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It was one of the first to play punk rock in the 1970s. Additionally, WSOU gave some of the first airtime to many commercial successes - Smashing Pumpkins, Pearl Jam, Incubus, System of a Down, Rage Against the Machine and Korn. Managers The station's general manager is Mark Maben, who has worked there since 2004. The elected student management board for 2019-2020 is as follows: Station Manager Wilnir Louis, Program Director Alexis Juarez, Music Director Nick Polis, News Director Bob Towey, Promotions Director Tayla Frey, Sports Director Dalton Allison, Technical Operations Director Jillian Fitzpatrick, Social Media Director Faith Kessler, and Staff Representative Kali Diamond.
Specialty shows WSOU broadcasts nightly "specialty shows", most of which are devoted entirely to a specific genre of music. Examples include: Punk University (Tuesday 8-10 p.m.) - Punk and hardcore including Black Flag, Descendents, The Clash, and the Sex Pistols, featuring half an hour of ska and ska punk. Under the Stars (Tuesday 10p-midnight) - Post-hardcore, screamo, pop-punk and emo, including The Wonder Years, My Chemical Romance, The Front Bottoms and Turnover. Street Patrol (Wednesday 8-10 p.m.) - Local, unsigned, underground artists within the metal genre. Vintage 80s (Thursday 8-10 p.m.) - Hair metal, new wave of British Heavy Metal, and early thrash, including Iron Maiden, Exodus and Overkill.
Storming the Ramparts (Thursday 10 p.m.-midnight) - Power, folk, and Viking metal, including Amon Amarth, Children of Bodom and Saxon (band). Out of Babylon (Friday 10 p.m.-midnight) - Christian metal and hardcore, including As I Lay Dying and August Burns Red. Community programming The current community programming lineup at WSOU includes: The Global Current (Sundays, 8:00 a.m.), the weekly news magazine show of Seton Hall University's School of Diplomacy, featuring world news presented and analyzed by students. Pirate News Desk (Saturdays, 9:00 a.m.), the weekly news magazine show of the WSOU News Department. Thank God For Monday (Saturdays, 8:30 a.m.), a program dedicated to workplace satisfaction and career fulfillment, hosted by Seton Hall alumnus Brother Greg Cellini.
The Kinship of Catholics and Jews (Sundays, 8:30 a.m.), a program presented by the Institute of Judeao-Christian Studies, Seton Hall University. Father Lawrence Frizzell, director of the institute, is the moderator of the program. Celtic Heritage Hour (Sundays, 9:00 a.m.), a program with music, news and information for the Irish and Scottish communities. Polka Party (Sundays, 12:00 p.m.), currently the longest-running show on WSOU. Syndicated programming WSOU also offers a diverse lineup of syndicated shows, including several programs from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. The list includes Christopher Closeup (Saturdays, 7:00 a.m.) and Voices of Our World (Saturdays, 8:00 a.m.).
Sports programming WSOU is also the leader in coverage of Seton Hall athletics. The sports department at WSOU broadcasts all home and away games for both men's and women's basketball, the school's flagship sports. Also aired throughout the year are select games for men's and women's soccer and baseball. Online listening at WSOU.net increases significantly when men's basketball games are broadcast. Following each men's basketball game is Hall Line, a post game call-in show that allows Pirate fans the chance to share their thoughts about the game and/or the team. The show, which is hosted by student on-air talent, either in-studio or at the site of the game, has been on the air since the 1960s.
It currently is the longest-running sports program at WSOU. Along with Hall Line, WSOU also offers two Sunday evening sports talk shows hosted by students, From the Stands (pro sports talk) and Pirate Primetime (Seton Hall athletics talk). Sports alumni In its 60th year of broadcasting, WSOU has had many notable alumni start their sports broadcasting careers while students at Seton Hall University and members of the radio station. Several of these alumni are well known throughout sports, including Bob Ley (ESPN), Bob Picozzi (ESPN), Jim Hunter (Baltimore Orioles broadcaster), Matt Loughlin (New Jersey Devils radio play-by-play announcer) and Ed Lucas (Emmy Winning blind Yankee Broadcaster, YES Network.)
WSOU HD2 On July 1, 2009, WSOU launched WSOU HD2, a 24/7 Catholic programming channel. Seton Hall University first made the decision to invest in HD radio technology for WSOU, as to keep it on the cutting edge of broadcast technology. As HD radio technology allows broadcasting on multiple channels, the university chose to reflect its commitment to the Catholic mission through this additional channel. WSOU Chief Engineer Frank Scafidi and Jim Malespina, chair of the WSOU Advisory Board, program the channel on a weekly basis. It operates out of the WSOU studios.
Programming highlights include: Daily Mass at 8 a.m. from Seton Hall's Chapel of the Immaculate Conception Mornings with Mother, an EWTN program with Mother Angelica Women of Grace EWTN Spanish programming during the overnight hours Catholic Answers Live Blocks of Christian rock and classical music in primetime The station also broadcasts some of the WSOU-FM weekend community programs, including the Celtic Heritage Hour and the Kinship of Catholics and Jews. History WSOU began broadcasting on 89.5 FM on April 14, 1948, under the direction of Monsignor Thomas J. Gillhooly, the station's first faculty director. It was the first college-owned FM station in New Jersey and one of the first FM stations in the United States.
Given the assignment by then-Seton Hall University president Monsignor James Kelly to create a radio station, Monsignor Gillhooly got WSOU up and running in just three months and provided a steady hand during the station's early days. Assisting Monsignor Gillhooly in building WSOU was the station's longtime chief engineer Tom Parnham, who helped construct the station and then remained with WSOU. Parnham worked at WSOU from 1948 until his death in 1994. WSOU began taking the shape of its current format in 1969, the first year it began to air rock and roll music. It embraced a hard rock and metal format starting on September 4, 1986.
Other station milestones include the move to stereo technology in the 1970s, the start of online streaming in the mid-1990s (among the first NJ stations to do so), and the move to digital HD radio technology in 2008. In the 2000s, WSOU underwent amendments to its music format. At the request of university officials citing the Catholic mission of Seton Hall, certain bands were eliminated from regular rotation, while others were relegated to overnight airplay only. The most notable band that was eliminated from rotation was heavy metal act Slayer. It is estimated that over 120,000 people listen to the station each week.
Its 2,400-watt signal from the Seton Hall campus reaches all five boroughs of New York City and much of northern and central New Jersey. WSOU's studios were originally located in the basement of the university's recreation center, part of its South Orange campus. In 1998, the station was moved to a state-of-the-art facility inside a new addition to the recreation center. It operates there to this day, complete with three recording studios, a newsroom, the main on-air studio, the James Malespina Master Control Room, offices for student and station management, a classroom and the Dino and Diane Tortu Student Lounge.
Due to a sponsorship arrangement, WSOU has renamed their studios the Meadowlands Racetrack Studio, as heard during their Station Identification messages. The studio has not relocated to the Meadowlands. WSOU has earned many honors and numerous awards over the years, including: Marconi Award for Best Non-Commercial Radio, 2016 Peabody Award CMJ College Station of the Year (multiple times) Friday Morning Quarterback Metal Station of the Year (three consecutive times) Recipient of over 30 gold and platinum records, ranging from Iron Maiden to Linkin Park Rolling Stone rock magazine distinction as a “Top 5 radio stations in the country” WSOU and Seton Hall University WSOU has been a crucial part of the Seton Hall University community since its inception.
In its current format, all of the station's DJs, newscasters, sportscasters and engineers are enrolled students at the university (with the exception of weekend community programmers, many of which are Seton Hall alumni). Additionally, students are elected to one-year management terms to head the station - specifically the programming, music, promotions, news and sports departments. Through the students and the community programmers, the station stays live on the air 24/7, 365 days a year. Since its inception, WSOU has always been a student-run radio station and, to this day, Seton Hall University owns the station's FM license. Although a noncommercial station, WSOU's management and staff structure is modeled on commercial radio, which provides students with enriching career-oriented educational experiences.
Opportunities for student staff members include on-air hosting (DJing), production, promotions, newscasting, sportscasting, programming, sales and marketing, and engineering. WSOU draws students from all university colleges and programs, including communications, business, biology, education, nursing, sports management and diplomacy. The WSOU student staff also participate with many university events, such as the annual University Day homecoming weekend.
WSOU mission statement The following Mission Statement concerning the nature of WSOU is taken from the WSOU-FM Task Force (August, 1988): The Mission of WSOU-FM is: To provide students with an educational experience in a co-curricular activity which is both pedagogically sound and professionally realistic; To foster the image of Seton Hall University as a principled institution of higher education committed to teaching in the real world; and To provide the university and the immediate community of northern New Jersey's metropolitan area with public service in broadcasting that meets the public's interests, convenience and needs. Controversies Since WSOU's inception, station management has frequently clashed with Seton Hall University's president and board of trustees over its heavy metal programming.
Monsignor Robert Sheeran, who was at the time president of Seton Hall, felt it was inappropriate for a Roman Catholic educational and religious institution to air programming counter to the Roman Catholic belief. Sheeran and the university's board of trustees made veiled threats to shut the station down and sell the FCC license if programming was not more aligned to the Catholic faith. The university, realizing the large listener and community support, backed down and let the station's heavy metal programming continue. Catholic programming was later made available on WSOU's HD-2 sub-digital channel.
On June 1, 2006, Michael Collazo, a Seton Hall University professor and faculty advisor at WSOU, was arrested and charged with money laundering and embezzlement of over half a million dollars from illegal leasing of the station's subcarrier to EIES of New Jersey, an audio service for the blind and a Haitian radio service starting in 1991 until he was fired by Seton Hall University in 2004 after the university conducted an audit of WSOU's finances. On July 12, 2006, Collazo pleaded guilty to embezzlement, with prosecutors seeking a five-year jail sentence. Notable alumni For more than 70 years, WSOU has been mentoring and graduating students who go on successful careers in the news, broadcast, music and entertainment industries.
The following is a sampling of the many noteworthy station alumni Anthony Delia, national manager, Atlantic Records Bill Rock, promotional voice of NBC Nightly News and former WNBC/WYNY DJ Bernie Wagenblast, 1010 WINS/Metro Networks traffic reporter Bob Ley, ESPN Sports Center anchor Bob Picozzi, ESPN Radio & TV, former sports anchor on ESPN's Mike & Mike National Radio Program Bob Salter, WFAN host Bob Windrem, senior producer (Investigations Unit), NBC Nightly News Bob Wussler, former president, CBS Television Network; co-founder of CNN (deceased) Brandi Ferraro, evening host on New York's Fresh 102.7 Bryan DeNovellis, weekend sports anchor, News 12 New Jersey Chris Perucich, executive producer, Clear Channel New York Chris Russomanno, sound designer/audio engineer, Fort Productions, Inc. Christina Deyo, TV producer (Martha Stewart Show, The Rosie O'Donnell Show) Christina Stoffo, Metro Networks, traffic reporter for 1050 ESPN Radio and Channel 5, New York Dan Blackman, afternoon drive host, Philadelphia 106.1 The Breeze Dan Turi, program director/afternoon drive The Breeze WWZY 107.1/99.7FM Dave Packer, former 102.7 Fresh FM's morning man Donna Fiducia, former Fox News Channel anchor and NYC television personality Frank Garrity, 1010Wins sports anchor Gabriela Canella, senior programmer of music programming, Music Choice Gary Susalis, former senior manager of music programming, Music Choice George Meade, news anchor/reporter WOR-AM (retired) Glenn Schuck, 1010Wins reporter/Metro Networks news director Jackie Kajzer, host of nationally syndicated program Full Metal Jackie James Mormile, A&R Interscope Records Jen Kajzer, Emmis Communications, NYC Jewelz Lopez, DJ, WYUU, Tampa, Florida (formerly on NY's WKTU-FM & Pulse FM) Jim Hunter, play-by-play announcer, Baltimore Orioles Jim Manfredonia, founder, CEO/president of Domestic Church Media, New Jersey's largest Catholic radio network Joe Guzik, SVP promotion & integrated marketing, Red Bull Records Joe Nolan, WABC-TV and WPLJ traffic reporter Joey Wahler, WFAN sports anchor John Kobylt, KFI talk show host Kim Mulligan, co-host, WDHA's Morning Jolt Linda Fowler, arts & entertainment editor, Newark Star-Ledger (retired) Marc Rivieccio, director of promotions, Clear Channel Radio New York Mark St. Germain, playwright Matt DeVoti, general sales managers WDHA/WMTR, former DJ WNEW & WOBM Matt Loughlin, New Jersey Devils radio play-by-play announcer Melanie Streko, owner of MeteorCity Records and All That Is Heavy; former production coordinator at MTV Networks Mike DePippa, Sony/Epic Records vice president, Rock & Alternative Paul "Mr." Roper, studio host on the Florida Gators radio network and former Erie Otters and Trenton Devils radio play-by-play announcer Pat Parson, former WCBS news anchor (deceased) Pete Tauriello, 1010 WINS/Metro Networks traffic reporter Richard Oppenheimer, retired radio station group owner Rob Moorhead, WNNJ-FM DJ, former host of the Big Greasy Breakfast show WDHA Robert Desiderio, actor Sal Petruzzi, senior vice president, public relations, Turner Broadcasting Stephanie Wightman, MSNBC, WNYC-AM/FM Ed Lucas, Emmy-winning Yankee blind broadcaster, YES Network Toxic Tommy Delaney, senior director rock formats for ADA / Warner Music Group References External links WSOU official website Seton Hall University official website Category:Seton Hall University SOU Category:Radio stations established in 1948
Group 4 is a group of elements in the periodic table. It contains the elements titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf) and rutherfordium (Rf). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. The group itself has not acquired a trivial name; it belongs to the broader grouping of the transition metals. The three group 4 elements that occur naturally are titanium, zirconium and hafnium. The first three members of the group share similar properties; all three are hard refractory metals under standard conditions. However, the fourth element rutherfordium (Rf), has been synthesized in the laboratory; none of its isotopes have been found occurring in nature.
All isotopes of rutherfordium are radioactive. So far, no experiments in a supercollider have been conducted to synthesize the next member of the group, either unpenthexium (Uph, element 156) or unpentoctium (Upo, element 158), and it is unlikely that they will be synthesized in the near future. Characteristics Chemistry Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior: Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group. The chemistry of rutherfordium is not very established and therefore the rest of the section deals only with titanium, zirconium, and hafnium.
All the elements of the group are reactive metals with a high melting point (1668 °C, 1855 °C, 2233 °C, 2100 °C?). The reactivity is not always obvious due to the rapid formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions. The oxides TiO2, ZrO2 and HfO2 are white solids with high melting points and unreactive against most acids. As tetravalent transition metals, all three elements form various inorganic compounds, generally in the oxidation state of +4. For the first three metals, it has been shown that they are resistant to concentrated alkalis, but halogens react with them to form tetrahalides.
At higher temperatures, all three metals react with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Because of the lanthanide contraction of the elements in the fifth period, zirconium and hafnium have nearly identical ionic radii. The ionic radius of Zr4+ is 79 picometers and that of Hf4+ is 78 pm. This similarity results in nearly identical chemical behavior and in the formation of similar chemical compounds. The chemistry of hafnium is so similar to that of zirconium that a separation on chemical reactions was not possible; only the physical properties of the compounds differ. The melting points and boiling points of the compounds and the solubility in solvents are the major differences in the chemistry of these twin elements.
Titanium is considerably different from the other two owing to the effects of the lanthanide contraction. Physical The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 4 elements. The four question-marked values are extrapolated. History Titanium British mineralogist William Gregor first identified titanium in ilmenite sand beside a stream in Cornwall, Great Britain in the year 1791. After analyzing the sand, he determined the weakly magnetic sand to contain iron oxide and a metal oxide that he could not identify. During that same year, mineralogist Franz Joseph Muller produced the same metal oxide and could not identify it.
In 1795, chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently rediscovered the metal oxide in rutile from the Hungarian village Boinik. He identified the oxide containing a new element and named it for the Titans of Greek mythology. Zirconium Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovered zirconium when analyzing the zircon containing mineral jargoon in 1789. He deduced that the mineral contained a new element and named it after the already known Zirkonerde (zirconia). However, he failed to isolate the newly discovered zirconium. Cornish chemist Humphry Davy also attempted to isolate this new element in 1808 through electrolysis, but failed. In 1824, Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius isolated an impure form of zirconium, obtained by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in an iron tube.
Hafnium Hafnium had been predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 and Henry Moseley measured in 1914 the effective nuclear charge by X-ray spectroscopy to be 72, placing it between the already known elements lutetium and tantalum. Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy were the first to search for the new element in zirconium ores. Hafnium was discovered by the two in 1923 in Copenhagen, Denmark, validating the original 1869 prediction of Mendeleev. There has been some controversy surrounding the discovery of hafnium and the extent to which Coster and Hevesy were guided by Bohr's prediction that hafnium would be a transition metal rather than a rare earth element.
While titanium and zirconium, as relatively abundant elements, were discovered in the late 18th century, it took until 1923 for hafnium to be identified. This was only partly due to hafnium's relative scarcity. The chemical similarity between zirconium and hafnium made a separation difficult and, without knowing what to look for, hafnium was left undiscovered, although all samples of zirconium, and all of its compounds, used by chemists for over two centuries contained significant amounts of hafnium. Rutherfordium Rutherfordium was reportedly first detected in 1966 at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna (then in the Soviet Union). Researchers there bombarded 242Pu with accelerated 22Ne ions and separated the reaction products by gradient thermochromatography after conversion to chlorides by interaction with ZrCl4.
+ → → Cl4 Production The production of the metals itself is difficult due to their reactivity. The formation of oxides, nitrides and carbides must be avoided to yield workable metals; this is normally achieved by the Kroll process. The oxides (MO2) are reacted with coal and chlorine to form the chlorides (MCl4). The chlorides of the metals are then reacted with magnesium, yielding magnesium chloride and the metals. Further purification is done by a chemical transport reaction developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer. In a closed vessel, the metal reacts with iodine at temperatures above 500 °C forming metal(IV) iodide; at a tungsten filament of nearly 2000 °C the reverse reaction happens and the iodine and metal are set free.
The metal forms a solid coating on the tungsten filament and the iodine can react with additional metal resulting in a steady turnover. M + 2 I2 (low temp.) → MI4 MI4 (high temp.) → M + 2 I2 Occurrence If the abundance of elements in Earth's crust is compared for titanium, zirconium and hafnium, the abundance decreases with increase of atomic mass. Titanium is the seventh most abundant metal in Earth's crust and has an abundance of 6320 ppm, while zirconium has an abundance of 162 ppm and hafnium has only an abundance of 3 ppm. All three stable elements occur in heavy mineral sands ore deposits, which are placer deposits formed, most usually in beach environments, by concentration due to the specific gravity of the mineral grains of erosion material from mafic and ultramafic rock.
The titanium minerals are mostly anatase and rutile, and zirconium occurs in the mineral zircon. Because of the chemical similarity, up to 5% of the zirconium in zircon is replaced by hafnium. The largest producers of the group 4 elements are Australia, South Africa and Canada. Applications Titanium metal and its alloys have a wide range of applications, where the corrosion resistance, the heat stability and the low density (light weight) are of benefit. The foremost use of corrosion-resistant hafnium and zirconium has been in nuclear reactors. Zirconium has a very low and hafnium has a high thermal neutron-capture cross-section.
Therefore, zirconium (mostly as zircaloy) is used as cladding of fuel rods in nuclear reactors, while hafnium is used in control rods for nuclear reactors, because each hafnium atom can absorb multiple neutrons. Smaller amounts of hafnium and zirconium are used in super alloys to improve the properties of those alloys. Biological occurrences The group 4 elements are not known to be involved in the biological chemistry of any living systems. They are hard refractory metals with low aqueous solubility and low availability to the biosphere. Titanium is one of the few first row d-block transition metals with no known biological role.
Rutherfordium's radioactivity would make it toxic to living cells. Precautions Titanium is non-toxic even in large doses and does not play any natural role inside the human body. Zirconium powder can cause irritation, but only contact with the eyes requires medical attention. OSHA recommendations for zirconium are 5 mg/m3 time weighted average limit and a 10 mg/m3 short-term exposure limit. Only limited data exists on the toxicology of hafnium. References Category:Groups (periodic table)
Broad City is an American television sitcom created by and starring Ilana Glazer and Abbi Jacobson. It was developed from their independent web series of the same name, which was produced between 2009 and 2011. The sitcom, like the web series, is based on Glazer and Jacobson's real-life friendship, and their attempt to "make it" in New York. The sitcom premiered on Comedy Central on January 22, 2014 and aired for five seasons, ending on March 28, 2019. The show received critical acclaim throughout its run and is considered one of the best television shows of the 2010s. Synopsis Broad City follows Ilana and Abbi, two Jewish American women in their twenties, on their adventures in New York City.
Cast Main cast Abbi Jacobson as Abbi Abrams, who was born in 1988 and is from the Philadelphia Main Line. She is an aspiring artist. She has an alter ego, Val, who only appears when Abbi is black-out drunk. Ilana Glazer as Ilana Wexler, who was born in 1992 and is a New York University graduate from Long Island. She is an extroverted slacker and marijuana enthusiast Recurring cast Hannibal Buress as Lincoln Rice, DDS – a pediatric dentist with whom Ilana has a casual sexual relationship. Paul W. Downs as Trey Pucker – Abbi's boss at Soulstice. John Gemberling as Matt Bevers – Abbi's roommate Melody's boyfriend Arturo Castro as Jaimé Castro – Ilana's roommate.
Stephen Schneider as Jeremy Santos – Abbi's across-the-hall neighbor Chris Gethard as Todd – Ilana's boss at fictional web "deal" company Deals! Deals! Deals! Nicole Drespel as Nicole – Ilana's former co-worker. Eliot Glazer as Eliot Wexler – Ilana's brother. The actor is Ilana's brother in real life. Susie Essman as Bobbi Wexler – Ilana and Eliot's mother who lives on Long Island. Bob Balaban as Arthur Wexler – Ilana and Eliot's father who lives on Long Island. D'Arcy Carden as Gemma – One of Abbi's co-workers at Soulstice. Episodes Production Development of web series Glazer and Jacobson met in New York City, where they both attended courses at the Upright Citizens Brigade and were part of a small improv comedy group, Secret Promise Circle.
The web series began after Jacobson received poor feedback on a project she and a partner had been working on. Jacobson expressed her frustration to Glazer, and the two decided to work together on a project that became the web series. In February 2010 they started their own web series on YouTube, which proved popular. Jacobson met Paul W. Downs in improv class and both Jacobson and Glazer met Lucia Aniello through the Upright Citizens Brigade. Both were fans of the web series pilot and Aniello would then direct one episode of the web series. The web series ran for two seasons and the finale starred Amy Poehler.
Development of TV pilot and first season Amy Poehler became aware of the series and mentored Glazer and Jacobson, becoming executive producer when the show came to TV. When Glazer and Jacobson wrote the pilot script, their characters were named Evelyn Wexler and Carly Abrams respectively, but ended up using their real first names instead. Poehler, Glazer, and Jacobson went to Los Angeles to pitch the pilot. The show was originally pitched to the FX, who bought the script and passed a year later, due to it being "too girly", according to Jacobson. Comedy Central committed to the show in 2012 and the pilot was developed, with Aniello directing.
For the first season, Jacobson and Glazer were paired with Tami Sagher, an experienced showrunner, with Downs, Aniello, and Chris Kelly completing the writing room. Downs and Aniello would also produce the show, with Downs appearing as Trey in the series. Throughout its run, the show was noted for its notable performances by guest stars, which included Kelly Ripa, Poehler, Hillary Clinton, and Ru Paul. Broad City: High Score, a mobile game developed and published by Built Games, was released on April 20, 2018. Second season After the first season, Glazer and Jacobson parted ways with Sagher and became the showrunners.
The second season premiered on January 14, 2015 and was renewed for a third season ahead of the premiere. Final season Glazer and Jacobson decided to end the show after five seasons. Of their final season, Glazer said: "I feel like we've raised these kids, Abbi Abrams and Ilana Wexler, and we're sending them to college," Glazer says. "We didn't want to just go until it got canceled. We wanted to choose to end it so that it could end as strong as possible. We chose this ending to honor the characters." In their final season, Glazer and Jacobson open with an episode that unfolds likes a long Instagram story.
Throughout the season, the characters go to MoMA as well as drag brunch. Reception Critical reception The show has received critical acclaim. Review aggregation website Metacritic noted season 1 received "generally favorable reviews," giving it a score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics. Karen Valby from Entertainment Weekly described the show as a "deeply weird, weirdly sweet, and completely hilarious comedy." The Wall Street Journal referred to the show as "Sneak Attack Feminism." Critic Megan Angelo quotes Abbi Jacobson, main star of Comedy Central's Broad City: "If you watch one of our episodes, there's not a big message, but if you watch all of them, I think, they're empowering to women."
The A.V. Club critic Caroline Framke wrote that Broad City was "worth watching" despite its "well-trod premise," and that the series is "remarkably self-possessed, even in its first episode." Critics have compared the show to Seinfeld, especially due to the characters' perceived lack of personal development as well as humor involving the minutae of daily life. Season 1 of the show received a 96% "Certified Fresh" rating from Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from 23 critics, with the site's consensus stating, "From its talented producers to its clever writing and superb leads, Broad City boasts an uncommonly fine pedigree." The A.V.
Club named Broad City the second best TV show of 2014, Slate named it the best show of the year, and Screen Rant named it the 5th best of the year. Season 2 received positive reviews, with Metacritic giving it a score of 89 out of 100, based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a rating of 100%, based on reviews from 11 critics, with the site's consensus: "Led by two of the funniest women on TV, Broad City uses its stars' vibrant chemistry to lend an element of authenticity to the show's chaotic yet enlightening brand of comedy."
Broad City again appeared on year of end lists for 2015, placing 5th on Time Out's list and 2nd on Rolling Stone's list. Vox named it the 2nd funniest show on television and The Atlantic named "Wisdom Teeth" one of the best episodes of TV that year. Season 3 received positive reviews as well, with Metacritic giving it a score of 87 out of 100, based on reviews from 8 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." Ben Travers from Indiewire summarizes what he sees as the strengths of the first two episodes of season 3: "Each half-hour feels as free-wheeling and wild as Ilana so boldly is, but also as meticulously put-together as Abby [sic] strives to be...the integration of its two creators attitudes into the core makeup of the series helps to illustrate how groundbreaking Broad City really is."
In 2016, Broad City placed 18th on Complexs best shows of the year, 15th on Den of Geek's list, and 14th on Esquire's mid-year list. Season 4 received positive reviews, with Metacritic giving it a score of 85 out of 100, based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim." Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a rating of 100%, based on reviews from 23 critics, with the site's consensus: "Pizza and weird are always in season for Abbi and Ilana in their fourth, wintery year of Broad City's weed-infused escapades." NME named Broad City the 20th best TV show of the year for 2017.
The final season also received positive reviews, with Metacritic giving it a score of 80 out of 100, based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews." Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a rating of 100%, based on reviews from 25 critics, with the site's consensus: "Glazer and Jacobson give the people exactly what they want in Broad Citys final season – relatable content, questionable intimacy, and ingenious escapades through the glorious squalor of IRL NYC." Broad City was named one of the best shows of the year by Junkee and "Stories" was named one of the best TV episodes of the year by Decider.
Broad City appeared on many best of the decade lists for television. Vanity Fair named Broad City the ninth best show of the decade and Rolling Stone named it the 28th best show of the decade. It was also named the 20th, 34th and 41st best show of the decade, by Junkee, The A.V. Club and Film School Rejects, respectively. The Guardian named Broad City the 96th best TV show of the 21st century. The Advocate named the show the 15th "Most Important LGBTQ TV Show" of the decade. The show has been named as an influence on similar shows, such as PEN15 and Tuca & Bertie.
Ratings Since its premiere in 2014, Broad City has performed well, averaging 1.2 million viewers per episode, becoming Comedy Central's highest-rated first season since 2012 among the younger demographics, including adults 18–34. Despite initial commercial success and ongoing positive critical reviews, by March 2016 the show was receiving well under 1 million viewers, with less than 600,000 tuning in during the second week of the month.
Awards and nominations Broad City has been nominated for several awards; it received five nominations at the Critics' Choice Television Awards, in 2014, where Ilana Glazer was nominated for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, while the series was nominated for Best Comedy Series and in 2015 where both Ilana Glazer and the series were again nominated within the same categories, with an additional nomination for guest star Susie Essman for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series The series received three further nominations in 2016 at the Dorian Awards for Unsung TV Show of the Year, the Gold Derby Awards for Best Comedy Series, and the Writers Guild of America Awards for Comedy Series Ilana Glazer and Abbi Jacobson were nominees of the MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Comedic Performance in 2017 Animation director Mike Perry won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Motion Design in 2018 and in 2019, Comedy Central was awarded The ReFrame Stamp within the Television (2017–2018) category.
Home media References External links at Comedy Central Broad City (original web series) on YouTube Broad City: High Score (video game) Category:2014 American television series debuts Category:2019 American television series endings Category:2010s American LGBT-related comedy television series Category:2010s American sex comedy television series Category:2010s American single-camera sitcoms Category:American LGBT-related sitcoms Category:American television series about cannabis Category:Bisexuality-related television series Category:Casual sex in television Category:Comedy Central original programming Category:Cultural depictions of Hillary Clinton Category:English-language television programs Category:Feminist television Category:Jewish comedy and humor Category:Television series about Jews and Judaism Category:Progressivism in the United States Category:Television duos Category:Television series based on Internet-based works Category:Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Category:Television series by Paper Kite Productions Category:Television shows set in New York City Category:Sitcom web series
Soupeur is a sexual practice involving attraction to other male secretions, specifically bread soaked in urine, or semen. Bread soaked in urine This specific meaning refers to individuals who take pleasure in consuming food soaked in the urine of others, in particular bread abandoned and later retrieved at public urinals. This practice was popular in Paris and Marseille up until the 1960s and 1970s. There were numerous contemporary references in popular culture. There existed an alternative where a public urinal is stopped in order to wait for it to fill. Then a person would enter it and submerge his penis into the urine of previous users.
This was alternatively called dipping. Semen in brothels The term alternatively describes the act of individuals visiting brothels to consume the semen left on the prostitutes by the customers. This act is also named "do dinette." In her autobiography One two two, former prostitute Fabienne Jamet evokes this practice: "Back when I ruled the 122, I had a soupeur who could take thirty to forty loads at a time." Sometimes prostitutes "fake" their performance by brushing their pubic hair with ersatz sperm made from a mixture of egg white, urine and a few drops of bleach. Mentions in popular culture These practices both extreme and often adorned innocuous descriptions slums of Paris in the literature of the mid-twentieth century: "There were fairies still too green for the Bois... One of them came around every day, his specialty was the urinals and especially the crusts of bread soaking in the drains...
He told us his adventures... He knew an old Jew who loved the stuff, a butcher on the rue des Archives... They'd go and eat it together... One day they got caught... " Louis-Ferdinand Celine, Death on Credit, 1936. "And I will not cause my old pervert funds bogeymen nor soupeurs ... I had nothing to complain about it. "Albert Simonin, Hands Off the Loot 1953. "Not far from the subway, two or three soupeurs were waiting" Auguste Le Breton, Raid on chnouf, 1954. "I know a soupeur ... one of those guys that put bread in public urinals ... which revert to eat urine-soaked" Silvio Fanti, Man micropsychoanalysis, 1981.
"Some drunks, prostitutes, and even a soupeur" Joann Sfar, Pascin 2005. "I was twelve. [...] Martial, my boyfriend of Clos Street, had teamed up with a guy who lived Orteaux Street, just above the urinal where diners began to dip their piece of bread in piss. They put the whole loaves coming and resume the gentle evening. We had spotted them, we were naive, we did not realize they ate the bread swollen with urine. "Nan Aurousseau, District carrion, 2012 Stock p. 100. References Bibliography Brenda B. Love Dictionnaire des fantasmes et perversions, Éditions Blanche, 2000. Fabienne Jamet One two two, éditions Olivier Orban, 1975.
Laud Humphreys Le Commerce des pissotières, Pratiques anonymes dans l’Amérique des années 1960, La Découverte, 2005. Marc Lemonier et Alexandre Dupouy, Histoire(s) du Paris libertin, La Musardine, 2003. Robert Stoller La perversion, forme érotique de la haine, Payot, coll. "Petite Bibliothèque Payot", 2007, . Véronique Willemin, La Mondaine, histoire et archives de la Police des Mœurs, Hoëbeke, 2009. Category:Urine Category:Sexual fetishism
A t-shaped uterus is a type of uterine malformation wherein the uterus is shaped resembling the letter T. This is typically observed in DES-exposed women. It is recognised in the ESHRE/ESGE classification, and is associated with failed implantation, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and preterm delivery. There is a surgical procedure to correct the malformation. Causes The t-shaped malformation is commonly associated with in-utero exposure (the so-called "DES-daughters") to DES, although it is also presented congenitally. Diagnosis Women are often diagnosed with this condition after several failed pregnancies, proceeded by exploratory diagnostic procedures, such as magnetic resonance, sonography, and particularly hysterosalpingography.
In such studies, a widening of the interstitial and isthmus of uterine tube is observed, as well as constrictions or narrowing of the uterus as a whole, especially the lower and lateral portions, hence the "t" denomination. The uterus might be simultaneously reduced in volume, and other abnormalities might be concomitantly present. Prognosis T-shaped uterus sufferers can bear children, however they carry a greater risk of complications, such as miscarriages, reduced fertility and preterm births, both before and after any treatment. The current surgical procedure to treat this malformation, termed a hysteroscopic correction or metroplasty, is undertaken by performing a lateral incision of the uterine walls, and can return the organ to a normal morphology, while improving the patient's former reproductive performance.
It is considered a low-risk procedure, and can also improve term delivery rate by up to 10-fold, as long as the endometrium is considered to be in good condition. However, risks after the procedure include placenta accreta, Asherman's syndrome and severe haemorrhage. See also Vaginal adenosis References Further reading KALTFMANL, RAYMOND H., MD ERVIN ADAM, and Gary L. Binder. "Upper genital tract changes and pregnancy outcome in offspring exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol." (1980). Category:Mammal reproductive system Category:Anatomical pathology Category:Congenital disorders of female genital organs
CTLA4 or CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), also known as CD152 (cluster of differentiation 152), is a protein receptor that functions as an immune checkpoint and downregulates immune responses. CTLA4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation – a phenomenon which is particularly notable in cancers. It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. The CTLA-4 protein is encoded by the Ctla4 gene in mice and the CTLA4 gene in humans. History In 1987, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, or CTLA-4, was identified by Pierre Golstein and colleagues .
In November 1995, the labs of Tak Wah Mak and Arlene H. Sharpe independently published their findings on the discovery of the function of CTLA-4 as a negative regulator of T-cell activation, by knocking out the gene in mice. Previous studies from several labs had used methods which could not definitively define the function of CTLA-4, and were contradictory. Function CTLA4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by activated T cells and transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells. CTLA4 is homologous to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and CD86, also called B7-1 and B7-2 respectively, on antigen-presenting cells.
CTLA-4 binds CD80 and CD86 with greater affinity and avidity than CD28 thus enabling it to outcompete CD28 for its ligands. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and contributes to their inhibitory function. T cell activation through the T cell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA-4. The mechanism by which CTLA-4 acts in T cells remains somewhat controversial. Biochemical evidence suggested that CTLA-4 recruits a phosphatase to the T cell receptor (TCR), thus attenuating the signal. This work remains unconfirmed in the literature since its first publication.
More recent work has suggested that CTLA-4 may function in vivo by capturing and removing B7-1 and B7-2 from the membranes of antigen-presenting cells, thus making these unavailable for triggering of CD28. In addition to that, it has been found that dendritic cell (DC) - Treg interaction causes sequestration of Fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein essential for immunological synapse formation and skews Fascin-1–dependent actin polarization in antigen presenting DCs toward the Treg cell adhesion zone. Although it is reversible upon T regulatory cell disengagement, this sequestration of essential cytoskeletal components causes a lethargic state of DCs, leading to reduced T cell priming.
This suggests Treg-mediated immune suppression is a multi-step process. In addition to CTLA-4 CD80/CD86 interaction, fascin-dependent polarization of the cytoskeleton towards DC-Treg immune synapse may play a pivotal role. CTLA-4 may also function via modulation of cell motility and/or signaling through PI3 kinase Early multiphoton microscopy studies observing T-cell motility in intact lymph nodes appeared to give evidence for the so-called ‘reverse-stop signaling model’. In this model CTLA-4 reverses the TCR-induced ‘stop signal’ needed for firm contact between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, those studies compared CTLA-4 positive cells, which are predominantly regulatory cells and are at least partially activated, with CTLA-4 negative naive T cells.
The disparity of these cells in multiple regards may explain some of these results. Other groups who have analyzed the effect of antibodies to CTLA-4 in vivo have concluded little or no effect upon motility in the context of anergic T-cells. Antibodies to CTLA-4 may exert additional effects when used in vivo, by binding and thereby depleting regulatory T cells. Structure The protein contains an extracellular V domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Alternate splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized. The membrane-bound isoform functions as a homodimer interconnected by a disulfide bond, while the soluble isoform functions as a monomer.
The intracellular domain is similar to that of CD28, in that it has no intrinsic catalytic activity and contains one YVKM motif able to bind PI3K, PP2A and SHP-2 and one proline-rich motif able to bind SH3 containing proteins. The first role of CTLA-4 in inhibiting T cell responses seem to be directly via SHP-2 and PP2A dephosphorylation of TCR-proximal signalling proteins such as CD3 and LAT. CTLA-4 can also affect signalling indirectly via competing with CD28 for CD80/86 binding. CTLA-4 can also bind PI3K, although the importance and results of this interaction are uncertain. Clinical significance Variants in this gene have been associated with Type 1 diabetes, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, primary biliary cirrhosis and other autoimmune diseases.
Polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene are associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroid disease and multiple sclerosis, though this association is often weak. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the splice variant sCTLA-4 is found to be aberrantly produced and found in the serum of patients with active SLE. Germline haploinsufficiency Germline haploinsufficiency of CTLA4 leads to CTLA4 deficiency or CHAI disease (CTLA4 haploinsufficiency with autoimmune infiltration), a rare genetic disorder of the immune system. This may cause a dysregulation of the immune system and may result in lymphoproliferation, autoimmunity, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, and may slightly increase one’s risk of lymphoma.
CTLA4 mutations have first been described by a collaboration between the groups of Dr. Gulbu Uzel, Dr. Steven Holland, and Dr. Michael Lenardo from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Dr. Thomas Fleisher from the NIH Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health, and their collaborators in 2014. In the same year a collaboration between the groups of Dr. Bodo Grimbacher, Dr. Shimon Sakaguchi, Dr. Lucy Walker and Dr. David Sansom and their collaborators described a similar phenotype. CTLA4 mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means a person only needs one abnormal gene from one parent.
The one normal copy is not enough to compensate for the one abnormal copy. Dominant inheritance means most families with CTLA4 mutations have affected relatives in each generation on the side of the family with the mutation. Clinical and laboratory manifestations Symptomatic patients with CTLA4 mutations are characterized by an immune dysregulation syndrome including extensive T cell infiltration in a number of organs, including the gut, lungs, bone marrow, central nervous system, and kidneys. Most patients have diarrhea or enteropathy. Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly are also common, as is autoimmunity. The organs affected by autoimmunity vary but include thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, thyroiditis, type I diabetes, psoriasis, and arthritis.
Respiratory infections are also common. Importantly, the clinical presentations and disease courses are variable with some individuals severely affected, whereas others show little manifestation of disease. This “variable expressivity,” even within the same family, can be striking and may be explained by differences in lifestyle, exposure to pathogens, treatment efficacy, or other genetic modifiers. This condition is described to have incomplete penetrance of disease. Penetrance is said to be incomplete when some individuals fail to express the trait and seem completely asymptomatic, even though they carry the allele. The penetrance is estimated to be about 60%. The clinical symptoms are caused by abnormalities of the immune system.
Most patients develop reduced levels of at least one immunoglobulin isotype, and have low CTLA4 protein expression in T regulatory cells, hyperactivation of effector T cells, low switched memory B cells, and progressive loss of circulating B cells. Treatment Once a diagnosis is made, the treatment is based on an individual’s clinical condition and may include standard management for autoimmunity and immunoglobulin deficiencies. A recent study treated a Korean CHAI disease patient with CTLA4 mimetic, CTLA4-Ig (e.g.. abatacept) and was able to control immune activity and improve patient symptoms. Regular administration of abatacept improved the patient’s severe anemia and diarrhea (3L/day) and brought 3-year-long hospitalization to an end.
Agonists to reduce immune activity The comparatively higher binding affinity of CTLA4 than CD28 has made it a potential therapy for autoimmune diseases. Fusion proteins of CTLA4 and antibodies (CTLA4-Ig) have been used in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis. The fusion protein CTLA4-Ig is commercially available as Orencia (abatacept). A second generation form of CTLA4-Ig known as belatacept was recently approved by the FDA based on favorable results from the randomized Phase III BENEFIT (Belatacept Evaluation of Nephroprotection and Efficacy as First Line Immunosuppression Trial) study. It was approved for renal transplantation in patients that are sensitized to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
Antagonists to increase immune activity Conversely, there is increasing interest in the possible therapeutic benefits of blocking CTLA4 (using antagonistic antibodies against CTLA such as ipilimumab (FDA approved for melanoma in 2011) as a means of inhibiting immune system tolerance to tumours and thereby providing a potentially useful immunotherapy strategy for patients with cancer. This therapy was the first approved immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Another (not yet approved) is tremelimumab. The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation". Interactions CTLA-4 has been shown to interact with: AP2M1, CD80, CD86, SHP-2, and PPP2R5A.
References Further reading External links Category:Clusters of differentiation Category:T cells
In health care, person-centred care is where the patients actively participate in their own medical treatment in close cooperation with the health professionals. Sometimes relatives are also included in creating the health plan The person-centred model of health care is used both for in and out patients, emergency care, palliative care as well as in rehabilitation. Background The concept of person-centred care is clearly distinguished from a traditional treatment model which views the patient as a passive receiver of a medical intervention. Many health professionals are traditionally focused on the needs of the patients instead of their resources. Rather than the conventional way of making medical recommendations from health professionals to a patient, the person-centred care model allows for an inclusion of the patient and their relatives in making a joint design and mutual agreements of the medical plans and treatments.
The person-centred care concept involves a partnership between the health care professionals, the patient and the relatives with a starting point in the medical history of the patient. The overall perspective of the life situation of the patient is considered to create objectives and strategies for both short and long term monitoring. The concept of person-centred care has grown to be internationally associated with successful outcomes of the health care. Initially, the method was developed for senior patients and patients with intellectual disabilities but the ideas have later spread to other medical fields. Within person-centred care, the patient is considered an independent and capable individual with their own abilities to make informed decisions.
Autonomy and participation are always emphasised and respected. For the patient, the person-centred approach allows for involvement and extended possibilities to take responsibility for their own health and treatment. Key principles There are four vantage points that constitute the foundation of person-centred care: The health care should be based on the unique person's needs and his or her right to health The health institution should focus on the abilities of the person and encourage activity The health care should be coherent Health professionals should always approach patients with dignity, compassion and respect. They should work with an ethical perspective. Person-centred care is based on a holistic approach to health care that takes the whole person into account instead of a narrow perspective where the focus lies on the illness or the symptoms.
The person-centred approach also includes the person's abilities, or resources, wishes, health and well-being as well as social and cultural factors. There are three central themes to person-centred care work: the patient's narrative, the partnership and the documentation. The partnership The health care team may consist of several different professionals with varying expertise from different health care units. The patient is a natural part of the team. Within the team, the patient and relatives have discussions with health professionals aiming to reach a mutual understanding on how to achieve a safe and accurate care for the unique patient. The documentation The personal health or care plan is designed to capture the patient's narrative.
A common understanding of strategies, goals and evaluation of the outcomes should be established. The documentation should clearly state the responsibilities of each member of the team, including the patient's own role and obligations. To fully live up to the person-centred care concept, patients should have full and easy access to all information and documentation about them. For reasons of security, accessibility and cost effectiveness, all documentation should be digital and include all medical records. The person's own notes, reports of health status and the overall health plan should also be carefully documented. The collected documentation is the foundation of the health care.
Person-centred care research Research on person-centred care is carried out in many different universities. The University of Gothenburg Centre for Personcentred Care, GPCC, in Sweden, has been established since 2010. The centre conducts interdisciplinary research funded partly by the Swedish government's investments targeted towards care sciences. Related concepts Patient-centered care is a concept which also emphasises the involvement of the patient and their families in the decision making of medical treatments. A main difference is that person-centred care describes the whole person in a wider context rather than the patient-centred approach which is based on the person's role as a patient.
People-centred care is an umbrella term, articulated by WHO among others, which entails the right and duty for people to actively participate in decisions at all levels of the health care systems. People-centred care focuses both on the individual's right to health, access to health care and information, but also health literacy on a collective level. Health activation is a condition where a health care consumer is equipped, educated, and motivated to be an effective manager of their own health and use of health care services. The concepts are very similar, although person-centred care places the emphasis on the healthcare provider, whereas the term health activation is used in reference to the attitude and behavior of the patient.
References Further reading Category:Health care Category:Types of health care facilities
Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and physical biochemist. He is known for introducing starch as a medium for gel electrophoresis in 1955, and for the discovery, simultaneously with Mario Capecchi and Martin Evans, of the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA, a much more reliable method of altering animal genomes than previously used, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007 for his genetics work. Early life and education Smithies was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, to William Smithies and his wife Doris, née Sykes.
His father sold life insurance policies and his mother taught English at Halifax Technical College. He had a twin brother and a younger sister. He attended a primary school in the nearby village of Copley and then went to Heath Grammar School in Halifax. He said that his love of science came from an early fascination with radios and telescopes. He attended Balliol College, Oxford on a Brackenbury Scholarship, initially reading medicine. He studied anatomy and physiology, winning a prize in anatomy, and graduated with a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in animal physiology, including biochemistry, in 1946. Inspired by tutorials from Alexander G. Ogston on applying physical chemistry to biological systems, Smithies then switched away from medicine to earn a second bachelor's degree in chemistry.
He published his first research paper, co-written with Ogston, in 1948. In 1951, he received a Master of Arts degree and a Doctor of Philosophy in biochemistry under Ogston's supervision; his thesis was entitled "Physico-chemical properties of solutions of proteins". Career Smithies was awarded a Commonwealth Fund fellowship to take up a post-doctoral position in the United States, in the laboratory of J. W. Williams at the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Department of Chemistry. A problem with acquiring a U.S. visa, due to a condition of the Commonwealth Fund fellowship, then forced him to leave the U.S. From 1953 to 1960, he worked as an associate research faculty member, under insulin researcher David A. Scott, in the Connaught Medical Research Laboratory at the University of Toronto in Canada.
He learned medical genetics from Norma Ford Walker at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. In 1960, Smithies returned to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he worked in the Department of Genetics until 1988 as, successively, assistant, associate and Leon J. Cole and Hilldale Professor of Genetics and Medical Genetics. Subsequently, he was the Excellence Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He continued to work in his lab there daily into his eighties. He co-authored a total of more than 350 research papers and reviews, dating from 1948 to 2016.
Research Smithies developed the technique of gel electrophoresis using a starch matrix, as a sideline of (unproductive) research into an insulin precursor molecule, at the University of Toronto. This improved the ability to resolve proteins by electrophoresis. He was assisted technically in his later electrophoresis work by Otto Hiller. He used starch electrophoresis to reveal differences between normal human plasma proteins, and in collaboration with Norma Ford Walker, showed that the variation was inherited, which stimulated his interest in genetics. While at the University of Wisconsin in the 1980s, Smithies developed gene targeting in mice, a method of replacing single mouse genes using homologous recombination.
Mario Capecchi also developed the technique independently. This research is the basis of methods used worldwide to investigate the role of particular genes in a wide range of human diseases including cancer, cystic fibrosis and diabetes. In 2002, Smithies worked with his wife, Nobuyo Maeda, studying high blood pressure using genetically altered mice. Awards and honors Smithies won the 2001 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, jointly with Martin Evans (Cardiff University) and Mario Capecchi (University of Utah), for their work on homologous recombination. He received the Wolf Prize in Medicine, with Capecchi and Ralph L. Brinster, in 2002/3.
He won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, jointly with Capecchi and Evans, "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
His other awards include two Gairdner Foundation International Awards (1990 and 1993), the North Carolina Award for Science (1993), the Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize from the General Motors Foundation, jointly with Capecchi (1994), the Ciba Award from the American Heart Foundation (1996), the Bristol Myers Squibb Award (1997), the Association of American Medical Colleges' Award for Distinguished Research, jointly with Capecchi (1998), the International Okamoto Award from the Japan Vascular Disease Research Foundation (2000), the O. Max Gardner Award, the highest award for faculty in the University of North Carolina system (2002), the Massry Prize of the Meira and Shaul G. Massry Foundation (2002), shared with Capecchi, the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, jointly with Capecchi (2005), and the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (2009).
Smithies was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences (1971), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978), the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1986), the Institute of Medicine (2003), and as a foreign member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS; 1998). He received honorary degrees from the University of Chicago (1991), the University of São Paulo (2008) and the University of Oxford (2011). A blue plaque to him was erected by the Halifax Civic Trust. Personal life Smithies married Lois Kitze, a virologist at the University of Wisconsin, in the 1950s; they separated in 1978. His second wife, Nobuyo Maeda, is a pathology professor at the University of North Carolina.
Smithies was a naturalized American citizen, and, despite being color-blind, was a licensed private airplane pilot who enjoyed gliding. He described himself as an atheist. Smithies died on 10 January 2017 at the age of 91. References External links Smithies' Lab Page Category:1925 births Category:2017 deaths Category:American atheists Category:American Nobel laureates Category:British atheists Category:British biologists Category:British expatriates in the United States Category:British Nobel laureates Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty Category:University of Toronto faculty Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty Category:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine Category:People from Halifax, West Yorkshire Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:English Nobel laureates Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research Category:Massry Prize recipients Category:Sloan Research Fellows
Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders (ICD-10)) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress. The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free and appropriate public education. Students with EBD may be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a 504 Plan. History Early history Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft.
Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an exorcism on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid 1800s, asylums were introduced to America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by the doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88-164), was passed by congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers.
This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large asylums. Many laws soon followed assisting more and more people with EBDs. 1978 came with the passing of Public Law 94- 142 which required free and public education to all handicapped children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94-142, PL 99-457, was put into act which would provide services to all handicapped children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990-91 school year. PL 94-142 has since been renamed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Use and development of the term Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders.
Many of the terms such as mental illness and psychopathology were used to describe adults with such conditions. Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness. However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term "behaviorally disordered" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues. In order to make a more uniformed terminology, the National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, which consists of over thirty professional and advocacy groups, coined the term "emotional and behavioral disorders" in 1988.
Criteria According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time: Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. Trouble keeping up or building satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers. Inappropriate behavior (against self or others) or emotions (shares the need to harm others or self, low self-worth) in normal conditions. A overall attitude of unhappiness or depression. A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues. The term "EBD" includes students diagnosed with schizophrenia.
However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the above criteria. Criticisms Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the IDEA does not clarify which children would be considered "socially maladjusted". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of conduct disorder are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classification. Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various disruptive behavior disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or conduct disorder (CD) do not have an automatic eligibility to receive an IEP or 504 Plan.
Students considered "socially maladjusted", but ineligible for an EBD classification (i.e., students diagnosed with conduct disorder), often receive better educational services in special education classrooms or alternative schools with high structure, clear rules, and consistent consequences. Student characteristics Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or other non-traditional living situations. These students also tend to have low rates of positive social interactions with peers in educational contexts.
Students with EBD are often categorized as "internalizers" (e.g., have poor self-esteem, or are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder or mood disorder) or "externalizers" (e.g., disrupt classroom instruction, or are diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females more commonly exhibit internalizing behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction; thus, teachers may refer males for special education services more often than females. Students with EBD are also at an increased risk for learning disabilities, school dropout, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.
Internalizing and externalizing behavior A person with EBD with "internalizing" behavior may have poor self-esteem, suffer from depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit non-suicidal self-injury or substance abuse. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or another anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific or social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and/or an eating disorder. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of "internalizing" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice.
Students with EBD with "externalizing" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive. Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, and/or bipolar disorder; however, this population can also include typically developing children that have learned to exhibit externalizing behavior for various reasons (e.g., escape from academic demands or access to attention). These students often have difficulty inhibiting emotional responses resulting from anger, frustration, and disappointment. Students who "externalize" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression.
Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts. Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different types of externalizing behavior and should be either medicated or going through behavioral treatment for their diagnosis. Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion recognition tasks, specifically response time as there is no difficulty recognizing human emotions.