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The campus is bisected by the O-Train Trillium line, with several pedestrian and vehicular bridges and tunnels facilitating access between either side. The majority of the university's academic and residential buildings are situated on the western side of campus, while the eastern side contains the university's athletics facilities and administrative offices. Recent developments The 2010–2011 academic year saw the inauguration of three buildings; Richcraft Hall (formerly River Building), Canal Building, and Lennox-Addington House, in addition to an extension to Residence Commons Canal Building will both house classes and serve as an extension to the Engineering faculties; Richcraft Hall will house the School of Journalism and Communication, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs and the School of Public Policy and Administration.
In December 2013, an extension of the MacOdrum Library, which saw the installation of a new glass facade, was inaugurated. In September 2016, the River Building was renamed Richcraft Hall in recognition of a donation of $3 million from the Singhal family, known for their extensive philanthropic activities in the Ottawa area. Kris Singhal, the President of Richcraft Homes, is an alumnus of Carleton University himself. The decision to rename the River Building to its current name was a source of controversy among many students and faculty, and later became the subject of a series of Internet memes. In November 2017, Carleton inaugurated the Health Sciences Building, a 120,000 sq.
foot facility to house its Health Sciences and Neuroscience programs. Earlier that year, Carleton saw the demolition of the Life Sciences Research Building to make way for the Advanced Research and Innovation in Smart Environments (ARISE) Building, to create new classroom and laboratory facilities for research in clean technology, health technology, and information technology. The building is expected to be complete in late 2019. In June 2018, Carleton broke ground on the Nicol Building, a dedicated 100,000 sq. ft. building to house the Sprott School of Business, containing classrooms and networking space for student and faculty use, and is slated for completion in 2021.
Architecture The prevalence of modernist architecture, as well as brutalist architecture, in the design of the earliest academic buildings on the Carleton campus represented a stylistic departure from the tradition of collegiate architecture in North America, which historically emulated the Gothic style. The decision to incorporate modernist style into the design of the campus was intentional, presenting Carleon as an egalitarian, progressive, and forward-thinking institution. Architectural critics have looked to Carleton as a leading example of modernist collegiate architecture in Canada. The campus became the subject of Modern U, an exhibition by local artist Adrian Gröllner that sought to highlight the late modernist architecture embodied by many of Carleton's early buildings.
Tunnel system Buildings on campus, with a few exceptions, are connected by a five kilometer-long system of underground pedestrian tunnels. The Carleton University tunnel system is the most extensive network of tunnels at a Canadian university or college campus. The tunnels were initially built as part of the second phase of initial construction on campus in the 1960s. Originally conceived as a maintenance crawl space connecting heating and ventilation between campus buildings, a suggestion by a staff member transformed them into accessible pedestrian tunnels for students and faculty to use when travelling between different buildings on campus. The tunnels receive heightened usage during the winter months due to the severity of winters in Ottawa.
Maintenance staff use modified golf carts in the tunnels to transport personnel, supplies, and mail to different locations on campus. In 2019, Carleton introduced a new wayfinding system to assist students, faculty, and visitors in navigating the tunnel networking, using a metro-style map to display the network. Student housing Carleton has eleven student residence buildings clustered together in the northwest section of campus, and are connected to the university's tunnel system. The first residence buildings constructed on campus were the Renfrew and Lanark Houses, which began accommodating students in 1962. In 1969, the university introduced the first co-educational dormitories in North America.
Since then, the university has gradually expanded the number of dormitories as enrollment has risen. On-campus housing at Carleton is configured in traditional and suite-style residences, with the latter offering students a kitchenette shared between four students. Unlike most collegiate dormitories, bathroom facilities are usually shared between two rooms, in contrast to the typical communal bathrooms. Residence floors are staffed by dedicated Residence Fellows, upper-year students hired by the university's Department of Housing and Residence Life Services to provide personal and academic support to students. Although the majority of students housed on-campus are first-year students, Frontenac House is reserved for returning second-year students, while Leeds House is reserved for upper-year and graduate students.
Residence Commons serves as a hub for students living in residences, as it houses The Caf, the university's main dining hall, the Residence Reception Desk, a Tim Horton's location, and Abstentions, a convenience store operated by the Rideau River Residence Association (RRRA), which functions as the student government for residence students. During the summer months, some residence halls are turned over to Conference Services for use as hotels for visiting school and tourist groups to Ottawa. The Canadian Armed Forces uses some facilities, notably Glengarry House and Residence Commons, to house and feed the Ceremonial Guard, which conducts the renowned Changing of the Guard ceremony on Parliament Hill and posts sentries at Rideau Hall.
It is possible to see practice marches and drills occurring on campus during this season. Library and collections MacOdrum Library One of the three original buildings on the Carleton campus, the MacOdrum Library has served as Carleton's central library and archives. The library is named for former Carleton President and Vice-Chancellor Murdoch Maxwell MacOdrum. As of 2017, the Library maintains a collection of approximately 1.8 million print items, 161,396 cartographic materials, and 876,396 e-books. Since 1959, the library has undergone expansion and renovations on several occasions, the most recent of which was completed in late 2013. The facility contains computer labs, study carrels, and meeting rooms for students to complete assignments and conduct academic research.
During midterm and final examination periods, the Library extends its operating hours to twenty-four hours to accommodate students preparing for their examinations or completing assignments. On an annual basis, the library receives upwards of 1.6 million visits from students, faculty, and researchers... In 2013, the Library inaugurated the Discovery Centre for Undergraduate Research, a multi-purpose space containing meeting tables, multimedia collaborative spaces, video game laboratories, as well as 3D printers. The Library occasionally hosts special artistic and historical exhibitions on the first floor, covering a broad spectrum of topics and academic disciplines. Archives and Special Collections The MacOdrum Library maintains extensive archives and research collections of documents, artifacts, and other materials related to specific academic disciplines, as well as the personal effects of various persons of historical significance.
Notable collections include the W. McAllister Johnson Collection, containing artwork and other documents pertaining to French art history in the 17th and 18th centuries, The Uganda Collection, which houses newspaper clippings, documents, and artifacts related to the expulsion of Uganda's South Asian minority under the rule of Idi Amin, as well as Carleton University heritage material, storing yearbooks, student newspapers, photographs, and ephemera significant to the history of the university itself. Carleton University Art Gallery Since 1992, the Carleton University Art Gallery (CUAG), located in a 9,255 sq. ft. (860 sq. meters) facility situated in the St. Patrick's Building at the north end of campus, has served as a community hub for the visual arts at Carleton.
CUAG contains three distinctive galleries on two floors, offices, collection storage vaults, and exhibition preparation room. Admission to the gallery is free, and is open from Tuesday to Sunday weekly, with the exception of statutory holidays. In addition to its main exhibitions, the CUAG has a Curatorial Laboratory dedicated to installations curated by members of the Carleton community. Past notable exhibitions include The Other NFB, which featured photography taken by the now-defunct Still Photography Division of the National Film Board of Canada during World War II and through the post-war years, Here Be Dragons, which sought to display new experimental forms of protest art, and Dorset Seen, showcasing Inuit printmaking and its relation to the Inuit experience with the Canadian identity.
CUAG also oversees the university's art collection, which focuses on twentieth-century Canadian art after 1950, European prints and drawings from the 16th to 19th centuries, as well as Inuit and First Nations art. Student life Student union and services Carleton University Students' Association All undergraduate students are members of the Carleton University Students' Association (CUSA), Canadian Federation of Students Local 1. The organization was established in 1942 and has a long history of being a nucleus of political activity on campus. The organization advocates for the interests of undergraduate students to the university's administration, organizes and delivers the annual Orientation Week in conjunction with the university, certifies and financially supports student-run clubs and societies and provides a variety of services to students.
CUSA is led by a six-member executive body comprising the President and Vice Presidents of Finance, Internal, Student Issues, Student Services, and Student Life, who are elected annually by the undergraduate student body. Undergraduate students also elect twenty-eight Councillors proportionately to each faculty, with 2 seats to Business, 4 to Engineering & Design, 4 to Arts and Social Sciences, 8 to Public Affairs, and 3 to Science, in addition to ex-officio representatives from RRRA and the GSA. The organization administers a number of student centres designed to cater to the safety and well-being of various members of the student body; these are the Mawandoseg Centre, the Carleton Disability Awareness Centre, Food Centre, Foot Patrol, Gender and Sexuality Resource Centre, the Racialized and International Student Experience Centre and the Womxn's Learning, Advocacy, and Support Centre.
CUSA also runs a number of businesses: Oliver's Pub and Patio, an undergraduate student pub located on the first floor of University Centre which in addition to serving traditional pub fare, hosts a range of student events throughout the year; Rooster's Coffeehouse, a café located in the University Centre that primarily serves coffee, baked goods, and light meals; Haven Books, a discount bookstore and coffeehouse located off-campus in the Old Ottawa South neighbourhood, and The Wing, a pop-up convenience store located in the University Centre Atrium, adjacent to Rooster's. Rideau River Residence Association Undergraduate students living in the university's residence facilities are also members of the Rideau River Residence Association (RRRA).
Founded in 1968 and incorporated in 1976, students elect a three-member executive consisting of a President and Vice Presidents for Programming and Administration respectively, in addition to floor representatives to the RRRA Council, which endeavours to represent the interests of Carleton's undergraduate residents. RRRA hosts a variety of events for students in residence, including an annual formal, and runs Abstentions, a convenience store located in Residence Commons. Graduate Students' Association All of the university's graduate students are members of the Carleton University Graduate Students' Association (GSA), Canadian Federation of Students Local 78.
Graduate students elect an executive and council members to represent their respective interests within the organization, which in turn advocates on their behalf and provides a variety of services that cater to postgraduates, which include the operation of a Grad Lounge and Mike's Place, a student pub located in University Centre specializing in Anglo-Indian cuisine, namesake of late Prime Minister and former Chancellor Lester B. Pearson. The GSA is also responsible for th provision of access to a variety of office services for graduate students. Fraternities and sororities Greek letter organizations are an active part of student life at Carleton, affiliated with both local and international organizations.
From an administrative perspective, Carleton does not formally recognize fraternities and sororities, and has prohibited them from tabling in the University Centre Atrium and Residence Commons while wearing their letters. Since 2007, most Greek activities at Carleton are overseen by the Carleton University Greek Council (CUGC), a student-led organization which plans and coordinates social, philanthropic, and academic events throughout the school year between fraternities and sororities. Three international sororities, Phi Sigma Sigma, Alpha Omicron Phi, and Delta Phi Epsilon are governed separately by the Carleton Panhellenic Council, which fulfills a mandate parallel to that of the CUGC. In early 2016, a Carleton sorority became the locus of controversy after an incident in which several chapter members decided to pop 80 balloons simultaneously during a meeting in the Tory Building, followed by celebratory screaming which falsely triggered an active shooter lockdown on campus.
This led to some students advocating for an outright ban of the sorority responsible for the false alarm. Arts and media Student newspapers Carleton's primary undergraduate student newspaper is The Charlatan, which was founded in 1945 and known as The Carleton until 1971. Until 2019, the newspaper published print editions on a bi-weekly basis when budgetary restraints forced the paper to reduce its frequency to once monthly. The Charlatan's operations are overseen by a volunteer Board of Directors, composed of representatives from the newspaper's staff, students, faculty, and the community at large. Carleton is also served by The Leveller, a monthly newspaper established in 2009, representing student voice throughout the National Capital Region.
The publication is characterized by its radical left editorial stance toward social issues. The Resin was a newspaper for students living in residence which was published in 2014, when the Rideau River Residence Association decided to discontinue it. During the school year the School of Journalism publishes a community newspaper, Centretown News, which reports on the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa, and an online newspaper, Capital News Online. The Department of English Language and Literature supports the student-run writers' zine, In/Words, featuring creative writing and short stories from Carleton students. Engineering students are similarly are served by The Iron Times, which is published by the Carleton Student Engineering Society.
Broadcasting Carleton is home to a community radio station, CKCU-FM. Since its first broadcast in November 1975, CKCU-FM was the first licensed community-based campus radio station in Canada. CKCU-FM broadcasts a broad range of student and multicultural programming, featuring genres such as world music, avant-garde music, indie pop, and blues. In addition to an optional student-levy, CKCU-FM relies largely relies on donations from the local community and program sponsorships for financial support. Theatre The Sock 'n' Buskin Theatre Company, which was founded in 1943, is Carleton's amateur theatre company, having distinguished itself as one of Carleton's most important cultural fixtures.
The Company puts on diverse showcase of theatrical productions each year, with recent productions including The Crucible, As You Like It, Twelfth Night., and Angels in America. Sock 'n' Buskin is entirely run and governed by student volunteers, who also comprise the actors and stage managers involved in each production. Athletics Carleton competes as the Carleton Ravens, participating in intercollegiate competitions at both the national and provincial levels. Carleton is a member of both U Sports and Ontario University Athletics, encompassing 13 varsity sports. Men's basketball Carleton is recognized for the strength of its men's basketball team, which has accumulated the highest number of national titles of any collegiate basketball team in Canadian history.
Between 1999 and 2019, Dave Smart served as the head men's basketball coach at Carleton, and is credited for building the team's capacity to its current reputation of repeated success. Smart resigned from his position in 2019 to serve as Carleton's director of basketball operations. The Ravens men's basketball team has won the national championship fourteen times, with five consecutive titles between 2002–03 and 2006–07 and seven consecutive titles between 2010-2011 and 2016–2017, surpassing the University of Victoria at the top of the all-time list. The Vikes had seven consecutive wins in the 1980s. With its 12th crown in 2016, the Ravens eclipsed the UCLA Bruins men's basketball team as the college with the most national basketball titles, a feat accomplished in 14 years, compared with UCLA's 11 titles in 32 seasons.
Outside of its typical season games, the men's basketball team plays exhibition games with NCAA teams from the United States during the summer months, billed as the Can-Am Shootout. During these games, Carleton has garnered significant wins over reputable Division I teams such as the University of Mississippi, University of Cincinnati, and South Dakota State University. As part of its athletic rivalry with the University of Ottawa, the team has participated in Capital Hoops Classic since its inception in 2007, which typically takes place in late January and early February at the Canadian Tire Centre. In twelve years of the event, Carleton has won on ten occasions.
Football Carleton established a football team during the 1945–46 academic year, losing 15–0 to Macdonald College during its debut match. In tandem with basketball and hockey, Carleton's football matches transformed into a staple of student life at Carleton during the early years of the school, securing funding for sports equipment early in the school's history. In 1959, Carleton's move to the Rideau campus provided the team with updated facilities, including a field, training room, and equipment room. In 1955, the football team began competing in the much-celebrated annual Panda Game against their rivals, the Ottawa Gee-Gees. The game evolved into an iconic highlight within student life at Carleton, gaining a sordid reputation for heavy drinking and outlandish parties.
In 1999, the cancellation of Carleton's football program placed the game on indefinite hiatus,though was eventually revived in 2013. Since 2014, the game has taken place at TD Place in Lansdowne Park. While Ottawa holds a historical advantage over Carleton in terms of Panda Game victories, the current iteration of the Panda Game saw four consecutive victories for Carleton between 2014 and 2017. From 1999 to 2013, Carleton suspending its football program, citing a lack of success and the ensuing financial burden, then revived for the 2013 season. In the intervening years, several proposals to revive the football program were brought forward by the Carleton community and alumni, notably in 2000 with advocacy efforts by the Old Crow Society, which represents Carleton Football's alumni, but it was deemed premature at the time.
Subsequently, a 2008 survey indicated 86% of students were in favour of resuscitating the university's football program. The team planned to form an independent corporate entity with its own revenue stream—a model that has proven successful at other schools, notably Laval University. Other sports The Carleton Ravens men's ice hockey team plays within the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Carleton also maintains a rivalry with the University of Ottawa in this field, having competed in the annual Colonel By Classic at TD Place Arena since the tradition began during the 2016-17 academic year for the men's team, and during the 2018-19 academic year for women.
Notable alumni and faculty Notable faculty Past faculty include three Nobel laureates (pioneering scientists in physics and chemistry Gerhard Herzberg and Peter Grünberg and the former Prime Minister of Canada, Lester B. Pearson) as well as six Order of Canada recipients. The Right Honourable Herb Gray, Canada's longest-serving continuous Member of Parliament, former Cabinet minister in the Trudeau, Turner, and Chrétien governments, former Deputy Prime Minister, and acting Leader of the Opposition, was the 10th Chancellor of the University. Gray was succeeded as Chancellor by Charles Chi (BEng '88), a venture capitalist and executive chairman of Lytro. His company has designed a revolutionary new camera that uses light field technology.
Yaprak Baltacioğlu, former Secretary of Treasury Board Secretariat, was named the university's 12th Chancellor in December 2018. Notable alumni Carleton has produced notable graduates across numerous disciplines, including politicians, journalists, lawyers, entrepreneurs, architects and entertainers. Journalism being one of Carleton's traditional fortes, many of its alumni have gone on to leading positions in Canadian and international media outlets. These include Rosemary Barton and Andrew Chang, co-anchors of CBC News' The National, Greg Ip, a columnist for the Wall Street Journal, and Edward Greenspon, Editor-in-Chief of The Globe and Mail. Legislators at all levels of government are also represented among Carleton alumni.
These include John Manley, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Paul Okalik, former Premier of Nunavut, and Jim Watson, the incumbent Mayor of Ottawa and former MPP for Ottawa West–Nepean. In architecture Gregory Henriquez of Vancouver is well known for his rezoning and social justice work, while in the legal field, Louise Charron, a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada is also a Carleton alumnus. Dan Aykroyd attended Carleton but did not graduate. In 1994, Aykroyd was conferred an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University. Other former attendees in entertainment include the Canadian singer k-os.
Another notable alumnus is the Israeli-Canadian real-estate billionaire, David Azrieli, who is the donor of the Azrieli Pavilion and the Azrieli Theater on campus. See also Canadian government scientific research organizations Canadian industrial research and development organizations Canadian university scientific research organizations Carleton Ravens Carleton School of Journalism Carleton O-Train Station Carleton University Students' Association CKCU-FM Radio Carleton Dominion-Chalmers United Church Higher education in Ontario International Policy Forum List of Carleton University people List of colleges and universities named after people List of Ontario Universities Ontario Student Assistance Program Rideau River Residence Association The Charlatan, Student Newspaper U Sports References Further reading External links Carleton University Students' Association Category:Educational institutions established in 1942 Category:CCNA Networking Academy Program Category:Educational organizations based in Canada Category:Higher education in Canada
Thermal degradation of polymers is molecular deterioration as a result of overheating. At high temperatures the components of the long chain backbone of the polymer can begin to be broken (chain scission) and react with one another to change the properties of the polymer. Thermal degradation can present an upper limit to the service temperature of plastics as much as the possibility of mechanical property loss. Indeed, unless correctly prevented, significant thermal degradation can occur at temperatures much lower than those at which mechanical failure is likely to occur. The chemical reactions involved in thermal degradatind optical property changes relative to the initially specified properties.
Thermal degradation generally involves changes to the molecular weight (and molecular weight distribution) of the polymer and typical property changes include reduced ductility and embrittlement, chalking, color changes, cracking, general reduction in most other desirable physical properties. Thermal breakdown products may include a complex mixture of compounds, including but not limited to carbon monoxide, ammonia, aliphatic amines, ketones, nitriles, and hydrogen cyanide, which may be flammable, toxic and/or irritating. The specific materials generated will vary depending on the additives and colorants used, specific temperature, time of exposure and other immediate environmental factors. The mechanism of thermal degradation Most types of degradation follow a similar basic pattern.
The conventional model for thermal degradation is that of an auto-oxidation process which involves the major steps of initiation, propagation, branching, and termination. Initiation The initiation of thermal degradation involves the loss of a hydrogen atom from the polymer chain as a result of energy input from heat or light. This creates a highly reactive and unstable polymer ‘free radical’ (R•) and a hydrogen atom with an unpaired electron (H•). Propagation The propagation of thermal degradation can involve a variety of reactions and one of these is where the free radical (R•) reacts with an oxygen (O2) molecule to form a peroxy radical (ROO•) which can then remove a hydrogen atom from another polymer chain to form a hydroperoxide (ROOH) and so regenerate the free radical (R•).
The hydroperoxide can then split into two new free radicals, (RO•) + (•OH), which will continue to propagate the reaction to other polymer molecules. The process can therefore accelerate depending on how easy it is to remove the hydrogen from the polymer chain. Termination The termination of thermal degradation is achieved by ‘mopping up’ the free radicals to create inert products. This can occur naturally by combining free radicals or it can be assisted by using stabilizers in the plastic. The research methods of thermal degradation of polymers TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) (TGA) refers to the techniques where a sample is heated in a controlled atmosphere at a defined heating rate whilst the sample's mass is measured.
When a polymer sample degrades, its mass decreases due to the production of gaseous products like carbon monoxide, water vapour and carbon dioxide. === DTA and DSC === (Differential thermal analysis) (DTA) and (differential scanning calorimetry) (DSC): Analyzing the heating effect of polymer during the physical changes in terms of glass transition, melting, and so on. These techniques measure the heat flow associated with oxidation. Ways of polymer thermal degradation Depolymerisation Under thermal effect, the end of polymer chain departs, and forms low free radical which has low activity. Then according to the chain reaction mechanism, the polymer loses the monomer one by one.
However, the molecular chain doesn't change a lot in a short time. The reaction is shown below. This process is common for polymethymethacrylate (perspex). CH2-C(CH3)COOCH3-CH2-C*(CH3)COOCH3→CH2-C*(CH3)COOCH3 + CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 Random chain scission The backbone will break down randomly, this can occur at any position of the backbone, as a result the molecular weight decreases rapidly. As new free radicals with high reactivity are formed, monomers cannot be a product of this reaction, also intermolecular chain transfer and disproportion termination reactions can occur. CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2’→ CH2-CH2-CH=CH2 + CH3-CH2-CH2’ or CH2’+CH2=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 Side-group elimination Groups that are attached to the side of the backbone are held by bonds which are weaker than the bonds connecting the chain.
When the polymer is heated, the side groups are stripped off from the chain before it is broken into smaller pieces. For example, the PVC eliminates HCl, under 100–120 °C. CH2(Cl)CHCH2CH(Cl)→CH=CH-CH=CH+2HCl Oxidation of the polymer Polyphenylene oxide is well known for oxidation. This can be viewed as follows. See also Chemically Assisted Degradation of Polymers Environmental stress cracking Photo-oxidation process Use of stabilisers to enhance weathering resistance Weather testing of polymers References 4. K. Novakovic, L Katsikas, I.G. Popovic, The thermal degradation of poly (iso-butyl methacrylate) and poly (sec-butyl methacrylate), Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65 (12) (2000) 867-875 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26403309_The_thermal_degradation_of_poly(iso-butyl_methacrylate)_and_poly(sec-butyl_methacrylate) Category:Polymer chemistry Category:Corrosion Category:Forensic phenomena Category:Materials degradation
Chief medical officer (CMO) is the title used in many countries for the senior government official designated head of medical services, sometimes at the national level. The post is held by a physician who serves to advise and lead a team of medical experts on matters of public health importance. The post of chief medical officer dates back to Victorian times. The equivalent title may go under different names across countries, for example, the Surgeon General in the United States and the Chief Public Health Officer in Canada. By extension, chief medical officer is also used as a job title, for the physician who is the professional lead of all physicians at a hospital.
See also Chief Medical Officer (Ireland) Chief Medical Officer (United Kingdom) Chief of staff – the highest-ranking physician at a hospital in the US References Category:Health officials Category:Government occupations
The Beary (also known as Byari) is a community concentrated mostly along the southwest coast of India, in Coastal Dakshina Kannada, a district in the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is an ethnic society, having its own unique Traditions and distinct cultural identity. The Beary community holds an important place among the other coastal Muslim communities, like Nawayath's of the Uttara Kannada district, Mappilas (Moplahs) of the Malabar coast and Labbay of the Coromandel coast. Bearys incorporate the local Tulu culture of Tulunadu and diverse traditions of the Moplahs of the Malabar coast. The Beary community of Tulunadu is one among the earliest Muslim inhabitants of India, with a clear history of more than 1350 years.
One mosque, Masjid Zeenath Baksh was built in the Bunder area of Mangalore by Malik Deenar, an Arab Da'ee, in 644 Etymology The word 'Beary' is said to be derived from the Tulu word 'Byara', which means trade or business. Since the major portion of the community was involved in business activities, particularly trading, the local Tulu speaking majority called them as Beary or Byari. According to the census of 1891, Dakshina Kannada had 92,449 businessmen consisting of 90,345 Bearys, 2,104 Nawayaths and 2,551 non-Muslims. This means that the district had 95,000 Individuals involved in business activities. Records prove that, towards the end of the 19th century, the percentage of Muslim traders in the district was as high as 97.3%, and hence the local Tuluvas rightly named this community as Bearys.
Another popular theory is that the word "Beary" comes from Arabic word "Bahar" (Arabic: بحر). "Bahar" means "ocean" and "Bahri" (Arabic: بحري) means "sailor or navigator". It is said that the Beary community had trade relations with Arab businessmen travelling to Coastal South India, especially the coastline of Tulunadu Malabar. Inscriptions have been found in Barkur that proves the Arab trade links with Tulunadu. A third theory says that the word "Beary" is derived from the root word "Malabar". The great Islamic Da'ee, Malik bin Deenar had arrived on the coast of Malabar during the 7th century with a group of Da'ees, or Islamic propagators.
A member from his group, Habeeb bin Malik travelled through Tulunadu and preached Islam. He had also built Mosques in Kasaragod, Mangalore and Barkur. Geographic distribution The Bearys make up around 80% of the Dakshina Kannada Muslims, with others scattered in the neighbouring Districts of Chikmagalur, Shimoga, Kodagu, Hassan and Uttara Kannada. Mumbai and Goa also have a considerable Beary population. Also, a good number of Bearys are in the Persian Gulf States of the Middle East doing a variety of Jobs. The total Beary population numbers about 1.5 million. Other sources There are several documents available which prove that at least 90 Years prior to the invasion of Muhammad bin Qasim in North India, Arab Muslim businessmen were thriving in the south.
This proves Islam was prevalent in South India much before Muslim conquerors came to North India. These facts are available in a research document Mykal, written by Ahmed Noori, who conducted a research on the Beary community in 1960. Noori disputes the claim that the first Muslims came to India along with Alauddin Khalji between 1296–1316 AD and points out that according to renowned historian, Henry Miers Elliot, (The History of India as told by its own Historians, Part I) the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 AD. H.G. (Hugh George) Rawlinson, in his book: Ancient and Medieval History of India, claims the first Arab Muslims settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century AD.
Bartholomew also has similar things to say about the early Muslim settlers in India. J. Sturrock in his Madras Districts Manuals: South Kanara, says that Parsi and Arab businessmen settled in different places of the Malabar coast during the 7th century. Ahmed Noori has quoted these and other sources to validate his argument that the Arab and other Settlers came to India much before the Arab, Turk and Afghan conquerors came to North India. Dr. Susheela P. Upadhyaya, a research scholar in Beary bashe and Beary folklore was of the opinion that the Indian west coast came under Islamic influence long before any other part of India was influenced by Islam or Muslims.
Historical research also reveals that during the rule of Banga and Chowta dynasty in the 16th century, Beary men had served as seamen in the naval force. The Chowta dynasty queen, Rani Abbakka had personally supervised the construction of dam at Malali; she had appointed Bearys for boulder work. An ancient historical work – Keralolpathi – reveals that a king of Malabar, Cheraman Perumal, embraced Islam during the very beginning days of the advent of Islam in the Arab land. Thus the Arabs had royal patronage to practice and propagate Islam in the Malabar area. They were also given the permission of sea trading with a royal patronage.
Because of the Da'wah activities of Arab traders, many people embraced Islam and assumed better social status as Muslims. The Portuguese lost their dominance during the rule of Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan in Mysore. During this period the Beary Muslims again received royal patronage and intensified their sea trade activities. Participation in the freedom struggle The Bearys of the coast actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle against Portugal and British colonialism. There were a number of Beary men who served in the naval force, and also as soldiers and military commanders in the army of brave queen of Chowta dynasty, Rani Abbakka () who ruled in the Ullal region.
The Bearys had also joined the army of Nawab Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore. Historians and researchers have enlisted famous Beary personalities who participated in the freedom struggle of India. Many such freedom fighters were imprisoned by British, and a few died during imprisonment. A sixteenth-century Arabic work of Malabar, Tuhfah al Mujahideen or Tuhafat Ul Mujahideen compiled by Shaikh Zainuddin Makhdoom II (grand son of Shaikh Zainuddin Makhdoom I) had motivated Malabar Muslims which had influence on Bearys of the Tulunadu as well to fight the foreign invaders. Thus the Bearys had actively participated in the freedom struggle against Portugal and British rule.
B. M. Idinabba was a prominent Beary freedom fighter from Karnataka. He was a member of Congress party and was elected as a MLA for three times in the Karnataka state assembly from Ullal constituency. He was one of the activists who fought for the unification of the Kasaragod district of Kerala into the Karnataka state. He has got the credit of being the first president of the Beary Sahithya Sammelana (Beary Literature Summit). He has received many prestigious awards including Rajyotsava Prashasti. Language The dialect spoken by Beary (Byaris), is known as Beary Bashe. While Muslims of Uttara Kannada, called Nawayaths, speak a dialect of Konkani, and the Mappilas of Kerala speak Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam), the Bearys spoke a language made of Malayalam idioms with Tulu phonology and grammar.
This dialect was traditionally known as Mappila Malayalam because of Bearys close contact with Mappilas. Due to vast influence of Tulu for centuries, it is today considered as a language, close to Malayalam and Tulu. Beary bashe is largely influenced by the Arabic language. Most of the Bearys especially in coastal area still use a lot of Bearified Arabic words during their daily transactions. Saan, Pinhana, Gubboosu, Dabboosu, Pattir, Rakkasi, Seintaan, Kayeen, are the few words used in Beary bashe that have their roots in Arabic language. Beary Bashe also has words related to Tamil and Malayalam. Tamil and Malayalam speakers can understand Beary by about 75%.
World Beary Convention In April 2006, The World Beary Convention was held in Dubai under the banner World Beary Sammelana & Chammana 2006. The word Chammana stands for felicitation. Since the organizers felicitated a few Beary dignitaries during this world convention held in Dubai, UAE, the convention is called World Beary Sammelana & Chammana 2006. The Convention was also attended by several dignitaries which included Dr. B.K.Yusuf, President/Patron of Karnataka Sangha, Dubai, M.B. Abdul Rahiman, Renowned Lawyer and Notary, B.M. Farooque, managing director, Fiza Group, Shiraj Haji. Director Universal Export Tradeways. S.M. Syed Khalil, Galadai Group, Dubai, M.B. Noor Mohamed, MD.
Fakruddin, managing director, Ajmal Group, Mel, Abdul Jaleel, Abdussalam Puthige, Editor in Chief, Varthabharathi Kannada Daily, Haju Jamalluddin, Chairman, Crescent School, Shamshudeen, P.T. Abdul Rahiman, General Secretary of Indian Islamic Centre, T.S. Shettigar, Jamalludin, Apsara Group, Dr. Viquar Azeem, Dr. Azad Moopen, Ganesh Rai, M.K. Madhavan, Kumar, Indian Association Dubai, Kanukaran Shetty, President Hotel, Prabhakar, KOD, K.P. Ahmed, Yaseen Malpe etc. Some Beary dignitaries have been facilitated during the convention. World Beary Convention & Chammana In April 2010, Beary hosts a 2-day event, the World Beary Convention & Mega Cultural Event – Chammana 2010, held during 2 and 3 April at Zabil Ball Room, Radisson Blu Hotel, Creek Side, Dubai.
During this convention Beary Personality of the year 2010 award was given to Mr. Mumtaz Ali, and Star of Bearys award for the year 2010 was conferred on Zakariya Bajpe. Beary Chamber of Commerce and Industry Bearys chamber of commerce & industry is a non-profit organization set up to create a network between businessmen across communities and countries. It is a union of all businessmen in order to promote and assist innovative businesses for the welfare of the community in the field of commerce and trade. In what could be termed as a milestone in the history of Bearys, philanthropists and social workers of the community came together on October 27 2016, to form a Bearys Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BCCI) choosing Haji S M Rasheed as the founding president of BCCI and Imthiyaz as General secretary.
Having set up BCCI chapters in various parts of the Karnataka, it has moved to overseas in the year 2018 by opening BCCI chapter in Dubai UAE and Jubail chapter in the year 2019. Media of the Year award was jointly awarded to Varthabharathi a renowned Kannada daily (published from Mangalore and Bangalore) and Daijiworld.com, a web based newsportal, for their contribution towards media. Abdussalam Puthige, on behalf of Varta Bharti, and representatives of Daijiworld received the award from Mr. C. M. Ibrahim, Former Union Minister. List of periodicals brought out by Bearys Some of these periodicals are still being published and reaching to the hands of a sizeable population of Tulunadu and other adjacent districts and to the Persian Gulf States.
Paunaraga of Maikala Before the advent of the Portuguese, Maikala or Mangalore was one of the main centres of Jains with many Jain Muts, Basadis and also palaces. Especially the Bunder area Maikala was dominated by rich Jain houses. The Jains who enjoyed economical and social status maintained a system known as Jaina Beedu, which literally means Jain House. Later when these Jains embraced Islam, they still maintained this Beedu system as status symbol. Beedu can be translated in Beary bashe as Aga which means House. The Paunar Aga or Paunaraga – which literally means sixteen houses – of high status are listed in the table below.
supreme social status amongst Bearys throughout the 19th century and treated other Bearys as second-class citizens. The people belonging to these houses were identified as Agakkar which means the People of the House. The history of these houses has a short-lived glory that these houses enjoyed socially and economically. Many of the social customs that the people of Paunaraga observed were special to them and had no roots in Islam. Thus the lifestyle of Agakkar of the Beary community was largely influenced by Jains. Most of the ornaments used by Agakkar was of Jain pattern and had Jain names. Kharjana is the jewel box used by both Jains and Bearys.
Today the people of Paunaraga or Agakkar have lost their social and economic status but some of the houses still remain in Bunder area. Their surnames tell the glory once they enjoyed. Next to Agakkar comes Taalakkar and then Taala-illatavar. All these system the Bearys maintained in the olden days which they inherited from local people. However these systems are vanished with the advent of Islamic literature of late. Some peculiar names of Bearys Typically, Muslim community people name their children for Arabic roots. But olden day Bearys had some strange names which are not seen anywhere else in the Muslim world.
Although those peculiar names are now vanishing, here are some such examples: Kayiri, Sayiri, Sayirabba, Cheyya, Cheyyabba, Saunhi, Kayinhi, Sekunhi, Baduva, Mayabba, Puthabba, Hammabba, Cheyyabba, Ijjabba, Kunha, Kunhi, Bava, Bavunhi, Kunhibavu, Puttubavu, Unha, Unhi, Unhimon, Iddinabba, Podiya, Podimonu, Pallikunhi, Kunhipalli, Kidavaka, Abbu, Abbonu, Chakaka, Addiyaka (Addi), Pudiyampule. List of the Books related to Beary culture These books are available at the largest library in the world, the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., US. Ornaments The beary women has excessive love for ornaments and uses it on every possible occasion such as Mangila, Sunnat Mangila, Appate Mangila, Birnd, Moilanji and other social gatherings.
There were different types of ornaments used by beary community in past which is at the verge of vanishing today due to the cultural invasion and urbanisation. These ornaments are made out of mainly gold and silver and used for the ornamentation of head, ears, neck, waist, wrist, fingers and feet. Beary research scholars are of the opinion that Beary ornaments were largely influenced by Jain ornament patterns. The ornament storage box used by Bearys was made out of brass and other metals was also used by Jain community and was called Kharjana by both Bearys and Jains. Cuisine Beary cuisine is highly influenced by the South Indian Cuisine.
Just like Mangalorean cuisine it uses a lot of coconut, curry leaves, ginger, chilli and spices like pepper and cardamom. Beary cuisine boasts of a special kind of biryani, which is very different from the other types made elsewhere. Rice preparations, both fresh and dry fish, meat and eggs enjoy top place in Beary daily menu. A few traditional dishes very popular amongst all the Tulu communities have unique names in Beary dialect.Pindi/pinde, basale-pinde, kunhi-pinde, erchiro-pinde, bisaliyappa (bisali beetiye appa/kaltappa), tondaredo-appa (syame), guliyappa, muttere-appa, neiyappa/nei-appa, chekkero-appa, manhel elero appa, acchi-appa, daliyappa, baale-appa, pondatte-appa, sank-roli, pattir (a distorted version of Arabic fatirah), nei pattir, pole, poo-pole (thanni-pole), pulcho-pole, vodu-pole, uppu-molavu, kanhi, methero-kanhi, nei-kanhi, kulte kanhi, manni, nombure kanchi, pirni etc.
are to name a few. Beary Literature Beary Sahitya Academy is an union of Beary speaking people located mainly Tulu Nadu, which includes coastal districts of Dakshina Kannada & Udupi in Karnataka State. The academy aims to give proper guidelines for empowerment of language to central government and state government and central academy.To encourage Beary language the academy establish libraries and research centers for its developments. Beary organisations Today the Beary community of coastal Karnataka is surging ahead in diverse fields like international business, education, medicine and technology. Bearys have also formed various social and cultural organisations of diversified interests.
Bearys Welfare Association (BWA), Bangalore Bearys Welfare Association is based in Bengaluru the capital of Karnataka state. The association came into being on 21 March 1988 with a motive to provide a means of communication and integration, and also to provide a platform to work towards the betterment of the Beary community in all aspects of life. Bearys Welfare Association has organised a number of cultural programs every year right from its very inception. Beary Prakashana is its sister concern and involved in print and publication activities. It has published a number of titles on Beary culture, Beary bashe, Beary history, and also on research studies on Bearys.
In July 2010, Bearys Welfare Association distributed 80 Scholarships for the needy. Bearys Welfare Forum (BWF), Abu Dhabi Bearys Welfare Forum of Abu Dhabi, popularly known as BWF is an association of Beary expatriats in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It does community activities and mainly community welfare activities. BWF was established in the year 2004 with an intention of working for all sections of the society. It has helped the victims of Communal riots in Mangalore by providing medical assistance and other aids. The BWF gained popularity when it held Mass marriage ceremony of twelve pairs of poor and deserving youth at the Shadi Mahal of Mangalore city.
In July 2008, BWF felicitated U. T. Khader for his outstanding social work. In July 2009, Bearys Welfare Forum, Abu Dhabi, organised a mass wedding ceremony at Milagres Auditorium. Sixteen couples were solemnised in marriage by Kazi Al Haj Abdulla Musliar Chembarika. In October 2014, Bearys Welfare Forum Abu Dhabi (BWF), organized 5th mass marriage ceremony at Milagres Auditorium in Hampankatta. The forum had arranged weddings for 65 couples, economically-backward members of the Muslim community in the previous editions. In March 2019, Bearys Welfare Forum accorded warm farewell to Y Sudhir Kumar Shetty, who successfully served as president of UAE Exchange.
Bearys Cultural Forum (BCF), UAE Bearys Cultural Forum (BCF), UAE was constituted to provide education to the people of the coastal parts of the State of Karnataka. BCF's main objective is to promote, educate and create social, cultural and educational awareness amongst the Bearys and the population of the coastal Karnataka State and the UAE. The BCF regularly conducts cultural, sports, talent search, educational activities, Career Guidance Seminars, Iftar Party, etc. every year. BCF also provides educational scholarships to students for pursuing their higher studies in the field of Medicines, Engineering, Pharmacy, Business, Nursing, Journalism, Dentistry, etc. BCF is now committed to conduct "World Beary Convention & Chammana" in Dubai, U.A.E.
In April 2012, 'Chammana 2012' hosted by Bearys Cultural Forum (BCF), Dubai, at the Radisson Blue Hotel, Dubai, turned out to be a magnificent and memorable event, with more than 1,200 people attending the programme. In August 2018, BCF distributed scholarship to the downtrodden community. B. M. Farooq MLC inaugurated the ceremony. Dr B K Yusuf, president of BCF presided over the function. T R Suresh, police commissioner of Mangaluru extended his wishes. Khazi Al Haj E K Ibrahim of Krishnapura Juma Masjid offered the prayers. Nearly 500 merit students of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada district received the scholarship. 55 women were given the sewing machines.
Students were given the merit award and also felicitated on the occasion. MLCs Ivan D'Souza and K Harish Kumar, former MLA Mohiuddin Bava, former MLC Captain Ganesh Karnik, registrar of Mangaluru university Dr M M Khan, managing director of Vishwas Bawa builders Abdul Rauf Puttige, president of Beary Academy Hajee Mohammed Karambar, former president B A Mohammed Hanif, working president of DKSC Hatim Kunhi, former senate member P V Mohan, JD (S) leaders M B Sadashiv, Vittal Mohammaed Kunhi, president of BCF scholarship committee M E Muloor, vice-presidents Abdul Latif Mulki and Amiruddin S I were present. Patron of BCF B M Mumtaz Ali welcomed the gathering.
Ibrahim Musliyar recited the Kiraath. The programme was compered by chief secretaries of BCF Dr Kaup Mohammed and Rafiq Master. M.G Rahim (Capman Media Makers ) M.G Rahim, has been active in 'Beary Movement' for the last eight years. It has felicitated Beary poets, writers and others who have come up with remarkable achievements in the society. "beary naseehath majlis", "Surmatho Kannu", "Maafi Mushkil", "Pernal nilaavu", "Moilanjipoo", "Maikalthoraja", stage programme "beary oppane kali", "beary kolkali", "pernal nilaavu", Eid special programme on costal T.V channel yearly and films liks "Abba" are some of the productions of Capman Media Makers. References Other sources Bearys of the coast, Article in Deccan Herald 12 December 1997 by B.M.
Hanif. H.G. Rawlinson, Ancient and Medieval History of India. Sturrock, J., Madras District Manual. South Kanara (2 vols., Madras, 1894–1895). Influence of Muslim thought on the east retrieved 21 May 2006. Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: a historical study up to 1947 and survey of recent developments, Author Wahab Doddamane, A. Green Words publication. Mangalore, 1993. Influence Of Islam On Indian Culture by Dr. Tara Chand. Dr. Susheela P. Upadhyaya. Beary Welfare Forum celebrates 10th anniversary. Category:Karnataka society Category:Social groups of India Category:Muslim communities of Karnataka Category:Mangalorean society Category:Social groups of Karnataka
The 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, was held on April 4, 1960, and took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre to honor the best films of 1959. The epic drama Ben-Hur won 11 Oscars, breaking the record of nine set the year before by Gigi. Ben-Hur remained the most honored motion picture in Academy Award history until Titanic equaled the feat in 1997, followed by The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2003. Ben-Hur was the third film to win both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, a feat not repeated until Mystic River in 2004.
Director William Wyler became the third (and most recent) person to win more than two Best Director awards (following Frank Capra and John Ford), as well as the only person to direct three Best Picture winners. Awards Nominations announced on February 22, 1960. Winners are listed first and highlighted with boldface Academy Honorary Awards Buster Keaton "for his unique talents which brought immortal comedies to the screen". (Statuette) Lee De Forest "for his pioneering inventions which brought sound to the motion picture".
(Statuette) Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Bob Hope Presenters and performers Presenters Richard Conte and Angie Dickinson (Presenters: Art Direction Awards) Gary Cooper (Presenter: Best Motion Picture) Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh (Presenters: Writing Awards) Edward Curtiss (Presenter: Cinematography Awards) Arlene Dahl and Fernando Lamas (Presenters: Costume Design Awards) Doris Day (Presenter: Best Original Song) Olivia de Havilland (Presenters: Best Supporting Actor) Edmond O'Brien (Presenters: Best Supporting Actress) Mitzi Gaynor (Presenter: Documentary Awards) Haya Harareet (Presenter: Best Special Effects) Susan Hayward (Presenter: Best Actor) Rock Hudson (Presenter: Best Actress) Eric Johnston (Presenter: Best Foreign Language Film) B.
B. Kahane (Presenter: Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award) Gene Kelly (Presenter: Music Awards) Hope Lange and Carl Reiner (Presenters: Short Subjects Awards) Barbara Rush (Presenter: Best Film Editing) Robert Wagner and Natalie Wood (Presenters: Best Sound Recording) John Wayne (Presenter: Best Director) Performers Sammy Davis Jr. ("High Hopes" from A Hole in the Head) Gogi Grant ("Strange Are the Ways of Love" from The Young Land) Joni James ("The Five Pennies" from The Five Pennies) Frankie Laine ("The Hanging Tree" from The Hanging Tree) Frankie Vaughan ("The Best of Everything" from The Best of Everything) Multiple nominations and awards These films had multiple nominations: 12 nominations: Ben-Hur 8 nominations: The Diary of Anne Frank and The Nun's Story 7 nominations: Anatomy of a Murder 6 nominations: Room at the Top and Some Like It Hot 5 nominations: Pillow Talk 4 nominations: The Five Pennies, Porgy and Bess 3 nominations: The Big Fisherman, Career, Journey to the Center of the Earth, North by Northwest, Suddenly, Last Summer and The Young Philadelphians 2 nominations: The Best of Everything, Imitation of Life, The Last Angry Man and On the Beach The following films received multiple awards.
11 wins: Ben-Hur 3 wins: The Diary of Anne Frank 2 wins: Room at the Top See also 17th Golden Globe Awards 1959 in film 2nd Grammy Awards 11th Primetime Emmy Awards 12th Primetime Emmy Awards 13th British Academy Film Awards 14th Tony Awards References Category:Academy Awards ceremonies Category:1959 film awards Category:1960 in Los Angeles Category:1960 in American cinema Category:April 1960 events
History Statgraphics Centurion is a statistical statistics package that performs and explains in plain language, both basic and highly advanced statistical functions. The software was created in 1980 by Dr. Neil W. Polhemus while on the faculty at the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science for use as an advanced teaching tool for his statistics students. It soon became evident that the software would be useful to the business community at large, thus it was made available to the public in 1982, becoming the highest selling analytical program in the world for the entire decade and well into the 1990's, and the first data science software designed for use on the PC.
Statgraphics Centurion 18.2.14, was initially released in October 2017 with subsequent free updates released periodically to improve the platform and add new functions. New upgrade versions, with added capability and many newly designed features and enhancements, are released every two to three years. Statgraphics has been the software of choice for quality professionals, research scientists, academics and industrial concerns with global clients that include over 40% of the Fortune 500 companies and smaller concerns pursuing best practices, as well as many of the most prominent educational institutions in the world. It is designed to serve those whose profession requires analysis of data for business intelligence, predictive analytics, Six Sigma and other sophisticated statistical protocols.
Contents Version 18, offered in both 32-bit and 64-bit editions, is available in five languages: English, French, Spanish, German and Italian. The 64-bit edition is capable of computing very large sized data sets bringing it into the realm of "big data" analytics. The current version is Statgraphics a Windows Desktop application with extensive capabilities for regression analysis, ANOVA, multivariate statistics, Design of Experiments, statistical process control, life data analysis, data visualization and beyond. It features 260 plus procedures. Everything from summary statistics to advanced statistical models in an exceptionally easy to use format. It contains more than 260 data analysis procedures, including descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, regression analysis, analysis of variance, survival analysis, time series analysis and forecasting, sample size determination, multivariate methods and Monte Carlo techniques.
The SPC menu includes many procedures for quality assessment, capability analysis, control charts, measurement systems analysis, and acceptance sampling. The program also features a DOE Wizard that creates and analyzes statistically designed experiments. Version 18 added several machine learning methods and as previously mentioned, capability to deal with Big Data, as well as an R interface. A Python interface will be included in the next version, Statgraphics Centurion 19, due for release in 2020. Stratus™ is a cloud-based SaaS program which runs on PC, Mac, Linux, smart phones and tablets and which contains most of the primary capabilities needed by analysts for routine data analysis anywhere an internet connection is available, allowing 24/7/365 access.
Calculations are performed remotely on Statgraphics servers with results returned to the user's browser as HTML. Sigma express™ is an Excel add-in that gives quick access to the entire Statgraphics Six Sigma toolbox of statistical techniques within Excel. Ideal for analysts who are comfortable in the Excel environment but need more extensive statistical capability necessary to implement successful Six Sigma projects and other analytical assignments. Statbeans™ is a collection of Java Beans which implement many commonly used statistical procedures, designed to be embedded in user-created applications or placed on web pages. Their structure as a component library enables simple manipulation in various visual environments.
Statgraphics®.Net Web Services enable web application developers to call Statgraphics procedures from their web pages. Data and instructions are passed to the Web Servers as XML. This product can be embedded in OEM proprietary applications or can be integrated into a dashboard. Applications Statgraphics is frequently used for Six Sigma process improvement. The program has also been used in various health and nutrition-related studies. The software is heavily used in manufacturing chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, automobiles, food and consumer goods. It is also widely used in mining, environmental studies, and basic R&D. Government agencies such as NASA and the EPA also use the program, as do many colleges and universities around the world.
Distribution Statgraphics is distributed by Statgraphics Technologies, Inc., a privately held company based in The Plains, Virginia. See also List of statistical packages Comparison of statistical packages List of information graphics software References Category:Statistical software Category:Science software for Windows
The punk subculture includes a diverse array of ideologies, fashion, and other forms of expression, visual art, dance, literature and film. It is largely characterised by anti-establishment views, the promotion of individual freedom, DIY ethics, and is centred on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock. Punk politics cover the entire political spectrum. The punk ethos is primarily made up of beliefs such as non-conformity, anti-authoritarianism, anti-corporatism, a do-it-yourself ethic, anti-consumerist, anti-corporate greed, direct action and not "selling out". There is a wide range of punk fashion, including deliberately offensive T-shirts, leather jackets, Dr. Martens boots, hairstyles such as brightly coloured hair and spiked mohawks, cosmetics, tattoos, jewellery and body modification.
Women in the hardcore scene typically wore masculine clothing. Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, which typically has underground, minimalist, iconoclastic and satirical sensibilities. Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose, and has its own underground press in the form of zines. Many punk-themed films and videos have been made. History The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States in the mid-1970s. Exactly which region originated punk has long been a matter of controversy within the movement. Early punk had an abundance of antecedents and influences, and Jon Savage describes the subculture as a "bricolage" of almost every previous youth culture in the Western world since World War II, "stuck together with safety pins".
Various musical, philosophical, political, literary and artistic movements influenced the subculture. In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of factions such as new wave, post-punk, 2 Tone, pop punk, hardcore punk, no wave, street punk and Oi!. Hardcore punk, street punk and Oi! sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the later years of the original punk movement. The punk subculture influenced other underground music scenes such as alternative rock, indie music, crossover thrash and the extreme subgenres of heavy metal (mainly thrash metal, death metal, speed metal, and the NWOBHM).
A new movement in the United States became visible in the early and mid-1990s that sought to revive the punk movement, doing away with some of the trappings of hardcore. Music The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses or football-style chants. While most punk rock uses the distorted guitars and noisy drumming sounds derived from 1960s garage rock and 1970s pub rock, some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such as surf rock, rockabilly or reggae.
Most punk rock songs are short, have simple and somewhat basic arrangements using relatively few chords, and they typically have lyrics that express punk ideologies and values, although some punk lyrics are about lighter topics such as partying or romantic relationships. Different punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. The earliest form of music to be called "punk rock" was 1960s garage rock, and the term was applied to the genre retroactively by influential rock critics in the early 1970s. In the late 1960s, music now referred to as protopunk originated as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States.
The first distinct music scene to claim the punk label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976. Around the same time or soon afterward, a punk scene developed in London. Los Angeles subsequently became home to the third major punk scene. These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other punk scenes in cities such as Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney in Australia, Vancouver and Montreal in Canada, and Boston and San Francisco in the United States. The punk subculture advocates a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethic. During the subculture's infancy members were almost all from a lower economic class, and had become tired of the affluence that was associated with popular rock music at the time.
Punks would publish their own music or sign with small independent labels, in hopes to combat what they saw as a money hungry music industry. The DIY ethic is still popular with punks. The New York City punk rock scene arose from a subcultural underground promoted by artists, reporters, musicians and a wide variety of non-mainstream enthusiasts. The Velvet Underground's harsh and experimental yet often melodic sound in the mid to late-1960s, much of it relating to transgressive media work by visual artist Andy Warhol, is credited for influencing 1970s bands such as the New York Dolls, The Stooges and the Ramones.
Early New York City punk bands were often short-lived, in part due to widespread use of recreational drugs, promiscuous sex, and sometimes violent power struggles, but the relative popularity of the music led to the evolution of punk into a movement and lifestyle. Ideologies Although punks are frequently categorised as having left-wing, revolutionary, anarchist or progressive views, punk political ideology covers the entire political spectrum. Punk-related ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and anti-establishment views. Common punk viewpoints include individual liberty, anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, anti-collectivism, anti-corporatism, anti-government, direct action and not "selling out". Some individuals within the punk subculture hold right-wing views (such as those associated with the Conservative Punk website), libertarian views, neo-Nazi views (Nazi punk), or are apolitical (e.g., horror punk).
Early British punks expressed nihilistic and anarchist views with the slogan No Future, which came from the Sex Pistols song "God Save the Queen". In the United States, punks had a different approach to nihilism which was less anarchistic than the British punks. Punk nihilism was expressed in the use of "harder, more self-destructive, consciousness-obliterating substances like heroin, or methamphetamine" The issue of authenticity is important in the punk subculture—the pejorative term "poseur" is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values or philosophy.
Fashion Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a black bin liner became a dress, shirt or skirt; safety pins and razor blades were used as jewellery. Also popular have been leather, rubber, and PVC clothing that is often associated with transgressive sexuality, like BDSM and S&M. A designer associated with early UK punk fashion was Vivienne Westwood, who made clothes for Malcolm McLaren's boutique in the King's Road, which became famous as "SEX".
Many punks wear tight "drainpipe" jeans, plaid/tartan trousers, kilts or skirts, T-shirts, leather jackets (often decorated with painted band logos, pins and buttons, and metal studs or spikes), and footwear such as high-cut Chuck Taylors, trainers, skate shoes, brothel creepers, Dr. Martens boots, and army boots. Early punks occasionally wore clothes displaying a swastika for shock value, but most contemporary punks are staunchly anti-racist and are more likely to wear a crossed-out swastika symbol than a pro-Nazi symbol. Some punks cut their hair into Mohawks or other dramatic shapes, style it to stand in spikes, and colour it with vibrant, unnatural hues.
Some punks are anti-fashion, arguing that punk should be defined by music or ideology. This is most common in the post-1980s US hardcore punk scene, where members of the subculture often dressed in plain T-shirts and jeans, rather than the more elaborate outfits and spiked, dyed hair of their British counterparts. Many groups adopt a look based on street clothes and working class outfits. Hardcore punk fans adopted a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or trainers and crewcuts. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army trousers, band T-shirts, and hooded jumpers. The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers (elaborate hairdos, torn clothes, patches, safety pins, studs, spikes, etc.).
Circle Jerks frontman Keith Morris described early hardcore fashion as "the...punk scene was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that. Black Flag and the Circle Jerks were so far from that. We looked like the kid who worked at the gas station or submarine shop." Henry Rollins echoes Morris' point, stating that for him getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; Rollins viewed an interest in fashion as being a distraction. Jimmy Gestapo from Murphy's Law describes his own transition from dressing in a punk style (spiked hair and a bondage belt) to adopting a hardcore style (i.e.
boots and a shaved head) as being based on a need for more functional clothing. A punk scholar states that "hardcore kids do not look like punks", since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts, in contrast to the "embellished leather jackets and pants" worn in the punk scene. In contrast to Morris' and Rollins' views, another punk scholar claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans, leather jackets, spiked armbands and dog collars, mohawk hairstyles, and DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs, painted band names, political statements, and patches. Yet another punk scholar describes the look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker-style leather jackets, chains, studded wristbands, pierced noses and multiple piercings, painted or tattooed statements (e.g.
an anarchy symbol) and hairstyles ranging from military-style haircuts dyed black or blonde, to mohawks and shaved heads. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2013 hosted a comprehensive exhibit, PUNK: Chaos to Couture, that examined the techniques of hardware, distress, and re-purposing in punk fashion. Gender and gender expression In the United Kingdom, the advent of punk in the late 1970s with its "anyone can do it" ethos led to women making significant contributions. In contrast to the rock music and heavy metal scenes of the 1970s, which were dominated by men, the anarchic, counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid- and late 1970s encouraged women to participate.
"That was the beauty of the punk thing," Chrissie Hynde later said." [Sexual] discrimination didn't exist in that scene." This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music, especially in the U.S. and U.K. at that time, and continues to influence and enable future generations. Rock historian Helen Reddington states that the popular image of young punk women musicians as focused on the fashion aspects of the scene (fishnet stockings, spiky blond hair, etc.) was stereotypical. She states that many, if not most women punks were more interested in the ideology and socio-political implications, rather than the fashion.
Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk, women in rock music were virtually invisible; in contrast, in punk, she argues "[i]t would be possible to write the whole history of punk music without mentioning any male bands at all – and I think a lot of [people] would find that very surprising." Johnny Rotten wrote that ‘During the Pistols era, women were out there playing with the men, taking us on in equal terms ... It wasn’t combative, but compatible.’ Women were involved in bands such as The Runaways, The Slits, The Raincoats, Mo-dettes, and Dolly Mixture, The Innocents.
Others take issue with the notion of equal recognition, such as guitarist Viv Albertine, who stated that "the A&R men, the bouncers, the sound mixers, no one took us seriously.. So, no, we got no respect anywhere we went. People just didn't want us around." The anti-establishment stance of punk opened the space for women who were treated like outsiders in a male-dominated industry. Sonic Youth's Kim Gordon states, "I think women are natural anarchists, because you're always operating in a male framework." Body and appearance For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted.