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The Cabinet which in PNG is called the National Executive council (NEC), was also confronted with a prepared statement. The treasurer, Don Polye, refused to sign and was sacked as a result. However, there were more ministers who stood up against the decision. The decision has probably passed in some form through the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance., but prominent PNG economists argued from its inception that “the UBS loan was sought outside of sound fiscal management laws and legal governance”. This was confirmed by an Ombudsman Commission report that recommend a Leadership tribunal for James Marape, the minister of Finance and Prime minister Peter O”Neill.
The Commission found 15 breaches of procedure. The most important breach may be that parliament was not asked to approve the loan as this was constitutionally required. Second, albeit that much of the loan was shrouded in mystery, there were from the beginning suspicions about parties benefiting themselves. That suspicion was warranted as there was a bridging loan of AUD$ 335 million covering the costs of acquiring the shares besides the substantive collared loan of AUD$904 million to cover the price of the Oil Search shares. This raises the question who benefited from the bridging loan?
The Ombudsman Commission's report found that “It involved different contracts being signed between at least eight different parties including the PNG State, UBS AG, UBS Nominees Pty Ltd, UBS Securities Australia Limited, the National Petroleum Company of PNG (Kroton) Limited and its parent, the Independent Public Business Corporation, the Papua New Guinea Liquefied Natural Gas Global Company LDC and, finally, Oil Search Limited.” The Commission of inquiry into the UBS loan will pay attention to the fees paid to brokers and negotiators. Third, the loan was supposed to be redeemed a long time before one could expect revenues from the Elk/Antelope to repay.
It was expected to be serviced from the income from PNG/LNG. However, according to the treasury secretary Dirio Vele, the government in PNG could only expected revenues to flow after 2020 when investment costs were recouped. The investment costs had to be settled out of depreciation charges to pay off the loans to the highly geared project. The loan had to be repaid in 2016 and Mekere Morauta wondered how that had to be repaid. ( The PNG government had difficulty to service the loan which led to hedging and refinancing by UBS. The loan had to be repaid in 2016 and Mekere Morauta wondered how that had to be repaid?
Ultimately the loan was repaid by transfer of the shares in Oil Search, the security of the loan. This repayment was however at a loss: the government of PNG had bought these at A$ 8.20 and the price was A$ 6,70 at the time of redemption. When the deal was concluded the PNG government expected the share price to double which should have resulted in a windfall for the PNG government. Kumul Petroleum Hodings, the state owned company that owned the shares estimated the loss at US$254 million. There is however not the necessary transparency to make a proper estimate of the costs.
Concluding: the financial constructions led to an actual loss of Oil Search shares. This loss was compounded by substantial costs: the bridging loan, the costs of servicing the loan and shortfall of the share price. Conclusion: the policy debate Income from natural resources in PNG is according to authoritative institutions (OESO, IMF and IETI) far below international standards It was thus understandable that renegotiation of the Papua/LNG agreement was a priority for the Marape government after coming to power. Kerenga Kua, the new petroleum minister in the Marape government reopened such negotiations.. However, the energy companies were only willing to grant minor concessions.
Kua had to accept the terms of the Papau/LNG agreement, but he insisted however that the agreement for the P’nyang gas field should offer considerably better terms: ‘In the P’nyang talks, the government appears to be seeking a better tax take, more local content and jobs opportunities, more project information from the operator, and a firm commitment to development of P’nyang in a defined timeframe,” The energy companies were not willing to take that into consideration and talks broke down between government and the companies on 31/1/2020. Prime Minister Marape sounded confident that progress on the Papua LNG project with lead developer Exxon will still go ahead.
That is doubtful as the development of Papua-LNG can be seen as dependent on an agreement on P’nyang. Three new trains to convert natural gas into liquefied LNG are planned to treat the gas from Papua/LNG as well as from P’nyong . They energy companies want to proceed only with preliminary engineering and design for the expansion of its PNG LNG plan with these new trains after a Petroleum Development Licence has been given for the P’nyang field. The result is a stalemate. Landowner interests are a further complicating factor. An umbrella organisation of landowners groups covering the area of operation of Papua/LNG went to the courts in order to ask for a temporary injunction to proceed further developing Papua-LNG..
The court granted the landowners to delay the issue of a Production Dvelopment Licence until a new agreement has been negotiated and a new Petroleum and Gas Act is in place. Among their demands are production sharing and at least 50% PNG ownership. There is little policy reflection on the attempts to gain equity in the big gas projects. The PNG government has lost its shareholding in Oil Search. It exchanged these in practice for a shareholding in LNG/PNG. This exchange was at a substantial cost of contracting and servicing a loan as well as an additional payment on top of the exchange of shares.
The government of PNG has not acquired a shareholding in Papua LNG through Oil Search despite the cost of contracting an servicing a loan plus unknown extra payments. The energy companies have benefitted from a capital injection in PNG/LNG through the government shareholding and Oil Search has benefitted from a capital injection through the botched attempt to gain shares through the UBS loan. The agreement on Papua/LNG expects a shareholding of 22.25% in Papua LNG that is expected to be paid for out of income when the scheme is on stream.
Dr Ken Ail Kaepai of PNG University of Technology sketched the dilemma as follows: “Under this arrangement, the dividends will be delayed over more extended periods required for allowing the State to repay the equity capital sourced from external lending institutions or will enable the investor to recoup its equivalent equity capital cost internally using future positive cash flows from the project.” The dilemma is either no equity participation or a severe loss of income from the project. See also List of LNG terminals List of natural gas pipelines References Category:Oil and gas companies of Papua New Guinea Category:Liquefied natural gas plants
A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct a horse. As defined in the Oxford English Dictionary, the "bridle" includes both the that holds a bit that goes in the mouth of a horse, and the reins that are attached to the bit. Headgear without a bit that uses a noseband to control a horse is called a hackamore, or, in some areas, a bitless bridle. There are many different designs with many different name variations, but all use a noseband that is designed to exert pressure on sensitive areas of the animal's face to provide direction and control.
Parts The bridle consists of the following elements: Crownpiece: The crownpiece, headstall (US) or headpiece (UK) goes over the horse's head just behind the animal's ears, at the poll. It is the main strap that holds the remaining parts of the bridle in place. Cheekpieces: On most bridles, two cheekpieces attach to either side of the crownpiece and run down the side of the horse's face, along the cheekbone and attach to the bit rings. On some designs, the crownpiece is a longer strap that includes the right cheek and crownpiece as a single unit and only a left side cheekpiece is added.
Throatlatch: the throatlatch (US) or throatlash (UK) is usually part of the same piece of leather as the crownpiece. It runs from the horse's right ear, under the horse's throatlatch, and attaches below the left ear. The main purpose of the throatlatch is to prevent the bridle from coming off over the horse's head, which can occur if the horse rubs its head on an object, or if the bit is low in the horse's mouth and tightened reins raise it up, loosening the cheeks. Browband: The crownpiece runs through the browband. The browband runs from just under one ear of the horse, across the forehead, to just under the other ear.
It prevents the bridle from sliding behind the poll onto the upper neck, and holds multiple headstalls together when a cavesson or second bit is added, and holds the throatlatch in place on designs where it is a separate strap. In certain sports, such as dressage and Saddle seat, decorative browbands are sometimes fashionable. Noseband: the noseband encircles the nose of the horse. It is often used to keep the animal's mouth closed, or to attach other pieces or equipment, such as martingales. See also Noseband. Cavesson also called Caveson or caves[s]on noseband, is a specific type of noseband used on English bridles wherein the noseband is attached to its own headstall, held onto the rest of the bridle by the browband.
Because it has a separate headstall (also called sliphead), a cavesson can be adjusted with greater precision; a noseband that is simply attached to the same cheekpieces that hold the bit cannot be raised or lowered. In Saddle seat riding, the cavesson is often brightly colored and matches the browband. Variations on the standard English-style bridle are often named for their style of noseband. For use in polo, a gag bridle usually has a noseband plus a cavesson. Frentera, a strap running from the browband to the noseband, primarily seen on bridles of certain South American designs. Fiador, a form of throatlatch, is used with a hackamore.
Reins: The reins of a bridle attach to the bit, below the attachment for the cheekpieces. The reins are the rider's link to the horse, and are seen on every bridle. Reins are often laced, braided, have stops, or are made of rubber or some other tacky material to provide extra grip. Bit: The bit goes into the horse's mouth, resting on the sensitive interdental space between the horse's teeth known as the "bars." On a double bridle, where the horse carries two bits (a curb and small snaffle, often called a "bit and bradoon"), a second, smaller headstall, known as a 'bradoon hanger' or ‘slip head’ is used to attach the bradoon.
A second set of reins is attached to the bradoon, and hence the rider carries four reins. The bridle, depending on style, may also contain some of the following elements: Bit guards: Bit guards are optional fittings used on some bits. Curb strap or curb chain, used primarily on bridles with a curb bit, a small strap or chain, usually flat, that runs from one side of the bit to the other, and puts pressure on the chin groove when curb reins are tightened. Lip strap: a small strap used on a few curb bit designs, attaches between the bit shanks of a curb bit at the halfway point, used to keep the curb chain properly positioned and may prevent the horse from grabbing at the shanks with its lips.
Bit hobble: basically, a curb strap used on the snaffle bit rings of a western bridle. Provides no leverage, but because open-faced bridles have no cavesson to prevent the horse from gaping its mouth open, it prevents the bit rings from being pulled through the mouth if strong pressure is applied. Shank hobble: A strap, bar or chain that connects the shanks of a curb bit at the bottom of the bit. Serves to stabilize the bit, prevent a lasso or other object from being caught on the shanks. Winkers or blinkers, also called "blinders", are partial eye blocks used primarily on driving horses and some race horses that prevent the animal from seeing what is behind it.
Overcheck, also called a bearing rein or "check rein," is a specialty rein that runs from a snaffle bit, past the crownpiece, along the crest of the neck, and attaches to the front of a harness on a driving horse. It prevents the horse from dropping its head too low. Overchecks are also sometimes used on riding horses, especially ponies, to keep them from grazing while being ridden by a small child who may lack the physical strength or skill to raise the animal's head up. Ornaments such as phalerae and sallongs. Types "English" styles Snaffle bridle: the "English-type" snaffle bridle is most commonly seen in English riding.
It is a basic bridle that carries one bit and usually has one set of reins. Despite the name, a snaffle bridle may be used not only with a snaffle bit, but also with almost any other types of single rein bits, including Kimblewicks (US: Kimberwick), gag bits, and single curb bits. The English bridle is almost always used with some type of cavesson noseband. Pelham bridle: The Pelham is another English type bridle that carries a single bit, in this case a Pelham bit, but two sets of reins, one for snaffle action and one for curb action. Double bridle: Also called a Weymouth bridle, double bridles use two bits at once, a small snaffle called a bradoon and a curb or Weymouth bit, and require the use of two sets of reins.
Double bridles are usually only seen used in upper level dressage, in Saddle seat riding, and for showing in certain other events that require formal attire and equipment. Stock horse and working styles Western bridle: used for American-style western riding, this bridle usually does not have a noseband. Many western bridles also lack browbands, sometimes replaced by a "one ear" (variations called "split ear," "shaped ear," and "slip ear") design where a small strap encircles one or both ears to provide extra security to keep the bridle on. Some horse show styles do not have a throatlatch, most working styles do.
Barcoo bridle – an Australian stock horse bridle that usually does not have a noseband and is used at work and in competition. The crownpiece, browband and throatlatch are all sewn onto a ring near the horse's ears on each side of the head. The cheek strap is single strap that loops through the bit and through the ring to a buckle on the outside of the cheek. Thus the cheek strap is doubled. Variations of this bridle include an "extended head" with the throatlatch further back than usual) to prevent horses rubbing the bridle off. Other variations include a noseband and these styles may be used as a headcollar.
A lighter variety used for racing has cheek strap billets sewn to the ring, and the attached cheek straps are similar to those of an English bridle. Most bits can be used with these bridles with various snaffles the most commonly used. Specialty styles Gag bridle: a bridle with rounded cheekpieces that pass through the top and bottom holes in the bit ring of a gag bit and attach directly to the reins. Tension on the reins rotates the bit and slides it up the cheekpieces and into the corners of the lips. In some styles, the bit is sewn into the bridle and slides, but is not interchangeable, other styles have detachable cheekpieces that allow bits to be changed.
Gag bridles have the potential for severe action. They are often seen in polo, rodeo speed events, and occasionally show jumping. They are not permitted in most other horse show competition. In polo, they are often used with double reins, in the same manner as a Pelham bridle. Halter bridle, also known as a "trail bridle" or "endurance" bridle, this design is a halter with additional quick release cheekpieces that hold a bit and reins. They are an alternative to using a bitted bridle over the top of a halter. During rest stops, instead of removing the bridle, the rider only needs to remove the bit and reins.
Variations of this bridle are used by the Australian Light Horse, the Household Cavalry, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and some other mounted police units. Hackamores and bitless bridles A hackamore, put simply, is headgear that controls a horse via pressure points on the face, usually with a nosepiece instead of a bit. A hackamore is not the same thing as a halter, as a halter is primarily used for leading and tying up an animal. Bitless bridles are similar to hackamores, but some designs use different leverage principles for control. Hackamores and bitless bridles use a headstall with reins attached to some type of noseband or nosepiece.
Various designs allow control and good communication to the horse and may, in some cases, be more comfortable to the horse, particularly a young animal or one with a mouth injury. The jaquima or original bosal style hackamore is mostly seen on young horses being started under saddle in western riding disciplines. Bitless bridles and other types of hackamore are most often seen on horses used for endurance riding and trail riding. A design called the mechanical hackamore is sometimes seen at rodeos. Most horse show events do not allow bitless bridles of any kind. The exceptions are show jumping, where equipment rules are fairly generous, and in certain western horse show classes for "junior" horses, which permit use of bosal hackamore.
Besides the bosal hackamore, there are many other designs. A design that combines elements of the bosal hackamore is known as a sidepull, which acts mostly on the nose, and are popular with western riders and many trail riders. English riders sometimes use a jumping cavesson or "jumping hackamore" that is basically a leather sidepull noseband reinforced internally with a cable, with rein rings attached. The so-called mechanical hackamore or "hackamore bit" is basically a hybrid bridle/hackamore made up of a noseband with shanks and a curb strap or chain that can put considerable leverage on the jaw and poll.
Another design, called a bitless bridle is the "cross-under" or "figure eight" bridle. One common design connects the reins to a loop that passes from the noseband, under the jaw, and up around the poll, returning on the opposite side back under the jaw to the noseband and out to the other rein. This design directs pressure from one rein to the opposite side of the horse's head, or pressure on both reins to the whole head. Other designs only cross under the jaw and do not go over the poll. Some riders, not realizing that a horse's head overall is a very sensitive area, use a noseband-based style of headgear without the same caution they might use with a bit, thus defeating any benefit that an apparently milder form of gear would otherwise provide.
While many bitless designs are marketed as humane, and some are indeed quite mild, other designs can be remarkably harsh in the hands of a poor rider, particularly if they are improperly adjusted or have metal parts, a thin design, or rough surfaces. Harness bridles Bridles used for driving horses have some differences from most riding bridles. The most visible difference is that they usually include partial eye coverings called blinders, blinkers or winkers that restrict the horse's peripheral vision. They are stitched into the cheekpieces of a driving bridle and sometimes bear a monogram or badge. Winkers may be square, dee-shaped, hatchet-shaped, or round, and are adjusted to fit clear of the center of the horse's eye.
The noseband is fitted into the bridle so has a certain amount of action, and is not on a separate headstall (also called sliphead) as is a cavesson. Harness bridles may feature a fancy browband, rosettes, and other ornamentation. An overcheck or sidecheck are sometimes used to control a horse's head carriage and may be used in conjunction with an overcheck bit. The Liverpool curb bit is most commonly used for carriage driving. The reins can be attached in any of the three slots along the shanks, resulting in a snaffle or curb action as required. Wilson snaffle bits are commonly used with trade turnouts.
These bits have four rings so that the inner two rings may be attached to the cheek pieces and the outer pair to the reins. This arrangement is designed to prevent rein pressure interfering with the position of the winkers. Other styles of bits are used for harness racing, fine harness, and coach driving. Fitting a bridle A bridle is individually fitted to a horse. Without properly fitting the bridle to the horses’ head, the horse may be uncomfortable, and poor fitting may also result in lack of control while riding or unclear communication. The length of each piece of the bridle needs to be individually adjusted to fit the horse's head.
Other parts of the bridle are adjustable in length, though there are limits to adjustment and thus many manufacturers offer two to six different basic sizes. The sizes may have different names, but in the USA and Canada they are often called "cob" and "horse" for small and large animals, sometimes with "pony", "mini", "warmblood" and "draft" sizes in some designs. The bit and browband are of set lengths and must be selected in the correct size. A too-narrow bit is uncomfortable and cannot be widened. One that is slightly too wide can be narrowed to some extent by adding a pair of bit guards.
A browband that is too short causes the browband or crownpiece to rub the ears. The cheekpieces are adjusted not only so that the bit avoids the extremes of pulling the corners of the horse's mouth or banging the horse's incisors, but also so it hangs properly in the mouth for the specific riding discipline and bit design involved . The adjustment of the noseband depends on the type used, but needs to be snug enough to be effective, yet loose enough to avoid discomfort. The throatlatch is adjusted each time the bridle is put on the horse, loose enough to not interfere as the horse flexes at the poll.
A standard throatlatch measurement is that the width of three or four fingers should be able to fit between the throatlatch and the horses’ cheek. Dangers of tying with a bridle It is unsafe to tie a horse using a bridle for two main, seemingly contradictory, reasons. First, if the tied animal pulls back on the bridle, the bit or controlling noseband (such as a bosal or mechanical hackamore) may cause considerable pain or even injury to the mouth, tongue, or other facial structures of the animal even if the bridle breaks. Second, compared to halters, most bridles are made of thin leather which will easily break under pressure.
The end result can be both injury to the horse and broken equipment. Should a rider need to tie a horse, best practice is to either remove the bridle and put on a halter, or to put a halter on in addition to the bridle (under or over the bridle), and tie the horse using the halter only. In addition, tying with a slipknot that can be released by pulling on the end of the lead rope is a key safety tactic. In western riding, some horses are taught to "ground tie" with a bridle, that is, to stand still when the reins are dropped on the ground.
This can only be done with split reins, as a horse can easily put a foot through a pair of reins that are attached to one another. Even with split reins, a horse can still step on a rein, jerk its head up and both break the rein and injure its mouth. Historically, it was a useful skill if a rider had to momentarily dismount and perform a task that required both hands (such as removing brush or fixing a fence) in a remote area where tying was impracticable. In actual practice, just as with the "stay" command used in obedience work for dogs, even well-trained horses may not stay "ground tied" for long, especially if left unsupervised.
Thus, ground tying today is usually seen in specific classes at horse shows such as the trail horse class, or as a useful short-term command: many horses are taught to stand still for a limited period of time on a "whoa" or "stay" command, with or without dropping the reins. References Edwards, Elwyn Hartley. The complete book of bits and bitting. David and Charles, 2004. . McBane, Susan. The essential book of horse tack and equipment. David and Charles, 2002. . Price, Steven D., ed. The Whole Horse Catalogue. New York: Simon and Schuster/Brigadore Press, 1977 External links How To Fit A Double Bridle Photo of checking throatlatch Category:Headgear (horse)
Bis-oxadiazole, or more formally known as bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole)bis(methylene) dinitrate, is a nitrated heterocyclic compound of the oxadiazole family. Bis-oxadiazole is related to bis-isoxazole tetranitrate (BITN), which was developed at the United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL). With a high nitrogen content, these compounds are poised to release a large volume of very stable N2. It is a “melt-cast” explosive material that is potentially both more powerful and environmentally friendly alternative to TNT. Synthesis Glyoxal condenses with hydroxylamine to yield diaminoglyoxime (DAG). Treating DAG with methyl glycolate in the presence of base at high temperature yielded bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole). Replacement for TNT TNT is attractive explosive because it is a melt-castable.
A low melting point of about 80 °C and high decomposition temperature of 295 °C allows manufacturers to safely pour TNT into molds. The production of TNT generates hazardous waste, e.g. red water and pink water. Bis-oxadiazole, which is also melt-castable, is about 1.5 times more powerful than TNT yet produce less hazardous wastes. A major challenge in the production of bis-oxadiazole is its low yield. References Category:Military technology Category:Explosive chemicals Category:Oxadiazoles
Bichirs and the reedfish comprise Polypteridae, a family of archaic-looking ray-finned fishes and the only family in the order Polypteriformes. All species occur in freshwater habitats in tropical Africa and the Nile River system, mainly swampy, shallow floodplains and estuaries. Polypterids are considered the sister group to all other extant ray-finned fishes. Anatomy Polypterids are elongated fish with a unique series of dorsal finlets which vary in number from seven to 18, instead of a single dorsal fin. Each of the dorsal finlets has bifid (double-edged) tips, and are the only fins with spines; the rest of the fins are composed of soft rays.
The body is covered in thick, bonelike, and rhombic (ganoid) scales. Their jaw structure more closely resembles that of the tetrapods than that of the teleost fishes. Bichirs have a number of other primitive characteristics, including fleshy pectoral fins superficially similar to those of lobe-finned fishes. They also have a pair of slit-like spiracles on the top of their heads that are used to breathe air, two gular plates, and paired ventral lungs (the left lung shorter than the right). Four pairs of gill arches are present. Bichirs have a maximum body length ranging from to over depending on specific species and morphology.
Diet Polypterids are nocturnal and feed on small vertebrates, crustaceans, and insects. Air breathing Polypterids possess paired lungs which connect to the esophagus via a glottis. They are facultative air-breathers, accessing surface air to breathe when the water they inhabit is poorly oxygenated. Their lungs are highly vascularized to facilitate gas exchange. Deoxygenated arterial blood is brought to the lungs by paired pulmonary arteries, which branch from the fourth efferent branchial arteries (artery from the fourth gill arch), and oxygenated blood leaves the lungs in pulmonary veins. Unlike most lungfish and tetrapods, their lungs are smooth sacs instead of alveolated tissue.
Polypterids are unique in that they breathe using recoil aspiration. Polypterids appear to prefer breathing air via their spiracles when undisturbed or in extremely shallow waters where they are unable to incline their body enough to breathe air through their mouth. Polypterids as aquarium specimens Polypterids are popular subjects of public and large hobby aquaria. They are sometimes called dragon bichir or dragon fin in pet shops for a more appealing name due to their dragon-like appearance. Though predatory, they are otherwise peaceful, preferring to lie on the bottom, and make good tankmates with other species large enough to not be prey.
Some Aquarists Note that Catfish Attack (But not Kill) Polypterids. Polypterids in captivity have life expectancies up to 10 years. Species The two genera have 12 extant species: Order Polypteriformes Suborder Polypterioidei Clade Salamandrophysida Family Polypteridae Genus †Bawitius Grandstaff et al. 2012 †Bawitius bartheli (Schaal 1984) Grandstaff et al. 2012 - Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Egypt Genus †Serenoichthys Dutheil 1999a †Serenoichthys kemkemensis Dutheil 1999a Genus Erpetoichthys J. A. Smith, 1865 Erpetoichthys calabaricus J.
A. Smith, 1865 (reedfish) Genus Polypterus Lacépède, 1803 †Polypterus dageti Gayet & Meunier 1996 †Polypterus faraou Otero et al., 2006 — late Miocene †Polypterus sudanensis Werner & Gayet 1997 Retropinnis group Polypterus retropinnis Vaillant, 1899 (West African bichir) Bichir group Polypterus ansorgii Boulenger, 1910 (Guinean bichir) Polypterus bichir Lacépède, 1803 (Nile bichir) P. b. bichir Lacepède, 1803 P. b. lapradei Steindachner, 1869 P. b. ornatus Arambourg 1948 Polypterus congicus Boulenger, 1898 (Congo bichir) Polypterus endlicheri Heckel, 1847 (saddled bichir) Weeksii group Polypterus mokelembembe Schliewen & Schäfer, 2006 (Mokèlé-mbèmbé bichir) Polypterus ornatipinnis Boulenger, 1902 (ornate bichir) Polypterus weeksii Boulenger, 1898 (mottled bichir) Senegalus group Polypterus delhezi Boulenger, 1899 (barred bichir) Polypterus polli J. P. Gosse, 1988 Polypterus palmas Ayres, 1850 (shortfin bichir) P. p. buettikoferi Steindachner, 1891 P. p. palmas Ayres, 1850 Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829 (gray bichir) P. s. meridionalis Poll, 1941 (most likely a variant of P. s. senegalus) P. s. senegalus Cuvier, 1829 Polypterus teugelsi Britz, 2004 (Cross River bichir) References External links FishBase entry for Polypteridae * Category:Fish of Africa Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances
The Texas Chainsaw House is located in Kingsland, Texas, on the grounds of The Antlers Hotel. This 1900s Victorian house was featured prominently in the 1974 film The Texas Chain Saw Massacre as the home of Leatherface and his cannibalistic family, before it was moved to this location from Williamson County in 1998. The then-dilapidated farm house originally sat on Quick Hill Road during the July–August 1973 filming of the movie.The original site is where La Frontera is now located, in Round Rock. Location of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre farmhouse at Quick Hill – In 1998, the house was cut into six pieces in order to be moved, then reassembled and restored to its original condition by master carpenter Anthony Mayfield on behalf of an investor couple in Austin, Texas.
The house was a "pattern book" house, ordered from a catalog and assembled on site from a package of materials brought by wagon from a local lumber company. Research indicates it was likely built between 1908 and 1910. Two identical twins A densely overgrown identical twin of the house was later found at La Frontera as well, and it too was cut into pieces and moved, but to nearby Georgetown and restored. It is known locally as the Burkland-Frisk house as it was built by an early settler in Williamson County, Leonard Frisk, and was later owned by Tony Burkland, a relative of the Frisk family.
The house originally set across the street from the Chainsaw house, on Quick Hill Road. But it was later moved to another location within La Frontera and was not originally recognized as a twin because of the dilapidated condition of the house and it being completely overgrown with plants and trees. It was moved in 2006 and restored by the developers of La Frontera, Don Martin and Bill Smalling (1953–2008). It sits on San Gabriel Village Blvd prominently overlooking the South San Gabriel River and is used as an office. Film sets Replicas of the original house were built as sets for Texas Chainsaw 3D and the 2017 prequel Leatherface.
See also Antlers Hotel (Kingsland, Texas) La Frontera (Round Rock, Texas) Kingsland, Texas Georgetown, Texas References Category:Railway hotels in the United States Category:Filming locations by franchise Category:The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Category:Queen Anne architecture in Texas
In chemistry, acylation (or alkanoylation) is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with some metal catalysts, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl, as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst to add an ethanoyl (acetyl) group to benzene: The mechanism of this reaction is electrophilic aromatic substitution. Acyl halides and anhydrides of carboxylic acids are also commonly used acylating agents. In some cases, active esters exhibit comparable reactivity.
All react with amines to form amides and alcohols to form esters by nucleophilic acyl substitution. Acylation can be used to prevent rearrangement reactions that would normally occur in alkylation. To do this an acylation reaction is performed, then the carbonyl is removed by Clemmensen reduction or a similar process. Acylation in biology Protein acylation is the post-translational modification of proteins via the attachment of functional groups through acyl linkages. Protein acylation has been observed as a mechanism controlling biological signaling. One prominent type is fatty acylation, the addition of fatty acids to particular amino acids (e.g. myristoylation, palmitoylation or palmitoleoylation).
Different types of fatty acids engage in global protein acylation. Palmitoleoylation is an acylation type where the monounsaturated fatty acid palmitoleic acid is covalently attached to serine or threonine residues of proteins. Palmitoleoylation appears to play a significant role in trafficking and targeting and function of Wnt proteins. See also Acetyl Ketene References Category:Organic reactions
MCGS Barracuda is an offshore patrol vessel of National Coast Guard Mauritius. Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, Kolkata, and launched on 2 August 2013, it is the first warship to be exported by an Indian shipyard. History India and Mauritius concluded a contract on the purchase of MCGS Barracuda in March 2011. The ship was to have been built in 42 months and was delivered to The Mauritian Coast Guard in September 2014 on the sidelines of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's state visit to Mauritius. Its keel was laid in April 2012 and was launched on 2 August 2013.
Features Valued at US$50 million, MCGS Barracuda has an integrated bridge system and cutting edge controls and main engines. It measures in length and in breadth and will be capable of moving at a maximum speed of with an approximate displacement of 1350 tonnes. Armed with a 30 mm gun featuring a stabilized optical remote control system, Barracuda also carries on board heavy machine-guns (HMGs) and medium machine-guns (MMGs) to deal with any hostile situation. Manned by a crew of 83 officers and men, Barracuda can be deployed for a wide range of tasks including anti-piracy, search and rescue, anti-smuggling and anti-drug surveillance operations.
The ship will safeguard the exclusive economic zone of Mauritius and can be used as a logistics support vessel and to transport troops. Barracuda is also capable of supporting helicopter operations without a hangar. References Category:Ships built in India Category:Ships built in Kolkata
The number of Indian students studying abroad rapidly increased by 163% between 1999 and 2006 to reach 145,539 as compared to slower growth of 25% between 2006 and 2013 to reach 181,872, according an analysis of UNESCO data. Students of Indian origin are traveling in higher numbers than ever before to pursue higher education abroad. Nearly 85% of internationally mobile Indian students head for five countries—the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand —but China and Germany are both emerging destinations for Indian students heading abroad, though the numbers heading for Germany are still relatively small. In 2006, of the 123,000 studying outside India, 76,500 chose the US, followed by the UK; in 2001 India overtook China as the source of the largest number of foreign students in the United States.
Students from India in the United States of America The number of students studying in the US rose 94,563 to 103,260 in 2010–11. Most of the students choose either the east coast or the mid-west as their destination. In 2001 India overtook China as the source of the largest number of foreign students in the United States. "In the US alone, nearly 45% of international students are either Chinese or Indians. That's almost half the market. Canada seems to be headed that way too. In 2010, the percentage share for China plus India was 30%. In 2014, it was almost 42%", the report noted..
According to the 2017 report, the number of Indian students in the USA was at a record number to over 186,000.. In 2019, Government data from India estimated there to be over 400,000 students from India studying in the United States; the USA government estimated there to be over 250,000. In 2020, to facilitate this increasing demand, the North American Association of Indian Students (NAAIS) was created to cater to Indian and Indian-American students. Students from India in United Kingdom The UK has seen a strong increase in Indian student numbers in recent years. There was a drastic increase of 63% in the number of Indian students opting to study in the United Kingdom.
As per the Quarter three 2019 statistics release which covers the 12 months between 1 October 2018 and 30 September 2019, and compares with 12 months between 1 October 2017 and 30 September 2018; for India in the year ending September 2019, this showed: 1. Number of Indian students going to the UK for year ending September 2018 – 18,730 2. Number of Indian students going to the UK for year ending September 2019 – 30,550 This was a numerical increase of +11,820 and equated to a percentage increase of +63% which is a huge increase for India. It is almost three times as fast as the increase for China and almost four times as much as the global rate.
In a major boost for Indian students aspiring to study in the UK or are already enrolled into an educational course, the UK government in September 2019 announced a new two-year post-study work visa, expanding opportunities for talented international students to build successful careers in the UK. The new ‘Graduate’ route will be open to all international students – including those from India – who have valid UK immigration status as a student and have successfully completed a course of study in any subject at undergraduate level or above at an approved UK Higher Education Provider. Students from India in Australia After peaking in 2009, the number of Indian students studying in Australia fell following racial attacks; by 2015 the number had risen to exceed the 2009 number.
During 2013-14, 34,100 Australian visas were issued to Indian students, a rise of 38% as compared to the previous year. Students from India in Germany As of 2014-15, there are approximately 11000 Indian students studying in Germany, comprising 4.9% of international students in the country. Numbers are rising. German universities have started offering several master's programs in English, attracting Indian students. Other major destinations Nearly 85% of internationally mobile Indian students head for five countries: the US, UK, Australia, Canada and New Zealand, but in addition to Germany, China, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia are some emerging destination for Indian students heading abroad.
Romania and Ukraine has also emerged as a destination for Indian students of medicine as the education system is regulated under the European Union and is of a higher quality than in the countries of the former USSR quality is relatively better compared to Ex-USSR, China, and the Philippines. Many Indian students are also opting for higher education in the Netherlands because of the high quality of education, availability of more than 2,000 courses taught completely in English, and access to the European Union including career opportunities after graduation. In 2017, approximately 2,021 Indian students went to the Netherlands for higher studies.
Many Indians have also chosen to study in Denmark and Norway, which offer many professional courses, and about 100 in Poland. See also Immigration law International student Overseas Student Health Cover Pakistani students abroad Student and Exchange Visitor Program References External links Category:International education industry Indian diaspora Category:Students in India
Annexin A11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA11 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the annexin family, a group of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Annexins have unique N-terminal domains and conserved C-terminal domains, which contain the calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding sites. The encoded protein is a 56-kD antigen recognized by sera from patients with various autoimmune diseases. Transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been identified. Interactions ANXA11 has been shown to interact with PDCD6 and ALG2. Clinical significance It is shown that over-expression of the ANXA11 is involved in apoptotic alterations in schizophrenia and contribute to pathomechanisms of this disorder.
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Euchre is a 19th-century trick-taking card game and has many variations. Dealing variations The addition of extra cards like 8 and 7 can usually add more uncertainty as for which trump cards are still in the opponent's hands during the course of the game. This uncertainty may be increased with the addition of the 2s. In some Euchre circles it is considered acceptable to "steal the deal" from the other team if they are not paying attention when it is their turn to deal. Smitty This variation of Euchre is played with a regular deck and 4 players. The player left of the dealer calls trump before the cards are dealt.
If the top card matches what the player has "predicted" that is automatically trump and that player gets the card and discards one, not the dealer. If any other suit comes up other than the "predicted" trump the 2 other players and dealer have the option of either "ordering it up" or "pick it up". Game continues as normal. When calling trump ahead of time you can decide to "go alone" but you can not change your mind after you see your cards. If you get all 5 tricks you receive 5 points. If you call trump ahead of time and call "for the game", you are going alone plus you play all your cards face down.
If you get all five tricks (good luck) you receive 10 points and win the game. If at any time you go alone and do not at least get 3 tricks it is called a Larrie. McEvoy If a player is dealt a hand consisting entirely of 9s and 10s, they may declare a 'McEvoy', resulting in a re-deal by the same dealer. The McEvoy must be declared, and the cards must be displayed immediately after the deal, before any player calls trump or passes. All players' cards are returned and re-dealt. Only one McEvoy is allowed per player per match.
Farmer's hand Certain weak hands (usually those containing either three 10 cards or three 9 cards) are designated as "farmer's hands" or "bottoms." After inspecting the hand dealt, a player may call out "farmer's hand" and is then allowed to show the three cards in question and exchange them for the three unexposed cards in the kitty (also called "going under" or "under the table"). One variation allows that a player with any combination of a total of four 9 and/or 10 cards may call for a redeal . This is generally referred to as "farmer's hand mixed" while the prior example is called "farmer's hand clean."
Another variation dictates that none of the low cards being exchanged may match the suit of the turned-up kitty card. If more than one player wishes to call farmer's hand, there is generally no structure for determining who will take the cards other than a first-come first-served method, although some players only call "farmers" on the player's turn to bid for trump. Otherwise, the person closest to the deal will sometimes be given priority. Some variations allow for multiple farmer's hands to be called out, but those exchanging cards with those left behind in the kitty after the first exchange are essentially guaranteed very poor cards.
A regional variation on the farmer's hand (Michigan) involves a player dealt three queens to trade for the cards in the kitty after declaring "bottom bitches". Picking up the top card Some areas require the dealer to discard first, and then pick up the card. Others require the dealer to show the discarded card to all players. Making trump Chuck: A variation of Stick/Screw/Dick the Dealer. The dealer has the option to declare trump, keep one card from his dealt hand and exchange the other four for the cards in the kitty, including the card that was turned over. This can be a very strategic move, for example, the dealer can call Next when a Jack was turned over, guaranteeing that he will have at least the left bower.
Club Euchre/Dirty Clubs: Whenever the upturned kitty card is suited clubs, the dealer must "pick it up" and his team must play as the makers, with clubs as trump. Wagering: If the top card from the kitty is turned down, the player to the left of the dealer may bid Euchre points to call trump, with a minimum of 2 points required to bid. If the bidding player is Euchred, then their bid determines the number of points the opposing team will receive. The player to the left of the bidder then has the option to raise the Euchre bid and call a different suit as trump.
This proceeds until the bid has returned to the initial bidder. The initial bidder then has the final option to raise the bid or concede to the highest bidder. The highest bidding player wins the trump call and play begins. Poker for a Point: A variation popular in Michigan, during the Making Trump phase any player may offer "Poker for a Point." If all players agree (or sometimes if only a player of the opposing team agrees), all hands are immediately shown and the team of the player whose five cards represent the best hand by Poker rules is awarded one point.
The hand is then deadened and dealership continues to the next player. Screw the Dealer / No Trump: A variation of Screw the Dealer popular in Iowa, although the Dealer is screwed, he has the option to declare "no trump" and hand is played with Aces high, no trump, and no bowers. Aces High No Trump: Popular in Western NY and Wisconsin, after the first round of bidding, a player may place a bid of "No Trump," where Aces are the highest ranked cards and the strategy for the hand is based on keeping (or taking) the lead.
No suit: A variation in Ohio requires that after the first round of naming trump has passed (the original suit having been "turned down")and no trump having been called then a player may only call one of the three remaining suits trump if the player has at least one card of that suit in their hand. If all players pass again and no trump is chosen then the hand is redealt (or see above "Stick the Dealer" rule.) No Trump High/No Trump Low: A variation in Indiana and Ohio; if no suit has been named after two rounds of bidding, on the third round a player may call “No Trump High” or “No Trump Low.” In both these options, the jacks are valued between the ten and queen.
In No Trump Low, nines are the winning cards, tens are second in value and so on. The Mudge Gambler: If the trump selection comes all the way back around to the dealer the second time, the dealer may then call trump, take a single card from their hand, place it in the kitty and then use the kitty as their hand. The dealer calls trump knowing only two cards in the kitty hand (the one from their original hand and the up card). Winning all five tricks in this way is five points. Making three or four tricks is four.
Going alone Partner's Best: When a maker "goes alone", he may choose to exchange a single card with his partner before trick taking begins. The maker is required to discard before he receives his partner's card. Canadian/Order Alone: When the dealer's partner orders the dealer to "pick it up", the partner must attempt the hand as a loner. Blind-Double Loner: Before the maker sees his cards, the maker calls "blind double loner". Here, the turn card is automatically trump, and the game is played by normal loner rules. If the Blind-double Loner wins all 5 tricks, 8 points are awarded to the player's team.
Nello or Nullo: When a maker "goes alone," attempting to lose every trick rather than to win every trick. Playing the game with the possibility of nello changes the bidding strategy considerably. Defending Alone: A player on the non-calling team may choose to defend alone, in which case a successful euchre is worth four points. Throw-ins These variations (often referred to as "House Rules" – reflecting their non-standard acceptability) allow a player dealt one of several types of poor hands to "throw in" their cards and initiate a redeal. In some circles, these are considered a form of "misdeal," causing the deal to be passed to the original dealer's left.
In standard play, these are considered just part of normal play, and the player must play the hand they are dealt, regardless of how bad it might be; in the long run, things will even out. Nines & Tens: a hand consisting only of 9s and 10s. It is impossible for more than one player to have such a hand in regular play. Ace, No Face: a single ace and nothing else except 9s and 10s containing only non-trump. King Nothing: a single king and nothing else except 9s and 10s containing only non-trump. Bitches' Hand/Queens no Beans: a single queen and nothing else except 9s and 10s containing only non-trump.
Jack Shit: a single jack and nothing else except 9s and 10s containing only non-trump. No Ace, No-Face, No Trump: a throw-in hand determined after the make, containing only non-trump 9s and 10s. Best Bower: Jokers are used as highest trump cards. "Big" Joker trumps "Little" Joker. Jokers are always highest trump cards. Lay-down hand A "lay-down hand" is similar to a throw-in, where a player may lay down his entire hand before a single card has been played. Rather than a poor hand, this is a perfect or unbeatable hand, and is scored as if it were played normally.
The definition of a perfect hand will depend on the exact rules in use, but in most rules both bowers (jacks of the trump color) and 3 trump cards are needed, as in the perfect hand pictured at the top. However, some players might lay down a hand that is not strictly unbeatable under the assumption that nobody has the set of cards required to beat them. For instance, someone might lay down a hand that can only be beat on one trick (one bower, A, K, Q, 10 in trump suit). Since there is only one trick this player could lose (if someone has the other bower) they bypass playing the hand and simply ask if anyone has the other bower.
Lay downs are an advanced skill reserved for veteran players to expedite game play, when everyone at the table can recognize that a hand is unbeatable. Scoring variations and rituals "Railroad Euchre" started in the UK as a way to speed up games for people playing on trains. Any points scored over the winning point are added to the next game. So if the winning team has 9 and scores 4 on a loner, they start the next game up by 3. Scoring can also be tracked with a two and a three. In this scenario the first five points are generally tracked by revealing the pips normally.
Sometimes, both score cards face down in a V position (signifying Roman Numeral five) to signify five points. In either case, the sixth point and onward are marked by turning the bottom card sideways so that it forms a V, so that for six through nine the score is actually five plus the number of pips showing. Players in the Midwest often will indicate the next point that they are hoping to score by "sprouting." The team will partially uncover the next pip on the score card so that it looks like the pip is growing up or sprouting. Players in the Cincinnati\Northern Kentucky area prefer to use hearts and spades as score cards.
If clubs or diamonds are used it is considered bad luck. In extreme situations other cards may be used, if the 6 or 4 of hearts or spades is missing, because after all the game must go on. For some players in the Midwest, when a team has nine points, players place the score cards next to each other, face down. The team is now "in the barn" (also "on the corner") or "mooing". Some players have also been known to place the two score cards behind their ears upon "entering the barn." A celebration ceremony involved with "entering the barn" is "milking the cow," whereupon one member of the team that just "entered the barn" interlaces their fingers and points their thumbs downward.
This completed, their teammate "milks" the down-turned thumbs just as one would milk a cow's udder. Another action that players sometimes do is known as "Churning the Butter." Players lock fist into palm and move their hands up and down as if "Churning the butter." If the team scores their tenth point then the "barn doors are opened:" the cards are flipped to show all ten pips. Actions such as this, however, are considered insulting. Some games are played to 11 points, rather than the typical 10. The 5 and 6 are usually used as the score cards. Games to 15, using the 7 and 8, are sometimes played as well when a longer game is desired.
In some areas of Western New York, if the person who "goes alone" is euchred (does not make at least 3 tricks), his team's score is decremented by 2 points (but not below zero) in addition to the other team scoring 2 points for the euchre. In some areas of The Midwest it is considered bad luck to "Sit Between The Counters". As an example: if a player of an opposing team places the score keeping cards to his right then the opposing player to his left will place the scoring cards to his right to place the player "Between the Counters".
In the same way a veteran player may purposefully toss the score keeping cards to his partner to place an opponent (generally a newer player) "Between the Counters". Andover Euchre'''- a style of Euchre where the two teams of two play to 21. Each trick in the hand counts as a point. each set a team is given negative five points. If a team wants to avoid a set when an opposing team orders trump, they can opt to not play the hand in order so they don't lose five. Loner is not an option in this game. See also Euchre Bid Euchre Haus Dirty clubs Oh Hell - 500 References Category:Euchre group Category:Anglo-American card games
A corbel arch (or corbeled / corbelled arch) is an arch-like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge. A corbel vault uses this technique to support the superstructure of a building's roof. A corbel arch is constructed by offsetting successive courses of stone (or brick) at the springline of the walls so that they project towards the archway's center from each supporting side, until the courses meet at the apex of the archway (often, the last gap is bridged with a flat stone).
For a corbeled vault covering, the technique is extended in three dimensions along the lengths of two opposing walls. Although an improvement in load-bearing efficiency over the post and lintel design, corbeled arches are not entirely self-supporting structures, and the corbeled arch is sometimes termed a false arch for this reason. Unlike "true" arches, not all of the structure's tensile stresses caused by the weight of the superstructure are transformed into compressive stresses. Corbel arches and vaults require significantly thickened walls and an abutment of other stone or fill to counteract the effects of gravity, which otherwise would tend to collapse each side of the archway inwards.
Some arches use a stepped style, keeping the block faces rectangular, while other form or select them to give the arch smooth edges, usually with a pointed shape. Use in historical cultures Ireland The Newgrange passage tomb has an intact corbel arch (vault) supporting the roof of the main chamber, and the buildings of the monastery at Skellig Michael are constructed using this method. Ancient Egypt During the Fourth Dynasty reign of Pharaoh Sneferu, the Ancient Egyptian pyramids used corbel vaults in some of their chambers. These monuments include the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and its satellite pyramid, and the Red Pyramid.
The Great Pyramid of Giza uses corbel arches at the Grand Gallery. The Egyptians discovered the principle of the true arch early on, but continued to use the corbel arch in many buildings, sometimes mixing the two in the same building. In particular they avoided the true arch in temples as long as these were constructed, preferring rectangular openings with a straight lintel. Ancient Mediterranean Corbel arches and vaults are found in various places around the ancient Mediterranean. In particular, corbelled burial vaults constructed below the floor are found in Ebla in Syria, and in Tel Hazor, and Tel Megiddo in Israel.
Ugarit also has corbelled constructions. Nuraghe constructions in ancient Sardinia, dating back to 1900 BC, use similar corbel techniques. The use of beehive tombs on the Iberian peninsula and elsewhere around the Mediterranean, going back to 3000 BC, is also similar. Anatolia The Hittites in ancient Anatolia were also building corbelled vaults. The earliest ones date to the 16th century BC. Some similarities are found between the Hittite and Mycenaean construction techniques. Yet the Hittite corbelled vaults are earlier by about 300 years. Greece The ruins of ancient Mycenae feature many corbel arches and vaults, the Treasury of Atreus being a prominent example.
The Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenean corbel arch bridges which are part of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots, between Tiryns and Epidauros in the Peloponnese, in Greece. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. The well-preserved Hellenistic Eleutherna Bridge on Crete has an unusually large span of nearly 4 metres. Maya civilization Corbeled arches are a distinctive feature of certain pre-Columbian Mesoamerican constructions and historical/regional architectural styles, particularly in that of the Maya civilization. The prevalence of this spanning technique for entrances and vaults in Maya architecture is attested at a great many Maya archaeological sites, and is known from structures dating back to the Formative or Preclassic era.
By the beginning of the Classic era (ca. 250 CE) corbeled vaults are a near-universal feature of building construction in the central Petén Basin region of the central Maya lowlands. India Before the true arch was introduced in Indo-Islamic architecture, almost all the arches in Indian buildings were trabeated or corbelled. In North India in the state of Orissa, "the later temples at Bhubaneswar were built on the principle of corbelled vaulting, which is seen first in the porch of the Mukteswar [a temple said to epitomize North Indian architecture, circa 950 AD] and, technically speaking, no fundamental change occurred from this time onwards."
The earliest large buildings of the Delhi Sultanate established in 1206 after a Muslim invasion used Indian workers used to Hindu temple architecture, but the patrons were used to Central Asian styles that used true arches heavily. Corbel arches, the largest of exceptional size, were used in the massive screens in front of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Delhi, begun in 1193, and the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, Rajasthan, c. 1229. These are examples of Islamic architecture drawing on Persia and Central Asia, where builders were well used to the true arch, that stick with the corbelled arch that Indian builders were used to.
It took almost a century from the start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 for the true arch to appear. By around 1300 true domes and arches with voussoirs were being built; the ruined Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in the Qutb complex in Delhi may be the earliest survival. Indonesia The candi or temples of Indonesia which were constructed between 8th to 15th century, made use of corbel arch technique to create a span opening for gate or inner chamber of the temple. The notable example of corbel arch in Indonesian classic temple architecture are the arches of Borobudur.
The interlocking andesite stone blocks creating the corbel arch, are notable for their "T" formed lock on the center top of the corbel arch. Cambodia All the temples in Angkor made use of the corbel arch, between the AD 9th and 12th centuries. Gallery See also Catenary arch Parabolic arch References Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, External links An illustrated glossary of the terms used masonry construction. Category:Arches and vaults Category:Maya architecture Category:Architectural elements Category:History of construction
António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (; ; born 30 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth Secretary-General of the United Nations. Previously, he was the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees between 2005 and 2015. Guterres was the prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and was the secretary-general of the Socialist Party from 1992 to 2002. He served as president of the Socialist International from 1999 to 2005. In both a 2012 and 2014 poll, the Portuguese public ranked him as the best prime minister of the previous 30 years. Early life Guterres was born and raised in Lisbon, Portugal, the son of Virgílio Dias Guterres (1913–2009) and Ilda Cândida de Oliveira (born 1923).
He attended the Camões Lyceum (now Camões Secondary School), where he graduated in 1965, winning the National Lyceums Award (Prémio Nacional dos Liceus) as the best student in the country. He studied physics and electrical engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico – University of Lisbon in Lisbon. He graduated in 1971 and started an academic career as an assistant professor teaching systems theory and telecommunications signals, before leaving academic life to start a political career. Political career Guterres' political career began in 1974, when he became a member of the Socialist Party. Shortly thereafter, he quit academic life and became a full-time politician.