. These thumb-prints appear to be associated with a clear 'V', but are now seen less often, since the Budgerigar Standard calls for normal wing markings in the Opaline. The flight feathers of the budgerigar consist of 10 primaries and 10 secondaries. These are dark grey with a clear central band across every feather from the 2nd primary to the 8th secondary. |
These clear areas are not visible in the folded wing, but form a prominent continuous band running right along the wing when it is stretched out. It is hidden from above by the coverts but is visible from beneath. In the Opaline this clear band is present on every flight feather and is much broader. Only the distal half of the flight feather is dark, with the clear zone extending from the midpoint to the shaft. Because it is broader it is visible in the primaries of the folded wing of the Opaline, just beneath the secondaries and primary wing coverts, as a small clear patch. |
A similar effect occurs in all the wing feathers, most noticeably in the primary and secondary wing coverts, and also in the six tail feathers, which carry a similar clear band on feathers 2 to 6 in the non-Opaline. The first (longest) tail feather of the Opaline also carries a rather blotchy clear area of somewhat variable extent, and the suffusion of body colour present to a small degree in the non-Opaline is intensified in the Opaline. Most Opalines show a brighter body colour than the corresponding non-Opaline, particularly in nest feather and particularly in the rump area. This is due to a reduction in the melanin content of the barbules of the contour feathers. |
The final characteristic of the Opaline (and the Cinnamon) is the colour of the down feathers of the young nestling. These are white instead of the usual grey, and this allows Opalines to be identified at a very early age. Historical notes In 1933 A Brown of Kilmarnock, Scotland, bred what was described as a 'pied' Cobalt hen from a perfectly normal Skyblue cock and Mauve hen. The parents came from a strain kept locally which had never produced anything unusual, and Mr Brown bred no more than the one mutant, even though the same pair bred many Cobalts in both 1933 and 1935. |
Towards the end of 1933 Mr and Mrs Ashby of nearby Ayr purchased this 'pied' Cobalt, which they described as being "exceptionally large with a fine head and most excellent spots", although both parents were quite mediocre. The mutant's peculiarities were that the head, neck and nape were almost pure white with slight markings in places and nearly all the flight feathers, primaries and secondaries, were edged with cobalt in place of white, making the bird almost a 'Cobalt-wing'. The mutant was not a pied of any of the present-day types (these were not established in 1933), but an Opaline, although the variety was not to be known by that name until a few years later. |
In 1934 the Ashby's paired the mutant hen to a quality Light Green split blue cock and Skyblues, Light Greens and a Dark Green of a perfectly normal appearance were bred. In 1935 one of the Skyblue cocks was mated back to the mutant hen, and the very first nest produced two Opaline Cobalt cocks and an Opaline Skyblue hen. The Opaline mutation had been fixed. Early in 1936 circumstances forced the Ashby's to dispose of all their Opalines, which at that time were known as 'Marbled', and the entire stock, with the exception of two pairs which went to Andy Wilson of Glasgow, went to Walter Higham of Blackburn, under the care of his aviary manager, Len Hillas. |
From these two studs came the vast majority of British Opalines, most of them carrying the wide head and large spots which first caught the attention of the Ashby's. In Australia, also around 1933 (the exact date is uncertain), Mr S E Terrill discovered a mutant budgerigar, a Light Green hen in nest feather, among thousands of wild birds caught by trappers and sent to Adelaide market. He bought her, and described her special features as "... almost complete absence of barring on the back of the neck and mantle and its replacement by the body colour ... the mask being extended back, covering the top of the head ... the bars on the wing coverts reduced in number and intensity, their yellow margins being greatly enlarged and nuch suffused in green." |
Mr Terrill, who lived near Adelaide, paired the hen to a Blue Silver (the Australian name at the time for the variety now known as Dilute Skyblue or White) and bred three cocks and a hen in 1934, all Light Green in appearance. About November 1935 the three cocks were paired up, one to a Cinnamon Light Green, one to a Cobalt and one to his mother. The first two pairings produced six Opalines, all hens, and the third several Opalines, both cocks and hens. The name 'Opaline' was suggested in 1936 by R J Byfield of Hobart, Tasmania, on being particularly impressed by the vividness of colour shown by these young birds in nest feather. |
Terrill adopted the name and after he suggested it in the Budgerigar Bulletin in September 1936 it rapidly gained universal acceptance throughout the world. But maybe neither Brown nor Terrill were the first to breed an Opaline. In 1962 J Riley of Yorkshire wrote, "In 1930 or 1931 a pair of my Light Greens produced a chick that was of good size and type with mask and spots that were a living dream; the only snag was that its wings were mismarked and grizzled, these markings extending over the bird's back." Mr Riley kept the bird and used it to try to improve the spots of his Light Greens, but further 'mis-marked' birds appeared. |
He disposed of them all soon afterwards and only a long time later did he see Opalines and realise that he had bred them first and cast them aside. The Opaline appeared yet again in 1935, in the aviaries of L Raymaekers in Brussels. Mr Higham imported two Opaline Mauve cocks and one Opaline Greywing Mauve hen from Mr Raymaekers in 1937 and Cyril Rogers confirmed they were the same mutation as the Scottish one, although their wing barring seemed noticeably lighter. Genetics The Opaline mutation is sex-linked, the locus of its gene being carried on the X chromosome. It is recessive to wild-type. |
The gene locus has the symbol op. The wild-type allele at this locus is notated op+ and the Opaline allele is notated op. In birds, the cock has two X chromosomes and the hen has one X and one Y chromosome. So in hens whichever allele is present on the single X chromosome is fully expressed in the phenotype. Hens cannot be split for Opaline (or any other sex-linked mutation). In cocks, because Opaline is recessive, the Opaline allele must be present on both X chromosomes (homozygous) to be expressed in the phenotype. Cocks which are heterozygous for Opaline are identical to the corresponding Normal. |
Such birds are said to be split for Opaline, usually written '/opaline'. The table on the right shows the appearance of all possible genetic combinations involving the Opaline mutation. The Opaline gene is linked to other genes located on the X chromosome, i.e. to the genes of other sex-linked mutations. These sex-linked mutations include the Cinnamon and Slate mutations and the two allelic mutations at the ino locus—the Ino and the Sex-linked Clearbody. The cross-over or recombination values between Opaline and these linked genes has not been measured accurately, but results collected by C Warner and T Daniels found 41 crossovers in 113 between Cinnamon and Opaline, giving a recombination ratio of 36±6%. |
Since the ino locus is known to be very close to the cin locus, the recombination ratio between Opaline and both Ino and Sex-linked Clearbody must also be around 36%. The opinion has been expressed that there is a close link between Opaline and Slate. Cocks split for both Cinnamon and Opaline have one Cinnamon allele and one Opaline allele together with one each of the corresponding wild-type alleles. The linkage between the Cinnamon and Opaline genes gives rise to two types of split cinnamon-opaline cocks, both visually identical. Type I split cinnamon-opalines cocks are bred by mating Cinnamon-Opalines to Normals and have the two mutant alleles on the same chromatid, symbolised as cin+-op+/cin-op. |
Geneticists call this 'coupling' rather than 'Type I'. Because of the linkage, the Cinnamon and Opaline alleles from Type I cocks tend to be inherited together in their progeny. When mated to Normal hens, Type I cocks produce predominantly Cinnamon-Opaline and Normal hens, with Cinnamon and Opaline hens resulting rarely from a cross-over. Roughly one third of the hens will be Cinnamon-Opaline, one third Normal, one sixth Cinnamon and one sixth Opaline. Type II split cinnamon-opaline cocks are bred by mating Cinnamons to Opalines and have the Cinnamon and Opaline mutant alleles on opposite chromatids, symbolised as cin+-op/cin-op+. Geneticists call this 'repulsion' rather than 'Type II'. |
Because of the separation, the Cinnamon and Opaline alleles from Type II birds tend to be inherited separately in their progeny. When mated to Normal hens, Type II cocks produce predominantly Cinnamon and Opaline hens, with Cinnamon-Opaline and Normal hens resulting rarely from cross-overs. Roughly one third of the hens will be Cinnamon, one third Opaline, one sixth Cinnamon-Opaline and one sixth Normal. Hens cannot be split for any sex-linked gene, so only cocks exist in Type I and Type II form. Notes References External links World Budgerigar Organisation (WBO) WBO Colour Guide Category:Budgerigar colour mutations |
Clean Water Services is the water resources management utility for more than 600,000 residents in urban Washington County, Oregon and small portions of Multnomah County, Oregon and Clackamas County, Oregon, in the United States. Clean Water Services operates four wastewater treatment facilities, constructs and maintains flood management and water quality projects, and manages flow into the Tualatin River to improve water quality and protect fish habitat. They are headquartered in Hillsboro. History In 1969, Oregon's Department of Environmental Quality placed a temporary halt to new construction in Washington County. On February 3, 1970, ten cities and sixteen sanitary districts combined to form the Unified Sewerage Agency (USA). |
Later that year, voters in the new district approved a $36 million bond measure to consolidate, construct and upgrade USA's regional public wastewater treatment facilities. The Durham Wastewater Treatment Facility opened in 1976, which replaced 14 smaller treatment plants. Two years later six more treatment plants were replaced with the opening of the Rock Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility. As population continued to grow in the service area of USA, the water quality of the Tualatin River worsened. In 1986, the Northwest Environmental Defense Center filed a lawsuit against the United States Environmental Protection Agency, prompting Total maximum daily loads for the Tualatin River. |
A Clean Water Act amendment added regulation of storm-water runoff, and the Rock Creek Facility achieved 99% removal of ammonia nitrogen. In 1988, the Tualatin Valley Water Quality Endowment Fund was established by the Northwest Environmental Defense Center lawsuit. USA worked to maintain the quality of the Tualatin River by establishing Surface Water Management (SWM) utility for water quality and drainage in 1990, and began a $200 million facility expansion and upgrade program to meet compliance deadlines. That same year, the agency established the River Rangers program. USA began consumption-based rates and combined billing with water providers in 1994. In July 2001, the Unified Sewerage Agency renamed itself as Clean Water Services at a cost of $60,000. |
Clean Water Services' Operations Building opened in 2003, which is used as a showcase of low impact development. The same year, the Administrative Building Complex opened. It was the first LEED Gold certified public building in Washington County. In 2004, the agency began a program to add shade along the watershed's streams and river by planting trees and shrubs to lower temperatures of the waterways. This program received approval from environmental regulators and was in lieu of spending $150 million to build chilling systems at the four treatment facilities. The agency's Rock Creek facility won an EPA National Clean Water Act Recognition Award in 2006, and in 2008 the Durham facility's Influent Pump Station was the first to earn LEED Silver certification. |
The following year the Durham plant became the United States' first wastewater treatment plant to produce commercial fertilizer. In 2010, the Clean Water Institute was established by the agency. Services Clean Water Services provides stormwater and wastewater services in partnership with 12 member cities that include; Beaverton, Tigard, Tualatin, Hillsboro, King City, Forest Grove, Sherwood, Cornelius, Banks, Gaston, Durham, and North Plains. Clean Water Services is a special service district that serves as a separately managed and financed public utility. The Washington County Commissioners serve as the board of directors for Clean Water Services. As a wastewater utility, Clean Water Services cleans more than of wastewater a day. |
The watewater treatment process uses physical, biological, and chemical treatment to clean wastewater to some of the highest standards in the nation. The cleaned wastewater is then released into the Tualatin River. The wastewater is collected by a vast network of more than of sewer lines and 39 pump stations and routed to one of four treatment plants—Durham, Rock Creek, Hillsboro and Forest Grove. Ten percent of the wastewater treated by Clean Water Services is used for irrigation and in area wetlands during the summer months. Biosolids recovered through the treatment process are sold to farmers in the region as fertilizer. |
Additionally, the Durham Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility is the first in the nation to recover fertilizer from a natural byproduct of wastewater treatment. In 2007 the Durham facility began working with Ostara Nutrient Recovery Technologies to construct a $2.5 million multi-reactor plant that allows the Durham facility to run part of its waste stream through special reactors that transform potentially damaging nutrients into environmentally friendly fertilizer, which Ostara sells commercially. As a surface water management utility, The District's Stormwater Management (SWM) program improves water quality, protects fish habitat and manages drainage by operating and maintaining the stormwater conveyance system, establishing design and construction standards, regulating activities that can impact the watershed and enhancing streams and floodplains. |
Clean Water Services is the regional SWM utility for urban Washington County. In cooperation with Washington County and the 12 member cities Clean Water Services maintains and enhances the public drainage system to meet public needs and to comply with strict water quality regulations set for the Tualatin River drainage area by the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). Clean Water Services offers a classroom educational program called River Rangers geared toward 4th-grade students. Environmental educators interactively teach students about the water cycle, watersheds, surface water pollution, water conservation and wastewater treatment. The 45-minute presentation is used to educate students about how people impact water quality through use of sewer and storm systems. |
Tualatin River The -long Tualatin River meanders slowly through relatively flat terrain, draining more than of forested, agricultural and urban areas before joining the Willamette River. The Tualatin is Washington County's only river, and it is used for the regional drinking water supply, agricultural irrigation, and recreational activities. Clean Water Services has worked to protect the health of the watershed through programs such as the planting of trees and shrubs along the water corridors. Water supply As communities in the Tualatin Basin continue to grow, more water will be needed for municipal and industrial uses. In addition, more water is needed to augment flow in the Tualatin River and its tributaries for water quality. |
The two water supply options being considered assume aggressive conservation targets for homes and businesses, wastewater reuse, and aquifer storage and recovery. These options are: A dam raise at Henry Hagg Lake with a raw water pipeline pumpback. A multiple source option that includes a dam raise at Hagg Lake with a raw water pipeline pumpback and expansion of the Willamette River Water Treatment Plant for municipal uses. References External links Washington County Commissioners Tualatin Basin Water Supply Tualatin River Watershed Council Tualatin Times Oregon Water Science Center Active Projects Tualatin River Basin Water Quality Assessment Category:Water management authorities in the United States Category:Multnomah County, Oregon Category:Washington County, Oregon Category:Clackamas County, Oregon Category:Hillsboro, Oregon Category:Local government in Oregon Category:1970 establishments in Oregon Category:Government agencies established in 1970 |
The non-marine molluscs of Austria are a part of the fauna of Austria. Austria is land-locked and therefore it has no marine molluscs, only land and freshwater species. This list is based on the current Red List of Austrian molluscs. There are 443 species of non-marine molluscs living in Austria. Of these, 426 species live in the wild, 60 of which are endemic to Austria. At least 17 gastropod species live only as hothouse aliens in greenhouses, aquaria and terraria. Another 4 non-indigenous species occur only in hot springs. |
Freshwater gastropods Neritidae Theodoxus danubialis: Theodoxus danubialis danubialis (C. Pfeiffer, 1828); Theodoxus danubialis stragulatus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) – non-indigenous, along the danube in Upper and Lower Austria and Vienna, first record 2001 Theodoxus prevostianus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Theodoxus transversalis (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Viviparidae Viviparus acerosus (Bourguignat, 1862) Viviparus contectus (Millet, 1813) Melanopsidae Esperiana daudebartii: Esperiana daudebartii daudebartii (Prevost, 1821); Esperiana daudepartii acicularis (A. Ferrusac, 1823) Esperiana esperi (A. Ferrusac, 1823) – extinct Holandriana holandrii (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Hydrobiidae Alzoniella hartwigschuetti (Reischütz, 1983) Belgrandiella austriana (Radoman, 1975) – endemic Belgrandiella aulaei Haase, Weigand & Haseke, 2000 – endemic Belgrandiella boetersi Reischütz & Falkner, 1998 – endemic Belgrandiella fuchsi (Boeters, 1970) – endemic Belgrandiella ganslmayri Haase, 1993 – endemic Belgrandiella kreisslorum Reischütz, 1997 – endemic, extinct. |
Belgrandiella mimula Haase, 1996 – endemic Belgrandiella multiformis Fischer & Reischütz, 1995 – endemic Belgrandiella parreyssi (L. Pfeiffer, 1841)- endemic Belgrandiella pelerei Haase, 1994 – endemic Belgrandiella styriaca Stojaspal, 1978– endemic Belgrandiella wawrai Haase, 1996 – endemic Bythinella austriaca: Bythinella austriaca austriaca (Frauenfeld, 1857); Bythinella austriaca conica (Clessin, 1910) Bythinella cylindrica (Frauenfeld, 1857) – endemic Bythinella bavarica (Clessin, 1877) Bythinella lunzensis (Boeters, 2008) Bythinella opaca (M. v. Gallenstein, 1848) Bythiospeum bormanni (Stojaspal, 1978) – endemic Bythiospeum elseri (Fuchs, 1929) – endemic Bythiospeum excelsior (Mahler, 1950) – endemic Bythiospeum excessum (Mahler, 1950) – endemic Bythiospeum cisterciensorum (Reischütz, 1983) – endemic Bythiospeum geyeri (Fuchs, 1929) – endemic Bythiospeum nocki Haase, Weigand & Haseke, 2000 – endemic Bythiospeum noricum (Fuchs, 1929) – endemic Bythiospeum pfeifferi (Clessin, 1890) – endemic, extinct. |
Bythiospeum reisalpense (Reischütz, 1983) – endemic Bythiospeum tschapecki (Clessin, 1882) – endemic Bythiospeum wiaaiglica A. Reischütz & P.L. Reischütz, 2006 – endemic, extinct Graziana adlitzensis Fischer & Reischütz, 1995 – endemic Graziana klagenfurtensis Haase, 1994 – endemic Graziana lacheineri (Küster, 1853) Graziana pupula (Westerlund, 1886) Hauffenia kerschneri: Hauffenia kerschneri kerschneri (St. Zimmermann, 1930) – endemic; Hauffenia kerschneri loichiana Haase, 1993 – endemic Hauffenia nesemanni A. Reischütz & P.L. |
Reischütz, 2006 – endemic Hauffenia wienerwaldensis Haase, 1992 – endemic Iglica gratulabunda (A. J. Wagner, 1910) – endemic Iglica kleinzellensis Reischütz, 1981 – endemic Lithoglyphus naticoides (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Lobaunia danubialis Haase, 1993 – endemic Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J. E. Gray, 1853) – non-indigenous Amnicolidae Marstoniopsis insubrica (Küster, 1853) Bithyniidae Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823) Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Bithynia transsilvanica (E. A. Bielz, 1853) Valvatidae Valvata cristata O. F. Müller, 1774 Valvata macrostoma Mörch, 1864 Valvata piscinalis: Valvata piscinalis alpestris Küster, 1852; Valvata piscinalis antiqua Morris, 1838; Valvata piscinalis piscinalis O. F. Müller, 1774 Valvata studeri Boeters & Falkner, 1998 Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845) Acroloxidae Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Lymnaeidae Galba truncatula (O. F. Müller, 1774) Stagnicola corvus (Gmelin, 1791) Stagnicola fuscus (C. Pfeiffer, 1821) Stagnicola palustris s. str. |
– non-indigenous Stagnicola turricula (Held, 1836) Radix ampla (Hartmann, 1821) Radix auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758) Radix balthica (Linnaeus, 1758) Radix labiata (Draparnaud, 1805) Radix lagotis (Schrank, 1803) Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physidae Aplexa hypnorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Physa fontinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physella acuta (Draparnaud, 1805) – non-indigenous Physella gyrina (Say, 1821) – non-indigenous Planorbidae Ancylus fluviatilis O. F. Müller, 1774 Anisus leucostoma (Millet, 1813) Anisus spirorbis (Linnaeus, 1758) Anisus vortex (Linnaeus, 1758) Anisus vorticulus (Troschel, 1834) Bathyomphalus contortus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ferrissia fragilis (Tryon, 1863) Gyraulus acronicus (A. Ferrusac, 1807) Gyraulus albus (O. F. Müller, 1774) Gyraulus chinensis (Dunker, 1848) – non-indigenous Gyraulus laevis (Adler, 1838) Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817) – non-indigenous Gyraulus rossmaessleri (Auerswald, 1852) Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758) Hippeutis complanatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758) Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus, 1758) Planorbis carinatus O. F. Müller, 1774 Segmentina nitida (O. F. Müller, 1774) Land gastropods Cochlostomatidae Cochlostoma anomphale Boeckel, 1939 Cochlostoma gracile stussineri (A. J. Wagner, 1897) Cochlostoma henricae: Cochlostoma henricae henricae (Strobel, 1851), Cochlostoma henricae huettneri (A. J. Wagner, 1895) Cochlostoma nanum (Westerlund, 1879) Cochlostoma septemspirale: Cochlostoma septemspirale septemspirale (Razoumovsky, 1789), Cochlostoma septemspirale heydenianum (Clessin, 1789) Cochlostoma tergestinum (Westerlund, 1878) Cochlostoma waldemari (A. J. Wangner, 1897) Pomatiidae Pomatias elegans (O. F. Müller, 1774)- non-indigenous Aciculidae Acicula lineata (Draparnaud, 1801) Acicula lineolata banki Boeters, Gittenberger & Subai 1993 Platyla gracilis (Clessin, 1877) Platyla polita (Hartmann, 1840) Renea veneta (Pirona, 1865) Carychiidae Carychium minimum O. F. Müller, 1774 Carychium tridentatum (Risso, 1826) Zospeum alpestre: Zospeum alpestre isselianum (Pollonera, 1886), Zospeum alpestre kupitzense Stummer, 1984 Succineidae Succinella oblonga (Draparnaud, 1801) Succinea putris (Linné 1758) Oxyloma elegans (Risso, 1826) Oxyloma sarsii (Esmark, 1886) Cochlicopidae Cochlicopa lubrica (O. F. Müller, 1774) Cochlicopa lubricella (Rossmässler, 1834) Cochlicopa nitens (M. v. Gallenstein, 1848) Cochlicopa repentina Hudec 1960 Orculidae Odontocyclas kokeilii (Rossmässler, 1837) Orcula austriaca – endemic: Orcula austriaca austriaca S. Zimmermann, 1932; Orcula austriaca faueri Klemm, 1967; Orcula austriaca goelleri Gittenberger, 1967; Orcula austriaca pseudofuchsi Klemm, 1967 Orcula conica (Rossmässler, 1837) Orcula dolium: Orcula dolium dolium (Draparnaud, 1801); Orcula dolium edita Pilsbry, 1934 – endemic; Orcula dolium gracilior S. Zimmermann – endemic; Orcula dolium infima Pilsbry, 1934 – endemic; Orcula dolium pseudogularis A. J. Wagner 1912 – endemic Orcula pseudodolium A.J. |
Wagner, 1912 – endemic Orcula fuchsi S. Zimmermann, 1931 – endemic Orcula gularis including Orcula gularis gularis (Rossmässler, 1837), Orcula gularis oreina Pilsbry, 1934 – endemic Orcula restituta (Westerlund, 1887) Orcula tolminensis A. J. Wagner, 1912 Pagodulina pagodula: Pagodulina pagodula altilis Klemm, 1939; Pagodulina pagodula principalis Klemm, 1939 Pagodulina sparsa Pilsbry, 1924 Pagodulina subdola: Pagodulina subdola subdola (Gredler, 1856); Pagodulina subdola superstes Klemm, 1939 Sphyradium doliolum (Bruguiere, 1792) Argnidae Agardhiella truncatella (L. Pfeifer, 1841) Argna biplicata excessiva (Gredler, 1856) Strobilopsidae Gittenbergia sororcula (Benoit, 1859) Valloniidae Acanthinula aculeata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Vallonia costata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Vallonia declivis Sterki, 1893 Vallonia enniensis (Gredler, 1856) Vallonia excentrica Sterki, 1893 Vallonia pulchella (O. F. Müller, 1774) Vallonia suevica geyer, 1908 Pupillidae Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837) Pupilla bigranata (Rossmässler, 1839) Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Pupilla sterrii (Voith, 1840) Pupilla triplicata (Studer, 1820) Pyramidulidae Pyramidula pusilla (Vallot, 1801) Chondrinidae Abida secale (Draparnaud, 1801) Chondrina avenacea: Chondrina avenacea avenacea (Brugiere, 1792); Chondrina avenacea lepta (Westerlund, 1887) Chondrina arcadia clienta (Westerlund, 1883) Chondrina megacheilos burtscheri Falkner& Stummer, 1996 Granaria frumentum (Draparnaud, 1801) Granaria illyrica (Rossmässler, 1835) Vertiginidae Columella aspera Waldén, 1966 Columella columella (G. V. Martens, 1830) Columella edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) Truncatellina callicratis (Scacchi, 1833) Truncatellina claustralis (Gredler, 1856) Truncatellina costulata (Nilsson, 1823) Truncatellina cylindrica (A. Ferrusac, 1807) Truncatellina monodon (Held 1837) Vertigo alpestris Alder, 1838 Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 Vertigo antivertigo (Draparnaud, 1801) Vertigo genesii (Gredler, 1856) Vertigo geyeri Lindholm, 1925 Vertigo heldi (Clessin, 1877) Vertigo modesta tirolensis (Gredler, 1869) Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) Vertigo pusilla O. F. Müller, 1774 Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud, 1801) Vertigo substriata (Jeffreys, 1833) Enidae Chondrula tridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) Ena montana (Draparnaud, 1801) Jaminia quadridens (O. F. Müller, 1774) Merdigera obscura (O. F. Müller, 1774) Zebrina detrita (O. F. Müller, 1774) Clausiliidae Balea biplicata: Balea biplicata biplicata (Montagu, 1803); Balea biplicata sordida (Rossmässler, 1835); Balea biplicata chuenringorum (Tschapeck, 1890) Balea perversa (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulgarica cana (Held, 1836) Bulgarica vetusta (Rossmässler, 1836) Charpentieria itala: Charpentieria itala braunii (Rossmässler, 1836); Charpentieria itala punctata (Michaud, 1831) – non-indigenous Charpentieria ornata (Rossmässler, 1836) Charpentieria stenzii cincta (Brumati, 1838) Clausilia cruciata: Clausilia cruciata cruciata (S. Studer, 1820); Clausilia cruciata cuspidata Held, 1836; Clausilia cruciata minima A. Schmidt, 1856; Clausilia cruciata geminella Klemm, 1972 Clausilia dubia: Clausilia dubia dubia Draparnaud, 1805; Clausilia dubia vindobonensis A. Schmidt, 1856; Clausilia dubia speciosa A. Schmidt, 1856; Clausilia dubia huettneri Klemm, 1960; Clausilia dubia schlechtii A. Schmidt, 1856;Clausilia dubia tettelbachiana Rossmässler, 1838; Clausilia dubia kaeufeli Klemm, 1960; Clausilia dubia gracilior Clessin, 1887; Clausilia dubia grimmeri L. Pfeiffer, 1848; Clausilia dubia otvinensis H. V. Gallenstein, 1895; Clausilia dubia floningiana Westerlund, 1888; Clausilia dubia bucculenta Klemm, 1960;Clausilia dubia runensis Tschapeck, 1883; Clausilia dubia moldanubica Klemm, 1960; Clausilia dubia dydima F.J. Schmidt, 1847; Clausilia dubia steinbergensis Edlinger, 2000 Clausilia pumila C. Pfeiffer, 1828 Clausilia rugosa parvula A. Ferussac, 1807 Cochlodina costata commutata (Rossmässler, 1836) Cochlodina dubiosa (Clessin, 1882) Cochlodina fimbriata (Rossmässler, 1835) Cochlodina laminata: Cochlodina laminata laminata (Montagu, 1803); Cochlodina laminata insulana Gittenberger, 1967 Cochlodina orthostoma (Menke, 1828) Dilataria succineata (Rossmässler, 1836) Erjavecia bergeri (Rossmässler, 1836) Fusulus interruptus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Fusulus approximans (A. Schmidt, 1856) Herilla bosniensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1868) – non-indigenous Julica schmidtii rablensis (M. Gallenstein, 1852) Laciniaria plicata (Draparnaud, 1801) Macrogastra asphaltina (Rossmässler, 1836) Macrogastra attenuata: Macrogastra attenuata attenuata (Rossmässler, 1835); Macrogastra attenuata lineolata (Held, 1836) Macrogastra badia: Macrogastra badia badia (C. Pfeiffer, 1828); Macrogastra badia suprema (Klemm, 1969); Macrogastra badia crispulata (Westerlund, 1884); Macrogastra badia mucida (Rossmässler, 1835); Macrogastra badia carinthiaca (A. Sschmidt, 1856); Macrogastra badia fontana (L. Pfeiffer, 1848); Macrogastra badia cacuminis (Klemm, 1969) Macrogastra densestriata: Macrogastra densestriata densestriata (Rossmässler, 1836); Macrogastra densestriata gredleri Nordsiek, 1993 Macrogastra plicatula: Macrogastra plicatula plicatula (Draparnaud, 1801); Macrogastra plicatula grossa (Westerlund, 1878); Macrogastra plicatula rusiostoma (Held, 1836); Macrogastra plicatula iniuncta (L. Pfeiffer, 1849); Macrogastra plicatula convallicola (Westerlund, 1878); Macrogastra plicatula senex (Westerlund, 1878); Macrogastra plicatula superflua (Charpentier, 1852); Macrogastra plicatula alpestris (Clessin, 1878) Macrogastra tumida (Rossmässler, 1836) Macrogastra ventricosa: Macrogastra ventricosa ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801); Macrogastra ventricosa major (Rossmässler, 1836) Medora macascarensis carniolica (Küster, 1854) – non-indigenous Neostyriaca corynodes: Neostyriaca corynodes corynodes (Held, 1836); Neostyriaca corynodes saxatilis (Hartmann, 1844); Neostyriaca corynodes brandti (Klemm, 1969); Neostyriaca corynodes styriaca (A. Schmidt, 1856); Neostyriaca corynodes evadens (Klemm, 1969); Neostyriaca corynodes conclusa (Klemm, 1969) Pseudofusulus varians (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Ruthenica filograna (Rossmässler, 1836) Ferussaciidae Cecilioides acicula (O. F. Müller, 1774) Cecilioides petitianus (Benoit, 1862) Punctidae Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801) Lucilla inermis (H. B. Baker, 1929) Discidae Discus perspectivus (M. V. Mühlfeld 1816) Discus rotundatus (O. F. Müller, 1774) Discus ruderatus (A. Ferrusac, 1821) Pristilomatidae Vitrea contracta (Westerlund, 1871) Vitrea crystallina (O. F. Müller, 1774) Vitrea diaphana Vitrea diaphana diaphana (S. Studer, 1820), Vitrea diaphana erjaveci (Brusina, 1870) Vitrea subrimata (Reinhardt, 1871) Vitrea transsylvanica (Clessin 1877) Euconulidae Euconulus fulvus (O. F. Müller, 1774) Euconulus praticola (Reinhardt, 1883) Euconulus trochiformis (Montagu, 1803) Gastrodontidae Zonitoides nitidus (O. F. Müller, 1774) Oxychilidae Aegopinella epipedostoma juncta (Hudec 1964) Aegopinella forcarti Jungbluth, 1983 Aegopinella minor (Stabile, 1864) Aegopinella nitens (Michaud, 1831) Aegopinella pura (Alder, 1830) Aegopinella ressmanni (Westerlund, 1883 Daudebardia brevipes (Draparnaud, 1805) Daudebardia rufa (Draparnaud, 1805) Carpathica stussineri (A. J. Wagner, 1895) Oxychilus alliarius (Miller 1822) Oxychilus cellarius (O. F. Müller, 1774) Oxychilus clarus (Held, 1838) Oxychilus depressus (Sterki, 1880) Oxychilus draparnaudi (Beck, 1837) Oxychilus glaber : Oxychilus glaber glaber (Rossmässler, 1835); Oxychilus glaber striarius (Westerlund, 1881) Oxychilus hydatinus (Rossmässler, 1838) – non-indigenous Oxychilus inopinatus (Ulicny, 1887) Oxychilus mortilleti (L. Pfeiffer, 1859)) Perpolita hammonis (Ström, 1765) Perpolita petronella (L. Pfeiffer, 1853) Zonitidae Aegopis verticillus (Lamarck, 1822) Milacidae Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801) – non-indigenous Tandonia budapestensis (Hazay, 1880)- non-indigenous Tandonia ehrmanni (Simroth, 1910) Tandonia robici (Simroth, 1885) Tandonia rustica (Millet, 1843) Limacidae Limax cinereoniger Wolf, 1803 Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758 Limax albipes Dumont & Mortillet 1853 Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758) Malacolimax tenellus (O. F. Müller 1774) Malacolimax kostalii Babor, 1900 Lehmannia janetscheki Forcart, 1966 Lehmannia marginata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Lehmannia rupicola Lessona & Pollonera, 1882 Agriolimacidae Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) Deroceras golcheri aff. |
Regteren-Altena, 1962 Deroceras invadens Reise, Hutchinson, Schunack & Schlitt, 2011– non-indigenous Deroceras klemmi Grossu, 1972 Deroceras laeve (O. F. Müller, 1774) Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) Deroceras rodnae: Deroceras rodnae rodnae Grossu & Lupu 1965, Deroceras rodnae juranum Wüthrich, 1993 Deroceras sturanyi (Simroth, 1894) Deroceras turcicum (Simroth, 1894) Boettgerillidae Boettgerilla pallens Simroth, 1912 Vitrinidae Eucobresia diaphana (Draparnaud, 1805) Eucobresia glacialis (Forbes, 1837) Eucobresia nivalis (Dumont & Mortillet, 1854) Eucobresia pegorarii (Pollonera, 1884) Gallandia annularis (S. Studer 1820) Semilimax carinthiacus (Westerlund, 1886) Semilimax kotulae (Westerlund, 1883) Semilimax semilimax (J. Ferussac, 1802) Vitrina carniolica O. Boettger, 1884 Vitrina pellucida (O. F. Müller, 1774) Vitrinobrachium breve (A. Ferussac, 1821) Arionidae Arion obesoductus Reischütz, 1973 Arion brunneus Lehmann, 1862 Arion circumscriptus Johnston, 1828 Arion distinctus Mabille, 1868 Arion fasciatus (Nilsson, 1823) Arion flagellus Collinge, 1893 – non-indigenous Arion fuscus' '(O. F. Müller, 1774) agg. |
Arion hortensis A. Ferussac, 1819 – non-indigenous Arion rufus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arion silvaticus Lohmander, 1937 Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, 1855 – non-indigenous Hygromiidae Candidula unifasciata: Candidula unifasciata unifasciata (Poiret, 1801); Candidula unifasciata soosiana (H. Wagner, 1933) Cernuella cisalpina (Rossmässler, 1837) – non-indigenous Cernuella neglecta (Draparnaud, 1805) – non-indigenous Cernuella virgata (Da Costa, 1778) – non-indigenous Euomphalia strigella (Draparnaud, 1801) Helicella itala (Linnaeus, 1758) Helicopsis austriaca Gittenberger, 1969 – endemic Helicopsis hungarica (Soos & Wagner, 1935) Helicopsis striata (O. F. Müller, 1774); Hygromia cinctella (Draparnaud, 1801) – non-indigenous Monacha cantiana (Montagu, 1803) – non-indigenous Monacha cartusiana (O. F. Müller, 1774) Monachoides incarnatus (O. F. Müller, 1774) Perforatella bidentata (Gmelin, 1791) Petasina edentula: Petasina edentula helvetica (Polinski, 1929); Petasina edentula limnifera (Held, 1836); Petasina edentula subleucozona (Westerlund, 1889) Petasina filicina: Petasina filicina filicina (L. Pfeiffer, 1841); Petasina filicina styriaca (Klemm, 1954) – endemic Petasina leucozona: Petasina leucozona heteromorpha (Westerlund, 1876), Petasina leucozona leucozona (C. Pfeiffer, 1828); Petasina leucozona ovirensis (Rossmässler, 1838) Petasina lurida (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Petasina subtecta (Polinski, 1929) – endemic Petasina unidentata: Petasina unidentata alpestris (Clessin, 1878), Petasina unidentata norica (Polinski, 1929); Petasina unidentata subalpestris (Polinski, 1929); Petasina unidentata unidentata (Draparnaud, 1805) Plicuteria lubomirskii (Slosarski, 1881) – extinct. |
Pseudotrichia rubiginosa (Rossmässler, 1838) Noricella oreinos (Wagner, 1915) – endemic: Noricella oreinos oreinos (Wagner, 1915); Noricella oreinos scheerpeltzi (Mikula, 1954) Trochulus clandestinus (Hartmann, 1821) Trochulus coelomphala (Loccard, 1888) Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trochulus sericeus (Draparnaud, 1801) Trochulus striolatus: Trochulus striolatus austriacus (Mahler, 1952) – endemic; Trochulus striolatus danubialis (Clessin, 1874); Trochulus striolatus juvavensis – endemic (Geyer, 1914) Trochulus suberectus (Clessin, 1878) Urticicola umbrosus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Xerolenta obvia (Menke, 1828) Bradybaenidae Fruticicola fruticum (O. F. Müller, 1774) Helicodontidae Helicodonta obvoluta (O. F. Müller, 1774) Helicidae Arianta arbustorum: Arianta arbustorum arbustorum (Linnaeus, 1758); Arianta arbustorum alpicola (A. Ferrusac, 1821); Arianta arbustorum styriaca (Kobelt, 1876); Arianta arbustorum picea (Rossmässler, 1837) Arianta stenzii (Rossmässler, 1835) Arianta chamaeleon: Arianta chamaeleon chamaeleon (L. Pfeiffer, 1842); Arianta chamaeleon subglobosa (Ehrmann, 1910); Arianta chamaeleon carnica (Ehrmann, 1910); Arianta chamaeleon wiedemayri (Kobelt, 1903) Arianta schmidtii (Rossmässler, 1836) Helicigona lapicida (Linnaeus, 1758) Chilostoma illyrica (Stabile, 1864) Chilostoma cingulatum: Chilostoma cingulatum preslii (Rossmässler, 1836); Chilostoma cingulatum peregrini Falkner, 1998; Chilostoma cingulatum carrarense (Strobel, 1852) – non-indigenous Chilostoma achates: Chilostoma achates achates (Rossmässler, 1835); Chilostoma achates cingulina (Deshayes, 1839); Chilostoma achates stiriae (Forcart, 1933); Chilostoma achates rhaeticum (Strobel, 1857) Chilostoma intermedium (A. Ferrussac, 1832) Chilostoma ziegleri (Rossmässler, 1836) Cylindrus obtusus (Draparnaud, 1805) – endemic Isognomostoma isognomostomos (Schröter, 1784) Caucasotachea vindobonensis (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) Causa holosericea (S. Studer, 1820) Cepaea hortensis (O. F. Müller, 1774) Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus, 1758) Cornu aspersum (O. F. Müller, 1774) – non-indigenous Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 – non-indigenous Bivalvia Margaritiferidae Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) Unionidae Anodonta anatina: Anodonta anatina attenuata Held, 1836; Anodonta anatina rostrata Rossmässler, 1836 Anodonta cygnea: Anodonta cygnaea deplanata M. Gallenstein, 1852; Anodonta cygnaea solearis Held, 1839 Pseudanodonta complanata (Rossmässler, 1835) Unio crassus: Unio crassus albensis Hazay, 1835; Unio crassus cytherea Küster, 1833; Unio crassus decurvatus Rossmässler, 1835 Unio pictorum latirostris Küster, 1835 Unio tumidus zelebori Zelebor, 1851 Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) – non-indigenous Corbiculidae Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) – non-indigenous Sphaeriidae Pisidium amnicum (O. F. Müller, 1774) Pisidium casertanum (Poli, 1791) Pisidium conventus (Clessin, 1877) Pisidium globulare (Clessin, 1873) Pisidium henslowanum (Sheppard, (1823) Pisidium hibernicum (Westerlund, 1834) Pisidium lilljeborgii (Clessin, 1886) Pisidium milium (Held, 18369 Pisidium moitessierianum (Paladilhe, 1836) Pisidium nitidum (Jenyns, 1832) Pisidium obtusale (Lamarck, 1818) Pisidium personatum (Malm, 1855) Pisidium pseudosphaerium (J. Favre, 1927) Pisidium subtruncatum (Malm, 1855) Pisidium supinum (A. Schmidt, 1851) Pisidium tenuilineatum ((Stelfox, 1918) Musculium lacustre (O. F. Müller, 1774) Sphaerium corneum (Linnaeus, 1758) Sphaerium nucleus (S. Studer, 1820) Sphaerium ovale (A. Férrusac, 1807) Sphaerium rivicola (Lamarck, 1818) Dreissenidae Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) – non-indigenous Dreissena bugensis Andrusov, 1897 – non-indigenous Hothouse alien species Hothouse aliens in Austria include: Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778) Caracollina lenticula (Michaud, 1831) Galba cubensis (C. Pfeiffer, 1839) Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) Lamellaxis clavulinus (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Lehmannia nyctelia ((Bourguignat, 1861) Lehmannia valentiana (A. ferrussac, 1823) Milax nigricans (Philipi, 1836) Opeas pumilum (L. Pfeiffer, 1840) Oxychilus translucidus (Mortillet, 1854) Physella hendersoni (Clench, 1825) Radix javanica (Mousson, 1894) Sitala rumbangensis (E. Smith, 1895) Tandonia sowerbyi (A. Ferrussac, 1823) Veronicella sp. |
Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) Alien species in hot springs Following species occur as aliens in natural hot springs: Ampullaria paludosa (Say, 1829) Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774) Planorbella duryi (Wetherby, 1879) Pseudosuccinea columella (Say, 1817) See also Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries: List of non-marine molluscs of Germany List of non-marine molluscs of the Czech Republic List of non-marine molluscs of Slovakia List of non-marine molluscs of Hungary List of non-marine molluscs of Slovenia List of non-marine molluscs of Italy List of non-marine molluscs of Switzerland List of non-marine molluscs of Liechtenstein References Further reading Klemm W. (1974). |
"Die Verbreitung der rezenten Land-Gehäuse-Schnecken in Österreich. [Distribution of recent landsnails in Austria]". Denkschriften der Österrerreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) 117: 1–503, Wien. Reischütz P. L. (1986). "Die Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken Österreichs. [Distribution of Austrian slugs](Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae, Boettgerilidae)." (Supplement 2 des Catalogus Faunae Austriae). Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse) 195: 67–190. Zulka P. (ed.) (2007). "Rote Listen gefährdeter Tiere Österreichs. [Red lists of the endangered animals of Austria]". Checklisten, Gefährdungsanalysen, Handlungsbedarf. Teil 2. Grüne Reihe des BLFUW. Wien, Böhlauverlag. External links Checklist of Austrian Mollusca: Complete list of all species and subspecies. Names of genera sometimes differ from those used in Wikipedia. |
Society MoFa – Mollusc Research Austria, Austrian platform for mollusc researchers Kartierung der Wassermollusken Salzburgs (Mapping of Freshwater Molluscs in Salzburg) Working group Alpine land snails at the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien Non-marine molluscs Austria Austria Austria |
Philip-Jon Haarsma (born June 5, 1964), more commonly known as PJ Haarsma, is a Canadian born producer and science fiction author best known for his creation of the Rings of Orbis universe, which encompasses The Softwire series of books. Haarsma created a free, online role-playing game, also called the Rings of Orbis, set in the same universe. Both the book-series and the game target young, often reluctant readers in an attempt to encourage them by rewarding them for reading. Haarsma developed a school presentation program in which he discusses The Softwire books, astronomy, and other science fiction and science fact topics. |
He is also one of the co-founders of Kids Need to Read, a United States Internal Revenue Code 501(c)(3) tax exempt public charity that purchases books to donate to underfunded schools and libraries. Personal life Philip-Jon Haarsma was born on June 5, 1964, in Georgetown, Ontario. Though he was named after his grandfathers, Philip and Jon, he went simply by "Jon" while growing up. Later, while attending McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree, he began to use his initials, "PJ", and his books are published under the name "PJ Haarsma". After he moved to the United States in 1989, Haarsma worked as a fashion and commercial photographer in New York City and Miami. |
He received many photography awards, including an honorable mention at the Cannes Lion Awards in 1996. Haarsma owns a production company called Redbear Films, Inc. The company produced one movie (Devious Beings, 2002), and a digital series called Con Man starring Alan Tudyk and Nathan Fillion and several corporate ads for clients such as Hewlett Packard and Nokia. For 15 years, Redbear Films focused on the production of advertisements. Haarsma lives in Los Angeles with his wife, sci-fi fantasy artist and host of Your Mystical Guide, Marisa Grieco, and their daughters Skylar and Zoe. Con Man (digital series) PJ Haarsma is the producer and show-runner of the SyFy series, Con Man created by Alan Tudyk and co-produced by Nathan Fillion. |
The series is currently in its second season and available on the SyFy channel. PJ Haarsma set up the Con Man series at Lionsgate with executive, Seth Laderman. PJ Haarsma crowdfunded the first series of Con Man, setting records through Indiegogo. Haarsma produced the first season with a 23-day shooting schedule. As a 30-year production veteran, Haarsma sees little difference producing a web series over films, TV, or advertising. This series operated under SAG New Media and IATSE contracts, and crew members came from projects like Interstellar, Lord of the Rings, and TV's Agents of SHIELD. From the Fast Company Article: “The deliverables are the only thing that’s different. |
Every other aspect is the same—getting the story, keeping the budget in line, creating a fun set, and keeping people from getting crazy,” says Haarsma. “For a producer, the biggest thing is knowing everyone else’s job to make sure everything’s moving properly, anticipate what could go wrong, and having a tool chest to be able to solve it. ” Rings of Orbis At the age of 38, Haarsma was not satisfied with his professional life. He began to keep a daily journal, writing about anything (and everything) that came to his mind—until eventually "Johnny T came onto [his] page." Johnny T is the main character, Johnny Turnbull, of Haarsma's The Softwire series. |
Haarsma chose to give The Softwire a sci-fi setting due to a love of science fiction, and to target a young adult audience with his novels so that children could discover and learn to enjoy the genre. The Softwire is actually a story that Haarsma began imagining in his childhood. As a teenager, he worked at his parents' ceramic factory during the summers, hauling fifty pound molds around in the extreme heat of a kiln room. To Haarsma, it felt similar to what the children of his books might feel as slaves. In addition to these experiences, there is a more prominent influence on the premise of The Softwire—that is, there is a mystery of a journey to a new, unknown place to start a new life. |
Growing up, Haarsma dreamed of moving to the United States; and in his twenties, he actually did. While there, living in New York, Miami, San Francisco and Los Angeles, Haarsma witnessed immigrants struggling to get by. He tried to imagine what caused them to risk everything, and to move to another country, and to have a chance at something better. It is this journey (and struggle) that is prevalent in The Softwire. In The Softwire, a group of human children are orphaned in outer space. They are forced into indentured servitude on the Rings of Orbis, four planet-like rings around a wormhole. |
They must spend four years as slaves or knudniks before they are eligible to become Citizens. Each year they are the property of a new owner on a separate ring: Orbis 1, Orbis 2, Orbis 3, and Orbis 4. They are forced into labor to do whatever task their new owner requires. When the children arrive, they soon discover that thirteen-year-old Johnny Turnbull (JT), is the first human softwire, a boy who has the ability to enter any computer with just his mind. To the older Citizens, a slave who can enter at will the massive computer which controls the Rings of Orbis makes JT very valuable and drives the Rings to the brink of war. |
As the central computer begins to malfunction, the Citizens connive, conspire, and even kill to own JT and his sister. While there are other humans besides the children on the Rings, the majority of the inhabitants are of alien species. The Keepers are an intelligent species of two-headed beings who act as the overseers. Other species encountered include Belarans, Choi, Solinns, and Trefaldoors, all of which become interesting roles for young players to choose from in the game, Rings of Orbis. Rings of Orbis game Haarsma's novels are accompanied by a free, online, role-playing game called Rings of Orbis which acts as a visual companion to the books and is set in the same universe. |
Players are sometimes required to use information from the books in order to solve puzzles and to unlock areas within the game. Pairing a video game with a novel for young readers, Haarsma says, “brings the book into their world, as opposed to going the other way around.” Haarsma and a team of artists also created many different alien races specifically for the game. The team includes Haarsma's wife Marisa Grieco, Igor Knezevic, Stephan Martinière, Dwayne Harris, and Neil Blevins. The game works to encourage reluctant readers, especially boys, by giving them an interactive game through which to relate to the mysteries found within the books themselves. |
Players complete quests and earn in-game currency which they can then spend on in-game items designed by Haarsma, all the while they compete to become the best Citizen of the Rings of Orbis. In 2008, the game was featured in a front page New York Times article about encouraging reluctant readers with video games. Promotion of literacy Kids Need to Read While speaking at schools across the United States, Haarsma noticed how some school librarians were having trouble finding funds to purchase The Softwire books after a demand had been created by Haarsma's visit. Many of the librarians were struggling to fill their shelves with books. |
In June 2007, Haarsma and a friend, actor Nathan Fillion, approached a group of Fillion's fans with the idea for a project that would work to purchase books for underfunded schools, as well as nonprofit institutions which gave books directly to children. The group took to the idea and focused their energies into getting the project off the ground. The Kids Need to Read project went public in August 2007. In January 2008, the process to transform the project into a legal foundation began, and the fan group was separated from the developing organization. On May 22, 2008, The Kids Need to Read Foundation (KNTR) was incorporated in the state of California. |
KNTR became an Internal Revenue Code 501(c)(3) tax exempt public charity on September 18, 2008, with a retroactive exemption date of May 22, 2008. The organization is supported by a global volunteer base. Funds were initially raised through eBay auctions of Firefly and Serenity autographed memorabilia, and The Softwire books and items, and other science fiction and literary themed items. Fundraising efforts have since expanded and all funds are used to purchase books from the foundation's official book list, a list which is continually updated by a professional children's book buyer. The titles chosen are well-reviewed and many are recommended for children who are reluctant readers. |
KNTR has made book donations to forty-one schools and libraries in addition to three multiple library systems. KNTR facilitated a substantial donation of three thousand books by the Phoenix Book Company to the Friends of the New Orleans Public Library, to help with recuperation after Hurricane Katrina. The Odessa Brown Children's Clinic in Seattle was the recipient of a donation amounting to four hundred forty books in February 2008. This clinic, as well as the North Public Health Clinic in Seattle, have received recurring donations from KNTR. Haarsma remains on the KNTR Advisory Board as founder and consultant for literacy-based activities. |
By using his position as a young-adult fiction author, Haarsma helps bring attention, support, and funds to the organization. School visits Haarsma takes part in school visits to promote his book and encourage imagination and reading in the school children. His presentation lasts fifty minutes, and discussions center around space travel, exploration, The Rings of Orbis universe, and other interactive topics, thus allowing for questions from the students at the conclusion. To help illustrate the scientific topics, NASA supplied Haarsma with space related information to present. "PJ Haarsma was inspirational. He visited my school and made my imagination soar. I've already filled up a couple notebooks of stories thanks to him!" |
Says one child whose school Haarsma visited. During his presentation, Haarsma involves the children in various interactive activities. These include a Hollywood-style acting audition, an alien ghost story, and a demonstration of the vast distances in space. The activities are designed to engage the children's imaginations and to make them feel a part of the presentation. The responses to his visits from both students and teachers are positive. The majority of the feedback involves praise and thanks. Haarsma has received many stories of previously reluctant readers being observed reading The Softwire books during school recess. |
Awards The Softwire series: ABC (Association of Booksellers for Children) New Voices in Children's Literature Award 2008 Virus on Orbis 1: 2006 Cybil Award nominee, Flamingnet Top Choice Award, SCASL Junior Book Award nominee, ALA (American Library Association) Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers Nomination 2008, Great Stone Face Children's Book Award Nomination (Children's Librarians of New Hampshire) 2008-2009, Hal Clement Award for Young Adult Finalist 2007 Betrayal on Orbis 2: 2008 Cybil Award nominee, ALA (American Library Association) Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers Nomination 2009 Works Books in The Softwire series scheduled for publication by Candlewick Press (Each book corresponds to one year on each ring that the children must endure as slaves). |
The Softwire Series Virus on Orbis 1, Candlewick Press, 2006 hardcover paperback Betrayal on Orbis 2, Candlewick Press, 2008 hardcover Wormhole Pirates on Orbis 3, Candlewick Press, 2009 hardcover Awakening on Orbis 4, Candlewick Press, March 2010 hardcover References External links The Softwire Official Website Rings of Orbis Homepage Kids Need to Read Foundation Official Website Category:1964 births Category:21st-century American novelists Category:American male novelists Category:American science fiction writers Category:Canadian science fiction writers Category:Living people Category:McMaster University alumni Category:21st-century American male writers |
The 2019–20 season is Manchester United's 28th season in the Premier League and their 45th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. The club is participating in the Premier League, the FA Cup and the UEFA Europa League, and reached the semi-finals of the EFL Cup. This is United's first full season under manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær, who took permanent charge in March 2019. It is also their first season since 2008–09 without club captain Antonio Valencia, who left the club at the end of the 2018–19 season. Solskjær named Ashley Young as Valencia's successor as club captain. |
Upon Young's departure for Inter Milan in January 2020, he was replaced as club captain by Harry Maguire. Pre-season and friendlies United preceded their 2019–20 campaign with a pre-season tour, with matches in Australia, Singapore, China, Norway and Wales. The first two matches were played at the Perth Stadium in Perth, Australia; the first was a 2–0 win over local side Perth Glory, with goals from Marcus Rashford and James Garner, followed by a meeting with historic rivals Leeds United, which the Red Devils won 4–0 thanks to goals from Rashford, Phil Jones, Anthony Martial, as well as a maiden senior goal for Mason Greenwood. |
United also took part in the 2019 International Champions Cup. They began with a match against Internazionale in Singapore on 20 July, in which Greenwood scored the only goal to give United a 1–0 win, followed by a match against Tottenham Hotspur in Shanghai five days later, winning 2–1 thanks to goals from Martial and Angel Gomes. They then travelled to Norway to play an additional friendly against Kristiansund BK, the hometown club of Norwegian manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær, winning it 1–0 through an injury-time penalty by Juan Mata. Their final game in the International Champions Cup and final pre-season game saw them play against Milan in Cardiff on 3 August, winning 5–4 in a penalty shoot-out after the match ended in a 2–2 draw, with goals from Rashford and Jesse Lingard; Wales international Daniel James scored the winning penalty. |
Premier League Matches The Premier League fixtures were announced on 13 June 2019. Manchester United began their season at home to Chelsea on 11 August; a goal in each half from Marcus Rashford, in addition to goals from Anthony Martial and debutant Daniel James, gave United a 4–0 win. United were held to a 1–1 draw by Wolverhampton Wanderers in their next game; Martial opened the scoring with his 50th goal for the club before Ruben Neves equalised with a long-range strike, only for Paul Pogba to miss from the penalty spot midway through the second half. United suffered their first defeat of the season on 24 August, losing 2–1 at home to Crystal Palace. |
After Jordan Ayew put the Eagles 1–0 up against the run of play with just over half an hour gone, it took until the final minute of normal time for Daniel James to find the equaliser; however, Patrick van Aanholt's injury-time strike gave Palace their first league win over United since May 1991 and their first win at Old Trafford since 1989. James continued his goalscoring form in United's final game before the international break away to Southampton, opening the scoring after 10 minutes. Jannik Vestergaard equalised for the home side just before the hour mark, but although Kevin Danso was sent off with 17 minutes to go, United were unable to make their numerical advantage count and the match finished as a 1–1 draw. |
United returned to action after the international break with a home game against Leicester City. Marcus Rashford scored the only goal of the game from the penalty spot to give United their first win since the opening day of the season. United's next match, away to West Ham United, ended in a 2–0 defeat, with a goal each from Andriy Yarmolenko and Aaron Cresswell. United then played Arsenal at home; Scott McTominay opened the scoring with his first senior goal at Old Trafford, but Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang was awarded the equaliser after the video assistant referee (VAR) overruled the assistant referee's original decision that he was offside. |
United's final match before the second international break of the season was away to Newcastle United, who won 1–0 thanks to a goal from Matty Longstaff on his senior debut. United returned to action after the second international break with a home game against arch-rivals Liverpool. Marcus Rashford opened the scoring after a VAR check, as Victor Lindelöf was ruled not to have fouled Divock Origi. The VAR was used again to check a goal scored by Sadio Mané, which appeared to have come off his arm, and was eventually ruled out for handball. Liverpool did manage to find an equaliser through substitute Adam Lallana in the 85th minute to secure a vital point for both teams. |
The result meant that United ended Liverpool's winning streak at 18 games. On 27 October 2019, Scott McTominay netted United's recordbreaking 2,000th Premier League goal in a 3–1 victory against Norwich City at Carrow Road. Rashford had a penalty saved by Tim Krul a few minutes later, but scored on United's next attack to put them 2–0 up with less than half an hour played. United were awarded a second penalty for a handball by Todd Cantwell, but despite a change of taker, Krul was able to make another save from Martial. Like Rashford, Martial made amends later by scoring United's third goal. |
Onel Hernández scored a consolation goal for Norwich City in the 88th minute. To begin November, United made the trip to AFC Bournemouth, where former United striker Joshua King scored on the stroke of half-time to give Bournemouth a 1–0 win. The result dropped United down to 10th position in the league table and gave Bournemouth their first win since September 2019. United's next home match before the third international break of the season was against Brighton & Hove Albion, where goals from Andreas Pereira (his first of the season), Scott McTominay and Marcus Rashford helped United to a 3–1 win. |
The second goal was initially given as an own goal by Davy Pröpper, but was later awarded to McTominay. After draws against Sheffield United – which saw Brandon Williams scoring his first senior goal and Mason Greenwood scoring his first Premier League goal – and Aston Villa – saved by Victor Lindelöf's first goal of the season, United won 2–1 against previous season's top four finishers Tottenham Hotspur and champions Manchester City. A draw against Everton was followed by defeat at Watford. Victories against Newcastle United and Burnley brought the club's decade to a close. The 2020s was started by a defeat at Arsenal on New Year's Day. |
Ten days later, United recorded their first win of the decade with a 4–0 demolition of Norwich City; Rashford scored twice, Martial and Greenwood scored once each. On the following three league matches the club failed to score, the first two ended in 2–0 defeats; matches against the runaway league leaders Liverpool and a revenge by Burnley were followed by a goalless draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers. After the newly-introduced winter break, United got full 3 points at Chelsea, extending their undefeated run against the West London club to six matches. Watford was the next victim, falling three goals to nil at Old Trafford. |
The newly-recruited Portuguese midfielder Bruno Fernandes scored the first goal from the spot, his first goal for the club. The fixture against Everton was again ended in a 1–1 draw with David de Gea making an error leading up to the home side's goal before Fernandes' equaliser, his first open play goal for United. The next week, United won 2–0 to complete their first league double over Manchester City since 2009–10. League table FA Cup As a Premier League side, Manchester United entered the FA Cup in the Third Round Proper. The draw took place on 2 December 2019 and United were drawn away to fellow Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers. |
The match was played on 4 January 2020 and finished goalless, requiring a replay later in the month. The Fourth Round draw took place on 5 January, with United – were they to beat Wolves in their replay – drawn away to either Watford or Tranmere Rovers. The replay was played on 15 January and saw Juan Mata score the only goal of the game to put United through. Playing at Prenton Park against Tranmere, who had eliminated Watford just three days prior, United won 6–0, with Harry Maguire and Diogo Dalot both scoring their first goals for United. In the fifth round, Odion Ighalo scored his first brace for United following Luke Shaw's first goal of the season as they beat Derby County 3–0 away at Pride Park Stadium. |
EFL Cup As one of the seven English sides competing in UEFA competitions in 2019–20, Manchester United entered the 2019–20 EFL Cup in the third round. The draw for the third round took place on 28 August 2019, and saw United given a home tie against League One side Rochdale. It was only the second time they had met in a competitive, first-team match; their only other meeting was in the third round of the 1985–86 FA Cup, when Manchester United won 2–0. The match was played on 25 September, with Mason Greenwood opening the scoring in the 68th minute; however, 16-year-old Luke Matheson equalised for Rochdale eight minutes later. |
The match finished at 1–1 after 90 minutes and went straight to penalties; Sergio Romero saved Rochdale's second penalty from Jimmy Keohane, while all Manchester United's kicks were successful, culminating with Daniel James scoring the winning penalty. In the fourth round, Manchester United were drawn away to Chelsea; it was the sixth time they have met in the competition, most recently in 2012–13, when Chelsea won 5–4 after extra time. Marcus Rashford scored twice to record a 2–1 win, securing their passage to the fifth round and extend their current unbeaten record against Chelsea in all competitions to 5 matches; their most recent loss to Chelsea was happened at the 2018 FA Cup Final. |
United won the fifth round match against the last-surviving non-Premier League club Colchester United with goals from Marcus Rashford, Anthony Martial, and an own goal. They were drawn to play local rivals Manchester City in the two-legged semi-final in January. City's 3–1 win in the first leg at Old Trafford was enough to send them to their third successive EFL Cup final, as United were only able to manage a 1–0 win in the second leg at the City of Manchester Stadium. UEFA Europa League Group stage Having finished sixth in the 2018–19 Premier League, Manchester United are playing in the UEFA Europa League in 2019–20, entering at the group stage. |
This is the club's first Europa League campaign since winning the competition in 2016–17, and their fourth in nine years, having previously played in the knockout phase in 2011–12 and 2015–16. The draw for the group stage took place in Monaco on 30 August 2019; United were drawn into Group L with Kazakhstani side Astana, Serbian club Partizan, and AZ of the Netherlands. Astana were United's – and any English club's – first ever Kazakhstani opponents, and it was also be the first time they have played against AZ; their only previous meeting with Partizan came in the semi-finals of the 1965–66 European Cup, losing 2–0 in Belgrade before a 1–0 win at Old Trafford a week later. |
United began their Europa League campaign with a 1–0 win over Astana at Old Trafford on 19 September; Mason Greenwood scored the only goal of the game, the first of his professional career, cutting inside off the right wing to shoot through the legs of goalkeeper Nenad Erić and become Manchester United's youngest goalscorer in European football. United's second match, a goalless draw away against AZ, was played at Cars Jeans Stadion in The Hague due to the roof collapse at AZ's AFAS Stadion. They then made the trip to Belgrade on 24 October, and came away with a 1–0 win thanks to an Anthony Martial penalty. |
Martial was on the scoresheet again in the reverse fixture at Old Trafford on 7 November, his goal coming between efforts from Greenwood and Rashford. The 3–0 win meant United could no longer be caught by third-placed Partizan in the group standings, confirming their qualification for the knockout phase. United fielded a very young team with an average age of 22 years and 26 days in a 2–1 away defeat to the already eliminated Astana. The match saw three debutants starting and another three coming on as substitutes. United struck early with Jesse Lingard scoring his maiden goal of the season, in his first ever match as captain. |
United sealed the top spot with a 4–0 victory over the already-qualified AZ at home. Greenwood scored the second and fourth goals, the others were scored by Ashley Young and Juan Mata, who both scored their first goal of the season; it was Young's first European goal since February 2012, which was scored in the Europa League against another Dutch side Ajax. It was also United's biggest European victory since the 4–0 Europa League win against yet another Dutch club Feyenoord in November 2016; United would later win the tournament. Knockout phase The draw for the round of 32 was conducted on 16 December 2019. |
They met Belgian side Club Brugge, which was their first encounter since the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League play-offs; United won this previous tie 7–1 on aggregate. After a 1–1 draw at Jan Breydel Stadium, United won the return leg 5–0 to win 6–1 on aggregate; Odion Ighalo scored his first goal for the club, Fred scored his first goals of the season, and Scott McTominay scored his first European goal. The round of 16 draw took place on 28 February, with United paired with Austrian club LASK. United won the first leg 5–0. Squad statistics Statistics accurate as of 12 March 2020. |
Transfers In Out Loan in Loan out Notes References 2019-20 Manchester United Manchester United |
Tudor domain-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TDRD7 gene. In melanocytic cells TDRD7 gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Gene polymorphism Various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TDRD7 gene have been identified and for some of them an association with lower susceptibility to age-related cataract was shown. Interactions TDRD7 has been shown to interact with TACC1. References Further reading External links |
Bile Esculin Agar (BEA) is a selective differential agar used to isolate and identify members of the genus Enterococcus, formerly part of the "group D streptococci" (enterococci were reclassified in their own genus in 1984). Composition and process Bile salts are the selective ingredient, while esculin is the differential component. Enterococcus hydrolyze esculin to products that react with ferric citrate in the medium to produce insoluble iron salts, resulting in the blackening of the medium. Test results must be interpreted in conjunction with gram stain morphology. Uses Bile Esculin Agar is used primarily to differentiate Enterococcus from Streptococcus. Members of the genus Enterococcus are capable of growing in the presence of 40% bile (oxgall) and hydrolyzing esculin to glucose and esculetin. |
Esculetin combines with ferric ions to produce a black complex. For some purposes, certain bacteria are able to hydrolyze aesculin. A plate containing aesculin will fluoresce a pale blue under UV radiation. Some bacteria can hydrolise this, leading to UV dark colonies, as opposed to UV light ones. When new techniques are produced to identify enterococci, they are often compared to the use of bile esculin agar. References External links Bile Esculin Agar Description & Formulation Category:Microbiological media |
Qualcomm is a public multinational corporation headquartered in San Diego, California. It creates intellectual property, semiconductors, software, and services related to wireless technology. It owns patents critical to the CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA and WCDMA mobile communications standards. Qualcomm was established in 1985 by Irwin M. Jacobs and six other co-founders. Its early research into CDMA wireless cell phone technology was funded by selling satellite communications systems for commercial trucks. After a heated debate in the wireless industry, the 3G standard was adopted with Qualcomm's CDMA patents incorporated. Afterwards there was a series of legal disputes about pricing for licensing patents required by the standard. |
Over the years, Qualcomm has expanded into selling semiconductor products in a predominantly fabless manufacturing model. It also developed semiconductor components or software for vehicles, watches, laptops, wi-fi, smartphones, and other devices. Corporate history Early history Qualcomm was created on July 1, 1985 by seven former Linkabit employees led by Irwin Jacobs. The company was named Qualcomm for "QUALity COMMunications." It started as a contract research and development center largely for government and defense projects. Qualcomm merged with Omninet in 1988 and raised $3.5 million in funding in order to produce the Omnitracs satellite communications system for trucking companies. Qualcomm grew from eight employees in 1986 to 620 employees in 1991, due to demand for Omnitracs. |
By 1989, Qualcomm had $32 million in revenues, 50 percent of which was from an Omnitracs contract with Schneider National. Omnitracs profits helped fund Qualcomm's research and development into code-division multiple access (CDMA) technologies for cell phone networks. 1990-2015 Qualcomm was operating at a loss in the 1990s due to its investment in CDMA research. To obtain funding, the company filed an initial public offering in September 1991 raising $68 million. An additional $486 million was raised in 1995 through the sale of 11.5 million more shares. The second funding round was done to raise money for the mass manufacturing of CDMA-based phones, base-stations, and equipment, after most US-based cellular networks announced they would adopt the CDMA standard. |
The company had $383 million in annual revenue in 1995 and $814 million by 1996. In 1998, Qualcomm was restructured, leading to a 700-employee layoff. Its cell-phone manufacturing business was also spun-off in order to focus on its higher-margin patents business. The following year, Qualcomm was the fastest growing stock on the market with a 2,621 percent growth over one year. By 2000, Qualcomm had grown to 6,300 employees, $3.2 billion in revenues, and $670 million in profit. 39 percent of its sales were from CDMA technology, followed by licensing (22%), wireless (22%), and other products (17%). Around this time, Qualcomm established offices in Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America. |
By 2001, 65 percent of Qualcomm's revenues originated from outside the United States with 35 percent coming from South Korea. In 2005, Paul E. Jacobs, son of Qualcomm founder Dr. Irwin Jacobs, was appointed as Qualcomm's new CEO. Whereas Irwin Jacobs focused on CDMA patents, Paul Jacobs refocused much of Qualcomm's new research and development on projects related to the internet of things. Qualcomm announced Steven Mollenkopf would succeed Paul Jacobs as CEO in December 2013. Mollenkopf said he would expand Qualcomm's focus to wireless technology for cars, wearable devices, and other new markets. NXP and Broadcom Qualcomm announced its intent to acquire NXP Semiconductors for $47 billion in October 2016. |
The deal was approved by U.S. antitrust regulators in April 2017 with some standard-essential patents excluded to get the deal approved by antitrust regulators. As the NXP acquisition was ongoing, Broadcom made a $103 billion offer to acquire Qualcomm, and Qualcomm rejected the offer. Broadcom attempted a hostile takeover, and raised its offer, eventually to $121 billion. The potential Broadcom acquisition was investigated by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment and blocked by an executive order from U.S. President Donald Trump, citing national security concerns. Qualcomm's NXP acquisition then became a part of the 2018 China–United States trade war. U.S. President Donald Trump blocked China-based ZTE Corporation from buying American-made components, such as those from Qualcomm. |
The ZTE restriction was lifted after the two countries reached an agreement, but then Trump raised tariffs against Chinese goods. Qualcomm extended a tender offer to NXP at least 29 times pending Chinese approval, before abandoning the deal in July 2018. Wireless CDMA 2G Early history In mid-1985, Qualcomm was hired by Hughes Aircraft to provide research and testing for a satellite network proposal to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The following year, Qualcomm filed its first CDMA patent (No. 4,901,307). This patent established Qualcomm's overall approach to CDMA and later became one of the most frequently cited technical documents in history. |
The project with the FCC was scrapped in 1988, when the FCC told all twelve vendors that submitted proposals to form a joint venture to create a single proposal. Qualcomm further developed the CDMA techniques for commercial use and submitted them to the Cellular Telephone Industries Association (CTIA) in 1989 as an alternative to the time division multiple access (TDMA) standard for second-generation cell-phone networks. A few months later, CTIA officially rejected Qualcomm's CDMA standard in favor of the more established TDMA standard developed by Ericsson. At the time, CDMA wasn't considered viable in high-volume commercial applications due to the near-far field effect, whereby phones closer to a cell tower with a stronger signal drown out callers that are further away and have a weaker signal. |
Qualcomm filed three additional patents in 1989. They were for: a power management system that adjusts the signal strength of each call to adjust for the near-far field effect; a "soft handoff" methodology for transferring callers from one cell-tower to the next; and a variable rate encoder, which reduces bandwidth usage when a caller isn't speaking. Holy wars of wireless After the FCC said carriers were allowed to implement standards not approved by the CTIA, Qualcomm began pitching its CDMA technology directly to carriers. This started what is often referred to as "the Holy Wars of Wireless," an often heated debate about whether TDMA or CDMA was better suited for 2G networks. |
Qualcomm-supported CDMA standards eventually unseated TDMA as the more popular 2G standard in North America, due to its network capacity. Qualcomm conducted CDMA test demonstrations in 1989 in San Diego and in 1990 in New York City. In 1990, Nynex Mobile Communications and Ameritech Mobile Communications were the first carriers to implement CDMA networks instead of TDMA. Motorola, a prior TDMA advocate, conducted CDMA test implementations in Hong Kong and Los Angeles. This was followed by a $2 million trial network in San Diego for Airtouch Communications. In November 1991, 14 carriers and manufacturers conducted large-scale CDMA field tests. Results from the test implementations convinced CTIA to re-open discussions regarding CDMA and the 2G standard. |
CTIA changed its position and supported CDMA in 1993, adopting Qualcomm's CDMA as the IS-95A standard, also known as cdmaOne. This prompted widespread criticism in forums, trade press, and conventions from businesses that had already invested heavily in the TDMA standard and from TDMA's developer, Ericsson. The first commercial-scale CDMA cellular network was created in Hong Kong in 1995. On July 21, 1995, Primeco, which represented a consortium of Cox Communications, Comcast, Sprint and others, announced it was going to implement CDMA-based services on networks in 15 states. By this time, 11 out of 14 of the world's largest networks supported CDMA. |
By 1997 CDMA had 57 percent of the US market, whereas 14 percent of the market was on TDMA. International In 1991, Qualcomm and the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) agreed to jointly develop CDMA technologies for the Korean telecommunications infrastructure. A CDMA standard was adopted as the national wireless standard in Korea in May 1993 with commercial CDMA networks being launched in 1996. CDMA networks were also launched in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, India, and Venezuela. Qualcomm entered the Russian and Latin American markets in 2005. By 2007, Qualcomm's technology was in cell phone networks in more than 105 countries. |
Qualcomm also formed licensing agreements with Nokia in Europe, Nortel in Canada, and with Matsushita and Mitsubishi in Japan. Qualcomm entered the Chinese market through a partnership with China Unicom in 2000, which launched the first CDMA-based network in China in 2003. China became a major market for Qualcomm's semiconductor products, representing more than fifty percent of its revenues, but also the source of many legal disputes regarding Qualcomm's intellectual property. By 2007, $500 million of Qualcomm's annual revenues were coming from Korean manufacturers. Manufacturing Initially, Qualcomm's manufacturing operations were limited to a small ASIC design and manufacturing team to support the Omnitracs system. |
Qualcomm was forced to expand into manufacturing in the 1990s in order to produce the hardware carriers needed to implement CDMA networks that used Qualcomm's intellectual property. Qualcomm's first large manufacturing project was in May 1993, in a deal to provide 36,000 CDMA phones to US West. For a time, Qualcomm experienced delays and other manufacturing problems, because it was in-experienced with mass manufacturing. In 1994, Qualcomm partnered with Northern Telecom and formed a joint partnership with Sony, in order to leverage their manufacturing expertise. Nokia, Samsung and Motorola introduced their own CDMA phones in 1997. Qualcomm's manufacturing business was losing money due to large capital equipment costs and declining prices caused by competition. |
Also, in March 1997, after Qualcomm introduced its Q phone, Motorola initiated a lawsuit (settled out of court in 2000) for allegedly copying the design of its Startac phone. In December 1999, Qualcomm sold its manufacturing interests to Kyocera Corporation, a Japanese CDMA manufacturer and Qualcomm licensee. Qualcomm's infrastructure division was sold to competitor Ericsson in 1999 as part of an out-of-court agreement for a CDMA patent dispute that started in 1996. The sale of the infrastructure division marked the beginning of an increase in Qualcomm's stock price and stronger financial performance, but many of the 1,200 employees involved were discontent with working for a competitor and losing their stock options. |
This led to a protracted legal dispute regarding employee stock options, resulting in $74 million in settlements by 2005. 3G 3G standards were expected to force prior TDMA carriers onto CDMA, in order to meet 3G bandwidth goals. The two largest GSM manufacturers, Nokia and Ericsson, advocated for a greater role for GSM, in order to negotiate lower royalty prices from Qualcomm. In 1998, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) voted in support of the WCDMA standard, which relied less on Qualcomm's CDMA patents. Qualcomm responded by refusing to license its intellectual property for the standard. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and the Third Generation Partnership Program 2, advocated for a competing CDMA-2000 standard developed primarily by Qualcomm. |
American and European politicians advocated for the CDMA-2000 and WCDMA standards respectively. The ITU said it would exclude Qualcomm's CDMA technology from the 3G standards entirely if a patent dispute over the technology with Ericsson was not resolved. The two reached an agreement out-of-court in 1999, one month before a deadline set by the ITU. Both companies agreed to cross-license their technology to each other and to work together on 3G standards. A compromise was eventually reached whereby the ITU would initially endorse three standards: CDMA2000 1X, WCDMA and TD-SCDMA. Qualcomm agreed to license its CDMA patents for variants such as WCDMA. |
There were 240 million CDMA 3G subscribers by 2004 and 143 carriers in 67 countries by 2005. Qualcomm claimed to own 38 percent of WCDMA's essential patents, whereas European GSM interests sponsored a research paper allegigng Qualcomm only owned 19 percent. Qualcomm consolidated its interests in telecommunications carriers, such as Cricket Communications and Pegaso into a holding company, Leap Wireless, in 1998. Leap was spun-off later that year and sold to AT&T in 2014. 4G Qualcomm initially advocated for the CDMA-based Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) standard for fourth generation wireless networks. UMB wasn't backwards compatible with prior CDMA networks and didn't operate as well in narrow bandwidths as the LTE (long-term evolution) standard. |
No cellular networks adopted UMB. Qualcomm halted development of UMB in 2005 and decided to support the LTE standard, even though it didn't rely as heavily on Qualcomm patents. Then, Qualcomm purchased LTE-related patents through acquisitions. By 2012, Qualcomm held 81 seminal patents used in 4G LTE standards, or 12.46 percent. Qualcomm also became more focused on using its intellectual property to manufacture semiconductors in a fabless manufacturing model. A VLSI Technology Organization division was founded in 2004, followed by a DFX group in 2006, which did more of the manufacturing design in-house. Qualcomm announced it was developing the Scorpion central processing unit (CPU) for mobile devices in November 2005. |
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